tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chemotherapy for Aquarium Granuloma
Authors: John J. Van Dyke
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<i>MYCOBACTERIUM BALNEI</i>, originally recognized as a pathogen to the abraded skin of swimmers in saltbrackish water and pools, has recently been found a hazard to fisherman and to those involved with fish tanks.<sup>1</sup>The following cases emphasize the hazard associated with aquariums and further substantiate the role of chemotherapy in the treatment of extensive<i>M balnei</i>infections. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> A 61-year-old white woman had abraded her fingers numerous times over the past 20 years while cleaning a home aquarium. In December 1971, a tender inflamed, indurated lesion developed on her right thumb, which was excised in March 1972. Progressive lesions developed on the right forearm (Figure). Some of these were excised and drained, and on pathological examination showed granulomas but no organisms. Sporotrichosis was suspected, but the lesions were unresponsive to iodides, and subsequently a carpal tunnel syndrome developed. Evaluation and culture performed elsewhere yielded<i>M</i>
Family planning 2011: better use of existing methods, new strategies and more informed choices for female contraception
Authors: D. T. Baird, J. L. H. Evers, K. Gemzell-Danielsson, A. Glasier, S. R. Killick, P. F. A. Van Look, P. Vercellini, B. O. Yildiz, G. Benagiano, D. Cibula, P. G. Crosignani, L. Gianaroli, C. La Vecchia, E. Negri, A. Volpe
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2012)

This paper explores recent developments in female contraception, using them to illustrate how adaptation of existing methods, improved service delivery and understanding contraceptive behaviour might increase contraceptive uptake and correct and consistent use, and how the development of new methods holds some promise for capitalizing on the potential non-contraceptive benefits. Searches were performed in Medline and other databases. Selection criteria included high-quality studies and studies relevant to clinical reproductive medicine. Summaries were presented and discussed by the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) Workshop Group. The topics discussed include: adapted regimens for combined oral contraceptive pills, non-invasive methods of female sterilization, the need to improve the awareness of pregnancy risk to increase the use of emergency contraception, improvements in the evidence base for the safety and service delivery of intrauterine methods, emphasis on the potential benefits of combined oral contraceptives for women with hirsutism and acne, the potential of female sterilization to prevent ovarian cancer, and the promise of anti-progesterones and new approaches to dual protection. Although great strides have been made in recent years in increasing contraceptive use among women in many countries where contraceptive prevalence is low or there is a high unmet need for contraception, much more can, and needs to, be done.
The dorsal thalamic connection in the origin of the isocortex
Authors: Salvador Guirado
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

The origin of the isocortex may be seen as a series of gradual changes (each one with an adaptive value) from a reptilian-like cerebral cortex, as proposed by Aboitiz et al., or as a new dorsal pallium derivative in mammals which undergoes a surface expansion concomitant with the expansion of the dorsal tier of the dorsal thalamus.
An Address on the Psychology of Joking
Authors: J. H. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (1887)

Oct. 2t2, 188>t82. That the "scientific purposes" be, in the first place, the investigation and exposition of such branches of science connected with medicine and surgery as the two Colleges may from time to time determine.The College has subsequently adopted the report.Now, I submit with the utmost respect, but with the greatest earnest- ness, to those here assembled, that a course of physiological physics, to be delivered in the new college of science, would be a real boon to all students of medicine, whether they had succeeded in obtaining their diploma or not.The human body is a mass or congeries of separate machines, susceptible of mechanical explanation; but, setting aside the heart and lungs, already named, how many students have their attention specially drawn to Donders's and Landolt's optical re- searches on the eye and eyesight, or to Helmholtz's account of the mechanism of the ear?Such a course, moreover, would in no way clash with other courses given elsewhere on different branches of the same great subject, and it would eminently fulfil the exact purpose, even to the very words, of the great man whom we are to-day met to commemorate.
Failure of Stroke Volume Augmentation During Exercise and Dobutamine Stress Is Unrelated to Load-Independent Indexes of Right Ventricular Performance After the Mustard Operation
Authors: G. P. Derrick, I. Narang, P. A. White, A. Kelleher, A. Bush, D. J. Penny, A. N. Redington
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Impaired right ventricular function has been implicated as a cause of reduced maximal exercise capacity after the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries.Fourteen asymptomatic survivors of the Mustard operation were studied. Each underwent conventional cardiac catheterization, and after satisfactory hemodynamics were confirmed, load-independent indexes of ventricular function were derived by conductance catheter during dobutamine infusion (0, 5, and 10 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)). Seven patients also underwent upright exercise testing on a bicycle ergometer with analysis of respiratory gas exchange by continuous mass spectrometry. Accessible pulmonary blood flow was measured at each workload with an automated acetylene rebreathing technique. All patients exercised to a satisfactory end point (respiratory quotient >1.1). Maximum oxygen consumption during exercise was impaired compared with predicted values (mean, 77%; P:<0.02). Both exercise and dobutamine infusion were associated with an increase in cardiac index and heart rate and a reduced stroke volume index response. This was despite significantly improved indexes of myocardial contraction (end-systolic pressure volume relation, P:<0.001), preload recruitable stroke work index (P:<0.01), VA coupling (P:<0.001), and isovolumic relaxation (P:<0.001) during dobutamine infusion. There were no changes observed in end-diastolic pressure-volume relations, but there was failure to augment ventricular filling manifest by absence of change in dV/dt (P:=NS).The stroke volume response to exercise stress is reduced in patients after the Mustard operation. A similar failure to augment stroke volume occurs during dobutamine stress despite appropriate responses in load-independent indexes of contraction and relaxation. This is due to failure to augment right ventricular filling rates during tachycardia, presumably as a result of impaired AV transport, consequent to the abnormal intra-atrial pathways.
Differential Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxy-Vitamin D3 and 19-Nor-1,25-Dihydroxy-Vitamin D2 on Calcium and Phosphorus Resorption in Bone
Authors: JANE L. FINCH, ALEX J. BROWN, EDUARDO SLATOPOLSKY
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1999)

