tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Road accident prevention.
Authors: E Vaughan
Journal: BMJ (1973)

three infants were delivered vaginally, of which 10 were in poor condition (oneminute Apgar score of five or less and re- quiring intubation).In all 10 there was usually more than one abnormal feature in the fetal heart record.Specific features were variable decelerations (10/10), baseline tachycardia (7/10), and loss of beat-to-beat variation (7/10).In three cases the cord was found to be prolapsed.A pH estimation was made at the start of the second stage in three cases, the values being 7-31, 7-29, and 7.10 respectively.In cases of breech delivery where other high-risk factors will not usually apply, com- pression of the umbilical cord is the most likely cause of asphyxia.There is now con- siderable evidence demonstrating significant changes in the fetal heart rate when this occurs.Our own data suggest that cord problems are readily detected in breech de- liveries by continuous monitoring of the fetal heart and we believe that, because of its continuous nature, this will play a greater role in the management of the breech than fetal blood sampling.-Weare, etc.,
A Polychrome Atlas of the Brain Stem
Authors: F. T. Jung
Journal: JAMA (1960)

This atlas is designed for the use of medical students in their laboratory courses in neuroanatomy, and is to serve as a guide in the study of sections of the brain stem. Beginning with a pair of drawings, A, representing the spinal cord at the eighth cervical level, the author proceeds rostrally with 3 pairs, B, C, and D, of drawings representing different levels of the bulb, one pair of the pontobulbar junction, 3 pairs of the pontile portion, and 2 pairs of the midbrain. The use of color and of direct labeling greatly eases the work of the student, and an ingenious arrangement of folded pages reduces to a minimum the annoyance of flipping pages back and forth when description is to be correlated with illustration. Of the accuracy of these plates there can be no doubt, since the author has long been recognized as outstanding in the field.
HYPERTHYROIDISM IN CHILDREN
Authors: Clarence K. Jones
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Hyperthyroidism in children is a rather rare disease. Occasionally a single case is reported, but most of the cases have been reported from the larger clinics. Dinsmore<sup>1</sup>of the Cleveland Clinic reported forty-eight cases in patients ranging up to 17 years of age, while Helmholz<sup>2</sup>reported thirty from the Mayo Clinic. Greene and Mora<sup>3</sup>from Richter's service reported twenty-six cases in their series, the ages ranging from 8 to 16 years inclusive. This represented 2.1 per cent of their 1,200 consecutive cases that came to operation. Twenty-two of these patients were girls and four were boys. One child, a girl, was 8 years old, two were 11, and one was 12; the rest of the patients were fairly evenly scattered over the next four year period. Cowden, reviewing the literature in 1923, found no case of hyperthyroidism in a boy under 10 years of age. The symptoms
Plasma lactoferrin reflects neutrophil activation in psoriasis
Authors: S. KAHLER, E. CHRISTOPHERS, J.-M. SCHRODER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

