tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal trends of total and allergen‐specific IgE throughout childhood
Authors: P. M. Matricardi, A. Bockelbrink, C. Grüber, T. Keil, E. Hamelmann, U. Wahn, S. Lau
Journal: Allergy (2009)

Background: The development and the quantitative relationship between allergen‐specific IgE (S‐IgE) responses and total IgE (T‐IgE), during childhood and adolescence have not been described and understood in detail. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the longitudinal trends of serum levels of S‐IgE and T‐IgE during childhood. Methods: We analysed data from participants in the MAS birth cohort study at 2, 5, 7 and 10 years of age ( n = 273) and at 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10 and 13 years ( n = 84). Total‐IgE and the overall level of specific‐IgE against nine locally relevant airborne and food allergens were determined by FEIA (ImmunoCAP). Allergic rhino‐conjunctivitis and asthma were ascertained by questionnaires. Results: Longitudinal patterns of T‐IgE levels from age 1 to 13 years were highly heterogeneous (declining, flat or increasing with different profiles). From 5 years of age, logarithmic (log 10 ) transformed values of T‐IgE and of S‐IgE levels tend to follow a parallel trend, so that their relation remained constant throughout school age. A flat trend of T‐IgE vs a constantly increasing trend of T‐IgE was associated with a low or, respectively, high rate of wheezing at 13 years of age. Conclusions: Beginning at the age of 5 years, total serum IgE levels in children from an industrialized country evolved in parallel with overall S‐IgE levels. Therefore, variations in T‐IgE levels at school age closely reflect variations in overall S‐IgE levels. Further studies are required to strengthen the biological and clinical implication of this novel finding.
Advanced Treatments for Childhood Epilepsy
Authors: Sucheta M. Joshi, Rani K. Singh, Renée A. Shellhaas
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2012)

A substantial minority of children with epilepsy have continued seizures despite adequate trials of standard antiseizure medications. To maximize seizure control and thereby optimize their neurodevelopmental outcomes, alternate nonmedication therapies should be considered for these patients. Dietary therapies, including the ketogenic diet and its variations, have been available for years. With a recent resurgence in popularity and expansion of indications, these treatments can lead to freedom from seizures or a significantly reduced seizure burden for a large number of patients. For carefully selected individuals, resective epilepsy surgery may offer the best hope for a cure. For others, palliation may be achieved through additional surgical approaches, such as corpus callosotomy and multiple subpial transections, or through neurostimulation techniques, such as the vagus nerve stimulator. In this review, we present these nonmedication approaches to treatment-resistant childhood epilepsy, with attention to patient selection and the potential risks and benefits.
Effects of Miasma
Authors: J. C. Smart
Journal: BMJ (1844)

EFFE OF MASMA.a__ erons, both male and -fmaIe,, who enge in the practice of midwifery, being more or les educ"d.Thi-perhaps, would be done most effectually, by prac- dtober in different parts of the kingdom publishing the result of their practice, with the view of showing the proportion of cases in which the life of both the mother and the child depended upon immediate asistance.With this intention I beg to offer for pubication the result of 800 cases of midwifery, of which I have kept an account.With reference to the unusual number of dangerous cases, I would merely observ* that they constituted a large proportion of the difficult *cases occurring in the neighbourbood, many of them residing several miles from my house.I am, Sir, yours very truly,
Mutations of the Down–regulated in adenoma (DRA) gene cause congenital chloride diarrhoea
Authors: Pia Höglund, Siru Haila, Jerzy Socha, Leszek Tomaszewski, Ulpu Saarialho-Kere, Marja-Liisa Karjalainen-Lindsberg, Kristiina Airola, Christer Holmberg, Albert de la Chapelle, Juha Kere
Journal: Nature Genetics (1996)
The Metabolism of the Radioactive Elements Created by Nuclear Fission
Authors: Joseph G. Hamilton
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

THE appearance of new agents that carry with them a potential menace to the health and security of the public is bound to be accompanied by a very understandable attitude of fear. The highly dramatic introduction to the world at large of the release of atomic energy has produced an unprecedented degree of concern for public safety. Frequently, the concern expressed has assumed the proportion of panic owing to the lack of sufficient basic information on the part of those presenting their evaluations of the problems posed by this twentieth-century version of Pandora's box.For example, considerable apprehension has been . . .
The ground or the goal posts?
Authors: Fiona Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2006)

To anyone who has been a medical student, Geoffrey Rose is perhaps best known for saying that a small shift in risk across a whole population will prevent more deaths than treating only those at high risk. The question taxing some of our authors this week is whether this axiom still holds true, and specifically what it means for our efforts to prevent illness and death from coronary heart disease.

