tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sepsis causes presynaptic histamine H3 and α2-adrenergic dysfunction in canine myocardium
Authors: Z CHENG, D BOSE, H JACOBS, R BRUCELIGHT, S MINK
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Histamine H3 receptors and alpha2-adrenoceptors are presynaptic receptors that modulate norepinephrine (NE) release from sympathetic nerves innervating the cardiovascular system. We previously showed that cardiac H3 receptors are activated in sepsis, and that this activation leads to a decrease in the adrenergic response (AR) [J. Appl. Physiol. 85 (1998) 1693-1701] H3-receptors and alpha2-receptors appear to be coupled to GTP binding regulatory proteins (G) that modulate transmitter release by reducing calcium current into the nerve terminals through neuronal calcium channels. There may also be interaction between H3-receptors and alpha2-receptors on AR that may occur either at the receptor or a more downstream level.In the present study, we examined the effect of septic plasma on AR in a canine ventricular preparation in which field stimulation was used to produce AR. We determined whether there was interaction between H(3)-receptors and alpha2-adrenoceptors and tested whether H3 activation would attenuate the alpha2-agonist and alpha2-antagonist effects of clonidine and yohimbine, respectively. We also determined whether the mechanism by which septic plasma decreases the adrenergic response involves inactivation of an inhibitory G protein and used pertussis toxin (PTX) to assess this effect.We found that septic plasma attenuated AR produced by field stimulation, and that this decrease was mediated by a PTX sensitive inhibitory G protein. H3 activation also attenuated the alpha2-agonist and alpha2-antagonist effects on adrenergic activation as compared with nonseptic plasma.We conclude that presynaptic sympathetic dysfunction may contribute to cardiovascular collapse in sepsis.
Screening for Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction in Nonpregnant Adults: A Summary of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Authors: Mark Helfand
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is a risk factor for developing symptomatic thyroid disease. Advocates of screening argue that early treatment can prevent serious morbidity in individuals who are found to have laboratory evidence of subclinical thyroid dysfunction.This article focuses on whether it is useful to order a thyroid function test for patients who have no history of thyroid disease and have few or no signs or symptoms of thyroid dysfunction.A MEDLINE search, supplemented by searches of EMBASE and the Cochrane Library, reference lists, and a local database of thyroid-related articles.Controlled treatment studies that used thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels as an inclusion criterion and reported quality of life, symptoms, or lipid level outcomes were selected. Observational studies of the prevalence, progression, and consequences of subclinical thyroid dysfunction were also reviewed.The quality of each trial was assessed by using preset criteria, and information about setting, patients, interventions, and outcomes was abstracted.The prevalence of unsuspected thyroid disease is lowest in men and highest in older women. Evidence regarding the efficacy of treatment in patients found by screening to have subclinical thyroid dysfunction is inconclusive. No trials of treatment of subclinical hyperthyroidism have been done. Several small, randomized trials of treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism have been done, but the results are inconclusive except in patients who have a history of treatment of Graves disease, a subgroup that is not a target of screening in the general population. Data on the adverse effects of broader use of L-thyroxine are sparse.It is uncertain whether treatment will improve quality of life in otherwise healthy patients who have abnormal TSH levels and normal free thyroxine levels.
Islet cell autoantigen 69 kD (ICA69). Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel diabetes-associated autoantigen.
Authors: M Pietropaolo, L Castaño, S Babu, R Buelow, Y L Kuo, S Martin, A Martin, A C Powers, M Prochazka, J Naggert
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

