tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hemolytic anemia induced by ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Role of membrane oxidative damage
Authors: Lucia De Franceschi, Giovanna Fattovich, Franco Turrini, Kodjo Ayi, Carlo Brugnara, Franco Manzato, Franco Noventa, Anna Maria Stanzial, Pietro Solero, Roberto Corrocher
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

The antiviral drug ribavirin (RBV) is widely used in combination with interferon (IFN) in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A major side effect of RBV is a reversible hemolytic anemia. We have evaluated the in vitro effects of RBV on erythrocyte adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and on hexosemonophosphate shunt (HMS). The ATP levels were significantly decreased in the presence of RBV and the HMS was increased, suggesting the presence of red cell susceptibility to oxidation. In vivo , we have studied the hematologic effects of treatment with RBV alone or in combination with IFN in 11 patients with chronic hepatitis C: 6 were treated with RBV (1,000-1,200 mg/d) and 5 were treated with a combination of RBV and IFN (5 million U thrice weekly). Patients were studied at semi-monthly intervals from 0 to day 60 of therapy. Both treatments were associated with a significant reduction in hemoglobin levels (steady state level at day 45) and a marked increase in absolute reticulocyte counts. Erythrocyte Na-K pump activity was significantly diminished, whereas K-Cl cotransport and its dithiotreitol-sensitive fraction, malondialdehyde and methemoglobin levels were significantly increased. RBV-treated patients showed an increase in aggregated band 3, which was associated with a significantly increased binding of autologous antibodies and complement C3 fragments indicating an erithrophagocytic removal by reticuloendothelial system.
Residence Time Distributions of various Tracers in Tumors: Implications for Drug Delivery and Blood Flow Measurement
Authors: C. J. Eskey, N. Wolmark, C. L. McDowell, M. M. Domach, R. K. Jain
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Journal Article Residence Time Distributions of various Tracers in Tumors: Implications for Drug Delivery and Blood Flow Measurement Get access C. J. Eskey, C. J. Eskey Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar N. Wolmark, N. Wolmark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar C. L. McDowell, C. L. McDowell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. M. Domach, M. M. Domach Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. K. Jain R. K. Jain * * Correspondence to: Rakesh K. Jain, Ph.D., Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. MA 02114 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 86, Issue 4, 16 February 1994, Pages 293–299, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.4.293 Published: 16 February 1994 Article history Received: 23 July 1993 Revision received: 05 November 1993 Accepted: 17 November 1993 Published: 16 February 1994
Dermatology academy drafts skin cancer warning
Authors: C. Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1992)

MOUNTING EVIDENCE that occupational and recreational exposure, as well as other human-contrived hazards, are major contributors to skin cancers is prompting the American Academy of Dermatology to call for a national action plan.  During a two-day conference in Washington, DC, the academy drafted a statement warning of increasing environmental hazards to the skin, especially those resulting in malignant melanoma. The statement is to be considered for approval by the academy's Board of Directors early this month.  Cancer Alert Projects  Projects drawing attention to the increasing risk of skin cancers are also being planned, says an academy spokesman, although he said he could not be specific because they have not yet been approved. But, he says: There is a concern that this meeting be followed up with some substantative projects.  Skin carcinomas are the most common cancers in the United States, with about 600 000 new cases reported annually. Basal and
Induced Immune Tolerance for Kidney Transplantation
Authors: John D. Scandling, Stephan Busque, Judith A. Shizuru, Edgar G. Engleman, Samuel Strober
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

