tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography, MRI and MR arthrography in the characterisation of rotator cuff disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jean-Sébastien Roy, Caroline Braën, Jean Leblond, François Desmeules, Clermont E Dionne, Joy C MacDermid, Nathalie J Bureau, Pierre Frémont
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2015)

Background Different diagnostic imaging modalities, such as ultrasonography (US), MRI, MR arthrography (MRA) are commonly used for the characterisation of rotator cuff (RC) disorders. Since the most recent systematic reviews on medical imaging, multiple diagnostic studies have been published, most using more advanced technological characteristics. The first objective was to perform a meta-analysis on the diagnostic accuracy of medical imaging for characterisation of RC disorders. Since US is used at the point of care in environments such as sports medicine, a secondary analysis assessed accuracy by radiologists and non-radiologists. Methods A systematic search in three databases was conducted. Two raters performed data extraction and evaluation of risk of bias independently, and agreement was achieved by consensus. Hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic package was used to calculate pooled estimates of included diagnostic studies. Results Diagnostic accuracy of US, MRI and MRA in the characterisation of full-thickness RC tears was high with overall estimates of sensitivity and specificity over 0.90. As for partial RC tears and tendinopathy, overall estimates of specificity were also high (&gt;0.90), while sensitivity was lower (0.67–0.83). Diagnostic accuracy of US was similar whether a trained radiologist, sonographer or orthopaedist performed it. Conclusions Our results show the diagnostic accuracy of US, MRI and MRA in the characterisation of full-thickness RC tears. Since full thickness tear constitutes a key consideration for surgical repair, this is an important characteristic when selecting an imaging modality for RC disorder. When considering accuracy, cost, and safety, US is the best option.
Enzymatically Inactive Red Cell Carbonic Anhydrase B in a Family with Renal Tubular Acidosis
Authors: Emmanuel Shapira, Yoav Ben-Yoseph, Fabien G. Eyal, Alexander Russell
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

An inactive mutant form of red cell carbonic anhydrase B is described in three members of a large kindred who manifest infantile renal tubular acidosis and nerve deafness. A combination of enzymatic and immunologic investigations permitted its detection, despite the fact that both antigenic and electrophoretic properties of the mutant were identical to those of the normal form.
Dormant Cancer Cells Contribute to Residual Disease in a Model of Reversible Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Wan-chi Lin, Nirakar Rajbhandari, Chengbao Liu, Kazuhito Sakamoto, Qian Zhang, Aleata A. Triplett, Surinder K. Batra, Rene Opavsky, Dean W. Felsher, Dominick J. DiMaio, Michael A. Hollingsworth, John P. Morris, Matthias Hebrok, Agnieszka K. Witkiewicz, Jonathan R. Brody, Hallgeir Rui, Kay-Uwe Wagner
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

The initiation and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is governed by a series of genetic and epigenetic changes, but it is still unknown whether these alterations are required for the maintenance of primary and metastatic PDAC. We show here that the c-Myc oncogene is upregulated throughout the entire process of neoplastic progression in human PDAC and in genetically engineered mice that express mutant Kras. To experimentally address whether c-Myc is essential for the growth and survival of cancer cells, we developed a novel mouse model that allows a temporally and spatially controlled expression of this oncogene in pancreatic progenitors and derived lineages of the exocrine pancreas. Unlike previous reports, upregulation of c-Myc was sufficient to induce the formation of adenocarcinomas after a short latency without additional genetic manipulation of cell survival pathways. Deficiency in Cdkn2a increased the rate of metastasis but had no effect on tumor latency or c-Myc-mediated cancer maintenance. Despite a macroscopically complete regression of primary, metastatic, and transplantable tumors following the ablation of c-Myc, some cancer cells remained dormant. A significant number of these residual neoplastic cells expressed cancer stem cell markers, and re-expression of exogenous c-Myc in these cells led to rapid cancer recurrence. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that c-Myc plays a significant role in the progression and maintenance of PDAC, but besides targeting this oncogene or its downstream effectors, additional therapeutic strategies are necessary to eradicate residual cancer cells to prevent disease recurrence.
Aromatase inhibitors for PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: M. L. Misso, J. L. A. Wong, H. J. Teede, R. Hart, L. Rombauts, A. M. Melder, R. J. Norman, M. F. Costello
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2012)

