tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
European surveillance shows north-south divide in resistant bacteria
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Most countries in northern Europe—with the exception of the United Kingdom—have much lower rates of antibiotic resistant bacteria than southern European countries, the latest figures from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System show.

The European surveillance system is a network of national surveillance systems that monitors drug resistance in bacteria reported by centres in 15 countries in Europe, as well as Israel. It was set up by the European Commission in 1998.

The latest figures, for the first two quarters of 2001, show that the lowest rates of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates were found in northern European countries, including Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands, …
Bile acids are “homeotrophic” sensors of the functional hepatic capacity and regulate adaptive growth during liver regeneration
Authors: Andreas Geier, Christian Trautwein
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Liver mass depends on one or more unidentified humoral signals that drive regeneration when liver functional capacity is diminished. Bile acids are important liver products, and their levels are tightly regulated. Here, we identify a role for nuclear receptor-dependent bile acid signaling in normal liver regeneration. Elevated bile acid levels accelerate regeneration, and decreased levels inhibit liver regrowth, as does the absence of the primary nuclear bile acid receptor FXR. We propose that FXR activation by increased bile acid flux is a signal of decreased functional capacity of the liver. FXR, and possibly other nuclear receptors, may promote homeostasis not only by regulating expression of appropriate metabolic target genes but also by driving homeotrophic liver growth.
Endoscopic dilation in eosinophilic esophagitis: a treatment strategy associated with a high risk of perforation
Authors: A. Lucendo, L. De Rezende
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

We read with great interest the report of a case of an esophageal perforation occurring after endoscopic dilation in a young patient diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis that was published recently in your journal [1]. Eosinophilic esophagitis is an inflammatory allergic disease characterized by a chronic infiltration of eosinophilic leukocytes restricted to the esophagus, in which the main symptoms are dysphagia and frequent episodes of food impaction. Common endoscopic findings in these patients are tearing and lacerations of the mucosa, which result from the patient’s efforts to induce vomiting and dislodge impacted food [2] (see [Figure 1]), and which might also be attributed to the action of hydrostatic balloons or dilators which many authors have used for treating patients with eosinophilic esophagitis.
Bipolar Affective Puerperal Psychosis: Genome-Wide Significant Evidence for Linkage to Chromosome 16
Authors: Ian Jones
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2007)

Objective: Vulnerability to the triggering of bipolar episodes by childbirth aggregates in families and may define a genetically relevant subtype of bipolar disorder. The authors conducted a search by systematic whole genome linkage scan for loci influencing vulnerability to bipolar affective puerperal psychosis. Method: The authors selected families with bipolar disorder from their previous bipolar disorder genome scan, in which there was at least one family member with a manic or psychotic episode with an onset within 6 weeks of delivery. Individuals were coded as affected if they had been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder; bipolar II disorder; or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type, according to DSM-IV. A total of 36 pedigrees contributed 54 affected sibling pairs to the cohort. A genome scan with 494 microsatellite markers was analyzed using GENEHUNTER and MAPMAKER/SIBS. Results: A genome-wide significant linkage signal was observed on chromosome 16p13, and a genome-wide suggestive linkage was observed on chromosome 8q24. No significant or suggestive linkage was observed in these regions in our original bipolar scan. Conclusions: This study identifies chromosomal regions that are likely to harbor genes that predispose individuals to bipolar affective puerperal psychosis. The identification of susceptibility genes would enhance understanding of pathogenesis and offer the possibility of improvements in treatment and risk prediction.
Chronic nonocclusive coronary artery constriction in rats. Beta-adrenoceptor signal transduction and ventricular failure.
Authors: L G Meggs, H Huang, P Li, J M Capasso, P Anversa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

