tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Landmark perspective: Introduction of sodium diphenyl hydantoinate
Authors: M. W. Van Allen
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Had the discovery of the anticonvulsant properties of sodium diphenyl hydantoinate been fortuitous, an article first reporting the effectiveness of this drug in man would justify its inclusion as a landmark article in the centennial celebration issues of<i>JAMA</i>. This drug, now called<i>phenytoin</i>(Dilantin), soon revolutionized the drug treatment of the convulsive disorders when such treatment had been largely limited to the bromides and phenobarbital. Phenytoin remains today a mainstay of therapy in the control of major motor seizures and some other manifestations of epilepsy. Few drugs continue in active use in unmodified form 45 years after the discovery of their usefulness. Few drugs have been as important for the relief of human disability and suffering, and this with an acceptable level of side and toxic effects in most patients. That phenytoin was chosen by logical inference to be included in a series of drugs actively tested for effectiveness
Abstract 2735: Diagnosis of prostate cancer without tumor cells using differentially expressed genes in the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Zhenyu Jia, Yipeng Wang, Michael McClelland, Anne Sawyers, Huazhen Yao, Farahnaz Rahmatpanah, Xiao-Qin Xia, Qiang Xu, James Koziol, Philip Carpenter, Jessica Wang-Rodriquez, Anne Simoneau, Frank Meyskens, Manuel Sutton, Waldemar Lernhardt, Thomas Beach, Dan Mercola
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Over one million prostate biopsies are performed in the U.S. every year. However, pathology examination is not definitive in a significant percentage of cases due to missing the tumor or equivocal structures. Given that the tissue near tumors will experience expression changes, biopsies could reveal the presence of a nearby tumor even if the biopsy contains no tumor. In order to identify reliable examples of such genes we compared gene expression profiles (Affymetrix U133plus2) from 15 volunteer biopsy specimens to 13 specimens containing largely tumor-adjacent stroma. More than a thousand significant expression changes were found and thereafter filtered to eliminate possible aging-related genes and genes also expressed at detectable levels in tumor cells. Classifiers were constructed based on 114 unique candidate genes (131 Affymetrix probe sets) and tested on 380 independent cases, including 255 tumor-bearing cases, 125 nontumor cases (normal biopsies, normal autopsies, remote stroma as well as pure tumor adjacent stroma). The classifier predicted the tumor status of patients with an average accuracy of 97.4% (sensitivity = 98.0% and specificity = 89.7%). These results indicate that the prostate cancer microenvironment exhibits reproducible changes useful for detecting “presence of tumor”. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2735.
Service vs Education
Authors: Terrence S. Carden
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Glass et al (p 2651) describe a problem that exists in many if not all major teaching institutions. Residents are charged with performing a clinical responsibility without supervision, and when their performance of that responsibility is monitored, it is found to be suboptimum at best and incompetent at worst. The processing and reading of throat cultures is one of the bread-and-butter activities of the primary practitioner, given the prevalence of pharyngitis in the pediatric age group. Many practitioners, in an effort to save their patients money and to have early access to the culture results, perform these cultures in their offices. One might ask, where does the physician gain the expertise to process and interpret these cultures? Most will answer quickly that this was one of their responsibilities during residency training. And who taught them to process cultures during their residencies? If they were lucky, the microbiology technician took part
The Risk of Determining Risk with Multivariable Models
Authors: John Concato
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Purpose: To review the principles of multivariable analysis and to examine the application of multivariable statistical methods in general medical literature. Data Sources: A computer-assisted search of articles in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine identified 451 publications containing multivariable methods from 1985 through 1989. A random sample of 60 articles that used the two most common methods—logistic regression or proportional hazards analysis—was selected for more intensive review. Data Extraction: During review of the 60 randomly selected articles, the focus was on generally accepted methodologic guidelines that can prevent problems affecting the accuracy and interpretation of multivariable analytic results. Results: From 1985 to 1989, the relative frequency of multivariable statistical methods increased annually from about 10% to 18% among all articles in the two journals. In 44 (73%) of 60 articles using logistic or proportional hazards regression, risk estimates were quantified for individual variables ("risk factors"). Violations and omissions of methodologic guidelines in these 44 articles included overfitting of data; no test of conformity of variables to a linear gradient; no mention of pertinent checks for proportional hazards; no report of testing for interactions between independent variables; and unspecified coding or selection of independent variables. These problems would make the reported results potentially inaccurate, misleading, or difficult to interpret. Conclusions: The findings suggest a need for improvement in the reporting and perhaps conducting of multivariable analyses in medical research.
PNEUMONIA.THE VALUE OF INTERNAL MEDICATION AND LOCAL EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS.
Authors: GEORGE DOCK
Journal: JAMA (1904)

