tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Satiety Mechanisms in Genetic Risk of Obesity
Authors: Clare H. Llewellyn, Maciej Trzaskowski, Cornelia H. M. van Jaarsveld, Robert Plomin, Jane Wardle
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> A better understanding of the cause of obesity is a clinical priority. Obesity is highly heritable, and specific genes are being identified. Discovering the mechanisms through which obesity-related genes influence weight would help pinpoint novel targets for intervention. One potential mechanism is satiety responsiveness. Lack of satiety characterizes many monogenic obesity disorders, and lower satiety responsiveness is linked with weight gain in population samples. <h3>Objective</h3> To test the hypothesis that satiety responsiveness is an intermediate behavioral phenotype associated with genetic predisposition to obesity in children. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Cross-sectional observational study of a population-based cohort of twins born January 1, 1994, to December 31, 1996 (Twins Early Development Study). Participants included 2258 unrelated children (53.3% female; mean [SD] age, 9.9 [0.8] years), one randomly selected from each twin pair. <h3>Exposure</h3> Genetic predisposition to obesity. We created a polygenic risk score (PRS) comprising 28 common obesity-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified in a meta-analysis of obesity-related genome-wide association studies. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Satiety responsiveness was indexed with a standard psychometric scale (Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire). Using 1990 United Kingdom reference data, body mass index SD scores and waist SD scores were calculated from parent-reported anthropometric data for each child. Information on satiety responsiveness, anthropometrics, and genotype was available for 2258 children. We examined associations among the PRS, adiposity, and satiety responsiveness. <h3>Results</h3> The PRS was negatively related to satiety responsiveness (β coefficient, −0.060; 95% CI, −0.019 to −0.101) and positively related to adiposity (β coefficient, 0.177; 95% CI, 0.136-0.218 for body mass index SD scores and β coefficient, 0.167; 95% CI, 0.126-0.208 for waist SD scores). More children in the top 25% of the PRS were overweight than in the lowest 25% (18.5% vs 7.2%; odds ratio, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.98-4.25). Associations between the PRS and adiposity were significantly mediated by satiety responsiveness (<i>P</i> = .006 for body mass index SD scores and<i>P</i> = .005 for waist SD scores). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> These results support the hypothesis that low satiety responsiveness is one of the mechanisms through which genetic predisposition leads to weight gain in an environment rich with food. Strategies to enhance satiety responsiveness could help prevent weight gain in genetically at-risk children.
Trends in childhood leukaemia in the Nordic countries in relation to fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing.
Authors: S. C. Darby, J. H. Olsen, R. Doll, B. Thakrar, P. D. Brown, H. H. Storm, L. Barlow, F. Langmark, L. Teppo, H. Tulinius
Journal: BMJ (1992)

To obtain further information about the risks of childhood leukaemia after exposure to ionising radiation at low doses and low dose rates before or after birth or to the father's testes shortly before conception.Observational study of trends in incidence of childhood leukaemia in relation to estimated radiation exposures due to fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing during the 1950s and 1960s.Nordic countries.Children aged under 15 years.Incidence rates of leukaemia by age at diagnosis, sex, country, and calendar year of diagnosis or year of birth; exposure category; relation between leukaemia and exposure for children aged 0-14 and 0-4 separately.During the high fallout period the average estimated dose equivalent to the fetal red bone marrow was around 140 mu Sv and the average annual testicular dose 140 mu Sv. There was little evidence of increased incidence of leukaemia among children born in these years. Doses to the red bone marrow of a child after birth were higher, and during the high exposure period children would have been subjected to an additional dose equivalent of around 1500 mu Sv, similar to doses received by children in several parts of central and eastern Europe owing to the Chernobyl accident and about 50% greater than the annual dose equivalent to the red bone marrow of a child from natural radiation. leukaemia incidence and red marrow dose was not related overall, but rates of leukaemia in the high exposure period were slightly higher than in the surrounding medium exposure period (relative risk for ages 0-14: 1.07, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.14; for ages 0-4: 1.11, 1.00 to 1.24).Current predicted risks of childhood leukaemia after exposure to radiation are not greatly underestimated for low dose rate exposures.
Detection of a 2.1 cm Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an 11-Year-Old Boy by TI-201 Chloride Case Presentation and Correlative Imaging Findings
Authors: JEFFREY S. KEMPF, HUSSEIN ABDEL-DAYEM
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Abnormal uptake of TI-201 chloride In the liver along with correlative radiologic Imaging is presented in an unusual case of an 11-year-old boy with a small 2.1 cm hepatocellular carcinoma. Although planar TI-201 images were normal, triple-headed SPECT TI-201 images showed a focal area of increased liver activity at the site of the tumor which corresponded to a photopenic area on Tc-99m SC SPECT images. The patient successfully underwent partial liver resection of a pathologically proven hepatocellular carcinoma.
Gene mapping in Gypsies identifies a novel demyelinating neuropathy on chromosome 8q24
Authors: Luba Kalaydjieva, Joachim Hallmayer, David Chandler, Alexey Savov, Amelia Nikolova, Dora Angelicheva, Rosalind H. H. King, Boryana Ishpekova, K. Honeyman, Francesc Calafell, Alexander Shmarov, Julia Petrova, Ivailo Turnev, Anna Hristova, Momchil Moskov, Stella Stancheva, Iva Petkova, Alan H. Bittles, Veneta Georgieva, Lefkos Middleton, P.K. Thomas
Journal: Nature Genetics (1996)
EXACTING CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE GANGRENOUS TOE
Authors: David A. Willis
Journal: JAMA (1952)