Abstract. 1,25-Dihydroxy-vitamin D 3 [1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 ] suppresses the secretion and synthesis of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and has been used in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 can induce hypercalcemia, which often precludes its use. Therefore, an analog of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 that would retain its therapeutic effects but produce minor effects on calcium and phosphorus metabolism could be an ideal tool for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. It has been shown that 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D 2 [19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 ], an analog of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 , can suppress PTH levels in uremic rats at doses that do not affect plasma ionized calcium levels. The experiments presented here, using parathyroidectomized rats fed diets deficient in either calcium (0.02%) or phosphorus (0.02%), were performed to compare the effects of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 and 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 on calcium and phosphorus resorption in bone. Parathyroidectomized rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 (100 ng), or 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 (100 or 1000 ng) for 9 d. Plasma calcium and phosphorus levels were monitored during the study, and ionized calcium levels were determined at the end of the study. By 9 d, 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 (100 ng/d) increased total calcium levels to 12.4 ± 0.26 mg/dl, compared with 6.32 ± 0.25 mg/dl ( P &lt; 0.001) in control animals. The same dose of 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 (100 ng/d) was much less potent (9.45 ± 0.28 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.001). Similar results were seen with ionized calcium levels [19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 , 3.61 ± 0.12 mg/dl; 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 , 5.03 ± 0.16 mg/dl; P &lt; 0.001]. Ionized calcium levels were also lower in rats receiving the higher dose (1000 ng) of 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 (4.59 ± 0.09 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.05). Similar results were seen in rats fed the phosphorus-deficient diet. 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 (100 ng) increased plasma phosphorus levels from 4.30 ± 0.39 mg/dl in vehicle-treated rats to 7.43 ± 0.26 mg/dl ( P &lt; 0.001). The same dose of 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 had no effect (5.19 ± 0.32 mg/dl), whereas the high dose (1000 ng) increased plasma phosphorus levels (7.31 ± 0.24 mg/dl) in a manner similar to that of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 (100 ng). Therefore, 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 is approximately 10 times less effective in mobilizing calcium and phosphorus from the skeleton, compared with 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 . With its ability to suppress PTH at noncalcemic doses, 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 is a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure.
White blood cells and venous ulceration.
Authors: P. R. Thomas, G. B. Nash, J. A. Dormandy
Journal: BMJ (1988)

authority databases will improve the planning process in the 1990s.Doctors need to remain interested in and familiar with these debates at the local level.Non-medical planners may tend to use such data in isolation.Complementary data and qualitative studies should be available to aid general practitioners and others to interpret routine statistics from small areas.
The expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in human skin: the relationship with epidermal cell differentiation
Authors: None Stoebner, None Carayon, None Penarier, None Fréchin, None Barnéon, None Casellas, None Cano, None Meynadier, None Meunier
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1999)

