tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Traumatic Deidealization and the Future of Medicine
Authors: Jerald Kay
Journal: JAMA (1990)

The articles in this issue ofThe Journalon medical student abuse by Silver and Glicken<sup>1</sup>and Sheehan et al<sup>2</sup>are provocative and disturbing. While neither study is perfect methodologically, the fact that each reported that a majority of their student subjects experienced episodes of mistreatment and insensitivity from their teachers warrants careful examination. Particularly disturbing is that both the studies indicate that two thirds of abusive experiences were of significant intensity to have created emotional vulnerability in the students. Thus, these studies did not assess minor student irritations, frustrations, misunderstandings, or disappointments, and the seriousness of the abusive practices is dramatized in the findings of Sheehan et al of multiple instances of sexual harassment of women and racial prejudice against minorities. For many years, medical educators and researchers have struggled with so-called medical student cynicism—those well-known attitudinal changes of deflation, pessimism, and loss of humanitarianism and enthusiasm
Occupational Medicine: Surveillance, Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Victor E. Archer
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The title of this book is misleading; one expects a comprehensive treatment of occupational diseases and the practice of occupational medicine. Instead, much of the book deals with the economic, political, legislative, and regulatory climate in which occupational medicine operates in the United States. There is a good summary of the roles played by the different federal agencies in research on and regulation of workplace hazards. It contains eight useful lists of toxic substances arranged by organ systems affected, plus a list of cancer-causing agents. A short discussion of these lists and a few short paragraphs on each of 17 major chemical and physical agents complete the discussion of occupational diseases and treatment. The topics of toxicology and epidemiology (which are important components of occupational medicine) are each summarized in one page. Prevention of disease by industrial hygiene techniques is barely mentioned. The discussion of diagnosis and medical surveillance is
Development of MRI/NIRF ‘activatable’ multimodal imaging probe based on iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Eui-Joon Cha, Eue Soon Jang, In-Cheol Sun, In Joon Lee, Jeong Hoon Ko, Young Il Kim, Ick Chan Kwon, Kwangmeyung Kim, Cheol-Hee Ahn
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2011)
Vagus Nerves and Baroreceptor Control of Ventricular Performance
Authors: Matthew N. Levy, Manuel Ng, Ralph I. Lipman, Harrison Zieske, G. Nelson
Journal: Circulation Research (1966)

In innervated, isovolumetric left ventricle preparations, sudden elevations of pressure in the isolated carotid sinus elicited a 9.5% depression of left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP). After blockade of sympathetic neuroeffector junctions by bretylium tosylate, equivalent intrasinusal pressure changes evoked a 6.8% reduction of LVSP. This response could be completely abolished by atropine sulfate or by cooling the cervical vagi. Therefore, under the conditions of the present experiments, the vagus nerves mediated a significant fraction of the reflex depression of ventricular performance induced by carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation. An appreciable elevation of LVSP was produced by atropine and by vagal cooling after blockade of sympathetic junctions. This enhancement of ventricular performance is an indication of a tonic negative inotropic influence of the vagus nerves upon the ventricular myocardium.
Mallory Body Formation Runs Parallel to γ-Glutamyl Transferase Induction in Hepatocytes of Griseofulvin-Fed Mice† ‡
Authors: Junichi Tazawa, Tetsuya Irie, Samuel W. French
Journal: Hepatology (1983)

