tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Two periods of early ventricular arrhythmia in the canine acute myocardial infarction model.
Authors: E Kaplinsky, S Ogawa, C W Balke, L S Dreifus
Journal: Circulation (1979)

The time course of ventricular arrhythmias in the early period (0--30 minutes) after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was studied in 41 open-chest mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal). ECGs and seven single and composite electrograms from various regions in and around the ischemic zone were recorded throughout the experiments. Two periods of ventricular arrhythmias were clearly seen. The first occurred 2--10 minutes after coronary ligation, peaking at 5--6 minutes, and was designated as immediate ventricular arrhythmias (IVAs). There was a distinct correlation between incidence, severity, onset and termination of IVA and the degree of local delay and fragmentation of the normal sinus activation spread in the ischemic subepicardial zone. The second wave of ventricular arrhythmias occurred 12--30 minutes after ligation independently of the previous increased delay and fragmentation of activation in the ischemic subepicardium. Delayed ventricular arrhythmias (DVAs) were as severe as IVAs--there were nine instances of ventricular fibrillation during DVA and seven during IVA. While the mechanism of IVA is most probably related to reentry accompanied by delay and fragmentation of ischemic subepicardial activation, the mechanism of DVA remains unclear. Our evidence suggests that DVAs are also reentrant, with the reentry pathways located in deep myocardial structures or involving microscopic pathways at the Purkinje muscle junction.
Three-dimensional relationship between peri-stent plaque and neointimal proliferation throughout the stented segment: a novel intravascular ultrasound approach
Authors: Yoshihiro Morino, Mamoo Nakamura, Brian K. Courtney, Toru Kataoka, Yasuhiro Honda, Shinjou Sonoda, Ali Hassan, Paul G. Yock, Peter J. Fitzgerald
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Estrogen and the Postmenopausal Breast
Authors: Dorothea R. Peck
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy may produce changes in the breast demonstrable as cystic or dysplastic by mammography. Following cessation of the hormone therapy, radiological regression of these changes may be seen. We suggest that in certain patients estrogen replacement therapy be discontinued in an attempt to reverse these dysplastic changes. Reliable radiologic as well as clinical evaluation of the breasts may be enhanced thereby, and if the presence of an associated malignant neoplasm is masked, it will be clarified radiologically and clinically. (<i>JAMA</i>240:1733-1735, 1978)
The concept of circular causality should be discarded
Authors: Bram Bakker
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

This commentary argues that one specific but central concept in Lewis's theory, circular causality, is fundamentally flawed and should be discarded – first, because it does not make theoretical sense, and, second, because it leads to problems in practice, such as confounding the interaction between different systems with the relationship between different levels of analysis of a single system.
Chondrocyte ultrastructure in adult human articular cartilage.
Authors: S Roy, G Meachim
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1968)

Less has been published concerning the influence of age on cellular ultrastructure in human articular cartilage.This is due partly to the scarcity of suitable juvenile material for comparison, and partly to the difficulty of studying in adults the effects of ageing alone uncomplicated by those of osteoarthritic fibrillation.The present study is based solely on a series of articular cartilages in adult joints, and the results include observations from both fibrillated areas of cartilage and from areas with an intact articular surface.Fibrillation is characterized by a process of fraying and splitting of the cartilage which can lead to its disintegration and erosion; the process is initially localized, involving only focal areas of an affected joint.Many of the lesions are mild and do not cause clinical symptoms.Collins, however, regarded all grades of fibrillation as forms of "osteoarthritic" cartilage change (Collins, 1949; Collins and McElligott, 1960), and this interpretation has been used in the present investigation.The observations here reported are an extension of previous electron microscope studies of human articular cartilage from the adult knee (Collins, Ghadially, and Meachim, 1965; Ghadially, Mea- chim, and Collins, 1965; Meachim and Roy, 1967; Meachim, 1967).Structures normally present in the cartilage cells are described, and the significance of various changes found in the chondrocytes is dis- cussed in relation to ageing and to osteoarthritis. Material and MethodsArticular cartilage from the human knee was collected at operation before above-knee amputation or during surgical exploration of the joint.Specimens were obtained from eleven patients ranging in age from 37 to 83 years.An average of three tissue blocks was exa- mined from each patient; at least eight serial sections were studied from each block.The exact site or sites sampled in any particular patient varied according to the convenience of the surgeon concerned.In ten patients the tissue was collected from the femoral condyle and in one it came from the patella.544
Prospective health impact assessment: pitfalls, problems, and possible ways forward
Authors: J. Parry, A. Stevens
Journal: BMJ (2001)

