tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reduction of gastrointestinal protein loss by elemental diet in Crohn's disease of the small bowel.
Authors: R F Logan, J Gillon, C Ferrington, A Ferguson
Journal: Gut (1981)

Seven patients with hypoalbuminaemia and extensive jejunoileal Crohn9s disease were treated with an elemental diet for 28 to 56 days. Over this time there was an increase in total plasma proteins from mean of 49.1 to 59.0 g/l and a mean rise in serum albumin from 20.7 to 30.0 g/l (P less than 0.05). In addition, there was a 47% mean reduction in plasma protein loss into the gastrointestinal tract and a rise in blood lymphocyte count in all patients (P less than 0.05). These results suggests that, as well as providing nutritional support, elemental diets reduce protein and lymphocyte loss from the diseased intestine.
A survey of inclusion of the time element when reporting adverse effects in randomised controlled trials of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and tumour necrosis factor inhibitors
Authors: Y Yazici, H Yazici
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2006)

The adequacy of reporting the time element in adverse effects in articles on randomised clinical trials of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha antagonists was surveyed.Prominent rheumatology and general/internal medicine journals were searched for all randomised controlled trials published about cyclo-oxygenase-2 and TNFalpha inhibitor use in rheumatological diseases up to November 2005. Reporting of time to the occurrence of the adverse effects, the use of patient years as the time frame of the reported adverse effects and the use of annual standard incidence ratios based on the surveillance, epidemiology and end-results (SEER) programme when reporting neoplasms as potential adverse effects of TNFalpha antagonists were specifically tabulated.Only 23 of 70 (33%) of all articles gave the specific time of onset of an adverse effect. Nine studies used patient years to report the adverse effects and six studies used annual standard incidence ratios, using SEER, as the comparator.In reporting of adverse effects in randomised clinical trials, a particularly neglected issue is the reporting of the time dimension of adverse effects.
Osteoporosis and adipose tissue expression of adipokines and osteoprotegerin in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Evgenia Kochetkova, Vera Nevzorova, Ludmila Ugay, Evgenii Kotciurbii
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Aim: to evaluate the adiponectin, leptin and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels and its expressions in the adipose tissue, and their relationships with bone metabolism in severe COPD.  Methods: serum leptin, adiponectin, OPG, the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL),osteocalcin and type 1 collagen C-telopeptide (CTx) were determinated in 43 COPD patients and 42 healthy control. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed at the lumbar spine (LS) and left femur neck (FN). Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were analyzed by immunocytochemical analysis.  Results: Adipose tissue expression of leptin (LepR) was low and adipose tissue expression of adiponectin (AdipoR1) was higher in COPD than in control. Patients with osteoporosis had lower leptin, OPG and LepR (p  Conclusion: our results suggest that adipose tissue leptin, adiponectin and OPG expressions are related to development of osteoporosis in severe COPD.
A study of incidence, outcome and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of ventilator associated pneumonia in icu of tertiary care hospital in Nepal
Authors: Deebya Raj Mishra
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: Ventilator Associated pneumonia (VAP) is an important intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infection in mechanically ventilated patients. Early and correct diagnosis of VAP is difficult but is an urgent challenge for an optimal antibiotic treatment.

Objectives: To evaluate the incidence, microbiology and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia.

Materials and Methods: A prospective, open, epidemiological clinical study was performed in ICU of TUTH, Maharajgunj. 100 patients admitted to ICU and Mechanically Ventilated were evaluated with regard to VAP. Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) was used as tools to diagnose VAP.

Results: Among 60 long-term ventilated patients, 25 (41.6%) developed VAP. The incidence was 25 VAPs per 100 ventilated patients or 26 VAPs per 1000 ventilator days during the period of study. Days on ventilator and duration in ICU were higher in the VAP group. There was a trend towards increasing mortality in the VAP group (p value .06). The VAP was caused predominantly by Klebsiella pneumonia in 34.5% of cases, followed by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus baumanni in 27.6%, Acinetobacter wolffi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 13.8% each and Escheresia coli in 10.3%. The most sensitive antibiotics were Colistin, followed by Polymyxin B and Amikacin with sensitivity rates of 67%, 60% and 58% respectively.

