tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Communicable diseases other than AIDS.
Authors: N D Noah
Journal: BMJ (1991)

BMJ 1991;303:639-40 Should communicable diseases be a key area? Superficially, the case against communicable diseases other than AIDS and HIV infection being a key area of great concern in the United Kingdom for targeting action is quite strong. Most infectious diseases are mild; even influenza A virus, the last great organism until HIV capable of causing a pandemic, has been fairly quiescent for 15 or so years; and mass immunis? ation and sanitation have kept many of the former scourges in check. In The Health of the Nation, however, communicable diseases are chosen as a key area but not because they are considered to cause substantial mortality or substantial ill health or to have scope for improvement. Instead, they are included in the group where there is great potential for harm.1 This implies either that they are not serious at present but may become so or that many of the most serious conditions are under control at present but may revert if control is relaxed. This underestimates the contribution of communicable disease to general ill health. The first criterion for the choice of a key area is that the disease should be a major cause of premature death or avoidable ill health in the general population or in specific groups of people. With the possible exception of influenza?and the length of time since a major epidemic leaves no room for complacency?com? municable diseases are not major causes of premature death. Nevertheless, by their very diversity and frequency they are certainly major causes of ill health; many of them are avoidable, at least in the sense that we know what causes them and how they are transmitted. The sexually transmitted diseases not only cause an acute self limiting illness but also give rise to sequelae, including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and carcinoma (of the perns, cervix, and anus), as well as congenital abnormalities and neonatal illness. Some communicable diseases recur or become chronic, and the lesions in sexually transmitted disease may facilitate the transmission of HIV and probably hepatitis B. Infectious diarrhoea and respiratory and urinary tract infections are further examples of major causes of ill health, though how much is avoidable is debatable and difficult to estimate. The second criterion for a key area is that effective intervention is possible. Apart from sanitation and immunisation, what other effective interventions are there against communicable disease? High up on this list I would place effective surveillance and control of outbreaks: the early recognition of outbreaks through effective surveillance is undoubtedly an important form of secondary prevention. Antibiotics are useful in preventing the sequelae of and death from many communicable diseases, but they are generally disappointing in preventing the disease and may even induce complacency.
miRNA-34 Prevents Cancer Initiation and Progression in a Therapeutically Resistant K-ras and p53-Induced Mouse Model of Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Andrea L. Kasinski, Frank J. Slack
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and current therapies fail to treat this disease in the vast majority of cases. The RAS and p53 pathways are two of the most frequently altered pathways in lung cancers, with such alterations resulting in loss of responsiveness to current therapies and decreased patient survival. The microRNA-34 (mir-34) gene family members are downstream transcriptional targets of p53, and miR-34 expression is reduced in p53 mutant tumors; thus, we hypothesized that treating mutant Kras;p53 tumors with miR-34 would represent a powerful new therapeutic to suppress lung tumorigenesis. To this end we examined the therapeutically resistant Kras(LSL-G12D)(/+);Trp53(LSL-R172H)(/+) mouse lung cancer model. We characterized tumor progression in these mice following lung-specific transgene activation and found tumors as early as 10 weeks postactivation, and severe lung inflammation by 22 weeks. Tumors harvested from these lungs have elevated levels of oncogenic miRNAs, miR-21 and miR-155; are deficient for p53-regulated miRNAs; and have heightened expression of miR-34 target genes, such as Met and Bcl-2. In the presence of exogenous miR-34, epithelial cells derived from these tumors show reduced proliferation and invasion. In vivo treatment with miR-34a prevented tumor formation and progression in Kras(LSL-G12D)(/+);Trp53(LSL-R172H)(/+) mice. Animals infected with mir-34a-expressing lentivirus at the same time as transgene activation had little to no evidence of tumorigenesis, and lentivirus-induced miR-34a also prevented further progression of preformed tumors. These data support the use of miR-34 as a lung tumor-preventative and tumor-static agent.
[316] ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS MODULATE HEPATOCYTES APOPTOSIS IN RAT MODEL OF CHRONIC CHOLESTASIS: THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS
Authors: S. Payabvash, S. Kiumehr, B. Ghazinezami, A. Zandieh, P. Anvari, S.M. Tavangar, A.R. Dehpour
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Deeper insights into the relevance of lymphatic circulation in cirrhosis of the liver: A trojan horse or the holy grail?
Authors: Shiv Kumar Sarin, Chandan Kumar
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

