tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Saquinavir-Induced Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Oren Zimhony, David Stein
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Letters21 December 1999Saquinavir-Induced Hypoglycemia in Type 2 DiabetesOren Zimhony, MD and David Stein, MDOren Zimhony, MDAlbert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461 (Zimhony)Jacobi Medical Center; Bronx, NY 10461 (Stein)Search for more papers by this author and David Stein, MDAlbert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461 (Zimhony)Jacobi Medical Center; Bronx, NY 10461 (Stein)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-12-199912210-00019 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Worsening hyperglycemia and new-onset diabetes have been reported in patients taking all of the available protease inhibitors (1). However, hypoglycemia has also been associated with saquinavir use (2, 3).A 49-year-old HIV-infected man taking insulin (Humulin 70/30, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana), 40 U/d, for type 2 diabetes had dizziness 6 weeks after his HIV therapy was changed. A new regimen that included stavudine, 40 mg twice daily; didanosine, 200 mg twice daily; and saquinavir, 1200 mg three times daily, in the form of soft gelatin capsules, was started. Eight weeks after this change, the patient ...References1. Mauss S, Wolf E, Jaeger H. Impaired glucose tolerance in HIV-positive patients receiving and those not receiving protease inhibitors. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:162-3. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Mitsuyasu RT, Skolnik PR, Cohen SR, Conway B, Gill MJ, Jensen PC, et al . Activity of the soft gelatin formulation of saquinavir in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients. NV15355 Study Team. AIDS. 1998;12:F103-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Gill MJ. Safety profile of soft gelatin formulation of saquinavir in combination with nucleosides in a broad patient population [Letter]. NV15182 Study Team. AIDS. 1998;12:1400-2. MedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY 10461 (Zimhony)Jacobi Medical Center; Bronx, NY 10461 (Stein) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoImpaired Glucose Tolerance in HIV-Positive Patients Receiving and Those Not Receiving Protease Inhibitors Stefan Mauss , Eva Wolf , and Hans Jaeger Impaired Glucose Tolerance in HIV-Infected Patients Zuhayr T. Madhun , Baha M. Arafah , and Grace A. McComsey Metrics 21 December 1999Volume 131, Issue 12Page: 980KeywordsBloodCreatinineGlucoseHIVHypoglycemiaInsulinSafetySafety studiesType 2 diabetesViral load ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 21 December 1999 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Experimental induction of freckles by ultraviolet-B
Authors: P.D. WILSON, A.M. KLIGMAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1982)

Freckles were induced experimentally by single exposures of lower back skin to ultraviolet radiation. The minimal freckling dose was between 6 and 10 times the minimal erythema dose. Repeated less intense exposures did not induce freckles. Freckles could be induced only in subjects with natural freckles on exposed skin. Freckles induced by single exposures to ultraviolet radiation have distinctive characteristics which enable their clinical recognition. We have called these "sunburn freckles".
Response of Hemiballismus to Haloperidol
Authors: Donald H. Gilden
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I am writing in reference to the article by Gordon J. Gilbert, MD (233:535, 1975). It is certainly reasonable to assume that the patient did indeed suffer a small infarct of the left subthalamic nucleus secondary to cerebral vascular disease. The author himself mentions that the movement disorder often subsides spontaneously, and this is certainly the rule rather than the exception. The resolution usually occurs within weeks to months. Dr Gilbert fails to mention exactly when haloperidol therapy was started in relation to the onset of the hemiballismus. It could have been at a time when there might have been spontaneous clinical improvement. Moreover, the author did not discontinue the use of medication to see if hemiballismus recurred, or whether it stopped again when haloperidol therapy was reinstituted; therefore, I think it is unfair to assume that the haloperidol was entirely responsible for the patient's improvement.
Coal mine dust exposure and spirometry in experienced miners.
Authors: P K Henneberger, M D Attfield
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

