tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Possible net harms of breast cancer screening: updated modelling of Forrest report
Authors: J. Raftery, M. Chorozoglou
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objective</b> To assess the claim in a Cochrane review that mammographic breast cancer screening could be doing more harm than good by updating the analysis in the Forrest report, which led to screening in the United Kingdom. <b>Design</b> Development of a life table model, which replicated Forrest's results before updating and extending them with data from relevant systematic reviews, trials, and other models based on purposive literature searches. <b>Participants</b> Women aged 50 and over invited for breast cancer screening. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Quality adjusted life years (QALYs), combining life years gained from screening with losses of quality of life from false positive diagnoses and surgery. <b>Results</b> Inclusion of the effects of harms reduced the updated estimate of net cumulative QALYs gained after 20 years from 3301 to 1536 or by more than half. The best estimates from the Cochrane review generated negative QALYs for the first seven years of screening, 70 QALYs after 10 years, and 834 QALYs after 20 years. Sensitivity analysis showed these results were robust to a range of assumptions, particularly up to 10 years. It also indicated the importance of the level and duration of harms from surgery. <b>Conclusions</b> This analysis supports the claim that the introduction of breast cancer screening might have caused net harm for up to 10 years after the start of screening.
The effect of controlled expression of VEGF by transduced myoblasts in a cardiac patch on vascularization in a mouse model of myocardial infarction
Authors: Anna Marsano, Robert Maidhof, Jianwen Luo, Kana Fujikara, Elisa E. Konofagou, Andrea Banfi, Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
Journal: Biomaterials (2012)
Brundtland says she means business
Authors: A. Mach
Journal: BMJ (1998)

At the same time as celebrating its own 50th anniversary, the World Health Organisation last week confirmed the election of Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland, who had formerly been prime minister of Norway three times, as the organisation's fifth director general.

Applause broke out as the audience stood to honour the first woman to take the helm of the WHO. Dr Brundtland launched into her inaugural address, the leitmotiv of which was “hard work ahead.” She said: “The transition from one century to another sees changes which will be faster and more dramatic from an economic, social, and health perspective … WHO can and must change. It must become more effective, more accountable, more transparent, and more receptive to a changing world.”

Dr Brundtland's overall motivation is “making a difference.” Her primary areas of concern for her five year term, which begins on 21 July, are: rolling back communicable and non-communicable diseases (malaria and tobacco were …
Abstract 5025: Presence of meningioma stroma mesenchymal stem-like cells.
Authors: Eui Hyun Kim, Seok Ku Kang
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Presence of cells resembling bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) from glioma was proved, however it has been little known about existence of MSCs from meningioma. We try to investigate whether we are able to isolate cells resembling BM-MSCs. Thus, we hypothesized that cells similar to BM-MSCs exist in meningioma specimen. We cultured fresh meningioma specimen using the same protocols for culturing BM-MSCs. The cultured cells were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for surface markers associated with BM-MSCs. These cells were exposed to mesenchymal differentiation conditions. To evaluate the tumorigenecity of cells resembling MSCs from meningioma, we injected these cells into the brain of athymic nude mice. To find possible locations, sections of meningioma specimens were analyzed by immunofluorescent labeling. In 5 of 17 meningioma specimen, we isolated cells similar to BM-MSCs which were called meningioma stroma mesenchymal stem-like cells (MS-MSCs). MS-MSCs were spindle shaped and adherent cells. FACS analysis showed that the MS-MSCs had similar surface marker to BM-MSCs. (Cells that were positive for two of the markers among CD105, CD90, CD73 and negative for two of the markers among CD45, CD31, NG2 were chosen to see their differentiation capability.) Chosen cells were observed for their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes. MS-MSCs immnohistological analysis indicated that were closely associated with the endothelial cells and pericytes cells. No tumor was discovered within the brains of mice that received the MS-MSCs orthotopic inoculation. Our results recognized that cells similar to BM-MSCs exist in meningioma specimen for the first time. MS-MSCs could be a source of meningioma microenvironment. Citation Format: Eui Hyun Kim, Seok Ku Kang. Presence of meningioma stroma mesenchymal stem-like cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5025. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5025 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
HUMAN IMMUNITY TO THE MENINGOCOCCUS
Authors: Emil C. Gotschlich, Teh Yung Liu, Malcolm S. Artenstein
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1969)

The group-specific polysaccharides of group A and group C meningococci have been isolated by a new procedure which employs the cationic detergent Cetavlon to precipitate these polysaccharides from the whole culture. The A and C polysaccharide prepared by this method are noteworthy because they are of high molecular weight. The main constituent of the A polysaccharide is N-acetyl, O-acetyl mannosamine phosphate; of the C polysaccharide N-acetyl, O-acetyl neuraminic acid. This purification procedure, when applied to cultures of group B organisms, yields a polysaccharide consisting primarily of N-acetyl neuraminic acid. A passive hemagglutination test developed to measure antibodies to the polysaccharides demonstrated the specificity of these antigens. Using a hemagglutination inhibition test, these antigens were again found to be group-specific, and this test could be used for serogrouping meningococcal isolates.
Ian Patrick Mulligan
Authors: Patrick Davey
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Ian went to school in Hereford, then up to St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, where he qualified in 1979 with a first class intercalated degree. He worked in London, Suffolk, and Northampton, rapidly gaining the MRCP, and then in Cardiff, where he undertook both clinical work and research into heart failure, and from which time he had many happy memories.

