tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Countries meet to draw up treaty to ban cluster bombs
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2008)

More than 110 countries met in Wellington, New Zealand, last week at a conference to draw up a treaty banning cluster munitions. 

Among cluster bomb survivors who demonstrated outside the meeting were Branislav Kapetanovic (right), a Serbian who was hurt while clearing mines, and Ahmed Yassin Najem (left), an Iraqi …
Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate and Mania
Authors: Herbert Meltzer
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is currently of intense interest to scientists in many fields of biology and medicine. Cyclic AMP plays a central role in the mediation of hormonal actions and the regulation of metabolic processes.<sup>1</sup>There is considerable experimental evidence for an important role of cyclic AMP in brain function.<sup>2</sup>Intracellular cyclic AMP levels may be increased or decreased by a variety of hormones and neurotransmitters, probably through stimulation or inhibition of the activity of adenyl cyclase, the enzyme which synthesizes cyclic AMP.<sup>1,2</sup>The mode of action of theophylline and aminophylline in the treatment of heart failure and bronchial asthma has been attributed to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase (the enzyme which catabolizes cyclic AMP), producing increased intracellular cyclic AMP levels in the myocardium and bronchial muscle, which results in more vigorous myocardial contraction and in bronchial dilatation.<sup>3</sup> Studies of hormonal and neutrotransmitter excesses, deficiencies, and
The Psychosocial and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Related Disorders
Authors: Jimmie C. Holland, Susan Tross
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and its related conditions are a public health problem of unprecedented proportions due to the debilitating and fatal nature of the disease, the sociocultural implications related to contagion, and its initial appearance in certain socially stigmatized groups. The ability of patients to tolerate the consequences of the disease depends on their psychological ability to cope based on emotional strength and the availability of social support. The psychological and social impact of AIDS may result in psychiatric symptoms similar to those seen in other life-threatening diseases, including anxiety, depression, and delirium. Neurologic complications are frequent, the commonest being an encephalopathy and dementia that is poorly understood. It is difficult in the early stages of AIDS to separate reactive depression and psychomotor retardation from symptoms associated with central nervous system complications. Guidelines are needed to manage the psychological problems posed by AIDS and its related conditions.
Russia embarks on 10bn reform of its "deplorable" health system
Authors: A. Osborn
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Russia is embarking on the biggest reform of its troubled healthcare sector—described by Vladimir Putin, the prime minister, as “deplorable”—by making radical changes to the compulsory medical insurance system that was introduced in the early 1990s. 

Major changes in the way that health care is delivered across Russia are also planned, and the government has promised more money for the chronically underfunded sector in general.

Under the reforms, compulsory medical insurance contributions paid by employers on behalf of their employees will be increased from 3.1% of salary to 5.1% in the next two …
Stent Thrombosis With Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: P. Gabriel Steg, Robert A. Harrington, Håkan Emanuelsson, Hugo A. Katus, Kenneth W. Mahaffey, Bernhard Meier, Robert F. Storey, Daniel M. Wojdyla, Basil S. Lewis, Gerald Maurer, Lars Wallentin, Stefan K. James
Journal: Circulation (2013)

We aimed to describe the effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel on stent thrombosis in the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial.Of 18 624 patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndromes, 11 289 (61%) had at least 1 intracoronary stent. Ticagrelor reduced stent thrombosis compared with clopidogrel across all definitions: definite, 1.37% (n=71) versus 1.93% (n=105; hazard ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.90; P=0.0091); definite or probable, 2.21% (n=118) versus 2.87% (n=157; HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59-0.95; P=0.017); and definite, probable, and possible, 2.94% (n=154) versus 3.77 (n=201; HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62-0.95). The reduction in definite stent thrombosis was consistent regardless of acute coronary syndrome type, presence of diabetes mellitus, stent type (drug-eluting or bare metal stent), CYP2C19 genetic status, loading dose of aspirin, dose of clopidogrel before randomization, and use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors at randomization. The reduction in stent thrombosis with ticagrelor was numerically greater for late (>30 days; HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.24-0.96) and subacute (4 hours-30 days; HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.39-0.93) compared with acute (<24 hours; HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.43-2.05) stent thrombosis or for patients compliant to therapy (ie, taking blinded study treatment ≥80% of the time) compared with less compliant patients. Randomization to ticagrelor was a strong independent inverse predictor of definite stent thrombosis (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48-0.88).Ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel reduces the incidence of stent thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes, with consistent benefit across a broad range of patient, stent, and treatment characteristics.
Appealing Against Commitment to Mental Hospitals in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States: An International Review
Authors: CYRIL GREENLAND
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

