tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INTERMITTENT PASSAGE OF LOCKE'S SOLUTION INTO LIVING SKIN
Authors: Philip D. McMaster
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1941)

Minute amounts of Locke's or Tyrode's solution have been brought into contact with the interstitial connective tissue of the skin of the living mouse, at atmospheric pressure, in such a manner that the blood or lymphatic vessels are not entered directly. Under such circumstances these absorbable fluids enter the tissue spontaneously. Entrance is strikingly intermittent, not continuous, and so too when very slight pressures are brought to bear on the fluids (1). Hyperemia of the tissues, with accompanying dilatation of the blood vessels, increases the entrance of fluids at atmospheric pressure but it is still intermittent. By contrast, venous obstruction leads to intermittent backflow into the apparatus, but reflex hyperemia, following release of the obstruction, is attended by an increase of flow into the tissues in spite of the great reactive dilatation of vessels. The inflow is also intermittent. If the skin is deprived of circulation, fluid does not enter it at all at atmospheric pressure, though it moves in regularly and continuously if slight pressure is put upon it. Edema-forming fluids, described in the text, also enter in a continuous manner when forced into the skin of either living or dead animals. So too do serum and sperm oil. The findings indicate that the passage of interstitial fluid into the blood vessels may be intermittent under normal circumstances and its escape from them as well. The observed occurrence of intermittent flow in the blood vessels of several tissues (9, 15-25) will go far to account for the intermittent entrance of fluid into the skin.
Gene and cell therapy for children — New medicines, new challenges?
Authors: Karen F. Buckland, H. Bobby Gaspar
Journal: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2014)

The range of possible gene and cell therapy applications is expanding at an extremely rapid rate and advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are currently the hottest topic in novel medicines, particularly for inherited diseases. Paediatric patients stand to gain enormously from these novel therapies as it now seems plausible to develop a gene or cell therapy for a vast number of inherited diseases. There are a wide variety of potential gene and cell therapies in various stages of development. Patients who received first gene therapy treatments for primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) are reaching 10 and 15 years post-treatment, with robust and sustained immune recovery. Cell therapy clinical trials are underway for a variety of tissues including corneal, retinal and muscle repair and islet cell transplantation. Various cell therapy approaches are also being trialled to enhance the safety of bone marrow transplants, which should improve survival rates in childhood cancers and PIDs. Progress in genetic engineering of lymphocyte populations to target and kill cancerous cells is also described. If successful these ATMPs may enhance or replace the existing chemo-ablative therapy for several paediatric cancers. Emerging applications of gene therapy now include skin and neurological disorders such as epidermolysis bullosa, epilepsy and leukodystrophy. Gene therapy trials for haemophilia, muscular dystrophy and a range of metabolic disorders are underway. There is a vast array of potential advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), and these are likely to be more cost effective than existing medicines. However, the first clinical trials have not been without setbacks and some of the key adverse events are discussed. Furthermore, the arrival of this novel class of therapies brings many new challenges for the healthcare industry. We present a summary of the key non-clinical factors required for successful delivery of these potential treatments. Technological advances are needed in vector design, raw material manufacture, cell culture and transduction methodology, and particularly in making all these technologies readily scalable.
Compensation for people who fear they may develop CJD
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Six people in their 20s and 30s who were treated with human growth hormone as children won compensation totalling more than £500000 ($800000) last week for the psychological effects of fears that they may develop Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