To evaluate whether Mallory bodies (MBs) are linked to the induction of the enzyme γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), mice were fed 2.5% griseofulvin (GF). The experimental and control mice livers were examined at four time periods, i.e., after 4 months' of GF feeding, 1 month after GF withdrawal and 13 days after GF refeeding, and at sacrifice after 4 months of GF withdrawal. The livers from mice continuously fed GF or control diet for 10 months were also examined. Tumors and nontumorous livers were examined histologically, histochemically, electron microscopically, and immunocytochemically. The tumors consisted of hepatomas and hyperplastic nodules. To localize MBs inside GGT-positive cells, a double-staining method was employed; GGT-positive cells were identified histochemically followed by staining for MBs using the unlabeled immunoperoxidase technique. The per cent area of the GGT-positive foci was closely correlated with the frequency of MBs observed in the course of a GF feeding and withdrawal. Almost all of the MBs were located in GGT-positive cells in both tumors and nontumor liver tissue. MBs and GGT positivity involved the same liver cells. They both were found in high frequency in tumors induced by GF. These results indicate that MB formation, like GGT induction, is a phenotypic change induced by GF. The coexistence of the two phenomenon in the same cell throughout all phases of tumor formation suggests that MBs may be related to the neoplastic process in the GF-fed mouse model.
Evaluation of standard ECG leads for mass scanning
Authors: J. Schneider PJ Birch AA
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The accuracy in analysis of the six standard electrocardiographic leads for mass screening was evaluated from 2,000 randomly selected tracings. The ECGs were interpreted as normal or abnormal by generally accepted criteria without benefit of clinical history. Comparison with the full 12-lead ECG was made. Twelve hundred and sixteen (60.8%) were normal and 730 (36.5%) were abnormal. Twenty-six (3.44%) false-negative and 28 (2.25%) false-positive results occurred. The sensitivity and specificity of the method were 96.56% and 97.75%, respectively. The use of the standard ECG leads for mass screening is feasible for the following reasons: (1) It is a rapid technique necessitating no change in pattern or vector approaches to interpretation. (2) The patient need not be recumbent or undressed. (3) The accuracy compares favorably with that of 12-lead analysis. (4) The method is readily adaptable to computer interpretation.
Human lung tumor-associated antigen identified as an extracellular matrix adhesion molecule.
Authors: F A Chen, E A Repasky, R B Bankert
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

A single chain glycoprotein with an estimated molecular mass of 160 kD (gp160) was previously identified as a human lung tumor-associated antigen. This tumor marker is shown here to be associated noncovalently with a second 130-kD protein. Sequential immunoprecipitation studies of surface iodinated lung tumor cell lysates reveal that this heterodimeric complex is indistinguishable serologically and structurally from the integrin VLA-2, found originally on activated T lymphocytes and platelets. The VLA-2-like complex expressed on the lung tumors possesses similar characteristic Mg2+ dependent binding of collagen and laminin as observed with VLA-2 on normal cells. RNA analysis indicates that human lung tumors express at least 20 times more VLA-2 alpha chain message than normal adult human lung tissue. The results presented here raise the possibility that the overproduction of VLA-2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of human lung tumors by modulating the invasive and metastatic potential of the tumor.
Abstract 1341: Rapid decrease of ATP followed by necrosis-like cell death in bladder cancer cells after exposure to high-dose chemotherapeutics used in intravesical therapy
Authors: Takahiro Yoshida, Hiroaki Okuyama, Masashi Nakayama, Kazuo Nishimura, Norio Nonomura, Masahiro Inoue
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Objectives) Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is often treated by intravesical chemotherapy following transurethral resection. Mechanism of the effect of intravesical chemotherapy remains elusive. In this experiment, we studied cell death mechanism induced by high-dose chemotherapeutics using a novel culture method for primary cancer cells. Materials and methods) We have developed a new culture method which enables preparation and culture of primary cancer cells as multicellular spheroids which are termed cancer tissue-originated spheroids (CTOSs) (Okuyama 2013 J Urol). First we generated a bladder cancer patient-derived xenograft. We prepared CTOS from the xenograft, and exposed to high-dose (1mg/ml) or low-dose (0.01mg/ml) of epirubicin (e-ADM) or mitomycin C (MMC) for 2 hours. We investigated absorption of chemotherapeutics into CTOSs and assessed the mode of cell death. Next, we prepared CTOSs directly from surgical specimens of bladder cancer and tested the individual responses after exposure to high-dose e-ADM and MMC. Results) At high dose, e-ADM was promptly and homogenously delivered into cancer cells in the CTOSs. High-dose e-ADM and MMC decreased ATP levels in CTOSs within an hour accompanied with mitochondrial swelling and reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, while plasma membrane integrity was mainteined. Some of the molecules in mitochondrial apoptotic pathway were subsequently activated, while at later time point the cells lost integrity of cell membrane without DNA laddering. In contrast, CTOSs exposed to low-dose of e-ADM or MMC exhibited typical DNA laddering. Intriguingly, the decrease of ATP levels by e-ADM and MMC was varied among CTOSs derived from 20 surgical specimens. Conclusions) High-dose chemotherapeutics used in intravesical therapy may induce necrosis-like cell death, different from typical apoptosis caused by chemotherapeutics at the dose of systemic chemotherapy. Each bladder cancer may have a different response to high-dose chemotherapeutics used in intravesical therapy, indicating necessity of chemosensitivity test aiming for personalized medicine. Citation Format: Takahiro Yoshida, Hiroaki Okuyama, Masashi Nakayama, Kazuo Nishimura, Norio Nonomura, Masahiro Inoue. Rapid decrease of ATP followed by necrosis-like cell death in bladder cancer cells after exposure to high-dose chemotherapeutics used in intravesical therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1341. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1341
Splenic Infarction Mimicking Gastric Remnant on PET Imaging
Authors: Glenn P. Ollenberger, Salvatore U. Berlangieri
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