Using Canadian population data from the 1990s, Douglas Manuel and colleagues tested three strategies for reducing coronary heart disease (p 659): lowering cholesterol across the entire population; treating only those with raised cholesterol …
Cysticercosis of the Brain
Authors: C. Arseni, D. C. Samitca
Journal: BMJ (1957)

PRAEVIABMDICLJOURNAL praevia is discussed.Stress is laid on the avoidance of vaginal examination under anaesthesia in cases of major degrees of placenta praevia.Placentography is of the greatest importance in the diagnosis of placenta praevia before the occurrence of ante-partum haemorrhage and will permit definitive treatment.The exclusion of placenta praevia by placentography in cases of ante-partum haemorrhage makes it possible to send some of these patients home to await delivery, thereby saving hospital beds.We wish to acknowledge the help given by the radiographers, midwives, and resident medical officers of Solihull Hospital, who have all greatly assisted in the care of these cases.
Children's fundamental movement skills: are our children ready to play?
Authors: Vicki Cowley, Michael J Hamlin, Michael Grimley, Jill M Hargreaves, Christopher Price
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Children's acquisition of fundamental movement skills is essential for children's participation and success in sport. As part of a larger physical activity study, we assessed 428 (183 baseline, 158 immediately after intervention, 87 after 5 years of intervention) five- to eight-year-old New Zealand children using Ulrich's (1985) Test of Gross Motor Development . This test assessed children's ability to perform the mature pattern of 12 skills: locomotor (run, gallop, hop, leap, horizontal jump, skip and slide), and object control skills (two-handed strike, stationary ball bounce, catch, kick and overarm throw). At baseline, only 4% of the children (4% boys, 5% girls) were able to perform all the locomotor skills in the mature form. The intervention significantly increased the proportion of children able to complete the mature form of these skills to 28% (boys 25%, girls 32%, p &lt; 0.01), which remained relatively high at 31% after 5 years of intervention (22% boys, 40% girls). Similarly, at baseline, only 1% of children were able to complete the mature form of the object control skills. By the end of the intervention, 15% (20% boys, 5% girls) and 5 years later, 13% of children (20% boys, 5% girls) completed the mature form of these skills (p &lt; 0.01). Unfortunately, the proportion of children able to perform the mature form of all skills (locomotor and object control) remains relatively low (1%, 6%, 7%, for baseline, immediately after and 5 years after intervention, respectively) and therefore the focus for teaching and coaching programmes remains the continued improvement of overall skills.
MUNICIPAL REGULATION OF THE SPITTING HABIT.
Authors: ELMER B. BORLAND
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Charles Dickens decided that, as a people, we lack the national instinct of cleanliness. He therefore designated Americans a nation of spitters. We no doubt deserve the designation, as the enlightened nations of Europe regard spitting on the floors and sidewalks as not only unsanitary, but an evidence of ill-breeding.  Five years ago the writer read a paper before the Allegheny County Medical Society recommending restriction and regulation of the spitting habit. Nine out of ten members who took part in the discussion agreed that restriction and regulation were needed. Six, however, of the nine thought any regulation impossible. Women can, but men can not, change their filthy spitting habits.  The writer believed that most men had the natural instinct of cleanliness and could be educated in this respect up to the level with women; and further, that the ignorant, unteachable and vicious could be controlled by the absolute fiat.
Admissions to hospital of children with sickle-cell anaemia: a study in south London.
Authors: L N Murtaza, C E Stroud, L R Davis, D J Cooper
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Admissions to hospital of 171 children with sickle-cell anaemia, genotype Hb SS, were reviewed over a 20-year period. Altogether 887 admissions occurred in 797 patient-years. The commonest cause of admission was painful vaso-occlusive crisis. Appreciable morbidity also resulted from pulmonary disease, infection, and anaemic episodes. The complications resulting in the most severe illness were acute splenic sequestration, pneumococcal meningitis, and some episodes of erythroid hypoplasia resulting in very low haemoglobin concentrations. Most deaths occurred in children aged under 5. Mortality and morbidity could be reduced by measures including prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and more active treatment of seemingly minor illness in children with sickle-cell anaemia.