The test cases open the way for compensation for up to 40 others, with a potential bill of £1.5m for the British government. Compensation for the 22 deaths for which the government has already been held liable—those where treatment was not completed before 1 July 1977—is …
Estrogen Receptor β Expression Is Associated with Tamoxifen Response in ERα-Negative Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Sofia K. Gruvberger-Saal, Pär-Ola Bendahl, Lao H. Saal, Mervi Laakso, Cecilia Hegardt, Patrik Edén, Carsten Peterson, Per Malmström, Jorma Isola, Åke Borg, Mårten Fernö
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Endocrine therapies, such as tamoxifen, are commonly given to most patients with estrogen receptor (ERα)–positive breast carcinoma but are not indicated for persons with ERα-negative cancer. The factors responsible for response to tamoxifen in 5% to 10% of patients with ERα-negative tumors are not clear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the biology and prognostic role of the second ER, ERβ, in patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen. Experimental Design: We investigated ERβ by immunohistochemistry in 353 stage II primary breast tumors from patients treated with 2 years adjuvant tamoxifen, and generated gene expression profiles for a representative subset of 88 tumors. Results: ERβ was associated with increased survival (distant disease-free survival, P = 0.01; overall survival, P = 0.22), and in particular within ERα-negative patients (P = 0.003; P = 0.04), but not in the ERα-positive subgroup (P = 0.49; P = 0.88). Lack of ERβ conferred early relapse (hazard ratio, 14; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-106; P = 0.01) within the ERα-negative subgroup even after adjustment for other markers. ERα was an independent marker only within the ERβ-negative tumors (hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-0.89; P = 0.02). An ERβ gene expression profile was identified and was markedly different from the ERα signature. Conclusion: Expression of ERβ is an independent marker for favorable prognosis after adjuvant tamoxifen treatment in ERα-negative breast cancer patients and involves a gene expression program distinct from ERα. These results may be highly clinically significant, because in the United States alone, ∼10,000 women are diagnosed annually with ERα-negative/ERβ-positive breast carcinoma and may benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen.
NHS should be less paternalistic, conference is urged
Authors: S. Macdonald
Journal: BMJ (2003)

In this study, clinical, MRI, and ultrasound findings in 33 patients with 37 MRI-confirmed internal carotid artery dissections (ICADs) were investigated. In 24 of 37 (64.9%) diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) revealed acute ischemic brain lesions. ICADs with subsequent DWI lesions usually had a concentric position of the mural hematoma (14 of 24;58.3%). In contrast, ICADs without DWI lesions (13 of 37;35.1%) demonstrated an eccentric position of the mural hematoma (10 of 13;76.9%), sometimes without ultrasound abnormality (5 of 13;38.5%), while nonischemic clinical signs were frequent (11 of 13;84.6%). A hemodynamic stroke pattern with comparatively large ischemic lesions along the hemodynamic risk zones was noted in 7 of 24 patients (29.2%).
Analysis of miRNA expression profiling in human macrophages responding to Mycobacterium infection: Induction of the immune regulator miR-146a
Authors: Zhen Liu, Guoyong Zhou, Xiangdong Deng, Qi Yu, Yongliang Hu, Huijie Sun, Zhongyuan Wang, Hongbing Chen, Chiyu Jia, Di Wang
Journal: Journal of Infection (2014)
Teenage girls start smoking to lose weight
Authors: A. Brooks
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Weight control is a major reason that teenage girls take up smoking, according to a study of nearly 3000 British and Canadian schoolgirls.

Girls who smoked were 30% more likely to be overweight, were prone to overeat, and were twice as likely to be worried about their body image than non-smokers ( Postgraduate Medical Journal 1998;74:473-9). Most …
Headache, flashing lights, and blurred vision
Authors: A. Malem, D. Farnworth
Journal: BMJ (2015)

