tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Testing of human growth hormone in sports
Authors: Tejinder Kaur, Ashok Singh, Alka Beotra, Shila Jain
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Doping with growth hormone (GH) is considered to be a major problem in sports. The use of human GH (hGH) is banned in sports by the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to its anabolic effect. The traditional urine analysis methods could not detect doping with hGH due to which the method was developed in blood for the detection of hGH. The 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens, Greece, and in 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Turin primarily targeted the testing of hGH. The testing method for hGH was developed in National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL) keeping in view the need to test hGH during Commonwealth Games 2010. The development and validation of the method is done per the international protocol being followed in other WADA-accredited labs. It is now part of the ISO/IEC 17025:2005 scope of NDTL since April 2010. The presentation will focus on the NDTL's experience of participation in various proficiency testing rounds and also testing of blood samples for hGH in routine.
Histamine-induced rhythmic contraction of hog carotid artery smooth muscle.
Authors: P G Stein, S P Driska
Journal: Circulation Research (1984)

Smooth muscle strips isolated from the hog common carotid artery can contract rhythmically, exhibiting low frequency, large amplitude oscillations in tension when stimulated with 10 microM histamine. Strips required at least 1.45 mM calcium and 2.5 mM potassium to exhibit this rhythmic activity. Rhythmic contractions could be converted to tonic contractions by removal of potassium or ouabain treatment. Relaxation by 2 mM lanthanum, 1 mM manganese, or 1 microM verapamil implies that the external medium is the source of calcium mediating the contractions. The involvement of adrenergic nerve terminals in this response was ruled out, since propranolol, phentolamine, tetrodotoxin, bretylium, or 6-hydroxydopamine treatment did not alter the oscillations. Blockade of H1 receptors with 0.1 microM diphenhydramine relaxed the muscle strips. The H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine (5 microM) had no effects. Attempts to obtain rhythmic contractions by stimulating with other vasoactive agents (norepinephrine, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, angiotensin II, and elevated potassium concentrations) were unsuccessful, suggesting that this is a specific histamine response mediated solely by H1 receptors. These results show that this large artery, commonly considered a multi-unit smooth muscle, can sometimes exhibit single-unit behavior.
Use of Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy for Colorectal Cancer in a Population-Based Cohort
Authors: John Z. Ayanian, Alan M. Zaslavsky, Charles S. Fuchs, Edward Guadagnoli, Cynthia M. Creech, Rosemary D. Cress, Lilia C. O’Connor, Dee W. West, Mark E. Allen, Robert E. Wolf, William E. Wright
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Randomized trials have demonstrated that adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival for patients with stage III colon cancer and that chemotherapy combined with radiation therapy improves survival for patients with stage II or III rectal cancer. This population-based study was designed to assess use of these treatments in clinical practice.From the California Cancer Registry, we identified all patients diagnosed during 1996 to 1997 with stage III colon cancer (n = 1,422) and stage II or III rectal cancer (n = 534) in 22 northern California counties. To supplement registry data on adjuvant therapies and ascertain reasons they were not used, we surveyed physicians or reviewed office records for 1,449 patients (74%).Chemotherapy rates varied widely by age from 88% (age < 55 years) to 11% (age >or= 85 years), and radiation therapy varied similarly. Adjusting for demographic, clinical, and hospital characteristics, chemotherapy was used less often among older and unmarried patients, and radiation therapy was used less often among older patients, black patients, and those initially treated in low-volume hospitals. Adjusted rates of chemotherapy varied significantly (P <.01) among individual hospitals: 79% and 51%, respectively, at one SD above and below average (67%). Physicians' reasons for not providing adjuvant therapy included patient refusal (30% for chemotherapy, 22% for radiation therapy), comorbid illness (22% and 14%, respectively), or lack of clinical indication (22% and 45%, respectively).Use of adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer varies substantially by age, race, marital status, hospital volume, and individual hospital, indicating opportunities to improve care. With enhanced data on adjuvant therapies, population-based registries could become a valuable resource for monitoring the quality of cancer care.
Preponderance of IgM from blood lymphocytes in response to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis.
Authors: M Kaila, E Isolauri, E Virtanen, H Arvilommi
Journal: Gut (1992)

