tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treatment policy of surgery in small cell carcinoma of the lung: retrospective analysis of a series of 874 consecutive patients.
Authors: K Osterlind, M Hansen, H H Hansen, P Dombernowsky, M Rorth
Journal: Thorax (1985)

A therapeutic policy of surgery in the treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung was evaluated in a retrospective series of 874 consecutive patients. All patients were included in one of six clinical trials of intensive combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy, carried out during 1973-81. General criteria of resectability, including normal appearances at mediastinoscopy, were fulfilled in 33 electively operated patients and in 46 non-operated patients. An elective operation was defined as a thoracotomy performed with the intention of pulmonary resection in a patient known to have small cell carcinoma. Pneumonectomy or lobectomy was performed in 73% of the electively operated patients. Residual macroscopic or microscopic tumour tissue was left after half of these resections. Both operated patients and non-operated patients with operable tumours survived significantly longer than 696 patients deemed to have been inoperable. There was no significant difference, however, in the duration of survival between the two subsets of operable patients. According to this analysis, a treatment policy of surgery for resectable small cell carcinoma does not lead to better overall results than treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy alone.
Time Trends of Primary Liver Cancer: Indication of Increased Incidence in Selected Cancer Registry Populations
Authors: R Saracci, F Repetto
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1980)

Primary liver cancer (PLC) data from 30 selected cancer registries covering 37 populations in 18 countries were used to compare incidence rates in two periods (2-5 yr long) between 1956 and 1972. The median distance between central years of the two periods was about 8 years. Over this interval, all-ages incidence rates, standardized to world population, showed a statistically significant increase in 17 (45.9%) of the populations for males and in 10 (27.0%) for females. Corresponding figures for the 0- to 44-year age group were 4 (10.8%) for males and 7 (18.9%) for females. One statistically significant decrease was observed among the remaining populations. Over the whole set of 37 populations the median percent yearly increase was +3.7 for males and +6.7 for females (all ages) and +1.3 for males and +8.3 for females (ages 0-44 yr). The increase in PLC was most clearly identifiable in the populations of Kracow, Poland; Alberta, Canada; and Bombay, India; and in the Jewish population of Israel. Correlations between levels and/or changes of some variables (per capita income and calorie and alcohol consumption) and changes in PLC rates provided no consistent pattern of results. Changes in PLC mortality rates showed only a weak correlation with changes in PLC incidence rates, indicating the inadequacy of mortality data to describe PLC trends. Data on PLC incidence trends, as available from routine source, appeared insufficient to determine the role of diagnosis-registration changes in the observed increase and to exclude the contribution of etiologic factors.
Ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph nodes metastases from breast cancer as only site of disseminated disease. Chemotherapy alone vs. induction chemotherapy to radical radiation therapy
Authors: S. Pergolizzi, N. Settineri, A. Santacaterina, P. Spadaro, R. Maisano, N. Caristi, V. Adamo, C. De Renzis, M. Mesiti, S. Cascinu
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2001)
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MICE TO NATIVE PROTOPLASMIC POLYSACCHARIDE AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Kenneth B. von Eschen, Jon A. Rudbach
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1974)

Functional separation of the two signals involved in stimulating immunological responses was achieved through the judicious use of two natural bacterial antigens. Native protoplasmic polysaccharide (NPP) extracted from Escherichia coli was immunochemically identical to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from the same organism. However, NPP was not endotoxic, not mitogenic, did not fix complement, and was immunologically independent of T cells. The NPP, which appeared to contain only the antigenic signal, could induce a primary antibody response in mice and could sensitize mice for a secondary response. However, the antigenic signal contained in NPP was insufficient to trigger a secondary response in mice primed with either NPP or LPS. LPS, containing both the antigenic and second signals, was required to trigger a secondary response in primed mice.
Intratumoral Heterogeneity in a <i>Trp53</i>-Null Mouse Model of Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Mei Zhang, Anna Tsimelzon, Chi-Hsuan Chang, Cheng Fan, Andrew Wolff, Charles M. Perou, Susan G. Hilsenbeck, Jeffrey M. Rosen
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2015)

