tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Active immunization against virus infections due to antigenic drift by induction of crossreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Authors: K Kuwano, M Scott, J F Young, F A Ennis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

We have examined whether active immunization with c13 protein, a hybrid protein of the first 81 amino acids of the viral NS1 nonstructural protein and the HA2 subunit of A/PR/8 (H1N1) hemagglutinin, could protect BALB/c mice from challenge with A/PR/8 H1 subtype virus. Mice immunized with the c13 protein had a significant reduction of pulmonary virus titers with A/PR/8 (H1) virus, but failed to limit the replication of A/PC (H3) virus, which reflects the in vitro CTL activity of c13 immune spleen cells. We observed that the epitope recognized by HA2 specific CTL, which are induced by a derivative of c13 protein, is highly conserved among H1 and H2 subtype virus strains. This led us to test whether active immunization with c13 protein would also limit pulmonary virus replication in mice infected with the A/TW virus, a virus of the H1 subtype, which was isolated in 1986, and with a virus of the H2 subtype, A/Japan/305/57. Immunized mice had significantly lower lung virus titers than did control mice, and did not possess any neutralizing antibodies to the challenger viruses. These results indicate that active immunization with a fusion protein containing the cross-reactive CTL epitope protects mice from influenza infection by inducing CTL against influenza A H1 and H2 subtype virus strains, which markedly vary in their antibody binding sites on the HA1. The ability to induce active cross-reactive immunization with a fusion protein which contains a highly conserved CTL epitope offers a model for vaccine approaches against viruses which undergo significant variations in their antibody binding sites.
CNS tumors and exposure to acrylonitrile: Inconsistency between experimental and epidemiology studies
Authors: James J. Collins, Dale E. Strother
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (1999)

Acrylonitrile is a potent CNS tumorigen in rats leading to concern that it may be a tumorigen in humans. There have been 12 epidemiology studies of 37,352 workers exposed to acrylonitrile which evaluate CNS cancers. We summarize and evaluate these epidemiology studies for CNS cancers using the methods of meta-analysis. Our analyses indicate that workers with acrylonitrile exposure have null findings for CNS cancer (relative risk = 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.8-1.5), which are in stark contrast to the projected risk to humans using the rat findings (relative risk = 3.5, 95% confidence interval 3.0-4.0). We discuss several explanations for the inconsistency between animal and human findings, including the possibility that the acrylonitrile-induced rat CNS tumors may not be relevant to humans. Given the rarity of CNS tumors in humans and a lack of understanding of the causal mechanisms of these tumors in rats, however, a more definitive conclusion will have to await additional experimental and observational data. Nevertheless, the epidemiology evidence indicates that acrylonitrile is not a potent CNS tumorigen.
The structures of the colonic mucosa-associated and luminal microbial communities are distinct and differentially affected by a prolonged murine stressor
Authors: Jeffrey D Galley, Zhongtang Yu, Purnima Kumar, Scot E Dowd, Mark Lyte, Michael T Bailey
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

The commensal microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract live in a largely stable community structure, assisting in host physiological and immunological functions. Changes to this structure can be injurious to the health of the host, a concept termed dysbiosis. Psychological stress is a factor that has been implicated in causing dysbiosis, and studies performed by our lab have shown that restraint stress can indeed shift the cecal microbiota structure as well as increase the severity of a colonic infection caused by Citrobacter rodentium. However, this study, like many others, have focused on fecal contents when examining the effect of dysbiosis-causing stimuli (e.g. psychological stress) upon the microbiota. Since the mucosa-associated microbiota have unique properties and functions that can act upon the host, it is important to understand how stressor exposure might affect this niche of bacteria. To begin to understand whether chronic restraint stress changes the mucosa-associated and/or luminal microbiota mice underwent 7 16-hour cycles of restraint stress, and the microbiota of both colonic tissue and fecal contents were analyzed by sequencing using next-gen bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon technology (bTEFAP) pyrosequencing. Both control and stress groups had significantly different mucosa-associated and luminal microbiota communities, highlighting the importance of focusing gastrointestinal community structure analysis by microbial niche. Furthermore, restraint stress was able to disrupt both the mucosa-associated and luminally-associated colonic microbiota by shifting the relative abundances of multiple groups of bacteria. Among these changes, there was a significant reduction in the immunomodulatory commensal genus Lactobacillus associated with colonic mucosa. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. was not affected in the lumen. These results indicate that stressor-exposure can have distinct effects upon the colonic microbiota situated at the mucosal epithelium in comparison to the luminal-associated microbiota.
Role of cholecystokinin in pancreatic adaptation to massive enterectomy.
Authors: P Watanapa, M Egan, P H Deprez, J Calam, C E Sarraf, M R Alison, R C Williamson
Journal: Gut (1992)