We have identified a novel 69-kD peptide autoantigen (ICA69) associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) by screening a human islet lambda gt11 cDNA expression library with cytoplasmic islet cell antibody positive sera from relatives of IDDM patients who progressed to the overt disease. The deduced open reading frame of the ICA69 cDNA predicts a 483-amino acid protein. ICA69 shows no nucleotide or amino acid sequence relation to any known sequence in GenBank, except for two short regions of similarity with BSA. The ICA69 cDNA probe hybridizes with a 2-kb mRNA in poly(A+) RNA from human pancreas, brain, heart, thyroid, and kidney, but not with skeletal muscle, placenta, spleen, or ovary. Expression of ICA69 was also detected in beta cells and cell lines, as well as in tumoral tissue of islet cell origin. The native ICA69 molecule migrates to 69 kD in SDS-PAGE as detected with specific antibodies. Serum samples from relatives of IDDM patients specifically reacted with affinity-purified recombinant ICA69 on Western blotting. The structural gene for ICA69 was designated ICA1. A homologue in the mouse, designated Ica-1 was mapped to the proximal end of chromosome 6 (within 6 cM of the Met protooncogene). ICA69 adds a novel autoantigen to the family of identified islet target molecules, and by the manner of its identification and characterization large amounts of antigen are available for development of quantitative, convenient predictive assays for autoantibodies and analysis of the role of this molecule in diabetes autoimmunity, as well as its physiologic function.
Medical Firsts: From Hippocrates to the Human Genome
Authors: Marta Buszewicz
Journal: BMJ (2004)

E ach chapter of this book is a short biography of an eminent person in the history of medicine—from Hippocrates to Watson and Crick and to the race to reveal the secrets of the human genome. Adler writes enthusiastically and engagingly about his subjects, relaying not only the important factual elements of their discoveries in a way that is easy to absorb but also details of their family backgrounds and the scientific and social …
Transmission of Infection During Training for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: HARVEY J. COHEN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Letters and Corrections1 January 1985Transmission of Infection During Training for Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationHARVEY J. COHEN, M.D., WILFRED MINKIN, M.D.HARVEY J. COHEN, M.D., WILFRED MINKIN, M.D.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-102-1-136_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: It has been estimated that there are 800 000 persons in the United States who are chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (1). This antigen has been found in saliva. In guidelines published in 1984 (2) the National Research Council recommended that a person known to be seropositive to HBsAg should not participate in training for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The Council further suggested that students be assigned in pairs and each pair have contact with only one manikin. As an additional means of reducing the change of spread of disease, it was recommended that the second...References1. MARWICK C. The epic of hepatitis B. Medical World News. 1981;October 26:50-62. MedlineGoogle Scholar2. . Guidelines for the Prevention of Disease Transmission in the Use of CPR Manikins. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press:1984. Google Scholar3. DOUGLAS R and COUGH R. A prospective study of chronic herpes simplex virus infection and recurrent herpes labialis in humans. J Immunol. 1970;104:289-95. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. HATHERLY L, HAYES K, and JACK I. Herpes virus in an obstetric hospital. II: Asymptomatic virus excretion in staff members. Med J Aust. 1980;2:273-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. LARSON T and BRYSON Y. Fomites and herpes simplex virus: the toilet seat revisited. Pediatr Res. 1982;16:244. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: HARVEY J. COHEN, M.D.; WILFRED MINKIN, M.D.Affiliations: 170 Maple Avenue; White Plains, NY 10601 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byPart 12: Education, Implementation, and TeamsPart 12: Education, implementation, and teamsPneumothorax During CPR Training: Case Report and Review of the CPR Literature 1 January 1985Volume 102, Issue 1Page: 136-137KeywordsAntigensCardiopulmonary resuscitationHepatitis B surface antigenInfectious hepatitisSaliva ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 January 1985 PDF downloadLoading ...
Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Normal and Neoplastic Cells
Authors: B. L. Horecker, Howard H. Hiatt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

IN mammalian tissues carbohydrates not only constitute the major source of energy for work and anabolic processes but also provide the precursors for the formation of essential cell constituents, such as amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. Several major pathways for the utilization of carbohydrates are found in mammalian cells, and although present knowledge of these pathways is extensive, there is much to be learned regarding their relation to one another and to the economy of the living cell. Problems of cellular differentiation and hormonal control may have their solution in part in terms of competition of the several pathways . . .
Management of solitary pulmonary nodules. An organized approach based on growth rate and statistics
Authors: H. Nathan
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Too many patients with benign pulmonary nodules are subjected to lung resection. Based on tumor growth rate and statistics, a method of treatment for patients with pulmonary nodules is proposed that relies on serial chest x-ray films when a definite diagnosis cannot be made by sputum analysis in patients 30 to 45 years old and evaluation by sputum analysis and needle or brush biopsy in patients over 45 years old. Patients less than 30 years of age require serial films only. This approach should spare most patients with benign nodules from surgery while maintaining present survival rates in malignant solitary pulmonary nodules.
Levels and Risks of Depression and Anxiety Symptomatology Among Diabetic Adults
Authors: Mark Peyrot, Richard R Rubin
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

