tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Color: How you see it, when you don't
Authors: Philip J. Benson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

It is worth considering whether particular behavioral measures from observers are ever consciously (or preattentively) transformed a priori so as to render inferences about them indistinguishable. This is unlikely, but recent experiments indicating color sensitivity and selectivity without visual awareness suggest that the distinction between what can and cannot be explained about color experience using behavioral responses may not be as obvious as Palmer concluded.
Gender Differences in the Membrane Transport of Endogenous and Exogenous Compounds
Authors: Marilyn E. Morris, Hwa-Jeong Lee, Lisa M. Predko
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2003)

Gender differences have been well described in pharmacokinetics and contribute to the interindividual variation in drug disposition, therapeutic response, and drug toxicity. Sex-related differences in the membrane transport of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics have been reported in various organs of the body including kidney, liver, intestine, and brain. These gender-related differences in transport systems could also contribute to interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. This review will focus on current knowledge of gender-associated differences in the transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds in a variety of body organs and will discuss the implications and the clinical significance of these observations.
Malaria chemoprophylaxis in travellers to east Africa: a comparative prospective study of chloroquine plus proguanil with chloroquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine
Authors: S Fogh, A Schapira, I C Bygbjerg, S Jepsen, C H Mordhorst, K Kuijlen, P Ravn, A Ronn, P C Gotzsche
Journal: BMJ (1988)

As malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum has become resistant to chloroquine alternative drug regimens need to be developed. The prophylactic efficacy against malaria and the side effects of chloroquine phosphate 500 mg weekly with proguanil hydrochloride 200 mg daily was compared with the efficacy of chloroquine 500 mg weekly with sulfadoxine 500 mg-pyrimethamine 25 mg weekly in a randomised study of Scandinavian travellers to Kenya and Tanzania during 1984-5. A total of 767 subjects (416 male and 351 female; 384 taking chloroquine phosphate with proguanil hydrochloride and 383 taking chloroquine with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine) completed a diary on the breakthrough of malaria and the side effects of treatment while taking the drugs. They were also asked to make thick blood films when symptoms like those of malaria occurred, which were sent to and analysed in Denmark. Four subjects taking chloroquine with proguanil hydrochloride and three taking chloroquine with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine developed falciparum malaria, which was verified microscopically. Side effects were reported by 36 subjects taking chloroquine phosphate with proguanil hydrochloride and 55 taking the other regimen (p=0·043). The side effects of both regimens were generally mild, but the combination of chloroquine phosphate with proguanil hydrochloride is recommended because it results in fewer side effects. As breakthroughs of malaria occurred at the earliest after seven weeks self treatment should not be recommended for travellers staying only a short time. Thick blood films are useful for diagnosis of suspected cases of malaria, can be prepared by non-specialists in Africa, and can be analysed successfully after long delays.
G1 and G2 cell-cycle arrest following microtubule depolymerization in human breast cancer cells
Authors: April L. Blajeski, Vy A. Phan, Timothy J. Kottke, Scott H. Kaufmann
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Microtubule-depolymerizing agents are widely used to synchronize cells, screen for mitotic checkpoint defects, and treat cancer. The present study evaluated the effects of these agents on normal and malignant human breast cell lines. After treatment with 1 μM nocodazole, seven of ten breast cancer lines (type A cells) arrested in mitosis, whereas the other three (type B cells) did not. Similar effects were observed with 100 nM vincristine or colchicine. Among five normal mammary epithelial isolates, four exhibited type A behavior and one exhibited type B behavior. Further experiments revealed that the type B cells exhibited a biphasic dose-response curve, with mitotic arrest at low drug concentrations (100 nM nocodazole or 6 nM vincristine) that failed to depolymerize microtubules and a p53-independent p21waf1/cip1-associated G1 and G2 arrest at higher concentrations (1 μM nocodazole or 100 nM vincristine) that depolymerized microtubules. Collectively, these observations provide evidence for coupling of premitotic cell-cycle progression to microtubule integrity in some breast cancer cell lines (representing a possible “microtubule integrity checkpoint”) and suggest a potential explanation for the recently reported failure of some cancer cell lines to undergo nocodazole-induced mitotic arrest despite intact mitotic checkpoint proteins.