The effectiveness of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in the treatment of anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remains unclear. The objective was to determine whether AIs are effective in improving fertility outcomes in women with PCOS. Databases were searched until July 2011. Inclusion criteria were women with PCOS, who are infertile, receiving any type, dose and frequency of AI compared with placebo, no other treatment or other infertility treatment. Outcomes were rates of: ovulation, pregnancy, live birth, multiple pregnancies, miscarriage and adverse events, as well as quality of life and cost effectiveness. Data were extracted and risk of bias was assessed. A random-effects model was used for the meta-analyses, using odds ratios (ORs) and rate ratios (RRs). The search returned 4981 articles, 78 articles addressed AIs and 13 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria. No RCTs compared AIs versus placebo or no treatment, in therapy naïve women with PCOS. Meta-analyses of six RCTs comparing letrozole with clompihene citrate (CC) demonstrated that letrozole improved the ovulation rate per patient [OR 2.90 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.72, 4.88), I2 = 0%, P < 0.0001]; however, there was no statistical difference for the ovulation rate per cycle or the pregnancy, live birth, multiple pregnancy or miscarriage rates. Letrozole also did not improve pregnancy or live birth rates compared with placebo or with CC plus metoformin in women with CC-resistant PCOS. Results of comparisons of letrozole and anastrozole in women with CC-resistant PCOS were conflicting in terms of ovulation and pregnancy rates. In the absence of supportive high-quality evidence, AIs should not be recommended as the first-line pharmacological therapy for infertility in women with PCOS, and further research is needed.
Serum triiodothyronine: measurements in human serum by radioimmunoassay with corroboration by gas-liquid chromatography
Authors: Terunori Mitsuma, Noriyuki Nihei, Marvin C. Gershengorn, Charles S. Hollander
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