In a previous study of new miners from the National Study of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (NSCWP), researchers examined changes in spirometry values associated with coal mine dust exposure (Br J Ind Med 1993; 50:929-937). An unusual pattern of dust-related effects was observed: initial sharp decrements in FVC and FEV1 were followed by partial recovery. In the current study, similar methods were used to analyze data from experienced miners. Each of 1,915 male subjects contributed data from two of the NSCWP field surveys: either Round 1 (1969-71) and Round 2 (1972-75) and Round 4 (1985-88). From the cross-sectional analysis at Round 1 or Round 2 (R1/R2), changes of +0.6 ml FVC and -0.5 ml FEV1 were associated with each mg/m3-yr of cumulative coal mine dust exposure, but were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). From the analysis of longitudinal change in spirometry from R1/R2 to Round 4 (R4), annual declines in FVC (-0.10 ml/yr per mg/m3-yr, p = 0.003) and FEV1 (-0.07 ml/yr per mg/m3-yr, p = 0.006) were associated with pre-R1/R2 exposure. Both the pattern and the magnitude of the exposure-response relationship were different for experienced versus new miners. Possible reasons for these contrasts include differences in cumulative exposure between the two groups and the healthy worker effect among experienced miners.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ESTIMATION OF ALDOSTERONE IN URINE 1
Authors: Robert Neher, Albert Wettstein
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1956)

We have recently described (2) the essential features of a physicochemical method for the specific determination of aldosterone in body fluids and tissues.This method has become of special interest to clinical groups, particularly for the determination in urine.In the meantime, it has been possible to improve and simplify the method over several hundred determinations, so that it is now suitable, as a standardized procedure, for use in routine clinical investigations of urine.These reasons prompt us to publish the following modified and detailed description, so that the deli- cate procedure should be perfectly reproducible.The method consists of three steps: 1. Hydroly- sis and extraction of the urine, 2. paper chroma- tography of the extracts with the help of two sol- vent systems, in which the relative running rates of aldosterone can be differentiated from those of other corticosteroids, and 3. semiquantitative esti- mation of the aldosterone.MATERIALS Methanol: distilled; Ethyl acetate: distilled.Acetone: shaken with calcium chloride, filtered and distilled.Chloroform: washed with water, shaken with calcium chloride, filtered and distilled.Toluene: emulsified three times with 0.07 vol. of conc.sulphuric acidat room temperature in a Vibro-mixer for five minutes, separated, washed 5 times with 0.2 vol. of water to neutral, dried over phosphorus pen- toxide and distilled in vacuo.Light petroleum: distilled, fraction -with b.p. 50-70 C. Formamide: Merck,
Points: How to organise a clinical examination
Authors: A J Elliott
Journal: BMJ (1987)

<h3>Background</h3> Total body water (TBW) is one component of fat-free mass and changes in TBW are influenced by fluid shifts (especially during transition to postnatal life), electrolyte balance and nutritional status. Normal values for term-born neonates and preterm infants at birth have not been defined in large cohorts, limiting investigation into its monitoring and use in clinical practice. <h3>Objective</h3> To systematically review the evidence base for percentage of TBW in term-born infants, quantify the effect of prematurity on TBW at birth, and describe normal progression of TBW over time in preterm infants. <h3>Methods</h3> Systematic review of Medline, Web of Science Core Collection and EBSCO-CINAHL (January 1946 to January 2020). Included articles used dilutional methods to assess TBW. <h3>Results</h3> Searches identified 2349 articles of which 22 included data suitable for analysis. Mean TBW in term-born newborns was 73.8% (95% CI 72.47% to 75.06%, 15 studies, 433 infants). Meta-regression showed that TBW was higher in preterm infants (up to 90% at 26 weeks gestation, dropping to 75% at 36 weeks corrected gestation) and was negatively correlated with gestation at birth, falling 1.44% per week (95% CI 0.63% to 2.24%, 9 studies, 179 infants). Analysis of TBW over time during the ex utero growth of preterm infants was not possible due to paucity of data. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This review defines the normal TBW percentage in term-born infants and confirms and quantifies previous findings that preterm infants have a higher TBW percentage.
Peptide variability exists within alpha and beta subunits of the T cell receptor for antigen.
Authors: O Acuto, S C Meuer, J C Hodgdon, S F Schlossman, E L Reinherz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

