tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Motor Responses in Siblings Concordant and Discordant for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Russell J. Schachar, Jennifer Crosbie, Cathy L. Barr, Tisha J. Ornstein, James Kennedy, Molly Malone, Wendy Roberts, Abel Ickowicz, Rosemary Tannock, Shirley Chen, Tejaswee Pathare
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2005)

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to determine whether nonaffected siblings of ADHD probands have a motor response inhibition deficit and to assess concordance for this inhibition deficit in ADHD-concordant and ADHD-discordant sibling pairs. METHOD: ADHD-concordant pairs (21 probands and their affected siblings), ADHD-discordant pairs (18 probands and their nonaffected siblings), and a group of unrelated, demographically balanced, healthy individuals (N=24) were compared on measures of response inhibition, ADHD behavior, impairment, and environmental risk. RESULTS: Concordant-pair probands, their affected siblings, and discordant-pair probands exhibited inhibitory control impairment relative to healthy comparison subjects. The performance of nonaffected siblings was intermediate between that of ADHD children and the healthy comparison subjects. Group differences persisted after age was controlled, and performance was not correlated with the number of ADHD symptoms. In ADHD-concordant sibling pairs, there was a significant relationship between proband and sibling inhibition deficit. In ADHD-discordant sibling pairs, inhibition deficit was evident in half of the nonaffected siblings of probands with an inhibition deficit. Groups did not differ in exposure to environmental risks. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired inhibitory control aggregates in the family members of individuals with ADHD and may serve as an indicator of genetic vulnerability to the disorder.
Quantitative measurement of air trapping in smokers and its correlation to inflammatory cells in the lower respiratory tract
Authors: Reza Karimi, Sven Nyren, Åsa Wheelock, Göran Tornling, Magnus Sköld
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background 

Air trapping is a common feature in obstructive lung diseases and may indicates an early disease onset. We investigated the presence of air trapping in smokers with normal lung function. We hypothesized that air trapping is associated with inflammatory cells in the lower respiratory tract.

Materials and methods 

Forty smokers with normal lung function, ( age 54, range 45-65; 35±12, pack years (mean± SD)) and 40 healthy never-smokers (57 (45-65)), performed inspiratory and expiratory computer tomography (CT) scans . The scans were scored independently by two observers, using a grade 1-3 for semi-quantitative assessment. In addition, quantitative assessment of air trapping was performed by calculating the ratio of expiratory and inspiratory attenuation on CT (air trapping index). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL, 50 ml x 5) was performed in the middle lobe.

Results 

Semi-quantitative air trapping was demonstrated in 25/40 (60%) of the smokers and in 18/40 (45%) of the never smokers, p 0.05. In smokers, a significant correlation between air trapping index and neutrophils in BAL was obtained, R2 =22 (p<0.003). No correlation was found with other cells in BAL.

Conclusion 

Smokers with normal lung function had more air trapping then never-smokers, as measured by CT. Air trapping in smokers was correlated to neutrophils in BAL. This may indicate that neutrophils have a mechanistic role in small airways disease and in the development of air trapping.
Cost-Effectiveness of Aspirin Use Among Persons With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Rui Li, Ping Zhang, Lawrence E. Barker, Thomas J. Hoerger
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

To assess the long-term cost-effectiveness of aspirin use among adults aged >or=40 years with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.We used a validated cost-effectiveness model of type 2 diabetes to assess the lifetime health and cost consequences of use or nonuse of aspirin. The model simulates the progression of diabetes and accompanying complications for a cohort of subjects with type 2 diabetes. The model predicts the outcomes of type 2 diabetes along five disease paths (nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, coronary heart disease, and stroke) from the time of diagnosis until age 94 years or until death.Over a lifetime, aspirin users gained 0.31 life-years (LY) or 0.19 quality-adjusted LYs (QALYs) over nonaspirin users, at an incremental cost of $1,700; the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of aspirin use was $5,428 per LY gained or $8,801 per QALY gained. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, the ICER was <$30,000 per QALY in all of 2,000 realizations in two scenarios.Regular use of aspirin among people with newly diagnosed diabetes is cost-effective.
A five year physiological case study of an Olympic runner.
Authors: A M Jones
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1998)