In carrying out the part assigned to me on this program I shall try to consider some of the more important aspects as briefly as possible. If in my efforts at brevity I lapse into dogmatism or incompleteness, I must ask your indulgence. So long as the best method of treating pneumonia is unsettled discussion is proper and experimentation legitimate. I think we can safely assert that the best treatment is not yet established, despite the many articles claiming specific value for various methods. Of these methods it can be said that they give no greater assurance than dozens of others which were looked on in the past as perfect and abandoned as the result of further trial. In many of the reports we can see the reasons for ultimate failure. Among them can be mentioned: 1. A belief that all cases of pneumonia are very severe and
Prognosis after Operation for Constrictive Pericarditis
Authors: R. W. Portal, E. M. M. Besterman, R. J. Chambers, T. H. Sellors, W. Somerville
Journal: BMJ (1966)

A survey of the published results of the surgical treatment of constrictive pericarditis (Smith and Muller, 1962) showed a fall ,in the operative mortality from 20% (in 629 patients) before 1950 to 13% (in 776 patients) in the period 1951-61, while the " cures " increased from 44 to 57%.Howeverj the results varied considerably in the 20 series reported since 1950, the operative mortality rate ranging from 3 to 24%.As selection for surgery is bound to be influenced by such figures it was felt that a reappraisal should be made both of the operative risks and of the post-operative course of this condition.In this country the period of the second world war and the succeeding two decades, comprising an epoch of rapid expansion in thoracic surgery, included what will doubtless prove to have been the peak in the number of operations performed for this disease.The back-log of operable cases was largely abolished and the incidence of new ones was possibly curtailed by the advent of antituberculous chemotherapy.The present report covers the operations of patients subjected to pericardiectomy for constriction at two cardiothoracic units since 1942, and includes a recent assessment of those survivors who could be traced for a follow-up e ation.
Prostate-Specific Antigen as Predictor of Prostate Cancer in Black Men and White Men
Authors: Alice S. Whittemore, Chitra Lele, Gary D. Friedman, Thomas Stamey, Joseph H. Vogelman, Norman Orentreich
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1995)

Abstract Background The increasing incidence of prostate cancer creates complex issues in health care management and cost containment. There is a need to evaluate serial measurements of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a marker for long-term risk of clinically important prostate cancer (stages B through D). Purpose We used a nested case-control design within a retrospective cohort study to evaluate serial PSA concentrations in relation to subsequent prostate cancer diagnoses. Methods Participants included 40 black and 96 white men with subsequent diagnoses of prostate cancer and 84 black and 100 white men without such diagnoses (control subjects) in a multiphasic health screening program conducted by the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California. Serial serum samples were collected 1.5–23 years before prostate cancer diagnosis. Results Median serum PSA concentrations, specific for age and subsequent cancer status, were similar in blacks and whites. Concentrations in control subjects increased exponentially with age, with a doubling time of 24.9 years. Concentrations in men with stage A cancer were similar to those in control subjects. Until about 13 years before diagnosis, PSA in men with subsequent cancer stages B through D increased exponentially with age, with a doubling time similar to that of control subjects. Thereafter, the PSA concentrations increased exponentially, with a doubling time of 4.3 years. Rapid increase in PSA concentration started about 1.5 years earlier for men with stage D cancer than for men with stage B or C cancer. The single PSA measurement drawn closest to diagnosis was a more sensitive marker of stages B through D cancer within the next 7 years than was any index of change that also took account of earlier PSA readings. Conclusions These data suggest that 1) age-specific PSA concentrations are similar in black men and white men and 2) current PSA concentration, specific for age, outperforms changes in past concentrations in identifying the man who will develop stage B, C, or D cancer within 7 years, albeit at the cost of a slightly higher rate of false-positive results. This interpretation needs confirmation in other data containing many serial PSA measurements within a few years of diagnosis. [J Natl Cancer Inst 87:354-360,1995]
The Purpose of RITA
Authors: Peter Leaver
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2003)

Mr Bache and his colleagues (December 2002, JRSM1) describe a broadened assessment for specialist registrars, built onto the mandatory record of in-training assessment (RITA). This account seems to me to typify the confusion between appraisal and assessment that lies at the root of our profession's consistent inability to self-regulate.