Recent mental health legislation has attempted to reduce the stigma of mental illness by promoting the treatment of mentally ill patients, so far as possible, on the same basis as other sick people. Involuntary patients are protected against unwarranted detention by new appeal procedures. This author reports on appeal procedures in England, Wales, Scotland, Ontario, and New York State—how they work in practice and how well they succeed in protecting patients against needless confinement.
Association of Differing Dietary, Metabolic, and Clinical Risk Factors with Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: A Prevalence Study of 503 Mexican Type II Diabetic Subjects. I
Authors: R B Paisey, G Arredondo, A Villalobos, O Lozano, L Guevara, S Kelly
Journal: Diabetes Care (1984)

Macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes may be associated with different environmental factors. To investigate this further, a prevalence study of 503 Mexican type II diabetic subjects was carried out while their patterns of nutrition were constrained by government food subsidies. Average daily dietary intakes were 1866 kcal; 46.5% as carbohydrate, 13.7 mmol cholesterol, 8.7 g fiber, and a polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio of 0.98. With respect to macrovascular disease, 49.3% of patients had evidence of peripheral vascular disease, and 21.6% myocardial ischemia, 6.0% angina, 10.8% EKG evidence of ischemia, 4.8% EKG evidence of myocardial infarction. Only 1.2% (six patients) had a clear history of completed stroke, and all were hypertensive. Six patients had also undergone amputations for diabetic gangrene. Tabulation of the means of clinical characteristics according to presence or absence of myocardial ischemia showed that higher cholesterol, calorie, and fat intake, higher mean blood pressure, higher serum cholesterol, and serum triglyceride levels were found in those with myocardial ischemia. Patients with peripheral vascular disease were more commonly smokers. Stepwise logistic regression revealed significant positive associations between myocardial ischemia and dietary cholesterol, serum cholesterol, and mean blood pressure. In contrast, the presence of peripheral vascular disease was significantly related only to smoking and retinopathy. There were no associations between macrovascular complications and duration of diabetes in the multivariate analysis, and they occurred with equal frequency in men and women. Prospective studies of atherosclerosis in maturity-onset diabetes should assess and seek to modify dietary cholesterol, serum cholesterol, and hypertension.
Practice Expenses and Ancillary Help
Authors: A. A. Hall
Journal: BMJ (1964)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Stochastic reaction networks are a popular modeling framework for biochemical processes that treat the molecular copy numbers within a single cell as a continuous time Markov chain, whose forward Chapman-Kolmogorov equation is known in biochemistry literature as the chemical master equation (CME). The solution of the CME contains extremely useful information that can be compared to experimental data in order to improve the quantitative understanding of biochemical reaction networks within the cell. However, this solution is costly to compute as it requires integrating an enormous system of differential equations that grows exponentially with the number of chemical species. To address this issue, we introduce a novel multiple-sinks Finite State Projection algorithm that approximates the CME with an adaptive sequence of reduced-order models with an effecient parallelization based on MPI. The implementation is tested on models of sizable state spaces using a high-performance computing node on Amazon Web Services, showing favorable scalability.
Update in Infectious Diseases
Authors: Robert J. Lodato
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Letters3 July 2001Update in Infectious DiseasesRobert J. Lodato, MDRobert J. Lodato, MDDexter Internal Medicine; Dover-Foxcroft, ME 04426 (Lodato)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-135-1-200107030-00025 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Dr. Bartlett's update on infectious diseases (1) was very much appreciated, but I was troubled by its omission of any mention of the link between antibiotic resistance and the widespread use of antibiotics to promote growth in livestock. Roughly one third of all antibiotics produced in the United States are fed to animals solely to enhance weight gain (2). A September 1999 advertisement in Swine Practitioner boasted about a product containing a tetracycline, a sulfonamide, and penicillin to enhance “growth and feed efficiency”—available without a prescription. Since 1998, the European Union has prohibited for use in animal ...References1. Bartlett J. Update in infectious diseases. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:285-92. [PMID: 10929170] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Mellon M. Antibiotic resistance: causes and cures. From a press briefing at the National Press Club, 4 June 1999. Available at www.ucsusa.org/food/brf.cause.html. Google Scholar3. Mellon M. Europe says “no” to using antibiotics to promote livestock growth. Nucleus. 1999–2000;22:6-8. Google Scholar4. . The use of drugs in food animals: benefits and risks. National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Pr; 1998. Google Scholar5. Mølbak K, Baggesen D, Aarestrup F, Ebbesen J, Engberg J, Frydendahl K, et al . An outbreak of multidrug-resistant, quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1420-5. [PMID: 10547404] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Dexter Internal Medicine; Dover-Foxcroft, ME 04426 (Lodato) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoUpdate in Infectious Diseases John G. Bartlett Update in Infectious Diseases John G. Bartlett Metrics 3 July 2001Volume 135, Issue 1Page: 64KeywordsAntibiotic resistanceAntibioticsInfectious diseasesMeatPathogensPenicillinSulfonamideSwineTetracyclinesWeight gain ePublished: 3 July 2001 Issue Published: 3 July 2001 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2001 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Epigenetic Inactivation of the <i>HOXA</i> Gene Cluster in Breast Cancer
Authors: Petr Novak, Taylor Jensen, Marc M. Oshiro, Ryan J. Wozniak, Marcella Nouzova, George S. Watts, Walter T. Klimecki, Christina Kim, Bernard W. Futscher
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Using an integrated approach of epigenomic scanning and gene expression profiling, we found aberrant methylation and epigenetic silencing of a small neighborhood of contiguous genes-the HOXA gene cluster in human breast cancer. The observed transcriptional repression was localized to approximately 100 kb of the HOXA gene cluster and did not extend to genes located upstream or downstream of the cluster. Bisulfite sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis confirmed that the loss of expression of the HOXA gene cluster in human breast cancer is closely linked to aberrant DNA methylation and loss of permissive histone modifications in the region. Pharmacologic manipulations showed the importance of these aberrant epigenetic changes in gene silencing and support the hypothesis that aberrant DNA methylation is dominant to histone hypoacetylation. Overall, these data suggest that inactivation of the HOXA gene cluster in breast cancer may represent a new type of genomic lesion-epigenetic microdeletion. We predict that epigenetic microdeletions are common in human cancer and that they functionally resemble genetic microdeletions but are defined by epigenetic inactivation and transcriptional silencing of a relatively small set of contiguous genes along a chromosome, and that this type of genomic lesion is metastable and reversible in a classic epigenetic fashion.
Kirke's Handbook of Physiology.
Authors: John Murray
Journal: JAMA (1900)