Since pancreatic adaptation to massive proximal small bowel resection (PSBR) may be modulated through cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion, we tested the effect of the CCK antagonist CR-1409 on this response. Male Wistar rats (n = 72) weighing 220-225 g were randomised to receive either PSBR or transection/resuture followed by saline or CR-1409 (12 mg/kg daily subcutaneously). Rats were killed one, two, and three weeks post-operatively, at which time blood was obtained for CCK assay and the pancreas was assessed for proliferative activity by three parameters: nucleic acid and protein content, bromode-oxyuridine (BrdUrd) labelling index, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. PSBR increased plasma CCK concentration by 83-102% at 1-3 weeks, irrespective of CR-1409 administration. Total pancreatic DNA content per 100 g body weight increased by 34% at two weeks (p less than 0.05) and by 82% at three weeks (p less than 0.05), while RNA content increased by 60% and 178% (p less than 0.001) and protein content by 20% and 57% (p less than 0.05). PSBR increased the BrdUrd labelling index and the percentage of PCNA immunoreactive cells. CR-1409 completely abolished this proliferative response and also prevented the rise in nucleic acid and protein contents. Apart from growth stimulation, PSBR also enhanced pancreatic exocrine function, as shown by ultrastructural evidence of an appreciable decrease in zymogen granules; CR-1409 also inhibited this functional effect of hypercholecystokininaemia. The results confirm the tropic role of CCK after PSBR, and CR-1409 prevents this pancreatic adaptation.
Tubular Shear Stress and Phenotype of Renal Proximal Tubular Cells
Authors: Marie Essig, Ge[Combining Acute Accent]rard Friedlander
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2003)

Phenotypic alterations resulting from flow-induced mechanical strains is a growing field of research in many cell types such as vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. Because renal mass reduction is followed by a dramatic increase in GFR in the remaining nephron, modulation of tubular cell phenotype by flow-induced mechanical strains could be one of the events initiating the deleterious pathways that lead to the destruction of renal parenchyma after renal mass reduction. This study demonstrates that increased flow induced, in vitro and in vivo, a reinforcement of the apical domain of actin cytoskeleton and an inhibition of plasminogen activator expression. These effects of flow on plasminogen activator expression were prevented by blocking the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton and were associated with an increase in a shear-stress responsive element binding activity. These results confirm that tubular flow affects the phenotype of renal epithelial cells and suggest that flow-induced mechanical strains could be one determinant of tubulointerstitial lesions during the progression of renal diseases.
Histocompatibility antigen-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes. I. Estimates of the absolute frequency of killer cells generated in vitro.
Authors: K F Lindahl, D B Wilson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1977)

