tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE CONDITION OF THE BLOOD IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.
Authors: JOHN M. SWAN
Journal: JAMA (1904)

The study of the blood in the patients who furnished the material for this paper was made possible by the kindness of Dr. Julius L. Salinger, who placed his tuberculosis ward in the Philadelphia Hospital at my disposal. The paper is based on the counting of the erythrocytes, the counting of the leucocytes, the estimation of the hemoglobin, the differential count of the leucocytes and the search for the iodin reaction of the leucocytes in twenty-five cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, and one case of extensive cavity formation in the lung due to bronchiectasis. In studying the results of these blood counts I shall adopt the classification of Grawitz,<sup>1</sup>who divides the disease into three stages. A first stage, in which there is a beginning affection of the apex, without cavity formation; a second stage, in which there are symptoms of cavity formation with slight fever or without fever; and a
Uncoupling protein-2: a novel gene linked to obesity and hyperinsulinemia
Authors: Christophe Fleury, Maria Neverova, Sheila Collins, Serge Raimbault, Odette Champigny, Corinne Levi-Meyrueis, Frederic Bouillaud, Michael F. Seldin, Richard S. Surwit, Daniel Ricquier, Craig H. Warden
Journal: Nature Genetics (1997)
Neurophysiological evidence for altered higher brain functions in NIDDM
Authors: A. Kurita, K. Katayama, S. Mochio
Journal: Diabetes Care (1996)

To investigate neurophysiological alterations of higher brain function in patients with NIDDM.Auditory P300 event-related potentials were recorded in 60 NIDDM patients who had no evidence of stroke, dementia, or any other neurological illnesses. The P300 wave latencies in diabetic patients were compared with those in neurologically healthy control subjects, with consideration of clinical parameters and diabetic complications.Diabetic patients had significantly longer P300 latencies than control subjects. Seven diabetic patients had pathologically prolonged P300 values. There was a trend toward longer P300 latencies in diabetic patients with retinopathy and in those with HbA1 of > or = 10%; the differences between these diabetic subgroups and control subjects were both statistically significant. However, three of seven diabetic patients with abnormal P300 latencies had no retinal lesions, and no significant correlation was observed among diabetic patients between P300 latencies and HbA1 levels. Peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, blood glucose levels, and disease duration appeared not to correlate with P300 alterations.These findings suggest the presence of central nervous pathological processes in NIDDM that affect higher brain functions, as assessed by P300 latencies. Our findings also suggest that microangiopathy and metabolic derangement during the preceding 4- to 8-week period may contribute in small part to the pathophysiology of this central nervous involvement.
New England Surgical Society
Authors: Thomas H. Lanman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1948)