A 35 year old white man presented to eye casualty with a seven day history of severe headache, blurred vision, and flashing lights in both eyes. The severity of his headache was reported as 9/10, and he described it as spreading from his occipital region frontally. It was not worse on waking and he had no focal neurological signs. His medical history included chronic headaches since childhood, with frequent exacerbations of migraine, for which he took sumatriptan. He denied taking ergotamine. The current episode was characterised by the headache being more severe and the visual changes more prolonged than usual. He also had chronic back pain, for which he took daily paracetamol and codeine, was obese, and used continuous positive airways pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea. Ophthalmic assessment showed visual acuities of 6/12 in both eyes, which corrected to 6/9 with pinhole. Intraocular pressure was 10 mm Hg (reference range 10-21) in both eyes and he had no relative afferent pupillary defect. His anterior segment examination was normal. His blood pressure was 165/117 mm Hg but he could not recall any previous blood pressure readings for comparison. Dilated fundoscopy showed abnormal changes in the posterior pole of both eyes (fig 1⇓), which were largely symmetrical. Blood tests were sent for inflammatory markers and serology requested for possible infectious causes. His general practitioner was contacted and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring set in place. No acute antihypertensive drugs were started. On review in clinic one week later, his blood pressure was 230/140 mm Hg. Fig 1 Colour fundus photograph of the patient’s right eye at presentation
Medical Management of Eating Disorders
Authors: Gerardo Nardone
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Medical Writings: Book Notes3 May 2005Medical Management of Eating DisordersGerardo Nardone, MDGerardo Nardone, MDFrom the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00031 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Medical Management of Eating Disorders Birmingham CL, Beumont PJ, eds. 275 pages. New York: Cambridge Univ Pr; 2004. $55.00. ISBN: 0521546621. Order at www.cambridge.org.Field of medicine: Internal medicine.Format: Softcover book.Audience: General practitioners, psychiatrists, internists, pediatricians, health care professionals, nursing staff, dietitians, family caregivers, and patients.Purpose: To provide a general clinical overview of eating disorders.Content: The book has 5 sections (medical perspective, treatment, patients with specific diseases, psychiatric and psychological perspectives, and areas of special interest) divided into 95 chapters. Each section includes a comprehensive clinical outline and information for patients. In addition, the text contains ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 3 May 2005Volume 142, Issue 9Page: 804KeywordsCaregiversChild healthChild psychiatryEating disordersHealth carePatientsPrimary care physiciansSoftware tools ePublished: 3 May 2005 Issue Published: 3 May 2005 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2005 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Further Observations on the Closure of Atrial Septal Defects
Authors: HARRIS B. SHUMACKER, HAROLD KING, PAUL R. LURIE
Journal: Circulation (1954)

Though patients with small atrial septal defects may do well, in certain individuals with large defects operative closure is highly desirable because of the resultant cardiac dysfunction and the poor prognosis without treatment. Extensive efforts in the experimental laboratory have led to the development of a number of methods for the surgical closure of these defects, a number of which have had clinical trial. An earlier method, in which a pericardial pocket was affixed to an incision in the atrial wall and invaginated into the atrial cavity so that its posterior wall could be sutured to the rim of the defect, proved safe and reliable in experimental animals. One case demonstrated, however, that in large human defects the pericardium may not become sufficiently rapidly vascularized to permit its survival. The present experiments have shown that the same technic modified by substitution of a plastic nylon pocket appears entirely satisfactory. In one clinical case it was applied with success. It is suggested that when simpler methods are not applicable this procedure may prove safer and more reliable than certain other methods which have been used.
Function of Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Rabbit Portal Vein
Authors: Maksym I. Harhun, Dmitri V. Gordienko, Oleksandr V. Povstyan, Ray F. Moss, Thomas B. Bolton
Journal: Circulation Research (2004)