In this study, patients who received HLA-matched kidney transplants received a donor-cell infusion of highly enriched CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells mixed with CD3+ T cells, and a conditioning regimen of total lymphoid irradiation and anti–T-cell antibodies.
Abstract 3273: Prolactin promotes breast lesion progression and alters tumor histotype
Authors: Kathleen A. O'Leary, Amy R. Moser, Linda A. Schuler
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Prolactin (PRL) is critical for mammary development and lactation. Epidemiological studies also support a role for PRL in breast cancer (1). In order to study the contributions of PRL to tumor development and progression, we developed a transgenic mouse model that expresses PRL in the mammary epithelial cells (NRL-PRL), mimicking the mammary PRL production in women (2). To explore the interactions of PRL and Wnts in mammary tumorigenesis, NRL-PRL mice were crossed with APCmin/+ mice, which have elevated canonical Wnt signals secondary to reduced β-catenin degradation. Females were administered a single ip dose of ENU (50 mg/kg body weight) at 35-40 days of age. This paradigm in the F1 (FVB/N x C57BL/6J) strain background resulted in few mammary tumors (14%) in NRL-PRL nonparous females. APCmin/+ animals developed tumors at a slightly higher incidence (27%), as previously reported (3). However, penetrance rose to 66% in NRL-PRL/APCmin/+ females, indicating that PRL potentiates APCmin/+-induced tumorigenesis (P=0.008). The presence of PRL also strongly impacted the tumor histotype (P&amp;lt;0.0001). The majority of tumors in APCmin/+ animals were composed of squamous nodules with pilar lesions (63%), while tumors in PRL/ APCmin/+ animals were most often adenocarcinomas of varying histotype (75%). Glands from younger age-matched nonparous females (120 d), prior to palpable lesions, were examined to begin to determine the mechanism of PRL actions. Analyses of “whole mounted” glands showed that both APCmin/+ and PRL/ APCmin/+ animals exhibited multiple epithelial hyperplasias. However, although the numbers of hyperplasias were similar between the two genotypes, the lesions were significantly larger in the PRL/ APCmin/+ glands (P&amp;lt;0.05). This correlated with an increase in the proliferation rate (P&amp;lt;0.01), but no change in apoptosis. Thus, PRL appears to promote tumor progression and affect factors influencing tumor histotype in the APCmin/+ model. The NRL-PRL mouse provides a means of studying how PRL promotes breast cancer alone and in conjunction with other oncogenes. 1Tworoger SS, Hankinson SE. (2008) J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 13:41-53. 2Arendt LM, Schuler LA. (2008) J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 13:29-40. 3Moser AR, Hegge LF, Cardiff RD. (2001) Cancer Res. 61: 3480-3485. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3273.
Incidence of Gastric Lesions in Patients with Rheumatic Disease on Chronic Aspirin Therapy
Authors: G. R. SILVOSO
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Endoscopy was done in 82 patients with rheumatic disease who were receiving chronic aspirin therapy. Fifty-eight patients were taking at least eight aspirin tablets daily for 3 or more months; 24 patients were taking, in addition to the aspirin, a maximum of one other antiinflammatory, nonsteroidal medication. Endoscopy in 45 normal subjects not taking aspirin showed no ulcers or erosions and a 4% incidence of gastric erythema. In the 82 patients with rheumatic disease, 14(17%) had gastric ulcers, 33 (40%) had gastric erosions, and 62 (76%) had gastric erythema. Regular aspirin and buffered aspirin users had an ulcer incidence of 23% and 31%, respectively, compared with a 6% incidence in entericcoated aspirin users (P < 0.05). One third of all patients with gastric ulcer had no gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients taking chronic aspirin therapy for rheumatic diseases have a higher than suspected incidence of gastric ulcer and erosions. Gastric ulcer may exist without symptoms in such patients.
ICTAL DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN TEMPORAL LOBE DISORDERS
Authors: ANDRE A. WEIL
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1956)

Whereas affective disturbances may accompany almost any organic cerebral disorder, the occurrence of "ictal emotions" (suddenly occurring and again disappearing emotional reactions) are frequently associated with disorders of the temporal lobe. We noted a distinct relationship between paroxysmal, depressive reactions and uncinate attacks. Ictal depressions lasting from hours to weeks occurred in 7 subjects whose principal seizure manifestations consisted of uncinate attacks and temporal lobe automatisms. Depressive episodes preceded or followed temporal lobe seizures or occurred paroxysmally in the "free interval" between seizures. Serial EEG's demonstrate that this particular type of depressive reaction may be due to subclinica 'hippocampal-amygdaloid-temporal lobe epilepsy" and/or due to afterdischarges from the same structures following manifest seizure activation. The occurrence of paroxysmal fear, or "isolated anxiety" has been sporadically mentioned in the literature as a correlate of temporal lobe seizures, particularly as expression of a temporal lobe aura. We noted "paroxysmal anxiety" in 4 subjects, not only immediately preceding temporal lobe seizures, but also as an "isolated," affective phenomenon in the so-called "free interval." These anxiety attacks seem to bear a relationship to "firing" of the temporal lobe cortex, as demonstrated by our serial EEG observations and as evidenced by Penfield and co-workers during electrical stimulation. [SEE FIG. 7. IN SOURCE PDF.]
Smoking Eliminates the Protective Effect of Oral Estrogens on the Risk for Hip Fracture among Women
Authors: Douglas P. Kiel, John A. Baron, Jennifer J. Anderson, Marian T. Hannan, David T. Felson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Objective: To determine if the association between smoking and osteoporotic fractures is related to the quantity of cigarettes smoked and to determine if smoking modifies the protection by estrogens. Design: Cohort study. Setting: A population-based cohort study, the Framingham Study. Participants: A total of 2873 women in the Framingham Study followed through examination 19 (1985-1987). Measurements: All fractures of the proximal femur sustained by women in the Framingham Study from 1948 to 1987 were ascertained. At almost all examinations, available information on cigarette smoking was used to classify women as "ever smokers" compared with "never smokers," and, among "ever smokers," "current" compared with "former smokers." A similar classification for estrogen use was created. Information on potentially confounding variables was taken from each examination, including age, adiposity (weight/ height2), alcohol consumption (ounces per week), and caffeine intake (coffee and tea). Results: Overall, 207 hip fractures occurred among 34 700 woman-examinations of observation. In the entire cohort, current smoking did not appear to increase hip fracture risk (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.22; 95% Cl, 0.76 to 1.95; P > 0.2). Also overall, current estrogen use appeared to be protective (AOR, 0.38; Cl, 0.12 to 1.21, P= 0.10). Among current smokers, however, estrogen use did not protect against fracture (AOR for current use, 1.26; Cl, 0.29 to 5.45), whereas estrogen was protective in nonsmokers (AOR for current or past use, 0.37; Cl, 0.19 to 0.75; P= 0.005). Conclusions: Overall, smoking does not appear to increase the risk for hip fracture in women. Although estrogen replacement protects nonsmokers from fracture, smoking may negate the protective skeletal effects of estrogen replacement therapy.
Endoscopic submucosal dissection allows less-invasive curative resection for gastric tube cancer after esophagectomy – a case series
Authors: W. Osumi, Y. Fujita, M. Hiramatsu, M. Kawai, K. Sumiyoshi, E. Umegaki, S. Tokioka, Y. Yoda, Y. Egashira, S. Abe, K. Higuchi, N. Tanigawa
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

