tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Pathogenesis of the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: William W. Mcguire, Roger G. Spragg, Allen B. Cohen, Charles G. Cochrane
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was obtained from 24 sequentially studied patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) for assessment of potential activating and mediating factors. Proteolytic activity of the fluids was observed by measuring cleavage of radiolabeled proteins of the contact (Hageman factor) and complement systems. Proteolytic activity was observed in 17 of 24 (71%) patients with ARDS, and BAL fluid of the 7 ARDS patients without demonstrable, active, enzyme exhibited inhibitory activity for the proteolytic activity. The enzymes cleaved Hageman factor, prekallikrein, plasminogen, high molecular weight kininogen, C4, C3, C5, and Factor B of the complement system. Cleavage of the contact system proteins producted fragments similar or identical in size to the fragments observed during activation of these molecules, although continued incubation invariably reduced the protein to small peptide fragments. None of 7 normal individuals, and 29 of 99 patients (29%) with other forms of pulmonary disease contained measurable enzymes.
Abstract P3-06-05: HER2/HR positive early breast cancer patients have nowadays the highest disease-free survival: Results from the south-east of the Netherlands
Authors: VCG Tjan-Heijnen, DJA Lobbezoo, M Dercksen, AC Voogd, F van den Berkmortel, AJ van de Wouw, RJW van Kampen, PGM Peer
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background Adjuvant systemic therapy choices in early breast cancer largely depend on human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and hormone receptor (HR) status. Overexpression of HER2 has been shown to be associated with a worse outcome (Slamon et al, Science, 1987). With this cohort study, we aimed to assess the outcome of early breast cancer patients per subtype based on HER2 and HR status in daily practice treated in a time period of routine use of anti-HER2 treatment. Patients and methods Patients diagnosed with early breast cancer during the years 2005-2007 in five participating hospitals in the South-East part of the Netherlands were included. Patients with primary metastatic breast cancer were excluded. Information regarding disease characteristics and treatment was collected. Patients were categorized in 4 subtypes based on the HER2 and HR status of the primary tumor: HER2 positive (+)/HR positive (+), HER2 negative (-)/HR+, HER2+/HR-, and triple negative (TN) (i.e. HER2- and HR-). Disease-free survival (DFS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the prognostic impact of breast cancer subtype, adjusted for possible confounders. Results A total of 2579 patients were included with a median follow-up of 52.6 months. Median 5-year DFS rate was highest for the HER2+/HR+ subtype (comprising of 13% of all patients) with 78%, compared to 68% for the HER2+/HR- subtype (5% of all patients), 75% for the HER2-/HR+ subtype (70% of all patients) and 64% for the TN subtype (12% of all patients). In multivariate analysis, subtype was confirmed to be an independent prognostic factor. Compared to the HER2+/HR+ subtype, the HER2+/HR- subtype was associated with a worse DFS (HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.21-3.46, P = 0.008) and the HER2-/HR+ was associated with a similar DFS (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.79-1.52, P = 0.6). Furthermore, classical clinicopathological parameters were all confirmed to be of independent prognostic relevance, as well as the use of adjuvant systemic therapy. At the meeting, we will show the results according to the type of adjuvant systemic treatment used. Conclusion In this cohort, we noted that 13% of patients had HER2+/HR+ early breast cancer. These had the highest 5-year disease-free survival of all subtypes, significantly better than the HER2+/HR- subgroup. This may indicate a differential prognostic impact of HER2 according to HR status, with HR+ having a positive prognostic impact, irrespective of the presence of HER2 overexpression. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P3-06-05.