To determine levels of depression and anxiety symptoms among adults with diabetes and identify factors associated with increased risk.This study administered self-report symptom inventories to patients at the beginning (n = 634) and end (n = 578) of an outpatient diabetes education program. Subjects (n = 246) contacted by mail 6 months later completed the same instruments.Rates of disturbance for depression (41.3%; 95% CI: 37.4-45.2%) and anxiety (49.2%; 95% CI: 45.3-53.1%) were higher than those typical in the general population (10-20%). Probability of disturbance ranged from 5-7% for those with the lowest risk profile to 82-92% for those with the highest risk profile. Diabetes-related complications were the only disease factor associated with significantly increased risk of disturbance. Women and those with less education were at much higher risk. Only 13% of those followed for 6 months were disturbed at all three time-points.Diabetes is associated with increased risk of psychological disturbance, especially for those with more diabetes-related complications. Sociodemographic factors account for much of the risk differential among people with diabetes.
Cardiovascular Deaths While Running
Authors: Arthur J. Siegel
Journal: JAMA (1980)

To the Editor.—  Two recent contributions toThe Journalhighlight the importance of gathering accurate data on the incidence of cardiovascular death during jogging or running. The study by Thompson et al (242:1265, 1979) of 18 exercise-related deaths is anecdotal but suggests that such events are not rare. Koplan makes the prediction from available data that from four to 104 cardiovascular deaths per year might be expected on a purely statistical basis. This estimate is a testable hypothesis against which actual events in the exercising population might be measured.  A definitive assessment of such risks requires modification of vital statistics procedures to ensure accurate reporting of exercise-related sudden deaths. A high rate of postmortem examinations is also essential to determine the number of cardiovascular episodes. An attempt to quantitate this finite complication rate of strenuous exercise is not to detract from the net benefit to health realized by the millions
Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Intrahepatic Biliary Stones
Authors: Joseph Panella
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The ultrasound characteristics of stones in the gallbladder are well known.<sup>1</sup>Ultrasound has also been reported to be useful in showing renal calculi.<sup>2</sup>In both locations stones typically show dense echoes with acoustic shadowing. We report a case of intrahepatic stones in a patient with primary intrahepatic calculus disease and discuss the clinical and ultrasonic features. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> Six years after undergoing a cholecystectomy, a 32-year-old Oriental woman had a chief complaint of sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, and right upper quadrant pain radiating to the back. She was not jaundiced, but her urine was dark. Results of a roentgenographic examination of the chest and abdomen were normal. The total bilirubin value was 1.5 mg/dL, and an intravenous cholangiogram was performed, but the biliary system was not visualized. An ultrasound examination uncovered multiple echodense areas within the liver parenchyma that produced acoustic shadowing
Review: Statins before coronary catheterization reduce contrast-induced acute kidney injury
Authors: Himanshu Aggarwal, Brigitta C. Brott
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Source Citation Giacoppo D, Capodanno D, Capranzano P, Aruta P, Tamburino C. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of preprocedural statin administration for reducing contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary catheterization. Am J Cardiol. 2014;114:541-8. 25001154
Increased Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier to Chemotherapy in Metastatic Brain Tumors: Establishing a Treatment Paradigm
Authors: Elizabeth R. Gerstner, Robert L. Fine
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