Immune responses triggered by acute rotavirus infection in infants are poorly defined. To obtain indirect evidence as to gut immune response to rotavirus, the solid phase enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISPOT) of immunoglobulin and specific antibody secreting cells among circulating blood lymphocytes was used. Seventeen well nourished patients from seven to 25 months of age were studied during the peak of rotavirus infection, and in convalescence. A transient but distinct immunoglobulin secreting cell response in IgM and IgG, but not in IgA, classes was found during the diarrhoeal phase. This response included a quantitatively prominent activation of specific antibody secreting cells against rotavirus in the IgM class, mean (95% confidence interval (CI)) 82 (32, 210)/10(6) cells v 8 (4, 17)/10(6) cells in convalescence, p = 0.01. The response in the IgA class was not significant. The results indicate that local immune mechanisms are activated in rotavirus diarrhoea. They further suggest that although IgA is the predominant immunoglobulin operative in the gastrointestinal tract, this may not be the case in infantile rotavirus enteritis.
Models of the human metabolic network: aiming to reconcile metabolomics and genomics
Authors: Philip W Kuchel
Journal: Genome Medicine (2010)

The metabolic syndrome, inborn errors of metabolism, and drug-induced changes to metabolic states all bring about a seemingly bewildering array of alterations in metabolite concentrations; these often occur in tissues and cells that are distant from those containing the primary biochemical lesion. How is it possible to collect sufficient biochemical information from a patient to enable us to work backwards and pinpoint the primary lesion, and possibly treat it in this whole human metabolic network? Potential analyses have benefited from modern methods such as ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and more. A yet greater challenge is the prediction of outcomes of possible modern therapies using drugs and genetic engineering. This exposes the notion of viewing metabolism from a completely different perspective, with focus on the enzymes, regulators, and structural elements that are encoded by genes that specify the amino acid sequences, and hence encode the various interactions, be they regulatory or catalytic. The mainstream view of metabolism is being challenged, so we discuss here the reconciling of traditionally quantitative chemocentric metabolism with the seemingly 'parameter-free' genomic description, and vice versa.
Management of lower respiratory tract infections by French general practitioners: the AIR II study
Authors: C. Raherison, P. Peray, R. Poirier, P. Romand, J-P. Grignet, P. Arsac, A. Taytard, J-P. Daures
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

The Analyse Infections Respiratoires (AIR) II study is a prospective, multicentre survey of the management of lower respiratory tract infections in patients aged 15–65 yrs by general practitioners (GPs) in France. To obtain real-time data recording, practitioners were required to submit an anonymous copy of their drug prescriptions. They were then interviewed over the telephone about the patients' sociodemographic data, signs and symptoms, as well as their presumptive diagnosis and the investigations they had decided upon. GPs (n=3,144) reported 5,469 evaluable cases. Pneumonia accounted for 9.6% of diagnoses, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis 14.9% and acute bronchitis 72.5%. The symptomatology covered an extremely wide range of clinical features, which, although statistically different in terms of incidence, overlapped to a large extent across diagnoses. By contrast, hospitalization, investigations or referral to a specialist were much more prevalent in pneumonia, although still very infrequent in general terms (0.5, 1.2 and 10.8%, respectively). Antibiotics were prescribed in 96.5% of patients, with minor differences between diagnoses. However, other medications such as nonsteroid, anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, nonspecific antitussives and bronchial liquefiers accounted for two-thirds of the prescriptions. This study demonstrates the lower respiratory tract infections encountered by general practitioners are usually mild. However, antibiotic prescription was more systematic than in previous studies and the prescription of nonspecific symptomatic treatments was twice as frequent. General practitioners did not perform additional examinations or refer on a regular basis. There was a high prescription rate for symptomatic treatment.
Phase I Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Study of Flavopiridol in Children With Refractory Solid Tumors: A Children's Oncology Group Study
Authors: James A. Whitlock, Mark Krailo, Joel M. Reid, Stacie L. Ruben, Matthew M. Ames, William Owen, Gregory Reaman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