In the late 1980s he moved to Oxford, undertaking basic research in muscle physiology as part of Professor Chris Ashley's group, so acquiring his DPhil. Postdoctoral research followed in the John Radcliffe Hospital, with Professor George Hart, where he looked at the physiology of isolated cardiac myocytes. This long period of research led to numerous well-cited publications in prestigious journals. Subsequently he was a senior registrar also in Oxford, where, in addition to his clinical work, he undertook important work on the utilisation of evidence based medicine on the acute medical take, leading …
Positron Emission Tomographic Scans in Depressive Disorders
Authors: Steven C. Dilsaver
Journal: JAMA (1988)

To the Editor.  —Schwartz et al 1 provided an excellent discussion of the utility of positron emission tomography in initial efforts to describe subtypes of depressive disorders. They present as a focus for their discussion the unipolar/ bipolar dichotomy. This is, after all, the best-defined and possibly most important one clinically. Schwartz and colleagues report that the 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic scans of bipolar and unipolar subjects differ fundamentally. The authors graphically illustrate that bipolar depressed and bipolar mixed subjects exhibit significantly lower metabolic rates of glucose consumption (in milligrams of glucose per 100 g of tissue per minute) compared with unipolar depressed and normal subjects. Further, bipolar depressives exhibit an increase in global glucose consumption on clinical recovery (ie, on passing from the depressed to the euthymic state). In contrast, patients with unipolar depression do not display this dramatic change. Indeed, unipolar subjects do not differ from normal
Low-Activity V89L Variant in SRD5A2 Is Associated with Aggressive Prostate Cancer Risk: An Explanation for the Adverse Effects Observed in Chemoprevention Trials Using 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors
Authors: Olivier Cussenot, Abdel-Rahmène Azzouzi, Nathalie Nicolaiew, Philippe Mangin, Luc Cormier, Georges Fournier, Antoine Valeri, Géraldine Cancel-Tassin
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Epidemic of cardiovascular disease in South Asians
Authors: R. Bhopal
Journal: BMJ (2002)

can be difficult to achieve as medicine becomes more complex, fragmented, episodic, and impersonal.Understanding medical altruism is also likely to be important in workforce planning particularly if, as in the UK National Health Service, recruitment and retention of medical and nursing staff are problematic.It may well be that the conditions that encourage clinicians to join and stay in their posts are not dissimilar to those that are needed for the development of altruistic behaviours.If it is also true that the maintenance of these behaviours depends on the recognition of individuals with similar characteristics-clinical and professional values-and on the expectation of reciprocity, then there is a strong message here for managers and policy makers.Disenfranchisement and disengagement are dimensions of demoralisation and burnout, a constant threat to physicians' health. 9Workforce planning needs to be more than a numbers game and must pay explicit attention to the working conditions, incentives, and rewards provided for all healthcare workers.
KIDNEY AND URETERAL STONES
Authors: MILES F. PORTER
Journal: JAMA (1910)