Abstract Intratumoral heterogeneity correlates with clinical outcome and reflects the cellular complexity and dynamics within a tumor. Such heterogeneity is thought to contribute to radio- and chemoresistance because many treatments may target only certain tumor cell subpopulations. A better understanding of the functional interactions between various subpopulations of cells, therefore, may help in the development of effective cancer treatments. We identified a unique subpopulation of tumor cells expressing mesenchymal-like markers in a Trp53-null mouse model of basal-like breast cancer using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and microarray analysis. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed the existence of cross-talk between these “mesenchymal-like” cells and tumor-initiating cells. Knockdown of genes encoding ligands upregulated in the mesenchymal cells and their corresponding receptors in the tumor-initiating cells resulted in reduced tumorigenicity and increased tumor latency. These studies illustrate the non–cell-autonomous properties and importance of cooperativity between tumor subpopulations. Significance: Intratumoral heterogeneity has been considered one important factor in assessing a patient's initial response to treatment and selecting drug regimens to effectively increase tumor response rate. Elucidating the functional interactions between various subpopulations of tumor cells will help provide important new insights in understanding treatment response and tumor progression. Cancer Discov; 5(5); 520–33. ©2015 AACR. See related commentary by Brooks and Wicha, p. 469 This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 453
The Changing View of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Els M.J.J. Berns, David D. Bowtell
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

The classification of epithelial ovarian cancer has been substantially revised, with an increased appreciation of the cellular origins and molecular aberrations of the different histotypes. Distinct patterns of signaling-pathway disruption are seen between and within histotypes. Large-scale genomic studies of high-grade serous cancer, the most common histotype, have identified novel molecular subtypes that are associated with distinct biology and clinical outcome. High-grade serous cancers are characterized by few driver point mutations but abundant DNA copy number aberrations. Inactivation of genes associated with DNA damage repair underlies responses to platinum and PARP inhibitors. Here we review these recent developments.
Controversies relating to preparticipation cardiovascular screening in young athletes: time for a realistic solution?
Authors: M Papadakis, N Chandra, S Sharma
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

The sudden death of any young individual is a tragic event that causes immeasurable damage to family lives. The sudden death of a young athlete from a cardiac disorder is particularly emotive and is often associated with considerable media coverage, drawing attention to the youth, the athletic prowess of the individual and the number of life years lost consequent to a cardiac disorder that could have been detected during life. Most exercise-related sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs) are attributed to congenital or hereditary cardiac disorders that are asymptomatic in most victims.1 2 Unsurprisingly, the death of a young athlete often galvanises urgent discussions relating to preparticipation cardiac screening involving members of the community, sports physicians and sporting governing bodies.

There is considerable resistance to implementing widespread cardiac screening of athletes. The low incidence of deaths and the low prevalence rates of all implicated disorders challenge the cost efficacy of such a programme. Furthermore, there are concerns relating to the overlap between the physiological adaptation to exercise and the cardiac disease resulting in false-positive results and unnecessary anxiety or even disqualification of an athlete from future competitive sport.3 It is also recognised that up to 11% of deaths in athletes occur at rest; therefore, cessation of sport will not necessarily prevent death in all athletes.1 Finally, there are issues relating to the lack of infrastructure and expert personnel trained in athlete's heart and the broad phenotype of the heterogeneous disorders implicated in the sudden death of an athlete. The UK and many other Western countries do not favour screening of athletes. Indeed, screening of athletes in the UK is confined to elite sporting …
Hydrogen sulphide and the hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis: a hypothesis
Authors: Mohammad R Ebrahimkhani, Ali R Mani, Kevin Moore
Journal: Gut (2005)