Journal Article Plasma lactoferrin reflects neutrophil activation in psoriasis Get access S. KÄHLER, S. KÄHLER Department of Dermatology, Hautklinik University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, Kiel, West Germany. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E. CHRISTOPHERS, E. CHRISTOPHERS Department of Dermatology, Hautklinik University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, Kiel, West Germany. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.‐M. SCHRÖDER J.‐M. SCHRÖDER Department of Dermatology, Hautklinik University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, Kiel, West Germany. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 119, Issue 3, 1 September 1988, Pages 289–293, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03220.x Published: 01 September 1988
Particulate Matter–Induced Health Effects: Who Is Susceptible?
Authors: Jason D. Sacks, Lindsay Wichers Stanek, Thomas J. Luben, Douglas O. Johns, Barbara J. Buckley, James S. Brown, Mary Ross
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Epidemiological, controlled human exposure, and toxicological studies have demonstrated a variety of health effects in response to particulate matter (PM) exposure with some of these studies indicating that populations with certain characteristics may be disproportionately affected.To identify populations potentially at greatest risk for PM-related health effects, we evaluated epidemiological studies that examined various characteristics that may influence susceptibility, while using results from controlled human exposure and toxicological studies as supporting evidence. Additionally, we formulated a definition of susceptibility, building from the varied and inconsistent definitions of susceptibility and vulnerability used throughout the literature.We evaluated recent epidemiological studies to identify characteristics of populations potentially susceptible to PM-related health effects. Additionally, we evaluated controlled human exposure and toxicological studies to provide supporting evidence. We conducted a comprehensive review of epidemiological studies that presented stratified results (e.g., < 65 vs. ≥ 65 years of age), controlled human exposure studies that examined individuals with underlying disease, and toxicological studies that used animal models of disease. We evaluated results for consistency across studies, coherence across disciplines, and biological plausibility to assess the potential for increased susceptibility to PM-related health effects in a specific population or life stage.We identified a diverse group of characteristics that can lead to increased risk of PM-related health effects, including life stage (i.e., children and older adults), preexisting cardiovascular or respiratory diseases, genetic polymorphisms, and low-socioeconomic status. In addition, we crafted a comprehensive definition of susceptibility that can be used to encompass all populations potentially at increased risk of adverse health effects as a consequence of exposure to an air pollutant.
Effect of an oral serotonin antagonist, ketanserin, on plasma ACTH concentrations in Nelson's syndrome.
Authors: R W Prescott, W A Ratcliffe, P K Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1984)

A study was performed to see whether ketanserin, a serotonin antagonist, would reduce the raised concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in patients with Nelson9s syndrome. Six patients who had undergone bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing9s disease and who had Nelson9s syndrome were given ketanserin 40 mg twice daily and placebo, for at least two months each, in a double blind crossover study. Ketanserin had no effect on ACTH concentrations. In healthy people serotonin seems to have a stimulatory role in the regulation of ACTH secretion, and the effect of ketanserin in reducing the ACTH response to hypoglycaemia suggested that it might prove useful in Nelson9s syndrome. These results show that it is not indicated in these patients.
RHAMM, p21 Combined Phenotype Identifies Microsatellite Instability-High Colorectal Cancers with a Highly Adverse Prognosis
Authors: Inti Zlobec, Kristi Baker, Luigi M. Terracciano, Alessandro Lugli
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify prognostic subgroups of microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancers by combined analysis of 10 well-established immunohistochemical tumor markers and 7 clinicopathologic features. Experimental Design: Using a tissue microarray, immunohistochemistry was done on 223 cases of MSI-H cancers for the following protein markers: raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein, receptor for hyaluronic acid–mediated motility, apoptosis protease activating factor-1, mammalian sterile20-like kinase 1, p21, p27, p53, ephrin B2 receptor, Ki-67, and epidermal growth factor receptor. Seven clinicopathologic features and all tumor markers were evaluated in univariate and multivariable analyses. Results: RHAMM overexpression [P &amp;lt; 0.001; hazard ratio [HR; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)], 3.86 (2.19-6.81)], loss of p21 [P = 0.002; 0.33 (0.16-0.67)], and higher N stage [P &amp;lt; 0.001; 3.31 (1.9-5.8)] were independent adverse prognostic factors. RHAMM/p21 combinations were evaluated by N stage. Significant differences in survival were observed with various RHAMM/p21 combinations (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Both node-negative and node-positive patients with RHAMM− tumors survived more than 120 months. Node-positive RHAMM+ patients had a strikingly worse prognosis [16.0 (10.0-63.0) months] and could further be divided into p21− patients [14.0 (9.0-27.0) months] and p21+ patients surviving 47.0 months. RHAMM+/p21− node-negative patients had a significantly shorter survival time than RHAMM+/p21+ tumors (P = 0.021). Conclusion: These results suggest that the combined phenotype of RHAMM and p21 expression is an invaluable independent prognostic immunohistochemical profile in MSI-H colorectal cancer. Based on the prognostic subgroups identified in our cohort, node-negative patients overexpressing RHAMM but with loss of p21 may derive a potential benefit from postoperative treatment, whereas adjuvant chemotherapy should be reconsidered for MSI-H node-positive RHAMM− tumors.
IDENTIFICATION AND PRELIMINARY TREATMENT DATA OF XENOGRAFTS REPRESENTING TCGA-DEFINED SUBTYPES
Authors: S. T. Keir, M. A. Roskoski, D. Gasinski, M. K. Kwatra, H. S. Friedman, D. D. Bigner
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

