tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidemic of Obesity Expands Its Spread to Developing Countries
Authors: M. J. Friedrich
Journal: JAMA (2002)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
VWF propeptide and ratios between VWF, VWF propeptide, and FVIII in the characterization of type 1 von Willebrand disease
Authors: Jeroen Eikenboom, Augusto B. Federici, Richard J. Dirven, Giancarlo Castaman, Francesco Rodeghiero, Ulrich Budde, Reinhard Schneppenheim, Javier Batlle, Maria Teresa Canciani, Jenny Goudemand, Ian Peake, Anne Goodeve
Journal: Blood (2013)
B7-1 or B7-2 Is Required to Produce the Lymphoproliferative Phenotype in Mice Lacking Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte–associated Antigen 4 (CTLA-4)
Authors: Didier A. Mandelbrot, Alexander J. McAdam, Arlene H. Sharpe
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

The costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 regulate T lymphocyte activation by delivering activating signals through CD28 and inhibitory signals through cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). The importance of CTLA-4–mediated inhibition was demonstrated by the uncontrolled T cell activation and lymphoproliferative disease that develops in CTLA-4–deficient (−/−) mice. To examine the role of B7 signaling in the activation of CTLA-4–deficient T cells, we bred CTLA-4−/− mice with mice lacking B7-1, B7-2, or both B7 molecules. The CTLA-4/B7-1−/− and the CTLA-4/B7-2−/− mice develop lymphoproliferation and enhanced T cell activation. Mice lacking CTLA-4, B7-1, and B7-2 have a normal life-span, and do not have lymphocytic infiltrates in any organs, or increased T cell activation. Therefore, the two B7 molecules have overlapping functions, since either B7-1 or B7-2 alone can cause the CTLA-4−/− phenotype. Elimination of both B7-1 and B7-2 from the CTLA-4– deficient mouse abrogates the lymphocyte activation and disease, and does not reveal evidence for additional stimulatory CD28 ligands. The CTLA-4−/− phenotype can be reproduced with anti-CD28 antibody in mice lacking CTLA-4, B7-1, and B7-2, but wild-type mice are unaffected by the same treatment. This suggests that the inhibitory function of CTLA-4 can overcome strong CD28-mediated signaling in vivo.
Traumatic Tricuspid Insufficiency
Authors: JAMES R. OSBORN, ROBERT C. JONES, EDWARD J. JAHNKE
Journal: Circulation (1964)

A patient with isolated traumatic rupture of the anterior papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve is described. This is the second such case in the literature. Clinical observations, hemodynamic data, and details of surgical treatment are discussed. The diagnosis should be suspected in any patient who initially develops clinical evidence of tricuspid insufficiency following mechanical trauma to the chest or during the course of endocarditis. Treatment is directed at the associated primary condition, i.e., severe trauma elsewhere in the body or endocarditis. The indications for open-heart surgery will be a matter for decision in individual cases.
Hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan nanoparticles-encapsulated camptothecin enhance the drug stability and tumor targeting in cancer therapy
Authors: Kyung Hyun Min, Kyeongsoon Park, Yoo-Shin Kim, Sang Mun Bae, Seulki Lee, Hyung Gon Jo, Rang-Woon Park, In-San Kim, Seo Young Jeong, Kwangmeyung Kim, Ick Chan Kwon
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2008)
Caffeine Dependence in Combination With a Family History of Alcoholism as a Predictor of Continued Use of Caffeine During Pregnancy
Authors: Dace S. Svikis, Nathan Berger, Nancy A. Haug, Roland R. Griffiths
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2005)