> “The general objective of such assessments is to improve knowledge about the potential impact of a policy or programme, inform decision-makers and affected people, and facilitate adjustment of the proposed policy in order to mitigate the negative and maximize the positive impacts.”
> 
> European Centre for Health Policy1

The long tradition of never considering the impact on health of public investment has ended. The white paper Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation exhorted local decision makers to “think about the effects which their policies have on health, and in particular, how they can reduce health inequality,”2 a recommendation that echoes statements made in the Acheson report, by the European Union, and by the World Health Organization.3-5

In the United Kingdom, government support for assessment of the health impact of policies has continued with the recent call for proposals for health impact assessment projects under the inequalities in health research programme, the establishment of a cross departmental health impact assessment group in central government, and the organisation and publication of methodological seminars and reports.6-8 The European Centre for Health Policy of the World Health Organization has produced a series of publications that includes the “Gothenberg paper,” regarded by many as the key document in stating the aims, objectives, and methods for health impact assessment.1

Increasing recognition of the effects of the socioeconomic and physical environment on health may, on the face of it, make it difficult to question the philosophy of health impact assessment—indeed the hype currently surrounding health impact assessment would imply that it is the indispensable condition of policy investment. But what is health impact assessment, and can it in its present format reliably inform better decision making?

#### Summary points

Proponents of health impact assessment claim that it can inform policy and decision making to maximise benefits and …
Edmond Souchon, II
Authors: Eugene G. Laforet
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

THE nonmedical matters in which busy physicians have become engrossed are legion, ranging from chess to botany and from sculpture to skin diving. But perhaps the most favored instrument of diversion has been the written word, and the names of Anton Chekhov, John Keats and Oliver Wendell Holmes will resound in the world of letters long after their medical exploits have tarnished. Indeed, even the seemingly endless queue of physician contributors to "Doctors Afield" bears mute testimony to the nigh-irresistible attraction that writing exerts on many of the medical brethren. Music, however, has fared less well at the hands of . . .
Premarital Syphilis Serologies
Authors: Yelva Lynfield
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article "Should Premarital Syphilis Serologies Continue to be Mandated by Law?" by Yehudi M. Felman, MD, MPhil (240:459, 1978), gives an extremely narrow view of the premarital examination—that of cost-effectiveness in venereal disease control. Legally, at least in New York, the physician who certifies the absence of venereal disease must perform a physical examination as well as a serological screening. This is a splendid opportunity to counsel the young couple before they assume the responsibilities of marriage and parenthood, to discuss hereditary diseases, sex, and contraception, and to detect and correct illnesses and disabilities. If not mandated by law to "get a blood test from a doctor," they are unlikely to spend the time and money for this important "preemployment" physical examination.
488 SERUM IP-10 LEVELS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER DPPIV SERUM ACTIVITY AND INCREASED CIRCULATING CD4-CXCR3 POSITIVE CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C
Authors: M. Rau, J. Schmitt, T. Kudlich, K. Spanaus, H.-P. Tony, H. Klinker, B. Müllhaupt, A. Geier
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Relief of Dyspnea Involves a Characteristic Brain Activation and a Specific Quality of Sensation
Authors: Claudine Peiffer, Nicolas Costes, Philippe Hervé, Luis Garcia-Larrea
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)

