tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tumours: Basic Principles and Clinical Aspects
Authors: David T. Carr
Journal: JAMA (1979)

It takes a brave person to attempt to write single-handedly a book on the "basic principles and clinical aspects" of the rapidly expanding subject of oncology. It would take a genius to succeed. There are some good sections of this book, especially the introductory chapters on the basic nature of cancer. Unfortunately, there are too many defects. I will point out a few. In the discussion of cancer of the stomach, the striking decrease in the incidence of this disease during the last 50 years is not mentioned. The data on the incidence of various cell types of cancer of the lung are different from those being reported by most groups in recent years, and the combination of small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and giant cell carcinoma into a group labeled "undifferentiated carcinoma" is unacceptable to most lung cancer experts. Asbestos is listed as responsible for lung cancer, without
Evidence for Pulmonary Venoconstriction in Brisket Disease
Authors: HIROSHI KUIDA, THEOFILOS J. TSAGARIS, HANS H. HECHT
Journal: Circulation Research (1963)

Measurements were made of simultaneous pulmonary artery wedge (PA w ) and left ventricular diastolic (LV ed ) pressures 39 times during 21 venous and left ventricular cardiac catheterization studies in eight animals with brisket disease. Each animal was studied during the acute phase of the disease. The remaining 13 studies were carried out in six animals at various intervals during spontaneous recovery from pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. A pressure gradient between PA w and LV ed (δP) which averaged 14.6 ± 1.6 (SE) mm Hg was demonstrated in 12 measurements during seven studies in four animals (group A). The δP in 27 measurements during 14 studies in six animals averaged 2.4 ±0.8 mm Hg (group B). Venous resistance (R v ) represented 39±5% of the total resistance (R T ) of pulmonary vessels in group A and 13±4% in group B studies. The δP and R v /R T in group A animals are consistent with findings caused by pulmonary venous obstruction. The obstruction was interpreted to represent the effect of pulmonary venoconstriction.
Antimalarial therapy prevents Myc-induced lymphoma
Authors: Chi V. Dang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

The two modes of self-destruction at the cellular level - apoptosis (self-killing) and autophagy (self-eating) - are thought to be tumor suppressive. In particular, germline loss of function of genes involved in autophagy has been associated with tumorigenesis. However, recent studies, including the one by Maclean et al. reported in this issue of the JCI, indicate that autophagy can provide a means for cell survival when nutrients are limiting, such that inhibition of autophagy by the antimalarial drug chloroquine can inhibit tumorigenesis, specifically Myc-induced lymphoma in mice (see the related article beginning on page 79). These findings suggest that a new use of an old drug for cancer prevention may profoundly affect disease outcome.
The Relationship of Pulmonary Venous Wedge to Pulmonary Arterial Pressures
Authors: P. SYAMASUNDAR RAO, NORMAN J. SISSMAN
Journal: Circulation (1971)

A comparison of pressure levels and pressure-time relationships in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary venous wedge pressure (PVWP) tracings was made from cardiac catheterization records of 60 patients, aged 1 day to 16 years. In 50 patients with normal or low PAP's there was close correlation between systolic, diastolic, and mean pressures in the two sites. In all 10 patients with pulmonary hypertension the PVWP's were elevated but were significantly different from corresponding PAP's. The wave contours showed qualitative similarities in most cases, but the duration of the rise in systolic pressure was longer, and the Q-pressure intervals were delayed in the PVWP tracings. Satisfactory PVWP's were obtained in 42 of 67 (63%) consecutive patients approached from the leg. Lack of correlation of pressures from the two sites in the presence of pulmonary hypertension may be attributed, in part, to decreased compliance of the pulmonary arterial system. It is concluded that the PVWP is useful in catheter evaluation of heart disease: when the PVWP is normal it usually reflects accurately the PAP; an elevated PVWP suggests an elevated PAP but cannot be used reliably as an indication of the actual arterial pressure.
Prostaglandins and coagulation and fibrinolysis systems in both portal and systemic circulations in cirrhosis
Authors: A OHMISHI
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Streptozotocin-induced pancreatic damage involves nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGs) overproduction. In this work we aim to evaluate a putative relationship between the elevated NO levels and the altered prostanoid production in pancreatic tissue from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Total NOS activity and nitrate/nitrite pancreatic levels in tissues from diabetic rats are decreased when the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin (INDO) is added to the incubating medium, while the addition of PGE2increases nitrate/nitrite production and NOS levels. INDO and PGE2selectively affect Ca2+-dependent NOS (iNOS) activity in diabetic tissues, and they have not been able to modify nitrate/nitrite levels, iNOS or Ca2+-dependent (cNOS) in control tissues. When the NOS inhibitor L-NMMA was present in the incubating medium, control pancreatic [14C]-Arachidonic Acid ([14C]-AA) conversion to 6-keto PGF1 αand to TXB2was lower, and PGF2α, PGE2and TXB2production from diabetic tissues diminished. The NO donors, spermine nonoate (SN) and SIN-1, enhanced TXB2levels in control tissues, while PGF2 α, PGE2and TXB2levels from diabetic tissues were increased. PGE2production from control and diabetic tissues was assessed in the presence of the NO donor SN plus INDO or NS398, a specific PG synthase 2 inhibitor. When SN combined with INDO or NS398 was added, the increment of PGE2production was abolished by both inhibitors in equal amounts, indicating that the activating effect of nitric oxide is exerted on the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase. In the diabetic rat, prostaglandins and NO seem to stimulate the generation of each other, suggesting a lack of regulatory mechanisms that control the levels of vasoactive substances in acute phase of β -cell destruction.
Occurrence of identical hypervariable region 1 sequences of hepatitis C virus in transfusion recipients and their respective blood donors: Divergence over time
Authors: Hsiang Ju Lin, Leonard B. Seeff, Luiz Barbosa, Blaine F. Hollinger
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