Reflectance meter type and management of gestational diabetes
Authors: D. Harmelin, L. Molyneaux, P. Fowler, K. Willey, K. Waibuta, R. Lau, H. Robin, P. Hoskins, J. Forrest, D. Ellwood, D.K. Yue, J.R. Turtle
Journal: The Lancet (1990)
Coronary microvascular resistance in hypertensive cats.
Authors: H Kanatsuka, K G Lamping, C L Eastham, M L Marcus, K C Dellsperger
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

Chronic systemic hypertension has been shown to alter the distribution of vascular resistance in many microvascular beds. The purposes of this study were to assess the effects of chronic systemic hypertension on the pressure distribution in the coronary microcirculation and to determine the microvascular site where coronary vascular resistance is increased. Cats were made hypertensive using a one-kidney, one-wrap model (Page model). A servonulling system was used to directly measure pressures in the epimyocardial microvessels of the beating left ventricle in normotensive and hypertensive cats. In chronically hypertensive cats, mean arterial pressure was 153 +/- 5 mm Hg compared with 98 +/- 3 mm Hg in normotensive cats (p less than 0.05). Left ventricular mass was increased approximately 34% in hypertensive cats (9.4 +/- 0.3 versus 7.0 +/- 0.3 g, p less than 0.05). Myocardial perfusion measured using radiolabeled microspheres was not different between hypertensive and normal cats. Coronary vascular resistance of the left ventricle was increased in hypertensive cats (0.90 +/- 0.08 versus 0.66 +/- 0.05 mm Hg x min x 100 g/ml, p less than 0.05). Microvascular pressures were measured in three groups of microvessels: small, less than 200 microns; medium, 200-300 microns; and large, greater than or equal to 300 microns. Mean microvascular pressures of large, medium, and small arterial microvessels in hypertensive cats were 144 +/- 8, 127 +/- 6, and 115 +/- 7 mm Hg, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Remarks On the Infective Nature of Rheumatic Fever, Illustrated by the Study of a Fatal Case: Read before the Medical Society of London, May 9th, 1904
Authors: F. J. Poynton
Journal: BMJ (1904)

GENTLEMEN,-I have the honour of bringing before you to-night the results of an investigation into a fatal case of rheumatic fever in a child ; I also wish to occupy some of your time in a consideration of the statement that rheumatic lever is an infective disease.
Mobilization of Bone Marrow Stem Cells by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Damage to Salivary Glands
Authors: Isabelle M.A. Lombaert, Pieter K. Wierenga, Tineke Kok, Harm H. Kampinga, Gerald deHaan, Robert P. Coppes
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: One of the major reasons for failure of radiotherapeutic cancer treatment is the limitation in dose that can be applied to the tumor because of coirradiation of the normal healthy tissue. Late radiation-induced damage reduces the quality of life of the patient and may even be life threatening. Replacement of the radiation-sterilized stem cells with unirradiated autologous stem cells may restore the tissue function. Here, we assessed the potential of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)–mobilized bone marrow–derived cells (BMC) to regenerate and functionally restore irradiated salivary glands used as a model for normal tissue damage. Experimental Design: Male-eGFP+ bone marrow chimeric female C57BL/6 mice were treated with G-CSF, 10 to 60 days after local salivary gland irradiation. Four months after irradiation, salivary gland morphology and flow rate were assessed. Results: G-CSF treatment induced homing of large number of labeled BMCs to the submandibular glands after irradiation. These animals showed significant increased gland weight, number of acinar cells, and salivary flow rates. Donor cells expressed surface markers specific for hematopoietic or endothelial/mesenchymal cells. However, salivary gland acinar cells neither express the G-CSF receptor nor contained the GFP/Y chromosome donor cell label. Conclusions: The results show that BMCs home to damaged salivary glands after mobilization and induce repair processes, which improve function and morphology. This process does not involve transdifferentiation of BMCs to salivary gland cells. Mobilization of BMCs could become a promising modality to ameliorate radiation-induced complications after radiotherapy.