WHETHER we like it or not, the social and economic problems of medicine today must be faced, and by constructive efforts we must attempt their solution. As physicians, we are prone to keep away from politics and perhaps properly so. At least, we have not to any degree "played politics" in the usually accepted sense of the word. I believe that the time has come when this society should take a more active part, as a society, in the solution of these urgent problems. However much we may do as individuals, I believe that we do not use to full . . .
Thyroid Function Tests in Patients with Acute and Resolved Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: DAVID F. GARDNER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Serum thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone binding were sequentially measured in 20 patients with acute hepatitis B infection. Criteria to select patients consisted of a positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen, aspartate aminotransferase (AsAT) concentration greater than 400 U/L during the acute illness, and available serum specimens after recovery. The mean serum thyroxine (T4) concentration (±SE) was 12.5 ± 0.6 µ/dL during acute infection and 7.4 ± 0.3 µ/dL after recovery (p < 0.001), whereas mean free T4 index values did not significantly differ. The mean serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentration was significantly increased (p < 0.001) during acute illness and accounted for the reversible increase in the thyroid-hormone-binding capacity of serum and the increased serum T4 concentrations. The rise in serum TBG correlated with the rise in AsAT during the acute illness (p < 0.04) suggesting nonspecific release of these proteins from injured hepatocytes. The mean free triiodothyronine (T3) index was decreased during acute hepatitis (p < 0.001) and returned to normal after recovery, indicating that acute hepatitis B infection, like other nonthyroidal illnesses, is associated with decreased T4 to T3 conversion in peripheral tissues.
Plastic surgery reality show angers doctors
Authors: Sophie Arie
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<b>Objective</b> To quantify James Bond’s consumption of alcohol as detailed in the series of novels by Ian Fleming. <b>Design</b> Retrospective literature review. <b>Setting</b> The study authors’ homes, in a comfy chair. <b>Participants</b> Commander James Bond, 007; Mr Ian Lancaster Fleming. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Weekly alcohol consumption by Commander Bond. <b>Methods</b> All 14 James Bond books were read by two of the authors. Contemporaneous notes were taken detailing every alcoholic drink taken. Predefined alcohol unit levels were used to calculate consumption. Days when Bond was unable to consume alcohol (such as through incarceration) were noted. <b>Results</b> After exclusion of days when Bond was unable to drink, his weekly alcohol consumption was 92 units a week, over four times the recommended amount. His maximum daily consumption was 49.8 units. He had only 12.5 alcohol free days out of 87.5 days on which he was able to drink. <b>Conclusions</b> James Bond’s level of alcohol intake puts him at high risk of multiple alcohol related diseases&nbsp;and an early death. The level of functioning as displayed in the books is inconsistent with the physical, mental, and indeed sexual functioning expected from someone drinking this much alcohol. We advise an immediate referral for further assessment and treatment, a reduction in alcohol consumption to safe levels, and suspect that the famous catchphrase “shaken, not stirred” could be because of alcohol induced tremor affecting his hands.
Defining Women at High Risk of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Elizabeth M. Swisher, Mary-Claire King
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

To the Editor:We read with interest the article by Dr. Pejovic et al. (1) on cytogenetic instability in cultured ovarian epithelial cells from a small number of women at high risk of ovarian cancer. In studies of this sort, the definition of high risk is critical, but risk details for each of the five “high-risk” women in this study were not provided, including pedigree and genetic testing information. The authors state that “mutation screening for BRCA1 and BRCA2 cannot accurately identify at-risk patients who are members of ovarian cancer families.” We dispute that statement; although a significant proportion of families affected only with breast cancer are not explained by BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, the presence of ovarian cancer is highly predictive of linkage to BRCA1 and BRCA2 (2) and of the presence of cryptic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 when DNA sequencing has failed to identify mutations (3). Moreover, the risk of ovarian cancer is not significantly elevated in breast cancer–only families with negative BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing (4). Thus, a woman with breast cancer, one relative with breast cancer, and negative BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing would meet the definition of “high risk” in this study but would actually be at low future risk of ovarian cancer. The fact that four of the five “high-risk” patients were negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is more suggestive of lack of risk than confirmation of the infrequency of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in high-risk women.Importantly, normal ovarian epithelial cells are not vigorous in culture, tolerating few passages before senescence. How soon after establishment of cultures were the assays done and did cytogenetic assessment vary based on length of time in culture? How was epithelial purity documented and mycoplasma contamination excluded? The authors provide some provocative findings, but it is premature to suggest that the assay could be a screening tool to define ovarian cancer risk. To verify that their assay is in fact predictive of ovarian cancer risk, the authors should test the assay on ovarian cultures from women with the highest known ovarian cancer risk, those with inherited BRCA1 mutations. In the meantime, we should continue to encourage women from high-risk families to seek genetic counseling and risk assessment from specialists in cancer genetics (5).
Matrix Metalloproteinase-28 Deletion Exacerbates Cardiac Dysfunction and Rupture After Myocardial Infarction in Mice by Inhibiting M2 Macrophage Activation
Authors: Yonggang Ma, Ganesh V. Halade, Jianhua Zhang, Trevi A. Ramirez, Daniel Levin, Andrew Voorhees, Yu-Fang Jin, Hai-Chao Han, Anne M. Manicone, Merry L. Lindsey
Journal: Circulation Research (2012)

