tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pulsatile Pressure and Flow Through Distensible Vessels
Authors: VICTOR L. STREETER, W. FORD KEITZER, DAVID F. BOHR
Journal: Circulation Research (1963)

The basic differential equations for elastic wall material and for continuity and momentum are derived, including fluid frictional resistance of the wall of the tubes, based on one-dimensional flow. These partial differential equations are transformed into four ordinary differential equations using the theory of characteristics. Then difference equations are developed and by an interpolation method (method of specified time intervals) equations are obtained for computation of velocity and pressure at equally-spaced sections along the vessel at specified equal time intervals. The equations are first applied to a flexible tube of initial constant diameter, with a pulse flow taken from in vivo experiments. Equations are then developed for tapering tubes with distributed outflow along their lengths (to simulate branches). Pressure-time data from femoral artery measurements are then used to compute flow through the artery, and the results are compared with electromagnetic flowmeter data. Computed flow is greater than measured flow if a friction factor for laminar flow is used. Frictional losses of energy in the normal pulsatile flow in the femoral artery are similar to those of turbulent flow.
Effectiveness of oral iron chelators assayed in the rat
Authors: Byoung‐Kook Kim, Helmut A. Huebers, Clement A. Finch
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Abstract A 4‐hour in vivo test for iron chelator activity in the rat is described. The amount of radioiron in the gut and urine that results from chelator‐induced excretion of previously injected radioiron labelled ferritin is measured. Hepatocyte localization and desferrioxamine‐induced radioiron mobilization from in vitro tagged homologous ferritin is shown to be similar to that from in vivo tagged ferritin. Non‐homologous ferritin preparations labelled in vitro proved unsatisfactory. Radioiron mobilization by chelator occurred regardless of the iron status of the animal. Employing this measurement, the effectiveness of three iron chelators, pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone, the dimethyl ester of ethylene diamine‐N, N′‐dis (3‐hydroxyphenyl acetic acid), and the dimethyl ester N, N′‐di (3‐hydroxybenzyl) ethylene‐1, ethylene‐1, 2‐diamine‐N, N′‐diacetic acid, given orally was determined. All three chelators, when given in comparable dosage, induced iron execretion similar in amount to that observed with parenteral desferrioxamine. In addition, pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone administered in the diet over a period of 4 weeks was shown to reduce hepatic and splenic iron of normal animals by about one third, providing further validation of this method of evaluating chelator effectiveness.
Health in Africa: …and get back to basics
Authors: Albert M E Coleman
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Time to wake up to cancer's tollEditor-As exemplified by your theme issue on Africa of 1 October, cancer has remained comparatively neglected in Africa although increasingly prevalent: 70% of people with cancer live in the economically developing world, where by 2020 the annual death toll is predicted to reach 20 million. 1 In sub-Saharan Africa measures to prevent cancer emphasised in the developed world-such as smoking cessation and screening-are not nationally adopted.One third of African cancers are preventable, but the influence of tobacco companies with mass media advertising and high crop payments is real.Traditional cancers, such as gastric and hepatocellular carcinoma, and newer cancers, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and AIDS related Kaposi's sarcoma, are increasing in incidence. 2 3 Patients' expectations for oncological treatment are low in Africa.Lack of money, or a concern not to place their family in debt, prevents many from seeking medical help. 4 Lack of awareness of predisposing factors, warning symptoms or signs of cancer, or treatment options mean that patients present late.Cost and difficulty of travel over rough terrain also discourage service use.After diagnosis patients may tend to look for peace of mind and spiritual comfort rather than a physical cure.In Africa disease modifying cancer treatment and basic control of symptoms are largely absent.Even when analgesia is available, patients with cancer may experience severe and inadequately managed pain, as health professionals underprescribe strong analgesics, fearing drug dependency. 5 Individual sub-Saharan countries cannot tackle the challenges of cancer in isolation.A new, cooperative approach and research base are being advocated for preventing, treating, and palliating cancer to bridge the gap between developed and developing nations.
Quality-of-life ratings in patients with chronic illnesses
Authors: E. M. Adang
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To the Editor.  —Chronically ill patients can adapt psychologically to their illnesses. Cassileth et al 1 found that 5 groups of physically ill patients (those with arthritis, diabetes, cancer, renal disease, and dermatologic disorders) did not differ significantly from one another or from the general public with regard to their mental health scores. These data, as well as studies of patients with end-stage renal disease, demonstrate that chronically ill patients have a remarkable capacity to adapt to their illness and generally will report better quality of life than individuals in the general population who are asked to imagine themselves having a chronic illness and to rate their imagined quality of life. 1,2 We extend these findings by demonstrating that when chronically ill patients undergo an intervention to improve their health status, they too lower their assessment of their preintervention quality of life.  We performed a cohort analytic study to assess quality
Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
Authors: ROSER SAVALL, CARLOS FERRANDIZ, ISIDRE FERRER, JORDI PEYRI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1980)

Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis is usually associated with guttate hyperkeratosis, xerosis, and lentiginosis not related to the patient's age. Histologically, hypopigmented macules show remarkably decreased melanin, decreased DOPA-oxidase activity and a decreased number of melanosomes in the melanocytes with predominance of Stages I and II and small sizes. The epidermis is always atrophic. When scales are removed by scraping, hyperkeratotic lesions show, clinically and histologically, variable degrees of hypomelanosis; thus suggesting a relationship with the hypopigmented macules. These data suggest that idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis is the result of an early aging of the skin.
Cure of peptic gastric ulcer associated with eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Finnish Gastric Ulcer Study Group.
Authors: K Seppala, P Pikkarainen, P Sipponen, E Kivilaakso, M H Gormsen
Journal: Gut (1995)

The effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on ulcer healing and the relapse rate were investigated in a multicentre trial of 239 gastric ulcer patients. Patients with H pylori positive gastric ulcer were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (A) 10 days9 treatment with metronidazole and eight weeks9 treatment with colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) (84 patients); (B) 10 days9 treatment with metronidazole placebo and eight weeks with CBS (73 patients); or (C) ranitidine (82 patients). At 12 weeks in 210 patients, gastric ulcer was present in three (9%) of 35 H pylori negative patients, and in 45 (26%) of 175 H pylori positive patients (p &lt; 0.05). Results after one year of follow up were available for 205 patients. Between 12 and 52 weeks, two (7%) ulcer relapses occurred in 29 H pylori negative patients and in 60 (47%) of 128 H pylori positive patients (p &lt; 0.001). After two weeks of open triple therapy (CBS 120 mg four times daily, amoxicillin 500 mg four times daily, and metronidazole 400 mg three times daily), given to the patients with ulcer relapse, only one (an NSAID user) of 55 successfully treated patients had an ulcer relapse during the one year follow up. Healing of gastric ulcer is rapid and recurrence is infrequent after successful H pylori eradication. H pylori eradication changes the natural history of the gastric ulcer disease.
THE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Authors: James L. Cox, MD, Thoralf M. Sundt III, MD
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1997)

▪ Abstract Atrial fibrillation is the most common dysrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. For some patients, satisfactory rate control is not possible by pharmacologic means. This led us to develop a surgical approach to its cure, which in turn has led to a deeper understanding of the electrophysiologic basis of atrial fibrillation and to the development of a surgical procedure that is highly effective in restoring sinus rhythm with an acceptable mortality and morbidity. We review these findings as well as the clinical results obtained with the Maze procedure.
Is vomiting during pregnancy teratogenic?
Authors: M A Klebanoff, J L Mills
Journal: BMJ (1986)

The possibility that antiemetics used during pregnancy are teratogenic has been hotly debated; the effect of vomiting itself, however, has been largely ignored. The relation between vomiting and congenital malformations was examined in a prospective study of 16398 women who registered for prenatal care at or before 20 weeks9 gestation. The odds ratios for malformations among women who vomited compared with women who did not were 1.14 for major malformations (p = 0.13), 0.88 for deformations (p = 0.39), 1.03 for hernias or undescended testes (p = 0.82), 1.06 for any of these three conditions (p = 0.38), 1.09 for minor anomalies (p = 0.14), and 1.10 for any anomaly (p = 0.03). After adjustment for use of antiemetics and five other confounding variables vomiting was not associated with a significantly increased risk of any of the above malformations. These data suggest that the increased risk, if any, among women receiving antiemetics during pregnancy is due to the drugs, not the vomiting.
Absorption Kinetics and Action Profiles of Subcutaneously Administered Insulin Analogues (AspB9GluB27, AspB10, AspB28) in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Steven Kang, Jens Brange, Anna Burch, Aage Vølund, David R Owens
Journal: Diabetes Care (1991)