Conclusion: There exists a high rate of VAP in our ICU. Targeted strategies aimed at reducing VAP should be implemented to improve patient outcome and reduce length of ICU stay and costs.
White House forum promotes responsible use of antibiotics
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The Obama administration hosted a forum at the White House on 2 June to promote the responsible use of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture to slow the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and prevent the spread of drug resistant infections.

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now estimates that drug resistant bacteria cause two million infections in the United States and are responsible for 23 000 deaths each year.

Representatives from more than 150 companies and organizations attended the forum, including those from major healthcare systems, medical and scientific societies, agricultural concerns, food processors and retailers, and animal drug companies.

In her address to the forum …
ABC of Sports Medicine: Musculoskeletal Injuries in Child Athletes
Authors: L Klenerman
Journal: BMJ (1994)

More vulnerable because: * Still growingThe growing skeletons of children may be injured more easily than the * More porous mature skeletons of adults because the bones are more porous and the long * Long bones weakened by epiphysial plates bones are further weakened by the epiphysial plates at their proximal and at each end distal ends.Children and young teenagers nevertheless have a lower injuryLower injury rate because: rate from participation in sport than fully mature adolescents.* More flexible OsteochondrosesOsteochondroses are a loose grouping of conditions affecting the growing epiphysis.They all show healing in radiographs.Common examples that occur in growing children at traction epiphyses are Osgood-Schlatter disease (at tibial tuberosity), Sever's disease (at insertion of Achilles tendon), and Larsen-Johansson disease (at lower pole of patella).Others that affect articular surfaces are Freiberg's disease (head of second or third E S g gg ~~~~~~~metatarsal) and Panner's disease (capitelm).These disorders result theb n -ig mntu ctoaron atc lrrufcs E }.S. .. Osgood-Schiatter di sease is c aused by ataumatic av ulsion of the patellar 9 Bi -.~~~~tendon from the tibial tuberosity and occurs commonly in children aged 11- ........ .......
Diffusely increased bone scintigraphic uptake in patellofemoral pain syndrome
Authors: J E Näslund, S Odenbring, U-B Näslund, T Lundeberg
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Objectives: Painful disorders of the patellofemoral joint are one of the most frequent complaints in orthopaedic and sports medicine. The aims of this study were to determine whether bone scintigrams of patients suffering from patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) show diffuse uptake and in what bony compartment of the knee uptake, if any, was localised. Methods: Fifty eight patients with chronic PFPS were examined. All patients underwent a detailed clinical history and a thorough physical examination of the knee. Anterior and lateral static images of both knees were made using a gamma camera 3 h after injection of 550 MBq of 99m Tc-HMDP. Two experienced radiologists visually evaluated the scans blindly and separately. As 51 patients had bilateral pain, 109 painful knees are included in the results. Results: Diffuse uptake on bone scintigrams was found in 48 knees in 30 of the patients. In 33 knees the uptake was localised to only one bone compartment, in 10 knees diffuse uptake was found in two of the bones forming the knee joint, and in six knees all three bone compartments (the distal femur, the patella, and the proximal tibia) exhibited diffuse uptake. Conclusions: Scintigrams of approximately half of the patients with PFPS will show diffuse uptake in one or more of the bony compartments of the knee joint and radioactive tracer accumulation will occur as often in the proximal tibia as in the patella.
JNCI and Cancer Prevention
Authors: B. K. Dunn, S. Ghosh, B. S. Kramer
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2015)

The Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI), with its broad coverage of bench research, epidemiologic studies, and clinical trials, has a long history of publishing practice-changing studies in cancer prevention and public health.These include studies of tobacco cessation, chemoprevention, and nutrition.The landmark Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT)the first large trial to prove efficacy of a preventive medication for a major malignancy-was published in the Journal, as were key ancillary papers to the BCPT.Even when JNCI was not the publication venue for the main trial outcomes, conceptual and design discussions leading to the trial as well as critical follow-up analyses based on trial data from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) and the Selenium and Vitamin E Chemoprevention Trial (SELECT) were published in the Journal.The Journal has also published important evidence on very charged topics, such as the purported link between abortion and breast cancer risk.In summary, JNCI has been at the forefront of numerous major publications related to cancer prevention.
Interplay between RNA Structure and Protein Evolution in HIV-1
Authors: R. Sanjuan, A. V. Borderia
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

The genomes of many RNA viruses contain abundant secondary structures that have been shown to be important for understanding the evolution of noncoding regions and synonymous sites. However, the consequences for protein evolution are less well understood. Recently, the secondary structure of the HIV-1 RNA genome has been experimentally determined. Using this information, here we show that RNA structure and proteins do not evolve independently. A negative correlation exists between the extent of base pairing in the genomic RNA and amino acid variability. Relaxed RNA structures may favor the accumulation of genetic variation in proteins and, conversely, sequence changes driven by positive selection at the protein level may disrupt existing RNA structures. We also find that breakage of RNA base pairs might impose a fitness cost to drug resistance mutations in the protease and reverse transcriptase genes, thereby limiting their spread among untreated patients. Characterizing the evolutionary trade-offs between the selective pressures acting at the RNA and protein levels will help us to better understand the variability and evolution of HIV-1.
The immunologic diagnosis of chronic active “autoimmune” hepatitis: Distinction from systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Lawrence E. Gurian, Thomas M. Rogoff, Athol J. Ware, Robert E. Jordan, Burton Combes, James N. Gilliam
Journal: Hepatology (1985)

We have evaluated the immunologic characteristics often associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a series of patients with a variety of different liver diseases. Antibody to doublestranded DNA as measured by the Farr assay was detected frequently in patients with various forms of liver disease. No patient with liver disease, including those with a presumed immunologic etiology, was found to have antibody to double–stranded DNA using more specific assays. Other immunologic phenomena such as the presence of immunofluorescent staining at the dermalepidermal junction in the lupus band test, circulating immune complexes and the presence of antinuclear antibody were present in a number of patients with different forms of liver disease. The absence of antibody to double–stranded DNA in patients with liver disease suggests that there may be a true immunologic distinction between systemic lupus erythematosus and chronic active (“lupoid”) hepatitis.
Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody therapy in severe alcoholic hepatitis
Authors: Herbert Tilg, Rajiv Jalan, Arthur Kaser, Nathan A Davies, Felix A Offner, Stephen J Hodges, Othmar Ludwiczek, Deborah Shawcross, Heinz Zoller, Akeel Alisa, Rajeshwar P Mookerjee, Ivo Graziadei, Christian Datz, Michael Trauner, Detlef Schuppan, Peter Obrist, Wolfgang Vogel, Roger Williams
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Leukanaemia and Myelosclerosis
Authors: F. P. Weber
Journal: BMJ (1947)

septic and the wound taking some time to heal.As the hernial sac contained a mass of omentum, is it possible that this immediate improvement is caused by improved pancreatic circulation ?Vasodilatation follows the administration of nicotinamide, as shown by flushing of the face, etc., and it is suggested that apart from the role of nicotinic acid in carbo- hydrate metabolism the beneficial effects of this drug in diabetes mellitus may partially be due to improved pancreatic circulation, and that this effect will vary with the dosage.The patient is now in good health and has lost 11 lb. (5kg.) in weight.He was a heavy beer-drinker prior to his admission, but he now drinks only a pint a day, and this may be a contributory factor in maintaining the improvement.I would be glad to hear your readers' views on the above case.-Iam, etc.,
HGF, SDF-1, and MMP-9 are involved in stress-induced human CD34+ stem cell recruitment to the liver
Authors: Orit Kollet, Shoham Shivtiel, Yuan-Qing Chen, Jenny Suriawinata, Swan N. Thung, Mariana D. Dabeva, Joy Kahn, Asaf Spiegel, Ayelet Dar, Sarit Samira, Polina Goichberg, Alexander Kalinkovich, Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos, Arnon Nagler, Izhar Hardan, Michel Revel, David A. Shafritz, Tsvee Lapidot
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

