tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Hepatitis A in Israel Following Universal Immunization of Toddlers
Authors: Ron Dagan
Journal: JAMA (2005)

ContextIn Israel, the mean annual incidence of hepatitis A disease was 50.4 per 100 000 during 1993-1998. A 2-dose universal hepatitis A immunization program aimed at children aged 18 and 24 months (without a catch-up campaign) was started in 1999.ObjectiveTo observe the impact of toddlers-only universal vaccination on hepatitis A virus disease in Israel.Design and SettingOngoing passive national surveillance of hepatitis A cases in Israel has been conducted since 1993 by the Ministry of Health. An active surveillance program in the Jerusalem district in 1999-2003 provided validation for the passive program.Main Outcome MeasureIncidence of reported hepatitis A disease, 1993-2004.ResultsOverall vaccine coverage in Israel in 2001-2002 was 90% for the first dose and 85% for the second dose. A decline in disease rates was observed before 1999 among the Jewish but not the non-Jewish population. After initiation of the program, a sharp decrease in disease rates was observed in both populations. The annual incidence of 2.2 to 2.5 per 100 000 during 2002-2004 represents a 95% or greater reduction for each year with respect to the mean incidence during 1993-1998 (P&lt;.001). For children aged 1 through 4 years, a 98.2% reduction in disease was observed in 2002-2004, compared with the prevaccination period (P&lt;.001). However, a sharp decline was also observed in all other age groups (84.3% [&lt;1 year], 96.5% [5-9 years], 95.2% [10-14 years], 91.3% [15-44 years], 90.6% [45-64 years], and 77.3% [≥65 years]). Among the Jewish population in the Jerusalem district, in whom the active surveillance program was successfully conducted, a more than 90% reduction of disease was demonstrated. Of the 433 cases reported nationwide in 2002-2004 in whom vaccination status could be ascertained, 424 (97.9%) received no vaccine and none received 2 doses.ConclusionThis universal toddlers-only immunization program in Israel demonstrated not only high effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccination but also marked herd protection, challenging the need for catch-up hepatitis A vaccination programs.
Absorption and Miscibility of Regular Porcine Insulin After Subcutaneous Injection of Insulin-treated Diabetic Patients
Authors: K Kølendorf, J Bojsen, T Deckert
Journal: Diabetes Care (1983)

The absorption and miscibility of subcutaneously injected 125I-regular porcine insulin was examined in 20 insulin-treated diabetic patients. The disappearance half-life (t1/2) was 2.1 +/- 0.8 h (SD) after injection of regular insulin (40 U/ml) and 2.3 +/- 0.7 h when mixed with porcine NPH insulin (NS). A significant inverse relation was demonstrated between insulin concentration and absorption, as t1/2 was 1.8 +/- 0.7 h (P less than 0.05) when using 20 U/ml. The interindividual coefficients of variation for absorption of regular insulin were 30.9-41.6% and independent of the presence of NPH insulin. The intrapatient variability, however, was much smaller, 14.5-23.6%.
Side-to-side slippage of myocytes participates in ventricular wall remodeling acutely after myocardial infarction in rats.
Authors: G Olivetti, J M Capasso, E H Sonnenblick, P Anversa
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

To determine whether acute left ventricular failure associated with myocardial infarction leads to architectural changes in the spared nonischemic portion of the ventricular wall, large infarcts were produced in rats, and the animals were killed 2 days after surgery. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was increased, whereas left ventricular dP/dt and systolic pressure were decreased, indicating the presence of severe ventricular dysfunction. Absolute infarct size, determined by measuring the fraction of myocyte nuclei lost from the left ventricular free wall, averaged 63%. Transverse midchamber diameter increased by 20%, and wall thickness diminished by 33%. The mural number of myocytes in this spared region of the left ventricular free wall decreased by 36% and the capillary profiles by 40%. The combination of these functional abnormalities and structural rearrangement of the wall resulted in a 7.8-fold increase in diastolic wall stress. A comparable analysis of the interventricular septum demonstrated a 24% reduction in the number of cells across the septal thickness, whereas capillaries were diminished by 26%. Moreover, a 7.2-fold elevation in diastolic stress was computed in this region of the ventricle. The augmentation in diastolic stress was associated with a 22% and a 16% myocyte cellular hypertrophy in the wall and septum, respectively. In conclusion, side-to-side slippage of myocytes in the myocardium occurs in association with ventricular dilatation after a large myocardial infarction and contributes to ventricular remodeling and the occurrence of decompensated eccentric hypertrophy.
THE ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE DYSENTERY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: E. B. Vedder, C. W. Duval
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1902)

