tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Febrile convulsions in a national cohort followed up from birth. II--Medical history and intellectual ability at 5 years of age.
Authors: C M Verity, N R Butler, J Golding
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Three hundred and three children with febrile convulsions were identified in a national birth cohort of 13 135 children followed up from birth to the age of 5 years. Breech delivery (p less than 0.05) was the only significantly associated prenatal or perinatal factor. There were no associations with socioeconomic factors. Excluding the 13 known to be neurologically abnormal before their first febrile convulsion, children who had had a febrile convulsion did not differ at age 5 from their peers who had not had febrile convulsions in their behaviour, height, head circumference, or performance in simple intellectual tests.
Identification of Dynamically Distinct Subpopulations of T Lymphocytes That Are Differentially Affected by HIV
Authors: Joseph A. Kovacs, Richard A. Lempicki, Igor A. Sidorov, Joseph W. Adelsberger, Betsey Herpin, Julia A. Metcalf, Irini Sereti, Michael A. Polis, Richard T. Davey, Jorge Tavel, Judith Falloon, Randy Stevens, Laurie Lambert, Robin Dewar, Douglas J. Schwartzentruber, Miriam R. Anver, Michael W. Baseler, Henry Masur, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, H. Clifford Lane
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

We examined the effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the turnover of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in 17 HIV-infected patients by 30 min in vivo pulse labeling with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The percentage of labeled CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes was initially higher in lymph nodes than in blood. Labeled cells equilibrated between the two compartments within 24 h. Based on mathematical modeling of the dynamics of BrdU-labeled cells in the blood, we identified rapidly and slowly proliferating subpopulations of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. The percentage, but not the decay rate, of labeled CD4 or CD8 cells in the rapidly proliferating pool correlated significantly with plasma HIV RNA levels for both CD4 (r = 0.77, P &amp;lt; 0.001) and CD8 (r = 0.81, P &amp;lt; 0.001) T cells. In six patients there was a geometric mean decrease of greater than 2 logs in HIV levels within 2 to 6 mo after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy; this was associated with a significant decrease in the percentage (but not the decay rate) of labeled cells in the rapidly proliferating pool for both CD4 (P = 0.03) and CD8 (P &amp;lt; 0.001) T lymphocytes. Neither plasma viral levels nor therapy had an effect on the decay rate constants or the percentage of labeled cells in the slowly proliferating pool. Monocyte production was inversely related to viral load (r = −0.56, P = 0.003) and increased with therapy (P = 0.01). These findings demonstrate that HIV does not impair CD4 T cell production but does increase CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte proliferation and death by inducing entry into a rapidly proliferating subpopulation of cells.
Brown Adipose Tissue in Adult Humans: A Metabolic Renaissance
Authors: Paul Lee, Michael M. Swarbrick, Ken K. Y. Ho
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2013)

