tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Utility of the white gene in estimating phylogenetic relationships among mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: N. J. Besansky, G. T. Fahey
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1997)

The utility of a nuclear protein-coding gene for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships within the family Culicidae was explored. Relationships among 13 species representing three subfamilies and nine genera of Culicidae were analyzed using a 762-bp fragment of coding sequence from the eye color gene, white. Outgroups for the study were two species from the sister group Chaoboridae. Sequences were determined from clone PCR products amplified from genomic DNA, and aligned following conceptual intron splicing and amino acid translation. Third codon positions were characterized by high levels of divergence and biased nucleotide composition, the intensity and direction of which varied among taxa. Equal weighting of all characters resulted in parsimony and neighboring-joining trees at odds with the generally accepted phylogenetic hypothesis based on morphology and rDNA sequences. The application of differential weighting schemes recovered the traditional hypothesis, in which the subfamily Anophelinae formed the basal clade. The subfamily Toxorhynchitinae occupied an intermediate position, and was a sister group to the subfamily Culicinae. Within Culicinae, the genera Sabethes and Tripteroides formed an ancestral clade, while the Culex-Deinocerites and Aedes-Haemagogus clades occupied increasingly derived positions in the molecular phylogeny. An intron present in the Culicinae-Toxorhynchitinae lineage and one outgroup taxon was absent in the basal Anophelinae lineage and the second outgroup taxon, suggesting that intron insertions or deletions may not always be reliable systematic characters.
No survival benefit for patients with melanoma undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy: critical appraisal of the Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial-I final report
Authors: M. Sladden, S. Zagarella, C. Popescu, M. Bigby
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Background Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was developed in the hope that it would improve outcomes for patients with melanoma. SLNB is an area of discussion and controversy in melanoma medicine. The final trial results of the Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial (MSLT-I) have now been published and the authors suggest their long-term results 'clearly validate the use of sentinel-node biopsy in patients with intermediate-thickness or thick primary melanomas'. An accompanying editorial states that MSLT-I is a practice-changing trial. Conclusions However, critical appraisal of MSLT-I data does not support the claims of the final report. On the contrary, MSLT-I failed to demonstrate that there is a significant treatment-related difference in the 10-year melanoma-specific survival rate in the overall study population. Furthermore, there was no improvement in overall or melanoma-specific survival of the intermediate-thickness group (1·2–3·5 mm). Completion lymphadenectomy can result in complications in about a third of patients, with a rate of clinically significant lymphoedema following axillary or groin dissection of 5–10%. Unnecessary lymphadenectomy can therefore have a major effect on patient quality of life. The evidence provided by Morton et al. does not support the claim that sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by lymphadenectomy in patients with positive sentinel nodes should be the standard of care in patients with melanoma. Readers are encouraged to check with registration sites to make sure declared primary outcomes are fairly reported. Post-hoc analyses are at best exploratory and cannot be used to form the principal conclusions of a trial.
Epithelium derived interleukin 15 regulates intraepithelial lymphocyte Th1 cytokine production, cytotoxicity, and survival in coeliac disease
Authors: A Di Sabatino, R Ciccocioppo, F Cupelli, B Cinque, D Millimaggi, M M Clarkson, M Paulli, M G Cifone, G R Corazza
Journal: Gut (2005)