The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is a protein of mitochondrial outer membranes utilizing porphyrins as endogenous ligands. PBR is part of a heteromeric receptor complex involved in the formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores and in the early events of apoptosis. PBR may function as an oxygen‐dependent signal generator; recent data indicate that these receptors may preserve the mitochondria of haematopoietic cell lines from damage caused by oxygen radicals. To identify PBRs in human skin, we used a specific monoclonal antibody directed against the C‐terminus fragment of the human receptor. PBR immunoreactivity was found in keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, hair follicles and dermal vascular endothelial cells. Interestingly, confocal microscopic examination of skin sections revealed that PBR expression was strongly upregulated in the superficial differentiated layers of the epidermis. Ultrastructurally, PBRs were distributed throughout the cytoplasm but were selectively expressed on the mitochondrial membranes of epidermal cells. The elevated level of PBRs in the spinous layer was not associated with an increased number of mitochondria nor with an increased amount of mRNA as assessed by in situ hybridization on microautoradiographed skin sections. The present work provides, for the first time, evidence of PBR immunoreactivity in human skin. This mitochondrial receptor may modulate apoptosis in the epidermis; its increased expression in differentiated epidermal layers may represent a novel mechanism of natural skin protection against free radical damage generated by ultraviolet exposure.
Reciprocal Control of hERG Stability by Hsp70 and Hsc70 With Implication for Restoration of LQT2 Mutant Stability
Authors: Peili Li, Haruaki Ninomiya, Yasutaka Kurata, Masaru Kato, Junichiro Miake, Yasutaka Yamamoto, Osamu Igawa, Akira Nakai, Katsumi Higaki, Futoshi Toyoda, Jie Wu, Minoru Horie, Hiroshi Matsuura, Akio Yoshida, Yasuaki Shirayoshi, Masayasu Hiraoka, Ichiro Hisatome
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

The human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) encodes the α subunit of the potassium current I(Kr). It is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes and its mutations cause long QT syndrome type 2. Heat shock protein (Hsp)70 is known to promote maturation of hERG. Hsp70 and heat shock cognate (Hsc70) 70 has been suggested to play a similar function. However, Hsc70 has recently been reported to counteract Hsp70.We investigated whether Hsc70 counteracts Hsp70 in the control of wild-type and mutant hERG stability.Coexpression of Hsp70 with hERG in HEK293 cells suppressed hERG ubiquitination and increased the levels of both immature and mature forms of hERG. Immunocytochemistry revealed increased levels of hERG in the endoplasmic reticulum and on the cell surface. Electrophysiological studies showed increased I(Kr). All these effects of Hsp70 were abolished by Hsc70 coexpression. Heat shock treatment of HL-1 mouse cardiomyocytes induced endogenous Hsp70, switched mouse ERG associated with Hsc70 to Hsp70, increased I(Kr), and shortened action potential duration. Channels with disease-causing missense mutations in intracellular domains had a higher binding capacity to Hsc70 than wild-type channels and channels with mutations in the pore region. Knockdown of Hsc70 by small interfering RNA or heat shock prevented degradation of mutant hERG proteins with mutations in intracellular domains.These results indicate reciprocal control of hERG stability by Hsp70 and Hsc70. Hsc70 is a potential target in the treatment of LQT2 resulting from missense hERG mutations.
Evaluating Cancer Chemotherapy by Infusion
Authors: R. C. Donehower
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

For the vast majority of antineoplastic agents, the optimal schedule of administratio n has not been established. The reasons why the safety and effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy might be schedule-dependent are multiple and complex. Perhaps the simplest is that many anticancer drugs have their greatest effect when cancer cells are progessing through the cell cycle (particularly when in S phase) and are relatively ineffective when cells are quiescent in the Go phase. Since the common cancers in man have a low growth fraction1 and proliferate slowly, one of the important variables to be explored in clinical cancer chemotherapy is the duration of time that the exposure of malignant cells to the actions of antineoplastic drugs can be maintained. The relative importance of this variable and the manner in which exposure to the drug effect can be most effectively prolonged vary greatly depending on the clinical and biochemical pharmacologic characteristics of the agent in question. Recognition of these facts has led to classificatio n of antineoplastic agents on the basis of whether their cytotoxicity is cell cycle dependent or independent (7) or, alternatively, whether the drug effects are predominately dependent on 1) the maximum concentration of drug achieved; 2) the total exposure to drug, as measured by the plasma concentration times time product (C X T); or 3) prolonged exposure to cytotoxic drug concentrations for longer periods of time (2). The basis for this classification is that, experimentally, some antineoplastics appear to kill cells in all phases of the cell cycle; for these agents the magnitude of the effect generally appears to be related either to the peak concentration of drug achieved or to the extent of the overall drug exposure as measured by the C X T product. Other agents are highly phase-specific and have no effect on cells that are not in sensitive phases of the cell cycle. The magnitude of their effect is therefore likely to be dependent on the duration of exposure to a concentration of drug which exceeds a minimal cytotoxic threshold, and not simply on total exposure. Although this distinction represents a gross oversimplification of the in vivo clinical situation, it helps to elucidate the characteristics of drugs that may warrant evaluation in continuous-infusion (C.I.) schedules of administratio n (5). The prolonged exposures provided by continuous infusion would likely be advantageous for antineoplastic drugs with a short plasma half-life, particularly if the intracellular mecha
High rate of prolonged remissions following combined modality therapy for patients with localized low-grade lymphoma
Authors: J.F. Seymour, P. McLaughlin, L.M. Fuller, F.B. Hagemeister, M. Hess, F. Swan, J. Romaguera, M.A. Rodriguez, P. Besa, J. Cox, F. Cabanillas
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1996)
Longitudinal lung function study in heterozygous PiMZ phenotype subjects
Authors: E Tarjan, P Magyar, Z Vaczi, A Lantos, L Vaszar
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