Rationale: Central processing of dyspnea relief remains largely unknown.Objectives: To identify physiologic determinants, quality of sensation, and brain activation associated with dyspnea relief.Methods: Dyspnea relief was induced in 10 healthy volunteers by decreasing an adjustable external resistive load (∼15–50 cm H2O/L/s). Brain imaging (positron emission tomography) was performed during either dyspnea or relief.Measurements and Main Results: Perceived intensity of moderate and high relief was similar to that of its preceding dyspnea (Borg scores = 5.10 ± 1.49 vs. 5.3 ± 1.4, and 2.78 ± 0.94 vs. 2.99 ± 0.94, respectively; P ≥ 0.05) and was predominantly related to reversal of dyspnea-induced increased mouth pressure/ventilation ratio (r2 = 0.88, P < 0.001). Dyspnea relief involved specific, mostly positively valenced descriptors (i.e., breathing-related pleasure and/or reward). Most significant relief-associated brain activation was detected in the left anterior cingulate cortex (Z score = 4.7, corrected P < 0.05) and additional activation (uncorrected P < 0.0001) in the posterior cerebellum and in the temporal and prefrontal cortices. For dyspnea, significant activation was located in the right caudate nucleus, the anterior cerebellum (Z = 5 and 4.65, respectively; corrected P < 0.05), and the premotor cortex, whereas deactivation occurred in the left prefrontal cortex (Z = 4.11).Conclusions: Relief of acute load-induced dyspnea is not simply the neutral perception of dyspnea decrease but rather a strong, positively valenced sensation that is associated with characteristic brain activation distinct from that subserving dyspnea perception and possibly reflecting activation of a dyspnea modulation network.
Congestive heart failure alters receptor-dependent cAMP-mediated relaxation of canine pulmonary arteries.
Authors: R Mathew, J Wang, M H Gewitz, T H Hintze, M S Wolin
Journal: Circulation (1993)

Alterations in myocardial function and systemic vascular tone are well documented in congestive heart failure (CHF), but little information is available on the effects of CHF on pulmonary vessels. We examined the mechanisms of tone regulation of canine pulmonary arteries during pacing-induced CHF.Rings 3-4 mm wide from lobar pulmonary arteries were prepared from normal dogs, dogs paced at 210 beats per minute for 3 weeks (paced group, nonfailure), and dogs also paced at 240 beats per minute during the fourth week to induce severe heart failure (CHF group). Contractile responses to 60 mmol/L KCl and phenylephrine and relaxation responses to acetylcholine, bradykinin (endothelium-dependent cyclic GMP [cGMP]-mediated), isoproterenol, arachidonic acid, prostacyclin (receptor-dependent cyclic AMP [cAMP]-mediated), forskolin (direct stimulator of adenylate cyclase), a forskolin analogue (devoid of adenylate cyclase-dependent activity), and RO 20-1724 (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) were characterized. The paced group did not show alterations in vascular reactivity. Contractile response to phenylephrine and cGMP-mediated relaxation responses were not altered in the CHF group; however, receptor-mediated cAMP-induced relaxation responses were significantly inhibited (p < 0.05). Relaxation responses to isoproterenol (10(-6) mol/L), arachidonic acid (10(-5) mol/L), and prostacyclin (10(-5) mol/L) were reduced by 56%, 72%, and 74%, respectively. The relaxation response to RO 20-1724 was not affected by CHF, and this probe did not enhance the impaired relaxation response to isoproterenol. Forskolin-induced relaxation was not altered, and the forskolin analogue produced minimal relaxation compared with forskolin.These findings suggest that in pacing-induced CHF, canine pulmonary arteries show a selective defect in receptor coupling to cAMP-dependent relaxation mechanisms. There is no evidence of enhanced degradation of cAMP.
O-LINKED N-ACETYL GLUCOSAMINE (O-GLCNAC) REGULATES AUTOPHAGY AND APOPTOSIS IN CARDIOMYOCYTES: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD IN INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA-INDUCED CARDIAC REMODELING
Authors: Tetsuya Hayashi, Mizuho Sasaki, Akira Watanabe, Yuichi Furukawa, Atsuo Nomura, Waka Uehashi, Ryuji Kato, Yoshio Ijiri, Takatoshi Nakagawa, Michio Asahi, Takehiro Yamaguchi, Yasukatsu Izumi, Minoru Yoshiyama
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Treatment of Cardiac Failure in Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Marshall B. Kreidberg, Harvey L. Chernoff, Wilberto L. Lopez
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