A total of 240 stored serum specimens from 30 transfusion recipients and 120 blood donors from the Transfusion–Transmitted Viruses Study (TTVS) were evaluated with the objective of establishing transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by specific blood donors. Phylogenetic analysis of hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) and HCV genotyping were performed on the genomic region encoding amino acids 329 to 410. Amino acid distances between HVR1 sequences were calculated by the Kimura formula. Bootstrap analysis of HVR1 sequences provided support for linking recipients to specific donors. Linear regression analysis showed no differences between donor and recipient HVR1 sequences 7.9 weeks posttransfusion, but donor and recipient sequences diverged thereafter ( r = 0.690). The initial lag phase in the evolution of HVR1 in the infected recipient was attributed to the time required to mount host immunologic defenses against the virus. Within–recipient divergence in HVR1 was determined from analyses of serial specimens collected within 2 weeks after the alanine transaminase peak, at the end of the original study (1974–1979), and in the follow–up study (1987–present). HVR1 remained invariant over a period of 6.7 to 9.5 days (95% CI) during acute infection. Within–patient divergence in HVR1 increased over a period of 11 to 15 years ( r = 0.771), reaching the degree of divergence observed between unlinked subjects. In cases in which transfusion involved more than one HCV subtype, only one of the HCV subtypes established infection in the recipient. Subtype–specific differences in HVR1 were shown.
Characterisation and quantification of mucosal cytokine that induces epithelial histocompatibility locus antigen-DR expression in inflammatory bowel disease.
Authors: J R Lowes, P Radwan, J D Priddle, D P Jewell
Journal: Gut (1992)

Epithelial histocompatibility locus antigen (HLA) class II expression was studied to evaluate its induction by mucosal mononuclear cells in inflammatory bowel disease and to characterise the responsible cytokine. Unstimulated cells of the HT-29 epithelial cell line did not produce class II molecules. After being stimulated with the mitogenic lectin phytohaemagglutinin mucosal mononuclear cells released a cytokine that induced epithelial HLA-DR expression. The cytokine had the physicochemical and immunological characteristics of interferon-gamma, and no additional cytokines were detected.
Sequence analysis of clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis and at relapse: implications for pathogenesis and for the clinical utility of PCR-based methods of minimal residual disease detection
Authors: Aihong Li, Jianbiao Zhou, David Zuckerman, Montse Rue, Virginia Dalton, Cheryl Lyons, Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, John G. Gribben
Journal: Blood (2003)
Food Exposures to Lead
Authors: Albert C. Kolbye, Kathryn R. Mahaffey, John A. Fiorino, Paul C. Corneliussen, Charles F. Jelinek
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1974)

