tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Intravital Microscopy Through an Abdominal Imaging Window Reveals a Pre-Micrometastasis Stage During Liver Metastasis
Authors: Laila Ritsma, Ernst J. A. Steller, Evelyne Beerling, Cindy J. M. Loomans, Anoek Zomer, Carmen Gerlach, Nienke Vrisekoop, Daniëlle Seinstra, Leon van Gurp, Ronny Schäfer, Daniëlle A. Raats, Anko de Graaff, Ton N. Schumacher, Eelco J. P. de Koning, Inne H. Borel Rinkes, Onno Kranenburg, Jacco van Rheenen
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2012)

An abdominal imaging window allows in vivo visualization of dynamic cellular processes, including liver metastasis and islet cell transplantation.
Passive partitioning of respiratory volumes and time constants in ventilated patients
Authors: J Dall'Ava-Santucci, F Brunet, S Nouira, A Armaganidis, JF Dhainaut, JF Monsallier, A Lockhart
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1992)

If the thoracoabdominal partitioning of volumes in the mechanical respiratory apparatus was constant, one transducer of indirect spirometry should be sufficient to measure volume variations. To verify this hypothesis we used respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) in 16 paralysed patients, of whom eight had normal lungs and 8 had not, to measure: 1) the thoracoabdominal partitioning of volumes (400-1,200 ml) insufflated from either a syringe (Syr) or a ventilator (Vent); and 2) thoracic (Tho) and abdominal (Abd) time constants (T0.368) on spontaneous deflation to barometric pressure. In eleven additional subjects with normal lungs we measured only the time constants. 1) Correlation coefficients of the calibration lines were in all but one subject > 0.98. In all patients the error of volume was < +/- 10% when either one of two coils alone was used to assess volumes with no difference between the two coils; 2) Partitioning varied little with volumes (4 +/- 2%), but widely between subjects, with no group average significant difference between Syr and Vent; 3) T0.368 were identical for Tho and Abd except in one patient; 4) Partitioning and T0.368 were volume size independent. We conclude that, to measure volume variations and time constants in ventilated, paralysed patients, the use of either a thoracic or abdominal single coil RIP is justified. We also provide the normal range for time constant in 19 subjects (0.73 +/- 0.29 s).
Maintenance Dialysis throughout the World in Years 1990 and 2010
Authors: Bernadette Thomas, Sarah Wulf, Boris Bikbov, Norberto Perico, Monica Cortinovis, Karen Courville de Vaccaro, Abraham Flaxman, Hannah Peterson, Allyne Delossantos, Diana Haring, Rajnish Mehrotra, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Christopher Murray, Mohsen Naghavi
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2015)

Rapidly rising global rates of chronic diseases portend a consequent rise in ESRD. Despite this, kidney disease is not included in the list of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) targeted by the United Nations for 25% reduction by year 2025. In an effort to accurately report the trajectory and pattern of global growth of maintenance dialysis, we present the change in prevalence and incidence from 1990 to 2010. Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 epidemiologic database. The results are on the basis of an analysis of data from worldwide national and regional renal disease registries and detailed systematic literature review for years 1980-2010. Incidence and prevalence estimates of provision of maintenance dialysis from this database were updated using a negative binomial Bayesian meta-regression tool for 187 countries. Results indicate substantial growth in utilization of maintenance dialysis in almost all world regions. Changes in population structure, changes in aging, and the worldwide increase in diabetes mellitus and hypertension explain a significant portion, but not all, of the increase because increased dialysis provision also accounts for a portion of the rise. These findings argue for the importance of inclusion of kidney disease among NCD targets for reducing premature death throughout the world.
Default knowledge, time pressure, and the theory-theory of concepts
Authors: Thomas Blanchard
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Abstract I raise two issues for Machery's discussion and interpretation of the theory-theory. First, I raise an objection against Machery's claim that theory-theorists take theories to be default bodies of knowledge. Second, I argue that theory-theorists' experimental results do not support Machery's contention that default bodies of knowledge include theories used in their own proprietary kind of categorization process.
Imbalances of gamma globulin subgroups and gene defects in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia
Authors: W. J. Yount, R. Hong, M. Seligmann, R. Good, H. G. Kunkel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