The T cell receptor for antigen (Ti) has recently been identified as a 90-kdalton T3-associated clonotypic structure composed of one 49-51-kdalton alpha and one 43-kdalton beta subunit, which are disulfide linked. Here, Ti molecules from two alloreactive CTL clones derived from the same donor but of differing specificities (CT8III and CT4II) are directly compared following isolation with anticlonotypic monoclonal antibodies. Isoelectric focusing shows that the alpha subunits (pI 4.4-4.7) are more acidic than the beta subunits (pI 6.0-6.2) but that each glycoprotein species is distinctive. More importantly, two-dimensional peptide maps of 125I-labeled surface receptors indicate that the beta chains of Ti1 and Ti2 appear unique and share only two peptides in common. In contrast, peptide maps of Ti1 and Ti2 alpha chains are more related although not identical. These results suggest that the human T cell receptor is composed of constant as well as variable regions and that at least one of the latter is located within the beta subunit.
Clinical significance of azathioprine active metabolite concentrations in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: S Wright
Journal: Gut (2004)

<b>Background and aims:</b> There are conflicting reports on the role of azathioprine (AZA) thioguanine nucleotide (TGN) metabolites in optimising therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to investigate TGN intrapatient variation, and the relationship between TGN concentrations and disease activity in IBD patients taking long term constant dose AZA. <b>Methods:</b> TGN and methylmercaptopurine nucleotide (MeMPN) concentrations were measured at intervals over a two year period. Disease activity was assessed at each clinic visit using the Crohn's disease activity index or Walmsley simple index for ulcerative colitis. <b>Results:</b> Serial TGNs were measured in 159 patients (3–14 TGN assays, median 6). Intrapatient variation in TGN concentrations was 1–5-fold (median 1.6); the incidence of non-compliance was 13%. At the end of two years, 131 patients were evaluable at TGN steady state. Of this group, patients who remained in remission had significantly higher mean TGN concentrations than those patients who developed active disease (median TGNs 236 <i>v</i> 175, respectively; median difference 44 pmol (95% confidence interval 1–92); p = 0.04). MeMPN concentrations were not related to AZA efficacy or toxicity. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study has shown that lower TGN concentrations were linked to the development of active disease, and that TGNs may act as useful markers of compliance. However, it is clear that repeat TGN measurements are required for an unambiguous index of active metabolite exposure. In view of the high intrapatient variability in TGN production over time, TGN measurements may not be currently advocated for routine clinical use.
Differing Sensitivities of Purkinje Fibers and Myocardium to Inhibition of Monovalent Cation Transport by Digitalis
Authors: John C. Somberg, William H. Barry, Thomas W. Smith
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

The extent of inhibition of monovalent cation active transport in Purkinje fibers and myocardium in response to toxic and inotropic doses of digitalis were studied in the dog to elucidate the factors underlying the different relative sensitivities of these tissues to the toxic arrhythmogenic effects of digitalis. Monovalent cation transport inhibition was assessed by measuring uptake of the K+ analog Rb+ in samples of myocardium and Purkinje fibers after in vitro ouabain exposure and after acute or chronic administration of digoxin in vivo. The active uptake of Rb+ was determined as the difference between total uptake and uptake in the presence of 1.0 mM ouabain. Mean active uptake of Rb+ by Purkinje fibers from control hearts was 1.62±0.11 (SEM) nmol/mg wet wt per 15 min, significantly greater than the value of 0.49±0.05 for myocardium (P < 0.001). Concentration-effect curves for inhibition of monovalent cation active transport by in vitro exposure to graded concentrations of ouabain showed that the concentration for half-maximal inhibition of monovalent cation transport, IC50, for Purkinje fiber transport was 0.4 μM, significantly less than the value of 1.4 μM for myocardial samples. Dogs were given toxic doses of digoxin (0.3 mg/kg i.v.). At onset of sustained ventricular tachycardia, they were killed and monovalent cation transport measured in myocardial and Purkinje fiber samples. Active Rb+ uptake was inhibited by 44% in myocardial samples, whereas a significantly greater inhibition of 76% was noted in Purkinje fibers (P < 0.01). Similar data were obtained for both transmural myocardial biopsy samples and subendocardial trabecular samples obtained from regions adjacent to Purkinje fibers. Another group of dogs received a nontoxic dose of 0.02 mg/kg i.v. daily for 6 d. Myocardium showed a 17% reduction in Rb+ active uptake compared to control animals receiving no drug, whereas Purkinje fiber transport was reduced in these dogs to a significantly greater extent averaging 44% (P < 0.001). Thus, both toxic and inotropic (non-toxic) doses of digoxin inhibited monovalent cation transport in Purkinje fibers to a greater extent than in myocardium. This difference in apparent sensitivity of monovalent cation transport to digoxin may contribute to the previously reported tendency of digitalis toxic arrhythmias to arise in Purkinje fibers.
OPERATION FOR EXSTROPHY OF THE BLADDER BY SONNENBERG'S METHOD.
Authors: J. RILUS EASTMAN
Journal: JAMA (1900)