OBJECTIVE: To study physiological changes caused by long term endurance training in a world class female distance runner, and to compare these changes with alterations in 3000 m running performance. METHODS: The subject underwent regular physiological assessment during the period 1991-1995. Physiological measures made included body composition, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX), running economy, and lactate threshold. In addition, the running speed at VO2MAX was estimated. Test protocols, laboratory equipment, and laboratory techniques used were the same for each test session. RESULTS: The 3000 m race performance improved by 8% from 1991 to 1993 after which it stabilised. In contrast, VO2MAX fell from 1991 (73 ml/kg/min) to 1993 (66 ml/kg/min). Submaximal physiological variables such as lactate threshold (from 15.0 to 18.0 km/h) and running economy (from 53 ml/kg/min to 48 ml/kg/min at 16.0 km/h) improved over the course of the study. Despite no increase in VO2MAX, the reduction in the oxygen cost of submaximal running caused the estimated running speed at VO2MAX to increase from 19.0 km/h in 1991 to 20.4 km/h in 1995. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement in 3000 m running performance was not caused by an increase in VO2MAX. Rather, the extensive training programme adopted, together perhaps with physical maturation, resulted in improvements in submaximal fitness factors such as running economy and lactate threshold. These adaptations improved the running speed estimated to be associated with VO2MAX, and resulted in improved 3000 m running performance.
Experience with infliximab (anti-TNF monoclonal antibody) as monotherapy for giant cell arteritis
Authors: A P Andonopoulos
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2003)

Corticosteroids have been the mainstay of treatment for giant cell arteritis (GCA), usually given for at least two years, with the potential for unpleasant consequences.1,2 Infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), used successfully in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other conditions,3–5 was considered by us, on the basis of pathogenic and pathologic data of GCA, as a potentially effective treatment for this disease. Consequently, we decided to try it in two of our patients with GCA, without concomitant administration of corticosteroids, hoping that if only a few infusions of anti-TNFα cured the disease then the side effects of chronic steroid treatment might be avoided.

Our patients were both male, 85 and 80 years old, respectively, seen …
Impaired renal autoregulatory ability in dogs with reduced renal mass.
Authors: S A Brown, D R Finco, L G Navar
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1995)

In normal dogs, the renal autoregulatory mechanism limits the effect of changes in renal arterial pressure (RAP) on RBF, renal outer cortical blood flow (OCBF), and GFR by adjusting the vascular tone of the preglomerular arterioles. To determine the extent to which autoregulatory ability was impaired in remnant renal tissue in dogs, the effects of variations in RAP on RBF, OCBF, and GFR were studied after sham-operation (Group 1; N = 5), 3/4 nephrectomy (Group 2; N = 5), or 7/8 nephrectomy (Group 3; N = 5). In Group 1, the RBF, OCBF, and GFR were not significantly affected by variations in RAP between 75 and 125 mm Hg, indicating intact renal autoregulatory ability. In contrast, both groups of partially nephrectomized dogs exhibited a loss of renal autoregulatory ability below 100 mm Hg (P < 0.05). As RAP rose above 100 mm Hg, dogs with 7/8 nephrectomy exhibited a greater increase than control dogs in RBF (0.586 +/- 0.211 versus -0.080 +/- 0.030 percent change in RBF/mm Hg change in RAP; P < 0.05), OCBF (0.408 +/- 0.157 versus -0.059 +/- 0.054 percent change in RBF/mm Hg change in RAP; P < 0.05), and GFR (0.784 +/- 0.230 versus 0.134 +/- 0.049 percent change in RBF/mm Hg change in RAP; P < 0.05). The ability of the renal vasculature to maintain renal function stable above 100 mm Hg was intermediate in Group 2 and not significantly different from corresponding values for Group 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Psoriasis in Norway as observed in a population-based Norwegian twin panel
Authors: A.O. Olsen, A. Grjibovski, P. Magnus, K. Tambs, J.R. Harris
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Background Psoriasis is a chronic T-cell-mediated immunological skin disease. The occurrence of the disease appears to differ with geography and ethnicity. There is a need for epidemiological data obtained from defined population-based studies, and the sex-specific differences observed in the natural history of the disease require more attention. Objectives To describe the occurrence and risk of psoriasis in Norway by age and sex. Patients/methods A population-based health survey was conducted in 1998 in Norwegian twins aged 19–31 years. The present study is based upon the self-reported history of psoriasis among the 8045 questionnaire responders. Results Altogether, 334 (4·2%) reported a positive history of psoriasis. There were no sex differences in the overall prevalence rates, but significantly higher point-prevalences emerged in females in the teenage-year intervals. A fairly linear increase in incidence rates by every 4-year age-interval peaked at a lower age in females. The mean age at onset was also significantly lower in females (14·8 years) than in males (17·3 years). The absolute risk of developing psoriasis appeared higher for females across the entire age range. However, by the age of 31 the cumulative risks were similar in females and males (0·056 and 0·053, respectively). Conclusions In this historical cohort of Norwegian twins, we find a high prevalence of psoriasis in congruence with previously reported data among whites in north-western Europe. We have found sex-specific characteristics in point-prevalences and incidence rates which may contribute to the understanding of the earlier age at onset of the disease in females.
Transcriptional profiling of inductive mesenchyme to identify molecules involved in prostate development and disease
Authors: Griet Vanpoucke, Brigid Orr, Cathal Grace, Ray Chan, George R Ashley, Karin Williams, Omar E Franco, Simon W Hayward, Axel A Thomson
Journal: Genome biology (2007)

