tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Long-term Follow-up of Therapeutic Starvation
Authors: J. A. Innes, I. W. Campbell, C. J. Campbell, A. L. Needle, J. F. Munro
Journal: BMJ (1974)

A total of 75 grossly obese patients were admitted to hospital for 80 episodes of prolonged starvation. Five took their own discharge within two weeks of admission and 12 defaulted from follow-up within 12 months of discharge. The others were all followed up for periods of 12 to 64 months. Altogether 39 episodes in 34 patients were classified as failures, eight as modified successes, and 16 as successes, though five of the latter patients subsequently defaulted. Success was associated with regular follow-up attendance but could not be otherwise predicted. A number of patients obtained tangible benefit from starvation despite a subsequent gain in weight.
Detection of Acute Inflammatory Myocarditis in Epstein Barr Virus Infection Using Hybrid <sup>18</sup> F-Fluoro-Deoxyglucose–Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Gesa von Olshausen, Fabien Hyafil, Nicolas Langwieser, Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz, Markus Schwaiger, Tareq Ibrahim
Journal: Circulation (2014)
Mortality in North Korean migrant households: a retrospective study
Authors: W Courtland Robinson, Myung Ken Lee, Kenneth Hill, Gilbert M Bumham
Journal: The Lancet (1999)

A deteriorating economy, coupled with a series of natural disasters in 1995-97, led to a severe food crisis in North Korea. Although the country has received substantial international aid since 1996, demographic assessments of crisis impact have been limited. We assessed mortality trends in North Korea since 1995.At 15 randomly selected sites in China, 440 North Korean adult migrants were interviewed during July-September, 1998. Respondents were asked about births, deaths, and migration patterns in their households between mid-1994 and mid-1998, and about household food sources. The respondents also provided basic demographic information about the households of their relatives. We compared mortality rates from migrant households with data from the 1993 census and with data about households of non-migrant relatives.Households that included a recent migrant to China showed increasing mortality: crude death rates rose from 28.9 per 1000 in 1995, to 45.6 per 1000 in 1996, and to 56.0 per 1000 in 1997 (p=0.0001), with a 3-year average rate of 42.8 per 1000. The crude 3-year birth rate was 11.0 per 1000. Average household size declined from 4.0 at the beginning of 1995 to 3.4 at the end of 1997 (p=0.0002). Among 259 households of non-migrant relatives, the crude death rate was 43.2 per 1000 and the crude birth rate was 8.8 per 1000. In these households, the 3-year trend of increasing mortality was significant (p=0.001), as was the decline in average household size from 4.3 at the beginning of 1995 to 3.7 at the end of 1997 (p=0.0001).Among North Korean households that include a recent migrant to China, mortality has increased and household size has declined since 1995. This trend raises concern about the state of the general population, at least in the province of North Hamkyong, from where most of the migrants originated.
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Authors: T. M. Watt
Journal: BMJ (1902)

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane metalloenzyme which is upregulated in tumour cells under hypoxic conditions. CAIX expression is induced by the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and has several downstream effects, including acidification of the extracellular pH, loss of cellular adhesion and increased tumour cell migration. CAIX is upregulated in a variety of solid organ tumours and has prognostic implications. High CAIX protein expression is a marker of poor prognosis in breast, lung, ovarian and bladder carcinomas. Conversely, low expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). CAIX immunohistochemistry is useful diagnostically to identify metastatic CCRCC, and the recently recognised clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma. There is much interest in targeting CAIX with monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors. There are several small molecule inhibitors under development which have shown promising results in clinical trials. In this paper, we provide an overview of the role of CAIX in tumourigenesis and outline its use as a prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker.
Rehabilitation Medicine: Principles and Practice
Authors: Mark A. Young
Journal: JAMA (1994)

The growth and direction of any medical specialty is often shaped by the caliber of literature produced by its faithful. Research developments, patient care innovations, and emerging trends in health care policy must be optimally updated in new editions of existing textbooks, if the medical masses are to remain informed and the field is to prosper. The recently launched second edition of Rehabilitation Medicine: Principles and Practice , by Joel A. DeLisa, MD, and Bruce M. Gans, MD, splendidly lives up to this standard.  Following a tradition established by competing rehabilitation volumes, this tome is mostly organized by topic and diagnosis. Composed of 56 chapters in its entirety, Rehabilitation Medicine is deftly divided into four components: general principles of diagnosis and evaluation, management methods, major rehabilitation problems, and rehabilitation of specific disorders. A formidable panel of 124 contributors has been assembled from university faculty representing academic institutions throughout the United States.
Trampoline injuries
Authors: M Nysted, J O Drogset
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