To determine the dose-limiting toxicities, maximum-tolerated dose, and pharmacokinetics of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol (NSC 649890) when administered as a 1-hour infusion over 3 consecutive days to children with recurrent or refractory solid tumors.Flavopiridol was administered as a 1-hour intravenous infusion daily for 3 consecutive days every 21 days, or when hematologic toxicity or any grade 2 or greater nonhematologic toxicity resolved. The starting dose was 37.5 mg/m2/d. Dose escalation was in cohorts of three patients in a standard fashion until dose-limiting toxicity and the maximum-tolerated dose were determined. Flavopiridol levels were measured on days 1, 2, and 3.Twenty-five children received flavopiridol at doses of 37.5 to 80 mg/m2/day over 3 consecutive days. The maximum-tolerated dose was 62.5 mg/m2/d. The primary dose-limiting toxicities were neutropenia and diarrhea. No antitumor effect was observed in this population. Mean peak plasma concentrations of 3.71 and 9.11 micromol/L were achieved at the end of the 1-hour infusion, following dose escalation from 37.5 mg/m2 to 80 mg/m2, respectively. The median flavopiridol plasma clearance was 8.0 L/h/m2 (range, 2.6 to 17.1 L/h/m2).The maximum-tolerated dose of flavopiridol in children, and the recommended phase II dose for pediatric studies, was 62.5 mg/m2/day when administered as a 1-hour infusion for 3 consecutive days. Dose-limiting toxicities of neutropenia and diarrhea were similar to those in adult studies.
The genetics of generalized vitiligo: autoimmune pathways and an inverse relationship with malignant melanoma
Authors: Richard A Spritz
Journal: Genome Medicine (2010)

Generalized vitiligo (GV) is the most common pigmentation disease, in which white spots of skin and overlying hair result from loss of melanocytes from the involved regions. GV is a complex disease involving both genetic predisposition and unknown environmental triggers. Whereas various pathogenetic mechanisms have been suggested, most evidence supports an autoimmune basis for this disease. Recently, three different genome-wide association studies of GV have been reported, identifying a total of 17 confirmed GV susceptibility loci. Almost all of these genes encode immunoregulatory proteins, together highlighting pathways by which melanocytes might be recognized and killed. Moreover, the biological interaction between two of these GV susceptibility genes, HLA-A and TYR (encoding tyrosinase), points to an apparent inverse relationship between susceptibility to GV versus malignant melanoma, suggesting that GV may result, in part, from dysregulation of normal processes of immune surveillance against melanoma.
Computed Tomography Predictors of Response to Endobronchial Valve Lung Reduction Treatment. Comparison with Chartis
Authors: Maren Schuhmann, Philippe Raffy, Youbing Yin, Daniela Gompelmann, Ipek Oguz, Ralf Eberhardt, Derek Hornberg, Claus Peter Heussel, Susan Wood, Felix J. F. Herth
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)