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a key role in energy homeostasis and thermogenesis in animals, conferring protection against diet-induced obesity and hypothermia through the action of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Recent metabolic imaging studies using positron emission tomography computerized tomography (PET-CT) scanning have serendipitously revealed significant depots of BAT in the cervical-supraclavicular regions, demonstrating persistence of BAT beyond infancy. Subsequent cold-stimulated PET-CT studies and direct histological examination of adipose tissues have demonstrated that BAT is highly prevalent in adult humans. BAT activity correlates positively with increment of energy expenditure during cold exposure and negatively with age, body mass index, and fasting glycemia, suggesting regulatory links between BAT, cold-induced thermogenesis, and energy metabolism. Human BAT tissue biopsies express UCP1 and harbor inducible precursors that differentiate into UCP1-expressing adipocytes in vitro. These recent discoveries represent a metabolic renaissance for human adipose biology, overturning previous belief that BAT had no relevance in adult humans. They also have implications for the understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity and its metabolic sequelae.
β-Adrenergic agonists and bronchial hyperreactivity: Role of β2-adrenergic and tachykinin neurokinin-2 receptors
Authors: Toshio Katsunuma, Kazunobu Fujita, Judith C.W. Mak, Peter J. Barnes, Kozo Ueno, Yoji Iikura
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2000)
Estrogen Receptor β Inhibits Angiogenesis and Growth of T47D Breast Cancer Xenografts
Authors: Johan Hartman, Karolina Lindberg, Andrea Morani, José Inzunza, Anders Ström, Jan-Åke Gustafsson
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Estrogens, which are stimulators of growth of both the normal breast and malignant breast, mediate their effects through two estrogen receptors (ER), namely ERα and ERβ. ERα mediates the proliferative effect of estrogen in breast cancer cells, whereas ERβ seems to be antiproliferative. We engineered ERα-positive T47D breast cancer cells to express ERβ in a Tet-Off–regulated manner. These cells were then injected orthotopically into severe combined immunodeficient mice, and the growth of the resulting tumors was compared with tumors resulting from injecting the parental T47D cells that do not express ERβ. The presence of ERβ resulted in a reduction in tumor growth. Comparison of the ERβ-expressing and non-ERβ–expressing tumors revealed that the expression of ERβ caused a reduction in the number of intratumoral blood vessels and a decrease in expression of the proangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor β (PDGFβ). In cell culture, with the Tet-Off–regulated ERβ-expressing cells, expression of ERβ decreased expression of VEGF and PDGFβ mRNA under normoxic as well as hypoxic conditions and reduced secreted VEGF and PDGFβ proteins in cell culture medium. Transient transfection assays with 1,026 bp VEGF and 1,006 bp PDGFβ promoter constructs revealed a repressive effect of ERβ at the promoter level of these genes. Taken together, these data show that introduction of ERβ into malignant cells inhibits their growth and prevents tumor expansion by inhibiting angiogenesis. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(23): 11207-13)
Antimetastatic Effect of an Orally Active Heparin Derivative on Experimentally Induced Metastasis
Authors: Dong Yun Lee, Kyeongsoon Park, Sang Kyoon Kim, Rang-Woon Park, Ick Chan Kwon, Sang Yoon Kim, Youngro Byun
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: Orally active anticancer drugs have great advantages for the treatment of cancer. Compelling data suggest that heparin exhibits critical antimetastatic effects via interference with P-selectin–mediated cell-cell binding. However, heparin should be given parenterally because it is not orally absorbed. Here, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of orally absorbable heparin derivative (LHD) on experimentally induced metastasis. Experimental Design: We developed LHD, which is a chemical conjugate of low molecular weight heparin and deoxycholic acid, and measured the plasma concentration of LHD after oral administration. To evaluate the antimetastatic effect of LHD, we carried out experimental lung metastasis assays in vivo using murine melanoma or human lung carcinoma cells and interruption assay between murine melanoma cells and activated platelets and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Results: In mice, the plasma concentration was ∼7 μg/mL at 20 minutes after oral administration of LHD (10 mg/kg), indicating that bleeding was not induced at this dose. Interestingly, we found that LHD dramatically attenuated metastasis experimentally induced by murine melanoma or human lung carcinoma cells and that its antimetastatic activity was attributed to the interruption of the interactions between melanoma cells and activated platelets and between melanoma cells and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells by blocking selectin-mediated interactions. Furthermore, it prevented tumor growth in secondary organs. Conclusions: On the basis of these findings, the present study shows the possibility of LHD as a suitable first-line anticancer drug that can be used for preventing metastasis and recurrence because it has therapeutic potential as an antimetastatic drug, has lower side effects, and can be orally absorbed.
New immunologic pathways in the pathogenesis of leprosy: Role for Th22 cytokines in the polar forms of the disease
Authors: Edvaldo de Lima Silveira, Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa, Tinara Leila de Sousa Aarão, Hellen Thais Fuzii, Leonidas Braga Dias, Francisca Regina Oliveira Carneiro, Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2015)
The Role of Ventilation-induced Surfactant Dysfunction and Atelectasis in Causing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Richard K. Albert
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