A sensitive procedure employing limiting dilution of activated lymphocytes and 51Cr release from highly labeled target cells was used to derive minimal estimates of the absolute frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) present in a population of mouse lymphocytes activated to alloantigens of the major histocompatibility complex in bulk mixed lymphocyte cultures. From this figure (0.7-1.2%), the maximal rate of target cell killing could be calculated to be approximately 4 targets/CTL/hour.
Pulmonary Infiltrates after Cytokine Therapy for Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: DANIEL J. O'HEARN, KRISTIN M. LEIFERMAN, FREDERICK ASKIN, STEVE N. GEORAS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Interleukin-2 (IL-2), a product of activated T-cells, is now being used in a number of protocols for cancer immunotherapy. In one stem cell transplantation protocol for breast cancer, IL-2 is used together with interferon- γ (IFN- γ ) and cyclosporine to stimulate a graft-versus-tumor response and improve the likelihood of a prolonged remission. We present the case of a patient who developed peripheral eosinophilia, perihilar infiltrates, and hypoxemia after autologous stem cell transplantation and the use of recombinant IL-2 and IFN- γ . Histologic analysis of transbronchial lung biopsies demonstrated a few eosinophils within the bronchial submucosa. Immunostaining using antibodies directed against eosinophil major basic protein (MBP), however, revealed massive extracellular deposition of this toxic granule protein throughout the lung parenchyma. IL-2 therapy is well known to induce a peripheral eosinophilia and to be associated with the capillary leak syndrome characterized by weight gain, edema, and oliguria. The findings noted in this case report suggest that the eosinophil activation that accompanies immunologic therapy with IL-2 can result in direct toxicity to the lung and a localized vascular leak syndrome. This syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates that occur acutely after bone marrow transplantation with cytokine augmentation.
Type of pain, pain-associated complications, quality of life, disability and resource utilisation in chronic pancreatitis: a prospective cohort study
Authors: D. K. Mullady, D. Yadav, S. T. Amann, M. R. O'Connell, M. M. Barmada, G. H. Elta, J. M. Scheiman, E.-J. Wamsteker, W. D. Chey, M. L. Korneffel, B. M. Weinman, A. Slivka, S. Sherman, R. H. Hawes, R. E. Brand, F. R. Burton, M. D. Lewis, T. B. Gardner, A. Gelrud, J. DiSario, J. Baillie, P. A. Banks, D. C. Whitcomb, M. A. Anderson
Journal: Gut (2010)

<h3>Objective</h3> To compare patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) with constant pain patterns to patients with CP with intermittent pain patterns. <h3>Methods</h3> This was a prospective cohort study conducted at 20 tertiary medical centers in the USA comprising 540 subjects with CP. Patients with CP were asked to identify their pain from five pain patterns (A–E) defined by the temporal nature (intermittent or constant) and the severity of the pain (mild, moderate or severe). Pain pattern types were compared with respect to a variety of demographic, quality of life (QOL) and clinical parameters. Rates of disability were the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included: use of pain medications, days lost from school or work, hospitalisations (preceding year and lifetime) and QOL as measured using the Short Form-12 (SF-12) questionnaire. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 540 CP patients, 414 patients (77%) self-identified with a particular pain pattern and were analysed. Patients with constant pain, regardless of severity, had higher rates of disability, hospitalisation and pain medication use than patients with intermittent pain. Patients with constant pain had lower QOL (by SF-12) compared with patients who had intermittent pain. Additionally, patients with constant pain were more likely to have alcohol as the aetiology for their pancreatitis. There was no association between the duration of the disease and the quality or severity of the pain. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This is the largest study ever conducted of pain in CP. These findings suggest that the temporal nature of pain is a more important determinant of health-related QOL and healthcare utilisation than pain severity. In contrast to previous studies, the pain associated with CP was not found to change in quality over time. These results have important implications for improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying pain in CP and for the goals of future treatments and interventions.
Will to win as a psychological differential to play and triumph among female runners, jumpers and throwers
Authors: T Onima Reddy, Vikram Singh, T Pushpa Reddy
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