Chartis Pulmonary Assessment System (Pulmonx Inc., Redwood, CA) is an invasive procedure used to assess collateral ventilation and select candidates for valve-based lung volume reduction (LVR) therapy. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) is a potential alternative to Chartis and today consists primarily of assessing fissure integrity (FI).In this retrospective analysis, we aimed to determine QCT predictors of LVR outcome and compare the QCT model with Chartis in selecting likely responders to valve-based LVR treatment.Baseline CT scans of 146 subjects with severe emphysema who underwent endobronchial valve LVR were analyzed retrospectively using dedicated lung quantitative imaging software (Apollo; VIDA Diagnostics, Coralville, IA). A lobar volume reduction greater than 350 ml at 3 months was considered to be indicative of positive response to treatment. Thirty-four CT baseline variables, including quantitative measurements of FI, density, and vessel volumetry, were used to feed a multiple logistic regression analysis to find significant predictors of LVR outcome. The primary predictors were then used in 33 datasets with Chartis results to evaluate the relative performance of QCT versus Chartis.FI (P < 0.0001) and low attenuation clusters (P = 0.01) measured in the treated lobe and vascular volumetric percentage of patient's detected smallest vessels (P = 0.02) were identified as the primary QCT predictors of LVR outcome. Accuracy for QCT patient selection based on these primary predictors was comparable to Chartis (78.8 vs. 75.8%).Quantitative CT led to comparable results to Chartis for classifying LVR and is a promising tool to effectively select patients for valve-based LVR procedures.
Epirubicin, Oxaliplatin, and Capecitabine With or Without Panitumumab for Advanced Esophagogastric Cancer: Dose-Finding Study for the Prospective Multicenter, Randomized, Phase II/III REAL-3 Trial
Authors: Alicia F.C. Okines, Sue E. Ashley, David Cunningham, Jacqueline Oates, Andrea Turner, Janine Webb, Claire Saffery, Yu Jo Chua, Ian Chau
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Purpose Epirubicin, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine (EOC) is a standard treatment in advanced esophagogastric cancer. Panitumumab (P) is a fully human, immunoglobulin G2 monoclonal antibody targeting epidermal growth factor receptor. Randomized Trial of EOC ± Panitumumab for Advanced and Locally Advanced Esophagogastric Cancer (REAL-3) will evaluate whether the addition of P to EOC improves survival in patients with advanced esophagogastric adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. Patients and Methods The original design of REAL-3 added P 9 mg/kg to the standard dose of EOC (dose level [DL] + 1). Due to toxicity, a dose de-escalation was made to EOC + P DL − 1 (epirubicin 50 mg/m 2 , oxaliplatin130 mg/m 2 , capecitabine 1,000 mg/m 2 /d + P 9 mg/kg every 3 weeks). After additional toxicity was observed, the study was amended to include two additional EOC + P dose levels. Using a 3 + 3 design, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were assessed weekly during cycle 1. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to EOC ± P. Results Between July 2008 and October 2009, 29 patients were randomly selected for standard-dose EOC (n = 13) or EOC + P (n = 16). Five patients were treated at DL + 1, with grade 3 diarrhea in four of five patients by cycle 4. At DL − 1, one patient had grade 3 diarrhea and grade 5 infection. Three patients were treated at DL − 3, and then six were treated at DL − 2, without DLTs. Conclusion The recommended dose for EOC + P is epirubicin 50 mg/m 2 , oxaliplatin 100 mg/m 2 , capecitabine 1,000 mg/m 2 /d, and P 9 mg/kg every 3 weeks. This dose has been selected for the ongoing phase II/III REAL-3 study.
HYSTERECTOMY AND APPENDICECTOMY PERFORMED ON A PATIENT AGED 74: RECOVERY
Authors: J. D. Malcolm
Journal: BMJ (1907)

Tx 'I5T7' At 6.30 a.m. on May 13th, after a cup of tea, she had a severe attack of vomlting, and " then black, nasty-looking blood came, soaking the nightgown and sheet."She, however, got up later and washed them.Though feeling weak she had no pain and the bleeding had stopped.On May 14th she went about "feeling weak and languid," but without pain or bleeding.In' the evening she came to me as stated above.From the history so far related no very clear guide as to the exact cause of her symptoms was evident.On examination her breasts showed no signs, and there was no apparent soften- ing of the cervix with its old laceration, but there certainly was an enlarged tender right tube.without, however, any undue pulsation being noticeable.There was a little bleeding after the vaginal examination.Although signs and symptoms were not very positive, I concluded that this was probably a case of extrauterine pregnancy, and sent the patient home to bed, telling her she would require to be operated upon the next day, and that I would see her eatly In the morning, but to.get her husband's consent in the meantime.It was fortunate that I did so, for serious internal bleeding, attended with severe attacks of pain, came on during the night, causing such collapse as to render the diagnosis unmistakable.Next morning she was lying curled up on her right side, complain- ing of much pain over the right iliac fossa, while there was peritoneal distension and a temperature of 1010 F. Rapid examination revealed a tender mass round the right Fallopian tube.I gave her a small dose of morphine to quiet her rest- lessness and pain, and had her quickly removed to the private hospital, summoning two medical men to meet me there with a view to immediate operatinn.
Laser lithotripsy of difficult bile duct stones: results in 60 patients using a rhodamine 6G dye laser with optical stone tissue detection system
Authors: J Hochberger, J Bayer, A May, S Mühldorfer, J Maiss, E G Hahn, C Ell
Journal: Gut (1998)