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) were identified in the intact fixed media of the rabbit portal vein (RPV) using c-kit staining. The following experiments were performed using single cell preparations of the enzyme-dispersed vessel. Surviving contacts between the processes of single ICCs and the bodies of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were observed in electron micrographs and by confocal microscopy. Spontaneous rhythmical [Ca2+]i oscillations were observed in ICCs after loading with the calcium indicator fluo-3 and were associated with depolarizations of the ICCs recorded by tight-seal patch pipette. To investigate signal transmission from ICCs to SMCs in dispersed cell pairs, or within small surviving fragments of the ICC network, an ICC was stimulated under voltage-clamp, while changes in [Ca2+]i in the stimulated cell as well as in a closely adjacent SMC or ICCs were monitored using fast x-y confocal imaging of fluo-3 fluorescence. After stimulation of single voltage-clamped ICC by a depolarizing step similar in duration to depolarizations associated with spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations, a depolarization and transient elevation of [Ca2+]i was observed in a closely adjacent SMCs after a delay of up to 4 seconds. In contrast, signal transmission from ICC to ICC was much faster, the delay being less than 200 ms. These results suggest that the an ICC may, in addition to generating an electrical signal (such as a slow wave) and thereby acting as a pacemaker for vascular SMCs of RPV, also release some unknown diffusible substance, which depolarizes the SMCs.
P1051 EVALUATION OF ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE DURING CONTINUOUS 4-YEAR TREATMENT WITH TELBIVUDINE IN PATIENTS WITH BRIDGING FIBROSIS/CIRRHOSIS
Authors: E.J. Gane, C.-L. Lai, Q. Xie, Y.-F. Liaw, S. Thongsawat, H.L.-Y. Chan, Y. Wang, S.-G. Hwang, R. Safadi, M. Jung, A. Uddin, N. Janssens, A. Trylesinski
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Nuffield Trust backs independence for the NHS
Authors: Nigel Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Wiltshire police investigating unspecified allegations against a paediatrician at Southampton General Hospital are seeking expert medical evidence outside the UK.The case concerns a paediatrician who was involved in the care of a child whose mother was later charged with murder.Marianne Williams, then 22, was charged in 2004 with the murder of her 15 month old son, Joshua Taylor, whom she was alleged to have poisoned with salt.She was found not guilty in October last year after a six week trial at Winchester Crown Court.Wiltshire police officers are also under investigation for their role in the case.The Independent Police Complaints Commission said that it was "midway through" an investigation into a complaint about the conduct of the criminal investigation.Six officers had been served with official notice of the inquiry, although "this in no way implies guilt or wrongdoing on the part of any officer," the commission said.Detective Superintendent James Vaughan, the officer leading the Wiltshire force's inquiry into the allegations against the doctor, confirmed that Wiltshire Police would not be seeking medical advice in the case from any British doctors-a claim posted on the website forum Mothers Against Munchausen Allegations."In order to maintain the confidence of Joshua's family, and to identify an independent specialist who has had no connection with this or any other similar sets of circumstances in the United Kingdom, it has been necessary to seek assistance from overseas," Detective Superintendent Vaughan said.This was, he insisted, "not a reflection on the Wiltshire police's confidence in the United Kingdom experts."However, the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health said it was "confident that we have eminent experts in the UK who can offer an independent and authoritative opinion." Police look abroad for salt case expertUK NEWS Remedy UK loses court case, p1134
DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
Authors: Charles A. Janeway
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Prompt, accurate diagnosis of gamma globulin deficiency as a cause of unusual susceptibility to infection is extremely important for several reasons: first, replacement therapy with pooled normal gamma globulin is effective in the prevention of serious infections if initiated before structural damage has occurred; second, supplies of gamma globulin should not be wasted on patients whose susceptibility to infections is due to other causes; and third, patients should not be subjected to the discomfort and possible hazards of repeated large intramuscular injections of gamma globulin except upon clear-cut indications. Significant hypogammaglobulinemia occurs in 3 main forms: (1) in a<i>transient</i>form, as a prolongation of the normally occurring depression of gamma globulin levels between the second and fourth months of infancy; (2) in a<i>congenital</i>form, usually in boys, with sex-linked recessive inheritance; and (3) in an<i>acquired</i>form in both sexes at any age, either as a "primary" disease
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin
Authors: Bruce A. Hanna
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> While there is little doubt that toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is an important agent in the expression of toxic shock syndrome (TSS), the evidence presented by Garbe et al<sup>1</sup>for the role of additional toxin(s) is surely compelling. We also have noted that isolates of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>from nonmenstrual cases of TSS fall into two categories: (1) those from richly vascularized, hence oxygenated, superficial wounds and (2) those from deep sites of infection where low oxidation reduction potentials prevail. In our experience, TSST-1-producing strains seem to be associated with the former but not the latter. Since TSST-1 is expressed only aerobically, this observation is not unexpected. Several candidates for the title "TSST-2" have been suggested previously and must now await further study. More importantly, however, the findings of Garbe et al<sup>1</sup>raise a very perturbing issue. While the proportion of nonmenstrual cases of TSS
Action psychotherapique chez l’adolescent bronchopathique
Authors: J. Pallies
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1972)