A LITTLE more than a decade ago the treatment of heart failure in infants was largely a "postponement of the inevitable." With the advent of new and effective means of surgical intervention, however, presurgical medical management of such patients assumes great importance. Vigorous therapeutic measures have now become vital to permit carrying out definitive diagnostic or surgical procedures. This communication reviews the major measures employed as a means of salvaging these patients.PhysiologyThe mechanism causing decompensation of the myocardium is not fully understood. Much present-day knowledge remains inconclusive.The classic work concerning myocardial function, published almost fifty years ago . . .
Biochemical and molecular identification of distinct forms of alkaline phosphodiesterase I expressed on the apical and basolateral plasma membrane surfaces of rat hepatocytes
Authors: L J Scott, D Delautier, N R Meerson, G Trugnan, J W Goding, M Maurice
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

We have identified B10, a plasma membrane protein previously defined by a monoclonal antibody, as an alkaline phosphodiesterase I (APDE) expressed in the plasma membrane of rat hepatocytes and enterocytes, with a restricted apical distribution. B10 complementary DNA (cDNA) was cloned from a rat intestinal library screened with a polyclonal antibody directed to the hepatic protein. Two distinct B10 clones with an open reading frame of 2,625 bp were obtained that differed only by 12 bases in the coding region. One B10 clone had a single base difference with gp130RB13-6 cDNA, which was recently cloned in rat fetal brain. B10/gp130RB13-6 had 50% identity at the amino acid level with the plasma cell antigen PC-1, an APDE cloned in the mouse and in human. Anti-B10 antibodies immunoprecipitated 34% of the APDE activity in liver plasma membranes and over 95% of the APDE activity in intestinal cells. Most of the remaining activity in hepatocytes (44%) could be immunoprecipitated by antibodies directed to PC-1. APDE activity immunoprecipitated with anti-B10 antibodies was found in the apical rat liver plasma membrane fractions on a sucrose gradient whereas most of the remaining APDE activity was associated with the basolateral fractions, which contained PC-1. By immunofluorescence, B10 was localized to the apical surfaces of hepatocytes and enterocytes whereas PC-1 was present on the basolateral surfaces of hepatocytes. B10/gp130RB13-6 and rat PC-1 are a unique example of distinct molecules having similar enzymatic activity but different apical/basolateral location, and possibly different functions.
Changes in contractility fail to alter the size of the functional border zone in anesthetized dogs.
Authors: D H Drake, T B McClanahan, X H Ning, R A Gerren, W R Dunham, K P Gallagher
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

