tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Presence of alternative lengthening of telomeres associated circular extrachromosome telomere repeats in primary leukemia cells of chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Oumar Samassekou, Abba Malina, Josée Hébert, Ju Yan
Journal: Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2013)

The predominant mechanism by which human tumors maintain telomere length is via telomerase. In ~10% of tumor samples, however, telomere length is conserved, despite no detectable telomerase activity, in part through activation of the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway.We studied the circular extra-chromosomal telomeric repeat (ECTR), an ALT hallmark, and telomerase activity in 24 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in chronic phase (CP).We identified the presence of ECTR in primary leukemia cells from some of these samples, which indicates the possible involvement of an ALT mechanism. Moreover, we found that some samples exhibited both circular ECTR and telomerase activities, suggesting that both mechanisms can contribute to the onset of CML.We propose that ALT or the combined activities of ALT and telomerase might be required for the early stages of leukemogenesis. These findings shed new light into the oncogenic pathways responsible for the maintenance of telomere length in leukemia, which will ultimately determine the effectiveness of anti-telomerase-based treatment protocols.
Exercise-associated hyponatraemia: facts and myths
Authors: Yoram Epstein, Yoav Cohen-Sivan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

In an elaborate manuscript, Noakes and Speedy argue that exercise-associated hyponatraemia (EAH) is due to overhydration and that the usual sodium deficit incurred during exercise plays an insignificant role.1,2 Furthermore, these researchers claim that the reluctance to accept their evidence may be because it conflicts with the prevalent message of the sports drink industry. This approach is, however, oversimplification of the situation and at best singlesided. Noakes and Speedy in actuality prove the obvious. Overhydration will dilute body fluid, and thus plasma sodium concentration, as the primary extracellular electrolyte, will consequently be reduced. However, because hyponatraemia can be observed in the presence of a normal, depleted or expanded plasma volume, the issue of hyponatraemia should be approached from a broader perspective. We emphasise that the inability to replace cumulative sodium losses in sweat during long physical exertions is not less important as the background for EAH, whereas hyperhydration is only a marginal, although vastly reported, condition associated with EAH.

Body fluid homoeostasis is a primary variable, which is important in the stability of the “inner environment”. Therefore, total body water and the proportion of extracellular to intracellular volumes should be maintained very delicately. Dehydration during exercise results in graded physiological responses, including a decrease in cardiac output despite an increase in heart rate, an increase in core temperature and a decrease in peripheral blood flow, which ultimately affects performance. Eichna et …
EPILEPSY AND INSANITY
Authors: P. Fenwick, G. Fenton, A. Aspinall, C. Gardner-Thorpe, P. Bowden, R. Godwin-Austen, V. Cairnie, C. Howard, W. Donovan, J. Mackeith, P. D'Orban, A. Minto, M. Parsonage, J. Oxley, D. Pitcher, H. Rollin, M. Salmon, D. Taylor, J. Taylor, G. Tennent, S. White
Journal: The Lancet (1984)
Haplotype-specific suppression of antibody responses in vitro. II. Suppressor factor produced by T cells and T cell hybridomas from mice treated as neonates with semiallogeneic spleen cells.
Authors: C M Sorensen, C W Pierce
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