Tuberculosis and the Health Care Worker
Authors: Kent A. Sepkowitz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Letters1 June 1994Tuberculosis and the Health Care WorkerKent A. Sepkowitz, MDKent A. Sepkowitz, MDMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY 10021Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00017 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:I am awestruck to find myself in the midst of an argument with Harold Israel, who, with Arthur Myers, alerted the U.S. medical community of the occupational risk associated with caring for patients with tuberculosis. My attempts to reconstruct retrospectively the events in public health during the first part of the century cannot compare with the recollections of someone at the center of the action.However, I disagree with Dr. Israel's implication that there is no real cause for concern. Mortality is only one measure of the effect of tuberculosis. At best, persons with drug-susceptible tuberculosis must receive ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Kent A. Sepkowitz, MDAffiliations: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY 10021 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1994Volume 120, Issue 11Page: 971KeywordsDrug therapyDrugsFearHealth care providersMortalityPrevention, policy, and public healthWine ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 June 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Injury From Flame-Throwing Device
Authors: J. J. Booker
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> A number of flamethrowing devices have been designed, to melt ice and snow in the winter and to kill weeds in the summer, such as the "Jet-Blast" flame gun offered by a well-known novelty house. Many dangers inherent in such an instrument are readily apparent. Another less well appreciated hazard is illustrated by the following report. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 38-year-old white man was operating a kerosene-powered flame-thrower to melt ice and snow from a sidewalk. The outside temperature was about —10 F. After an explosion within the sidewalk, he felt immediate pain in both eyes, and was found to have several abrasions of the right cornea. There were numerous foreign bodies in the left eye, but no corneal abrasions were demonstrated. The foreign bodies were removed, and both eyes were flushed with isotonic saline. Antibiotic ointment was instilled and both eyes patched. Three days later
Evidence for routine vitamin D screening is insufficient, US panel concludes
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The evidence to support routine screening of adults for vitamin D deficiency is insufficient, the US Preventive Services Task Force has concluded in draft recommendations released for public comment on 23 June.1

The task force is charged with making evidence based recommendations about the effectiveness of preventive care services for patients who do not have related signs or symptoms.

In recent years reports in medical literature and the media about the dangers of vitamin D deficiency have increased markedly, and surveys have shown that the rate of ambulatory care visits in the …
Enhanced Atrioventricular Conduction in Atrial Fibrillation After Lidocaine Administration
Authors: Stephen T. Sinatra
Journal: JAMA (1977)

LIDOCAINE hydrochloride has been shown to be an effective drug in the treatment of ventricular irritability following myocardial injury and is recommended by some observers for routine prophylactic use in myocardial infarction. Although its efficacy in atrial tachyarrhythmias is limited, some have found it useful, particularly in patients with preexcitation syndromes. Lidocaine, however, like all pharmacologic agents, is not without harmful effects. Accelerated atrioventricular (AV) conduction developed in a patient with atrial fibrillation and left bundle-branch block after a single bolus of lidocaine.  Report of a Case  A 65-year-old man with a past history of myocardial infarction, left bundle-branch block, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and recurrent atrial fibrillation was admitted to St Francis Hospital in respiratory insufficiency, which began with shortness of breath two weeks prior to admission. He was being treated with digoxin, quinidine sulfate, and furosemide. On admission, his blood pressure was 170/80 mm Hg; pulse rate, 100
"CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTATION, HEMOCHROMATOSIS, AND THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM"
Authors: Robert N. Nye
Journal: JAMA (1930)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —A little over a year ago (Feb. 2, 1929) an editorial appeared inThe Journalunder the heading "Controlled Experimentation, Hemochromatosis, and the Alcohol Problem." In this editorial the importance of experimentation in medicine was stressed, but the absence of trained experimentalists, particularly in medicine, was deplored. The statements were made that "experiments in which animals are employed require unusual vigilance," that "two sets of animals are used as a rule, one for the experiment and another to control it," that "the neglect to employ infallible control experiments is appalling," and that "the paths to new and fruitful knowledge are so littered and encumbered with the wrecks and tragedies of defective experimentation that tracing the source of most of the advantages of modern medicine is an involved and difficult undertaking." The work of Mallory and his pupils in experimental hemachromatosis due to chronic copper poisoning (<i>J. M.</i>