Hematopoietic stem cells rarely contribute to hepatic regeneration, however, the mechanisms governing their homing to the liver, which is a crucial first step, are poorly understood. The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), which attracts human and murine progenitors, is expressed by liver bile duct epithelium. Neutralization of the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4 abolished homing and engraftment of the murine liver by human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors, while local injection of human SDF-1 increased their homing. Engrafted human cells were localized in clusters surrounding the bile ducts, in close proximity to SDF-1-expressing epithelial cells, and differentiated into albumin-producing cells. Irradiation or inflammation increased SDF-1 levels and hepatic injury induced MMP-9 activity, leading to both increased CXCR4 expression and SDF-1-mediated recruitment of hematopoietic progenitors to the liver. Unexpectedly, HGF, which is increased following liver injury, promoted protrusion formation, CXCR4 upregulation, and SDF-1-mediated directional migration by human CD34+ progenitors, and synergized with stem cell factor. Thus, stress-induced signals, such as increased expression of SDF-1, MMP-9, and HGF, recruit human CD34+ progenitors with hematopoietic and/or hepatic-like potential to the liver of NOD/SCID mice. Our results suggest the potential of hematopoietic CD34+/CXCR4+cells to respond to stress signals from nonhematopoietic injured organs as an important mechanism for tissue targeting and repair.
Proarrhythmic response to sodium channel blockade. Theoretical model and numerical experiments.
Authors: C F Starmer, A A Lastra, V V Nesterenko, A O Grant
Journal: Circulation (1991)

The use of flecainide and encainide was terminated in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial because of an excess of sudden cardiac deaths in the active treatment group. Such events might arise from reentrant rhythms initiated by premature stimulation in the presence of anisotropic sodium channel availability. Drugs that bind to sodium channels increase the functional dispersion of refractoriness by slowing (a result of the drug-unbinding process) the transition from an inexcitable state to an excitable state. It is interesting that encainide and flecainide unbind slowly (15-20 seconds), whereas lidocaine and moricizine unbind rapidly (0.2-1.3 seconds).With a computer representation of a cable with Beeler-Reuter membrane properties, we found a small (6 msec) vulnerable window that occurred 338 msec after the last drive stimulus. Premature stimuli falling within the vulnerable window resulted in unidirectional block and reentrant activation. In the presence of a slowly unbinding drug, the window was delayed an additional 341 msec, and its duration was extended to 38 msec. The delay (antiarrhythmic effect) before the onset of the vulnerable window and its duration (proarrhythmic effect) were both dependent on the sodium channel availability and the recovery process. Both effects were also prolonged when sodium channel availability was reduced by membrane depolarization. Defining the proarrhythmic potential as the duration of the vulnerable window, we found that hypothetical use-dependent class I drugs have a greater proarrhythmic potential than non-use-dependent drugs.The antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic properties of pure sodium channel antagonists are both dependent on sodium channel availability. Consequently, the price for increased antiarrhythmic efficacy (suppressed premature ventricular contractions) is an increased proarrhythmic vulnerability to unsuppressed premature ventricular contractions.
Toward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
Authors: Louisa Degenhardt, Wai-Tat Chiu, Nancy Sampson, Ronald C Kessler, James C Anthony, Matthias Angermeyer, Ronny Bruffaerts, Giovanni de Girolamo, Oye Gureje, Yueqin Huang, Aimee Karam, Stanislav Kostyuchenko, Jean Pierre Lepine, Maria Elena Medina Mora, Yehuda Neumark, J. Hans Ormel, Alejandra Pinto-Meza, José Posada-Villa, Dan J Stein, Tadashi Takeshima, J. Elisabeth Wells
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

Alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use cause considerable morbidity and mortality, but good cross-national epidemiological data are limited. This paper describes such data from the first 17 countries participating in the World Health Organization's (WHO's) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative.Household surveys with a combined sample size of 85,052 were carried out in the Americas (Colombia, Mexico, United States), Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Ukraine), Middle East and Africa (Israel, Lebanon, Nigeria, South Africa), Asia (Japan, People's Republic of China), and Oceania (New Zealand). The WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess the prevalence and correlates of a wide variety of mental and substance disorders. This paper focuses on lifetime use and age of initiation of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. Alcohol had been used by most in the Americas, Europe, Japan, and New Zealand, with smaller proportions in the Middle East, Africa, and China. Cannabis use in the US and New Zealand (both 42%) was far higher than in any other country. The US was also an outlier in cocaine use (16%). Males were more likely than females to have used drugs; and a sex-cohort interaction was observed, whereby not only were younger cohorts more likely to use all drugs, but the male-female gap was closing in more recent cohorts. The period of risk for drug initiation also appears to be lengthening longer into adulthood among more recent cohorts. Associations with sociodemographic variables were consistent across countries, as were the curves of incidence of lifetime use.Globally, drug use is not distributed evenly and is not simply related to drug policy, since countries with stringent user-level illegal drug policies did not have lower levels of use than countries with liberal ones. Sex differences were consistently documented, but are decreasing in more recent cohorts, who also have higher levels of illegal drug use and extensions in the period of risk for initiation.
Epoetin Treatment of Anemia Associated With Cancer Therapy: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials
Authors: J. Seidenfeld, M. Piper, C. Flamm, V. Hasselblad, J. O. Armitage, C. L. Bennett, M. S. Gordon, A. E. Lichtin, J. L. Wade, S. Woolf, N. Aronson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2001)

Epoetin treatment offers an attractive but costly alternative to red blood cell transfusion for managing anemia associated with cancer therapy. The goal of this review is to facilitate more efficient use of epoetin by 1) quantifying the effects of epoetin on the likelihood of transfusion and on quality of life in patients with cancer treatment-related anemia and 2) evaluating whether outcomes are superior when epoetin treatment is initiated at higher hemoglobin thresholds. Two independent reviewers followed a prospective protocol for identifying studies. Outcomes data were combined with the use of a random-effects meta-analysis model. Double-blind, randomized, controlled trials that minimized patient exclusions were defined as higher quality for sensitivity analysis; randomized but unblinded trials and trials with excessive exclusions were included in the meta-analysis but were defined as lower quality. Twenty-two trials (n = 1927) met inclusion criteria, and 12 (n = 1390) could be combined for estimation of odds of transfusion. Epoetin decreased the percentage of patients transfused by 9%–45% in adults with mean baseline hemoglobin concentrations of 10 g/dL or less (seven trials; n = 1080), by 7%–47% in those with hemoglobin concentrations greater than 10 g/dL but less than 12 g/dL (seven trials; n = 431), and by 7%–39% in those with hemoglobin concentrations of 12 g/dL or higher (five trials; n = 308). In sensitivity analysis, the combined odds ratio for transfusion in epoetin-treated patients as compared with controls was 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.33 to 0.62) in higher quality studies and 0.14 (95% CI = 0.06 to 0.31) in lower quality studies. The number of patients needed to treat to prevent one transfusion is 4.4 for all studies, 5.2 for higher quality studies, and 2.6 for lower quality studies. Only studies with mean baseline hemoglobin concentrations of 10 g/dL or less reported statistically significant effects of epoetin treatment on quality of life; quality-of-life data were insufficient for meta-analysis. No studies addressed epoetin's effects on anemia-related symptoms. We conclude that epoetin reduces the odds of transfusion for cancer patients undergoing therapy. Evidence is insufficient to determine whether initiating epoetin earlier spares more patients from transfusion or results in better quality of life than waiting until hemoglobin concentrations decline to nearly 10 g/dL.