Culture supernatant fluids from spleen cells from C57BL/10 or BALB/c mice neonatally treated with semiallogeneic (B 10.D2 x B10)F1 cells to induce haplotype-specific suppressor T cells and restimulated with macrophages syngeneic at I-A with the allogeneic haplotype encountered as neonates contain a soluble factor capable of suppressing primary in vitro antibody responses of normal syngeneic spleen cells in a non-antigen-specific manner. This haplotype-specific suppressor factor, TsF-H, has also been recovered in culture fluids of a T cell hybridoma produced by fusion of the AKR thymoma BW5147 and the haplotype-specific suppressor T cells. TsF-H is inactivated by low pH (3.5) trypsin, for 30 min at 50 degrees C, and has a molecular weight in the range of 45,000 to 68,000. Studies with specific immunoabsorbents demonstrate the presence of determinants encoded by the I-A subregion of the haplotype of the T cell producing TsF-H but not I-J subregion or immunoglobulin constant-region determinants on the TsF-H. Suppression is restricted to primary in vitro antibody responses, and not secondary antibody, mixed lymphocyte, or cytotoxic lymphocyte responses by spleen cells syngeneic at the I-A subregion of H-2 with the T cell producing the factor. The properties and activities of TsF-H and the haplotype-specific suppressor T cell are compared and contrasted with antigen-specific and genetically restricted suppressor T cells and their factors.
Localization to Xq27 of a susceptibility gene for testicular germ-cell tumours
Authors: Elizabeth A. Rapley, Gillian P. Crockford, Dawn Teare, Patrick Biggs, Sheila Seal, Rita Barfoot, Sandra Edwards, Rifat Hamoudi, Ketil Heimdal, Sophie D. Fosså, Kathy Tucker, Jenny Donald, Felicity Collins, Michael Friedlander, David Hogg, Paul Goss, Axel Heidenreich, Wilma Ormiston, Peter A. Daly, David Forman, Timothy D. Oliver, Michael Leahy, Robert Huddart, Colin S. Cooper, Julia G. Bodmer, Douglas F. Easton, Michael R. Stratton, D. Timothy Bishop
Journal: Nature Genetics (2000)
Hypertonic cryohemolysis of pathologic red blood cells
Authors: S. Streichman, E. Kahana, I. Tatarsky
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1985)

Human erythrocytes suspended in hypertonic solutions undergo hemolysis when the temperature of the suspension is changed from 37 degrees C toward 0-4 degrees C. It has been suggested that the hypertonic environment causes some proteins of the skeletal network to be changed in such a way that their normal adaptation to temperature changes is prevented, thus resulting in cryohemolysis. In the present study, we compared the cryohemolysis of some pathologic red blood cells in hypertonic sucrose and NaCl to normal cells. Erythrocytes of hereditary spherocytosis (HS) were found to be significantly more fragile than all others in hypertonic sucrose, while they behaved normally in hypertonic NaCl. In contrast, erythrocytes of thalassemic patients showed decreased susceptibility to cryohemolysis, both in hypertonic sucrose and in NaCl. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia samples behaved like normal samples, both in NaCl and in sucrose. The erythrocytes of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia-type II patients showed two types of cryohemolysis; one pattern was similar to that of HS, and the other one presented normal levels in sucrose and reduced levels in NaCl. The different patterns of cryohemolysis described for the pathologic cells are thought to reflect different lesions in the membranes of the erythrocytes of the various hemolytic disorders. It is hoped that studying the cryohemolysis of abnormal red cells may contribute some illumination as to molecular interactions in intact cells in health and in disease.
Acute Myocardial Infarction Detected in the 12-Lead ECG by Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Bo Hedén, Hans Öhlin, Ralf Rittner, Lars Edenbrandt
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background The 12-lead ECG, together with patient history and clinical findings, remains the most important method for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Automated interpretation of ECG is widely used as decision support for less experienced physicians. Recent reports have demonstrated that artificial neural networks can be used to improve selected aspects of conventional rule-based interpretation programs. The purpose of this study was to detect acute myocardial infarction in the 12-lead ECG with artificial neural networks. Methods and Results A total of 1120 ECGs from patients with acute myocardial infarction and 10 452 control ECGs, recorded at an emergency department with computerized ECGs, were studied. Artificial neural networks were trained to detect acute myocardial infarction by use of measurements from the 12 ST-T segments of each ECG, together with the correct diagnosis. After this training process, the performance of the neural networks was compared with that of a widely used ECG interpretation program and the classification of an experienced cardiologist. The neural networks showed higher sensitivities and discriminant power than both the interpretation program and cardiologist. The sensitivity of the neural networks was 15.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.4 to 18.6) higher than that of the interpretation program compared at a specificity of 95.4% ( P &lt;.00001) and 10.5% (95% CI, 7.2 to 13.6) higher than the cardiologist at a specificity of 86.3% ( P &lt;.00001). Conclusions Artificial neural networks can be used to improve automated ECG interpretation for acute myocardial infarction. The networks may be useful as decision support even for the experienced ECG readers.
High circulating concentrations of interleukin-6 in active Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis.
Authors: Y R Mahida, L Kurlac, A Gallagher, C J Hawkey
Journal: Gut (1991)