Rationale: Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-28 regulates the inflammatory and extracellular matrix responses in cardiac aging, but the roles of MMP-28 after myocardial infarction (MI) have not been explored. Objective: To determine the impact of MMP-28 deletion on post-MI remodeling of the left ventricle (LV). Methods and Results: Adult C57BL/6J wild-type (n=76) and MMP null (MMP-28 −/− , n=86) mice of both sexes were subjected to permanent coronary artery ligation to create MI. MMP-28 expression decreased post-MI, and its cell source shifted from myocytes to macrophages. MMP-28 deletion increased day 7 mortality because of increased cardiac rupture post-MI. MMP-28 −/− mice exhibited larger LV volumes, worse LV dysfunction, a worse LV remodeling index, and increased lung edema. Plasma MMP-9 levels were unchanged in the MMP-28 −/− mice but increased in wild-type mice at day 7 post-MI. The mRNA levels of inflammatory and extracellular matrix proteins were attenuated in the infarct regions of MMP-28 −/− mice, indicating reduced inflammatory and extracellular matrix responses. M2 macrophage activation was impaired when MMP-28 was absent. MMP-28 deletion also led to decreased collagen deposition and fewer myofibroblasts. Collagen cross-linking was impaired as a result of decreased expression and activation of lysyl oxidase in the infarcts of MMP-28 −/− mice. The LV tensile strength at day 3 post-MI, however, was similar between the 2 genotypes. Conclusions: MMP-28 deletion aggravated MI-induced LV dysfunction and rupture as a result of defective inflammatory response and scar formation by suppressing M2 macrophage activation.
PWE-103 Terminal Ileitis At Endoscopy In Clinical Practice: Is It Always Due To Crohn’s Disease?
Authors: S Zafar, A Trevatt, A Joshi, K Besherdas
Journal: Gut (2014)

Introduction Terminal ileitis (TI) when identified at endoscopy is generally assumed to be secondary to Crohn’s disease (CD). However, TI may be due to other causes including infection, malignancy, radiation, vasculitis and autoimmune disease. In the presence of histological findings such as granulomas, cryptitis, crypt abscesses, fissuring and ulceration, a diagnosis of CD can be inferred. In the absence of such histological correlation, a diagnosis of CD may be reinforced by finding inflammation on colonoscopy or small bowel studies in other parts of the gut, suggestive of skip lesions. We hypothesise that patients diagnosed with TI on endoscopy do not all have CD, but may be inaccurately labelled as such. Methods Single-centre retrospective analysis of 56 patients diagnosed with TI on endoscopy at a district general hospital in London between 2007–2013. Data obtained from endoscopic reporting tool and patient records were correlated with histology and imaging. The number of patients with the finding of ileitis on endoscopy subsequently diagnosed with CD was studied and the basis of this diagnosis was evaluated. Results 68% of patients (38/56) with TI on endoscopy had histological confirmation of ileitis: 11 of whom had characteristic features of Crohn’s on histology, whilst the remaining 27 had mildly active ileitis on histology. 22 of these 27 patients underwent additional investigations to confirm (19/22) or exclude IBD (3/22). 5 of the 27 patients with histological ileitis that was not typical of CD were diagnosed with IBD, without further evidence to demonstrate this. In total 35/38 (92.1%) patients with histological and endoscopic evidence of inflammation were diagnosed with CD. Of the 18/56 patients (32%) with TI on endoscopy but normal histology, 9 had further investigations including MRI, barium studies and US abdomen to exclude CD. 4 patients were diagnosed with CD despite normal histology. 6/18 patients with normal histology were lost to follow up, although all patients diagnosed with IBD were followed up in GI clinic. Conclusion We conclude that although the majority of patients with TI on endoscopy have CD, 1/3 of our patients had no histological correlation of inflammation. 16% of patients with endoscopic TI with mildly active ilieits on histology had no further imaging to authenticate a diagnosis of CD and 8% of patients with normal histology with no further investigations were labelled as CD. The latter group of patients may be inaccurately labelled with a diagnosis of CD and along with this the potential stigma associated with a chronic ailment, risk of escalation therapy with immununosuppressives/biologics and occasionally unnecessary surgery. Disclosure of Interest None Declared.
Hoarding behavior: A better evolutionary account of money psychology?
Authors: Paul Bouissac
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