Cirrhosis is associated with the development of a hyperdynamic circulation, which is secondary to the presence of systemic vasodilatation. Several mechanisms have been postulated to be involved in the development of systemic vasodilatation, including increased synthesis of nitric oxide, hyperglucagonaemia, increased carbon monoxide synthesis, and activation of K<sub>ATP</sub> channels in vascular smooth muscle cells in the systemic and splanchnic arterial circulation. Hydrogen sulphide (H<sub>2</sub>S) has recently been identified as a novel gaseous transmitter that induces vasodilatation through activation of K<sub>ATP</sub> channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. In this brief review, we comment on what is known about H<sub>2</sub>S, vascular and neurological function, and postulate its role in the pathogenesis of the vascular abnormalities in cirrhosis.
Sodium, potassium and phosphorus content of normal and psoriatic skin
Authors: G.H. Hajini, S.T. Hussain, S.N.A. Shah
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1976)

Journal Article Sodium, potassium and phosphorus content of normal and psoriatic skin Get access G.H. Hajini, G.H. Hajini Government Medical College, Srinagar, Kashmir, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S.T. Hussain, S.T. Hussain Government Medical College, Srinagar, Kashmir, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S.N.A. Shah S.N.A. Shah Government Medical College, Srinagar, Kashmir, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 95, Issue 6, 1 December 1976, Pages 674–675, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1976.tb07046.x Published: 01 December 1976
Alternatively Spliced Tissue Factor Promotes Plaque Angiogenesis Through the Activation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling
Authors: Chiara Giannarelli, Matilde Alique, David T. Rodriguez, Dong Kwon Yang, Dongtak Jeong, Claudia Calcagno, Randolph Hutter, Antoine Millon, Jason C. Kovacic, Thomas Weber, Peter L. Faries, Gerald A. Soff, Zahi A. Fayad, Roger J. Hajjar, Valentin Fuster, Juan J. Badimon
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Alternatively spliced tissue factor (asTF) is a novel isoform of full-length tissue factor, which exhibits angiogenic activity. Although asTF has been detected in human plaques, it is unknown whether its expression in atherosclerosis causes increased neovascularization and an advanced plaque phenotype.Carotid (n=10) and coronary (n=8) specimens from patients with stable or unstable angina were classified as complicated or uncomplicated on the basis of plaque morphology. Analysis of asTF expression and cell type-specific expression revealed a strong expression and colocalization of asTF with macrophages and neovessels within complicated, but not uncomplicated, human plaques. Our results showed that the angiogenic activity of asTF is mediated via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α upregulation through integrins and activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α upregulation by asTF also was associated with increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression in primary human endothelial cells, and vascular endothelial growth factor-Trap significantly reduced the angiogenic effect of asTF in vivo. Furthermore, asTF gene transfer significantly increased neointima formation and neovascularization after carotid wire injury in ApoE(-/-) mice.The results of this study provide strong evidence that asTF promotes neointima formation and angiogenesis in an experimental model of accelerated atherosclerosis. Here, we demonstrate that the angiogenic effect of asTF is mediated via the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. This mechanism may be relevant to neovascularization and the progression and associated complications of human atherosclerosis as suggested by the increased expression of asTF in complicated versus uncomplicated human carotid and coronary plaques.
Self-rated health before and after retirement in France (GAZEL): a cohort study
Authors: Hugo Westerlund, Mika Kivimäki, Archana Singh-Manoux, Maria Melchior, Jane E Ferrie, Jaana Pentti, Markus Jokela, Constanze Leineweber, Marcel Goldberg, Marie Zins, Jussi Vahtera
Journal: The Lancet (2009)
Discovering the Full Spectrum of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Sidney C. Smith, Luther T. Clark, Richard S. Cooper, Stephen R. Daniels, Shiriki K. Kumanyika, Elizabeth Ofili, Miguel A. Quinones, Eduardo J. Sanchez, Elijah Saunders, Susan D. Tiukinhoy
Journal: Circulation (2005)