Comparison of Cost-Effectiveness of Tuberculosis Screening of Close Contacts and Foreign-Born Populations
Authors: KABERI DASGUPTA, KEVIN SCHWARTZMAN, ROBERT MARCHAND, TERRY NAN TENNENBAUM, PAUL BRASSARD, DICK MENZIES
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Although tuberculosis (TB) screening of immigrants has been conducted for over 50 yr in many industrialized countries, its cost- effectiveness has never been evaluated. We prospectively compared the yield and cost-effectiveness of two immigrant TB screening programs, using close-contact investigation and passive case detection. Study subjects included all immigration applicants undergoing radiographic screening, already arrived immigrants requiring surveillance for inactive TB, and close contacts of active cases resident in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, who were referred from June 1996 to June 1997 to the Montreal Chest Institute (MCI), a referral center specializing in respiratory diseases. For all subjects seen, demographic data, investigations, diagnoses, and therapy were abstracted from administrative data bases and medical charts. Estimated costs of detecting and treating each prevalent active case and preventing future active cases, based on federal and provincial health reimbursement schedules, were compared with the costs for passively diagnosed cases of active TB. Over a period of 1 yr, the three programs detected 27 cases of prevalent active TB and prevented 14 future cases. As compared with passive case detection, close-contact investigation resulted in net savings of $815 for each prevalent active case detected and treated and of $2,186 for each future active case prevented. The incremental cost to treat each case of prevalent active TB was $39,409 for applicant screening and $24,225 for surveillance, and the cost of preventing each case was $33,275 for applicants and $65,126 for surveillance. Close-contact investigation was highly cost effective and resulted in net savings. Immigrant applicant screening and surveillance programs had a significant impact but were much less cost effective, in large part because of substantial operational problems.
312 ROLE OF INTRAHEPATIC INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C: THE ROLE OF NK, NKT AND DENDRITIC CELLS AND THE IMPACT OF IMMUNE SUPPRESSION
Authors: N. Trehanpati, S. Kotillil, A.A. Murphy, X. Zhang, B. Saha, S.K. Sarin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Chloramphenicol for Influenzal Meningitis
Authors: Gerard Marder
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  In the article onHaemophilus influenzaeresistance to ampicillin by Khan et al (229:298, 1974), I cannot understand why, after a careful study such as theirs, the authors still recommend ampicillin as the drug of first choice in treatment ofH influenzaemeningitis. Their recommendation to continue performing lumbar punctures daily for two or three days after admission and employing indices such as smears, cultures, blood cell count, enzyme studies, and clinical response to ampicillin, in addition to sensitivity test results by tube dilution methods, seems unreasonable and impossible for physicians out of ivory tower locations.  Is ampicillin a sacred cow? Why should we agonize through days of therapy for a serious disease, to wonder whether the treatment will be effective or not?Haemophilus influenzaemeningitis response to chloramphenicol has always been smoother and more prompt. The potential toxicity of chloramphenicol, for some reason, has never surfaced
Former FDA head has become "hired gun" for plaintiffs in lawsuits, drug company alleges
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Lawyers for the drug company Johnson & Johnson questioned the credibility of the former chief of the US Food and Drug Administration David Kessler in a Philadelphia court this week, after he took the stand as an expert witness in a mass tort suit against the drug maker and its subsidiary Janssen Pharmaceuticals over the antipsychotic drug risperidone (marketed as Risperdal).