The target article authors have been drawn into two metaphoric models of attitudes toward money that have prevented them from developing a convincing evolutionary theory able to account for the various behaviors they list and categorize as either tool-type or drug-type. Instead, hoarding could provide an evolutionary model that is better supported by behavioral and neurological evidence and could account for the whole range of behaviors they review. Moreover, the authors' focus on money as the common denominator of these behaviors brings an ideological bias to their inquiry.
Can Sleep Apnea Be Treated without Modifying Anatomy?
Authors: Daniel J. Gottlieb
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a common chronic disease of adults. It is estimated to afflict 2 percent of middle-aged women and 4 percent of middle-aged men, based on the criterion of severe daytime sleepiness.1 The prevalence of less severely symptomatic sleep apnea is probably four to five times as high as that cited above2 and will continue to increase as the population becomes increasingly overweight, one of the most important risk factors. Although there is no general agreement on the severity of sleep apnea for which treatment is indicated, even a mild elevation in the frequency of episodes . . .
Vitamin E and vitamin C, alone or together, did not prevent prostate or total cancer in men
Authors: Richard M. Hoffman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Source Citation Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:52-62. 19066368
Amplifying elements of arthritis and joint destruction
Authors: W. B van den Berg, P. L van Lent, L. A B Joosten, S. Abdollahi-Roodsaz, M. I Koenders
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterised by chronic joint inflammation and variable degrees of bone and cartilage erosion. Studies in animal models of arthritis provide insight into elements which can amplify destructive features. The presence of immune complexes in the joint makes arthritis more erosive. Although considerable bone erosion still occurs in the absence of FcgammaR triggering by immune complexes, through cytokine-induced RANKL and direct osteoclast activation, cartilage erosion is heavily dependent on the FcgammaR pathway. T cell factors such as IFNgamma and IL17 further amplify erosion through upregulation of the damaging FcgammaRI and stimulation of the influx of granulocytes, respectively. Apart from immune elements, environmental pressure and components of tissue damage contribute through innate pathways. Spontaneous T cell-dependent arthritis in IL1Ra-/- mice is absent under germ-free conditions, and markedly suppressed in TLR4-deficient mice. Moreover, TLR4 blocking with a receptor antagonist suppresses erosive arthritis.
Acute Necrotizing Lepromatous Lymphadenitis: an Erythema-nodosum-leprosum-like Reaction in Lymph Nodes
Authors: A. B. A. Karat, S. Karat, C. K. Job, D. Sudarsanam
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Histological examination of lymph-node biopsy specimens in 12 patients with erythema nodosum leprosum showed almost complete replacement of the node by lepromatous granuloma, together with considerable polymorph infiltration. Ziehl-Neelsen staining demonstrated numerous Mycobacterium leprae present in the nodes. The majority of these patients were very ill, and responded to prednisolone or corticotrophin. It is suggested that the histological appearances may represent an intensive inflammatory response in the lymph nodes followed by avascular aseptic necrosis.
General practitioners' opinions of health services available to their patients.
Authors: N R Hicks, I A Baker
Journal: BMJ (1991)