To describe the mechanism, location and types of injury for all patients treated for trampoline-associated injuries at St Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, from March 2001to October 2004.Patients were identified from a National Injury Surveillance System. All patients were asked to complete a standard questionnaire at their first visit at the hospital. Most data were recorded prospectively, but data on the mechanism of injury, the number of participants on the trampoline at the time of injury, adult supervision and whether the activity occurred at school or in another organised setting were collected retrospectively.A total of 556 patients, 56% male and 44% female, were included. The mean age of patients was 11 (range 1-62) years. 77% of the injuries occurred on the body of the trampoline, including falls on to the mat, collisions with another jumper, falls on to the frame or the springs, and performing a somersault, whereas 22% of the people fell off the trampoline. In 74% of the cases, more than two people were on the trampoline, with as many as nine trampolinists noted at the time of injury. For children <11 years, 22% had adult supervision when the injury occurred. The most common types of injuries were fractures (36%) and injury to ligaments (36%). Injuries to the extremities predominated (79%), and the lower extremities were the most commonly injured part of the body (44%). A ligament injury in the ankle was the most often reported diagnosis (20%), followed by an overstretching of ligaments in the neck (8%) and a fracture of the elbow (7%). Regarding cervical injuries, two patients had cervical fractures and one patient had an atlantoaxial subluxation. Three patients with fractures in the elbow region reported an ulnar nerve neuropathy. 13% of the patients were hospitalised for a mean of 2.2 days.Trampolining can cause serious injuries, especially in the neck and elbow areas of young children. The use of a trampoline is a high-risk activity. However, a ban is not supported. The importance of having safety guidelines for the use of trampolines is emphasised.
High resolution mapping of the pulmonary vein and the vein of marshall during induced atrial fibrillation and atrial tachycardia in a canine model of pacing-induced congestive heart failure
Authors: Yuji Okuyama, Yasushi Miyauchi, Angela M Park, Akira Hamabe, Shengmei Zhou, Hideki Hayashi, Mizuho Miyauchi, Chikaya Omichi, Hui-Nam Pak, Lauren A Brodsky, William J Mandel, Michael C Fishbein, Hrayr S Karagueuzian, Peng-Sheng Chen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Methyldopa in the Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: P. Lauwers, M. Verstraete, J. V. Joossens
Journal: BMJ (1963)

ABORTION RATEMEDICALBJOURNsL 295 cause of spontaneous abortion, which still remains unknown.Although only six of the abortuses have been recovered for detailed study, four of them were grossly abnormal.The abnormalities were distributed evenly between patients who received either solution A or solution B. It remains to be determined whether these abnormalities are environmentally or genetically determined.It has taken over three years to collect the 50 cases published in this paper, and because of this relatively small number the investigation will continue to ensure that small, but perhaps ultimately significant, differences do not escape detection. SummaryFifty patients have been treated in a double-blind study of the effect of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate on abortion rate.Only patients showing a low or falling pregnanediol excretion were treated and included in this study.Of those receiving solution A, 18.5% aborted; of those receiving solution B, 21.7% aborted.The overall incidence of foetal wastage is 20%.Which- ever of these solutions contains the progestogen these results do not so far support the claims that progesta- tional therapy is of specific value in the prevention of abortion.This study is continuing.Of six abortuses examined, four were grossly abnormal.We are grateful to Dr. B. L. Reid for examining the aborted material and to
Cardiac toxicities of antibiotics.
Authors: H R Adams, J L Parker, L R Durrett
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