Laser lithotripsy of bile duct stones has become a widely accepted endoscopic treatment modality for giant, impacted, or very hard stones. The procedure is usually carried out under direct endoscopic control in view of the potential risk of bile duct injuries in "blind" laser application.To investigate the use of a rhodamine 6G laser lithotriptor with an integrated optical stone tissue detection system (oSTDS).From 1 September 1991 to 7 March 1997, 60 patients with giant or impacted common bile duct stones refractory to endoscopic papillotomy stone extraction, and mechanical lithotripsy were treated via the endoscopic retrograde route using a rhodamine 6G dye laser (595 nm, 2.5 micros, 80-150 mJ pp, Lithognost Telemit/Baasel Corp., Germany) with integrated oSTDS. In case of tissue contact oSTDS cuts off the laser pulse after 190 ns (transmission of 5-8% of the total pulse energy). 47 patients (78.3%) were subjected to x ray targeting (oSTDS) alone, five (8.3%) to choledochoscope targeting alone, and eight (13.3%) to both techniques.At the end of treatment 52 (87%) patients were completely stone-free. The only major complications included transient haemobilia, cholangitis, and pancreatitis in five patients. All five were successfully treated by conservative methods.Laser lithotripsy using the described rhodamine 6G dye laser with oSTDS seems to be safe and effective and allows "blind" fragmentation of difficult common bile duct stones under radiological control only.
Prevention of Infective Endocarditis
Authors: David T. Durack
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

Infective endocarditis is always fatal if untreated and continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality despite modern antimicrobial and surgical treatment.15 Therefore, prevention is a priority. In 1909, Lord Thomas Horder wrote that when "infection is grafted upon a previously sclerosed endocardium . . . it is possible to do something to prevent the mischief. . . . The source of the infecting agent in most of the cases is the mouth or the intestine. . . . Attention might profitably be directed to these regions in all persons known to possess valvular defects."6 Today we continue efforts "to . . .
Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Promotes Progression of Mammary Tumors to Malignancy
Authors: Elaine Y. Lin, Andrew V. Nguyen, Robert G. Russell, Jeffrey W. Pollard
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

In human breast carcinomas, overexpression of the macrophage colony–stimulating factor (CSF-1) and its receptor (CSF-1R) correlates with poor prognosis. To establish if there is a causal relationship between CSF-1 and breast cancer progression, we crossed a transgenic mouse susceptible to mammary cancer with mice containing a recessive null mutation in the CSF-1 gene (Csf1op) and followed tumor progression in wild-type and null mutant mice. The absence of CSF-1 affects neither the incidence nor the growth of the primary tumors but delayed their development to invasive, metastatic carcinomas. Transgenic expression of CSF-1 in the mammary epithelium of both Csf1op/Csf1op and wild-type tumor-prone mice led to an acceleration to the late stages of carcinoma and to a significant increase in pulmonary metastasis. This was associated with an enhanced infiltration of macrophages into the primary tumor. These studies demonstrate that the growth of mammary tumors and the development to malignancy are separate processes and that CSF-1 selectively promotes the latter process. CSF-1 may promote metastatic potential by regulating the infiltration and function of tumor-associated macrophages as, at the tumor site, CSF-1R expression was restricted to macrophages. Our data suggest that agents directed at CSF-1/CSF-1R activity could have important therapeutic effects.
Immunochemical studies of conjugates of isomaltosyl oligosaccharides to lipid. I. Antigenicity of the glycolipids and the production of specific antibodies in rabbits.
Authors: C Wood, E A Kabat
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

Isomaltose oligosaccharides varying in size from two sugars, isomaltose (IM2), to seven sugars, isomaltohepatose (IM7), were coupled to stearylamine by reductive amination with sodium cyanoborohydride. Each compound was purified by column chromatography to yield a series of glycolipids containing oligosaccharides differing in length. Stearyl-isomaltotriose to stearyl-IM7 could be incorporated into liposomes and could render them agglutinable by specific antibodies to alpha 1 leads to 6 dextran and could be lysed if complement was also added, whereas those containing stearyl-IM2 were not agglutinated or lysed, indicating that stearyl-IM2 may not be protruding from the liposome surface sufficiently to react with the antibody. Stearyl-isomaltosyl oligosaccharides by themselves or incorporated into liposomes were equally antigenic when emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. They elicited pauciclonal responses, and the antibodies were alpha 1 leads to 6 specific, cross-reacted with dextran, and gave semirestricted isoelectric focusing patterns.