Positron emission tomography (PET) using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is commonly used to stage patients with gastric carcinoma. Despite common patient preparation, including a minimum fasting period, mild to moderate gastric activity is a normal variant in FDG PET imaging. We present a patient with gastric carcinoma who was staged using FDG-PET after a gastrectomy complicated by a partial splenic infarction. The splenic infarction with PET scanning was similar in appearance to normal stomach activity. This case reinforces the importance of acquiring patient history and correlative anatomic imaging before interpretation of the PET images.
Points: Delayed healing of BCG ulcers
Authors: J. Marks
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Mr P H Chapins and colleagues have provided information useful to practising physicians (25 May, p 1546).Although the authors viewed sigmoidoscopy as unhelpful in differentiating neoplastic (polyps, adenocarcinoma) from non-neoplastic sources (haemorrhoids, diverticula, etc), the data can be viewed as valuable in assessing the validity of rectal bleeding as a historical screening tool.Specifically, the simple characteristic of "no rectal bleeding" appears quite accurate in identifying those individuals without neoplastic disease.The 2 x 2 table is reconstructed from data in the article.The predictive value of a Relation between rectal bleeding and findings on siginoidoscopy Findings on sigmoidoscopy Carcinoma or No polyp or polyp >10cm carcinoma >10cm Rectal bleeding 4 44 No rectal bleeding 8 263positive finding, as described in the paper, is 4/48 or 8%-quite low.In contrast, the predictive value of a negative finding is 263/271 or 97%-that is, a history of no rectal bleeding accurately identified patients without neoplastic processes.While these results must be used cautiously when applied to a population different from that described in their study, it appears that a negative response to inquiry about rectal bleeding may be useful in identifying patients at low risk for rectosigmoid neoplasia.
Phenylpropanolamine and Blood Pressure
Authors: Louis Lasagna
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  The article by Pentel 1 in the Oct 12, 1984, issue ofThe Journalis the kind of rehash of older information that a recent JAMA editorial criticized. 2 It is primarily concerned with phenylpropanolamine, fails to provide a balanced assessment, and provides no new data.  The Australian report, cited by Pentel, that phenylpropanolamine elevated blood pressure, actually involved a product (Trimolets) that differed from American phenylpropanolamine and probably contained a different and much more potent isomer in dosage of 85 mg in immediate release form, ie, 3 1/2 times the allowable single US dose. This discrepancy in products and dosage is the most parsimonious explanation for the fact that the Australian findings have never been replicated despite more than 70 clinical studies of the American product.  Pentel ignores studies that have shown American phenylpropanolamine to be safe, even at doses at least twice the recommended doses
Terminology of Intravascular Coagulation
Authors: Robert W. Colman, Franz Rodríguez-Erdmann
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