Isolated heart muscle preparations are useful in the study of cardiac toxicities of drugs and environmental chemicals: such tissues allow assessment of chemical effects on heart muscle that is free from indirect in vivo influences that can mask or even accentuate cardiac responses measured in the intact animal. In the present study, left atria of guinea pigs were used to demonstrate a direct cardiac depressant effect of greater-than-therapeutic concentrations of several aminoglycoside antibiotics. The toxic effect of these antibiotics seems to be a calcium-dependent event, and may prove useful to characterize contractile responses of the heart. Other antibiotic agents can also depress cardiovascular function, as summarized in this report, but mechanisms of action have not been clearly defined.
Myofibril degeneration caused by tropomodulin overexpression leads to dilated cardiomyopathy in juvenile mice.
Authors: M A Sussman, S Welch, N Cambon, R Klevitsky, T E Hewett, R Price, S A Witt, T R Kimball
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Loss of myofibril organization is a common feature of chronic dilated and progressive cardiomyopathy. To study how the heart compensates for myofibril degeneration, transgenic mice were created that undergo progressive loss of myofibrils after birth. Myofibril degeneration was induced by overexpression of tropomodulin, a component of the thin filament complex which determines and maintains sarcomeric actin filament length. The tropomodulin cDNA was placed under control of the alpha-myosin heavy chain gene promoter to overexpress tropomodulin specifically in the myocardium. Offspring with the most severe phenotype showed cardiomyopathic changes between 2 and 4 wk after birth. Hearts from these mice present characteristics consistent with dilated cardiomyopathy and a failed hypertrophic response. Histological analysis showed widespread loss of myofibril organization. Confocal microscopy of isolated cardiomyocytes revealed intense tropomodulin immunoreactivity in transgenic mice together with abnormal coincidence of tropomodulin and alpha-actinin reactivity at Z discs. Contractile function was compromised severely as determined by echocardiographic analyses and isolated Langendorff heart preparations. This novel experimentally induced cardiomyopathy will be useful for understanding dilated cardiomyopathy and the effect of thin filament-based myofibril degeneration upon cardiac structure and function.
Randomized comparison of long-term carvedilol and propranolol administration in the treatment of portal hypertension in cirrhosis
Authors: R Bañares
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Short-term carvedilol administration is more powerful than propranolol in decreasing hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) in cirrhotic patients, but induces arterial hypotension that may prevent its long-term use in portal hypertensive patients. This study compared the HVPG reduction and safety of long-term carvedilol and propranolol. Fifty-one cirrhotic patients were randomly assigned to receive carvedilol (n = 26) and propranolol (n = 25). Hemodynamic measurements and renal function were assessed at baseline and after 11.1 ± 4.1 weeks. Carvedilol caused a greater decrease in HVPG than popranolol (− 19 ± 2% vs. − 12 ± 2%; P < 0.001). The proportion of patients achieving an HVPG reduction ⩾20% or ⩽ 20 mm Hg was greater after carvedilol (54% vs. 23%; P < 0.05). Carvedilol, but not propranolol caused a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (– 11 ± 1% vs. – 5 ± 3%; P = 0.05) and a significant increase in plasma volume (PV) and body weight (11 ± 5% and 2 ± 1%, respectively; P < 0.05). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was unchanged with either drug, but the dose of diuretics was increased more frequently after carvedilol (27% vs. 8% P = 0.07). Adverse events requiring discontinuation of treatment occurred in 2 patients receiving carvedilol and in 3 receiving propranolol. In conclusion, carvedilol has a greater portal hypotensive effect than propranolol in patients with cirrhosis. However, its clinical applicability may be limited by its systemic hypotensive effects. Further trials are needed to confirm the therapeutic potential of carvedilol. (HEPATOLOGY2002;36:1367–1373).
Thunder and Lightning: Immunotherapy and Oncolytic Viruses Collide
Authors: Alan Melcher, Kelley Parato, Cliona M Rooney, John C Bell
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2011)

For the last several decades, the development of antitumor immune-based strategies and the engineering and testing of oncolytic viruses (OVs) has occurred largely in parallel tracks. Indeed, the immune system is often thought of as an impediment to successful oncolytic virus delivery and efficacy. More recently, however, both preclinical and clinical results have revealed potential synergy between these two promising therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize some of the evidence that supports combining OVs with immuno-therapeutics and suggest new ways to mount a multipronged biological attack against cancers. For the last several decades, the development of antitumor immune-based strategies and the engineering and testing of oncolytic viruses (OVs) has occurred largely in parallel tracks. Indeed, the immune system is often thought of as an impediment to successful oncolytic virus delivery and efficacy. More recently, however, both preclinical and clinical results have revealed potential synergy between these two promising therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize some of the evidence that supports combining OVs with immuno-therapeutics and suggest new ways to mount a multipronged biological attack against cancers.
NADPH oxidase and enhanced superoxide generation in intrauterine undernourished rats: involvement of the renin–angiotensin system
Authors: M Franco
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