The functional border zone is nonischemic myocardium that exhibits reduced function adjacent to an ischemic area. To determine if the functional border zone can be modified by pharmacologic interventions that alter contractility, we infused isoproterenol (0.04-0.10 micrograms/kg/min) or administered propranolol (2 mg/kg) during circumflex coronary occlusion in nine anesthetized, open-chest dogs. We measured systolic wall thickening on both sides of the perfusion boundary, which was delineated with myocardial blood flow (microsphere) maps constructed from small tissue samples. By fitting sigmoid curves to the composite systolic wall thickening data after coronary occlusion, we modeled the distribution of functional impairment across the perfusion boundary. Defined as the distance from the perfusion boundary to 97.5% of the nonischemic asymptote of the sigmoid fits, the functional border zone was 31 degrees of circumference after coronary occlusion alone. Isoproterenol increased +dP/dt by 58% and augmented nonischemic systolic wall thickening without changing the lateral extent of the functional border zone (32 degrees). Propranolol reduced +dP/dt by 24% and depressed nonischemic systolic wall thickening, but the size of the functional border zone remained limited to 28 degrees. Within the functional border zone, wall thickening was significantly but only moderately reduced (-28%) compared with thickening in nonischemic myocardium more than 10 mm away from the perfusion boundary. The ratio of nonischemic border zone to central nonischemic area wall thickening remained the same with each intervention. We conclude that the dimensions of the functional border zone are fixed early after coronary occlusion and that inotropic interventions do not modify the extent or relative severity of nonischemic regional dysfunction.
Separating Cardiac From Pulmonary Dyspnea
Authors: Beni Habot
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the article "Separating Cardiac From Pulmonary Dyspnea" by Raffin and Theodore (238:2066-2067, 1977), it is recommended to give diuretics as a method of differentiation between cardiac asthma and bronchial asthma. A rapid response to diuretics will support the diagnosis of cardiac asthma. We would like to call attention to the danger of this approach in the case of bronchial asthma. The current recommendation for the treatment of bronchial asthma universally includes the fluid administration to prevent dehydration and inspissation of bronchial secretions,<sup>1</sup>which could produce a mechanical obstruction of the bronchial tree and worsen the patient's status. Administering diuretics not only will not be helpful for the patient but also could be to the patient's detriment if the diagnosis is bronchial asthma. If the pulmonary edema is secondary to an acute asthmatic attack,<sup>2</sup>then the diuretics will not be helpful in differentiating between the
Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm presenting with ureteric colic.
Authors: C G Moran, A T Edwards, G H Griffith
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Une observation chez une malade de 57 ans. Douleurs evoquant une colique nephretique mais pas d'antecedents ni de symptomatologie urologique. Le diagnostic correct de rupture d'anevrysme est fait tardivement au moyen des ultrasons
Risk factors for accident and emergency (A&amp;E) attendance for asthma in inner city children
Authors: L. Forbes, S. Harvey, R. Newson, D. Jarvis, C. Luczynska, J. Price, P. Burney
Journal: Thorax (2007)

<b>Background:</b> Inner city children make heavy use of accident and emergency (A&amp;E) services for asthma. Developing strategies to reduce this requires a better understanding of the risk factors. <b>Methods:</b> A case-control study was carried out of children with asthma living in south-east London: 1018 children who attended A&amp;E for asthma over 1 year and 394 children who had not attended A&amp;E for asthma over the previous year. The main risk factors were socioeconomic status, home environment, routine asthma management and parents' psychological responses to and beliefs about the treatment of asthma attacks. <b>Results:</b> A&amp;E attendance was more common in children living in poorer households. No associations were found with home environment or with measures of routine asthma care. Children who had attended outpatients were much more likely to attend A&amp;E (odds ratio (OR) 13.17, 95% CI 7.13 to 24.33). Other risk factors included having a parent who reported feeling alone (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.71 to 3.87) or panic or fear (OR 2.62. 95% CI 1.75 to 3.93) when the child's asthma was worse; and parental belief that the child would be seen more quickly in A&amp;E than at the GP surgery (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.62 to 3.79). Parental confidence in the GP's ability to treat asthma attacks reduced the risk of attending A&amp;E (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.54). <b>Conclusions:</b> There is no evidence that passive smoking, damp homes or poor routine asthma care explains heavy inner city use of A&amp;E in children with asthma. Reducing A&amp;E use is unlikely to be achieved by improving these, but identifying appropriate settings for treating children with asthma attacks and communicating these effectively may do so.
The Requirements of a Psychiatric Residency Program Circa 1972
Authors: HARVEY LANGEE, IRA D. GLICK, BROWNING HOFFMAN, LARRY B. SILVER, ANDREW P. MORRISON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

This paper outlines the consensus of a group of career teachers of psychiatry on the elements of a training program that will produce a professional with competence not only as a physician but in the many other roles a psychiatrist must perform. The group arranged the elements into three headings: what a psychiatric resident needs to know, what he should be able to do, and the characteristics he should develop in the course of his training.