T his article provides an overview of our current under- standing of the epidemiology of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and hypertension among racial/ethnic groups.Three presentations made at the conference by the present writing group are summarized and updated with other information on ethnic groups, and recommendations developed by the writing group for programs, public policy, and research are put forward. Epidemiology of Obesity• Obesity has been increasing across all US groups since 1980: children, adults, racial/ethnic groups, and socioeconomic status groups.• Ethnic disparities are prevalent: Obesity prevalence is higher among black American women, Hispanic Americans (especially Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans), American Indians/Alaska Natives, Pacific Islanders, and Native Hawaiians than among white Americans.• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk for a given body mass index (BMI) may vary by race/ethnicity.
Response to Öncül
Authors: Michiaki Fukui, Yoshihiro Kitagawa, Naoto Nakamura, Toshikazu Yoshikawa
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

We read with great interest the recent letter from Oncul et al. (1) reporting the correlation of serum leptin levels with insulin sensitivity in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Their findings showed that fasting serum insulin levels and serum leptin levels were significantly elevated in patients with chronic HCV infection compared with control subjects and that fasting serum leptin and insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment–estimated insulin sensitivity were correlated in the whole …
Book: Handbook for Mortals: Guidance for People Facing Serious Illness
Authors: D. Spence
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Joanne Lynn, Joan Harrold Oxford University Press, £14.99, pp 256 ISBN 0 19 511662 3 Rating:![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img>![Graphic][4]</img> A hundred years ago most adults died quickly from accidents or infections. Death and serious illness were everyday occurrences, and most people would have had firsthand experience of the death of a loved one early on in their own life. Nowadays most people have little experience of disease and dying, and many of us will have serious illnesses that linger for months or years before we die. Handbook for Mortals attempts to bridge that gap—the gulf between “living with” and “dying of” … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif
Quality of care for elderly residents in nursing homes and elderly people living at home: controlled observational study
Authors: T. Fahey
Journal: BMJ (2003)

To assess the quality of care given to elderly people and compare the care given to residents in nursing homes with those living in their own homes.Controlled observational study.Primary care, Bristol.Elderly individuals (aged > or =65 years) registered with three general practices, of whom 172 were residents in nursing homes (cases) and 526 lived at home (matched controls).The quality of clinical care given to patients was measured against explicit standards. Quality indicators were derived from national sources and agreed with participating general practitioners.The overall standard of care was inadequate when judged against the quality indicators, irrespective of where patients lived. The overall prescribing of beneficial drugs for some conditions was deficient--for example, only 38% (11/29) (95% confidence interval 20% to 58%) of patients were prescribed beta blockers after myocardial infarction. The proportion of patients with heart disease or diabetes who had had their blood pressure measured in the past two years (heart disease) or past year (diabetes) was lower among those living in nursing homes: for heart disease, 74% (17/23) v 96% (122/127) (adjusted odds ratio 0.18, 0.04 to 0.75); for diabetes, 62% (8/13) v 96% (50/52) (adjusted odds ratio 0.05, 0.01 to 0.38). In terms of potentially harmful prescribing, significantly more patients in nursing homes were prescribed neuroleptic medication (28% (49/172) v 11% (56/526) (3.82, 2.37 to 6.17)) and laxatives (39% (67/172) v 16% (85/526) (2.79, 1.79 to 4.36)). Nursing home residents were less likely to have the appropriate diagnostic Read code linked to their prescribed neuroleptic drug (0.22, 0.07 to 0.71).The quality of medical care that elderly patients receive in one UK city, particularly those in nursing homes, is inadequate. We suggest that better coordinated care for these patients would avoid the problems of overuse of unnecessary or harmful drugs, underuse of beneficial drugs, and poor monitoring of chronic disease.
Endothelium-Selective Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Prevents Diabetes Mellitus–Induced Impairment in Vascular Function and Reendothelialization via Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Mice
Authors: Francois Y.L. Li, Karen S.L. Lam, Hung-Fat Tse, Cheng Chen, Yiqun Wang, Paul M. Vanhoutte, Aimin Xu
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Endothelial damage and dysfunction are crucial mediators that link diabetes mellitus with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) has been implicated in regulation of both energy metabolism and vascular homeostasis. The present study investigated whether endothelium-selective activation of AMPK prevents diabetes mellitus-induced endothelial damage and vascular dysfunction by improving reendothelialization in mice.Transgenic mice with endothelium-selective expression of a constitutively active (CA) AMPK were generated and rendered diabetic by the injection of streptozotocin. Relaxation and reendothelialization of carotid arteries and circulating numbers of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were examined after wire-induced denudation. Bone marrow-derived EPCs were isolated to monitor their in vivo and in vitro function. Compared with wild-type littermates, the CA-AMPK transgenic mice were resistant to diabetes mellitus-induced impairment in endothelium-dependent relaxation and reendothelialization of their injured carotid arteries. These changes in the transgenic mice were accompanied by increased mobilization of EPCs and enhanced incorporation of EPCs into injured blood vessels. Furthermore, EPCs from the transgenic mice exhibited augmented adhesion, migration, and tube formation capacities. At the molecular level, the expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and the secretion of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α were upregulated in EPCs derived from the transgenic mice, whereas AMPK-mediated elevation of serum SDF-1α levels and improvements of EPC function and reendothelialization were all abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of heme oxygenase-1.Endothelium-specific AMPK activation is sufficient to protect against diabetes mellitus-induced aggravation of vascular injury by promoting EPC function and reendothelialization via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and SDF-1α.
Vertebral and peripheral bone mineral content and fracture incidence in postmenopausal patients with rheumatoid arthritis: effect of low dose corticosteroids.
Authors: A Verstraeten, J Dequeker
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1986)