To determine the effects of chronic coronary artery constriction on the relationship between cardiac function and regulation of beta-adrenoceptor signal transduction, the left main coronary artery was narrowed in rats and the animals were killed 5 mo later. An average reduction in coronary luminal diameter of 44% was obtained and this change resulted in an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and a decrease in positive and negative dP/dt. Significant increases in left and right ventricular weights indicative of global cardiac hypertrophy were observed. Radioligand binding studies of beta-adrenoreceptors, agonist-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, and ADP ribosylation of 45-kD substrate by cholera toxin were all depressed in the failing left ventricle. In contrast, in the hypertrophic non-failing right ventricle, beta-adrenoreceptor density was preserved and receptor antagonist affinity was increased. In spite of these findings at the receptor level, agonist stimulated cyclic AMP generation was reduced in the right ventricular myocardium. The quantity of the 45-kD substrate was also decreased. In conclusion, longterm nonocclusive coronary artery stenosis of moderate degree has profound detrimental effects on the contractile performance of the heart in association with marked attenuation of adrenergic support mechanisms.
An Audit of Argon Plasma Coagulation, Epinephrine Injection, and Proton-Pump Infusion Therapy in the Management of Bleeding Peptic Ulcer Disease
Authors: L. M. Yap, S. Hagan, A. Craig, G. G. Hebbard, G. P. Young, P. A. Bampton
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

We read with interest the recent review by Rollhauser and Fleischer on nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding [1]. There is increasing evidence that dual therapy with injection and thermal treatment is becoming the gold standard for the treatment of high-risk bleeding peptic ulcers [1] [2]. Argon plasma coagulation may be an alternative thermal treatment, and indeed Cipolletta et al. [3] found that hemostasis was achieved significantly more quickly in actively bleeding ulcers when argon plasma coagulation was used in comparison with a heater probe, and that there was a trend toward fewer rebleeding episodes (15 % vs. 21 %). A recent study by Lau et al. demonstrated that a high-dose infusion of a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) after endoscopic therapy reduces rebleeding rates [4].
Women's Health, Public Welfare
Authors: Bernadine Healy
Journal: JAMA (1991)

While leafing through a pile of the press clippings that regularly cross my desk at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), I was struck particularly by two headlines in the<i>Philadelphia Inquirer</i>(May 31, 1991;sect A:1) that said, "Menopause Becoming 'Au Courant' as It Hits Women of Baby Boom" and, as the article continued on another page, "Menopause Comes of Age as Medical and Social Issue." Indeed, women's health, in general—in terms of research, services, and access to care—has come of age and become a priority medically, socially, and politically. The article "Gender Disparities in Clinical Decision Making,"<sup>1</sup>the report of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association in this issue ofThe Journal, is to be applauded for its important contribution to answering the question of why women's health research and care demand such particular attention and vigor. The
NARCOANALYSIS AND CRIMINAL LAW
Authors: JOHN M. MACDONALD
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1954)

Criminal suspects, while under the influence of barbiturate drugs, may deliberately withhold information, persist in giving untruthful answers, or falsely confess to crimes they have not committed. Narcoanalysis is of doubtful value when used for the purpose of obtaining confessions to crimes. For ethical reasons the psychiatrist is advised against performing narcoanalysis when the examination is requested as an aid to criminal investigation. Narcoanalysis is sometimes of value in the psychiatric examination of criminal suspects who have entered a plea of insanity. Information so obtained should not be used as evidence in determining the innocence or guilt of the accused person, unless it is with his consent and his attorney's approval. Indications and contraindications for narcoanalysis are described, as well as some criteria for evaluating the reliability of the individual examination.
Sound preconditioning therapy inhibits ototoxic hearing loss in mice
Authors: Soumen Roy, Matthew M. Ryals, Astrid Botty Van den Bruele, Tracy S. Fitzgerald, Lisa L. Cunningham
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Therapeutic drugs with ototoxic side effects cause significant hearing loss for thousands of patients annually. Two major classes of ototoxic drugs are cisplatin and the aminoglycoside antibiotics, both of which are toxic to mechanosensory hair cells, the receptor cells of the inner ear. A critical need exists for therapies that protect the inner ear without inhibiting the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs. The induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) inhibits both aminoglycoside- and cisplatin-induced hair cell death and hearing loss. We hypothesized that exposure to sound that is titrated to stress the inner ear without causing permanent damage would induce HSPs in the cochlea and inhibit ototoxic drug–induced hearing loss. We developed a sound exposure protocol that induces HSPs without causing permanent hearing loss. We used this protocol in conjunction with a newly developed mouse model of cisplatin ototoxicity and found that preconditioning mouse inner ears with sound has a robust protective effect against cisplatin-induced hearing loss and hair cell death. Sound therapy also provided protection against aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss. These data indicate that sound preconditioning protects against both classes of ototoxic drugs, and they suggest that sound therapy holds promise for preventing hearing loss in patients receiving these drugs.
Metastatic Islet Cell Carcinoma: A Potentially Treatable Cause of "Carcinoma of Unknown Origin"
Authors: A. B. Weitberg, S. A. Weitzman
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1983)