Peripheral venous plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 were studied in 21 patients with active Crohn's disease, 20 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 16 control subjects. Interleukin-6 was detected in the plasma of 18 of 21 patients with Crohn's disease (median 47 (range less than 20-250) pg/ml) but in only two with ulcerative colitis and two control subjects. In the patients with Crohn's disease there was a significant negative correlation between the plasma interleukin-6 and the serum albumin concentrations. In eight patients with Crohn's disease and five patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing resection plasma from peripheral circulation and mesenteric vein draining diseased intestine was studied. Interleukin-6 was detected in seven of eight peripheral and mesenteric samples from the patients with Crohn's disease but was not detected in any of the samples from the patients with ulcerative colitis. There was no significant difference between mesenteric and peripheral samples in the concentrations of interleukin-6.
IODINATING ABILITY OF VARIOUS LEUKOCYTES AND THEIR BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY
Authors: S. R. Simmons, M. L. Karnovsky
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

A rapid method that employs monolayers of different phagocytic cells, primarily from guinea pigs and mice, has allowed a kinetic determination of (a) ingestion by these cells of labeled particles, (b) fixation of 131I and (c) microbicidal activity in the cells after periods as short as 5' of exposure of bacteria to phagocytes. Phagocytes so examined included polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) elicited into the peritoneal cavity, elicited peritoneal mononuclear cells (monocytes) (MN), and peritoneal macrophages (MAC) obtained simply by lavage. Circulating PMN from normal human subjects and from children afflicted with chronic granulomatous disease were also studied. The potential for generation of H2O2 (a key component of the iodinating system) of all the normal cells studied, gauged by their content of cyanide-insensitive NADH oxidase, seemed comparable. Peroxidase levels varied widely, and were highest in PMN and almost undetectable in MAC. Catalase was at negligible levels in all the cell types obtained from mice. The fixation of 131I by phagocytes ingesting 14C-labeled dead tubercle bacilli appeared to be primarily a function of the cellular peroxidase content. Thus, mouse macrophages, with virtually no peroxidase, displayed no fixation of iodide. PMN proved far more able to fix 131I during phagocytosis than did MN. In experiments comparing PMN from normal human subjects and from children with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a sex-linked condition characterized by a deficiency of H2O2 production during phagocytosis and low microbicidal activity, the iodination ratio of CGD cells was dramatically less than that of normal PMN (by about two orders of magnitude). Capacity for iodination was correlated with bactericidal activity toward E. coli. At low bacterial loads (ca. 5:1), phagocytes killed efficiently, and little discrepancy in ability among cell types was apparent. Under the stress of higher loads of 14C-labeled E. coli (ca. 100:1), differences in bactericidal activity were exaggerated, and a substantial disparity between MN and PMN was observed in favor of the latter. The hierarchy for killing efficiencies therefore agreed with that for iodination, with one notable exception: mouse MAC were consistently competent in their killing activity, more so than MN, even though they virtually lack peroxidase and the ability to iodinate ingested bacteria.
Effects of chronic oral cimetidine on apparent liver blood flow and hepatic microsomal enzyme activity in man.
Authors: T K Daneshmend, M D Ene, G Parker, C J Roberts
Journal: Gut (1984)