Deletion of p37Ing1 in Mice Reveals a p53-Independent Role for Ing1 in the Suppression of Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Andrew H. Coles, Huiling Liang, Zhiqing Zhu, Concetta G.A. Marfella, Joonsoo Kang, Anthony N. Imbalzano, Stephen N. Jones
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract ING proteins have been proposed to alter chromatin structure and gene transcription to regulate numerous aspects of cell physiology, including cell growth, senescence, stress response, apoptosis, and transformation. ING1, the founding member of the inhibitor of growth family, encodes p37Ing1, a plant homeodomain (PHD) protein that interacts with the p53 tumor suppressor protein and seems to be a critical cofactor in p53-mediated regulation of cell growth and apoptosis. In this study, we have generated and analyzed p37Ing1-deficient mice and primary cells to further explore the role of Ing1 in the regulation of cell growth and p53 activity. The results show that endogenous levels of p37Ing1 inhibit the proliferation of p53-wild-type and p53-deficient fibroblasts, and that p53 functions are unperturbed in p37Ing1-deficient cells. In addition, loss of p37Ing1 induces Bax expression and increases DNA damage–induced apoptosis in primary cells and mice irrespective of p53 status. Finally, p37Ing1 suppresses the formation of spontaneous follicular B-cell lymphomas in mice. These results indicate that p53 does not require p37Ing1 to negatively regulate cell growth and offers genetic proof that Ing1 suppresses cell growth and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, these data reveal that p37Ing1 can negatively regulate cell growth and apoptosis in a p53-independent manner. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):2054–61]
Screening could seriously damage your health
Authors: S. Stewart-Brown, A. Farmer
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The costs and benefits of screening programmes are generating more than their usual share of interest. Last week the NHS Executive's new national screening committee held a press conference at the Royal College of Surgeons and declared that the costs of prostate cancer screening-in terms of impotence, incontinence, postoperative mortality, and psychological disturbance-outweighed any possible benefits. This statement was made possible because of two systematic reviews commissioned by the Health Technology Assessment programme.1 2 Many more systematic reviews of screening programmes are due to be reported soon, so the debate on screening will continue to run.

The decision about prostate cancer screening was relatively easy because there is no reliable evidence that early treatment improves outcome and the operative morbidity is unacceptable. But for some programmes due to be reported on soon the decisions may be more difficult; …
MEDICINE AND DISEASE IN PHILIPPINES.
Authors: DAVID J. DOHERTY
Journal: JAMA (1900)

This subject should be treated by some one who has personal information, but our army and navy medical officers have doubtless been too much occupied by their duties to indulge in study or composition. The medical department at Washington has as yet issued no reports, while standard works on geographic pathology give but little attention to the Philippines, and original ones by Filipino or Spanish authors are not accessible to many American readers. Yet the Philippine Islands, with their teeming millions of inhabitants, are on our hands and we must face our duty toward them. All this is my apology for presenting this paper, which contains in condensed and systematized shape all the data that I have gathered from a number of authorities, whose titles are given in the bibliographic index at the end of the article. Modern medicine bases its classification of diseases on etiology; and with the aid
Abstract 3291: Macrophages and granulocytes promote the malignant glioma phenotype
Authors: John F. de Groot, Jane Liang, Yuji Piao
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Solid tumors, including glioblastoma, contain large populations of both malignant and non-malignant cells. The tumor microenvironment contains a multitude of different cell types and recent evidence supports the role of CD45+ bone marrow cells such as vascular modulating macrophages. Tumor associated macrophages accumulate in hypoxic or necrotic regions of human tumors where they release VEGF. Recent studies have demonstrated that the number of M2-skewed macrophages (CD163+/CD204+) in human tumors correlates with glioma grade, cell proliferation and microvascular density. Myeloid cells including macrophages and granulocytes are thought to promote the malignant phenotype of many solid tumor types but little is known about their influence on glioma biology. To evaluate the impact of macrophages and granulocytes on the malignant phenotype, we used co-culture experiments to determine the