A 55-year-old woman presented with diplopia secondary to an orbital mass. Physical examination showed a large ovarian mass. Further evaluation revealed these lesions to be metastases from a nonfunctioning pancreatic islet cell carcinoma, the first such case reported. Since these tumors can be responsive to chemotherapy, it is important to consider islet cell cancers in patients presenting with “metastatic carcinoma of unknown origin.”
STUDIES ON HERPETIC INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Charles A. Evans, Howard B. Slavin, George Packer Berry
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1946)

Two-week-old mice inoculated with herpes virus on the pad of a hind foot regularly developed paralysis of the infected limb followed by paraplegia and encephalitis terminating fatally 5 or 6 days after inoculation. Hyperimmune rabbit serum given intraperitoneally at the time virus was inoculated on the foot pad prevented the formation of an herpetic lesion of the foot pad. When the antiserum was given 12 hours after inoculation of the virus, a typical infection of the epithelium of the foot pad developed, but the virus was prevented from causing obvious signs of infection of the nervous system in many of the animals. Amputation of the foot 2 hours after the inoculation of the virus prevented the paralysis of the hind leg. Some of the mice died of a delayed encephalitis. Amputation of the foot at 24 hours neither prevented nor delayed the sequence of paralysis of the hind leg, encephalitis, and death. In order to study immune serum therapy of an infection of the nervous system uncomplicated by a peripheral focus of infection or by traumatic disturbance of the central nervous system, 2-week-old mice were inoculated on the foot pad, the infected feet were amputated 24 hours later, and the immune serum was administered at varying intervals thereafter. Using litter mate controls and statistically significant numbers of mice, it was shown that hyperimmune rabbit serum, administered during the first one-third of the incubation period, retards and, in some cases, arrests the progress of herpetic infection within the nervous system.
British nurse loses passive smoking case
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1998)

A state enrolled nurse who sued her former employers for compensation in the first passive smoking case to go to court in Britain lost in the High Court in Manchester last week.

Sylvia Sparrow, aged 60, claimed that being forced to work in a “smokers' corner” at an old people's home triggered asthma and respiratory problems (16 May, p 1477). But Mr Justice Holland ruled that St Andrew's Homes Limited, former owners of the Worsley Lodge home in Swinton, Greater Manchester, had done everything practicable, given their staffing levels and the needs of patients, to …
Reliable comfort and meaningfulness
Authors: Joanne Lynn
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<b>Scott Murray</b> and <b>Aziz Sheikh</b> (doi: 10.1136/bmj.39535.491238.94) say that the lessons learnt from palliative care for cancer need to be applied to other fatal conditions. Healthcare delivery that is tailored to the varying needs of patients with these diseases will be crucial in making a difference, says <b>Joanne Lynn</b>
Specialist outreach clinics in general practice
Authors: J J Bailey, M E Black, D Wilkin
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b> : To establish the extent and nature of specialist outreach clinics in primary care and to describe specialists9 and general practitioners9 views on outreach clinics. <b>Design</b> : Telephone interviews with hospital managers. Postal questionnaire surveys of specialists and general practitioners. <b>Setting</b> : 50 hospitals in Englands and Wales. <b>Subjects</b> : 50 hospital managers, all of whom responded. 96 specialists and 88 general practitioners involved in outreach clinics in general practice, of whom 69 (72%) and 46 (52%) respectively completed questionnaires. 122 additional general practitioner fundholders, of whom 72 (59%) completed questionnaires. <b>Main outcome measures</b> : Number of specialist outreach clinics; organisation and referral mechanism; waiting times; perceived benefits and problems. <b>Results</b> : 28 of the hospitals had a total of 96 outreach clinics, and 32 fundholders identified a further 61 clinics. These clinics covered psychiatry (43), medical specialties (38), and surgical specialties (76). Patients were seen by the consultant in 96% (107) of clinics and general practitioners attended at only six clinics. 61 outreach clinics had shorter waiting times for first outpatient appointment than hospital clinics. The most commonly reported benefits for patients were ease of access and shorter waiting times. <b>Conclusions</b> : Specialist outreach clinics cover a wide range of specialties and are popular, especially in fundholding practices. These clinics do not seem to have increased the interation between general practitioners and specialists.
Lavage for Gonorrhoea
Authors: A. French
Journal: BMJ (1938)