OBJECTIVES--To establish a means for general practitioners to express their views about health services available to their patients, to identify services that general practitioners perceive as most in need of improvement, and to establish good working relations between the health authority9s purchasing team and local general practitioners. DESIGN--Postal questionnaire survey of general practitioners. SETTING--Bristol and Weston health district. SUBJECTS--226 general practitioners, of whom 171 replied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Scores of quality and quantity of hospital and community services, frequency that services were identified as priorities for improvement, and the nature of written comments received about services. RESULTS--There was considerable agreement among respondents about which services were adequate and which were inadequate. Most services were perceived as at least adequate in both quality and quantity, but seven services were perceived by more than 60% (102) of doctors as inadequate or worse in quantity and eight by 10% (17) of doctors as poor in quality. Orthopaedics, ophthalmology, care of elderly people, and physiotherapy were the services doctors most wanted improved. CONCLUSIONS--A postal questionnaire is an acceptable and accurate method of obtaining general practitioners9 views about services available to their patients. General practitioners9 priorities differ from those obtained from hospital medical advisory mechanisms.
Freud's Women
Authors: Natalie Shainess
Journal: JAMA (1993)

This is an extraordinary book for at least two reasons. No matter how well-informed the reader (psychoanalyst or other) may be about the early days of Freud and the development of psychoanalysis, and about Freud's attitudes toward women, she or he is bound to learn much. Second, while lengthy and packed with material, this book is written in a wonderful, lucid, light but not trivial style that makes it a joy to read. The chapter on Lou Andreas-Salome is particularly informative, tracing out her elegant (royal?) background and ideas, but raising some question about whether her lifestyle was the result of her "free" liberated concepts or some unanalyzed elements in her personality. Whatever—she emerges as a wonderful, extraordinary, joyous person. The story of Anna Freud also makes for fascinating reading, and perhaps Freud's long indulgence of Anna's jealousy of her sister Sophie is a bit puzzling. Would Anna herself, in
PREPARATION OF A POTENT VASODILATIN-FREE PANCREATIC SECRETIN
Authors: M. M. WEAVER
Journal: JAMA (1926)

In a preliminary note, Luckhardt, Barlow and Weaver1described a simple and at the same time efficient method of preparing a highly active solution of pancreatic secretin by placing in an excised duodenojejunal loop of intestine, after the intestinal contents have been washed out, from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent of hydrochloric acid, and allowing the latter to remain in the intestine from ten to thirty minutes. The acid thus removed is usually clear or straw colored, contains no heat coagulable proteins, and can be injected intravenously. Under one well known condition, to be mentioned presently, such solutions of secretin may cause only a slight fleeting vasodilatin action, coupled with a marked secretory response of the pancreas.  These facts suggested that such a solution of secretin, because of its sometimes negligible action on blood pressure and absence of physiologically inert or perhaps deleterious products elaborated by the usual process
A New Frontier for Infectious Disease Research?
Authors: Park S. Gerald
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

The malarial parasite must enter the erythrocyte of its host before it is able to undergo multiplication. In the absence of this replicative step, malarial infection would be a trivial, self-limited condition. Invasion of the erythrocyte is obviously a key step in this process and presumably involves more than mere mechanical penetration, since the membrane is intact afterward. In keeping with these notions, Miller and his co-workers have now shown that infection of the red cell by several species of malaria is apparently dependent upon a specific membrane factor either dictated by or genetically associated with the Duffy blood group. . . .
RESEARCH IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: KENDALL EMERSON
Journal: JAMA (1930)

The National Tuberculosis Association is engaged in research work directed by two committees, one for social research, the other for medical research. The work of the Committee on Social Research is done largely through the granting of fellowships to special students for study of specific problems presented by the social and economic phases of tuberculosis work. Such fellowships are granted through universities and the work is done under the supervision of a professor of sociology experienced in the direction of research study. The Medical Research Committee is pursuing investigations in three important fields: the study of light, which is being developed by Mr. W. R. Earle of Dr. Cunningham's group at Vanderbilt University; a study of the history of infants in tuberculous and nontuberculous environments, undertaken by Dr. E. A. Park at the Harriet Lane Clinic of Baltimore, and studies in the biochemical analysis of the tubercle and other acid-fast