The lymphatic network plays a major role in maintaining tissue fluid homoeostasis. However, the role of the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of ascites and edema formation in cirrhosis has not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the inability of the lymphatic system to drain tissue exudate contributes to the edema observed in cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was induced in rats by CCl4 inhalation. Lymphatic drainage was evaluated using fluorescent lymphangiography. Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was measured in primary lymphatic endothelial cells (LyECs). Inhibition of eNOS activity in cirrhotic rats with ascites (CH) was carried out by L-NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) treatment (0.5 mg/kg/day). The (CH) rats had impaired lymphatic drainage in the splanchnic and peripheral regions compared with the control (CT) rats. LyECs isolated from the CH rats showed a significant increase in eNOS and nitric oxide (NO) production. In addition, the lymphatic vessels of the CH rats showed a significant reduction in smooth muscle cell (SMC) coverage compared with the CT rats. CH rats treated with L-NMMA for 7 days showed a significant improvement in lymphatic drainage and a significant reduction in ascites volume, which were associated with increased plasma volume. This beneficial effect of L-NMMA inhibition was also associated with a significant increase in lymphatic SMC coverage. Thus, up regulation of eNOS in the LyECs of CH rats causes long-term lymphatic remodeling, which is characterized by a loss of SMC lymphatic coverage. The amelioration of this lymphatic abnormality by chronic eNOS inhibition results in improved lymphatic drainage and reduced ascites.
Can We Provide Reperfusion Therapy to All Unselected Patients Admitted With Acute Myocardial Infarction?
Authors: Jean-Michel Juliard, Dominique Himbert, Jean-Louis Golmard, Pierre Aubry, Gaetan J. Karrillon, Albert Boccara, Hakim Benamer, P.Gabriel Steg
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)
300m of NHS fraud was prevented over past four years, agency says
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The agency charged with dealing with fraud in the NHS has estimated that over the past four years it has prevented £300m ($500m; €430m) worth of fraud committed by patients and healthcare professionals.

The NHS Counter Fraud and Security Management Service, formerly the NHS Counter Fraud Service, published its figures last week for 1999 to 2003.

Its report, Protecting your NHS , shows that losses attributable to fraud by patients have fallen by over a third over that period—from £171m to £109m. Fraud committed by health professionals has fallen by up to 40% in some professions.

The service's specific targets were …
Angiogenesis and Lung Cancer: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Roy S. Herbst, Amir Onn, Alan Sandler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide, with most patients dying with metastatic disease. The prognosis for the majority of patients remains poor. It is evident that advances in the treatment of this and other tumor types will require new approaches, and recent research has focused on molecular-targeted therapies. A key therapeutic strategy is inhibition of specific processes essential for tumor vascular development (a concept known to be beneficial in colorectal cancer) and a range of such antiangiogenic agents are currently in development. The most promising of these target the proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), either by preventing VEGF-receptor binding or inhibiting downstream receptor signaling. However, other more direct approaches against tumor vasculature are also in development. Since antiangiogenic agents often exert an indirect, cytostatic effect, many are being evaluated in combination with conventional chemotherapies in order to optimize the anticancer effects of both strategies. Additionally, the combination of several antiangiogenic agents is also being explored. This has become possible given the large number of agents currently available. As part of this evaluation process, the assessment of surrogate markers of target inhibition and treatment effect is ongoing in the hope of identifying reliable surrogate markers to aid the development of this new generation of anticancer agents.
The Epping Jaundice.
Authors: Harry Kopelman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

s1 May 1968The Epping Jaundice.Harry Kopelman, M.D., F.R.C.P.Harry Kopelman, M.D., F.R.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-68-5-1148_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptEarly in 1965 an outbreak of jaundice occurred in Epping and in the surrounding area, affecting at least 84 people. The outbreak was traced to a special whole meal bread, the flour of which was contaminated in transit by 4.4′ diaminodiphenylmethane, an epoxy resin hardener. The epidemiology and investigation proved conclusively the cause and spread of the disease.The clinical presentation was unusual and unlike that of other varieties of toxic jaundice. Fifty-seven patients had biochemical investigations that showed a varied picture, and eight aspiration liver biopsies were taken from seven patients. The pathological changes were likewise distinctive and unique... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Essex, PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited By1.26 Polyurethanes and Silicone Polyurethane CopolymersPolyurethanes and Silicone Polyurethane Copolymers 1 May 1968Volume 68, Issue 5Page: 1148-1148KeywordsBiopsyBreadEpidemiologyFlourLiver Issue Published: 1 May 1968 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Food glorious food
Authors: Mary E Black
Journal: BMJ (2007)

I am a fully paid up member of the dietary police. Walter Willet’s excellent book Eat, Drink and be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating is my bible. Five (or more) portions of fruit and vegetables a day can maintain and improve your health; it is shocking how many people never eat an apple, let alone broccoli. Stirring stuff, and a call for results-based action; language we hear each day in the NHS. But as with all goals and targets we can sometimes lose sight of the big …
Germany agrees community care scheme for elderly
Authors: H L Karcher
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The political parties in Bonn have finally agreed on a new community care scheme for elderly people after several years' debate. The opposition parties had to be included in negotiations because both houses of parliament in Bonn will have to approve the new law on the scheme and the government coalition does not have a majority in the upper house, the Bundesrat.