Peripheral and axial bone mass and fracture incidence were studied in a group of 104 postmenopausal patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Patients were divided into non-corticosteroid and low dose corticosteroid treated groups after elimination of patients with concomitant disease or therapy which might affect bone mass. Results were compared with those obtained in controls matched for age and sex. Bone mass at the distal radius was significantly reduced compared with that of controls in both patient groups. Axial bone mass, however, was normal in both treatment groups, non-corticosteroid treated patients having even a significantly higher bone mass than controls (p less than 0.05) and corticosteroid treated patients (p less than 0.05). Fracture incidence (vertebral and femoral neck) was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in corticosteroid treated patients than in the non-corticosteroid treated group. The mean lumbar bone mineral content and the body weight of the fracture group were significantly lower than in the controls. There were no significant differences in biochemical markers of bone turnover between the RA groups.
Intravitreous Injections of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Produce Retinal Ischemia and Microangiopathy in an Adult Primate
Authors: Michael J. Tolentino, Joan W. Miller, Evangelos S. Gragoudas, Frederick A. Jakobiec, Evelyn Flynn, Klio Chatzstefanou, Napoleone Ferrara, Anthony P. Adamis
Journal: Ophthalmology (1996)
HIV Denial in the Internet Era
Authors: Tara C Smith, Steven P Novella
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

It may seem remarkable that 23 years after the identification of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) there is still denial that the virus is the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This denial was highlighted on an international level in 2000 when South African president Thabo Mbeki convened a group of panelists to discuss the cause of AIDS acknowledging that he remained unconvinced that  was the cause. His ideas were derived at least partly from material he found on the Internet. Though Mbeki agreed later that year to step back from the debate he subsequently suggested a re-analysis of health spending with a decreased emphasis on HIV/AIDS.  denial has taken root in the general population and has shown its potential to frustrate public education efforts and adversely affect public funding for AIDS research and prevention programs. For example the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) was for many years on the front lines of AIDS education and activism. But now a San Francisco chapter of the group has joined the denialist movement stating on its Web site that HIV does not cause AIDS...  antibody tests are fl awed and dangerous...AIDS drugs are poison. (excerpt)