Analysis of immunoglobulin classes, gammaG subgroups, and Gm genetic markers from 59 patients with various types of immune deficiencies was undertaken to assess the function of the several cistrons concerned with synthesis of gamma globulins. 13 patients including two sibling pairs were found to have gammaG subgroup imbalances. All of these patients had non sex-linked disease. 11 of the 13 had preponderance of the gammaG3 subgroup. In most instances of gammaG3 preponderance it was the Gm(b) type of gammaG3 that was selectively retained; the Gm(g) type, controlled by the allelic gene was markedly depressed but not absent in the cases where it could be studied. Other imbalances, either seen concomitantly with gammaG3 preponderance or independently, included predominance of the gammaG2 subgroup and selective absence of single gammaG subgroups.One family was encountered with probable structural gene abnormalities in the autosomal Gm loci. Both parents had different abnormal gene complexes detectable by absence of specific Gm markers and the propositus received both types from the parents. Similar gene complexes have been seen previously in rare instances through population screening but only in the heterozygous state and were not associated with clinically evident hypogammaglobulinemia. Of several other families of patients with subgroup imbalance, two were informative in that structural gene defects could be excluded. Studies on 22 first degree relatives of patients with subgroup imbalances indicated that the most common abnormality detected was in gammaA which was absent in 3 and markedly decreased in 2 others; other abnormalities included decreased levels of specific genetic types of gammaG globulin. It is concluded that gammaG subgroup imbalances are frequently found in non sex-linked immunoglobulin deficiency disorders and in some instances may be associated with family abnormalities suggesting either regulator or structural gene defects.
Regulators of finance and quality of care must stay separate, MPs are told
Authors: A. O'Dowd
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The financial and the quality regulators in the NHS in England should stay as two separate bodies to avoid the “unmanageable task” of doing both roles, MPs have been told.

It was preferable for Monitor, England’s regulator of foundation trusts, which is set to become the economic regulator of all trusts under the health service reforms, and the Care Quality Commission (CQC), which regulates the quality of health and social care, to remain separate, MPs on the parliamentary health select committee heard.

David Bennett, Monitor’s chairman and interim chief executive, expressed his opinion on the importance of both bodies working closely together but not to merge.