One hundred and thirty-one consecutive requests for thyroid scintigraphy were analysed to assess their diagnostic contribution to the subsequent medical management of the patient. Forty one per cent of requests were to investigate the presence of a clinically detectable solitary nodule and, of these, one fifth had hot nodules. Diffuse goitres accounted for 38% of all referrals, but in only two patients (non-toxic hot nodule) did the results change management. A further 11% of referrals were for multinodular goitres and 8% for retrosternal goitres. In all cases of goitre no additional useful information was obtained from scintigraphy. It is concluded that thyroid scintigraphy was an unnecessary investigation in approximately 45% of cases. Its primary role was in the investigation of the solitary nodule and in detecting toxic nodules in thyrotoxic patients who had no evidence of Graves9 disease. Greater discrimination of requests would avoid investigating patients unnecessarily and reduce costs.
Two mutations in the hormone binding domain of the vitamin D receptor cause tissue resistance to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Authors: K Kristjansson, A R Rut, M Hewison, J L O'Riordan, M R Hughes
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

We have identified and characterized two mutations in the hormone binding domain of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in patients with hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets. One patient was found to have a premature stop mutation (CAG to TAG) in the hinge region affecting amino acid 149 (Q149X) and the other demonstrated a missense mutation (CGC to CTC) resulting in the substitution of arginine 271 by leucine (R271L) in the steroid binding domain. Eukaryotic expression analyses in CV-1 cells showed the inability of both patients' VDR to induce transcription from the osteocalcin hormone gene response element at 10(-7) M 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Normal transcription levels could, however, be elicited by the missense mutated VDR (R271L) in the presence of 1,000-fold higher 1,25-(OH)2D3 concentrations than needed for the wild-type receptor. This shows that Arg 271 directly affects the affinity of the VDR for its ligand and its conversion to leucine decreases its affinity for 1,25(OH)2D3 by a factor of 1,000. Arg 271 is located immediately 3-prime to a 30 amino acid segment (VDR amino acids 241-270) that is conserved among members of the steroid/thyroid/retinoid hormone receptor superfamily. These results represent the first missense mutation identified in the hormone binding domain of VDR and further define the structure-function relationship of 1,25(OH)2D3 ligand binding to its nuclear receptor.
Is intrinsic asthma a hereditary disease?
Authors: F. Pirson, D. Charpin, M. Sansonetti, A. Lanteaume, G. Kulling, J. Charpin, D. Vervloet
Journal: Allergy (1991)