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine whether caffeine dependence and a family history of alcoholism are associated with continued use of caffeine during pregnancy. METHOD: Forty-four women seeking obstetrical care in an office-based practice completed questionnaires and provided saliva samples at three prenatal visits occurring 2–3, 3–4, and 7 months postconception. On visit 1, the patients received the physician's instructions to stop using caffeine. Structured interviews were used to assign a diagnosis of caffeine dependence (lifetime) and to identify family history of alcoholism. Outcome measures included self-reported levels of caffeine use and saliva caffeine levels at the three prenatal visits. RESULTS: Although most women eliminated or substantially reduced their caffeine consumption between pregnancy awareness and prenatal visit 1, those with a lifetime diagnosis of caffeine dependence and a family history of alcoholism had higher levels of caffeine use and lower rates of abstinence throughout pregnancy. Saliva caffeine levels confirmed these effects. Withdrawal symptoms, functional impairment, and craving were cited as reasons they failed to eliminate or cut back on caffeine use. Fifty percent of the women with both a lifetime diagnosis of caffeine dependence and a family history of alcoholism continued to use caffeine in amounts (>300 mg/day) greater than those considered safe during pregnancy, compared to none of the women without caffeine dependence and a family history of alcoholism. Women with a lifetime diagnosis of caffeine dependence and a family history of alcoholism also reported higher rates of past cigarette smoking and problematic alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Caffeine-dependent women with a family history of alcoholism were not able to follow their physician's advice to reduce or eliminate caffeine consumption during pregnancy, despite their wanting to do so. This subgroup may require more intensive intervention to ensure caffeine abstinence and may be at greater risk for abuse of or dependence on other drugs.
Role of mitochondrial permeability transition in diclofenac-induced hepatocyte injury in rats
Authors: Yasuhiro Masubuchi, Shintaro Nakayama, Toshiharu Horie
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Hepatotoxicity of diclofenac has been known in experimental animals and humans but its mechanism has not been fully understood. The present study examined the role of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in the pathogenesis of diclofenac-induced hepatocyte injury by using isolated mitochondria and primary culture hepatocytes from rats. Incubation of energized mitochondria with succinate in the presence of Ca(2+) and diclofenac resulted in mitochondrial swelling, leakage of accumulated Ca(2+), membrane depolarization, and oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and protein thiol. All of these phenomena were suppressed by coincubation of the mitochondria with cyclosporin A, a typical inhibitor of MPT, showing that diclofenac opened the MPT pore. It was also suggested that reactive oxygen species probably generated during mitochondrial respiration and/or voltage-dependent mechanism was involved in MPT, which are proposed as mechanisms of MPT by uncouplers of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Culture of hepatocytes for 24 hours with diclofenac caused a decrease in cellular ATP, leakage of lactate dehydrogenase and membrane depolarization. The hepatocyte toxicity thus observed was attenuated by coincubation of the hepatocytes with cyclosporin A and verapamil, a Ca(2+) channel blocker. In conclusion, these results showed the important role of MPT in pathogenesis of hepatocyte injury induced by diclofenac and its possible contribution to human idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.
An Indirect Effect of Stat5a in IL-2–Induced Proliferation: A Critical Role for Stat5a in IL-2–Mediated IL-2 Receptor α Chain Induction
Authors: Hiroshi Nakajima, Xiu-Wen Liu, Anthony Wynshaw-Boris, Louis A Rosenthal, Kazunori Imada, David S Finbloom, Lothar Hennighausen, Warren J Leonard
Journal: Immunity (1997)
Abstract 4251: Murine hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells express pluri-potency-associated transcription factors and are sensitive to immune-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Rachel L. de Kluyver, Jim Stauffer, Alan Brooks, Anil Shanker, Tom Sayers
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Worldwide the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) resulting from hepatitis C infection and chronic inflammation is increasing. Poor prognosis HCC is characterized by over-expression of Ep-CAM and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) which define a population of tumor-initiating cells with stem/progenitor features. Current evidence supports the view that cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute the primary pathogenic component of both metastases and minimal residual disease, and that elimination of CSCs is required for cure. Typically cell surface markers have been used to identify CSCs, however cell surface phenotype alone does not identify CSC in all tumors from the same tissue or in all patients. Therefore there is a need to define and test more reliable markers of CSCs. Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog transcription factors are key regulatory factors in maintenance of pluripotency and have been demonstrated to be robust intracellular biomarkers for tissue and cancer stem cells. A GFP-based reporter driven by a promoter responsive to Nanog or Oct-4 was used to mark pluripotent tumor cells from in vitro cultured, cancer cell lines (breast cancer- 4T1.2), and from autochthonous hepatocellular carcinoma induced by hydrodynamics-based gene transfer of constituitively active Akt and β-Catenin. This tumorigenesis model allows tumor initiation by delivery of clinically relevant oncogenes whose sporadic distribution reflects spontaneous cancer. The molecular profile of primary Akt/β-Cat-induced murine HCC recapitulates that observed in poor prognosis Ep-CAM+/AFP+ human HCC. Further, in vitro functional analyses suggest that Ep-CAM and CD133 (surface markers) and Nanog and Oct-4 (transcription factors required for maintenance and regulation of pluripotency in undifferentiated cells) are CSC markers in this model of HCC. Directly ex vivo, murine HCC stem cells express abundant CD1d and MHC class II in addition to TNF-R2, lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) and DR5. The functional significance of CD1d, MHC class II, TNF-R2, LTβR and DR5 expression will be assessed in future studies using in vitro apoptosis and cytotoxicity assays and transplantation at orthotypic sites prior to adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells. Studies of freshly isolated CSCs have demonstrated that a variety of mechanisms combine to render CSC resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapies. This study has combined in vitro and in vivo approaches to address whether CSC can be rendered sensitive to T cell-mediated apoptosis, and will provide valuable proof-of-principle data to the merits of CSCs as targets for curative anti-cancer therapies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4251.
Systematic failures and alternatives to audit
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Set standards, review, change, and re-review: these fab four once rocked the medical world. This was “audit.” They rattled out simple quick numbers. From humble beginnings the tunes echoed around the world. For the first time audit attempted to systematically improve care at all levels of practice. Audit had merchandising, pens, calendars, and T shirts, and middle aged men screamed and fainted at the royal college command performance. Fan clubs formed throughout the country. The audit cycles were easy to write and so flexible that we thought they would play …
Simple test of intestinal calcium absorption measured by stable strontium.
Authors: S Milsom, K Ibbertson, S Hannan, D Shaw, J Pybus
Journal: BMJ (1987)