The community care scheme is intended to give financial support …
Abstract 76: Mitochondrial filamentation
Authors: Mario Gosalvez
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract A number of molecular targets have been scrutinized in cancer research therapeutics. I will call briefly your attention to mitochondrial fillamentation. This is a molecular target important for the development of cancer reversal techniques and the possible use of cancer as a therapeutic agency when all the cancers will be cured for the duration of life. My group signaled recently that when mitochondria are isolated with low thermal, mechanical, and chemical stress many of them appear with short micro filaments, of 25, 10, and 5 nanometers of diameter radially anchored in the mitochondrial external membrane, with or without cones of anchorage or veils of condensation. These probably more physiological mitochondria are partially or almost totally uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation (1). In darkness, anoxia and in the presence of bicarbonate, fillamented mitochondria are able to produce oxygen at a rate superior to their oxygen uptake. Oscillations of the oxygen concentration are observed when recording these mitochondrial preparations for long periods of time. Also these mitochondria seem to be able to compartmentalize some enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. Fillamented mitochondria are abundant at rest and in young animals. In cancer cells, senility, or high activity their number and extent of fillamentation decrease. My agents for cancer reversal possibly increase mitochondrial fillamentation, while some chemical carcinogens decrease it, even at doses lower than those needed for their mutagenic effects. This is inferred from their effects on oxygen production by fillamented mitochondria (1, 2). These novel aspects of mitochondria, to which I call your attention, deserve further investigation by the cancer and mitochondria research community (1, 2, 3) (1) M Gosálvez Gosálvez. Producción de Oxígeno por Mitocondrias Filamentadas. Importancia para el Cáncer y la Neurodegeración. Anales de la Real Nacional Academia de Medicina, CXV, 3°, 747-756, 1998. Madrid. Spain (2) M Gosálvez Gosálvez. Reversión del Cáncer y Filamentación Mitocondrial. Anales de la Real Nacional Academia de Medicina. CXVII, 4°, 825-834, 2000, Madrid. Spain. (3) Mario Gosálvez y Gosálvez. “The Zipper Mechanism”. Madrid. 1982. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 76.
Identification and molecular characterization of recurrent genomic deletions on 7p12 in the IKZF1 gene in a large cohort of BCR-ABL1–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients: on behalf of Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto Acute Leukemia Working Party (GIMEMA AL WP)
Authors: Ilaria Iacobucci, Clelia Tiziana Storlazzi, Daniela Cilloni, Annalisa Lonetti, Emanuela Ottaviani, Simona Soverini, Annalisa Astolfi, Sabina Chiaretti, Antonella Vitale, Francesca Messa, Luciana Impera, Carmen Baldazzi, Pietro D'Addabbo, Cristina Papayannidis, Angelo Lonoce, Sabrina Colarossi, Marco Vignetti, Pier Paolo Piccaluga, Stefania Paolini, Domenico Russo, Fabrizio Pane, Giuseppe Saglio, Michele Baccarani, Robin Foà, Giovanni Martinelli
Journal: Blood (2009)
Longitudinal Changes in Adiposity Associated With Pregnancy
Authors: Delia E. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To examine the longitudinal associations between a pregnancy and persistent changes in adiposity in young black and white women. <h3>Design.</h3> —Prospective cohort study with 5 years of follow-up. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Participants recruited by community-based sampling (Birmingham, Ala; Chicago, Ill; and Minneapolis, Minn) and through the membership of a large prepaid health care plan (Oakland, Calif). <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 2788 women (53% black) aged 18 through 30 years were assessed at baseline (1985 through 1986) and reassessed at examination 2 (91% retention; 1987 through 1988) and examination 3 (86% retention; 1990 through 1991). Women who remained nulliparous (n=925) during the 5-year follow-up were compared with women who had a single pregnancy of 28 weeks' duration during that period and who were at least 12 months postpartum at follow-up (primiparas, n=89; multiparas, n=114). <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Change in body weight and in waist-to-hip ratio during the 5-year period. Analyses were adjusted for demographic factors (age and education), behavioral variables (smoking and physical activity), and baseline level of adiposity. <h3>Results.</h3> —Primiparas within both race groups gained 2 to 3 kg more weight during the 5-year period than did nulliparas in both adjusted and unadjusted analyses. Primiparas also had greater increases in waist-to-hip ratio that were independent of weight gain. Multiparas did not differ from nulliparas in adiposity change in either race group. At each level of parity, black women demonstrated greater adverse changes in adiposity than did white women. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —These data suggest that women experience modest but adverse increases in body weight and fat distribution after a first pregnancy and that these changes are persistent. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;271:1747-1751)
Underdiagnosis of depression in young people
Authors: P. D. Sigalas, X. Barkla, P. McArdle
Journal: BMJ (2014)