Although studies of families, inbred populations and twins have established that asthma has a hereditary basis, little evidence has shown that intrinsic asthma has an increased familial occurrence. To document this issue, we compared the prevalence of asthma in families of intrinsic asthmatics, extrinsic asthmatics and non‐asthmatics. The intrinsic asthma group included those with negative skin tests to common aero‐allergens ( n = 117). The extrinsic asthma group included those with one or more positive skin tests ( n = 164). The non‐asthmatic group ( n = 224) was recruited at a check‐up center. The siblings of each subject completed a standardized questionnaire on history of asthma. The results showed that asthma was more prevalent ( P &lt; 0.001) in siblings of intrinsic asthmatics (8.9%) than in siblings of the non‐asthmatic group (2.4%). The prevalence of asthma in siblings of intrinsic and extrinsic asthmatics was similar. In conclusion, both intrinsic and extrinsic asthma have an increased family occurrence.
<i>ABCB1</i> Genetic Variation Influences the Toxicity and Clinical Outcome of Patients with Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Treated with Docetaxel
Authors: Tristan M. Sissung, Caitlin E. Baum, John Deeken, Douglas K. Price, Jeanny Aragon-Ching, Seth M. Steinberg, William Dahut, Alex Sparreboom, William D. Figg
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: Polymorphisms that are associated with ABCB1 expression and function may be linked to treatment efficacy and the development of neutropenia and neurotoxicity in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer receiving docetaxel. Experimental Design: Patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer treated with docetaxel alone (n = 23) or docetaxel and thalidomide (n = 50) were genotyped for the ABCB1 1236C&amp;gt;T, 2677 G&amp;gt;T/A, and 3435 C&amp;gt;T alleles by direct sequencing, and diplotypes were constructed using an EM algorithm. The data were then compared with duration to onset of peripheral neuropathy, neutropenia grade, and survival after docetaxel. Results: For patients receiving docetaxel alone, individuals carrying a diplotype consisting of the 1236C-2677G-3435C linked alleles had improved overall survival after treatment (P = 0.0017). Additionally, patients treated with docetaxel and thalidomide carrying a diplotype consisting of the 2677T-3435T haplotype had a shorter median survival (P = 0.045). After adjusting for a particular set of polymorphisms and diplotype groupings, a hazard ratio of 10.87 was found for patients carrying the 2677GG genotype versus patients carrying other genotypes (P = 0.0048) in the docetaxel and thalidomide cohort. Among both treatment arms together, individuals carrying the 2677GG genotype also had a significantly longer time to neuropathy (P = 0.035). Finally, there was a strong trend toward patients carrying the 2677TT-3435TT diplotype having higher grades of neutropenia (P = 0.053). Conclusion: The data suggest that docetaxel-induced neuropathy, neutropenia grade, and overall survival could be linked to ABCB1 allelic variants with ensuing negative implications for docetaxel treatment in patients carrying ABCB1 variant genotypes.
An Epidemic of Hepatitis in a Chronic-Hemodialysis Unit
Authors: W. Thomas London, Marion DiFiglia, Alton I. Sutnick, Baruch S. Blumberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

In a chronic-hemodialysis unit all nine patients and six of 15 staff members, within one year, had evidence of viral hepatitis. Australia antigen (Au[1]), a virus-like particle associated with acute and chronic viral hepatitis but not other liver diseases was found in the blood of eight of the nine patients and in the two staff members with hepatitis tested. Clinical and laboratory features of hepatitis in the staff and the patients in dialysis were different. In the former an acute disease characterized by serum bilirubin over 3 mg per 100 ml, SGPT over 1000 units and duration of SGPT elevations of less than 10 weeks developed. The patients on dialysis manifested a chronic anicteric disease, with SGPT's under 1000 units but SGPT elevations lasting for 20 weeks or more; the cases were detected only because of frequent testing for Au(1) and SGPT. Susceptibility of patients with chronic renal disease to chronic Au(1) hepatitis is probably related to impaired immunologic responsiveness.
Preoperative Detection of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Endometrial Cancer Using SPECT/CT
Authors: Sambor Sawicki, Juliusz Kobierski, Piotr Lass, Wojciech Cytawa, Dariusz Wydra
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

We report the use of SPECT/CT in sentinel lymph node biopsy in endometrial cancer. The patient was a 54-year-old woman with the diagnosis of endometrial adnenocarcinoma, grade 2. Preoperative MRI and transvaginal ultrasound scans revealed tumor infiltrating more than 50% of the myometrium. The patient was qualified for total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and pelvic/paraaortic lymphadenectomy. Before the surgery, 2 cervical injections of the 99mTc-labeled nanocolloid (0.5 mCi) were administered and the SPECT/CT was performed using a standard dual-head gamma camera and a 6-slice spiral CT component.