In January, 1899, a classic case of exstrophy of the bladder in a boy 13 years of age was brought to the writer's notice. The condition of the kidneys was such that rectal implantation of the ureters as a means to relief was not to be considered. The urine discharged from the left ureter contained crystals of the salts of urates and phosphates in great abundance, blood casts, epithelium and epithelial and granular casts. Traces of albumin were also present. The urine from the right kidney was much clearer, of very little more than normal specific gravity, and contained a few granular casts and some epithelium. There was continual pain in the left lumbar region. In view of these facts, the Sonnenberg method was chosen as the one most suitable for application in this particular case. The operation was made in February, 1899. It consisted in the detachment of the
Serotonin protects mouse liver from cholestatic injury by decreasing bile salt pool after bile duct ligation
Authors: Jae-Hwi Jang, Andreas Rickenbacher, Bostjan Humar, Achim Weber, Dimitri Aristotle Raptis, Kuno Lehmann, Bruno Stieger, Wolfgang Moritz, Christopher Soll, Panco Georgiev, David Fischer, Endre Laczko, Rolf Graf, Pierre-Alain Clavien
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Obstructive cholestasis induces liver injury, postoperative complications, and mortality after surgery. Adaptive control of cholestasis, including bile salt homeostasis, is necessary for recovery and survival. Peripheral serotonin is a cytoprotective neurotransmitter also associated with liver regeneration. The effect of serotonin on cholestatic liver injury is not known. Therefore, we tested whether serotonin affects the severity of cholestatic liver injury. We induced cholestasis by ligation of the bile duct (BDL) in either wild-type (WT) mice or mice lacking peripheral serotonin ( Tph1 −/− and immune thrombocytopenic [ITP] mice). Liver injury was assessed by the levels of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and tissue necrosis. Bile salt–regulating genes were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Tph1 −/− mice displayed higher levels of plasma AST, ALT, bile salts, and hepatic necrosis after 3 days of BDL than WT mice. Likewise, liver injury was disproportional in ITP mice. Moreover, severe cholestatic complications and mortality after prolonged BDL were increased in Tph1 −/− mice. Despite the elevation in toxic bile salts, expression of genes involved in bile salt homeostasis and detoxification were not affected in Tph1 −/− livers. In contrast, the bile salt reabsorption transporters Ostα and Ostβ were up-regulated in the kidneys of Tph1 −/− mice, along with a decrease in urinary bile salt excretion. Serotonin reloading of Tph1 −/− mice reversed this phenotype, resulting in a reduction of circulating bile salts and liver injury. Conclusion : We propose a physiological function of serotonin is to ameliorate liver injury and stabilize the bile salt pool through adaptation of renal transporters in cholestasis. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:209–218)
Proinflammatory stimuli regulate endothelial hyaluronan expression and CD44/HA-dependent primary adhesion.
Authors: M Mohamadzadeh, H DeGrendele, H Arizpe, P Estess, M Siegelman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