UNDERSTANDING of acutely acquired hemorrhagic disorders has accrued from a wide variety of clinical and experimental studies in many disciplines of medicine. As is often true of a rapidly growing field, gaps have persisted for a long time, and the nomenclature has yet to be standardized. Such was the case during the last decade before the work of the International Committee for the Standardization of Blood Clotting Factors. In the present issue of the Journal, Dr. Margolis's well conceived letter (see Correspondence) makes it evident that there is a necessity for a clear-cut definition of the terms used in . . .
Combination Antifungal Therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis
Authors: Kieren A. Marr, Haran T. Schlamm, Raoul Herbrecht, Scott T. Rottinghaus, Eric J. Bow, Oliver A. Cornely, Werner J. Heinz, Shyla Jagannatha, Liang Piu Koh, Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis, Dong-Gun Lee, Marcio Nucci, Peter G. Pappas, Monica A. Slavin, Flavio Queiroz-Telles, Dominik Selleslag, Thomas J. Walsh, John R. Wingard, Johan A. Maertens
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is associated with poor outcomes in patients with hematologic malignancies (HMs) and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Small studies suggest a role for combination antifungal therapy.To assess the safety and efficacy of voriconazole and anidulafungin compared with voriconazole monotherapy for treatment of IA.Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00531479).93 international sites.454 patients with HM or HCT and suspected or documented IA were randomly assigned to treatment with voriconazole and anidulafungin or placebo. Primary analysis was done in the modified intention-to-treat population of 277 patients in whom IA was confirmed.The primary outcome was 6-week mortality; secondary outcomes included 12-week mortality, mortality in major subgroups, and safety measures.Mortality rates at 6 weeks were 19.3% (26 of 135) for combination therapy and 27.5% (39 of 142) for monotherapy (difference, -8.2 percentage points [95% CI, -19.0 to 1.5]; P = 0.087). Secondary mortality outcomes favored combination therapy. Multivariable regression analysis suggested that maximum galactomannan value, Karnofsky score, and baseline platelet count had prognostic significance. Most patients (218 of 277 [78.7%]) had IA diagnosis established by radiographic findings and maximum galactomannan positivity. In a post hoc analysis of this dominant subgroup, 6-week mortality was lower in combination therapy than monotherapy (15.7% [17 of 108] vs. 27.3% [30 of 110]; difference, -11.5 percentage points [CI, -22.7 to -0.4]; P = 0.037). Safety measures, including hepatotoxicity, were not different.Mortality at 6 weeks was higher than expected, and the difference in mortality was lower than expected, which reduced power to detect a treatment effect. Enrollment was restricted to patients with HM or HCT, which limited generalizability.Compared with voriconazole monotherapy, combination therapy with anidulafungin led to higher survival in subgroups of patients with IA. Limitations in power preclude definitive conclusions about superiority.Pfizer.
Pressor Mechanisms Induced by Intracranial Compression
Authors: SIMON RODBARD, WALTER STONE
Journal: Circulation (1955)

A sudden rise in intracranial pressure initiates a three-fold cardiovascular response in the dog. Within one second after the onset of compression, the blood pressure rises sharply, presumably as a result of a direct neurogenic stimulus to the arterioles; the pressure then levels off in a few seconds. A second pressor effect is apparently due to the secretion into the blood stream of graded amounts of nor-epinephrine-like materials at the onset of compression; this rise is delayed about 12 seconds, a period perhaps associated with its circulation to the arterioles. In some experiments, a heart rate increase occurs at this time. It is shown by a special technique that the circulating blood volume increases about 10 per cent during this period. With the offset of compression all these effects disappear in the same order. The potential role of these mechanisms in the blood pressure regulating complex is discussed.
The Acceptance of Scientific Evidence in the Courts
Authors: William J. Curran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