1. The several standard cultures used in this study are indistinguishable -a conclusion previously reached and stated by Flexner. 2. The acute dysentery of the United States is due to a bacillus indistinguishable from that obtained from the epidemics of dysentery in several other parts of the world. 3. The sporadic and the institutional outbreaks of acute dysentery are caused by the same microorganism, and this organism is identical with that causing epidemic acute dysentery. 4. The cause of acute dysentery, whether sporadic, institutional, or epidemic, is Bacillus dysenteriae Shiga.
The pesticides endosulfan, toxaphene, and dieldrin have estrogenic effects on human estrogen-sensitive cells.
Authors: A M Soto, K L Chung, C Sonnenschein
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Estrogenic pesticides such as DDT and chlordecone generate deleterious reproductive effects. An "in culture" bioassay was used to assess the estrogenicity of several pesticides. The E-screen test uses human breast estrogen-sensitive MCF7 cells and compares the cell yield achieved after 6 days of culture in medium supplemented with 5% charcoal-dextran stripped human serum in the presence (positive control) or absence (negative control) of estradiol and with diverse concentrations of xenobiotics suspected of being estrogenic. Among the organochlorine pesticides tested, toxaphene, dieldrin, and endosulfan had estrogenic properties comparable to those of DDT and chlordecone; the latter are known to be estrogenic in rodent models. The E-screen test also revealed that estrogenic chemicals may act cumulatively; when mixed together they induce estrogenic responses at concentrations lower than those required when each compound is administered alone.
Effects of grandmothers' smoking in pregnancy on birth weight: intergenerational cohort study
Authors: E. Hypponen
Journal: BMJ (2003)

To investigate the influences on birth weight of maternal smoking during pregnancy across generations.Intergenerational cohort study.Members of the 1958 birth cohort and their offspring and mothers.England, Scotland, and Wales.Birth weight.Information on grandmothers' smoking during pregnancy was available for 9028 singleton offspring of 4302 female cohort members. Assuming heritable transmission through the intergenerational association, grandmothers' smoking was predicted to result in a 34 g reduction (95% confidence interval -41 g to -28 g) in the birth weight of grandchildren. Random effects models showed a negative association between grandmothers' smoking and birth weight of grandchildren (beta regression coefficient -24 g, -50 g to 3 g), but this effect was eliminated after adjustment for maternal smoking (0 g, -26 g to 26 g). No association was evident among the offspring of non-smoking mothers (n = 6105; 14 g, -17 g to 46 g), and after adjustment for maternal birth weight, adult height and body mass index, grandmothers' smoking was positively associated with the birth weight of grandchildren (45 g, 10 g to 80 g).Deficits in mothers' birth weight attributable to their mother smoking was not evident in the grandchildren.
VIBRIOS (VIBRIO JEJUNI, N.SP.) ASSOCIATED WITH INTESTINAL DISORDERS OF COWS AND CALVES
Authors: F. S. Jones, Marion Orcutt, Ralph B. Little
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

A number of vibrios obtained from the small intestines of calves fed feces from spontaneous diarrhea in cows, natural intestinal disorders of calves, experimentally induced infections of calves, and cultures obtained from Dr. Theobald Smith have been studied. From the close morphological resemblance, similarities in motility, position and number of flagella, tinctorial properties, and the tendency to fragmentation in older cultures, as well as the narrow nutritive requirements, we are led to regard them as a closely allied group and we propose the name Vibrio jejuni. Immunologically as judged by agglutination the organisms have been divided into two groups, the smaller representing two strains originating from diarrhea in cows and the larger comprising one from this source and many from the calf disease. The larger group can be subdivided by means of agglutination absorption into cultures which do not contain the complete antigenic complex and others which do so. Certain freshly isolated vibrios when injected into rabbits incite definite reactions terminating in a localization in the small intestine accompanied by catarrhal inflammation.
A USA-based registry for pulmonary arterial hypertension: 1982 2006
Authors: T. Thenappan, S. J. Shah, S. Rich, M. Gomberg-Maitland
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

The aim of this study was to define the epidemiology of World Health Organization (WHO) Group I pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a large referral centre in the USA. The Pulmonary Hypertension Connection registry, initiated in 2004, evaluated all patients in a single USA practice from 1982–2006. For comparison, the authors divided the group by incident versus prevalent cohorts, aetiology and by treatment era. In total, 578 patients (77% female) aged 48±14 yrs were entered. Of these, 80% had class III or IV symptoms. Over time, connective tissue disease-associated PAH increased, while referrals for HIV remained low. One-third of patients were referred on calcium channel blocker therapy even though only 4.6% had an acute response to vasodilator challenge. When compared by treatment era, there were no differences in the severity of PAH. However, survival had improved over time, with a 1-yr survival of 85% in the incident cohort. In the USA, pulmonary arterial hypertension patients are still referred to tertiary centres too late. Referral of connective tissue disease is increasing, while referral of HIV remains low. Inappropriate calcium channel blocker treatment is common. Survival rates have increased but remain low suggesting that prognosis is improving but PAH is still a progressive, fatal disease.
Endocrine approaches in the therapy of prostate carcinoma
Authors: F.C.H. d'Ancona, F.M.J. Debruyne
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2005)