Biweekly fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel (FLOT) for patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or esophagogastric junction: a phase II trial of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie
Authors: S.-E. Al-Batran, J.T. Hartmann, R. Hofheinz, N. Homann, V. Rethwisch, S. Probst, J. Stoehlmacher, M.R. Clemens, R. Mahlberg, M. Fritz, G. Seipelt, M. Sievert, C. Pauligk, A. Atmaca, E. Jäger
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2008)
Benefits of Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in High-Risk Patients
Authors: Akira Marui, Hitoshi Okabayashi, Tatsuhiko Komiya, Shiro Tanaka, Yutaka Furukawa, Toru Kita, Takeshi Kimura, Ryuzo Sakata
Journal: Circulation (2012)

The benefits of off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (OPCAB) compared with conventional on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CCAB) remain controversial. Thus, it is important to investigate which patient subgroups may benefit the most from OPCAB rather than CCAB.Among the patients undergoing first coronary revascularization enrolled in the CREDO-Kyoto Registry (a registry of first-time percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass graft patients in Japan), 2468 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft were entered into the study (mean age, 67 ± 9 years). Predicted risk of operative mortality (PROM) of each patient was calculated by logistic EuroSCORE. Patients were divided into tertile based on their PROM. Mortality rates and the incidences of cardiovascular events were compared between CCAB and OPCAB within each PROM tertile using propensity score analysis. A total of 1377 patients received CCAB whereas 1091 received OPCAB. Adjusted 30-day mortality was not significantly different between CCAB and OPCAB patients regardless of their PROM range. However, the odds ratio of 30-day stroke in CCAB compared with OPCAB in the high-risk tertile was 8.30 (95% confidence interval, 2.25-30.7; P<0.01). Regarding long-term outcomes, hazard ratio of stroke in CCAB compared with OPCAB in the high-risk tertile was 1.80 (95% confidence interval, 1.07-3.02; P=0.03). Nevertheless, hazard ratio of overall mortality in the high-risk tertile was 1.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.98-2.11; P=0.06), indicating no statistically significant difference between the 2 procedures.OPCAB as opposed to CCAB is associated with short-term and long-term benefits in stroke prevention in patients at higher risk as estimated by EuroSCORE. No survival benefit of OPCAB was shown regardless of preoperative risk level.
Prediction of death and mode of death in patients (pts) with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF). Clues for optimal selection of the therapeutic options
Authors: E. Gronda, M. Frigerio, M. Mangiavacchi, E. Vitali, F. Oliva, B. Andreuzzi, G. Comerio, G. Masciocco, T. Colombo, P. Barbieri, A. Pellegrini
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: P. Lecomte du Noüy
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1922)

The application of the ring method to the measurement of solutions of serum and of certain organic compounds has brought forth new facts, mainly the decrease of the surface tension of such solutions in function of time. 1. In serum diluted at such a low concentration as 1:1,000,000 in NaCl, physiological solution, the surface tension of the liquid is lowered by 3 or 4 dynes in 2 hours; at 1:100,000, by about 11 dynes (mean value) in 2 hours, and by 20 dynes in 24 hours; at 1:10,000 by about 13 to 16 dynes in 2 hours. 2. The drop in surface tension is much more rapid in the first 30 minutes and follows generally the law of adsorption in the surface layer in function of the time. 3. Stirring or shaking after the drop causes the surface tension to rise, but generally below its initial value. 4. The same phenomena occur when using sodium oleate, glycocholate, or saponin instead of serum. 5. For every serum, as well as for the substances mentioned above a maximum drop occurs in certain conditions at a given optimum concentration. 6. Not only are the substances which lower the surface tension adsorbed in the surface layer, in the case in which they are present with crystalloids, but also the crystalloids themselves, in contradiction to Gibbs' statement. This is plainly shown by the evaporation of such solutions in watch-glasses which, instead of a small group of sharp, large, well defined crystals at the bottom, leaves a white disc almost as large as the initial free surface itself, due to the liberation of the salt by the surface layer as it crawls down the concave surface of the glass. 7. In these conditions, solutions of serum are characterized by a very peculiar periodic and concentric distribution of the crystals, at a concentration of 1:100 only. The same ring-like aspect is observed with sodium oleate, glycocholate, and saponin, but not at the same concentration, as was to be expected, since serum is a solution in itself.