It is my purpose in the present paper to confine myself chiefly to a discussion of the diagnosis and complications of kidney and ureteral stones, and to report a case of more than usual interest. Concerning the number and size of these concretions I have nothing of interest to report except that in the case herewith reported the combined weight of the stones removed from the ureter was 1,920 grains (4 ounces), the largest single stone weighing 1,420 grains. So far as my knowledge goes this is the largest stone ever removed from the ureter, and the collection exceeds in weight any other collection removed from a single ureter. <h3>Case 1.—</h3> In my experience the youngest patient was a girl baby, which, when less than six months old had numerous attacks of ureteral colic and passed a teaspoonful of calculi ranging in size from a millet-seed to a wheat-grain. At
HER-2/neu Overexpression and Response to Oophorectomy Plus Tamoxifen Adjuvant Therapy in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Premenopausal Women With Operable Breast Cancer
Authors: Richard R. Love, Nguyen Ba Duc, Thomas C. Havighurst, Syed K. Mohsin, Qian Zhang, David L. DeMets, D. Craig Allred
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Studies evaluating the relationship of HER-2/neu breast tumor status and response to adjuvant endocrine therapy have reached conflicting conclusions about resistance of HER-2/neu-positive tumors to this treatment. We studied 282 patients participating in a randomized controlled trial of adjuvant oophorectomy and tamoxifen or observation who had estrogen receptor-positive tumors and whose tumors were evaluated for HER-2/neu overexpression by immunohistochemistry.Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models and Kaplan-Meier disease-free and overall survival estimate methods were used.HER-2/neu overexpression was a negative prognostic factor for overall survival. In univariate analyses, in HER-2/neu-positive patients, the hazard ratio (HR) for disease-free survival (DFS) with adjuvant endocrine therapy was 0.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26 to 0.89); for HER-2/neu-negative patients, the corresponding HR for DFS was 0.48 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.71). The overall survival (OS) data were HR=0.26 (95% CI, 0.07 to 0.92) and HR=0.68 (95% CI, 0.32 to 1.42) for HER-2/neu-positive and HER-2/neu-negative patients, respectively. In multivariate models, the P values for tests of interaction of HER-2/neu status and response to adjuvant endocrine therapy were 0.18 and 0.07 for DFS and OS, respectively. Kaplan-Meier DFS and OS curves and 3-year DFS estimates were consistent in showing greater benefit to the HER-2/neu-positive subgroup given adjuvant treatment.HER-2/neu overexpression does not adversely and may favorably influence response to adjuvant oophorectomy and tamoxifen treatment in patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumors.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis: the Usual Villain or a Scapegoat?
Authors: Paul Lee, Lesley V. Campbell
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

We describe a case of severe metabolic acidosis in type 1 diabetes far exceeding the accompanying diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), highlighting pitfalls to management of DKA by protocol alone. A 19-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes since age 4 years presented with 1 day of drowsiness. While her parents believed diabetes control was satisfactory (21 units insulin glargine nocturnally and 4–6 units insulin lispro premeals), this was not supported by the reported A1C level of 11%.

She was afebrile with blood pressure 110/65 mmHg, pulse rate 100 bpm, and central venous pressure 3 mmHg. Neurological examination revealed neither lateralizing signs nor meningism.

Biochemistry demonstrated severe …
The lipophilic hapten parthenolide induces interferon-γ and interleukin-13 production by peripheral blood-derived CD8+ T cells from contact allergic subjects in vitro
Authors: H. Wahlkvist, K. Masjedi, B. Gruvberger, B. Zuber, A.-T. Karlberg, M. Bruze, N. Ahlborg
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