There is no accepted standard of care for the chemotherapy treatment of metastatic brain tumors, which has been generally limited to lipophilic alkylators, which may not have efficacy against the tumor that metastasized to the brain. More than 50% of chemotherapy agents are natural product drugs, which are rarely used in the treatment of metastatic brain tumors because they are thought to not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A major protein constituent in the BBB is P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which pumps natural product chemotherapy drugs and toxins out of the CNS. However, P-gp expression in the neovasculature of metastatic brain tumors is similar to the P-gp expression in the neovasculature of the primary, extracranial tumor. In contrast, gliomas have higher P-gp expression in their neovasculature, similar to the greater intrinsic expression of P-gp in normal brain vasculature. This decreased immunohistochemical expression of P-gp in the neovasculature of metastatic tumors, as well as our recent pharmacologic demonstration of increased tissue concentrations of paclitaxel in metastatic brain tumors compared with gliomas, support the idea that the choice of chemotherapy agents should be based on the histologic origin of the metastatic brain tumor and not on the lipophilicity of the drug. Our hypothesis is that metastatic brain tumors from tumors with intrinsically low P-gp expression (eg, lung, melanoma, and untreated breast) may be more permeable to natural product chemotherapy drugs than gliomas. This information could lead to a paradigm shift in the use of natural product drugs for metastatic brain tumors.
Deep vein thrombosis followed by internal jugular vein thrombosis as a complication of in vitro fertilization in a woman heterozygous for the prothrombin 3′ UTR and factor V Leiden mutations
Authors: B.M.C. McGowan, L.A. Kay, D.J. Perry
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2003)

Abstract Thrombosis of the internal jugular vein is a rare event but one that can have serious consequences. Most cases reported in the literature have occurred in patients with indwelling central venous catheters, in association with head and neck sepsis, or in hypercoagulable states. However, a small number of cases have been associated with in vitro fertilization and more often with the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). We report the case of a 30‐year‐old woman heterozygous for both the prothrombin 3′ UTR mutation and for the factor V Leiden mutation who presented with a proximal deep vein thrombosis following in vitro fertilization. She subsequently developed an internal jugular vein thrombosis extending into the subclavian and axillary vein despite therapeutic anticoagulation with a low molecular weight heparin. Thromboembolic events can occur in the absence of other clinical features of OHSS, especially in patients with underlying prothrombotic abnormalities. Neck pain and swelling in a pregnant woman, especially one that has undergone in vitro fertilization, should be taken seriously and investigated with duplex scanning and/or MRI. Women with a personal or family history of thrombosis undergoing in vitro fertilization should be made fully aware of the potential thrombotic risks and should be considered for a thrombophilia screen. Am. J. Hematol. 73:276–278, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibrogenesis in pediatric cholestatic liver disease: Role of taurocholate and hepatocyte-derived monocyte chemotaxis protein-1 in hepatic stellate cell recruitment
Authors: Grant A. Ramm, Ross W. Shepherd, Anita C. Hoskins, Sonia A. Greco, Agnieszka D. Ney, Tamara N. Pereira, Kim R. Bridle, James D. Doecke, Peter J. Meikle, Bruno Turlin, Peter J. Lewindon
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Abstract Cholestatic liver diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF) liver disease and biliary atresia, predominate as causes of childhood cirrhosis. Despite diverse etiologies, the stereotypic final pathway involves fibrogenesis where hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are recruited, producing excess collagen which initiates biliary fibrosis. A possible molecular determinant of this recruitment, monocyte chemotaxis protein-1 (MCP-1), an HSC-responsive chemokine, was investigated in CF liver disease and biliary atresia. The bile-duct-ligated rat and in vitro coculture models of cholestatic liver injury were used to further explore the role of MCP-1 in HSC recruitment and proposed mechanism of induction via bile acids. In both CF liver disease and biliary atresia, elevated hepatic MCP-1 expression predominated in scar margin hepatocytes, closely associated with activated HSCs, and was also expressed in cholangiocytes. Serum MCP-1 was elevated during early fibrogenesis. Similar observations were made in bile-duct-ligated rat liver and serum. Hepatocytes isolated from cholestatic rats secreted increased MCP-1 which avidly recruited HSCs in coculture. This HSC chemotaxis was markedly inhibited in interventional studies using anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody. In CF liver disease, biliary MCP-1 was increased, positively correlating with levels of the hydrophobic bile acid, taurocholate. In cholestatic rats, increased MCP-1 positively correlated with taurocholate in serum and liver, and negatively correlated in bile. In normal human and rat hepatocytes, taurocholate induced MCP-1 expression. Conclusion: These observations support the hypothesis that up-regulation of hepatocyte-derived MCP-1, induced by bile acids, results in HSC recruitment in diverse causes of cholestatic liver injury, and is a key early event in liver fibrogenesis in these conditions. Therapies aimed at neutralizing MCP-1 or bile acids may help reduce fibro-obliterative liver injury in childhood cholestatic diseases. (Hepatology 2008.)
Cone Opsin Genes of African Cichlid Fishes: Tuning Spectral Sensitivity by Differential Gene Expression
Authors: Karen L. Carleton, Thomas D. Kocher
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