One of the hallmarks of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the appearance of metachronous tumors in various organs after esophagectomy [1] [2] [3]. Gastric tube cancers (GTCs), defined as gastric cancer arising from the reconstructed gastric tube after esophagectomy, usually remain asymptomatic for a long period and have been typically detected in an advanced stage. However, several reports since the mid-1990s have described successful treatment of GTC by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) [2] [4] [5]. Although GTC is fortunately diagnosed as early stage within the EMR criteria [6], problems of location, size, and occasionally piecemeal resection, which are specifically observed in the gastric tube, have been encountered for GTC using EMR procedures.
Are ascitic fluid cholesterol and ratio of ascites/serum cholesterol able to reflect hepatic sinusoidal capillarization?
Authors: K. Demir, C. Karaca, S. Kaymakoglu, S. Ozdil, F. Besisik, G. Boztas, Z. Mungan, Y. Cakaloglu, U. Cevikbas, A. Okten
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
A CASE OF SCARLET FEVER COMPLICATED BY PERITONITIS
Authors: Ruth E. Taylor
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Generalized peritonitis is rarely encountered during scarlet fever. Most textbooks make no mention of this complication. It did not occur among 2,595 cases of scarlet fever observed by Weaver<sup>1</sup>between 1913 and 1922. McCollom and Blake<sup>2</sup>reported four cases in a series of 5,000 cases. Platou<sup>3</sup>found eleven cases reported in the literature prior to 1924. Among these cases, four occurred early in the disease and concomitantly with a profound sepsis, and seven occurred secondary to some other complication. Streptococci were found in the peritoneal cavity in seven of these cases, but no report was made of any bacteriologic examination of the blood. The following case is deemed of sufficient interest to merit a brief report. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> A white girl, aged 4½ years, entered the hospital, May 12, 1926, with a diagnosis of scarlet fever and ruptured appendis. The family and past history was essentially
[564] HIV-HCV COINFECTED PATIENTS WITH NORMAL CD4 COUNT DO NOT HAVE A MORE RAPID PROGRESSION OF FIBROSIS THAN HCV MONOINFECTED PATIENTS
Authors: M. Ziol, M. Andrieu, N. Barget, N. Bonilla, M. Bentata, B. Jarousse, F. Roudot-Thoraval, V. Grando-Lemaire, V. Jeantils, M. Beaugrand, D. Roulot
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
THE DIFFERENTIATION OF STREPTOCOCCI BY MEANS OF FERMENTATIVE TESTS
Authors: Leo Buerger
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1907)