Exposures to lead have emanated from various sources, including food, throughout human history. Occupational and environmental exposures (especially pica) appear to account for much of the identified human disease, however, food-borne exposures deserve further investigation. Lead residues in food can result from: biological uptake from soils into plants consumed by food animals or man, usage of lead arsenate pesticides, inadvertent addition during food processing, and by leaching them improperly glazed pottery used as food storage or dining utensils. Estimates of total dietary exposure should reflect frequency distribution data on lead levels in specific food commodities in relation to the quantities actually ingested by various sample populations to distinguish degrees of risk associated with particular dietary habits. Earlier estimates of average total dietary intake of lead by adults have been reported to range from above 500 mug/day downward with more recent estimates suggesting averages of 200 mug/day or lower. The strengths and weaknesses of these data are discussed along with analytical and sampling considerations. FDA programs related to food surveillance, epidemiology, and toxicological investigation are briefly described.
Abstract 4691: Overactivation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in localised non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) predicts dismal prognosis
Authors: Judith Michels, Aïcha Goubar, Julien Adam, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Ken André Olaussen, Angélique Robin, Philippe Girard, Isabelle Kremer, Maria Castedo, Jean-Charles Soria, Guido Kroemer
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Recent studies underscore the general cytoprotective role of PARP1 and PAR in response to multiple extrinsic and intrinsic stress signals. Moreover, elevated levels of PARP have been correlated with increased tumor aggressiveness in breast cancer. Based on these premises, we decided to test whether PARP/PAR levels would be associated with prognosis in a cohort of localised NSCLC patients. Our cohort of patients underwent surgery from 1994 to 2002 and did not receive any chemotherapy. In these tumors, expression of PARP enzyme and the presence of its product, PAR, exhibited a significant, though not absolute, correlation, as determined by immunohistochemistry. The staining of PAR and PARP was almost exclusively nuclear, though highly variable in its intensity. Ninety-two NSCLC specimens were scored on a continuous scale of 0-300 and patients were stratified (separated by the median) into PAR low, PAR high, PARP low and PARP high groups. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (which manifest high PARP and PAR levels) were used as an internal positive control of the staining procedure. Of note, among PARP low tumors, 32.5% were PAR high, indicating that low PARP protein levels do not preclude a high enzymatic activity. While high PAR levels had a significant negative impact on both disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (p=0.02 and 0.01, in univariate and 0.07 and 0.04 in multivariate analysis respectively), PARP expression did not correlate with either of these outcomes. We could validate PAR as a negative prognostic biomarker in a second cohort of 136 patients operated from 2002 to 2006. Altogether, these results identify high PAR levels as a biomarker of dismal prognosis in NSCLC. Citation Format: Judith Michels, Aïcha Goubar, Julien Adam, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Ken André Olaussen, Angélique Robin, Philippe Girard, Isabelle Kremer, Maria Castedo, Jean-Charles Soria, Guido Kroemer. Overactivation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in localised non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) predicts dismal prognosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4691. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4691
TWO CASES OF OVARIOTOMY IN WOMEN OVER 70 YEARS OF AGE
Authors: L. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1929)

TD B 679 quickened;he had crepitations at his right base, anid he died in tweity-four lhours.A limited post-maortcm examination only was allowed.Post-mortemn Findin g,s.The lower, lobe of his right lunig was found to be in a state of acute congestive engorgement.. Commeincing at the ileo-caecal junction the collapsed ileum was ttaced proximally.A length of 11 feet of collapsed ileum lay free
Clinical markers of slow healing and relapsing gastric ulcer.
Authors: G Battaglia, F Di Mario, A Piccoli, F Vianello, F Farinati, R Naccarato
Journal: Gut (1987)

The aim of the study was to identify the clinical markers useful in characterising slow healing and relapsing gastric ulcer patients. Ninety nine subjects entered the short term and 79 the long term study (12 months). The following parameters were taken into account: therapy, sex, age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, analgesic intake, peptic ulcer family history and onset of the disease. Results of the studies were analysed by means of chi 2 test and logistic regression, both in stepwise and in specifying models. Cigarette smoking was found to be the most important risk factor of non-healing (p = 0.04). In women with late onset of the disease, cigarette smoking identified the gastric ulcer subjects at higher risk of non-healing with a predictive probability of 0.4679. Age under 50 years was found to be the most important risk factor of relapsing throughout the entire 12 month follow up period (p = 0.025). In those under 50 years, cigarette smoking and negative peptic ulcer family history in combination, identified the gastric ulcer subjects at higher risk of relapsing, the predicted probability being 0.6027. It is concluded that cigarette smoking is the most important risk factor for non-healing and those who relapse under the age of 50. The possibility of singling out categories of patients more prone not to heal and to relapse suggests new strategies in the management of gastric ulcer disease.
Cortical connectivity in high-frequency beta-rhythm in schizophrenics with positive and negative symptoms
Authors: Valeria Strelets
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Abstract In chronic schizophrenic patients with both positive and negative symptoms (see Table 1), interhemispheric connections at the high frequency beta2-rhythm are absent during cognitive tasks, in contrast to normal controls, who have many interhemispheric connections at this frequency in the same situation. Connectivity is a fundamental brain feature, evidently greatly promoted by the NMDA system. It is a more reliable measure of brain function than the spectral power of this rhythm.
TCT-88 Three-year Clinical Outcomes of the First-In-Human Experience with Percutaneous Ventricular Restoration Using the Parachute Device in Patients with Ischemic Heart Failure and Dilated Left Ventricle
Authors: Marco Costa, Sinisa Gradinac, Ernest Mazzaferri, Horst Sievert, Igor Gregoric, Charles Davidson, Peter Berger, Albrecht Elsässer, Ron Waksman, Frank Smart, William Albernathy, William Abraham
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Rab27a mediates the tight docking of insulin granules onto the plasma membrane during glucose stimulation
Authors: Kazuo Kasai, Mica Ohara-Imaizumi, Noriko Takahashi, Shin Mizutani, Shengli Zhao, Toshiteru Kikuta, Haruo Kasai, Shinya Nagamatsu, Hiroshi Gomi, Tetsuro Izumi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