This Pulmonary Perspective describes a new pathophysiologic scenario by which the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) might develop, summarizes the literature on which this new scenario is based, and discusses the resulting implications with respect to patient management. Rather than ARDS occurring as a result of the inflammatory response associated with predisposing risk factors, the proposed scenario theorizes that the initiating problem is atelectasis that develops as a result of a surfactant abnormality that is caused by spontaneous or mechanical ventilation, together with our current approaches to patient positioning and sedation. The proposed pathophysiology implies that ventilation-induced lung injury occurs before, and causes, ARDS (rather than developing after the fact and only serving to magnify the existing injury) and that some instances of ARDS are iatrogenic. If the proposed scenario is correct, it also implies that at least some instances of ARDS might be prevented by implementing a number of simple, safe modifications in patient care.
In vivo fluorescence imaging for cancer diagnosis using receptor-targeted epidermal growth factor-based nanoprobe
Authors: Ju Hee Ryu, Miyoung Shin, Sun Ah Kim, Sangmin Lee, Hyunjoon Kim, Heebeom Koo, Byung-Soo Kim, Hyun Kyu Song, Sun Hwa Kim, Kuiwon Choi, Ick Chan Kwon, Hyesung Jeon, Kwangmeyung Kim
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Hereditary C7 deficiency. Diagnosis and HLA studies in a French-Canadian family.
Authors: J M Del′ge, P Bergeron, J Simard, G Lehner-Netsch, E Prochazka
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

The serum of a 44-yr-old woman of French-Canadian descent having a B-27 positive ankylosing spondylitis was deficient in the seventh component of complement (C7) as determined by hemolytic and immunochemical methods. No inhibitor against C7 was detected, and the levels of all other complement components were normal. No deficiency in the opsonic activity of the serum was found, and the results of basic coagulation studies of the plasma were normal. On investigation of the patient's family, two sisters were found to have the same deficiency but were otherwise in good health. The seven other siblings were heterozygous for C7 deficiency, while the paternal aunt had a normal C7 level. In the third generation, six children of the three homozygous sisters and five children of heterozygotes were available for testing. Studies of the HLA antigens in all the 22 subjects and in three spouses indicated no close linkage between the CM deficienty and the HLA system. In addition, the simultaneous occurrence of two hereditary complement deficiencies (C2 and C7) was discovered in one family of this remarkable kindred.
Broncho-pulmonary Circuits: A Synoptic Appraisal
Authors: P. J. Vanderhoeft
Journal: Thorax (1964)

Because pulmonary arteries are end arteries, the circulation within the lung once appeared to be simple. However, an increasing amount of information concerning the systemic contribution to this circulation, mainly through bronchopulmonary anastomoses, has made the picture complex. The intricate network that the bronchial vessels establish between the aorta and the pulmonary arteries on the one hand, and between the pulmonary veins and the caval system via the azygos veins on the other hand, is capable of expansion in various pathological states (Camarri and Marini, 1962). This work is an attempt to classify all the presently recognized situations into five circuits readily visualized and easily remembered. First, the anatomical connexions within the lung will be briefly reviewed; then I shall propose a model of the position these connexions hold in the framework of the whole circulation, and the four pathological aspects of this model. The bronchial arteries normally irrigate the bronchi down to the bronchioles but do not reach the alveoli, which are irrigated solely by the pulmonary vessels proper. Precapillary anastomoses are present between the two types of arterioles, as can be demonstrated in the human lung (Fig. 1), but they are not of functional importance in normal conditions. A second anastomotic pathway results from the absence of a limit between the bronchiolar and the alveolar capillary beds. A third connexion exists at the venous slope of both systems in the form of so-called broncho-pulmonary veins joining the venous bronchial plexus to the pulmonary veins. Towards the hilum this venous plexus forms true bronchial veins that drain into the azygos and caval systems. Thus there are three levels in the pulmonary vessels where systemic blood can enter: pre-, intraand post-capillary (Fig. 2; a, b, and c). Depending on that level, the systemic blood will
Alcohol use disorders in elderly people--redefining an age old problem in old age
Authors: H. O'Connell
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Alcohol use disorders in elderly people are common and associated with considerable morbidity. The ageing of populations worldwide means that the absolute number of older people with alcohol use disorders is on the increase, and health services need to improve their provision of age appropriate screening and treatment methods and services 

Media attention and public health initiatives related to alcohol use disorders tend to focus on younger age groups.1–3 However, alcohol use disorders are common among elderly people and are associated with notable health problems.2 Furthermore, in elderly people they are often underdetected and misdiagnosed4 as screening instruments and diagnostic criteria are geared towards younger people.5

The ageing of populations worldwide means that the absolute number of elderly people with alcohol use disorders is on the increase,6 and a real danger exists that a “silent epidemic” may be evolving.