Objective The subcutaneous absorption and resulting changes in plasma insulin or analogue, glucose, C-peptide, and blood intermediary metabolite concentrations after subcutaneous bolus injection of three soluble human insulin analogues (AspB9GluB27, monomeric; AspB28, mixture of monomers and dimers; and AspB10, dimeric) and soluble human insulin were evaluated. Research Design and Methods Fasting healthy male volunteers (n = 7) were studied on five occasions 1 wk apart randomly receiving 0.6 nmol·kg−1 s.c. 125I-labeled AspB10 or soluble human insulin (Novolin R, Novo, Copenhagen); 1st study and 0.6 nmol·kg−1 s.c. 125I-labeled AspB28, AspB9GluB27 or soluble human insulin (2nd study). Residual radioactivity at the injection site was measured over 8 h with frequent venous sampling for plasma immunoreactive insulin or analogue, glucose, C-peptide, and blood intermediary metabolite concentrations. Results The three analogues were absorbed 2–3 times faster than human insulin. The mean ± SE time to 50% residual radioactivity was 94 ± 6 min for AspB10 compared with 184 ± 10 min for human insulin (P &amp;lt; 0.001), 83 ± 8 min for AspB28 (P &amp;lt; 0.005), and 63 ± 9 min for AspB9GluB27 (P &amp;lt; 0.001) compared with 182 ± 21 min for human insulin. delta Peak plasma insulin analogue levels were significantly higher after each analogue than after human insulin (P &amp;lt; 0.005). With all three analogues, the mean hypoglycemic nadir occurred earlier at 61–65 min postinjection compared with 201–210 min for the reference human insulins (P &amp;lt; 0.005). The magnitude of the hypoglycemic nadir was greater after AspB9GluB27 (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and AspB28 (P &amp;lt; 0.001) compared with human insulin. There was a significantly faster onset and offset of responses in C-peptide and intermediary metabolite levels after the analogues than after human insulin (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusions The rapid absorption and biological actions of these analogues offer potential therapeutic advantages over the current short-acting neutral soluble insulins.
Does chemoradiotherapy after intended curative surgery increase survival of gastric cancer patients?
Authors: A Cuschieri
Journal: Gut (2002)

In Table 2 of the review by A. D. Smith Vol 24, No. 3, September 1972. owing to a Printer9s error after the proof stage, the ratio noradrenaline/protein in line 5 is incorrect; it should be 101 <i>not</i> .101.
Fusogenic liposome delivers encapsulated nanoparticles for cytosolic controlled gene release
Authors: Jun Kunisawa, Takashi Masuda, Kazufumi Katayama, Tomoaki Yoshikawa, Yasuo Tsutsumi, Mitsuru Akashi, Tadanori Mayumi, Shinsaku Nakagawa
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2005)
The Monument to Wilhelm Meyer
Authors: F. Semon
Journal: BMJ (1898)