The purpose of the study was to compare will to win as a psychological differential to play and triumph among female runners, jumpers and throwers. For the purpose of the study, 60 female athletes (15 short distance runners, 15 long distance runners, 15 jumpers and 15 throwers) were randomly selected from 10th National Junior Federation Cup Athletic Championship 2010 held at Visakhapatnam as the subjects of the study. The variable selected for the purpose of this study was: will to win. Will to win was assessed by the total scores in Will to Win Questionnaire constructed and standardised by Prof Anand Kumar Shrivastava and Prem Shankar Shukla. With the help of the questionnaire related to will to win as a psychological variable necessary data were collected. Data were collected with regard to will to win variable from 60 female athletes in 10th National Junior Federation Cup Athletic Championship 2010 held at Visakhapatnam. The data was analysed by applying descriptive statistic that is, mean, SD, SE and range and analysis of variance. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The findings of the study in relation to will to win showed insignificant difference among short distance runners, long distance runners, jumpers and throwers. On the basis of the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: insignificant difference among short distance runners, long distance runners, jumpers and throwers was found as will to win is defined as the intensity of the desire to defeat an opponent or to exceed some performance standard in a given sports.
Higher fasting plasma glucose levels within the normoglycaemic range and rotator cuff tears
Authors: U G Longo, F Franceschi, L Ruzzini, F Spiezia, N Maffulli, V Denaro
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

Objective: To determine the plasma glucose levels in non-diabetic patients with rotator cuff tear. Design: Frequency-matched case–control study. Setting: University Teaching Hospital. Participants: The study included 194 subjects who were operated on at our institution. Group 1 included 97 consecutive patients (36 men and 61 women; mean age: 62.9 years, range 37 to 82) who underwent arthroscopic repair of a rotator cuff tear in 2007 and 2008. Group 2 (control group) included 97 patients (36 men and 61 women; mean age: 61.6 years, range 36 to 80) who underwent arthroscopic meniscectomy for a meniscal tear in the same period, and had no evidence of shoulder pathology. These patients were frequency-matched by age (within 3 years) and gender with patients of Group 1. Main outcome measure: Measurement of fasting plasma glucose levels. Results: Patients with rotator cuff tears (Group 1) showed statistically significantly higher fasting plasma glucose levels within the normoglycaemic range (p = 0.007) than patients with meniscal tear (Group 2). Conclusions: The present study suggests that normal, but in the high range of normal, increasing plasma glucose levels may be a risk factor for rotator cuff tear. An enhanced understanding of these factors holds the promise of new approaches to the prevention and management of rotator cuff tears.
PSYCHOSES ASSOCIATED WITH EPILEPSY
Authors: R. A. CLARK, J. M. LESKO
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1939)

The literature on psychoses associated with epilepsy has been reviewed. Twenty-two personal cases are described. Fourteen had clouded states, which were found to be transitory obscurings of consciousness of varying depths, developing some years after seizures first began, usually occurring after several successive convulsions, characterized nearly always by overactivity, by variable speech abnormalities, wide variations of mood, visual and auditory hallucinations, delusions, disorientation, poor recent memory, defective judgment, and little or no insight. In some cases, the content of the psychosis could be partly traced to earlier factors in the patient's lives. The clouded states were compared to alcoholic pathological intoxication. Three had chronic psychoses resembling schizophrenia. One other was considerably deteriorated. The rest were unclassified. The neuropathological processes underlying these conditions are unknown. The clouded states contribute to the study of psychopathology. Psychotherapy might be of some value. There is great need of research in this almost untouched field.
Effect of Tumor Immunity on Production of Lung Tumors After Intravenous Inoculation of Antigenically Identical Tumor Cells
Authors: Hilda Wexler, Paul B. Chretien, Alfred S. Ketcham
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1972)

Journal Article Effect of Tumor Immunity on Production of Lung Tumors After Intravenous Inoculation of Antigenically Identical Tumor Cells Get access Hilda Wexler, M.A., Hilda Wexler, M.A. Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute,3Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Paul B. Chretien, M.D., Paul B. Chretien, M.D. Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute,3Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Alfred S. Ketcham, M.D. Alfred S. Ketcham, M.D. Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute,3Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 48, Issue 3, March 1972, Pages 657–663, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/48.3.657 Published: 01 March 1972 Article history Received: 14 July 1971 Accepted: 15 November 1971 Published: 01 March 1972
Experience with Devices implanted fixed-rate pacemakers
Authors: H. Siddons, G. Davies
Journal: Thorax (1973)