BACKGROUND: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Network recently catalogued recurrent genomic abnormalities in glioblastoma (GBM). This genomic profiling lead to the molecular classification of GBMs into four subtypes: Proneural, Neural, Classical and Mesenchymal. The importance of identifying these subtypes stands to help researchers and clinicians to better understand GBMs with the potential to personalize treatment options and explore different therapeutic approaches that each subtype may require. As such, the development of preclinical xenograft models that represent each TCGA subtype serves to expedite the evaluation of targeted therapeutic strategies for the treatment of GBMs. METHODS: For this project, established xenografts from patient derived tissue were passaged until reliable growth characteristics were obtained. Established GBM xenografts were classified into TCGA-defined subtypes first by obtaining global gene expression data using Affymetrix. Microarray data was then normalized and probes were summarized as gene expression levels using RMA. Then data was log2 transformed and genes were median centered. Xenografts were subsequently classified into one of four previously defined subtypes as described using Classification to the Nearest Centroid (ClaNC) with the TCGA GBM training dataset. Using established xenografts from each subtype, a preliminary panel of treatment agents was assessed by delay in tumor growth and by tumor regression in athymic mice bearing subcutaneous tumors. Statistical analysis was performed using a personalized SAS statistical analysis program, the Wilcoxon rank order test for growth delay, and Fisher's exact test for tumor regression. RESULTS: To date, our lab has established and identified 2 patient derived xenografts for each TCGA-defined subtype. These xenografts lines have reliable growth patterns with a tumor take rate >80%. Phase I drug testing has been completed and includes tumor growth responses to the following single agents: temozolomide, bevacizumab, BCNU, cytoxan, and irinotecan. CONCLUSIONS: A panel of patient derived xenografts with reliable growth characteristics that represent the four TCGA-defined GBM subtypes has been established and utilized for drug evaluation. The identification of these valid xenograft models represents an important contribution for modeling and predicting therapeutic response. We have currently completed the first round of drug testing within each subtype and look to expand testing to include additional agents as well as select combinations. SECONDARY CATEGORY: n/a.
Knee lavage and physiotherapy: cost effective management for early osteoarthritis knees in sports persons
Authors: Rakesh Sharma
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Osteoarthritis, the degenerative joint disease, most commonly affects the knee joint. Age and improper loading are the most important risk factors for osteoarthritis. Among the sports persons, runners, joggers, jumpers and the persons training by squatting exercises are the most prone to such changes. The biggest challenge in the management of osteoarthritic knees is to relieve pain and to retard the process of degeneration. Various causes have been attributed for the generation of pain. Microscopic as well as macroscopic degenerative debris arising from cartilage and synovium are the major factors. Pharmacological management as medicines, non-pharmacological non-surgical management in the form of physiotherapy and change of lifestyle and surgical management of different forms have been recommended depending upon the severity of osteoarthritis and choice of doctor. Knee lavage with steroid injection followed by regular physiotherapy is the most economical, durable and effective method in early cases of osteoarthritis knees to achieve pain relief and to improve the quality of life. Long-term results of 1500 cases of osteoarthritis knee treated by knee lavage using 4 litres of normal saline followed by 2 ml of DEPO-MEDROL injection and physiotherapy protocols are present. We had more than 80% excellent or good results using VAS scale for pain assessment, at the end of 2 years follow-up. The success rate is inversely related to the grade of osteoarthritis and the duration after the lavage. It is a very simple, economical and day care procedure and there should not be hesitation for repeat lavage after a few years if required.
Supine Lung Clearance of Tc-99m DTPA and HMPAO Aerosols
Authors: CHIA-HUNG KAO, HUI-TZU LIN, SHU-LING YU, SHYH-JEN WANG, SHIN-HWA YEH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

