tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Coronary perfusion during acute myocardial infarction with a combined therapy of coronary angioplasty and high-dose intravenous streptokinase.
Authors: R S Stack, C M O'Connor, D B Mark, T Hinohara, H R Phillips, M M Lee, N M Ramirez, W G O'Callaghan, C A Simonton, E B Carlson
Journal: Circulation (1988)

Two hundred and sixteen patients with acute myocardial infarction were treated with immediate infusion of high-dose (1.5 million units) intravenous streptokinase followed by emergency coronary angioplasty. The infarct lesion was crossed and dilated in 99% and persistent coronary perfusion after the procedure was achieved in 90% (including 3% with significant residual stenosis). Total in-hospital mortality was 12%. Multivariable analysis showed a higher hospital mortality with cardiogenic shock (41% vs 5% without shock), older age, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, and female sex. Final patency of the infarct-related vessel was determined by follow-up in-hospital cardiac catheterization. Coronary reocclusion occurred in 11% (symptomatic in 7%, treated with emergency angioplasty or bypass surgery; silent in 4%, treated medically). Of the surviving patients with successful initial establishment of infarct vessel patency, 94% were discharged from the hospital with an open infarct artery or a bypass graft to the infarct vessel. There was significant improvement in both ejection fraction (44% to 49%; p less than .0001) and regional wall motion in the infarct zone (-3.0 SD to -2.4 SD; p less than .0001) among patients with persistent coronary perfusion and insignificant residual stenosis at the time of the follow-up cardiac catheterization. Thus, a treatment strategy for acute myocardial infarction that includes immediate administration of streptokinase followed by emergency coronary angioplasty, and coronary bypass surgery when necessary, results in a high rate of early and sustained patency of the infarct-related vessel.
Relaxing the Molecular Clock to Different Degrees for Different Substitution Types
Authors: Hui-Jie Lee, Nicolas Rodrigue, Jeffrey L. Thorne
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2015)

Rates of molecular evolution can vary over time. Diverse statistical techniques for divergence time estimation have been developed to accommodate this variation. These typically require that all sequence (or codon) positions at a locus change independently of one another. They also generally assume that the rates of different types of nucleotide substitutions vary across a phylogeny in the same way. This permits divergence time estimation procedures to employ an instantaneous rate matrix with relative rates that do not differ among branches. However, previous studies have suggested that some substitution types (e.g., CpG to TpG changes in mammals) are more clock-like than others. As has been previously noted, this is biologically plausible given the mutational mechanism of CpG to TpG changes. Through stochastic mapping of sequence histories from context-independent substitution models, our approach allows for context-dependent nucleotide substitutions to change their relative rates over time. We apply our approach to the analysis of a 0.15 Mb intergenic region from eight primates. In accord with previous findings, we find comparatively little rate variation over time for CpG to TpG substitutions but we find more for other substitution types. We conclude by discussing the limitations and prospects of our approach.
Localisation of cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2 in Helicobacter pylori related gastritis and gastric ulcer tissues in humans
Authors: A Tatsuguchi
Journal: Gut (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase/cyclooxygenase (COX) is the key enzyme in gastric mucosal protection and repair but its cellular localisation in the human stomach is still unclear. <h3>AIMS</h3> To investigate immunohistochemically the cellular distribution of COX-1 and COX-2 proteins in the human stomach with or without gastritis or ulceration. <h3>PATIENTS AND METHODS</h3> Tissues were obtained by surgical resection of gastric ulcers associated with perforation (n=9) or by biopsy from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> positive patients with gastric ulcers (n=45) and <i>H pylori</i> negative healthy subjects (n=15). COX expression was detected by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting, and light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry. <h3>RESULTS</h3> COX-2 mRNA and protein were detected in gastric ulcer tissues but not in intact gastric mucosa. COX-1 mRNA and protein were detected in the intact mucosa. COX-2 immunostaining was exclusively localised in macrophages and fibroblasts between necrotic and granulation tissues of the ulcer bed. The percentage of COX-2 expressing cells was significantly higher in open than in closed ulcers, and in gastritis than in gastric mucosa without <i>H pylori</i> infection. COX-1 immunoreactivity localised in lamina propria mesenchymal cells was similar in various stages of ulcer disease and in intact gastric mucosa. Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed both COX-1 and COX-2 on the luminal surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of macrophages and fibroblasts. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Our results showed that COX-2 protein was induced in macrophages and fibroblasts in gastric ulcers and <i>H pylori</i>related gastritis, suggesting its involvement in the tissue repair process.
The demonstration of bacteria on and within the stratum corneum using scanning electron microscopy
Authors: S. A. MALCOLM, T. C. HUGHES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1980)