The fate of 183 implants of Devices TF 2970 fixed-rate pacemakers is analysed. The incidence of clinical complications such as sepsis or skin necrosis, displacement of the electrode, and exit block, and the causes of the 19 deaths are discussed. In 28 of the 183 pacemakers pacing stopped for technical reasons, which are described; the commonest cause of failure was the batteries. The incidence of pacemaker failure has been estimated statistically from a much larger series of 558 implants.
CUTANEOUS AND SUBCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS
Authors: R. BYRON EVANS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1938)

Journal Article CUTANEOUS AND SUBCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS Get access R. BYRON EVANS R. BYRON EVANS Skin Department, London Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 50, Issue 1, 1 January 1938, Pages 17–22, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1938.tb10409.x Published: 01 January 1938
Nationwide Trends in Mastectomy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Kristy L. Kummerow, Liping Du, David F. Penson, Yu Shyr, Mary A. Hooks
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

Accredited breast centers in the United States are measured on performance of breast conservation surgery (BCS) in the majority of women with early-stage breast cancer. Prior research in regional and limited national cohorts suggests a recent shift toward increasing performance of mastectomy in patients eligible for BCS.To examine whether mastectomy rates in patients eligible for BCS are increasing over time nationwide, and are associated with coincident increases in breast reconstruction and bilateral mastectomy for unilateral disease.We performed a retrospective cohort study of temporal trends in performance of mastectomy for early-stage breast cancer using multivariable logistic regression modeling to adjust for pertinent covariates and interactions. We studied more than 1.2 million adult women treated at centers accredited by the American Cancer Society and the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2011, using the National Cancer Data Base.Year of breast cancer diagnosis.Proportion of women with early-stage breast cancer who underwent mastectomy. Secondary outcome measures include temporal trends in breast reconstruction and bilateral mastectomy for unilateral disease.A total of 35.5% of the study cohort underwent mastectomy. The adjusted odds of mastectomy in BCS-eligible women increased 34% during the most recent 8 years of the cohort, with an odds ratio of 1.34 (95% CI, 1.31-1.38) in 2011 relative to 2003. Rates of increase were greatest in women with clinically node-negative disease (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.34-1.41) and in situ disease (odds ratio, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.95-2.15). In women undergoing mastectomy, rates of breast reconstruction increased from 11.6% in 1998 to 36.4% in 2011 (P < .001 for trend). Rates of bilateral mastectomy for unilateral disease increased from 1.9% in 1998 to 11.2% in 2011 (P < .001).In the past decade, there have been marked trends toward higher proportions of BCS-eligible patients undergoing mastectomy, breast reconstruction, and bilateral mastectomy. The greatest increases are seen in women with node-negative and in situ disease. Mastectomy rates do not yet exceed current American Cancer Society/American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer accreditation benchmarks. Further research is needed to understand factors associated with these trends and their implications for performance measurement in American Cancer Society/American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer centers.
Strategies for prevention of soccer related injuries: a systematic review
Authors: L Olsen, A Scanlan, M MacKay, S Babul, D Reid, M Clark, P Raina
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2004)

Objectives: To examine evidence on the effectiveness of current injury prevention strategies in soccer, determine the applicability of the evidence to children and youth, and make recommendations on policy, programming, and future research. Methods: Standard systematic review methodology was modified and adopted for this review. Research questions and relevance criteria were developed a priori. Potentially relevant studies were located through electronic and hand searches. Articles were assessed for relevance and quality by two independent assessors, and the results of relevant articles were abstracted and synthesised. Results: A total of 44 potentially relevant articles from electronic (n = 37) and hand (n = 7) searches yielded four that met inclusion criteria. These four studies addressed a range of intervention strategies and varied with respect to results and quality of evidence. Conclusions: Some of the strategies look promising but lack adequate evaluation or require further research among younger players. Practice, policy, and research recommendations are provided as a result of the synthesis.