Background Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from persons with contact allergy to nickel react in vitro predominantly with nickel‐induced CD4+ T cell‐mediated production of both T‐cell type 1 and 2 cytokines. Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate if the contact allergen parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone of lipophilic character, elicits an immune response which differs from that induced by water‐soluble nickel ions. Patients and methods Ten allergic subjects with strong (n =6), moderate (n =2), or weak (n =2) patch‐test reactivity to parthenolide and five patch test‐negative control subjects participated in the study. PBMC from the subjects were analysed for in vitro reactivity with parthenolide by an enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay, measuring cytokine production at the single‐cell level. Results The allergic group, but not the control group, responded to parthenolide with increased numbers of cells producing interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5 (P <0·05 for all) and IL‐13 (P <0·01). The responses manifested by T‐cell type 1 (IFN‐γ and IL‐2) and type 2 (IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13) cytokines were positively correlated between cytokines. Subjects with a strong or moderate, but not weak or negative, patch‐test reaction displayed detectable in vitro responses. In contrast to the CD4+ T cell‐mediated peripheral reactivity induced by nickel, cell depletion experiments identified the parthenolide‐reactive IFN‐γ‐ and IL‐13‐producing cells as CD8+ T cells. Conclusions The finding that the PBMC reactivity to parthenolide in humans involves a CD8+ T cell‐mediated type 1 and 2 cytokine response warrants further studies on the relationship between the chemical nature of a hapten and the resulting immune response.
Increase of Serum β-Glucuronidase Activity in Human Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Benjamin F. Miller
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Serum β-glucuronidase activity has been determined by the new, specific method of Fishman in 100 patients with diabetes mellitus. The enzyme activity was increased significantly as compared with suitable controls—a mean value of 2,160 units for the diabetics vs 1,260 for the controls. It was not related to the intensity of hyperglycemia or the requirement for insulin. It is believed that the increased activity of β-glucuronidase can be explained by the operation of a noninsulin-sensitive pathway for glucose metabolism such as the glucuronic acid cycle. This pathway is known to become more active in diabetes. It is speculated that acceleration of the glucuronic acid cycle stimulates the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins, and this induces greater β-glucuronidase activity to reduce their concentration.
Limitations of spirometry in detecting rejection after single-lung transplantation.
Authors: F S Becker, F J Martinez, L A Brunsting, G M Deeb, A Flint, J P Lynch
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Pulmonary function testing has been extensively studied in the heart-lung transplant (HLT) population and has been advocated as a screening test for rejection or infection; however, few data are available in the single-lung transplant (SLT) population. The effect of acute episodes of infection, rejection, and bronchiolitis on the pulmonary function of 30 SLT patients with varying underlying disease states was prospectively evaluated. The native disease process was obstructive in 17 (SLT-OBS), restrictive in six (SLT-IPF), and pulmonary vascular in seven (SLT-PVD). Rejection was associated with a drop in FVC from 71 +/- 15 to 62 +/- 14% of predicted, with a significant drop seen in all three subgroups. Statistically significant drops in FEV1 were also seen in the SLT-OBS and SLT-PVD subgroups but not in the SLT-IPF subgroup. A drop in FEV25-75% was seen only in SLT-PVD. The greatest fall in FVC, FEV1, and FEF25-75% was seen with bronchiolitis, followed by acute rejection. The sensitivity and specificity of spirometry as a predictor of infection or rejection were significantly lower than those previously reported for HLT, with SLT-PVD having the most and SLT-OBS the least clinically useful values. We conclude that a fall in spirometry is seen in infection and rejection in SLT and that the underlying disease state has a significant influence on the diagnostic utility of specific spirometric indices.
Small-diameter biodegradable scaffolds for functional vascular tissue engineering in the mouse model
Authors: Jason D. Roh, Gregory N. Nelson, Matthew P. Brennan, Tamar L. Mirensky, Tai Yi, Tyrone F. Hazlett, George Tellides, Albert J. Sinusas, Jordan S. Pober, W.M. Saltzman, Themis R. Kyriakides, Christopher K. Breuer
Journal: Biomaterials (2008)
Atrial Parasystole after Heart Transplantation
Authors: V Conraads, M Goethals
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Figure 1. Three years after undergoing heart transplantation, a 44-year-old man presented with very frequent supraventricular extrasystoles (asterisks). Myocardial rejection and clinically significant hemodynamic alterations were excluded as causes. During an electrophysiologic study, an electrode was positioned in the right atrium of the donor heart and in the native right atrial remnant. As expected, the native atrium was beating independently of the donor atrium. However, the beats from the native atrium elicited a premature atrial depolarization in the donor heart whenever they occurred more than 190 msec after the last atrial depolarization (arrows). Apparent conduction of the cardiac impulse across . . .
Hydrogen peroxide-scavenging properties of sheep airway mucus.
Authors: M Salathe, P Guldimann, G E Conner, A Wanner
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Reactive oxygen species released from luminal phagocytes in the airway can potentially injure the airway epithelium. Naturally occurring oxygen radical scavengers must therefore exist to protect the epithelium. This study was designed to determine whether the high-molecular-weight fraction of normal sheep tracheal mucus has hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-scavenging activity. Lyophilized mucus from 10 sheep was reconstituted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Krebs-Henseleit buffer. H2O2 was added to these mucus samples to a final concentration of 15 microM, and the level of H2O2 remaining was measured over a 10 min period. From a zero-time level of 17 +/- 1.8 microM (mean +/- SD), the H2O2 concentration fell within 10 min to 8 +/- 1.7 microM in 0.05%; to 3.9 +/- 2.2 microM in 0.1%; to 2.6 +/- 2.4 microM in 0.2%; and to 1.2 +/- 1.5 microM in 0.4% mucus reconstituted in PBS. The results obtained in Krebs-Henseleit buffer were similar. The disappearance of H2O2 was not due to the transformation into hydroxyl radicals. Heat and acid denaturation and cleavage of carbohydrate-free peptides from glycoproteins by pronase E treatment abolished the scavenging potential. Fractionation of 0.4% mucus samples according to molecular weight by gel filtration revealed that only one fraction with proteins of M(r) > 110 kD contained the active scavenger. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and lectin blotting with Ulex europaeus I (UEAI) showed that both the whole mucus and the actively scavenging gel filtration fraction contained a glycoprotein that comigrated with a 205 kD molecular weight marker.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pragmatically before ecologically valid tasks
Authors: Laura Macchi
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

Most tasks used to demonstrate the base rate fallacy are ambiguous about the independence of the data. The removal of such ambiguities from the texts (by means of a clear reference class for the probabilities) is a necessary condition and has a considerable effect on the use of the base rate in classical probabilistic tasks. Some comments are offered on the frequentist phrasing of such and, more generally, their ecological validity.
Prostaglandin E receptors in bile ducts of hepatolithiasis patients and the pathobiological significance for cholangitis
Authors: Junichi Shoda, Tetsuya Ueda, Toru Kawamoto, Takesi Todoroki, Toru Asano, Yukihiko Sugimoto, Atsushi Ichikawa, Takayuki Maruyama, Yuji Nimura, Naomi Tanaka
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2003)