THE Anglo-American common law has traditionally been uncomfortable with scientific evidence. Great reliance has been placed on the lay jury system and partisan advocacy to provide justice. The result, however, is often a rather unstudied lack of reality in the legal system. What is clearly accepted scientifically in the outside world has often been rejected inside the courtroom; and the reverse, brazen charlatanism, has been allowed to sway lay juries with procedures and opinions having little or no credibility in scientific circles.An effort to provide reform in both these areas has been in progress over a long period of . . .
Implanted Atrial Pacemakers for Paroxysmal Atrial Flutter
Authors: S. SERGE BAROLD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Five patients with drug-resistant paroxysmal atrial flutter received permanent burst atrial pacemakers for the treatment of tachycardia. All patients had extensive electrophysiologic evaluations to determine the safety and efficacy of atrial pacing. The absence of prolonged spontaneous or electrically induced atrial fibrillation was also documented in all patients. Three pulse generators were patient activated (nonautomatic) and two were multiprogrammable and automatic. The atrial pacemakers terminated many attacks of paroxysmal atrial flutter safely and reliably in a follow-up period ranging from 24 to 60 months (average, 42). No major complications developed. In four patients, concomitant drug therapy was necessary, although to a lesser degree, to reduce the frequency of attacks and the ventricular rate. Our study documents the long-term efficacy and low risk associated with permanent-burst atrial pacing in the treatment of drug-refractory paroxysmal atrial flutter in selected patients.
PRESENT STATUS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY
Authors: C. Rollins Hanlon
Journal: JAMA (1952)

This review is designed to outline the present status of surgery for cardiovascular disease with particular attention to more recent advances in the field. It is not proposed to review all of the advances of the past 10 to 15 years, since this would carry us beyond the scope of this review and since much of the information concerning the fundamental work has been widely distributed. The diagnostic aspects will be neglected except in instances in which recent developments have radically altered our concept of the disease. The basic surgical treatment of well-established entities will be referred to only briefly as a background for evaluation of more recent advances in this field. No clear-cut division will be made between clinical and experimental approaches to the problem, since the transition from the development of the procedure in the experimental laboratory to clinical application in the hospital operating room is now extremely
A risk-adapted, response-based approach using ABVE-PC for children and adolescents with intermediate- and high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma: the results of P9425
Authors: Cindy L. Schwartz, Louis S. Constine, Doojduen Villaluna, Wendy B. London, Robert E. Hutchison, Richard Sposto, Steven E. Lipshultz, Charles S. Turner, Pedro A. deAlarcon, Allen Chauvenet
Journal: Blood (2009)
Effect of Isocaloric Low-Fat Diet on Prostate Cancer Xenograft Progression to Androgen Independence
Authors: Tung H. Ngo, R. James Barnard, Todd Anton, Chris Tran, David Elashoff, David Heber, Stephen J. Freedland, William J. Aronson
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract An isocaloric low-fat diet has been shown to slow androgen-sensitive Los Angeles Prostate Cancer-4 (LAPC-4) tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. LAPC-4 cells were injected into male severe combined immunodeficient mice. After palpable tumors developed, the mice were divided into three groups, high-fat intact, high-fat castration, and low-fat castration. Tumor latency (18 versus 9 weeks; P &amp;lt; 0.001) and mouse survival (20.8 ± 1.3 versus 13 ± 0.7 weeks; P &amp;lt; 0.01) were significantly longer in the low-fat castration versus high-fat castration group. Reduced dietary fat intake delayed conversion from androgen-sensitive to -insensitive prostate cancer and significantly prolonged survival of severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing LAPC-4 xenografts.
Multiply concurrent replication
Authors: David L. Hull, Sigrid S. Glenn
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

If selection is interpreted as involving repeated cycles of replication, variation, and environmental interaction so structured that environmental interaction causes replication to be differential, then selection in gene-based biological evolution and the reaction of the immune system to antigens are relatively unproblematic examples of selection processes. Operant learning and cultural evolution pose more serious problems. In this response we deal with operant learning as a selection process.
Successful External Electrical Defibrillation in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: PHILIP R. NAST, CHARLES S. PENNYPACKER, JOSEPH A. WAGNER
Journal: Circulation (1960)

A patient with an acute myocardial infarction was observed who gave all the appearances of being dead; the electrocardiogram attached at the time showed ventricular fibrillation, which persisted for at least 6 minutes. Regular sinus rhythm was restored within 2 minutes after external defibrillation with the Zoll-Electrodyne External Defibrillator with use of 60-cycle alternating current at 350 volts every 10 seconds for 3 shocks. No other similar case that survived has been found in the literature. The necessity of immediate recognition of ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction is pointed out in cases of "sudden death." The preference of external electrical defibrillation over direct heart defibrillation is discussed.