In an extremity supplied by arteriosclerotic vessels, the most distal parts will be subject to tissue changes should the peripheral circulation be in any way further impaired. In a case of arteriosclerosis, with no palpable blood vessel pulsation, and with oscillometric readings of zero, the presence of a gangrenous toe or a portion thereof does not necessarily indicate that the circulation of the extremity is such as to require amputation of any portion of the extremity except the involved local part. Spontaneous gangrene of the toe is extremely rare if it ever occurs. Such a condition would imply that the circulation to the toe for some unexplainable reason was suddenly stopped. On the contrary, in nearly every case of gangrene of the toe some history of trauma can be elicited, even though the trauma may have been so minor as to have been practically unnoticed by the patient. All trauma
Repeat prescriptions: was Balint right?
Authors: P M Tombleson
Journal: BMJ (1984)

The results of a study of repeat prescriptions in a semi-rural general practice of 2715 patients showed that 97 people had not attended for review of their drug treatment for over 12 months. Nearly 60 patients seemed to elude contact; the motivation for this behaviour was divided between pride and fear. A psychological study showed pronounced phobic features in the group that was most closely aligned to the patients having repeat prescriptions described by the Balint group.
Decreasing Mortality and Eliminating Phthisis in Mental Hospitals
Authors: A. W. B. Livesay
Journal: BMJ (1936)

KD1CAL JOUXKDZ' In Table It the results with the box mask are compared with those for other similar open methods1 2 3-that is, with the patient not enclosed in a tent or-using an apparatus with valves.It is obvious that even with the catheter outside the nose the box mask uses only half the amount of oxygen consumed by other methods.Of course tents can be run on 2 to 3 litres a minute and TABLE I Rate of Alveolar Pressures Subject and 02 flow, % Atmosphere Position Position LitesMin.COarM Catheter C. P., sitting ... 1.9 6.6 26.2 3 in.in Cardboard, No. 1 4.0 5.8 40.1 nose 4.3 6.4 41.9 5.0 6.7 50.5 .t.. .. 4.6 5.6 50.3 4.6 6.1 47.9 4.5 6.6 48.7 .n5.0 6.5 53.0 J. A. C., ,, 5.1 6.6 50.9 45 6 No. 2 4.8 6.0 48.6 C. P.. 5.0 6.1 53.6 .. ,, No. 1 5.7 6.1 56.7 .. Altminium, No. 1 6.0 6.1 56.6 5.7 5.9 57.5 J. A. C., ,, 6.0 6.1 5'.5 go Cardboard,No.2 6.0 6.1 59.5 It .. 5.6 6.0 51 5 9. Aluminium, No. 2 64 5.8 55.0 6.0 5.9 53.6 to So 8.0 5.2 50.0 Outside .. 9. 8.0 5
miRNA expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with chemoimmunotherapy
Authors: Santiago Montes-Moreno, Nerea Martinez, Beatriz Sanchez-Espiridión, Ramon Díaz Uriarte, Maria Elena Rodriguez, Anabel Saez, Carlos Montalbán, Gonzalo Gomez, David G. Pisano, Juan Fernando García, Eulogio Conde, Eva Gonzalez-Barca, Andres Lopez, Manuela Mollejo, Carlos Grande, Miguel Angel Martinez, Cherie Dunphy, Eric D. Hsi, Gabrielle B. Rocque, Julie Chang, Ronald S. Go, Carlo Visco, Zijun Xu-Monette, Ken H. Young, Miguel A. Piris
Journal: Blood (2011)
Endocrine Consequences of Continuous Antiestrogen Therapy with Tamoxifen in Premenopausal Women
Authors: Barry M. Sherman, Frederick K. Chapler, Kent Crickard, Dorothy Wycoff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