Incidence of Malignant Disease in Biopsy-Proven Inflammatory Myopathy: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Rachelle Buchbinder, Andrew Forbes, Stephen Hall, Xenia Dennett, Graham Giles
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Background: The validity and magnitude of an association between myositis and malignant disease continue to be debated. Such issues as the legitimacy of a myositis diagnosis and distinction among myositis subgroups in previous population-based studies remain unresolved. Objective: To determine the risk for malignant disease in patients with biopsy-proven inflammatory myopathies. Design: Population-based, retrospective cohort study. Setting: Victoria, Australia. Patients: 537 patients in whom a biopsy-positive idiopathic inflammatory myopathy was first diagnosed from 1981 through 1995. Measurements: Standardized incidence ratios were calculated to compare the incidence of malignant disease in patients with inflammatory myopathy and the general population. Results: A total of 116 cases of malignant disease were found in 104 patients. Seventy-four cases were identified concurrently with (within 7 days) or after diagnosis of myositis. The highest risk for malignant disease was associated with dermatomyositis (standardized incidence ratio, 6.2 [95% CI, 3.9 to 10.0]). The risk was also increased in polymyositis (standardized incidence ratio, 2.0 [CI, 1.4 to 2.7]), although the relative risk for malignant disease in dermatomyositis compared with polymyositis was 2.4 (CI, 1.3 to 4.2). An increased risk for malignant disease was also found in inclusion-body myositis (standardized incidence ratio, 2.4 [CI, 1.2 to 4.9]). The excess risk for malignant disease diminished with time (standardized incidence ratio, 4.4 [CI, 2.7 to 7.1] in the first year; 3.4 [CI, 2.3 to 5.1] between 1 and 3 years; 2.2 [CI, 1.3 to 3.9] between 3 and 5 years; and 1.6 [CI, 1.0 to 2.6] beyond 5 years [P for trend, 0.002]). Conclusion: The risk for malignant disease is increased in biopsy-proven dermatomyositis and polymyositis and also appears to be increased in inclusion-body myositis.
β-Cell Protection and Therapy for Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
Authors: Simona Cernea, Raffaella Buzzetti, Paolo Pozzilli
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a term used to describe a form of autoimmune diabetes that resembles type 1 diabetes, but has a later onset and slower progression toward an absolute insulin requirement. Controversies have been surrounding this concept and several attempts have been made to better characterize and classify it. But LADA still remains poorly understood and defined (1). It was even debated whether LADA exists as a distinct disease entity or it just represents the end of a wide spectrum of heterogeneous immune-mediated diabetes (2,3). Uncertainties concern almost all aspects of this disease, including the nomenclature, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, natural history, and pathogenesis with genetic, metabolical, and immunological aspects. As a consequence, there is no clear management strategy for it, in terms of therapy and prevention. An ideal therapeutic approach would aim not only at obtaining a good metabolic control, but also at protecting residual β-cell mass and function. Even though ∼10% of adults with presumed type 2 diabetes at diagnosis in fact have LADA, only a few studies so far have evaluated therapeutic interventions for LADA, using a hypoglycemic or an immunomodulatory agent.