The speed of Tc-99m DTPA/HMPAO radioaerosol clearance from the lungs that is represented as a slope from lungs to blood was measured In 23 male normal controls using commercial lung radioaerosol delivery units in the supine position in order to avoid the influences of gravity. The right lung was selected and three regions of Interest were created for equal subdivisions of the upper, middle, and lower third. The results show that the clearance of Tc-99m DTPA/HMPAO aerosols in the upper lung is slowest. The differences between upper and lower lungs for Tc-99m DTPA/HMPAO aerosol clearances are significant. The clearance of Tc-99m DTPA aerosols was significantly faster than those of Tc-99m HMPAO in any region. The authors conclude that, although the effect of gravity disappears In the supine position in our study, the differences of aerosol clearance in different regions are still significant. Lipophilic Tc-99m HMPAO aerosols were slower than those of hydrophilic Tc-99m DTPA, which suggests there are at least two different mechanisms.
Time to legalise assisted dying?: What autonomy really means
Authors: Charles A Foster
Journal: BMJ (2005)

EDITOR—Branthwaite makes it all sound simple.1 For the assisted dying lobby, autonomy is the ruling principle in medical ethics. It trumps all other principles. But there is a deep irony here: death abolishes autonomy. Dead men cannot choose. So if you really respect autonomy, you have to be very careful about giving autonomy its head.

Of course if people are simply asked: “Would …
Should the Health Community Promote Smokeless Tobacco (Snus): Author's Reply
Authors: Simon Chapman
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

As someone who has researched and advocated for harm reduction in the HIV/AIDS [1] and narcotics areas [2], I am highly supportive of the general principle of reducing harm in public health. My recently released book [3] features a 29,000 word chapter examining the application of the term in tobacco control. My current position is that there is an overly seductive simplicity in drawing neat analogies with other areas of harm reduction when it comes to tobacco. It is obvious that there is immediate benefit to health and society from encouraging condom use and clean needle use. However, the putative benefits of population experiments with harm reduction will not be assessable for 30–40 years.

Behind most calls for harm reduction in tobacco control policy lie under-examined assumptions that there is a large intractable smoking population for whom cessation is “an impossible goal,” as Maggie Brown puts it [4]. In New South Wales, Australia where I live, only 13.9% of people aged 14 and over now smoke daily. In recent years smoking prevalence has been falling faster than at any time in the past. There is poor evidence for the “hardening” hypothesis, with 29% of smokers now describing themselves as only occasional smokers and daily consumption falling [5], facts incompatible with hardening. Around 75% of smokers say they wish to quit, and only about 3.5% of smokers say they want to continue using tobacco. It is a fraction of this group that harm reduction advocates seek to interest.

While a case may exist for carefully controlled access to snus by such a relatively small group, the case for allowing the foxes in the tobacco industry into the chicken coop of open sales and marketing should alarm anyone with their eyes open to the industry's bottom line. Recent insights confirm our caution that Big Tobacco sees snus as a way of arresting declines in smoking by promoting dual use. Citigroup, the investment advisors, are very clear on the way snus will be marketed and used, writing “Over 60% of our survey respondents [in the tobacco trade] do not believe snus products will have an impact on cig volumes. The trade believes that snus will be consumed in addition to cigarettes. Given the increased bans on smoking, snus products seem like an obvious substitution” [6]. This was echoed in the US retail trade newsletter Brandweek: “There's money to be made from municipal smoking bans as another cigarette maker chases after smokers who get their nicotine fix between their cheek and gum during those many moments when they can't light up” [7].