Using scanning electron microscopy it has been possible to demonstrate the location of bacteria on and within the stratum corneum of the human foot. Biopsies taken either by sectioning or by removing stratum corneum with cyanoacrylate ester adhesive were examined using a Jeol JSM-T20 scanning electron microscope. Bacteria could be seen easily on specimens from skin which had been occluded to increase the number of bacteria present. On the surface, bacteria were scattered widely in small colonies (usually containing less than ten bacteria). Although bacteria could be seen around the orifice of sweat ducts they did not preferentially favour these sites. Within the stratum corneum, bacteria could be found as relatively large colonies but these were usually associated with sweat ducts or the underside of the furrows in the skin surface. This study suggests that, in normal skin, bacteria are able to colonize both the surface and the depths of the stratum corneum.
Occurrence of Multiple Subsequent Neoplasms in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Gregory T. Armstrong, Wei Liu, Wendy Leisenring, Yutaka Yasui, Sue Hammond, Smita Bhatia, Joseph P. Neglia, Marilyn Stovall, Deokumar Srivastava, Leslie L. Robison
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Purpose Childhood cancer survivors experience an increased incidence of subsequent neoplasms (SNs). Those surviving the first SN (SN1) remain at risk to develop multiple SNs. Because SNs are a common cause of late morbidity and mortality, characterization of rates of multiple SNs is needed. Patients and Methods In a total of 14,358 5-year survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed between 1970 and 1986, analyses were carried out among 1,382 survivors with an SN1. Cumulative incidence of second subsequent neoplasm (SN2), either malignant or benign, was calculated. Results A total of 1,382 survivors (9.6%) developed SN1, of whom 386 (27.9%) developed SN2. Of those with SN2, 153 (39.6%) developed more than two SNs. Cumulative incidence of SN2 was 46.9% (95% CI, 41.6% to 52.2%) at 20 years after SN1. The cumulative incidence of SN2 among radiation-exposed survivors was 41.3% (95% CI, 37.2% to 45.4%) at 15 years compared with 25.7% (95% CI, 16.5% to 34.9%) for those not treated with radiation. Radiation-exposed survivors who developed an SN1 of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) had a cumulative incidence of subsequent malignant neoplasm (SMN; ie, malignancies excluding NMSC) of 20.3% (95% CI, 13.0% to 27.6%) at 15 years compared with only 10.7% (95% CI, 7.2% to 14.2%) for those who were exposed to radiation and whose SN1 was an invasive SMN (excluding NMSC). Conclusion Multiple SNs are common among aging survivors of childhood cancer. SN1 of NMSC identifies a population at high risk for invasive SMN. Survivors not exposed to radiation who develop multiple SNs represent a population of interest for studying genetic susceptibility to neoplasia.
A meta-analysis of the effect of Bacille Calmette Guerin vaccination on tuberculin skin test measurements
Authors: L Wang
Journal: Thorax (2002)