Epithelium derived interleukin (IL)-15 signalling via IL-15Ralpha is critical for the development, activation, and survival of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). We aimed to better understand the IL-15 driven effects on IEL underlying mucosal damage and lymphomagenesis in coeliac disease (CD).Enterocytes, IEL, and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) were isolated from 46 patients with uncomplicated CD (25 untreated and 21 treated) and 22 controls. IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha expression were determined by immunoblotting. Secretion of IL-15, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and granzyme B into cell culture supernatants was assessed by ELISA. The ability of IL-15 to regulate IEL proliferation, perforin/granzyme dependent cytotoxicity, and apoptosis was tested by adding different combinations of IL-15, IL-15 blocking antibody, or chloroquine to IEL cultured alone or with Caco-2 cells as target. IL-15 mucosal levels were also determined by ELISA in five patients with complicated CD (two ulcerative jejunoileites, one refractory sprue, and two enteropathy associated T cell lymphomas) tested for T cell receptor gamma chain clonality.IL-15 was overexpressed in untreated CD enterocytes and LPMC, and in the mucosa of complicated CD patients and uncomplicated untreated CD patients, where its levels correlated with the degree of mucosal damage. Enterocytes from untreated, but not treated, CD patients and controls secreted IL-15. Untreated CD IEL, characterised by higher IL-15Ralpha expression, showed increased proliferation, production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, and perforin/granzyme dependent cytotoxicity, and a decreased propensity to apoptosis in response to IL-15.Our findings suggest that IL-15 plays a crucial role in the generation of epithelial damage in active CD. Its promotion of IEL survival in CD may predispose to the emergence of T cell clonal proliferations. Blocking IL-15, by suppressing uncontrolled IEL activation and survival, has the potential to provide new therapeutic tools to prevent tissue damage and lymphomagenesis in CD.
Consumer Safety of Enzyme Detergents
Authors: R. Owen Carter
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Confused and incomplete reports in the lay press have stemmed from recent publications regarding the occurrence of irritant dermatitis and allergic respiratory symptoms among workers involved in the manufacture of enzyme-containing detergents—symptoms attributal to enzyme dust encountered in the factory environment.<sup>1-4</sup>Indications are that this problem is purely industrial and that it is controllable in the factory by improved hygiene and dust-control measures. This letter presents a summary of our data showing that the factory problem in no way extends to the consumer areas as has been implied in some press reports. A substantial body of laboratory and clinical evidence and market experience demonstrates that no problem with the finished enzyme product exists in consumer use. It is natural for physicians to ask if what has happened in the factory is to be expected among those who use enzyme-containing products in the home. The question of
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Regulate Syndecan-1 Expression in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Haiguo Sun, Isabelle M. Berquin, Iris J. Edwards
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Human epidemiologic studies and animal model studies support a role for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in prevention or inhibition of breast cancer. However, mechanisms for this protection remain unclear. Syndecan-1 is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, expressed on the surface of mammary epithelial cells and known to regulate many biological processes, including cytoskeletal organization, growth factor signaling, and cell-cell adhesion. We studied effects of n-3 PUFA on syndecan-1 expression in human mammary cell lines. PUFA were delivered to cells by low-density lipoproteins (LDL) isolated from the plasma of monkeys fed diets enriched in fish oil (n-3 PUFA) or linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA). Proteoglycan synthesis was measured by incorporation of [35S]-sodium sulfate. No effect of either LDL was observed in nontumorigenic MCF-10A cells, whereas in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, treatment with n-3–enriched LDL but not n-6–enriched LDL resulted in significantly greater synthesis of a proteoglycan identified by immunoprecipitation as syndecan-1. Using real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), it was shown that n-3–enriched LDL significantly increased the expression of syndecan-1 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner and maximal effective time at 8 hours of treatment. The effect was mimicked by an agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and eliminated by the presence of PPARγ antagonist suggesting a role for PPARγ in syndecan enhancement. Our studies show that n-3 LDL modifies the production of syndecan-1 in human breast cancer cells and suggest that biological processes regulated by syndecan-1 may be modified through LDL delivery of n-3 PUFA.
Preparation of Pure Cultures of Tumor Macrophages2
Authors: R. Evans
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1973)

Journal Article Preparation of Pure Cultures of Tumor Macrophages Get access R. Evans R. Evans Chester Beatty Research Institute, Institute of Cancer Research, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 50, Issue 1, January 1973, Pages 271–273, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/50.1.271 Published: 01 January 1973 Article history Received: 29 September 1972 Accepted: 06 October 1972 Published: 01 January 1973
CD271 <sup>+</sup> Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells May Provide a Niche for Dormant <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>
Authors: Bikul Das, Suely S. Kashino, Ista Pulu, Deepjyoti Kalita, Vijay Swami, Herman Yeger, Dean W. Felsher, Antonio Campos-Neto
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2013)