the " discoverer of adenoid vegetations," the beautifumonument erected in his honour by international contribul tions was unveiled at Copenhagen.The monument, of which the illustration on page 1441 gives a very good idea consists of the bronze bust (more than life-size) modelled by a personal friend of the Danish physician, the Finnish sculptor Runeberg.It stands on a tall oblong pedestal of polishied red granite, which in front bears the
Null Mutation in Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Gene and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jessica S. Albert, Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong, Richard B. Horenstein, Toni I. Pollin, Urmila T. Sreenivasan, Sumbul Chai, William S. Blaner, Soren Snitker, Jeffrey R. O'Connell, Da-Wei Gong, Richard J. Breyer, Alice S. Ryan, John C. McLenithan, Alan R. Shuldiner, Carole Sztalryd, Coleen M. Damcott
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Lipolysis regulates energy homeostasis through the hydrolysis of intracellular triglycerides and the release of fatty acids for use as energy substrates or lipid mediators in cellular processes. Genes encoding proteins that regulate energy homeostasis through lipolysis are thus likely to play an important role in determining susceptibility to metabolic disorders.We sequenced 12 lipolytic-pathway genes in Old Order Amish participants whose fasting serum triglyceride levels were at the extremes of the distribution and identified a novel 19-bp frameshift deletion in exon 9 of LIPE, encoding hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), a key enzyme for lipolysis. We genotyped the deletion in DNA from 2738 Amish participants and performed association analyses to determine the effects of the deletion on metabolic traits. We also obtained biopsy specimens of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue from 2 study participants who were homozygous for the deletion (DD genotype), 10 who were heterozygous (ID genotype), and 7 who were noncarriers (II genotype) for assessment of adipose histologic characteristics, lipolysis, enzyme activity, cytokine release, and messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels.Carriers of the mutation had dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, systemic insulin resistance, and diabetes. In adipose tissue from study participants with the DD genotype, the mutation resulted in the absence of HSL protein, small adipocytes, impaired lipolysis, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Transcription factors responsive to peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and downstream target genes were down-regulated in adipose tissue from participants with the DD genotype, altering the regulation of pathways influencing adipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism.These findings indicate the physiological significance of HSL in adipocyte function and the regulation of systemic lipid and glucose homeostasis and underscore the severe metabolic consequences of impaired lipolysis. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others).
EHPnet: PAHO Communicable Disease Unit
Authors: Erin E. Dooley
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Cleanup for Broken CFLsCompact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are about 75% more energy efficient than incandescent light bulbs and last 10 times longer, and thus have quickly become a modern-day environmental icon.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that about 290 million CFLs were sold in 2007.But CFLs do have one dim spot on their otherwise bright green image: the mercury that makes the bulbs' inner phosphor coating fluoresce and produce light.A new study from a group of researchers at Brown University characterizes for the first time how elemental mercury vapor escapes from broken CFLs and offers a real-world solution for capturing escaping mercury.According to a June 2008 fact sheet issued by the EPA Energy Star program, the use of CFLs results in a net reduction in mercury entering the environment because their lower energy draw means less mercury-emitting coal needs to be burned.The EPA estimates that using a 13-W CFL saves 376 kWh over its 8,000-hour lifespan, preventing 4.5 mg of mercury from being emitted by a coalburning power plant.Each small, curly tube contains about 3-5 mg of mercurysignificantly less than the 500 mg in older thermometers,
Nck-mediated recruitment of BCAP to the BCR regulates the PI(3)K-Akt pathway in B cells
Authors: Angelo Castello, Mauro Gaya, Johannes Tucholski, Thomas Oellerich, Kun-Hui Lu, Anna Tafuri, Tony Pawson, Jürgen Wienands, Michael Engelke, Facundo D Batista
Journal: Nature Immunology (2013)
Cooperative Study of Hospital Frequency and Character of Transient Ischemic Attacks
Authors: Armin F. Haerer
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Variations in therapy for patients with complaints suggesting transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) among six participating medical centers are described. Selected treatment, based on clinical interpretation of patient characteristics, varied widely among centers. Therefore, results cannot be attributed to specific treatment. Nevertheless, there was little difference between treatment categories and the likelihood of further TIAs. The mortality of the patients who had received anticoagulants was significantly higher (P less than .001) than those patients receiving other treatment. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Is Required for Microadenoma Formation in the Mouse Azoxymethane Model of Colonic Carcinogenesis
Authors: Alessandro Fichera, Nathaniel Little, Sujatha Jagadeeswaran, Urszula Dougherty, Amikar Sehdev, Reba Mustafi, Sonia Cerda, Weihua Yuan, Sharad Khare, Maria Tretiakova, Can Gong, Michael Tallerico, Greg Cohen, Loren Joseph, John Hart, Jerrold R. Turner, Marc Bissonnette
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Colonic carcinogenesis involves the progressive dysregulation of homeostatic mechanisms that control growth. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) regulates colonocyte growth and differentiation and is overexpressed in many human colon cancers. A requirement for EGFR in colonic premalignancy, however, has not been shown. In the current study, we used a specific EGFR antagonist, gefitinib, to investigate this role of the receptor in azoxymethane colonic premalignancy. The azoxymethane model shares many clinical, histologic, and molecular features of human colon cancer. Mice received azoxymethane i.p. (5 mg/kg/wk) or saline for 6 weeks. Animals were also gavaged with gefitinib (10 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle (DMSO) thrice weekly for 18 weeks, a dose schedule that inhibited normal receptor activation by exogenous EGF. Compared with control colonocytes [bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), 2.2 ± 1.2%], azoxymethane significantly increased proliferation (BrdUrd, 12.6 ± 2.8%), whereas gefitinib inhibited this hyperproliferation (BrdUrd, 6.2 ± 4.0%; &amp;lt;0.005). Azoxymethane significantly induced pro-transforming growth factor-α (6.4 ± 1.3–fold) and increased phospho-(active) EGFR (5.9 ± 1.1–fold), phospho-(active) ErbB2 (2.3 ± 0.2–fold), and phospho-(active) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (3.3 ± 0.4–fold) in premalignant colonocytes. Gefitinib inhibited activations of these kinases by &amp;gt;75% (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Gefitinib also significantly reduced the number of large aberrant crypt foci and decreased the incidence of colonic microadenomas from 75% to 33% (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Gefitinib concomitantly decreased cell cycle–regulating cyclin D1 and prostanoid biosynthetic enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 in microadenomas, suggesting that these regulators are key targets of EGFR in colonic carcinogenesis. These results show for the first time that EGFR signaling is required for early stages of colonic carcinogenesis. Our findings suggest, moreover, that inhibitors of EGFR might be useful in chemopreventive strategies in individuals at increased risk for colonic malignancies. [Cancer Res 2007;67(2):827–35]
Monitoring exhaled nitric oxide to guide inhaled steroid dosage in asthma
Authors: G P Currie
Journal: Thorax (2005)