Serum triiodothyronine (T3) has been measured by radioimmunoassay and corroborated by analysis of the identical samples with a previously described gas-liquid chromatographic technique. Special features of the radioimmunoassay procedure which permit determinations in unextracted serum include the use of a T3-free serum preparation for the construction of the standard curve and of tetrachlorothyronine to inhibit binding of T3 to thyroxine-binding globulin.
Direct control of hepatic glucose production by interleukin-13 in mice
Authors: Kristopher J. Stanya, David Jacobi, Sihao Liu, Prerna Bhargava, Lingling Dai, Matthew R. Gangl, Karen Inouye, Jillian L. Barlow, Yewei Ji, Joseph P. Mizgerd, Ling Qi, Hang Shi, Andrew N.J. McKenzie, Chih-Hao Lee
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Hyperglycemia is a result of impaired insulin action on glucose production and disposal, and a major target of antidiabetic therapies. The study of insulin-independent regulatory mechanisms of glucose metabolism may identify new strategies to lower blood sugar levels. Here we demonstrate an unexpected metabolic function for IL-13 in the control of hepatic glucose production. IL-13 is a Th2 cytokine known to mediate macrophage alternative activation. Genetic ablation of Il-13 in mice (Il-13–/–) resulted in hyperglycemia, which progressed to hepatic insulin resistance and systemic metabolic dysfunction. In Il-13–/– mice, upregulation of enzymes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis was a primary event leading to dysregulated glucose metabolism. IL-13 inhibited transcription of gluconeogenic genes by acting directly on hepatocytes through Stat3, a noncanonical downstream effector. Consequently, the ability of IL-13 to suppress glucose production was abolished in liver cells lacking Stat3 or IL-13 receptor α1 (Il-13rα1), which suggests that the IL-13Rα1/Stat3 axis directs IL-13 signaling toward metabolic responses. These findings extend the implication of a Th1/Th2 paradigm in metabolic homeostasis beyond inflammation to direct control of glucose metabolism and suggest that the IL-13/Stat3 pathway may serve as a therapeutic target for glycemic control in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Prevalence and Challenges of Liver Diseases in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Ira M. Jacobson, Gary L. Davis, Hashem El–Serag, Francesco Negro, Christian Trépo
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2010)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections pose a growing challenge to health care systems. Although chronic HCV infection begins as an asymptomatic condition with few short-term effects, it can progress to cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and death. The rate of new HCV infections is decreasing, yet the number of infected people with complications of the disease is increasing. In the United States, people born between 1945 and 1964 (baby boomers) are developing more complications of infection. Men and African Americans have a higher prevalence of HCV infection. Progression of fibrosis can be accelerated by factors such as older age, duration of HCV infection, sex, and alcohol intake. Furthermore, insulin resistance can cause hepatic steatosis and is associated with fibrosis progression and inflammation. If more effective therapies are not adopted for HCV, more than 1 million patients could develop HCV-related cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, or HCC by 2020, which will impact the US health care system. It is important to recognize the impact of HCV on liver disease progression and apply new therapeutic strategies.
Growth modulation index as metric of clinical benefit assessment among advanced soft tissue sarcoma patients receiving trabectedin as a salvage therapy
Authors: N. Penel, G.D. Demetri, J.Y. Blay, S. Cousin, R.G. Maki, S.P. Chawla, I. Judson, M. von Mehren, P. Schöffski, J. Verweij, P. Casali, S. Rodenhuis, H.J. Schütte, A. Cassar, J. Gomez, A. Nieto, P. Zintl, M.J. Pontes, A. Le Cesne
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2012)
Neurons Detect Increases and Decreases in Oxygen Levels Using Distinct Guanylate Cyclases
Authors: Manuel Zimmer, Jesse M. Gray, Navin Pokala, Andy J. Chang, David S. Karow, Michael. A. Marletta, Martin L. Hudson, David B. Morton, Nikos Chronis, Cornelia I. Bargmann
Journal: Neuron (2009)
Cheyne-Stokes respiration and supine dependency
Authors: C. Sahlin, E. Svanborg, H. Stenlund, K. A. Franklin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

The influence of position during sleep on central apnoeas during Cheyne-Stokes respiration has not previously been studied systematically. The current authors aimed to study the effect of body position and sleep stages on central sleep apnoeas during Cheyne-Stokes respiration. A total of 20 consecutive patients with cardiovascular diseases and central sleep apnoea during Cheyne-Stokes respiration were investigated using nocturnal polysomnography, including a body position sensor mounted on the patient's sternum. The mean central apnoea–hypopnoea index was significantly higher in the supine position than in nonsupine positions (41±13 versus 26±12). The central apnoea–hypopnoea index was highest in sleep stages 1 and 2, and lowest in slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. In every sleep stage, central apnoeas and hypopnoeas were more prevalent in the supine position compared with nonsupine positions. In conclusion, sleep in the supine body position increases the frequency of apnoeas and hypopnoeas in patients with Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
Intestinal B cell hyperactivity in AIDS is controlled by highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: D E Nilssen
Journal: Gut (2004)