At present, the management of non-organ confined prostate cancer, whether it is a recurrence or metastasis, continues to evolve based on prostate cancer detection using prostate-specific antigen and the development of medications as alternatives for the classical orchiectomy, which induced irreversible implications for quality of life. Diethylstilbestrol therapy was associated with cardiovascular side-effects; GnRH agonists were able to create a castration level, but again considerable side-effects were described. Combination therapies using antiandrogens and GnRH agonists do not improve survival and have additional toxicity. GnRH antagonists, which also suppress FSH, represent the latest class of agents introduced for hormonal treatment, but phase III studies with survival data are not yet available. In spite of all these achievements, hormonal manipulation has resulted in only modest improvements during recent decades and new targets are needed to improve the clinical outcome. Selectively modifying the androgen receptor is currently one of the most promising developments.
Ontogeny of Local Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca <sup>2+</sup> Signals in Cerebral Arteries
Authors: Maik Gollasch, George C. Wellman, Harm J. Knot, Jonathan H. Jaggar, Deborah H. Damon, Adrian D. Bonev, Mark T. Nelson
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

Abstract —Ca 2+ release through ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is a key element of excitation-contraction coupling in muscle. In arterial smooth muscle, Ca 2+ release through RyRs activates Ca 2+ -sensitive K + (K Ca ) channels to oppose vasoconstriction. Local Ca 2+ transients (“Ca 2+ sparks”), apparently caused by opening of clustered RyRs, have been observed in smooth and striated muscle. We explored the fundamental issue of whether RyRs generate Ca 2+ sparks to regulate arterial smooth muscle tone by examining the function of RyRs during ontogeny of arteries in the brain. In the present study, Ca 2+ sparks were measured using the fluorescent Ca 2+ indicator fluo-3 combined with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Diameter and arterial wall [Ca 2+ ] measurements obtained from isolated pressurized arteries were also used in this study to provide functional insights. Neonatal arteries (&lt;1 day postnatal), although still proliferative, have the molecular components for excitation-contraction coupling, including functional voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels, RyRs, and K Ca channels and also constrict to elevations in intravascular pressure. Despite having functional RyRs, Ca 2+ spark frequency in intact neonatal arteries was ≈1/100 of adult arteries. In marked contrast to adult arteries, neonatal arteries did not respond to inhibitors of RyRs and K Ca channels. These results support the hypothesis that RyRs organize during postnatal development to cause Ca 2+ sparks, and RyRs must generate Ca 2+ sparks to regulate the function of the intact tissue.
Circadian rhythms of specific airway conductance and bronchial reactivity to histamine: the effects of parasympathetic blockade
Authors: D Dreher, EA Koller
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1990)

In ten healthy, nonsmoking, non-atopic, young volunteers, specific airway conductance and bronchial response to aerosolized histamine were measured plethysmographically at intervals of 4.8 h during two periods of 24 h, i.e. one day without, the other with, a parasympatholytic aerosol (0.20-0.24 mg ipratropium bromide) inhaled 1 h before each measurement, in order to determine the role of the parasympathetic innervation in the circadian rhythms of the airways. Specific airway conductance and bronchial reactivity showed clear circadian variations with corresponding peak times (16.11 and 04.41 h, respectively). Topical vagal blockade markedly increased specific conductance and resulted in a significant reduction of its rhythm amplitude, whereby the strong correlation between specific conductance and heart rate was significantly diminished. On the other hand, bronchial reactivity to histamine was lowered without flattening of its circadian rhythm. It is concluded that central parasympathetic outflow is an essential factor for the circadian rhythm of bronchial tone and, thus, for the increase in bronchial resistance at night.
Preoperative Pulmonary Evaluation and Therapy for Surgery Patients
Authors: Myron Stein
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Simple pulmonary function studies can be utilized successfully for diagnosis of pulmonary problems in surgery patients preoperatively. In the present study, randomly selected   patients were treated preoperatively and postoperatively with cessation of smoking, bronchodilator drugs, antibiotics, inhalation of humidified gases, segmental postural drainage, and chest physiotherapy. When compared to nontreated poor risk patients, the treated patients had a marked reduction in postoperative morbidity and mortality due to pulmonary complications. Although the frequency and the severity of pulmonary complications were somewhat greater in the treated patients than in a group of good  patients who were considerably younger in age, the differences were not significant. Extension of these simple therapeutic measures to large numbers of poor risk patients should reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality, allow earlier discharge, and lower the costs of patient care.
Neuroproliferation in the mucosa is a feature of coeliac disease and Crohn's disease.
Authors: N Leonard, D O Hourihane, A Whelan
Journal: Gut (1995)