The patient with respiratory insufficiency, with suppuration and with asthma, when they are severely affected, present the specific psychological profile of the chronically sick. The adolescent asthmatic adds to this anxiety and instability a manifest psychological immaturity. The psychosomatic nature of asthma has been the subject of numerous studies. Psychogenic factors were present in 80 % of the patients studied, especially when the asthma was severe or recurrent. The asthmatic needs to be subjected to 'complete psychotherapy', involving physiotherapy, remedial education, environmental measures, psychological maturation. This complete psychotherapy, together with the usual forms of treatment and a suitable climate, can control the clinical manifestations and eneable the patient to return to and to 'absorb' his original background without risk of recurrence.
A REPORT OF TWO CASES OF LEPROSY IN NATIVE-BORN CITIZENS OF OHIO.
Authors: J. G. McDOUGAL
Journal: JAMA (1895)

On Dec. 19, 1894, there appeared before the New Lexington Board of Pension Examiners, Hannah M. Garey, an applicant for pension as a dependant child of George W. Garey, a deceased soldier of the One Hundred and Eighty-Seventh Regiment, Ohio Infantry. Examination disclosed that she was a victim of anesthetic leprosy, the following manifestations of which she presented: The left hand and distal third of fore-arm were swollen and rather firmly thickened, the hand and wrist being about twice the normal size. The distal phalanges of all the fingers were lost and the stumps healed. The thumb was slightly flexed, the nail deformed, thickened and discolored. The hand was being amputated at the radio-carpal articulation by a narrow encircling ulcerative process and the work was so near completion that only the ulnar vessels and a few tendons attached the hand. Both surfaces were covered by granulations and bathed with extremely
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus-8 encodes homologues of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 and interleukin-6
Authors: John Nicholas, Vivian R. Ruvolo, William H. Burns, Gordon Sandford, Xiaoyu Wan, Dolores Ciufo, Sara B. Hendrickson, Hong-Guang Guo, Gary S. Hayward, Marvin S. Reixz
Journal: Nature Medicine (1997)
Neonatal Heart Disease
Authors: Otto G. Thilenius
Journal: JAMA (1992)

This book is the successor to The Neonate With Congenital Heart Disease , by Richard D. Rowe and his colleagues, last published in 1981. This new text is again written for the serious student of congenital heart disease, which includes all pediatric cardiologists, fellows to senior citizens.  As the title indicates, the book focuses on the neonate with congenital heart disease who is symptomatic. Detailed physical findings are, as we all know, of little use in the newborn and are only tangentially discussed in this text. Instead, the diagnosis is made, above all, by echocardiography, supported by angiography, electrocardiography, the chest x-ray film, and an occasional magnetic resonance scan; the unique use of rapid cine computed tomography is not available to the authors. The main message of the text is extremely practical: understand the basic pathology and its variations, use the shortest route to make a complete diagnosis, and then consult
Disk battery ingestion. Elevated urine mercury levels and enema removal of battery fragments
Authors: K. Kulig
Journal: JAMA (1983)

AS THE use of small, flat, disk batteries as energy sources for cameras and other electronic devices has increased, the incidence of reported cases of ingested disk batteries has also increased. Although clinical experience would seem to indicate that in the majority of these cases the battery is eventually passed through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract without incident, in a few patients the battery has been known to leak in the GI tract and result in a serious toxic reaction. We report the case of a child who absorbed mercury from a swallowed disk battery that opened in the large bowel and released mercuric oxide. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> An 18-month-old girl was suspected of having ingested a brand-new mercury photo battery when the opened package was found. Two hours after the battery was noticed to be missing, an abdominal roentgenogram was obtained, which demonstrated the intact battery in the child's