<b>Background:</b> It is well documented that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) restores systemic immunity to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but the effect of this treatment on the mucosal immune system is less clear. <b>Aims:</b> Because future preventive or therapeutic vaccines against HIV may be administered by the mucosal route, we wished to evaluate the effect of HAART on the activation level and homeostasis of the intestinal B cell system. <b>Patients and methods:</b> Duodenal biopsy specimens were collected consecutively from infection prone HIV positive adults (n = 31), mostly with advanced AIDS. In situ two colour immunofluorescence staining was performed to quantify mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig) class and subclass producing immunocytes (plasmablasts and plasma cells). <b>Results:</b> HIV positive patients had, on average, duodenal proportions of IgA (74.6%), IgM (19.5%), and IgG (3.4%) immunocytes similar to median values recorded in 11 HIV seronegative healthy controls but the total immunocyte number per mucosal section length unit (500 μm) was significantly increased in patients (median 175 <i>v</i> 120 cells/unit; p&lt;0.008), mainly comprised of IgA (p&lt;0.02) and IgG1 (median 81.8% of total IgG; p&lt;0.02) isotypes. Patients receiving a successful HAART regimen tended to normalise their IgG1 proportion and showed significantly lower total duodenal IgA immunocyte number than those receiving no or insufficient antiretroviral treatment (p&lt;0.005). <b>Conclusion:</b> Our study demonstrated that advanced AIDS patients hyperactivate their intestinal B cell system. HAART could significantly reverse this perturbation, suggesting restored ability of the mucosal immune system to control intestinal infections.
Hyaluronan accumulates in demyelinated lesions and inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor maturation
Authors: Stephen A Back, Therese M F Tuohy, Hanqin Chen, Nicholas Wallingford, Andrew Craig, Jaime Struve, Ning Ling Luo, Fatima Banine, Ying Liu, Ansi Chang, Bruce D Trapp, Bruce F Bebo,, Mahendra S Rao, Larry S Sherman
Journal: Nature Medicine (2005)
A diet supplemented with ALA-rich flaxseed prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis by regulating caveolin-3 expression
Authors: Felicia Carotenuto, Marilena Minieri, Giovanni Monego, Roberta Fiaccavento, Alessandra Bertoni, Fabiola Sinigaglia, Alba Vecchini, Luciana Carosella, Paolo Di Nardo
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2013)

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) induce beneficial effects on the heart, but the mechanisms through which these effects are operated are not completely clarified yet. Among others, cardiac diseases are often associated with increased levels of cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF), that cause degeneration and death of cardiomyocytes. The present study has been carried out to investigate (i) the potential anti-apoptotic effects induced by the n-3 polyunsaturated α-linolenic acid (ALA) in experimental models of cardiac diseases characterized by high levels of TNF, and (ii) the potential role of caveolin-3 (Cav-3) in the mechanisms involved in this process. An ALA-rich flaxseed diet, administered from weaning to hereditary cardiomyopathic hamsters, prevented the onset of myocardial apoptosis associated with high plasma and tissue levels of TNF preserving caveolin-3 expression. To confirm these findings, isolated neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes were exposed to TNF to induce apoptosis. ALA pre-treatment greatly enhanced Cav-3 expression hampering the internalization of the caveolar TNF receptor and, thus, determining the abortion of the apoptotic vs. survival cascade. This study unveiled the Cav-3 pivotal role in defending cardiomyocytes against the TNF pro-apoptotic action and the ALA capacity to regulate this mechanism preventing cardiac degenerative diseases.
A review of the plants of the genusPhyllanthus: Their chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential
Authors: João B. Calixto, Adair R. S. Santos, Valdir Cechinel Filho, Rosendo A. Yunes
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (1998)

The plants of the genus Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) are widely distributed in most tropical and subtropical countries, and have long been used in folk medicine to treat kidney and urinary bladder disturbances, intestinal infections, diabetes, and hepatitis B. In recent years, the interest in the plants has increased considerably. Substantial progress on their chemistal and pharmacological properties, as well as a few clinical studies of some Phyllanthus species have been made. This review discusses the current knowledge of their chemistry, the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological, biochemical, and clinical studies carried out on the extracts, and the main active constituents isolated from different species of plants of the genus Phyllanthus. These studies carried out with the extracts and purified compounds from these plants support most of their reported uses in folk medicine as an antiviral, in the treatment of genitourinary disorders, and as antinociceptive agents. However, well-controlled, double-binding clinical trials are lacking. Several compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, lignans, phenols, and terpenes were isolated from these plants and some of them interact with most key enzymes. Together this data strongly supports the view that the plants belonging to the genus Phyllanthus have potential beneficial therapeutic actions in the management of hepatitis B, nefrolitiase, and in painful disorders. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Med Res Rev, 18, No. 4, 225–258, 1998.
Myeloperoxidase Peptide–Based Nasal Tolerance in Experimental ANCA–Associated GN
Authors: Poh-Yi Gan, Diana S.Y. Tan, Joshua D. Ooi, Maliha A. Alikhan, A. Richard Kitching, Stephen R. Holdsworth
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2015)