The mesenchymal compartment plays a key role in organogenesis, and cells within the mesenchyme/stroma are a source of potent molecules that control epithelia during development and tumorigenesis. We used serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to profile a key subset of prostatic mesenchyme that regulates prostate development and is enriched for growth-regulatory molecules.SAGE libraries were constructed from prostatic inductive mesenchyme and from the complete prostatic rudiment (including inductive mesenchyme, epithelium, and smooth muscle). By comparing these two SAGE libraries, we generated a list of 219 transcripts that were enriched or specific to inductive mesenchyme and that may act as mesenchymal regulators of organogenesis and tumorigenesis. We identified Scube1 as enriched in inductive mesenchyme from the list of 219 transcripts; also, quantitative RT-PCR and whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed Scube1 to exhibit a highly restricted expression pattern. The expression of Scube1 in a subset of mesenchymal cells suggests a role in prostatic induction and branching morphogenesis. Additionally, Scube1 transcripts were expressed in prostate cancer stromal cells, and were less abundant in cancer associated fibroblasts relative to matched normal prostate fibroblasts.The use of a precisely defined subset of cells and a back-comparison approach allowed us to identify rare mRNAs that could be overlooked using other approaches. We propose that Scube1 encodes a novel stromal molecule that is involved in prostate development and tumorigenesis.
Farnesyltransferase inhibitor R115777 (Zarnestra, Tipifarnib) synergizes with paclitaxel to induce apoptosis and mitotic arrest and to inhibit tumor growth of multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Kuichun Zhu, Elvira Gerbino, Darrin M. Beaupre, Paul A. Mackley, Carlos Muro-Cacho, Craig Beam, Andrew D. Hamilton, Mathias G. Lichtenheld, William G. Kerr, William Dalton, Melissa Alsina, Saïd M. Sebti
Journal: Blood (2005)
Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews
Authors: Stuart J H Biddle, Mavis Asare
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

To synthesise reviews investigating physical activity and depression, anxiety, self-esteem and cognitive functioning in children and adolescents and to assess the association between sedentary behaviour and mental health by performing a brief review.Searches were performed in 2010. Inclusion criteria specified review articles reporting chronic physical activity and at least one mental health outcome that included depression, anxiety/stress, self-esteem and cognitive functioning in children or adolescents.Four review articles reported evidence concerning depression, four for anxiety, three for self-esteem and seven for cognitive functioning. Nine primary studies assessed associations between sedentary behaviour and mental health. Physical activity has potentially beneficial effects for reduced depression, but the evidence base is limited. Intervention designs are low in quality, and many reviews include cross-sectional studies. Physical activity interventions have been shown to have a small beneficial effect for reduced anxiety, but the evidence base is limited. Physical activity can lead to improvements in self-esteem, at least in the short term. However, there is a paucity of good quality research. Reviews on physical activity and cognitive functioning have provided evidence that routine physical activity can be associated with improved cognitive performance and academic achievement, but these associations are usually small and inconsistent. Primary studies showed consistent negative associations between mental health and sedentary behaviour.Association between physical activity and mental health in young people is evident, but research designs are often weak and effects are small to moderate. Evidence shows small but consistent associations between sedentary screen time and poorer mental health.
Cardiac Septation
Authors: Wouter H. Lamers, Antoon F.M. Moorman
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Heart morphogenesis comprises 2 major consecutive steps, viz. chamber formation followed by septation. Septation is the remodeling of the heart from a single-channel peristaltic pump to a dual-channel, synchronously contracting device with 1-way valves. In the human heart, septation occurs between 4 and 7 weeks of development. Cardiac looping and chamber formation bring the contributing structures into position to engage in septation. Cardiomyocytes that participate in chamber formation do not materially contribute to septation. The (re)discovery of the role of extracardiac mesenchymal tissue in atrioventricular septation, the appreciation that the formation of the right atrioventricular connection is more than a mere rightward expansion of the atrioventricular canal, the awareness that myocardium originating from the so-called anterior heart field regresses after its function as outflow-tract sphincter ceases, and the recent finding that the myocardialized proximal portion of the outflow-tract septum becomes the supraventricular crest have all significantly enhanced our understanding of the morphogenetic processes that contribute to septation. The bifurcation of the ventricular conduction system is the landmark that separates the contribution of the atrioventricular cushions and the outflow-tract ridges to septation and that divides the muscular ventricular septum in inlet, trabecular, and outlet portions.
Management of Needlestick Injuries
Authors: David K. Henderson
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Since its identification in 1985, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has challenged several aspects of health care delivery. Because HIV is a blood-borne infectious disease, from the early days of the epidemic, concern was raised about risks of occupational exposures and infections among health care workers. Despite the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy, which has effectively modulated HIV into a chronic disease in many settings, risks of occupational infection with 3 blood-borne pathogens remain in the health care workplace. Using the case of a house officer who has a needlestick during a resuscitation attempt, prevention of needlesticks including universal precautions and postexposure management of occupational HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C exposures is discussed.
Flexibility and posture assessment in relation to hamstring injury.
Authors: L Hennessey, A W Watson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1993)