The accurate diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an important component of any tuberculosis control programme and depends largely on tuberculin skin testing. The appropriate interpretation of skin test results requires knowledge of the possible confounding factors such as previous BCG vaccination. Uncertainty about the effect of BCG vaccination on tuberculin skin testing and the strength with which recommendations are made to individual patients regarding treatment of LTBI have identified a need to analyse the available data on the effect of BCG on skin testing. A meta-analysis of the evidence for the effect of BCG vaccination on tuberculin skin testing in subjects without active tuberculosis was therefore performed.Medline was searched for English language articles published from 1966 to 1999 using the key words "BCG vaccine", "tuberculin test/PPD", and "skin testing". Bibliographies of relevant articles were reviewed for additional studies that may have been missed in the Medline search. Articles were considered for inclusion in the meta-analysis if they had recorded tuberculin skin test results in subjects who had received BCG vaccination more than 5 years previously and had a concurrent control group. Only prospective studies were considered. The geographical location, number of participants, type of BCG vaccine used, type of tuberculin skin test performed, and the results of the tuberculin skin test were extracted.The abstracts and titles of 980 articles were identified, 370 full text articles were reviewed, and 26 articles were included in the final analysis. Patients who had received BCG vaccination were more likely to have a positive skin test (5 TU PPD: relative risk (RR) 2.12 (95% confidence interval (CI)1.50 to 3.00); 2 TU RT23: 2.65 [corrected] (95% CI 1.83 to 3.85). The effect of BCG vaccination on PPD skin test results was less after 15 years. Positive skin tests with indurations of >15 mm are more likely to be the result of tuberculous infection than of BCG vaccination.In subjects without active tuberculosis, immunisation with BCG significantly increases the likelihood of a positive tuberculin skin test. The interpretation of the skin test therefore needs to be made in the individual clinical context and with evaluation of other risk factors for infection. The size of the induration should also be considered when making recommendations for treatment of latent infection.
Targeted Deletion of Klotho in Kidney Distal Tubule Disrupts Mineral Metabolism
Authors: Hannes Olauson, Karolina Lindberg, Risul Amin, Ting Jia, Annika Wernerson, Göran Andersson, Tobias E. Larsson
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2012)

Renal Klotho controls mineral metabolism by directly modulating tubular reabsorption of phosphate and calcium and by acting as a co-receptor for the phosphaturic and vitamin D–regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23). Klotho null mice have a markedly abnormal phenotype. We sought to determine effects of renal-specific and partial deletion of Klotho to facilitate investigation of its roles in health and disease. We generated a mouse model with partial deletion of Klotho in distal tubular segments (Ksp-KL−/−). In contrast to Klotho null mice, Ksp-KL−/− mice were fertile, had a normal gross phenotype, and did not have vascular or tubular calcification on renal histology. However, Ksp-KL−/− mice were hyperphosphatemic with elevated FGF23 levels and abundant expression of the sodium-phosphate cotransporter Npt2a at the brush border membrane. Serum calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels were normal but parathyroid hormone levels were decreased. TRPV5 protein was reduced with a parallel mild increase in urinary calcium excretion. Renal expression of vitamin D regulatory enzymes and vitamin D receptor was higher in Ksp-KL−/− mice than controls, suggesting increased turnover of vitamin D metabolites and a functional increase in vitamin D signaling. There was a threshold effect of residual renal Klotho expression on FGF23: deletion of >70% of Klotho resulted in FGF23 levels 30–250 times higher than in wild-type mice. A subgroup of Ksp-KL−/− mice with normal phosphate levels had elevated FGF23, suggesting a Klotho-derived renal-bone feedback loop. Taken together, renal FGF23-Klotho signaling, which is disrupted in CKD, is essential for homeostatic control of mineral metabolism.
Alterations to cell metabolism in connective tissues of the knee after ovariohysterectomy in a rabbit model: are there implications for the postmenopausal athlete?
Authors: D A Hart, Y Achari
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