Cimetidine 200 mg three times daily and 400 mg at night was given to 10 subjects for four weeks. Apparent liver blood flow was measured by indocyanine green clearance and microsomal enzyme activity by antipyrine clearance, before and after cimetidine. There was no reduction in indocyanine green clearance but antipyrine clearance, as expected, was significantly reduced by 15% at four weeks. Chronic cimetidine treatment does not reduce apparent liver blood flow and is therefore unlikely to be of use in the treatment of portal hypertension. The cimetidine associated hepatic enzyme inhibition appears to persist with prolonged treatment. Therefore patients on chronic cimetidine remain vulnerable to certain drug interactions.
Show your teeth or not: The role of the mouth and eyes in smiles and its cross-cultural variations
Authors: Chao Liu, Yue Ge, Wen-Bo Luo, Yue-Jia Luo
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Abstract Previous studies with Westerners have found that both the mouth and eyes are crucial in identifying and interpreting smiles. We proposed that Easterners (e.g., Chinese and Japanese) evaluate the role of the mouth and eyes in smiles differently from Westerners. Individuals in collectivistic Eastern society heavily rely on information from the eyes to identify and interpret the meaning of smiles.
Role of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signal transduction in proliferation of bile epithelial cells in young rats after ligation of bile duct: a study using Ws/Ws c-kit mutant rats
Authors: Makoto Satake, Koichi Shimano, Takashi Yamamoto, Atsuhito Okaya, Teruo Iwasaki, Michiko Kakihana, Jiro Fujimoto, Nobuyuki Terada, Tohru Tsujimura
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Uroguanylin
Authors: Leonard Ralph Forte
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2005)

A research group from Miyazaki, Japan, previously demonstrated that the nephrotic syndrome is associated with increased levels of uroguanylin ([1][1]). Kikuchi et al. return to the topic in this issue of JASN with a report that a model of nephrosis, which was induced in rats by treatment with
Abatacept in B7-1–Positive Proteinuric Kidney Disease
Authors: Chih Chuan Yu, Alessia Fornoni, Astrid Weins, Samy Hakroush, Dony Maiguel, Junichiro Sageshima, Linda Chen, Gaetano Ciancio, Mohd Hafeez Faridi, Daniel Behr, Kirk N. Campbell, Jer Ming Chang, Hung Chun Chen, Jun Oh, Christian Faul, M. Amin Arnaout, Paolo Fiorina, Vineet Gupta, Anna Greka, George W. Burke, Peter Mundel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

Abatacept (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-immunoglobulin fusion protein [CTLA-4-Ig]) is a costimulatory inhibitor that targets B7-1 (CD80). The present report describes five patients who had focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (four with recurrent FSGS after transplantation and one with primary FSGS) and proteinuria with B7-1 immunostaining of podocytes in kidney-biopsy specimens. Abatacept induced partial or complete remissions of proteinuria in these patients, suggesting that B7-1 may be a useful biomarker for the treatment of some glomerulopathies. Our data indicate that abatacept may stabilize β1-integrin activation in podocytes and reduce proteinuria in patients with B7-1-positive glomerular disease.
Précis of<i>Genes, Mind, and Culture</i>
Authors: Charles J. Lumsden, Edward O. Wilson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1982)

Abstract Despite its importance, the linkage between genetic and cultural evolution has until now been little explored. An understanding of this linkage is needed to extend evolutionary theory so that it can deal for the first time with the phenomena of mind and human social history. We characterize the process of gene-culture coevolution, in which culture is shaped by biological imperatives while biological traits are simultaneously altered by genetic evolution in response to cultural history. A case is made from both theory and evidence that genetic and cultural evolution are inseverable, and that the human mind has tended to evolve so as to bias individuals toward certain patterns of cognition and choice rather than others. With the aid of mathematical models we trace the coevolutionary circuit: The genes prescribe structure in developmental pathways that lay down endocrine and neural systems, imposing regularities in the development of cognition and behavior; these regularities (loosely labeled “epigenetic rules”) translate upward into holistic patterns of culture, which can be predicted in the form of probability density distributions (ethnographic curves); natural selection acts within human history to favor certain epigenetic rules over others; and the selection alters the frequencies of the underlying genes. The effects of genetic and cultural changes reverberate throughout the circuit and are consequently tested with the passage of each life cycle. In addition to modeling gene-culture coevolution, we apply methods from island biogeography and information theory to examine the cultural capacity of the genes, the factors determining the magnitude of cultural diversity, and the possible reasons for the uniqueness of the human achievement.
Young Men With High-Normal Blood Pressure Have Lower Serum Adiponectin, Smaller LDL Size, and Higher Elevated Heart Rate Than Those With Optimal Blood Pressure
Authors: Tsutomu Kazumi, Akira Kawaguchi, Keiko Sakai, Tsutomu Hirano, Gen Yoshino
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