The consolidated case in Pennsylvania groups together over 1200 plaintiffs from all over the United States who allege that they experienced side effects that the manufacturer knew about but sought to hide from regulators. The most common side effect was gynecomastia, mostly in teenage boys.

Johnson & Johnson …
Cyclic Nucleotide Compartmentalization: Contributions of Phosphodiesterases and ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
Authors: Satish Cheepala, Jean-Sebastien Hulot, Jessica A. Morgan, Yassine Sassi, Weiqiang Zhang, Anjaparavanda P. Naren, John D. Schuetz
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2011)

Cyclic nucleotides [e.g., cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)] are ubiquitous second messengers that affect multiple cell functions from maturation of the egg to cell division, growth, differentiation, and death. The concentration of cAMP can be regulated by processes within membrane domains (local regulation) as well as throughout a cell (global regulation). The phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that degrade cAMP have well-known roles in both these processes. It has recently been discovered that ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters contribute to both local and global regulation of cAMP. This regulation may require the formation of macromolecular complexes. Some of these transporters are ubiquitously expressed, whereas others are more tissue restricted. Because some PDE inhibitors are also ABC transporter inhibitors, it is conceivable that the therapeutic benefits of their use result from the combined inhibition of both PDEs and ABC transporters. Deciphering the individual contributions of PDEs and ABC transporters to such drug effects may lead to improved therapeutic benefits.
The Broader View of Medical Ethics
Authors: Jeffrey Byrnett
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Norman Cousins' recent COMMENTARY (241:2711, 1979) deserves critical review from both philosophical and constitutional standpoints. While the management of society is heralded as a noble cause, we must see the pitfalls that have hampered previous efforts. Many individuals and groups have felt the need to restructure society over the years. Many have forgotten that society is a structure built on the individual beings who make up its foundation. Changes in society may occur by attempting to mold the facade (or outer ring for Mr Cousins) or the foundation. The former method stretches a new skin over straining members, the stress of which may destroy it. The latter method lets the skin truly conform to its inner structure, allowing it to portray the true nature of the beast. Changes accepted by the individual members of society allow for a more stable existence. If we can accept that the
One year's experience of major trauma outcome study methodology.
Authors: J Wardrope, S F Cross, D J Fothergill
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To assess the feasibility and the validity of an audit using major trauma outcome study methods in an accident and emergency department. DESIGN--Prospective audit of all cases of trauma in patients admitted to a hospital from an accident and emergency department. SETTING--Accident and emergency department in a teaching hospital. PATIENTS--1577 Patients admitted with trauma, of whom 695 met the inclusion criteria for the study--that is, were admitted for more than three days, or admitted to intensive care, or died. 17 Patients were excluded because of failure to trace their notes. OUTCOME MEASURES--Review of case notes with TRISS (trauma score, injury severity score) methodology to compare expected and observed survival. RESULTS--Most (421/678) admissions were due to single orthopaedic injury. Serious injury was uncommon with only 43 patients having injury severity scores greater than 15. The calculated probability of survival matched the observed outcome for most of the seriously injured patients, with only two unexpected deaths. However, 36 of the 61 deaths in the 678 patients occurred in elderly patients with a fractured neck of the femur, and all of these patients had a high probability of survival predicted by TRISS methodology. CONCLUSIONS--Application of TRISS methodology seems to be valid for seriously injured patients except for elderly patients with single orthopaedic injuries, in whom there were major differences between observed and expected outcomes. Using outcome norms from the United States may not be applicable for this group. IMPLICATIONS--Audit of management of major injuries should be carried out by every hospital, and the methodology of the major trauma outcome study is an excellent system for carrying out such audit. The study of all patients admitted with trauma requires appreciable extra resources, but most hospitals should be able to monitor the care of seriously injured patients as their numbers are much fewer.
Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative lesions presenting as a hydroa vacciniforme-like eruption: an analysis of six cases
Authors: K-H. Cho, S-H. Lee, C-W. Kim, Y-K. Jeon, I-H. Kwon, Y-J. Cho, S-K. Lee, D-H. Suh, J-H. Chung, T-Y. Yoon, S-J. Lee
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

There are many reports of patients with a severe hydroa vacciniforme (HV)-like eruption in which cutaneous lesions occur in both sun-exposed and non-exposed areas, unlike in true HV. Several patients have died from a malignant haematological neoplasm. In most cases, a latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been detected in the skin lesions.To describe the clinical and laboratory features of six additional patients with an EBV-associated HV-like eruption.The clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features were reviewed. T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements were studied using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and heteroduplex analysis. In-situ hybridization was performed to detect mRNA for EBV in skin biopsy specimens. PCR was performed to screen for EBV infection in the skin lesions of three patients and blood of two patients. Photoprovocation with repeated ultraviolet (UV) A exposure was performed in three patients.The severity of the skin lesions and the clinical course varied among the patients. Skin lesions were induced by repeated UVA exposure in three patients and a latent EBV infection was demonstrated in the photoprovoked lesions.Three different clinical courses were found in six patients with an HV-like eruption associated with chronic EBV infection: (i) spontaneous remission; (ii) clearing after photoprotection; and (iii) continuous recurrence irrespective of sun exposure. It is possible that there are two patterns of HV-like eruption associated with chronic EBV infection. One is characterized by recurrent necrotic papulovesicles of the face and the other by nodules and facial swelling. It was demonstrated that the skin lesions could be triggered by repeated UVA exposure in the patients showing recurrent necrotic papulovesicles of the face.
Abstract 5161: Cell mechanics-cytoskeleton-membrane protein transduction loop mediates brain metastasis of breast cancer cells
Authors: Hong Zhao, Fang Nie, Kemi Cui, Zhongcheng Gong, Siva Penmnesta, Yong Mao, Zhiyong Wang, Zhong Xue, Long Que, Stephen Wong
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Brain metastasis is the worst stage of breast cancer, as no therapy exists that prevents or eliminates breast cancer spreading to the brain. New therapeutic strategies depend on specific knowledge of tumor cell properties that allow breast cancer cells get through blood-brain barrier and grow in brain tissue. To provide information in this direction, we developed a microfluidic single-cell patch clamp microdevice to study the electrophysiological and biomechanical properties of human breast cancer brain metastatic cells for the first time. The results show that the brain metastatic cells possess higher membrane resistance and greater membrane stiffness compared to non-brain metastatic cells. The over-expression of HER2 and EGFR decrease the cell membrane resistance, while increase the cell stiffness, which correlates with the enhanced cell invasion through the in vitro blood-brain barrier and increased formation of brain metastatic loci in the xenograft mice. Gene expression analysis of the brain metastatic cells identifies cell membrane protein PCDH7 mediates the increased cell mechanics property functionally, and PCDH7 is also an enhancer of blood-brain barrier crossing and brain colonization for the brain metastatic cells, through the cytoskeleton rearrangement mechanism. This cell mechanics-cytoskeleton-PCDH7 protein loop mechanism may prove to be an attraction therapeutic target to block the brain metastasis of breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5161. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5161