The monomeric small GTPase Rab27a is specifically localized on both secretory granules and lysosome-related organelles. Although natural mutations of the Rab27a gene in human Griscelli syndrome and in ashen mice cause partial albinism and immunodeficiency reflecting the dysfunction of lysosome-related organelles, phenotypes resulting from the defective exocytosis of secretory granules have not been reported. To explore the roles of Rab27a in secretory granules, we analyzed insulin secretion profiles in ashen mice. Ashen mice showed glucose intolerance after a glucose load without signs of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues or insulin deficiency in the pancreas. Insulin secretion from isolated islets was decreased specifically in response to high glucose concentrations but not other nonphysiological secretagogues such as high K+ concentrations, forskolin, or phorbol ester. Neither the intracellular Ca2+ concentration nor the dynamics of fusion pore opening after glucose stimulation were altered. There were, however, marked reductions in the exocytosis from insulin granules predocked on the plasma membrane and in the replenishment of docked granules during glucose stimulation. These results provide the first genetic evidence to our knowledge for the role of Rab27a in the exocytosis of secretory granules and suggest that the Rab27a/effector system mediates glucose-specific signals for the exocytosis of insulin granules in pancreatic β cells.
Tc-99m HMPAO Brain SPECT Findings in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Authors: CHIA-HUNG KAO, SHYH-JEN WANG, SHU-QUINN LIAO, SHIN-HWA YEH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

A Tc-99m HMPAO brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study of a patient with biopsy-proven Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) demonstrated decreased perfusion in the right frontal and temporal areas. Brain CT findings were normal, and electroencephalographic results were nonspecific. The clinical potential of Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT in the evaluation of CJD is described, and its use encouraged.
The centenary of medical thoracoscopy
Authors: G.F. Tassi, J.M. Tschopp
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

<i>Background</i>—The “topical” effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) seems to be an important cause of NSAID induced gastrointestinal damage. <i>Aim</i>—To examine the possible mechanism of the “topical” phase of damage in the small intestine. <i>Methods</i>—Electron microscopy and subcellular organelle marker enzyme studies were done in rat small intestine after oral administration of indomethacin (doses varied between 5 and 30 mg/kg). The effect of conventional and non-acidic NSAIDs on rat liver mitochondrial respiration was measured in vitro in a Clarke-type oxygen electrode. <i>Results</i>—The subcellular organelle marker enzymes showed mitochondrial and brush border involvement within an hour of indomethacin administration. Electron microscopy showed dose dependent mitochondrial changes following indomethacin administration consistent with uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (or inhibition of electron transport) which were indistinguishable from those seen with the uncoupler dinitrophenol. Parenteral indomethacin caused similar changes, but not in rats with ligated bile ducts. A range of NSAIDs, but not paracetamol or non-acidic NSAIDs which have a favourable gastrointestinal tolerability profile, uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation in vitro at micromolar concentrations and inhibited respiration at higher concentrations. In vivo studies with nabumetone and aspirin further suggested that uncoupling or inhibition of electron transport underlies the “topical” phase of NSAID induced damage. <i>Conclusion</i>—Collectively, these studies suggest that NSAID induced changes in mitochondrial energy production may be an important component of the “topical” phase of damage induction.
Extending initial prednisolone treatment in a randomized control trial from 3 to 6 months did not significantly influence the course of illness in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Aditi Sinha, Abhijeet Saha, Manish Kumar, Sonia Sharma, Kamran Afzal, Amarjeet Mehta, Mani Kalaivani, Pankaj Hari, Arvind Bagga
Journal: Kidney International (2014)
Vulnerability and Immune Response
Authors: Louis A. Gottschalk, William D. Welch, Jordan Weiss
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1983)

A summary of the scope and mechanisms of the immune response is given and the hypothesis is put forth that, from the immunologic point of view, infections and neoplasms are the result of deficient recognition or arousal of effective defense systems against a foreign invader. An overview is provided of animal and human natural history, epidemiological, or experimental studies relating psychosocial variables to host defenses against infectious and neoplastic disorders; these studies implicate the involvement and competency of the immune system. An exploratory study is reported examining the relationship of a depressive reaction in 7 human subjects to the immune function of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The 3 most depressed and/or hostile subjects showed significant inhibition of normal (chemiluminescence) immune response of polymorphonuclear neutrophils as compared to nondepressed healthy subjects. This inhibition of the immune response could not be attributed to the effects of pharmacologic agents, plasma cortisol levels, or differences in circadian rhythm.