influence of these cells on glioma cytokine and angiogenic factor release, glioma cell invasion and proliferation, and resistance to chemotherapy. Mouse macrophages or granulocytes (ATCC) were cultured alone or together with U87 or glioma stem cells using a Boyden chamber to maintain cell separation. Conditioned media and RNA were evaluated for expression of both mouse and human chemokine expression using ELISA and quantitative PCR. Co-culture resulted in a significant increase in macrophage VEGF-A, CXCL1, HGF, VEGF-C and PlGF expression and granulocyte IGF1, FGF, CCL11, VEGF-C and VEGF-D compared to baseline suggesting that myeloid cell-glioma crosstalk may promote VEGF-A-independent angiogenesis in glioma tumors. Co-culture promoted glioma cell expression of PDGF, CCL11, CXCL9, and INF-β. We next evaluated the impact of myeloid cells on glioma invasion. At baseline, U87 demonstrates minimal transwell migration in vitro and does not invade normal brain in vivo. When co-cultured, macrophages and granulocytes significantly increased U87 in vitro transwell migration compared to control. Finally, serum free media incubated for 48 hours with mouse macrophages or granulocytes was used as growth medium for U87 cells. Using a SRB cell proliferation assay, conditioned media from granulocytes but not macrophages increased glioma proliferation compared to controls. Conditioned media from both macrophages and neutrophils reduced the sensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide in vitro. These results suggest that both macrophages and granulocytes may play an important role in promoting glioma angiogenesis, invasion and resistance to chemotherapy. However, granulocytes were more effective in promoting glioma proliferation. Targeting myeloid cells may be an effective approach to inhibiting the glioma malignant phenotype. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3291. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3291
Eradicating Legionella From Hospital Water-Reply
Authors: David M. Eddy
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —I agree with Dr Burt's discussion of the limitations of randomization in small trials. However, the problem he describes is captured in the wider confidence limits that come with small trials—they are wide precisely because of the possibility of unequally distributed covariates. Furthermore, while stratification and matching can help protect against unequal distribution of covariates that are known, randomization is the only way to achieve equal distribution of all the covariates that are not known. I agree with the first point raised by Dr Goldschmidt and Ms Monaco—that new treatments should be paid for when they are offered as a part of well-designed trials. Whether the payment should be provided by private third-party payers as opposed to the government is a complex issue that I will sidestep for now, except to say that for reasons of logistics, marketplace function, and fairness, I prefer that the government do the paying. On
Furuncular Myiasis: Alternatives to Bacon Therapy
Authors: N. K. O'Connor
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Regarding the article by Brewer et al,<sup>1</sup>in Zimbabwe, where I worked for 3 years, most of the local people treated their furuncular myiasis by covering the lesion with a cloth thickly smeared with "mafuta" (a skin ointment made from chicken fat); within 6 to 12 hours, the larvae would migrate to the surface and could be removed easily. The Africans, like the South Americans, claimed the larvae came out in order to eat the mafuta. For vegetarians or for more effete sufferers of this painful affliction, I found an occlusive Vaseline dressing works just fine.
In vivo regulation of plasminogen function by plasma carboxypeptidase B
Authors: Carmen M. Swaisgood, Detlef Schmitt, Dan Eaton, Edward F. Plow
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

The major functions of plasminogen (Plg) in fibrinolysis and cell migration depend on its binding to carboxy-terminal lysyl residues. The ability of plasma carboxypeptidase B (pCPB) to remove these residues suggests that it may act as a suppressor of these Plg functions. To evaluate this role of pCPB in vivo, homozygote pCPB-deficient mice were generated by homologous recombination, and the resulting pCPB(-/-) mice, which were viable and healthy, were mated to Plg(-/-) mice. Plg(+/-) mice show intermediate levels of fibrinolysis and cell migration compared with Plg wild-type and deficient mice, reflecting the intermediate levels of the Plg antigen in their plasma. Differences in Plg-dependent functions between pCPB(+/+), pCPB(+/-), and pCPB(-/-) mice were then analyzed in a Plg(+/-) background. In a pulmonary clot lysis model, fibrinolysis was significantly increased in mice with partial (pCPB(+/-)) or total absence (pCPB(-/-)) of pCPB compared with their wild-type counterparts (pCPB(+/+)). In a thioglycollate model of peritoneal inflammation, leukocyte migration at 72 hours increased significantly in Plg(+/-)/pCPB(+/-) and Plg(+/-)/pCPB(-/-) compared with their wild-type counterparts. These studies demonstrate a definitive role of pCPB as a modulator of the pivotal functions of Plg in fibrinolysis and cell migration in vivo.