MPs asked Mr Bennett, as part of their …
Structural changes in human serum albumin induced by ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid
Authors: David Hawkins, R. Neal Pinckard, Irving P. Crawford, Richard S. Farr
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) acetylates human serum albumin under physiologic conditions in vitro. These investigations were done to determine whether this phenomenon occurs in vivo and to delineate the site(s) of acetylation on the albumin molecule.
Hepatitis A Vaccine versus Immune Globulin for Postexposure Prophylaxis
Authors: John C. Victor, Arnold S. Monto, Tatiyana Y. Surdina, Saida Z. Suleimenova, Gilberto Vaughan, Omana V. Nainan, Michael O. Favorov, Harold S. Margolis, Beth P. Bell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Hepatitis A vaccine administered to persons after exposure to the hepatitis A virus has not been compared directly with immune globulin, which is known to be highly effective in preventing hepatitis A when given within 2 weeks after exposure to the virus.
FCGR polymorphisms and cetuximab efficacy in chemorefractory metastatic colorectal cancer: an international consortium study
Authors: Ravit Geva, Loredana Vecchione, Konstantinos T Kalogeras, Benny Vittrup Jensen, Heinz-Josef Lenz, Takayuki Yoshino, David Paez, Clara Montagut, John Souglakos, Federico Cappuzzo, Andrés Cervantes, Milo Frattini, George Fountzilas, Julia S Johansen, Estrid Vilma Høgdall, Wu Zhang, Dongyun Yang, Kentaro Yamazaki, Tomohiro Nishina, Demetris Papamichael, Bruno Vincenzi, Teresa Macarulla, Fotios Loupakis, Jef De Schutter, Karen Lise Garm Spindler, Per Pfeiffer, Fortunato Ciardiello, Hubert Piessevaux, Sabine Tejpar
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Objective</h3> We aimed to better clarify the role of germline variants of the FCG2 receptor, FCGR2A-H131R and FCGR3A-V158F, on the therapeutic efficacy of cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). A large cohort with sufficient statistical power was assembled. <h3>Design</h3> To show a HR advantage of 0.6 in progression-free survival (PFS) for FCGR2A-HH versus the rest and FCGR3A-VV versus the rest, with an 80% power, 80 Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog (KRAS) wild-type (KRAS-WT) and 52 KRAS-WT patients are required, respectively. This leads to a total sample size of 952 and 619 patients, respectively. Samples were collected from 1123 mCRC patients from 15 European centres treated with cetuximab alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Fc gamma receptor (FCGR) status was centrally genotyped. Two additional externally genotyped series were included. <h3>Results</h3> Incidences of FCGR2A-HH and FCGR3A-VV in KRAS-WT patients were 220/660 (33%) and 109/676 (16.1%) respectively. There was no difference in median PFS (mPFS) for KRAS-WT patients with FCGR2A-HH (22.0 weeks; 95% CI18.8 to 25.2) versus non-HH (22.0 weeks; 95% CI 19.4 to 24.6) or for FCGR3A-VV (16.4 weeks; 95% CI 13.0 to 19.8) versus non-VV (23 weeks; 95% CI 21.1 to 24.9) (p=0.06). Median overall survival, response rate and disease control rate assessments showed no benefit for either HH or VV. <h3>Conclusions</h3> No differences in mPFS were found between the FCGR polymorphisms HH and the others and VV versus the others in KRAS-WT mCRC patients refractory to irinotecan, oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil treated with cetuximab. We cannot confirm the effects of other IgG1 antibodies, which may be weaker than previously suggested. Other markers may be needed to study the actual host antibody response to cetuximab.
Silent cerebral infarction, income, and grade retention among students with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Allison A. King, Mark J. Rodeghier, Julie Ann Panepinto, John J. Strouse, James F. Casella, Charles T. Quinn, Michael M. Dowling, Sharada A. Sarnaik, Alexis A. Thompson, Gerald M. Woods, Caterina P. Minniti, Rupa C. Redding‐Lallinger, Melanie Kirby‐Allen, Fenella J. Kirkham, Robert McKinstry, Michael J. Noetzel, Desiree A. White, Janet K. Kwiatkowski, Thomas H. Howard, Karen A. Kalinyak, Baba Inusa, Melissa M. Rhodes, Mark E. Heiny, Ben Fuh, Jason M. Fixler, Mae O. Gordon, Michael R. DeBaun
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2014)

Children with sickle cell anemia have a higher-than-expected prevalence of poor educational attainment. We test two key hypotheses about educational attainment among students with sickle cell anemia, as measured by grade retention and use of special education services: (1) lower household per capita income is associated with lower educational attainment; (2) the presence of a silent cerebral infarct is associated with lower educational attainment. We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study of cases from 22 U.S. sites included in the Silent Infarct Transfusion Trial. During screening, parents completed a questionnaire that included sociodemographic information and details of their child's academic status. Of 835 students, 670 were evaluable; 536 had data on all covariates and were used for analysis. The students' mean age was 9.4 years (range: 5-15) with 52.2% male; 17.5% of students were retained one grade level and 18.3% received special education services. A multiple variable logistic regression model identified that lower household per capita income (odds ratio [OR] of quartile 1 = 6.36, OR of quartile 2 = 4.7, OR of quartile 3 = 3.87; P = 0.001 for linear trend), age (OR = 1.3; P < 0.001), and male gender (OR, 2.2; P = 0.001) were associated with grade retention; silent cerebral infarct (P = 0.31) and painful episodes (P = 0.60) were not. Among students with sickle cell anemia, household per capita income is associated with grade retention, whereas the presence of a silent cerebral infarct is not. Future educational interventions will need to address both the medical and socioeconomic issues that affect students with sickle cell anemia.
The definition and diagnosis of asthma
Authors: M. R. Sears, Professor Malcolm R Sears
Journal: Allergy (1993)

Asthma defies precise definition, despite several carefully worded statements. Perhaps the most concise and useful description of asthma is "variable airflow obstruction". The diagnosis is made by recognition of a patterns of one or more characteristic symptoms including wheeze, cough, chest tightness and dyspnoea, and is best confirmed by evidence of variable or reversible airflow obstruction accompanying symptoms.
Thermal stress effects on grain yield in Brachypodium distachyon occur via H2A.Z-nucleosomes
Authors: Scott A Boden, Monika Kavanová, E Jean Finnegan, Philip A Wigge
Journal: Genome biology (2013)