We searched PubMed for research papers and review articles in the area of alcohol use disorders in elderly people.

The prevalence of alcohol use disorders in elderly people is generally accepted to be lower than in younger people, but rates may be underestimated because of underdetection and misdiagnosis, the reasons for which are many and varied.7 The cross sectional nature of prevalence studies also means that a cohort effect cannot be ruled out. For example, the drinking habits of Americans from the 1920s may differ substantially from those from the era after the second world war because of the effects of prohibition.8

Most prevalence studies have been carried out in North America, and results may not be generalisable to other cultures.7 Rates of alcohol use disorders also vary depending on the restrictiveness of diagnostic criteria used, with higher rates for “excessive alcohol consumption” and “alcohol abuse” than “alcohol dependence syndrome.” For …
Darier's disease: an immunohistochemical study using antibodies to proteases
Authors: S.M. BURGE, T.J. RYAN, S.A. CEDERHOLM-WILLIAMS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1989)

The expression of plasminogen activators, plasminogen and fibrinogen was investigated in 10 specimens of normal skin and in the involved skin of seven males with Darier's disease, using immunohistochemical techniques. Changes in the localization of proteases were found in the involved skin of Darier's disease, plasminogen being expressed by suprabasal cells and fibrinogen being detected in the keratotic plug.
Genetic variation in<i>VTCN1</i>(B7-H4) is associated with course of disease in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: H M Albers, T H C M Reinards, D M C Brinkman, S S M Kamphuis, M A J van Rossum, E PA H Hoppenreijs, H J Girschick, C Wouters, R K Saurenmann, E Bakker, W Verduijn, P Slagboom, T W J Huizinga, R E M Toes, J J Houwing-Duistermaat, R ten Cate, M W Schilham
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2013)

<h3>Objective</h3> The course of disease in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is unpredictable with episodes of activity and remission. In order to identify predictive factors, 93 SNPs, JIA subtype, age at onset and ANA status were studied in relation to disease course. <h3>Methods</h3> Genetic and clinical parameters were analysed in a cohort of 272 Caucasian patients with persistent oligoarthritis (n=129), extended oligoarthritis (n=57) and rheumatoid factor negative polyarthritis (n=86). Categories of disease course (remitting (n=65), intermediate (n=96) and unremitting (n=111)) were designed based on the cumulative time spent in active disease in the first 2 years. <h3>Results</h3> Univariate analysis revealed association of the course of disease with JIA subtype (p=5.7*10<sup>–5</sup>) and three SNPs; <i>VTCN1</i> rs10 923 223 (p=4.4*10<sup>−5</sup>), <i>VTCN1</i> rs12 046 117 (p=0.017) and <i>CDK6</i> rs42 041 (p=0.038). In a subsequent multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis, <i>VTCN1</i> rs10 923 223 (OR 0.41, 95%-CI 0.26 to 0.63) and JIA subtype (OR 3.8, 95%-CI 2.0 to 7.2; OR 2.5, 95%-CI 1.4 to 4.2, for extended oligoarthritis and RF-negative polyarthritis vs persistent oligoarthritis, respectively) were the strongest independent factors for course of disease. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study provides evidence that <i>VTCN1</i>, encoding B7-H4, is associated with course of disease in selected subtypes of JIA. <i>VTCN1</i> might be useful in predicting the course of disease.
Protein C in pneumonia
Authors: G Choi, M J Schultz, M Levi, T van der Poll, J L Millo, Chris S. Garrard
Journal: Thorax (2005)