A clinical test of intestinal calcium absorption has been developed using non-radioactive stable strontium as a calcium tracer. In nine elderly subjects there was a close correlation between the fractional absorption of strontium and radioactive calcium (45Ca) during a five hour period after the simultaneous oral administration of the two tracers. Comparable precision was achieved with each tracer in six subjects in whom the test was repeated after two weeks. The effect of food on strontium absorption was examined in a further 33 normal subjects (age 21-60 years), and the administration of the strontium with a standard breakfast was shown to reduce the variance at individual time points. A simplified test in which serum strontium concentration was measured four hours after the oral dose given with a standard breakfast was adopted as the routine procedure. The normal range (mean (2 SD], established over 97 tests in 53 patients, was 7.0-18.0% of the dose in the extracellular fluid. A further 30 patients with possible disorders of calcium absorption (10 with primary hyperparathyroidism and 20 with coeliac disease) were studied by this standard test. In both groups of patients the mean four hour strontium values were significantly different from normal. This standard strontium absorption test allows assessment of calcium absorption with sufficient sensitivity and precision to have a wide application in clinical practice.
Margaret Allen: A force in humanising the American healthcare system
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Buried Bumper Syndrome (BBS) is an uncommon, yet potentially serious complication of percutaneous gastrostomy tube (PEG) placement with a quoted incidence of 1%. Usually identified during routine nursing assessment, release of a buried bumper can be achieved via external manipulation, endoscopically or via surgery. <h3>Aim</h3> Review the frequency and success of endoscopic treatment of BBS. <h3>Methods</h3> At Basildon University Hospital a 4-level stepwise approach was adopted for management of Buried Bumper Syndrome, with each level representing an escalation of therapy. 29. Level 1– Release achieved by external manipulations by a nurse or radiologist. 30. Level 2– Endoscopic if the internal bumper can be seen through a relatively wide tract it may be pulled through by graspers or snare. 31. Level 3–Sometime the tract is narrow and may require quadrantic incisions (3a) or subsequent balloon dilations (3b) before release. 32. Level 4– Cannot be endoscopically released and require surgery. Retrospective review of endoscopy records held on Unisoft from August 2009 to Jan 2018 by a bespoke Access query. Endoscopy and clinical records were reviewed of the identified patients. By definition no Level 1 cases would be identified. <h3>Results</h3> 27 incidences of BBS requiring 30 endoscopic procedures in 18 patients were identified. 4 (22%) patients had repeated distinct episodes of BBS (2–5). 18 episodes of BBS were successful resolved endoscopically (67%). Interventions were 4x Level 2, 9x level 3a, 5x Level 3b. Endoscopic treatment of 9 episodes of BBS were unsuccessful (Level 4). 4/9 patients had a surgical removal, though one precipitated a 2 month admission complicated by an ITU stay. The other 5 patients were deemed unfit, though one patient continued to suffer from septic episodes related to the bumper. The PEG insertion date was unknown many patients (e.g out of area, pre-2009) but for 12 patients the time from insertion to attempted release of BBS was known. 2 episodes&lt;12 months, 3 occurred at 12 months, 3 at 21–25 months, 4 at 31–33 months. The only short (2 months) interval was in a patient with previous PEG. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This is a relatively infrequent endoscopic dilemma with only 27 instances over a 8.5 year study period. However with rare scenarios the referral pathway can be unclear. Only one endoscopist managed Level 3 releases and by default they became the routine destination for Nutrition team referrals. This allowed a 66% success rate but disappointingly 22% of the patients had recurrent episodes. Recommendations 1) Education of the institutions caring for these patients. 2) Single endoscopists to develop expertise in each centre 3) If successful, attempt to site a new PEG in a second area despite the difficulty.
Assessing the effects of metabolism of environmental agents on cancer tumor development by a two-stage model of carcinogenesis.
Authors: W Y Tan, K P Singh
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