Abstract Background Crop plants are highly sensitive to ambient temperature, with a 1 ºC difference in temperature sufficient to affect development and yield. Monocot crop plants are particularly vulnerable to higher temperatures during the reproductive and grain-filling phases. The molecular mechanisms by which temperature influences grain development are, however, unknown. In Arabidopsis thaliana , H2A.Z-nucleosomes coordinate transcriptional responses to higher temperature. We therefore investigated whether the effects of high temperature on grain development are mediated by H2A.Z-nucleosomes. Results We have analyzed the thermal responses of the Pooid grass, Brachypodium distachyon , a model system for crops. We find that H2A.Z-nucleosome occupancy is more responsive to increases in ambient temperature in the reproductive tissue of developing grains compared withvegetative seedlings. This difference correlates with strong phenotypic responses of developing grain to increased temperature, including early maturity and reduced yield. Conversely, temperature has limited impact on the timing of transition from the vegetative to generative stage, with increased temperature unable to substitute for long photoperiod induction of flowering. RNAi silencing of components necessary for H2A.Z-nucleosome deposition is sufficient to phenocopythe effects of warmer temperature on grain development. Conclusions H2A.Z-nucleosomes are important in coordinating the sensitivity of temperate grasses to increased temperature during grain development. Perturbing H2A.Z occupancy, through higher temperature or genetically, strongly reduces yield. Thus, we provide a molecular understanding of the pathways through which high temperature impacts on yield. These findings may be useful for breeding crops resilient to thermal stress.
Spatial Working Memory Deficits in Schizophrenia: Relationship With Tardive Dyskinesia and Negative Symptoms
Authors: C Pantelis, G W Stuart, H E Nelson, T W Robbins, T R Barnes
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

This study examined the interrelationship between negative symptoms, orofacial tardive dyskinesia, and specific neurocognitive processes, particularly those involved in memory and executive function, in patients with schizophrenia.A set of computerized neurocognitive tasks, the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, was used to assess executive and memory function in 54 hospitalized patients with chronic schizophrenia. Analysis of covariance was used to examine differences between groups with or without the topographical syndromes of orofacial tardive dyskinesia and between groups with high or low negative symptom scores. Principal-components and path analyses were used to examine further the influence of negative symptoms and orofacial tardive dyskinesia on performance on tests of memory and executive function.Both orofacial tardive dyskinesia and negative symptoms were significantly and independently associated with deficits on measures of spatial working memory span derived from principal-components analysis, but only orofacial tardive dyskinesia was associated with deficits on measures of spatial working memory strategy. Both were also associated with impairment on the delayed-matching-to-sample task, a test of memory. These associations were not explained by deficits in global intellectual function. Path analysis suggested that the relationships between the clinical symptoms and performance on the delayed-matching-to-sample task were mediated entirely through their relationship with the spatial working memory measures.In schizophrenia, orofacial tardive dyskinesia and evident negative symptoms are relatively independent markers of compromise of the cerebral systems that mediate spatial working memory. Candidate neural circuits include the frontal-striatal-thalamic systems, particularly those involving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
How can we improve the management and outcome of pneumonia in the elderly?
Authors: V. Brito, M. S. Niederman
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

ommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common illness, with increased mortality in certain populations, particularly the elderly and those with severe illness [1][2][3].The association between advanced age and mortality is well known; Sir William Osler's infamous view was that pneumonia was the ''friend of the aged'' that often allowed patients with advanced illness to die peacefully.In spite of this viewpoint, it remains uncertain whether ageing itself adds to this mortality risk or whether the adverse outcomes of CAP in the elderly are the consequence of other factors, some of which might be modified, such as the presence of comorbid illnesses and the therapies required to manage them, or the delays in the diagnosis of pneumonia that result from indistinct clinical presentations in the elderly. FRY et al.[1] studied the data of the National Hospital Discharge Survey and found that in older hospitalised patients with pneumonia, at least one underlying medical condition was reported in most medical records.MARSTON et al. [2] studied hospitalised patients with CAP for 1 yr in two counties in Ohio, USA.Amongst the 2,776 patients studied, the incidence and mortality of pneumonia in the elderly was much higher than in younger populations.KAPLAN et al. [3] reported the 1-yr mortality of elderly patients admitted for CAP and observed that beyond the immediate 12% in-patient mortality rate, there was a 1-yr death rate of .40%,raising the question as to whether pneumonia is a surrogate marker of other types of serious illness in the elderly.
Hyperglycaemia stimulates pyloric motility in normal subjects.
Authors: R Fraser, M Horowitz, J Dent
Journal: Gut (1991)