Less toxic treatment options for patients with myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA-associated GN are needed. Using an established murine model of focal necrotizing GN mediated by autoimmunity to MPO (autoimmune anti-MPO GN), we assessed the capacity for nasal tolerance induced by nasal insufflation of the immunodominant nephritogenic MPO peptide (MPO409-428) to attenuate this disease. Compared with mice that received an irrelevant immunodominant ovalbumin (OVA) peptide, OVA323-339, mice that received MPO409-428 were protected from the development of humoral and cell-mediated autoimmunity to full-length MPO and the development of GN. In mice with established anti-MPO autoimmunity, nasal insufflation of MPO409-428 as a therapeutic attenuated anti-MPO GN. To investigate the nature of this induced tolerance, we isolated CD4(+) T cells from the upper airway draining lymph nodes of both OVA323-339- and MPO409-428-tolerized mice. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from MPO409-428- but not OVA323-339-tolerized mice to animals with established anti-MPO autoimmunity attenuated the subsequent development of GN, confirming that the immunosuppression induced by these T cells is antigen specific. Ex vivo studies showed that nasal tolerance to MPO is mediated by both conventional and induced T regulatory cells. The strong homology between the pathogenic human MPO B cell epitope recognized by ANCA in patients with acute vasculitis and the nephritogenic murine T cell MPO epitope emphasizes the clinical relevance of this study.
Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces expression of the tumor necrosis factor gene by the U937 cell line and by normal human monocytes.
Authors: S A Cannistra, A Rambaldi, D R Spriggs, F Herrmann, D Kufe, J D Griffin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) exerts profound effects on the proliferation, differentiation, and effector function of myeloid lineage cells. In contrast to its growth-promoting effects on normal myeloid progenitor cells, we found that GM-CSF unexpectedly inhibited the colony growth of U937 cells in agar culture. Furthermore, medium conditioned by recombinant GM-CSF(rGM-CSF)-treated U937 cells was found to exert an inhibitory effect on subsequent U937 colony growth that was partially due to the presence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). By Northern blot analysis, rGM-CSF was shown to induce expression of the TNF gene in U937 cells and in T-lymphocyte-depleted, monocyte-enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, rGM-CSF was observed to significantly enhance TNF secretion by monocytes stimulated with endotoxin and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). These data suggest that some of the biological effects of GM-CSF may be amplified through the release of monokines such as TNF.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF PNEUMONIC FEVER.
Authors: EDWARD F. WELLS
Journal: JAMA (1889)

THIRD PAPER—NATURE. The nature of pneumonic fever has been a subject of warm dispute, and a variety of opinions have been held thereto. Clinically the disease is a many sided one, embracing:<i>a.</i>Such marked peculiarities in its general symptoms and morbid anatomy as to invite the belief that it is essentially a constitutional affection with a localization in the lungs.<i>b.</i>Constancy in the local changes, the magnitude and severity of which seem so often to govern the gravity of the general symptoms and results, as to lead to the opinion that it is in reality a local affection accompanied by the ordinary symptoms of a grave inflammation of a vital organ. Three principal views have been held as to the essential nature of the disease:<i>a.</i>That it is simply an inflammation of the lungs with constitutional symptoms.<i>b.</i>That it is an essential fever in which the