If we glance again at the classification proposed by Andrewes and Horder we are struck at once by the fact that no hard and fast differences in fermentative properties characterize the various groups, and that the authors prefer to have recourse to the most frequent habitat of the organisms and to chemical tests, rather than to confine themselves to the latter method alone. From what has been said earlier in this paper, it becomes clear at once that the results gained by these authors are not convincing, for in their work they have failed to use the most favorable medium for growth of the organisms. And thus it can hardly be doubted that different reactions might have been obtained, under the conditions adopted by us. How otherwise could the fact be explained that of thirty-four of their pneumococci only eight fermented inulin. We had a similar experience while using the plain broth which led us to reject it as an unfavorable medium. Further, all our pneumococci fermented lactose with great rapidity. Andrewes and Horder report that eight of their series left lactose unchanged. Taking our own tests into consideration we find that working with but a small number of carbohydrates we were able to find six different varieties of streptococci among only 33 pathogenic strains. Which of the various substances is to decide us in the grouping of the organisms? Would we not find even greater variations from the most common type (see No. 4 in table) if we were to extend our tests over a larger series of chemical agents? These questions are difficult to answer and only extended experimentation with a great many streptococci and many media will clear up the doubtful points. In concluding it may be stated: 1. Streptococci vary considerably in their ability to produce acid from various carbohydrates. 2. Chemical tests of this kind should be made only in the media which are most favorable for the growth of the organisms. 3. Our results gave us six groups of streptococci, when tested upon dextrose, levulose, galactose, maltose, saccharose, lactose, inulin, dextrin and mannite, viz.: Those fermenting (1) all; (2) all but mannite; (3) all but inulin; (4) all but inulin and mannite; (5) all but inulin and lactose; and (6) all but inulin, mannite and saccharose. 4. In view of the comparatively small number of streptococci employed we are hardly warranted in making a definite classification. Perhaps a larger series of tests upon the media employed will enable us to divide streptococci into distinct classes characterized by certain fixed fermentative properties.
UN expert calls for greater care and assistance for victims of child pornography
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Governments must ensure that minors who have been subject to sexual abuse by child pornographers and who have had their images disseminated on websites are provided with integrated care that sees them through to recovery, says a UN independent expert.

More than four million websites feature sexually exploited children, and the number is growing, said Najat M’jid Maalla, the United Nations’ special rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography. 

She told a session of the UN Human Rights Council that professionals needed training to spot child victims of sexual predators more effectively. Resources and expertise need to be allocated to help victims and their families.

Dr Maalla, a paediatrician who has been involved …
A DISCUSSION ON ANATOMY OF THE ANTRUM OF HIGHMORE.
Authors: M. H. FLETCHER
Journal: JAMA (1897)

The two following quotations are from the discussion on a paper by the present author, entitled "What a Dentist saw in Examining 500 Crania," read before the Mississippi Valley Dental Association, April 18, 1895. Dr. J. E. Cravens; "I believe that if the Doctor had examined the skulls in the living subjects he would have found his proposition a mistake. I believe that nature never pushed the apex of a tooth root into the Highmorian cavity, without a bony protection, however thin. She never completed the apex of the root of a tooth in the mucous membrane alone." Dr. H. A. Smith: "I doubt very much the entire absence of bone. If the position taken by Dr. Fletcher is true it may account for certain lesions, phases of facial neuralgia. I doubt very much if the root of a tooth ever penetrates the antrum. You must have a thin covering
User charges require objective analysis
Authors: M. A. Soljak
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Thomson and colleagues explain how charges are being refined to reduce low value care in Europe but conclude that the UK does not need this strategy because it uses others.1 To reduce low value care, every effective strategy is needed.

User charges for prescriptions in the UK raise about £1bn (€1.17bn; $1.57bn) annually. The efficiency …
Metastasis of Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma into the Gastrostomy Tract After Placement of a Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Catheter
Authors: K. J. van Erpecum, W. L. Akkersdijk, C. C. Wárlám-Rodenhuis, G. P. van Berge Henegouwen, T. J. M. V. van Vroonhoven
Journal: Endoscopy (1995)

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy catheters are frequently placed in patients with pharyngeal tumors. In this article, we report a patient with a metastasis of a large hypopharyngeal carcinoma in the gastrostomy tract, probably caused by placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy catheter by the pull method. The metastasis decreased considerably in size after high-dose radiation therapy (as had the original hypopharyngeal tumor). The patient subsequently had a curative resection of the residual metastatic tumor, but one month after the operation he died of a cerebrovascular accident.
The Arrhythmogenic Effects of Caffeine in Human Beings
Authors: David J. Dobmeyer, Ronald A. Stine, Carl V. Leier, Richard Greenberg, Stephen F. Schaal
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

IT has been estimated that in a typical year Americans consume nearly 109 kg of coffee.1 In addition, large amounts of tea, cola, and other caffeinated substances are ingested.Caffeine has long been implicated in the causation of arrhythmias, but studies in human beings have been limited. This study was undertaken to determine the cardiac electrophysiologic effects of caffeine, as well as caffeine's arrhythmogenic potential, in normal volunteers and patients with heart disease.MethodsSeven normal volunteers with a mean age of 24 years (range, 20 to 31) and 12 patients with a mean age of 43 years (range, 17 . . .