The motor correlates of the delay in gastric emptying produced by hyperglycaemia were investigated in 11 healthy volunteers. Fasting gastroduodenal motility was measured during euglycaemia (blood glucose concentration 3-5 mmol/l) and during hyperglycaemia induced by intravenous dextrose (blood glucose concentration 12-16 mmol/l). Antral, pyloric, and proximal duodenal pressures were recorded by a sleeve/sidehole manometric assembly positioned across the pylorus, with the aid of measurements of transmucosal potential difference. During hyperglycaemia there was stimulation of isolated pyloric pressure waves when compared with the euglycaemia period (p less than 0.05). This was associated with inhibition of antral pressure waves (p less than 0.05). In nine of the 11 subjects an episode of duodenal 9phase III like9 activity occurred within 15 minutes of the onset of hyperglycaemia. It is proposed that the stimulation of localised pyloric contractions and inhibition of antral contractions contribute to the delayed gastric emptying induced by hyperglycaemia. Abnormal gastric motility in patients with diabetes mellitus may be the result of hyperglycaemia itself, rather than irreversible autonomic neuropathy.
Chloroplast Genome (cpDNA) of Cycas taitungensis and 56 cp Protein-Coding Genes of Gnetum parvifolium: Insights into cpDNA Evolution and Phylogeny of Extant Seed Plants
Authors: Chung-Shien Wu, Ya-Nan Wang, Shu-Mei Liu, Shu-Miaw Chaw
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Phylogenetic relationships among the 5 groups of extant seed plants are presently unsettled. To reexamine this long-standing debate, we determine the complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of Cycas taitungensis and 56 protein-coding genes encoded in the cpDNA of Gnetum parvifolium. The cpDNA of Cycas is a circular molecule of 163,403 bp with 2 typical large inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,074 bp each. We inferred phylogenetic relationships among major seed plant lineages using concatenated 56 protein-coding genes in 37 land plants. Phylogenies, generated by the use of 3 independent methods, provide concordant and robust support for the monophylies of extant seed plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Within the modern gymnosperms are 2 highly supported sister clades: Cycas-Ginkgo and Gnetum-Pinus. This result agrees with both the "gnetifer" and "gnepines" hypotheses. The sister relationships in Cycas-Ginkgo and Gnetum-Pinus clades are further reinforced by cpDNA structural evidence. Branch lengths of Cycas-Ginkgo and Gnetum were consistently the shortest and the longest, respectively, in all separate analyses. However, the Gnetum relative rate test revealed this tendency only for the 3rd codon positions and the transversional sites of the first 2 codon positions. A PsitufA located between psbE and petL genes is here first detected in Anthoceros (a hornwort), cycads, and Ginkgo. We demonstrate that the PsitufA is a footprint descended from the chloroplast tufA of green algae. The duplication of ycf2 genes and their shift into IRs should have taken place at least in the common ancestor of seed plants more than 300 MYA, and the tRNAPro-GGG gene was lost from the angiosperm lineage at least 150 MYA. Additionally, from cpDNA structural comparison, we propose an alternative model for the loss of large IR regions in black pine. More cpDNA data from non-Pinaceae conifers are necessary to justify whether the gnetifer or gnepines hypothesis is valid and to generate solid structural evidence for the monophyly of extant gymnosperms.
Changes in blood flow and oxygen consumption in normal and ischaemic regions of the myocardium following acute coronary artery ligation
Authors: R. J. MARSHALL, J. R. PARRATT, I. MCA. LEDINGHAM
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1974)

A model for experimental myocardial infarction in the dog is described which enables blood flow and oxygen availability and consumption to be measured simultaneously in both normal and ischaemic areas of the myocardium. These metabolic and blood flow changes have been followed for up to four hours after acute coronary artery ligation.