▴ Smith AD, Cowan JO, Brassett KP, et al . Use of exhaled nitric oxide measurements to guide treatment in chronic asthma. N Engl J Med2005;352:2163–73 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] The method of measuring sputum eosinophils and airway hyperresponsiveness to aid clinicians to titrate anti-inflammatory therapy for asthma has previously been described. However, measuring these biomarkers can be cumbersome and time consuming. Smith et al evaluated whether exhaled nitric oxide (NO)—which can be quickly … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa043596%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15914548%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa043596&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15914548&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F60%2F9%2F739.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000229333300004&link_type=ISI
Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity in three cross sectional studies of British children, 1974-94
Authors: Susan Chinn, Roberto J Rona
Journal: BMJ (2001)

To report trends in overweight and obesity, defined by new internationally agreed cut-off points, in children in the United Kingdom.Three independent cross sectional surveys.Primary schools in England and Scotland.10 414 boys and 9737 girls in England and 5385 boys and 5219 girls in Scotland aged 4 to 11 years.Prevalence and change in prevalence of overweight and obesity, as defined by the international obesity task force, in 1974, 1984, and 1994, for each sex and country.Little change was found in the prevalence of overweight or obesity from 1974 to 1984. From 1984 to 1994 overweight increased from 5.4% to 9.0% in English boys (increase 3. 6%, 95% confidence interval 2.3% to 5.0%) and from 6.4% to 10.0% in Scottish boys (3.6%, 1.9% to 5.4%). Values for girls were 9.3% to 13. 5% (4.1%, 2.4% to 5.9%) and 10.4% to 15.8% (5.4%, 3.2% to 7.6%), respectively. The prevalence of obesity increased correspondingly, reaching 1.7% (English boys), 2.1% (Scottish boys), 2.6% (English girls), and 3.2% (Scottish girls).These results form a base from which trends can be monitored. The rising trends are likely to be reflected in increases in adult obesity and associated morbidity.
ENZYMES OF THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY IN SKIN.
Authors: P.D. MIER, D.W.K. COTTON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1970)

SUMMARY.— A “linked” assay technique for phosphopyruvate kinase in skin extracts is described. This has been used to confirm the presence of the enzyme in mouse and human skin. The enzyme has been shown to be completely soluble. Its pH dependence has been examined; an optimum was observed at pH 7·0.