We previously reported that intrauterine undernutrition increased the oxidative stress by decreasing superoxide dismutase activity. In the present study, we tested whether NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, cyclooxygenase or nitric oxide synthase are responsible for the increased O(2)(-) generation observed in rats submitted to intrauterine undernutrition. In addition, we investigated the effect of angiotensin II (ANG II) on O(2)(-) production via activation of NADPH oxidase.Female pregnant Wistar rats were fed either normal or 50% of the normal intake diets, during the whole gestational period. At 16 weeks of age, the rats were used for the study of intravital fluorescence microscopy; microvascular reactivity, local ANG II concentration and AT(1), p22(phox) and gp91(phox) gene expression. In this study only the male offspring was used.Treatment of mesenteric arterioles with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor oxypurinol, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor diclofenac did not significantly change superoxide production. Thus, these vascular sources of superoxide were not responsible for the increased superoxide concentration. In contrast, treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin significantly decreased superoxide generation and improved vascular function. On the other hand, intrauterine undernutrition did not alter the gene expression for p22(phox) and gp91(phox). The fact that the local ANG II concentration was increased and the attenuation of oxidative stress by blocking AT(1) receptor with losartan, led us to suggest that ANG II induces O(2)(-) generation in intrauterine undernourished rats.Our study shows that NADPH oxidase inhibition attenuated superoxide anion generation and ameliorated vascular function in rats submitted to intrauterine undernutrition. Although it is not clear which mechanisms are responsible for the increase in NADPH oxidase activity, a role for ANG II-mediated superoxide production via activation of NADPH oxidase is suggested.
Elaborative encoding during REM dreaming as prospective emotion regulation
Authors: Stefan Westermann, Frieder M. Paulus, Laura Müller-Pinzler, Sören Krach
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract Rapid eye movement (REM) dreaming results in “emotionally intelligent encoding,” according to the target article. Building on this, we argue that elaborative encoding alters emotional processing of upcoming events and thereby functions as prospective emotion regulation. After elaborative encoding, future events are appraised differently and result in a redirected emotional response. Disturbed elaborative encoding might be relevant for emotional dysregulation in psychopathology.
Engaging patients in medical decision making
Authors: R. L Kravitz, J. Melnikow
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The growing consensus that patients ought to be more involved in their own care lies at the confluence of several powerful ideas. Political trends, thinking on ethics, and research on health services have all contributed. As experienced consumers, patients understand that they have rights, and they are much less inclined than they used to be to leave medical decisions entirely to the experts. Ethicists have by and large accepted the principle that autonomy (what the competent, informed patient wants) trumps beneficence (what the doctor thinks best for the patient) in all but the most extreme circumstances.1 In addition, there is evidence that the expanding involvement of patients in care produces better health outcomes, providing an empirical rationale for what may have been an inevitable shift in power and social control.2

A supplement to this September's issue of Quality in Health Care focuses on engaging patients in medical decisions. Twelve articles, derived from a Medical Research Council conference, cover the meaning, mutability, and measurement of patients' preferences regarding treatment. The proceedings leave the clear …
Synergistic Role of Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor 1 and Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca <sup>2+</sup> -ATPase in the Acquisition of the Contractile Phenotype of Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Larissa Lipskaia, Regis Bobe, Jiqiu Chen, Irene C. Turnbull, Jose J. Lopez, Elise Merlet, Dongtaq Jeong, Ioannis Karakikes, Alexandra S. Ross, Lifan Liang, Nathalie Mougenot, Fabrice Atassi, Anne-Marie Lompré, Sima T. Tarzami, Jason C. Kovacic, Evangelia Kranias, Roger J. Hajjar, Lahouaria Hadri
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Phenotypic modulation or switching of vascular smooth muscle cells from a contractile/quiescent to a proliferative/synthetic phenotype plays a key role in vascular proliferative disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Although several calcium handling proteins that control differentiation of smooth muscle cells have been identified, the role of protein phosphatase inhibitor 1 (I-1) in the acquisition or maintenance of the contractile phenotype modulation remains unknown.In human coronary arteries, I-1 and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase expression is specific to contractile vascular smooth muscle cells. In synthetic cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells, protein phosphatase inhibitor 1 (I-1 target) is highly expressed, leading to a decrease in phospholamban phosphorylation, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase, and cAMP-responsive element binding activity. I-1 knockout mice lack phospholamban phosphorylation and exhibit vascular smooth muscle cell arrest in the synthetic state with excessive neointimal proliferation after carotid injury, as well as significant modifications of contractile properties and relaxant response to acetylcholine of femoral artery in vivo. Constitutively active I-1 gene transfer decreased neointimal formation in an angioplasty rat model by preventing vascular smooth muscle cell contractile to synthetic phenotype change.I-1 and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase synergistically induce the vascular smooth muscle cell contractile phenotype. Gene transfer of constitutively active I-1 is a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing vascular proliferative disorders.
Prevention of toxic effects of cyclosporin on pancreatic B-cells of rats by Rioprostil, a new prostaglandin analogue.
Authors: M K Muller, H Degenhardt, G Kloppel, H Goebell, K Bergmann, M Lohr
Journal: Gut (1988)

Cyclosporin 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg bw was given to rats once daily intragastrically and caused a dose dependent, significant decrease of glucose dependent insulin release from the arterially perfused isolated pancreas, without affecting animal behaviour, weight gain, microscopic appearances of the pancreas, or kidney function. Subcutaneous injection of a new synthetic prostaglandin analogue Rioprostil 7.5 micrograms/kg bw twice daily completely prevented the effect of cyclosporin 5 mg/kg bw and protected significantly against the effects of cyclosporin 10 and 20 mg/kg bw.
EU ombudsman criticises drug agency over access to documents
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The ombudsman for the European Union has twice criticised the London based European Medicines Agency in recent weeks for refusing access to requested documents and is currently investigating two further cases.

The ombudsman, Nikiforos Diamandouros, who examines complaints about maladministration in European Union institutions and bodies, has given the agency until the end of July to reply to his first ruling and the end of August for the second.

The first dates back to April 2008 when an Irish citizen asked the agency for access to documents containing details of all …