It is a matter of controversy whether subjects who are heterozygous (PiMZ) for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency are at risk of developing pulmonary emphysema. To assess the role of MZ phenotype in the development of abnormal lung function the authors performed a 10 year follow-up study of 28 PiMZ subjects, compared to 28 matched-paired normal PiMM subjects. Maximal expiratory flows and mechanical properties of the lungs were studied, in order to determine the changes of the lung function parameters characteristic of pulmonary emphysema. Total lung capacity and residual volume increased, whereas forced expiratory volume in one second, expiratory flows, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide, and static transpulmonary pressures decreased in the PiMZ patients. The majority of the controlled functional parameters were found to deteriorate significantly in PiMZ patients during the 10 year period. Trypsin inhibitory capacity in the PiMZ group (mean +/- SD) was 0.65 +/- 0.17 mg.ml-1 as compared to 1.52 +/- 0.3 mg.ml-1 in the PiMM group. These changes exceeded the values expected as physiological changes due to ageing. The findings in the present longitudinal study--especially the decrease in elasticity, which is the primary pathophysiological damage in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency--support the concept that the PiMZ phenotype is a risk factor for the development of pulmonary emphysema at younger age than in those without the deficiency.
Playing tactics in the English premier league, Spain's La Liga and Italy's Serie A
Authors: H Sarmento, A Marques, J Martins, T Anguera, J Campaniço, J Leitão
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

The purpose of this study was to analyse the different styles of play (counter-attack (CA), fast attack (FA) and positional attack (PA)) in the football teams of Manchester United (MU), F.C.I. Milano (IM) and FC Barcelona (BA). The sample included 36 games (660 offensive sequences) from the 2009/2010 sporting season. The design used in the present study was descriptive and was based on an observational methodology applied to the acquisition of data, using a specific instrument to observe the offensive process (Sarmento et al . Medicina (Kaunas) 2010; 46 :401–7). The study of the data reliability was calculated by the intra and inter observer agreement (Cohen's κ&gt;0.9). The analysis of the results showed that the teams of IM and BA tended more often to adopt the PA to perform their offensive action, while the MU played significantly more often in CA (X 2 (2)=36.8; p=0.000; n=245). The zones more often used to recover the ball possession are those that belong to the midfielder defensive sector. However, when the teams performed CA, they tended to recover more balls in zone 5 (central) of the field, when compared to other styles of play. In all the offensive styles, the IM is the only team that performed more frequently the last pass and the end action in the same zones (central zones). Curiously, the teams of BA e MU present regular tendencies in the zones more often used to perform the last pass (left hand zones and right hand zones, respectively) and the last action (central zones) in the PA and in the FA, but present different tendencies in relation to the CA. The MU team scored more goals through the CA, and the IM and BA scored more goals through the PA Although some studies tended to prove which is the most efficient style of play, we think that the important thing is not the duration of the offensive sequences, the number of passes, or the velocity of the ball, but the obstacles that a team finds while attacking in its way.
Epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States
Authors: Ray W. Kim
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains an important cause of acute and chronic liver disease globally and in the United States. An encouraging trend is that the incidence of acute hepatitis B in the United States declined as much as 80% between 1987 and 2004, attributable to effective vaccination programs as well as universal precautions in needle use and in healthcare in general. Although encouraging, these decreases in acute infections have not translated into diminished prevalence or burden of chronic HBV infection. The prevalence for HBV in the United States has been estimated to be approximately 0.4%. However, these estimates have been based on surveys conducted in samples in which population groups with high prevalence of HBV infection, namely foreign-born minorities, were underrepresented. Voluntary screening data indicate prevalence in excess of 15% in some of these groups. Recent immigration trends suggest a substantial increase in the number of Americans with chronic HBV infection. This trend is reflected in the health and economic burden associated with HBV infection. The number of outpatient visits and hospitalizations for a HBV-related diagnosis increased several-fold during the 1990s. Similarly, the total charges for hospitalizations have been estimated to have increased from $357 million in 1990 to $1.5 billion in 2003. Most recent data indicate that death and liver transplant waitlist registration for HBV-related liver disease, which had been increasing, have now reached a plateau or started to decline. This encouraging trend might be attributable to recent advances in treatment for HBV infection; however, to the extent that the number of Americans living with chronic HBV is growing, careful clinical monitoring and continued epidemiologic surveillance remain important.