The localization of circulating leukocytes within inflamed tissues occurs as the result of interactions with and migration across vascular endothelium, and is governed, in part, by the expression of adhesion molecules on both cell types. Recently, we have described a novel primary adhesion interaction between the structurally activated form of the adhesion molecule CD44 on lymphocytes and its major ligand hyaluronan on endothelial cells under physiologic laminar flow conditions, and have proposed that this interaction functions in an extravasation pathway for lymphocytes in vascular beds at sites of inflammation. While the regulation of activated CD44 on leukocytes has been characterized in depth, regulation of hyaluronate (HA) on endothelial cells has not been extensively studied. Here we demonstrate that the expression of HA on cultured endothelial cell lines and primary endothelial cultures is inducible by the proinflammatory cytokines TNFalpha and IL-1beta, as well as bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In addition, this inducibility appears strikingly restricted to endothelial cells derived from microvascular, but not large vessel, sources. The elevated HA levels thus induced result in increased CD44-dependent adhesive interactions in both nonstatic shear and laminar flow adhesion assays. Changes in mRNA levels for the described HA synthetic and degradative enzymes were not found, suggesting other more complex mechanisms of regulation. Together, these data add to the selectin and immunoglobulin gene families a new inducible endothelial adhesive molecule, hyaluronan, and help to further our understanding of the potential physiologic roles of the CD44/HA interaction; i.e., local cytokine production within inflamed vascular beds may enhance surface hyaluronan expression on endothelial cells, thereby creating local sites receptive to the CD44/HA interaction and thus extravasation of inflammatory cells.
Ileo-rectal anastomosis for Crohn's disease of the colon
Authors: W. N. W. Baker
Journal: Gut (1971)

Twenty-six cases of Crohn9s disease of the colon treated by total colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis have been examined. Recurrent disease at the anastomosis occurred in 50% of patients, three-quarters of these within 18 months and the latest six years after operation. Patients with disease apparent only in the colon at the primary operation developed ileal recurrence at the anastomosis as commonly as those with both ileum and colon involved initially. Recurrence in the small intestine away from the anastomosis was uncommon. The response of recurrent disease to medical treatment was encouraging and further surgical intervention has been avoided in the majority of cases. Complicated anal fistulae developed in 20% of patients up to seven years after ileo-rectal anastomosis. They materially affected the management of the individual patient but most responded to conventional surgical treatment after a prolonged healing period. Ileo-rectal anastomosis for Crohn9s disease of the colon has had a lower operative morbidity than the same operation performed for ulcerative colitis, but the long-term prognosis has been worse because of the development of recurrent disease and serious anal lesions.
EFFECT OF ATTENUATION CORRECTION METHOD ON SUV AND MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF PET LESIONS (PET-DIAM): PHANTOM AND HUMAN DATA
Authors: S Jana, S Mahadeo, D Milstein, S Heller, C Isasi, M D. Blaufox
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

Greater New York and New England Chapters, the Society of Nuclear Medicine 18th Annual Northeast Regional Scientific Session Abstracts October 22–October 24, 2004—Stamford, Connecticut: PDF Only
Genetic variation in genes associated with arsenic metabolism: glutathione S-transferase omega 1-1 and purine nucleoside phosphorylase polymorphisms in European and indigenous Americans.
Authors: Lizhi Yu, Kelly Kalla, Erin Guthrie, Amy Vidrine, Walter T Klimecki
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

Individual variability in human arsenic metabolism has been reported frequently in the literature. This variability could be an underlying determinant of individual susceptibility to arsenic-induced disease in humans. Recent analysis revealing familial aggregation of arsenic metabolic profiles suggests that genetic factors could underlie interindividual variation in arsenic metabolism. We screened two genes responsible for arsenic metabolism, human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (hNP), which functions as an arsenate reductase converting arsenate to arsenite, and human glutathione S-transferase omega 1-1 (hGSTO1-1), which functions as a monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) reductase, converting MMA(V) to MMA(III), to develop a comprehensive catalog of commonly occurring genetic polymorphisms in these genes. This catalog was generated by DNA sequencing of 22 individuals of European ancestry (EA) and 24 individuals of indigenous American (IA) ancestry. In (Italic)hNP(/Italic), 48 polymorphic sites were observed, including 6 that occurred in exons, of which 1 was nonsynonymous (G51S). One intronic polymorphism occurred in a known enhancer region. In hGSTO1-1, 33 polymorphisms were observed. Six polymorphisms occurred in exons, of which 4 were nonsynonymous. In contrast to hNP, in which the IA group was more polymorphic than the EA group, in hGSTO1-1 the EA group was more polymorphic than the IA group, which had only 1 polymorphism with a frequency > 10%. Populations representing genetic admixture between the EA and IA groups, such as Mexican Hispanics, could vary in the extent of polymorphism in these genes based upon the extent of admixture. These data provide a framework in which to conduct genetic association studies of these two genes in relevant populations, thereby allowing hNP and hGSTO1-1 to be evaluated as potential susceptibility genes in human arsenicism.