By combining the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of metabolism with the two-stage model of Moolgavkar and Knudson (1981) and the extended two-stage model of carcinogenesis proposed by Tan and Gastardo (1985), this paper proceeds to investigate the effects of metabolism of carcinogens on cancer tumor development. It is shown that the nonlinear kinetics of metabolism of carcinogens affect the dose-response relationship mainly through the mutation rates. If the initiator is affected by metabolism, then the metabolism of promoters has very little or negligible effects of the expected incidences and the number of tumors.
Reference values for 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy
Authors: M Hatem, F Anthony, P Hogston, D J F Rowe, K J Dennis
Journal: BMJ (1988)

A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 212 pregnant women with no predisposing factors suggesting glucose intolerance to establish the normal pattern of glucose metabolism in pregnancy. Reference values for the test were established for the middle of pregnancy (14-20 weeks, n = 43) and late pregnancy (28-37 weeks, n = 168). One woman was excluded because she had diabetes that required treatment with insulin. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups for samples taken both one and two hours after the glucose load. Reference ranges for the interpretation of the glucose tolerance test in pregnancy should therefore take account of the period of gestation. Arbitrary upper limits of normal (represented by the 97.5 centile) two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load are proposed at 7.5 and 9.6 mmol/l for the second and third trimesters, respectively.
We are far from understanding sex-related differences in spatial-mathematical abilities despite the theory of sexual selection
Authors: Üner Tan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract I have provided evidence that Geary's model does not explain male dominance in spatial abilities by sexual selection. The current literature concerning the relations of nonverbal IQ to testosterone, hand preference, and right- and left-hand skill, as well as the organizing effects of testosterone on cerebral lateralization during the perinatal period, does not support Geary's arguments.
Screening of Danish blood donors for hepatitis B surface antigen using a third generation technique.
Authors: P Wantzin, J O Nielsen, N Tygstrup, H Soerensen, E Dybkjaer
Journal: BMJ (1985)