The pathogenesis of villous damage in coeliac disease is unknown. Change to the delicate neuromuscular core may be significant and this study stained various categories of coeliac disease and controls with neuron-specific enolase (NSE) to examine neurofilaments in the mucosa. The amount of NSE staining was evaluated using computer image analysis. The first part of the study compared coeliac disease with Crohn9s disease, carcinoma, and biopsy specimens from normal subjects. There was increased NSE staining in both the coeliac disease and Crohn9s disease cases but not in carcinomas or normal controls. This difference was statistically significant. The average value for the coeliac disease patients was 50% higher than that of Crohn9s disease patients. The second part of the study compared treated coeliac disease with untreated coeliac disease. Treated coeliac disease cases had normal amounts of NSE staining, which were the same as normal controls. These findings suggest that neuroproliferation is a feature of coeliac disease and Crohn9s disease. Both share a common feature--namely chronic inflammation--which has been occasionally associated with neuroproliferation. The fact that neuroproliferation resolves with treatment is further evidence for its association with chronic inflammation. The extra neuroproliferation seen in coeliac disease compared with Crohn9s disease may contribute to the architectural abnormalities seen in coeliac disease.
Novel Targets in Head and Neck Cancer: Should We Be Optimistic?
Authors: Gabriel S. Krigsfeld, Christine H. Chung
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas have distinct mutation and copy-number profiles depending on human papillomavirus status. Although several challenges remain in biomarker implementation and clinical trial feasibility, incorporating available genomic data will expedite the development of novel therapeutics and predictive biomarker-driven clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 21(3); 495–7. ©2014 AACR. See related article by Seiwert et al., p. 632
Myopathy in Addison's disease.
Authors: F Mor, P Green, A J Wysenbeek
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1987)

A new alkaloid, corlumine, was studied and contrasted with one of its stereoisomers, adlumine, and compared with the chemically related alkaloids hydrastine and bicuculline. General similarities of action between all members of the group are present as the chemical similarities would indicate. But differences of action are evident not only between chemically different alkaloids, but also between the stereoisomers, adlumine and corlumine, and these latter differences are at least as marked as those due to slight chemical variations in the alkaloids.
A functional M196R polymorphism of tumour necrosis factor receptor type 2 is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study and a meta-analysis
Authors: T. Horiuchi, C. Kiyohara, H. Tsukamoto, T. Sawabe, I. Furugo, S. Yoshizawa, A. Ueda, Y. Tada, T. Nakamura, Y. Kimoto, H. Mitoma, S. Harashima, S. Yoshizawa, T. Shimoda, S. Okamura, K. Nagasawa, M. Harada
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2006)

To perform a case-control study of a functional M196R polymorphism of tumour necrosis factor receptor type 2 (TNF-RII) in a Japanese population and a meta-analysis of all published reports on the polymorphism to investigate the association of the M196R polymorphism of TNF-RII with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).The functional M196R polymorphism of TNF-RII was genotyped by using polymerase chain reaction combined with the subsequent single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis for screening, followed by nucleotide sequencing for confirmation. A total of 331 patients and 359 controls were subjected to a case-control study. A meta-analysis of the available case-control studies including all published data as well as our own data was performed to investigate the association of the functional M196R polymorphism of TNF-RII with SLE.Our case-control study did not show any significant association of a functional M196R polymorphism of TNF-RII with SLE, although there was a trend towards association. A meta-analysis of seven case-control studies in eight different ethnic populations including our own showed that 196M/R and 196R/R genotypes combined was significantly associated with an increased risk of SLE (odds ratio (OR) 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04 to 1.60; p = 0.02). Stratification by ethnicity showed a more significant association in Asians, including Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.78; p = 0.006). The effect of the 196R allele on SLE was not clear in Caucasians.The 196R allele of the functional M196R polymorphism of TNF-RII is a risk factor for SLE, especially in the Asian population.
The Arf/p53 Pathway in Cancer and Aging
Authors: Ander Matheu, Antonio Maraver, Manuel Serrano
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Arf and p53 are regarded among the most relevant tumor suppressors based on their ubiquitous and frequent inactivation in human cancer. The Arf/p53 pathway protects cells against several types of damage and this is the basis of its tumor suppressor activity. Interestingly, aging is a process associated with the accumulation of damage derived from chronic stresses of small magnitude. In agreement with its damage protection role, it has been recently described that the Arf/p53 pathway not only protects mammalian organisms from cancer but also from aging. However, there is also evidence that p53, under certain circumstances, such as when constitutively active, can induce aging. We discuss here the current evidence linking the Arf/p53 pathway to the process of aging and present a unified model. [Cancer Res 2008;68(15):6031–4]