I'm certain that your British American Tobacco correspondents [8] “understand” that cigarettes cause disease, as they put it. That being the case, might we anticipate British American Tobacco planning to end sales of its cigarettes in the areas in which it is test marketing same-name brand snus? Does it plan to run aggressive, effective, graphic advertising campaigns on the dangers of smoking its cigarettes?
Let us now praise famous men and women
Authors: Tony Delamothe
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Richard Doll and the BMJ (and BMA) go back a long way together

Notoriously forgetful, science has made an exception for Richard Doll. The 100th anniversary of his birth was marked by a reception at Green-Templeton College, Oxford. Three days of presentations followed at the Richard Doll Building, which houses part of Oxford’s Medical Sciences Division. According to Richard Peto, the driving force behind the celebrations, every major epidemiological study of smoking was represented at the meeting.

Both the Lancet and BMJ published articles to coincide with the anniversary. The Lancet ’s Million Women Study reported that among UK women smoking causes two thirds of all deaths of smokers in their 50s, 60s, and 70s; smokers lose at least 10 years of life.1 The BMJ ’s Life Span Study found that Japanese men and women who smoke from early adulthood also lose about 10 years of life, settling the question of whether the Japanese people were truly “different” when it came to the effects of smoking.2 A coauthor of both papers, Peto …
Survey of Smoking Habits of Massachusetts Physicians
Authors: Leonid S. Snegireff, Olive M. Lombard
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

IN February, 1954, the Cancer Control Unit at the New England Deaconess Hospital Cancer Research Institute distributed a questionnaire to the members of the Massachusetts Medical Society. This report is based on 4104 completed returns received before April 1, 1954; the prompt response by so many members is indicative of their interest in the possible relation between bronchiogenic carcinoma and smoking.A third (32.9 per cent) of the 4104 physicians report that they do not now use tobacco, although half of them (16.5 per cent) had previously smoked. A fifth (19.7 per cent) report that they are using less tobacco . . .
Neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: epidemiology and radiology pointing to an immune-mediated cause
Authors: Gerda M Steup-Beekman, Elisabeth J M Zirkzee, Danielle Cohen, Bastiaan M A Gahrmann, Bart J Emmer, Stefan C A Steens, Eduard L E M Bollen, Mark A van Buchem, Tom W J Huizinga
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

<h3>Background</h3> Different pathogenetic pathways have been proposed for neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). <h3>Objective</h3> To describe the patient characteristics of a large cohort of patients with SLE with NP manifestations (NPSLE) in a single centre and to review whether these and other data are compatible with immune-mediated mechanisms. <h3>Methods</h3> A total of 212 patients were identified from MRI scans of the brain ordered for suspected NPSLE. Data were collected from the medical records. NP syndromes were classified according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) nomenclature and case definitions. <h3>Results</h3> 155 patients fulfilled the criteria for SLE. In 102 patients NP manifestations were attributed to SLE itself (primary NPSLE) whereas, in the remaining patients, the NP symptoms were due to other causes. The median age at the time of SLE diagnosis in patients with primary NPSLE was 27.5 years and the median duration prior to NPSLE was 2.8 years. Forty patients (39%) had a NP manifestation in the first year of the disease. Cerebrovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction, seizures and headache were the most prevalent syndromes. In 47% of patients with primary NPSLE the MRI scan of the brain showed no abnormalities. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Most NP manifestations in SLE occur early in the disease. This finding, as well as data from quantitative imaging studies and recent pathological studies, point to an immune-mediated pathogenesis.
1047-182 The role of triglycerides, very low density lipoproteins, and triglyceride rich atherogenic lipoprotein in predicting premature heart disease
Authors: Kwame Osei Akosah, Ana Mari Schaper, Vicki Lynn McHugh, Sharon Ione Bamhart, Patricia A Perlock, Troy Anthony Haider, Michelle Ann Mathiason
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Congress, Controlled Substances, and Physician-Assisted Suicide — Elephants in Mouseholes
Authors: George J. Annas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Interview with George Annas on the recent Supreme Court decision regarding the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. (07:12)Download In January 2006, the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. attorney general does not have the authority to prohibit Oregon physicians from prescribing medications to assist terminally ill patients who wish to end their lives. In this article, George Annas reviews the Court's decision and discusses its implications.