Daily administration of estrogen antagonists to premenopausal women has been incorporated into the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. We have studied the changes in reproductive hormones, pituitary responses to hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and endometrial histology during treatment with the antiestrogen tamoxifen in five healthy, premenopausal women. These studies were carried out during one menstrual cycle before and during two cycles of antiestrogen treatment. All subjects continued to have regular menses with biphasic basal body temperature records. During treatment, estradiol (E2) levels were increased but followed the usual pattern reflecting follicular maturation and corpus luteum formation. The mean E2 concentration at the midcycle peak and during the luteal phase was twice that observed during the non-treatment cycle. By contrast, the concentrations and secretory patterns of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were not greatly changed, and the gonadotropin responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone were not suppressed.
THE ANTIEDEMIC ACTIONS OF CALCIUM IN EXPERIMENTAL IRRITATIVE EDEMAS
Authors: M. L. TAINTER
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Calcium therapy in edemas of irritative and inflammatory origin is known to be capricious. The claims of specific, antiedemic action appear to have more an authoritative than a scientific basis. The specificity is frequently attributed to certain known antipermeability effects of calcium on cells, unicellular organisms and simple membranes in general biology. However, there has not been any satisfactory evidence to corroborate this theoretical possibility in the antiedemic actions. A mere protective action against the formation of edema or effusion is not conclusive evidence of antipermeability. Moreover, it is frequently overlooked that the form of calcium in the body is not comparable with that of the salts used in simple experiments. Besides the antipermeability theory, no satisfactory explanation has been suggested to indicate the probable nature of the antiedemic action of calcium, when this occurs. From the clinical side this is easily understandable, because it is difficult, if not impossible,
Short chain fatty acid distributions of enema samples from a sigmoidoscopy population: an association of high acetate and low butyrate ratios with adenomatous polyps and colon cancer.
Authors: G A Weaver, J A Krause, T L Miller, M J Wolin
Journal: Gut (1988)

We investigated the distribution of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in enema samples taken from subjects before sigmoidoscopy as an indicator of possible microbial community differences between subjects subsequently diagnosed as normal or having colonic disorders. The major SCFA in all groups were acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. A significantly higher ratio of acetate to total SCFA and lower ratio of butyrate to total SCFA was found for polyp-colon cancer subjects than for normal subjects. There were no significant differences in the ratios of acetate, propionate, or butyrate between the diverticulosis or inflammatory bowel groups and the normal group. There were no significant sex differences nor were there correlations with the ratios of acetate, propionate or butyrate and age, subject weight, or dry weights of samples. Significant differences in concentrations of individual acids were found between normal and certain diagnostic groups. The difference in proportions of individual SCFA between groups suggest differences in fermentation patterns of the colonic microflora.
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: Philip D. McMaster, Robert Elman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

Direct proof of the absorption of bile pigments from the intestinal tract is presented. Feedings of pure bilirubin by mouth to dogs, like those of whole bile, increase greatly the amount of this pigment in the hepatic bile. Control feedings of bile salts, while greatly increasing the bile quantity, cause no change in the pigment output. Instillations of pure bilirubin directly into the duodenum of dogs, appropriately intubated, are followed by pronounced increases in the bilirubin output in the bile. Feedings of pure urobilin to dogs, yielding urobilin-free bile, as result of diversion of the secretion from the intestine, are followed by the appearance of this pigment in the bile.
Better hospital care and women's groups reduced neonatal mortality in Malawi by a quarter
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The introduction in Malawi of a hospital quality improvement programme, combined with community action to encourage pregnant women to seek antenatal care earlier, has led to a 23% drop in neonatal mortality, a study has found.