50Albemarle St., London, W., Feb. 8, 1900. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> In 1896 I had to call attention to the fact that Messrs. Wm. Wood &amp; Co. of New York were publishing an unauthorized edition of Kirke's well-known Manual of Physiology. I have recently obtained a copy of the 15th edition of their work, bearing date 1899, and having on the title page the names of Mr. Morrant Baker and Dr. Vincent Harris as editors. The facts are as follows: Mr. Morrant Baker—who is now dead—and Dr. Vincent Harris gave up the editorship of the genuine work four years ago, and even before that time Messrs. Wood &amp; Co. never had their permission to use their work or their names. Since 1895-6 Professor W. D. Halliburton has been sole editor of the Handbook: he has almost re-written the work from beginning to end, although Kirke's name has been retained. One
The Right to Die
Authors: Kenneth D. Grant
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Letters and Corrections1 July 1988The Right to DieKenneth D. Grant, MDKenneth D. Grant, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-109-1-79 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor: Elderly patients lacking the functional ability to make their own health care decisions present medical, ethical, and legal challenges for the internist. As both a Fellow of the College and a law student, I found the editorial on New Jersey's right-to-die cases and a related book review thought provoking (1, 2).The editorial summarizes efforts by New Jersey courts to clarify the roles of physicians, incapacitated patients, and patients' families when important medical decisions are necessary (1). When a patient has no immediate family, the attending physician may designate another relative who "functions in the role of...References1. Nevins M. New Jersey's right-to-die cases: round three. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:927-9. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Argy N. Guidelines on the termination of life-sustaining treatment and the care of the dying [Book review]. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108:162. LinkGoogle Scholar1. Argy N. Guidelines on the termination of life-sustaining treatment and the care of the dying [Book review]. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108:162. LinkGoogle Scholar2. . Guidelines on the Termination of Life-Sustaining Treatment and the Care of the Dying. Briarcliff Manor, New York; 1987. Google Scholar3. . Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment: Ethical, Medical, and Legal Issues in Treatment Decisions. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1983. Google Scholar4. Guidelines for the determination of death: Report of the Medical Consultants on the Diagnosis of Death to the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. JAMA. 1981;246:2184-6. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. . Deciding to Forgo Life-Sustaining Treatment: Ethical, Medical, and Legal Issues in Treatment Decisions. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1983:126. Google Scholar2. . Guidelines on the Termination of Life-Sustaining Treatment and the Care of the Dying. Briarcliff Manor, New York; 1987:iii. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Georgetown University School of Medicine and District of Columbia General Hospital Washington, D.C. 20003 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 July 1988Volume 109, Issue 1Page: 79-80KeywordsElderlyHealth carePatient advocacy Issue Published: 1 July 1988 PDF downloadLoading ...
In the Thick of It
Authors: Samantha P. Harris, Ross G. Lyons, Kristina L. Bezold
Journal: Circulation Research (2011)