Spectral tuning of visual pigments is typically accomplished through changes in opsin amino acid sequence. Within a given opsin class, changes at a few key sites control wavelength specificity. To investigate known differences in the visual pigment spectral sensitivity of the Lake Malawi cichlids, Metriaclima zebra (368, 488, and 533 nm) and Dimidiochromis compressiceps (447, 536, and 569 nm), we sequenced cone opsin genes from these species as well as Labeotropheus fuelleborni and Oreochromis niloticus. These cichlids have five distinct classes of cone opsin genes, including two unique SWS-2 genes. Comparisons of the inferred amino acid sequences from the five cone opsin genes of M. zebra, D. compressiceps, and L. fuelleborni show the sequences to be nearly identical. Therefore, evolution of key opsin sites cannot explain the differences in visual pigment sensitivities. Real-time PCR demonstrates that different cichlid species express different subsets of the available cone opsin genes. Metriaclima zebra and L. fuelleborni express a complement of genes which give them UV-shifted visual pigments, while D. compressiceps expresses a different set to produce a red-shifted visual system. Thus, variations in cichlid spectral sensitivity have arisen through evolution of gene regulation, rather than through changes in opsin amino acid sequence.
Effects of left ventricular diastolic pressure on the pressure-flow relation of the coronary circulation during physiological vasodilatation
Authors: R. W JEREMY, C. F HUGHES, P. J FLETCHER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1986)

A study to analyse the effects of left ventricular diastolic pressure on coronary pressure-flow relations during physiological vasodilatation was carried out in 14 anaesthetised dogs. The left circumflex artery was perfused at controlled pressures via an extracorporeal circuit and vasodilatation induced by 15 s occlusion of coronary flow. The relation between end diastolic coronary perfusion pressure and flow at peak hyperaemia was linear above 40 mmHg (group 1, n = 7) and became curvilinear at perfusion pressures below 40 mmHg (group 2, n = 7). At a mean left ventricular end diastolic pressure of 8.6(0.8) mmHg the mean zero flow intercept (Pint) in group 1 was 22.5(2.3) mmHg. Graded increases in left ventricular end diastolic pressure by infusion of blood resulted in a parallel rightward shift of the vasodilated pressure-flow relation (Pint = 1.06×LVEDP+13.8 mmHg, r = 0.87). The curvilinear relations at low perfusion pressures in group 2 had lower zero flow intercept pressures (Pint = 4.8(0.7) mmHg at left ventricular end diastolic pressure 6.6(1.5) mmHg). As with group 1, graded increases in left ventricular end diastolic pressure caused a rightward shift of the pressure-flow relation, with a direct relation between left ventricular end diastolic pressure and zero flow intercept (Pint = 0.93×LVEDP+3.9 mmHg, r = 0.89). Diastolic coronary pressure-flow relations during physiological vasodilatation are essentially linear at perfusion pressures >40 mmHg but are appreciably curved at lower pressures. Increases in left ventricular end diastolic pressure cause a parallel rightward shift of the linear region of the pressure-flow relation. Left ventricular diastolic pressure appears to be a major determinant of the zero flow intercept extrapolated from the curved low pressure region.