Background Participation in regular exercise and athletic activities across the lifespan is encouraged to maintain the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems and general wellbeing. Before the menopause there is an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes, whereas there is an increased risk of joint diseases such as knee osteoarthritis after the menopause. Although there are few data regarding alterations in individual connective tissues of the knee in humans either before, during or after the menopause, it is possible to assess changes in experimental models following surgical menopause. Objective To assess changes in cell metabolism in the medial collateral ligament, ACL, patellar tendon, lateral and medial menisci, tibial plateau and femoral condyle articular cartilage and the synovium after surgical menopause in an experimental model system. Methods Panels of rabbits were subjected to ovariohysterectomy or sham operations, and RNA from each tissue was assessed for collagen, proteoglycan, proteinase, growth factor, sex hormone receptor and inflammatory mediator messenger RNA levels by reverse transcribed PCR. Results Unique alterations in cell metabolism were detected 2 months after surgical menopause and the pattern of significant changes was tissue specific (number of mRNA species altered, extent of changes, elevation/depression of changes). Conclusions Changes in cell metabolism may alter the set point for the tissues of the knee and subsequently the functioning of the knee after the menopause. Such changes may contribute to an increased risk of injury and/or degenerative conditions. Further studies in pre and postmenopausal women athletes may also shed light on whether the present findings can be extrapolated to human populations.
Computed tomography measurements of parapneumonic effusion indicative of thoracentesis
Authors: B.K. Moffett, T.S. Panchabhai, E. Anaya, R. Nakamatsu, F.W. Arnold, P. Peyrani, T. Wiemken, J. Guardiola, J.A. Ramirez
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Patients with parapneumonic effusions (PPE) measuring &lt;1 cm by lateral decubitus radiograph (LDR) or &lt;5 cm by lateral erect radiograph (LER) do not require thoracentesis. No such data exist for chest computed tomography (CCT). The objective of this study was to identify a PPE measurement by CCT that indicates the need for thoracentesis. A secondary data analysis of two pneumonia databases was conducted to identify patients with PPE. Measurements of PPE using LDR, LER and CCT were correlated by linear regression analysis. The clinical outcome of community-acquired pneumonia patients managed with the newly defined CCT measurement was evaluated. PPE was identified in 419 out of 1,460 patients with possible pneumonia. PPE measurements of 1 cm and 5 cm by LDR and LER, respectively, correlated with a measurement of 2.5 cm by CCT. Out of 95 patients with CCT measurements &lt;2.5 cm, 31 poor clinical outcomes were reported: outcome was PPE related (n=1); outcome was PPE unrelated (n=26); and outcome was not evaluable (n=4). The single case of poor outcome also measured &lt;1 cm by LDR. This study indicates that patients with community-acquired pneumonia and a PPE measuring &lt;2.5 cm by CCT can be managed without the need for thoracentesis.
High-Intensity Resistance Training Improves Glycemic Control in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: David W. Dunstan, Robin M. Daly, Neville Owen, Damien Jolley, Maximilian de Courten, Jonathan Shaw, Paul Zimmet
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

OBJECTIVE—To examine the effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training combined with moderate weight loss on glycemic control and body composition in older patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Sedentary, overweight men and women with type 2 diabetes, aged 60–80 years (n = 36), were randomized to high-intensity progressive resistance training plus moderate weight loss (RT &amp; WL group) or moderate weight loss plus a control program (WL group). Clinical and laboratory measurements were assessed at 0, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS—HbA1c fell significantly more in RT &amp; WL than WL at 3 months (0.6 ± 0.7 vs. 0.07 ± 0.8%, P &amp;lt; 0.05) and 6 months (1.2 ± 1.0 vs. 0.4 ± 0.8%, P &amp;lt; 0.05). Similar reductions in body weight (RT &amp; WL 2.5 ± 2.9 vs. WL 3.1 ± 2.1 kg) and fat mass (RT &amp; WL 2.4 ± 2.7 vs. WL 2.7 ± 2.5 kg) were observed after 6 months. In contrast, lean body mass (LBM) increased in the RT &amp; WL group (0.5 ± 1.1 kg) and decreased in the WL group (0.4 ± 1.0) after 6 months (P &amp;lt; 0.05). There were no between-group differences for fasting glucose, insulin, serum lipids and lipoproteins, or resting blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS—High-intensity progressive resistance training, in combination with moderate weight loss, was effective in improving glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Additional benefits of improved muscular strength and LBM identify high-intensity resistance training as a feasible and effective component in the management program for older patients with type 2 diabetes.
Parachuting from fixed objects: descriptive study of 106 fatal events in BASE jumping 1981–2006
Authors: A Westman, M Rosén, P Berggren, U Björnstig
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