In the 20 years since the discovery of the first mutation linked to familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), an astonishing number of mutations affecting numerous sarcomeric proteins have been described. Among the most prevalent of these are mutations that affect thick filament binding proteins, including the myosin essential and regulatory light chains and cardiac myosin binding protein (cMyBP)-C. However, despite the frequency with which myosin binding proteins, especially cMyBP-C, have been linked to inherited cardiomyopathies, the functional consequences of mutations in these proteins and the mechanisms by which they cause disease are still only partly understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize the known disease-causing mutations that affect the major thick filament binding proteins and to relate these mutations to protein function. Conclusions emphasize the impact that discovery of HCM-causing mutations has had on fueling insights into the basic biology of thick filament proteins and reinforce the idea that myosin binding proteins are dynamic regulators of the activation state of the thick filament that contribute to the speed and force of myosin-driven muscle contraction. Additional work is still needed to determine the mechanisms by which individual mutations induce hypertrophic phenotypes.
F-18 FDG PET/CT Characterization of Talc Pleurodesis-Induced Pleural Changes Over Time
Authors: Nghi C. Nguyen, Isaac Tran, Christopher N. Hueser, Dana Oliver, Hussein R. Farghaly, Medhat M. Osman
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

The current study characterized pleural changes induced by talc pleurodesis (TP), based on serial positron emission tomography/computer-tomography (PET/CT) with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG).A total of 8 cancer patients who had both TP and PET/CT and no evidence of active pleural involvement after TP were retrospectively evaluated. Maximum standard uptake values, maximum Hounsfield units (HU), and thickness were followed over time.The 8 patients had 25 PET/CT scans performed in an average of 22 months after TP. An increased FDG uptake was associated with an increase in pleural thickness within 5 months after TP, and both parameters showed statistical significance as compared with findings before TP. After 5 months of TP, the standard uptake value appeared to persist or increase further, and the pleural thickening stabilized. The formation of calcification was a slow process and might lag behind the changes in FDG metabolism and pleural thickness. The HU did not change significantly once pleural calcification had been formed.Knowledge of aforementioned pleural changes may help differentiate TP induced pleural inflammation from pleural malignancy and to avoid false-positive interpretation of FDG PET/CT exams.
Interactions between lymphocyte membrane molecules. I. Interaction between B lymphocyte surface IgM and Fc IgG receptors requires ligand occupancy of both receptors.
Authors: H B Dickler, M T Kubicek
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

The independent B lymphocyte surface membrane receptors IgM and Fc IgG receptors were evaluated for interactions using immunoflourescence. Ligand [F(ab')2 anti-mu]-induced capping of surface IgM resulted in capping of Fc IgG receptors only if the latter were occupied during the capping process by: (a) soluble antigen-antibody complexes that themselves provided insufficient cross-linking to result in capping; or (b) monomeric IgG at physiologic concentrations (or less) either purified or as normal serum. Ligand-induced capping of Fc IgG receptors did not result in capping of surface IgM occupied by monomeric F(ab') anti-mu. Control experiments showed that ligand binding to or capping of only one of these two receptors has no effect on the other, and that there were no cross-reactions. The interaction appears specific in that ligand-induced capping of surface IgM did not induce capping of ligand-occupied surface IgD or I-A antigens. Thus, there appears to be a specific interaction between ligand-bound surface IgM and ligand-bound Fc IgG receptors on the B lymphocyte surface. The results also indicate that binding of monomeric IgG produces a reversible alteration in the Fc IgG receptor leading to association with ligand-bound surface IgM. Because Fc IgG receptors are continuously exposed to monomeric IgG in vivo, these results suggest that whenever surface IgM is involved in a B lymphocyte response to an immunologic stimulus, the Fc IgG receptor is also involved.
Complementary, Alternative, Unconventional, and Integrative Medicine
Authors: Phil B. Fontanarosa
Journal: JAMA (1997)

From acupuncture to aromatherapy, from homeopathy to hypnosis, and from relaxation therapy to reflexology, numerous practices that are termed complementary, alternative, unconventional , or integrative medicine have become increasingly prevalent and popular. Even though many of these therapies encompass diverse modalities and philosophies that usually are considered outside the realm of mainstream allopathic medicine, the use of complementary medicine interventions, visits to alternative medicine practitioners, and expenditures for these therapies are substantial. In the United States, the estimated 425 million visits to unconventional medicine practitioners in 1990 exceeded the number of visits to primary care physicians and the use of unconventional therapy generated expenditures estimated at $14 billion. 1 Complementary therapies are used by 20% to 50% of the population in many European countries 2 and by 48% of the population in Australia. 3   Despite increasing public interest and worldwide use of complementary and alternative therapies, high-quality scientific evidence that clearly