Comorbidity in elderly NSCLC patientsWe read with interest the report by Janssen-Heijnen and associates on the effect of comorbidity on the treatment and prognosis of elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 1 The authors concluded that the number of comorbid conditions had no significant influence on the treatment chosen for patients with non-localised disease.We share the authors' opinion that ''comorbidity had no independent prognostic effect''.In their report, the authors used the Charlson comorbidity index and analysed the number of comorbid conditions. 1 However, they did not examine the scoring system of the index.We would like to know why the authors did not use the scoring of the index, and whether the conclusion would be changed if the scoring system was used.In the original article by Charlson et al and other related studies, 2-5 ''angina pectoris'' was not evaluated as one of the cardiovascular comorbid diseases.However, Janssen-Heijnen et al 1 included ''angina pectoris'' as a comorbid disease although they did not describe it precisely.We consider this inclusion is reasonable, and we would appreciate hearing from the authors whether ''angina pectoris'' would be evaluated as one of the cardiovascular comorbid diseases in future studies to evaluate the effect on mortality, and what score it should be assigned.
Stress and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Richard S Surwit, Mark S Schneider, Mark N Feinglos
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

Stress is a potential contributor to chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes. Stress has long been shown to have major effects on metabolic activity. Energy mobilization is a primary result of the fight or flight response. Stress stimulates the release of various hormones, which can result in elevated blood glucose levels. Although this is of adaptive importance in a healthy organism, in diabetes, as a result of the relative or absolute lack of insulin, stress-induced increases in glucose cannot be metabolized properly. Furthermore, regulation of these stress hormones may be abnormal in diabetes. However, evidence characterizing the effects of stress in type I diabetes is contradictory. Although some retrospective human studies have suggested that stress can precipitate type I diabetes, animal studies have shown that stressors of various kinds can precipitate—or prevent—various experimental models of the disease. Human studies have shown that stress can stimulate hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, or have no affect at all on glycemic status in established diabetes. Much of this confusion may be attributable to the presence of autonomic neuropathy, common in type I diabetes. In contrast, more consistent evidence supports the role of stress in type II diabetes. Although human studies on the role of stress in the onset and course of type II diabetes are few, a large body of animal study supports the notion that stress reliably produces hyperglycemia in this form of the disease. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence of autonomic contributions to the pathophysiology of this condition in both animals and humans.
Regulation of depth and composition of airway surface liquid
Authors: JH Widdicombe, SJ Bastacky, DX Wu, CY Lee
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

The depth and composition of human airway surface liquid (ASL) may depend on secretion from airway glands, ion transport across the surface epithelium, goblet cell discharge, transepithelial gradients in hydrostatic pressure, and surface tension. Published values for the frequency of airway glands and for the secretory rates of individual glands suggest that total gland secretion in human trachea can amount to approximately 60 microL x cm(-2) x h(-1). Volume absorption directly measured across cultures of surface epithelium from human trachea is approximately 5 microL x cm(-2) x h(-1). These flows should alter the depth of ASL at +10 and -1 microm x min(-1). We have looked for changes in ASL depth of this magnitude using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LT-SEM) of rapidly frozen specimens of bovine trachea. Stimulation of gland secretion with methacholine led to an initial increase in depth of approximately 25 microm x min(-1) followed by a decline at approximately 1.5 microm x min(-1). Whereas the initial increase in depth was probably due to transient gland secretion, the later decline reflected active absorption of liquid across the surface epithelium. Finally, we present preliminary data showing that LT-SEM can be combined with X-ray microanalysis to determine the elemental composition of ASL.
Anyone for tennis?
Authors: P McCrory
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

Fourteen million tennis balls. Well, 13 949 126 last year according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics. For some inexplicable reason, Australia imports 14 million tennis balls each year. That is 0.6 tennis balls per person every year. Are they kidding? Where do they all go?

Are there that many tennis players out …
Low-Fat Diet and Weight Change in Postmenopausal Women—Reply
Authors: Barbara V. Howard, JoAnn E. Manson, Marcia L. Stefanick, Shirley A. Beresford, Gail Frank, Bobette Jones, Rebecca J. Rodabough, Linda Snetselaar, Cynthia Thomson, Lesley Tinker, Mara Vitolins, Ross Prentice
Journal: JAMA (2006)