With regard to depressive illness, Dowrick and Frances state that “overdiagnosis is now more common than underdiagnosis.”1

From our own practice we find that this is unlikely. The yearly prevalence of depression is estimated at 0.9% …
Donald Gwynvor Craig
Authors: N. Wilson
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Donald Gwynvor Craig was in practice first in Solihull, West Midlands, and subsequently became senior partner at Thamesmead, London, where he was senior lecturer at Guy’s Hospital Medical School. He enjoyed his varied work as a teaching general practitioner, police surgeon, venereologist and colposcopist and was an incisive and popular occupational health doctor.

He sought out knowledge and new medical skills throughout his working life and retirement …
P2-195: Phase 2 trial of cisplatin (C), etoposide (E), and radiation (RT) followed by gemcitabine (G) vs G and docetaxel (D) in stage III A/B unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: Benjamin Movsas, Corey Langer, L.H. Wang, Robert Jotte, F Xu, C Huang, Matthew Monberg, Coleman K. Obasaju
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Adipose triglyceride lipase-mediated lipolysis of cellular fat stores is activated by CGI-58 and defective in Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome
Authors: Achim Lass, Robert Zimmermann, Guenter Haemmerle, Monika Riederer, Gabriele Schoiswohl, Martina Schweiger, Petra Kienesberger, Juliane G. Strauss, Gregor Gorkiewicz, Rudolf Zechner
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2006)
Doctors, Welfare and the Deep Freeze — Talking and Listening to Patients
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

THE latest economic crisis in Britain has led to a postponement of the agreed pay award to doctors and has brought consternation into all ranks of the medical profession, with junior hospital medical staff and general practitioners being those most seriously affected.After a three-year standstill in pay, the Review Body, the Negotiating Committee of the profession and the Ministry of Health had agreed on new salary scales for all hospital staff and on a major revision of the contract of general practitioners, which would encourage better general practice and increase the incomes of most practitioners. Although it was agreed . . .
The Heritage of Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Steven Pinsky
Journal: JAMA (1980)

This book, published by the Society of Nuclear Medicine to commemorate its 25th anniversary, includes a compendium of some of the most important scientific papers leading to the development of nuclear medicine. The introduction by Marshall Brucer traces the important events that have been responsible for the growth of nuclear medicine, from the work of Prout on atomic weight in 1815 to the formation of the Society of Nuclear Medicine in 1954. The overview is written in the same interesting and easy-to-read style that Dr Brucer uses in his Vignettes in Nuclear Medicine series. Most of the volume is made up of the 31 papers selected by a distinguished panel of nuclear medicine scientists. These papers cover many significant discoveries that provide the fundamental background for the development of modern nuclear medicine. (Those papers originally published in another language have been translated into English.) With these papers their authors received
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy — Continued Progress
Authors: Eugene Braunwald
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

Students of medical history observe a familiar sequence in the growth of knowledge about many diseases. The initial description is often a pathologic one, involving patients with the most advanced, usually fatal, form of the disease. Clinical–pathological correlations are then carried out in living patients in whom the condition is recognized and in whom the pathologic findings are confirmed during operation or at autopsy. Detailed explorations of the clinical and laboratory manifestations then provide clues to the underlying pathophysiology and help in establishing diagnostic criteria. Often much later, the fundamental cellular defects are identified, and ultimately the molecular or even . . .
Bad Ads: MRFIT Misinterpreted
Authors: Warren H. Gullen
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  We feel that the medical and scientific community should be aware of advertisements recently placed by tobacco interests in publications like Newsweek, Time , and the Washington Post . These ads interpret the results of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) in such a way as to cast doubt on a causal relationship between smoking and coronary disease. The main error in the ad is to overlook the fact that the control group was contaminated (ie, a number of subjects in the control group altered their life-styles, including smoking behavior, without the extra special attention by the project staff). Thus, the study turned out to be a comparison between two methods of intervention and not between smoking and not smoking. Indeed, if one looks at those persons who actually quit and did not quit smoking in the groups who received and did not receive special attention by the