Obviously, an important impediment in establishing adequate and effective management strategies is the lack of a good understanding of the disease development and of a clear definition. Difficulties reside from the fact that LADA has features of an autoimmune disease (mainly presence of autoantibodies at onset), with many genetic, immune, and metabolic features of type 1 diabetes, but also shares some clinical, anthropometric, and metabolic traits with type 2 diabetes (Table 1) (2,4). As a matter of fact, LADA was first identified in a subset of phenotypic type 2 diabetes individuals who were positive for islet cells antibodies (ICAs), failed sulfonylurea therapy, and needed insulin replacement earlier than …
Topical corticosteroids in atopic dermatitis and the risk of glaucoma and cataracts
Authors: Inge M. Haeck, Ton J. Rouwen, Linda Timmer-de Mik, Marjolein S. de Bruin-Weller, Carla A. Bruijnzeel-Koomen
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2010)
What the educators are saying
Authors: Kevin W Eva
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Standardised patients have been used for some time to assess examinees' ability to demonstrate their competencies; now standardised examinees (individuals trained to portray candidates of specific ability levels) are being used to see how variables like confidence affect performance scores. In a comparison of checklist scores after a National Board of Medical Examiners prototype clinical skills examination, standardised examinees trained to be confident were not rated systematically different relative to standardised examinees trained to be insecure. Given the small sample size, the more important conclusion is perhaps that the continued successful use of standardised examinees holds great promise for validity and quality assurance testing in multiple domains. Teach Learn Med 2005;17: 9–13 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Drawing on the experience of the airline industry, medical education now uses more and more simulation technology. Unfortunately all the excitement over the new technologies has often meant that they are used without adequate consideration of pedagogic principles. A recent systematic review of 109 studies … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DTeaching%2Band%2Blearning%2Bin%2Bmedicine%26rft.stitle%253DTeach%2BLearn%2BMed%26rft.aulast%253DWorth-Dickstein%26rft.auinit1%253DH.%26rft.volume%253D17%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D9%26rft.epage%253D13%26rft.atitle%253DUse%2Bof%2B%2526quot%253Bstandardized%2Bexaminees%2526quot%253B%2Bto%2Bscreen%2Bfor%2Bstandardized-patient%2Bscoring%2Bbias%2Bin%2Ba%2Bclinical%2Bskills%2Bexamination.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1207%252Fs15328015tlm1701_3%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15691808%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1207/s15328015tlm1701_3&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15691808&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbmj%2F331%2F7508%2F93.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000226886700002&link_type=ISI
First Clinical Experience With a Paclitaxel Derivate–Eluting Polymer Stent System Implantation for In-Stent Restenosis
Authors: Francesco Liistro, Goran Stankovic, Carlo Di Mario, Takuro Takagi, Alaide Chieffo, Shahram Moshiri, Matteo Montorfano, Mauro Carlino, Carlo Briguori, Paolo Pagnotta, Remo Albiero, Nicola Corvaja, Antonio Colombo
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — It has been shown that antiproliferative drugs such as paclitaxel lower the amount of intimal hyperplasia after stent implantation. We report the first clinical experience of 7-hexanoyltaxol (QP2)–eluting polymer stent system (QuaDS) implantation for in-stent restenosis. Methods and Results — Fifteen consecutive patients with elective indication to percutaneous coronary intervention for in-stent restenosis were treated with the QuaDS-QP2 stent implantation. The QuaDS-QP2 stent was successfully implanted in all but 2 target lesions. In one lesion, the restenotic segment could not be completely covered by the stent, and in another lesion, a bare metal stent was implanted distally to the QuaDS-QP2 stent. One patient suffered from postprocedural non–Q-wave myocardial infarction (NQWMI). No other adverse events were observed during hospital stay. Six- and 12-month angiographic and clinical follow-up was scheduled for all patients. At 6 months, 3 patients had target lesion revascularization (20%). Two patients had restenosis (13.3%); one experienced restenosis in a gap between 2 drug-eluting stents, and the other had stent occlusion leading to NQWMI. Minimal intimal hyperplasia was observed in all the segments covered by drug-eluting stents (late loss=0.47±1.01 mm with a loss index=0.17±0.39). At 12 months, 1 patient suffered from NQWMI, and 8 of 13 patients (61.5%) had angiographic restenosis (late loss=1.36±0.94 mm with a loss index=0.62±0.44). Conclusion — This first experience with QuaDS-QP2 stent implantation for in-stent restenosis revealed minimal intimal hyperplasia at the 6-month follow-up. However, the antiproliferative effect was not maintained at the 12-month follow-up, resulting in delayed occurrence of angiographic restenosis.