Posture and flexibility were assessed in 34 athletes. Subjects were divided into two groups: (1) a noninjured group that did not have a history of hamstring strain injury within the previous 12 months; (2) an injured group that had a history of hamstring strain within the previous 12 months. Ten postural components were assessed: head erectness; shoulder symmetry; spinal curvature; hip symmetry; foot and ankle alignment; knee hyperextension; upper back roundness; trunk erectness; abdomen protrusion; and lumbar lordosis. Hamstring flexibility was assessed in both legs. Results indicated no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in flexibility between groups (mean(s.d.) of both legs was: noninjured = 77.1(9.3) degrees, injured = 77.8(9.2) degrees. Also no difference (P &gt; 0.05) was observed between the injured limb and the noninjured limb for injured subjects (injured limb = 78.1(11.1) degrees, noninjured limb = 77.5(8.1) degrees. A significant difference (P &lt; 0.01) between groups occurred in low back posture (lumbar lordosis). No other difference occurred in the remaining nine posture components between groups. Intercorrelation coefficients among posture components indicated that at best only 53% of common variance existed between any two components (head and shoulder components: r = 0.73, P &lt; 0.01). All other correlations indicated less than 40% common variance between components. The results of the study indicate that while differences in hamstring flexibility are not evident between injured and noninjured groups poorer low back posture was found in the injured group. Regular monitoring of posture in athletes is recommended.
The Novel, Small-Molecule DNA Methylation Inhibitor SGI-110 as an Ovarian Cancer Chemosensitizer
Authors: Fang Fang, Joanne Munck, Jessica Tang, Pietro Taverna, Yinu Wang, David F.B. Miller, Jay Pilrose, Gavin Choy, Mohammad Azab, Katherine S. Pawelczak, Pamela VanderVere-Carozza, Michael Wagner, John Lyons, Daniela Matei, John J. Turchi, Kenneth P. Nephew
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Purpose: To investigate SGI-110 as a “chemosensitizer” in ovarian cancer and to assess its effects on tumor suppressor genes (TSG) and chemoresponsiveness-associated genes silenced by DNA methylation in ovarian cancer. Experimental Design: Several ovarian cancer cell lines were used for in vitro and in vivo platinum resensitization studies. Changes in DNA methylation and expression levels of TSG and other cancer-related genes in response to SGI-110 were measured by pyrosequencing and RT-PCR. Results: We demonstrate in vitro that SGI-110 resensitized a range of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin (CDDP) and induced significant demethylation and reexpression of TSG, differentiation-associated genes, and putative drivers of ovarian cancer cisplatin resistance. In vivo, SGI-110 alone or in combination with CDDP was well tolerated and induced antitumor effects in ovarian cancer xenografts. Pyrosequencing analyses confirmed that SGI-110 caused both global (LINE1) and gene-specific hypomethylation in vivo, including TSGs (RASSF1A), proposed drivers of ovarian cancer cisplatin resistance (MLH1 and ZIC1), differentiation-associated genes (HOXA10 and HOXA11), and transcription factors (STAT5B). Furthermore, DNA damage induced by CDDP in ovarian cancer cells was increased by SGI-110, as measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis of DNA adduct formation and repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage. Conclusions: These results strongly support further investigation of hypomethylating strategies in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Specifically, SGI-110 in combination with conventional and/or targeted therapeutics warrants further development in this setting. Clin Cancer Res; 20(24); 6504–16. ©2014 AACR.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Louis A. Julianelle
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1930)

1. Sixty rabbits were immunized by the repeated injections into the skin of small doses of suspensions of heat-killed Type I pneumococci. In 53 of the rabbits no type-specific antibodies appeared in the serum, and in the remaining seven the titre of these antibodies in the serum was very low. In all cases, however, the sera possessed a high titre of species-specific antibodies. 2. Forty-five rabbits similarly immunized by injections of heat-killed Type III pneumococci also failed to form type-specific antibodies but did form species-specific antibodies. 3. Suspensions of heat-killed R pneumococci and solutions of bacterial substances when injected into the skin stimulated the production of species-specific antibodies, although they failed to stimulate the production of any type-specific antibodies. 4. Animals which had been immunized by intracutaneous injections still possessed the ability to form type-specific antibodies when they were subsequently given intravenous inoculations of type-specific pneumococci.