The MaiKhanda project, led by the UK Health Foundation, was a five year programme aimed at improving maternal healthcare in three districts in Malawi covering a population of two million people. 

An evaluation of the project found that the interventions reduced neonatal mortality from 34 to 27 deaths per 1000 live births between 2006 and 2011.1 The rate of reduction increased over time, so that in the last 15 months of the study neonatal mortality fell by 28% in total.

The study, which compared 14 576 births at …
Edward Hand, 1744–1802 — Physician and General
Authors: William V. McDermott
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

UNTIL about a century ago a citizen of a country at war who had both medical and military experience was more valued for the latter than the former. This was particularly true in the American Colonies at the outset of the Revolution. Contrary to popular opinion, frontier fighting against the Indians was of relatively little military value since most of the major battles of the Revolution were fought in accordance with traditional European tactics by which solid ranks of well disciplined troops faced each other in open terrain and victory was more likely to depend on the ability of both . . .
More Details of AIDS-Linked, Viruslike Infectious Agent Revealed
Authors: Beverly Merz
Journal: JAMA (1989)

LIKE SALOME'S VEILS, layers of mystery enshrouding the identity of a reputed infectious agent are being cast aside. Two were shed recently with publication of reports by Shyh-Ching Lo, MD, that have brought a long-awaited description of a novel virus-like infectious agent (VLIA) that, for the last 3 years, had been intermittently rumored to be a possible causitive agent in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The reports indicate that the agent can be isolated from tissues of some patients with AIDS and that it causes a wasting disease in monkeys. Lo, who is head of the AIDS pathology division of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology's molecular pathobiology laboratory, reported in February (<i>Am J Trop Med Hyg</i>. 1989;40:213-226) that he had isolated and cloned VLIA from 7 of 10 patients with AIDS—3 years after he had informally announced that he had discovered the agent. In April (<i>Am J Trop Med Hyg</i>
Nadirs of Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests Are Independent of Age and Sex
Authors: Arye Lev-Ran
Journal: Diabetes Care (1983)

We analyzed nadirs of 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests in 400 subjects who remained completely asymptomatic during the test. The median nadir was 63 mg/dl, the 10th percentile 48 mg/dl, and the 2.5th percentile 41 mg/dl. Seventy-five percent of the nadirs occurred at 3-4 h. There were no differences in the absolute level of nadirs between men and women, nor between the subjects 17-30 and 61-74 yr of age.
Performance of Recommended Screening Tests for Undiagnosed Diabetes and Dysglycemia
Authors: Deborah B. Rolka, K. M. Venkat Narayan, Theodore J. Thompson, Dona Goldman, Joann Lindenmayer, Kate Alich, Darcy Bacall, Evan M. Benjamin, Betty Lamb, Dennis O. Stuart, Michael M. Engelgau
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

To evaluate the performance, in settings typical of opportunistic and community screening programs, of screening tests currently recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) for detecting undiagnosed diabetes.Volunteers aged > or =20 years without previously diagnosed diabetes (n = 1,471) completed a brief questionnaire and underwent recording of postprandial time and measurement of capillary blood glucose (CBG) with a portable sensor. Participants subsequently underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test; fasting serum glucose (FSG) and 2-h postload serum glucose (2-h SG) concentrations were measured. The screening tests we studied included the ADA risk assessment questionnaire, the recommended CBG cut point of 140 mg/dl, and an alternative CBG cut point of 120 mg/dl. Each screening test was evaluated against several diagnostic criteria for diabetes (FSG > or =126 mg/dl, 2-h SG > or =200 mg/dl, or either) and dysglycemia (FSG > or =110 mg/dl, 2-h SG > or =140 mg/dl, or either).Among all participants, 10.7% had undiagnosed diabetes (FSG > or =126 or 2-h SG > or =200 mg/dl), 52.1% had a positive result on the questionnaire, 9.5% had CBG > or =140 mg/dl, and 18.4% had CBG > or =120 mg/dl. The questionnaire was 72-78% sensitive and 50-51% specific for the three diabetes diagnostic criteria; CBG > or =140 mg/dl was 56-65% sensitive and 95-96% specific, and CBG > or =120 mg/dl was 75-84% sensitive and 86-90% specific. CBG > or =120 mg/dl was 44-62% sensitive and 89-90% specific for dysglycemia.Low specificity may limit the usefulness of the ADA questionnaire. Lowering the cut point for a casual CBG test (e.g., to 120 mg/dl) may improve sensitivity and still provide adequate specificity.
Physicians' Guide to Diseases of the Oral Cavity
Authors: Paul S. Cohen
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<i>Physicians' Guide to Diseases of the Oral Cavity</i>by H. S. Goldman, DDS, MPH, and M. Z. Marder, DDS, will be useful as a review atlas for those well trained in oral pathology and as a diagnostic and teaching aid for those seeking first-time information. Its primary purpose is to provide the practicing physician with concise and easily accessible reference material in an area that is frequently underemphasized in medical school curricula. The book is divided into well-defined chapters encompassing more than 300 systemic diseases that have intraoral manifestations, in addition to a discussion of primary dental disorders. The authors begin by detailing the examination of the oral cavity. This is followed with chapters on plaque-related diseases, oral anomalies, tumors, systemic diseases, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Etiology, pathogenesis, history, and therapy are not treated in as much depth as diagnosis, but this is not the purpose of the book. This book
Evidence that neuropeptide Y and norepinephrine mediate electrical field-stimulated vasoconstriction of rabbit middle cerebral artery.
Authors: D A Van Riper, J A Bevan
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