Objective: To analyse the characteristics of fatal incidents in fixed object sport parachuting (building, antenna, span, earth (BASE) jumping) and create a basis for prevention. Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Participants: Data on reported fatal injury events (n = 106) worldwide in 1981–2006 retrieved from the BASE fatality list. Assessment of risk factors: Human, equipment and environmental factors. Main outcome measurements: Identification of typical fatal incident and injury mechanisms for each of the four fixed object types of BASE jumping (building, antenna, span, earth). Results: Human factors included parachutist free fall instability (loss of body control before parachute deployment), free fall acrobatics and deployment failure by the parachutist. Equipment factors included pilot chute malfunction and parachute malfunction. In cliff jumping (BASE object type E), parachute opening towards the object jumped was the most frequent equipment factor. Environmental factors included poor visibility, strong or turbulent winds, cold and water. The overall annual fatality risk for all object types during the year 2002 was estimated at about one fatality per 60 participants. Conclusions: Participants in BASE jumping should target risk factors with training and technical interventions. The mechanisms described in this study should be used by rescue units to improve the management of incidents.
A New Perspective on the Pathophysiology of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Model of the Role of Oxytocin
Authors: Sabine C. Herpertz, Katja Bertsch
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2015)

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by three domains of dysfunction: affect dysregulation, behavioral dyscontrol, and interpersonal hypersensitivity. Interpersonal hypersensitivity is associated with a (pre)attentive bias toward negative social information and, on the level of the brain, enhanced bottom-up emotion generation, while affect dysregulation results from abnormal top-down processes. Additionally, the problems of patients with borderline personality disorder in interpersonal functioning appear to be related to alterations in the (social) reward and empathy networks. There is increasing evidence that the oxytocinergic system may be involved in these domains of dysfunction and may thus contribute to borderline psychopathology and even open new avenues for targeted pharmacotherapeutic approaches. From studies in healthy and clinical subjects (including first studies with borderline personality disorder patients), the authors provide a conceptual framework for future research in borderline personality disorder that is based on oxytocinergic modulation of the following biobehavioral mechanisms: 1) the brain salience network favoring adaptive social approach behavior, 2) the affect regulation circuit normalizing top-down processes, 3) the mesolimbic circuit improving social reward experiences, and 4) modulating brain regions involved in cognitive and emotional empathy. In addition, preliminary data point to interactions between the oxytocin and cannabinoid system, with implications for pain processing. These mechanisms, which the authors believe to be modulated by oxytocin, may not be specific for borderline personality disorder but rather may be common to a host of psychiatric disorders in which disturbed parent-infant attachment is a major etiological factor.
Metabolic Syndrome and Autoimmune Diabetes: Action LADA 3
Authors: Mohammed I. Hawa, Charles Thivolet, Didac Mauricio, Irene Alemanno, Elisa Cipponeri, David Collier, Steven Hunter, Raffaella Buzzetti, Alberto de Leiva, Paolo Pozzilli, Richard David G. Leslie
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

The purpose of this study was to estimate whether prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adult European diabetic patients is associated with type of diabetes.A consecutive series of patients attending hospital-based diabetes clinics were assessed for the frequency of metabolic syndrome and compared with population-based control subjects as part of the Action LADA study. In total, 2,011 subjects (aged 30-70 years) were studied, including 1,247 patients with recent-onset type 2 diabetes without glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADAs), 117 non-insulin-requiring patients with GADAs who had not received insulin therapy for at least 6 months after diagnosis (designated latent autoimmune diabetes of adults [LADA]), 288 type 1 diabetic patients, and 359 normal subjects.Frequency of metabolic syndrome was significantly different in patients with type 1 diabetes (31.9%) and LADA (41.9%) (P = 0.015) and in both conditions was less frequent than in type 2 diabetic patients (88.8%) (P < 0.0001 for each). Eliminating glucose as a variable, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was similar in patients with autoimmune diabetes (type 1 diabetes and/or LADA) (17.3%) and control subjects (23.7%) but remained more common in type 2 diabetic patients (47.8%) (P = 0.001 for all groups). In both type 1 diabetic patients and those with LADA, individual components of metabolic syndrome were similar but less common than in type 2 diabetic patients (P < 0.0001 for each).The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients than in patients with LADA or adults with type 1 diabetes. Excluding glucose as a variable, metabolic syndrome is not more prevalent in patients with autoimmune diabetes than in control subjects. Metabolic syndrome is not a characteristic of autoimmune diabetes.