Three measures--heart rate, a global index of the influence of the autonomic nervous system on the heart; circulating concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-specific protein; and C-reactive protein (CRP), a sensitive marker of inflammation--have been reported to be closely associated with insulin resistance. Patients with borderline hypertension are known to be more insulin resistant and dyslipidemic than those with normal blood pressure (BP). BP can be classified into three categories: optimal, normal, and high-normal. The present study examined whether those with high-normal BP have any of these three conditions as compared with those with optimal BP in young healthy men.Anthropometric, blood pressure, heart rate, and blood tests, including tests for adiponectin and CRP, were conducted in 198 male students, ages 18-26 years, who had fasted overnight. Insulin resistance (IR) and insulin secretion (beta-cell levels) were calculated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and LDL size was measured by PAGE.Compared with the 90 men who had optimal BP, the 46 men with high-normal BP had increased heart rate, BMI, percent body fat, and serum leptin levels. In addition, they had greater serum insulin, HOMA IR, and beta-cell levels, lower adiponectin levels, and comparable CRP levels. Furthermore, the 46 men with high-normal BP had higher serum triglyceride and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels, and smaller LDL size; however, there was no difference in LDL and HDL cholesterol and apoA-I between men with optimal and high-normal BP. After adjusting for BMI, differences were still significant in serum adiponectin, heart rate, and LDL particle size. As BP rose, there was an increase in heart rate (BMI-adjusted least square means were 63, 65, and 70 bpm in men with optimal, normal, and high-normal BP, respectively; P = 0.005), whereas serum adiponectin (7.5, 6.6, and 6.4 mg/l; P = 0.007) and LDL particle size (271, 269, and 269 A; P = 0.008) decreased.Young men with high-normal BP have a faster heart rate, lower serum adiponectin levels, and smaller LDL size than men with optimal BP, even after adjustment for BMI. These results suggest the necessity of preventing further development of cardiac and metabolic diseases in young people who have high-normal BP.
Open versus closed kinetic chain exercises for patellar chondromalacia
Authors: A H Bakhtiary, E Fatemi
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

Subject: Conservative treatment of patellar chondromalacia has been the subject of several studies. One recommended treatment is a strengthening exercise of the quadriceps muscle, which may be performed in closed or open kinetic chains. This study was designed to compare the effect of straight leg raise (SLR) and semi-squat exercises on the treatment of patellar chondromalacia, which has not been done to date. Material and methods: 32 female university students with a diagnosis of patellar chondromalacia were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: SLR and semi-squat exercise. Before starting exercise protocols, Q angle, maximal isometric voluntary contraction force (MIVCF) of quadriceps, crepitation, circumference of thigh 5 and 10 cm above the patella and patellofemoral pain according to the visual analogue scale (VAS) were assessed. Both groups then followed a 3-week programme of quadriceps muscle strengthening exercises (SLR or semi-squat) starting with 20 exercises twice a day and increasing each session by 5 exercises every 2 days. All measurements were repeated at the end of each week and then again 2 weeks after the 3-week exercise programme. Results: Reduced Q angle (mean differences (SD) 0.8 (0.3), p = 0.016) and crepitation (19.9 (8.5), p = 0.04), and an increase in the MIVCF of the quadriceps (15.8 (5.6), p = 0.01) and thigh circumference (1.5 (0.3), p = 0.001) were found in semi-squat group compared with SLR group. However, patellofemoral pain was decreased significantly in both groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that semi-squat exercises (closed kinetic chain) are more effective than SLR exercise (open kinetic chain) in the treatment of patellar chondromalacia. More studies are needed to investigate the long-term effect of these types of exercise.