The RITA process was designed to be critical and judgmental, so that trainees could be assessed dispassionately, without their trainers present, irrespective of their career plans, the quality of their training or other mitigating factors—i.e. a pure judgment of their competence and hence of their competency to proceed to the next stage of training. (It was this which vindicated the removal of the registrar/senior registrar hurdle, so greatly lamented by seniors, when ‘Calmanization’ was introduced.) To confuse RITA with career guidance and evaluation of the training programme is to cloud its role in assessing competence, and thereby to encourage connivance between trainers, trainees and assessors if deficiencies are demonstrated—everyone explaining these away for their own purposes.

Some day we must wake up to the fact that, when doctors emerge poorly trained and inadequate, they are the product of just such a muddled method of assessment as the Liverpool authors propose.
AIDS: A Guide for the Primary Physician
Authors: Helena Bollers
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In the past 15 years we have recognized "new" infectious diseases such as Lyme disease (1975), legionnaires' disease (1976), and toxic shock syndrome (1978). In each case, the scientific community rose to the occasion and uncovered the etiologic agent, developed diagnostic tests, and found ways to prevent or treat such conditions. Naturally occuring smallpox was declared eradicated from the face of the earth in 1979. This series of gratifying scientific achievements did not prepare us for what was to come. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) raised its ugly head in June 1981. The disease caused panic and hysteria. The victims of AIDS were abused, ridiculed, and maligned. Some people believed that AIDS was divine retribution for immoral life-styles. Patients who did not indulge in high-risk life-styles (eg, recipients of blood products) were labeled as "innocent" victims. Families and communities were torn apart. Federal and other agencies were accused of a
Abstract 2473: Extracellular matrix density and acinus formation in breast cancer
Authors: Muthulekha Swamydas, Chihchao Yang, Amanda Stephens, Delphine Dean, Sandy Deitch, Karen JL Burg, Didier Dreau
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The extracellular matrix (ECM) contributes to the generation and dynamic of normal breast tissue, in particular the generation of polarized acinar and ductal structures. In vitro 3D cultures conditions mimic the formation and function of breast structures. Variations in the composition of the ECM have been shown to directly influence the formation and organization of acinus-like and duct-like structures. Furthermore, the density of the extracellular matrix appears also to play a role in normal mammary tissue development and in tumor formation. Here we show that the density of the ECM directly influences the number and the organization of the acini. Briefly, MCF10A cells were incubated in increasing densities of a combination Matrigel®/Collagen I matrix. Following a week incubation, the moduli distant from and close to the acinus-like formations were measured by atomic force microscopy. Additionally, the number of acinus-like structures was determined. To investigate the acinus organization, expressions of E-cadherin and laminin were estimated by immunochemistry. Results indicate that the modulus of the ECM was increased near the acinus-like structures. Also, the number of acinus-like structures decreased with the increase in Matrigel®/ collagen I density (p&amp;lt;0.05). Finally, based on the expression of the basement membrane protein laminin, the organization of the acinus-like structures presence was altered as the density of the ECM increased (p&amp;lt;0.05). These observations highlight the role of ECM density in the dynamic remodeling of breast tissues. (This works is supported by grants from the Department of Defense Era of Hope research program (BC044778) and the National Science Foundation EFRI program (CBE0736007). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2473. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2473
Pyrethrum flowers and pyrethroid insecticides.
Authors: J E Casida
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1980)