The profit to be gained by testing Danish blood donors for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with a third generation technique instead of the currently used immunoelectrophoresis was investigated by additional screening of 48 750 blood units by radioimmunoassay three weeks after donation. Twenty nine units were positive for HBsAg on radioimmunoassay (0.059%). Only six of these were found by immunoelectrophoresis (0.012%). Most of the 23 donors positive on radioimmunoassay and negative on immunoelectrophoresis were healthy carriers of HBsAg (20) or had asymptomatic chronic liver disease (two). One donor had acute hepatitis B. Fifteen of the 23 blood units were transfused. The 15 recipients were monitored biochemically and serologically for up to nine months. One recipient developed fulminant hepatitis B, three developed acute hepatitis B, and one became a healthy carrier of HBsAg. All these patients had received blood from healthy carriers of HBsAg. Two recipients were immunised against HBsAg, and in one patient no seroconversion was observed. The remaining recipients died soon after transfusion or were protected by antibodies to HBsAg that had been present before the transfusion. Testing of Danish blood donors using a third generation technique identified a substantial number of donors positive for HBsAg overlooked by immunoelectrophoresis. Most of these donors were healthy carriers of HBsAg. Blood taken from such carriers is highly infectious when transfused, probably because of the large amount of material transmitted.
Endocytosis of the somatostatin analogue, octreotide, by the proximal tubule-derived opossum kidney (OK) cell line
Authors: Raffaella Barone, Patrick Van Der Smissen, Olivier Devuyst, Viviane Beaujean, Stanislas Pauwels, Pierre J. Courtoy, Franaois Jamar
Journal: Kidney International (2005)
FRACTURE DISLOCATION OF THE HEAD OF THE HUMERUS
Authors: WILLIS W. LASHER
Journal: JAMA (1925)

Previous to the period of open operation, fracture dislocation of the head of the humerus was treated by one of three methods: (1) An attempt was made to reduce the head by direct pressure; (2) this failing, union was sought with the head in its dislocated position; (3) a false joint was produced at the fracture site. When the last method was employed, occasionally the head became absorbed, or would become necrotic and finally find its way to the surface, this being sequestrated. Following the development of aseptic surgery, McBurney devised a special hook to be inserted in the fragment in order to reduce it by traction. He 1 collected from the literature, including foreign reports, 117 of these cases and, subsequent to his report, Mason has reported an additional thirty-six. From this, the relative infrequency of this serious combination of lesions is at once apparent. Reduction being impossible by
MECHANICAL SUPPORT IN PROLAPSUS ANI
Authors: J. Deane
Journal: BMJ (1853)

J 1t, the discharge was sudden, rapid, effectual, and uninter- rupted till the whole was expectorated.The sides of the cavity would thus be brought more readily into apposition, and its obliteration effected.The steady, rapid progress towards cure of this case, after the discharge of the matter, independently of thc physical indications, shows, I think, how little true solidification of lung there had been.
Prognosis of the Medically Treated Small Gastric Ulcer
Authors: Norman E. Larson, James C. Cain, Lloyd G. Bartholomew
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

FROM 1940 through 1945, gastric ulcer was diagnosed at the Mayo Clinic in 1863 cases. Approximately 25 per cent of these patients had small, benign-appearing ulcerations for which they received medical treatment.This form of therapy was instituted in most cases with the approval of the physician, in some at the insistence of the patient and in others because of the presence of coexisting disease. In all these cases medical treatment was started at the Mayo Clinic, but in most it was continued elsewhere. Management, therefore, varied widely in strictness because many physicians with different points of view were ultimately . . .