CD271 + bone marrow stem cells may provide a protective intracellular niche for dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis .
Release of adenosine and cyclic AMP from coronary endothelium in isolated guinea pig hearts: relation to coronary flow.
Authors: K Kroll, J Schrader, H M Piper, M Henrich
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

The coronary efflux of radioactive 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and adenosine from isolated guinea pig hearts was measured following selective prelabelling of coronary endothelial adenine nucleotides with 10 nM [2,8,5'-3H] adenosine. Intracoronary infusion of adenosine and its derivatives 5'-N-ethyl-carboxamide-adenosine (NECA), (-)-N6-(R-phenyl-isopropyl)-adenosine (R-PIA), and (+)-N6-(S-phenyl-isopropyl)-adenosine (S-PIA) caused dose-dependent parallel increases in both coronary flow and the coronary efflux of radioactive cAMP with a rank order of potency: NECA greater than R-PIA greater than adenosine greater than S-PIA. In contrast, adenosine receptor stimulation of isolated cardiomyocytes in primary culture decreased the cellular release of cAMP below control levels with a rank order of potency: R-PIA greater than NECA. Under control conditions, coronary efflux of adenosine and cAMP was 34.3 +/- 2.3 and 3.9 +/- 0.8 pmol/min (mean +/- SEM, n = 6), respectively. NECA (12 microM) caused an increase in cardiac cAMP release of 3.8 times and elevated the specific radioactivity of cAMP 5 times to 63.7 +/- 6.0 Ci/mol, a value 11 times greater than the specific radioactivity of tissue ATP. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the coronary endothelium possesses adenosine A2 receptors linked to adenylate cyclase, which are activated in parallel with increases in coronary flow and that cardiomyocyte adenosine receptors are predominantly of the A1 subtype. In addition, the contribution of the coronary endothelium to total cardiac adenosine release was calculated to be 14% using the specific radioactivities of adenosine and cAMP released into the effluent perfusate.
THE PRODUCTION OF PERSISTENT ALOPECIA IN RABBITS BY X-RAYS OF VARIOUS DEGREES OF HARDNESS
Authors: Harry Clark, Ernest Sturm
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

1. The minimum dose of x-ray, of each of three degrees of hardness, required to produce persistent alopecia of the abdominal skin of normal white rabbits has been studied. 40 kilovolt rays filtered by 0.5 mm., 50 kilovolt rays filtered by 1 mm., and 70 kilovolt rays filtered by 1.5 mm. of aluminium were employed. The 70 kilovolt work is unfinished. 2. Under constant conditions of treatment, the animals were found to react with a high degree of consistency. 3. The values of the critical minimum doses expressed in terms of air ionization (pair of ions per gm. of air divided by 10(15)), for rays produced at 30, 40, 50, and 70 kilovolt peak, are 2.04, 3.7, 4.5, and over 5.1 respectively. The 30 kilovolt value is taken from a previous paper. 4. It is shown that the alopecia reaction does not run parallel to the erythema and pigmentation reactions.
Pulse Pressure–Related Changes in Coronary Flow In Vivo Are Modulated by Nitric Oxide and Adenosine
Authors: Fabio A. Recchia, Hideaki Senzaki, Akio Saeki, Barry J. Byrne, David A. Kass
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Acute increases in arterial pulsatile load imposed on the left ventricle can increase coronary flow without commensurate changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. One explanation is that augmenting pulsatile perfusion at the same mean pressure itself stimulates flow by releasing endothelium-mediated vasorelaxant factors such as NO. The present study tested this hypothesis and determined whether NO and adenosine modulate this response. In open-chest anesthetized dogs, the distal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was whole-blood–perfused by a novel servopump system to control mean and pulsatile perfusion pressure within the isolated vascular bed. Central aortic pressure was measured, stored to computer memory, and then digitally modified (varying the pulse pressure [PP]) to generate a real-time servocommand that was still synchronous with ventricular contraction. Left heart workload was unchanged. LAD flow was measured before and after increasing the PP (to 60 to 100 mm Hg) from baselines of either 0 or 40 mm Hg. With normal basal coronary vascular tone, raising the PP increased flow (+9±2% at a PP of 100 mm Hg). This response was markedly amplified (+39±8%) when basal tone was first partially reduced by adenosine. Competitive inhibition of NO synthase by N ω -monomethyl- l -arginine reduced acetylcholine and PP-dependent flow responses by 50%. Thus, enhanced pulsatile perfusion increases in vivo coronary flow in part by triggering NO release. The marked augmentation of the PP response with reduced basal coronary tone from adenosine suggests that this mechanism may play a role in improving myocardial perfusion during exercise.
Prostaglandin E2 regulates Th17 cell differentiation and function through cyclic AMP and EP2/EP4 receptor signaling
Authors: Katia Boniface, Kristian S. Bak-Jensen, Ying Li, Wendy M. Blumenschein, Mandy J. McGeachy, Terrill K. McClanahan, Brent S. McKenzie, Robert A. Kastelein, Daniel J. Cua, René de Waal Malefyt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2009)

Prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), play an important role during inflammation. This is exemplified by the clinical use of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, which interfere with PGE2 synthesis, as effective antiinflammatory drugs. Here, we show that PGE2 directly promotes differentiation and proinflammatory functions of human and murine IL-17-producing T helper (Th17) cells. In human purified naive T cells, PGE2 acts via prostaglandin receptor EP2- and EP4-mediated signaling and cyclic AMP pathways to up-regulate IL-23 and IL-1 receptor expression. Furthermore, PGE2 synergizes with IL-1beta and IL-23 to drive retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR)-gammat, IL-17, IL-17F, CCL20, and CCR6 expression, which is consistent with the reported Th17 phenotype. While enhancing Th17 cytokine expression mainly through EP2, PGE2 differentially regulates interferon (IFN)-gamma production and inhibits production of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 in Th17 cells predominantly through EP4. Furthermore, PGE2 is required for IL-17 production in the presence of antigen-presenting cells. Hence, the combination of inflammatory cytokines and noncytokine immunomodulators, such as PGE2, during differentiation and activation determines the ultimate phenotype of Th17 cells. These findings, together with the altered IL-12/IL-23 balance induced by PGE2 in dendritic cells, further highlight the crucial role of the inflammatory microenvironment in Th17 cell development and regulation.
Addressing Spirituality Within the Care of Patients at the End of Life: Perspectives of Patients With Advanced Cancer, Oncologists, and Oncology Nurses
Authors: Andrea C. Phelps, Katharine E. Lauderdale, Sara Alcorn, Jennifer Dillinger, Michael T. Balboni, Michael Van Wert, Tyler J. VanderWeele, Tracy A. Balboni
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

Purpose Attention to patients' religious and spiritual needs is included in national guidelines for quality end-of-life care, but little data exist to guide spiritual care. Patients and Methods The Religion and Spirituality in Cancer Care Study is a multi-institution, quantitative-qualitative study of 75 patients with advanced cancer and 339 cancer physicians and nurses. Patients underwent semistructured interviews, and care providers completed a Web-based survey exploring their perspectives on the routine provision of spiritual care by physicians and nurses. Theme extraction was performed following triangulated procedures of interdisciplinary analysis. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression models assessed relationships between participants' characteristics and attitudes toward spiritual care. Results The majority of patients (77.9%), physicians (71.6%), and nurses (85.1%) believed that routine spiritual care would have a positive impact on patients. Only 25% of patients had previously received spiritual care. Among patients, prior spiritual care (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 14.65; 95% CI, 1.51 to 142.23), increasing education (AOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.49), and religious coping (AOR, 4.79; 95% CI, 1.40 to 16.42) were associated with favorable perceptions of spiritual care. Physicians held more negative perceptions of spiritual care than patients (P &lt; .001) and nurses (P = .008). Qualitative analysis identified benefits of spiritual care, including supporting patients' emotional well-being and strengthening patient-provider relationships. Objections to spiritual care frequently related to professional role conflicts. Participants described ideal spiritual care to be individualized, voluntary, inclusive of chaplains/clergy, and based on assessing and supporting patient spirituality. Conclusion Most patients with advanced cancer, oncologists, and oncology nurses value spiritual care. Themes described provide an empirical basis for engaging spiritual issues within clinical care.
Comparison of the basic motor abilities and school achievements in the first grade elementary school boys who attended pre-school with those who did not
Authors: Amin Mohammadi Demih, Ali Khajeh Landi
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