We investigated the contractile response of isolated rabbit middle cerebral artery (MCA) segments to electrical field stimulation (EFS). The dynamics of the EFS contraction were compared with a similar-sized branch of rabbit ear artery. In comparison with the ear artery, the EFS contractions of the MCA displayed a longer latency and a higher stimulus frequency threshold. Greater stimulation train lengths were required to attain equilibrium, and the time course of EFS response--including force development, plateau, and return to rest tension--was significantly slower than in the ear artery. Morphological and pharmacological studies of the MCA showed that it receives sympathetic adrenergic innervation: whole-mount preparations displayed catecholamine histofluorescence; electron micrographs of MCA sections revealed a population of varicosities containing chromaffin positive large and small vesicles; and EFS contractions were blocked by tetrodotoxin (30 nM) and guanethidine (5 microM) and by chronic surgical sympathectomy. Exposure to prazosin (10 microM) or phenoxybenzamine (1 microM) blocked norepinephrine contractions but did not significantly influence the EFS contraction. Procedures and drugs that antagonized the responses to neuropeptide Y, serotonin, or histamine were also ineffective in blocking the EFS contraction. The involvement of ATP could not be assessed, since the purinergic P2 agonist alpha,beta-methylene ATP was ineffective in blocking ATP-mediated contractions. The EFS contraction, however, could be blocked by a combination of neuropeptide Y desensitization and phenoxybenzamine (30 nM) or prazosin (0.1 microM). These results suggest that norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y are released from sympathetic nerves and mediate EFS contraction by occupation of postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptor and neuropeptide Y receptors. Since the blockade of only one of these components does not diminish the response to EFS, the adrenergic neuroeffector system in this artery may involve complex prejunctional regulatory mechanisms.
Amenorrhea and Predictors for Remenorrhea in Anorexia nervosa: A Psychoendocrinological Study in Inpatients
Authors: Adolf-Ernst Meyer, Beate von Holtzapfel, Gerhard Deffner, Klaus Engel, Maggy Klick
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1986)

34 consecutively admitted anorexia nervosa inpatients were studied for variables relevant for 'early' vs. 'late' amenorrhea and for probable remenorrhea after therapy. The subsample reporting 'early' amenorrhea, i.e. preceding weight loss (n = 11), was characterized by less 'anorexia-specific' psychological traits and more weight loss before admission and a more marked (= pathological) FSH responsiveness to GnRH stimulation. Hence--contrary to our expectation--'early' amenorrhea seems to be a 'nonpsychogenic' phenomenon. Analysis according to FSH hyperresponsiveness yielded no additional information. Studying LH changes during therapy we found that a nonrise in basal LH secretion is associated with a type of anorexia characterized by early onset and a less severe but protracted course before admission, which then proves also more recalcitrant to therapy. The subsample which attained LH fluctuation before discharge showed a clear reduction of 'weight phobia' and a higher weight both on admission and before discharge.