Reform of undergraduate medical teaching in the United Kingdom: Summary of responses
Authors: Birte Twisselmann
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Governance of academic medicine should be with public trusteesEditor-Many of the problems arising in academic medicine are due to the divergence of academic goals and the values of society.Academic institutions are not currently governed in a way that fosters a strong and healthy alliance with government and the population at large, and there is a failure to support satisfactorily the public interest against vested and other competing interests. 1e suggest that a good first step is to turn over the governance of academic medicine to public trustees with protected authority.Public trustees must ensure that the three familiar goals of research, teaching, and patient care are supplemented by the unsung fourth goal of community service.Moreover, trustees have the right to insist that most of the research and teaching programmes in academic medicine be placed in the context of the health needs of the entire population.It is also time to reform the governance of medical schools.We suggest that it fosters tunnel vision for the dean when the executive committee of the medical school is composed primarily of department chairpeople whose main responsibility is the welfare of individual departments, not the mission of the school as a whole.We advocate instead an executive committee comprising senior faculty and public representatives, while excluding department heads.If academic medicine exists to promote the public interest, is it not time to grant patients and the public at large a controlling interest in setting priorities and overseeing operations?
Relationships Between Airway Hyperresponsiveness to Methacholine, Blood Eosinophil Markers and FeNO in Asthmatic Children
Authors: Y. Yoo, S. Bauer, K.S. La, H.S. Seo, S.C. Seo, D.J. Song, J.T. Choung
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Book Review Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Evidence-Based Approach to Practical Management (Contemporary Endocrinology.) Edited by Mark N. Feinglos and M. Angelyn Bethel. 474 pp., illustrated. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press, 2008. $139. 978-1-58829-794-5
Authors: Fernando Guerrero-Romero
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)
Effect of Mannitol on Glomerular Ultrafiltration in the Hydropenic Rat
Authors: Roland C. Blantz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

The effect of mannitol upon glomerular ultrafiltration was examined in hydropenic Munich-Wistar rats. Superficial nephron filtration rate (sngfr) rose from 32.0+/-0.9 nl/min/g kidney wt to 42.0+/-1.6 (P < 0.001) in eight rats. Hydrostatic pressure gradients acting across the glomerular capillary (DeltaP) were measured in glomerular capillaries and Bowman's space with a servo-nulling device, systemic (piA) and efferent arteriolar oncotic pressures (piE) were determined by microprotein analysis. These data were applied to a computer-based mathematical model of glomerular ultrafiltration to determine the profile of effective filtration pressure (EFP = DeltaP - pi) and total glomerular permeability (L(p)A) in both states. Filtration equilibrium obtained in hydropenia (L(p)A >/= 0.099+/-0.006 nl/s/g kidney wt/mm Hg) and sngfr rose because EFP increased from a maximum value of 4.2+/-1.1 to 12.8+/-0.5 mm Hg after mannitol (P <0.01). This increase was due to both increased nephron plasma flow and decreased piA. Computer analysis of these data revealed that more than half (>58%) of this increase was due to decreased piA, consequent to dilution of protein. Since EFP was disequilibrated after mannitol, L(p)A could be calculated accurately (0.065 +/- 0.003 nl/s/g kidney wt/mm Hg) and was significantly lower than the minimum estimate in hydropenia.Therefore, sngfr does increase with mannitol and this increase is not wholly dependent upon an increase in nephron plasma flow since the major factor increasing EFP was decreased piA.