The purpose of this study was to compare the basic motor abilities and school achievement of first grade elementary school boy's students who attended pre-school and those students who did not. This research is a causal-comparative study. Two-hundred students (100 with pre-school and 100 without pre-school) were chosen by stage random sampling. The instrument of this study was the basic motor ability test constructed by Arenhim and Sinkler (1974). The test of hypothesis at p&lt;0.05 showed that: there were significant differences between the scores of the basic motor abilities and academic achievement students who attended pre-school and those who did not. Those attended pre-school showed better achievement. Therefore, it is recommended to provide situation for pre-school children to increase basic motor abilities under supervision of skill teachers.
Daclatasvir plus Sofosbuvir for HCV in Patients Coinfected with HIV-1
Authors: David L. Wyles, Peter J. Ruane, Mark S. Sulkowski, Douglas Dieterich, Anne Luetkemeyer, Timothy R. Morgan, Kenneth E. Sherman, Robin Dretler, Dawn Fishbein, Joseph C. Gathe, Sarah Henn, Federico Hinestrosa, Charles Huynh, Cheryl McDonald, Anthony Mills, Edgar Turner Overton, Moti Ramgopal, Bruce Rashbaum, Graham Ray, Anthony Scarsella, Joseph Yozviak, Fiona McPhee, Zhaohui Liu, Eric Hughes, Philip D. Yin, Stephanie Noviello, Peter Ackerman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2015)

The combination of daclatasvir, a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitor, and the NS5B inhibitor sofosbuvir has shown efficacy in patients with HCV monoinfection. Data are lacking on the efficacy and safety of this combination in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).This was an open-label study involving 151 patients who had not received HCV treatment and 52 previously treated patients, all of whom were coinfected with HIV-1. Previously untreated patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive either 12 weeks or 8 weeks of daclatasvir at a standard dose of 60 mg daily (with dose adjustment for concomitant antiretroviral medications) plus 400 mg of sofosbuvir daily. Previously treated patients were assigned to undergo 12 weeks of therapy at the same doses. The primary end point was a sustained virologic response at week 12 after the end of therapy among previously untreated patients with HCV genotype 1 who were treated for 12 weeks.Patients had HCV genotypes 1 through 4 (83% with genotype 1), and 14% had compensated cirrhosis; 98% were receiving antiretroviral therapy. Among patients with genotype 1, a sustained virologic response was reported in 96.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.8 to 99.2) who were treated for 12 weeks and in 75.6% (95% CI, 59.7 to 87.6) who were treated for 8 weeks among previously untreated patients and in 97.7% (95% CI, 88.0 to 99.9) who were treated for 12 weeks among previously treated patients. Rates of sustained virologic response across all genotypes were 97.0% (95% CI, 91.6 to 99.4), 76.0% (95% CI, 61.8 to 86.9), and 98.1% (95% CI, 89.7 to 100), respectively. The most common adverse events were fatigue, nausea, and headache. There were no study-drug discontinuations because of adverse events. HIV-1 suppression was not compromised.Among previously untreated HIV-HCV coinfected patients receiving daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir for HCV infection, the rate of sustained virologic response across all genotypes was 97.0% after 12 weeks of treatment and 76.0% after 8 weeks. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb; ALLY-2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02032888.).