The natural pyrethrins from the daisy-like flower, Tanacetum or Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, are nonpersistent insecticides of low toxicity to mammals. Synthetic analogs or pyrethroids, evolved from the natural compounds by successive isosteric modifications, are more potent and stable and are the newest important class of crop protection chemicals. They retain many of the favorable properties of the pyrethrins.
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
Authors: DAVID P. ROMEO
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Letters and Corrections1 May 1983Intestinal Pseudo-ObstructionDAVID P. ROMEO, M.D., GLEN D. SOLOMON, M.D., ALEXANDER R. HOVER, M.D.DAVID P. ROMEO, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, GLEN D. SOLOMON, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, ALEXANDER R. HOVER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-5-674_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In their article on intestinal pseudo-obstruction, Schuffler and associates (1) note that theirs was the first reported case of Ogilvie's syndrome (2) since the cases of Handley (3) and Dunlop (4) in 1949. We have seen an additional case of classic Ogilvie's syndrome diagnosed by barium studies and laparotomy in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung.A 60-year-old black woman presented with deep venous thrombosis of the right lower leg, a right hilar mass seen on chest radiograph, and elevated liver enzyme levels. Double-contrast barium enema done on the 6th hospital day was normal. Four days...References1. SCHUFFLERBAIRDFLEMMING MHC. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction as the presenting manifestation of small cell carcinoma of the lung: a paraneoplastic neuropathy of the gastrointestinal tract. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:129-35. LinkGoogle Scholar2. OGILVIE H. Large intestine colic due to sympathetic deprivation: a new clinical syndrome. Br Med J. 1948;2:671-3. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. HANDLEY R. Chronic ileus caused by malignant invasion of the posterior abdominal wall. Br Med J. 1949;1:891-2. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. DUNLOP J. Ogilvie's syndrome of false colonic obstruction. Br Med J. 1949;1:890-1. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: United States Air Force Medical Center Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByAcute colonic pseudo-obstruction: A systematic review of aetiology and mechanisms 1 May 1983Volume 98, Issue 5_Part_1Page: 674-674KeywordsAdenocarcinomaDeep vein thrombosisEnzymesLaparotomyLiverLungsThorax Issue Published: 1 May 1983 PDF DownloadLoading ...
A kind man benefits himself – but how? Evolutionary models of human food sharing
Authors: Thomas Getty
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Can evolutionary models explain food sharing in traditional human societies? Gurven's analysis cannot rule out any of the models (kin selection, reciprocal altruism, tolerated scrounging, costly signaling, or by-product mutualism), and quantitative partitioning of relative importance is not feasible. For now, the hypotheses seem like the proverbial blind men examining the elephant: each was partly in the right, and all were in the wrong!
Oncolytic Semliki Forest Virus Vector as a Novel Candidate against Unresectable Osteosarcoma
Authors: Anna Ketola, Ari Hinkkanen, Felicitas Yongabi, Petra Furu, Ann-Marie Määttä, Timo Liimatainen, Risto Pirinen, Marko Björn, Tanja Hakkarainen, Kimmo Mäkinen, Jarmo Wahlfors, Riikka Pellinen
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Oncolytic viruses are a promising tool for treatment of cancer. We studied an oncolytic Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vector, VA7, carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (EGFP), as a novel virotherapy candidate against unresectable osteosarcoma. The efficiency and characteristics of the VA7-EGFP treatment were compared with a widely studied oncolytic adenovirus, Ad5Δ24, both in vitro and in vivo. VA7-EGFP resulted in more rapid oncolysis and was more efficient at low multiplicities of infection (MOI) when compared with Ad5Δ24 in vitro. Yet, in MG-63 cells, a subpopulation resistant to the VA7-EGFP vector emerged. In subcutaneous human osteosarcoma xenografts in nude mice treatment with either vector reduced tumor size, whereas tumors in control mice expanded quickly. The VA7-EGFP–treated tumors were either completely abolished or regressed to pinpoint size. The efficacy of VA7-EGFP vector was studied also in an orthotopic osteosarcoma nude mouse model characterized by highly aggressive tumor growth. Treatment with oncolytic SFV extended survival of the animals significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.01), yet none of the animals were finally cured. Sera from SFV-treated mice contained neutralizing antibodies, and as nude mice are not able to establish IgG response, the result points out the role of IgM class antibodies in clearance of virus from peripheral tumors. Furthermore, biodistribution analysis at the survival end point verified the presence of virus in some of the brain samples, which is in line with previous studies demonstrating that IgG is required for clearance of SFV from central nervous system. [Cancer Res 2008;68(20):8342–50]
Competency, consent, and the duty of care
Authors: R. J McIvor
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—There seems to be another solution to the ethical dilemma posed by Inwald apart from those put forward by the commentators.1

Inwald's patient had a long history of schizophrenia, with evidence of recent deterioration characterised by declining social and personal functioning and loss of insight into the consequences. This decline, possibly associated with …
Retention of Supraspinal Delta-like Analgesia and Loss of Morphine Tolerance in δ Opioid Receptor Knockout Mice
Authors: Yanxin Zhu, Michael A. King, Alwin G.P. Schuller, Joshua F. Nitsche, Maureen Reidl, Robert P. Elde, Ellen Unterwald, Gavril W. Pasternak, John E. Pintar
Journal: Neuron (1999)
Catatonia and refractory agitation in an updated flow chart for the evaluation of emotional-behavioral disturbances in severely ill children
Authors: Maite M. Esseveld, Piet L. M. N. Leroy, Carsten Leue, Jacqueline Strik, Marijntje Tijssen, Emma H. C. W. van de Riet, Jan N. M. Schieveld
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2012)