tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
New guidance allows donors to name who receives their organs when they die
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2010)

People who want, on their death, to donate their organs to a relative or close friend can do so with immediate effect under new government guidance, which covers the United Kingdom.

Until now it has not been possible to name someone who the donor specifically wants to receive their organs. This is because a fundamental principle of the UK donation programme is that organs are given freely, voluntarily, and unconditionally. Donation must not depend on the donor only wanting their organs to go to a specified relative or friend. Instead organs had to be donated on the understanding they would go to whoever was most in need—even though a complete stranger might be the recipient, rather than a family member who was also in need.

The change in …
Hair-raising notions and lotions.
Authors: J A Savin
Journal: BMJ (1982)

effect both studies were investigating a cohort of survivors.The importance of age was confirmed in the Californian work in that the relation of alcohol use to mortality was clearest among those aged under 50 and was relatively weak among those over 60, though details were not given.The matter of social class is at least of equal importance.Again, the Californian study identified that the light drinkers were of higher educational level than other subjects; they may therefore have had better jobs and a generally better life style.Since at least for diagnosed alcoholics social class has major effects on both total and cause-specific mortality,9 10 this vari- able must be controlled.Finally, there remains the vexed issue of the special characteristics of abstainers.Only 60/ of men in England and Wales describe themselves as non-drinkers,6 and they differ from the rest of the population with respect to mari- tal state, social class, occupational category, and where they live as well as age.In the United States the abstainer is an equally complex figure, but if the stereotype of the white, Protestant, ambitious, and upwardly striving teetotaller retains any validity it may well apply to those unusual Californian men who do not drink alcohol.Until these uncertainties are resolved the reason for the dif- ferential mortality between abstainers and light drinkers cannot confidently be ascribed to the alcohol alone.There are certainly no grounds for exhorting non-drinkers to start tippling for the benefit of their health.
Chromosome Abnormalities in Human Neoplastic Disease and Their Implications.
Authors: Avery A. Sandberg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1967)

s1 May 1967Chromosome Abnormalities in Human Neoplastic Disease and Their Implications.Avery A. Sandberg, M.D.Avery A. Sandberg, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-5-1044_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptHuman neoplasia is a heterogenous group of diseases, and hence it is not unexpected that the karyotypic findings in cancer and leukemia are protein in nature. The chromosomal constitutions in these conditions range from diploidy, impressive hypodiploidy, to high hyperploidy. Except for chronic myelocytic leukemia, no consistent karyotypic picture has emerged for any group of cancer or leukemia. As a matter of fact, no two similar karyotypes have been found in human cancer (primary and metastatic). These findings coupled with the high frequency of diploidy in acute leukemia indicate that gross genomic aberrations cannot be imputed as being involved in... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Avery A. Sandberg, M.D.Affiliations: Buffalo, New York PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1967Volume 66, Issue 5Page: 1044-1044KeywordsChromosomal diseasesChromosomesChronic myelocytic leukemiaGenomicsKaryotypesProteins ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1967 PDF downloadLoading ...
Definition of Predicted Effective Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias by the Electrophysiologic Study Approach: Randomized Comparison of Patient Response Criteria
Authors: L.Brent Mitchell, Robert S Sheldon, Anne M Gillis, Stuart J Connolly, Henry J Duff, Martin J Gardner, William K.K Hui, Darlene Ramadan, D.George Wyse
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)
Combined Therapy with Vasodilator Drugs and Beta-Adrenergic Blockade in Hypertension
Authors: THOMAS B. GOTTLIEB, FRED H. KATZ, CHARLES A. CHIDSEY
Journal: Circulation (1972)

The hypotensive efficacies of two vasodilators, hydralazine and minoxidil, were assessed as these drugs were used individually in combination with beta-adrenergic blockade and diuretics in 11 hypertensive patients in whom elevated blood pressure had not been adequately controlled previously by other antihypertensive therapy. Control supine blood pressure fell from 191/128 mm Hg on propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide to 169/108 mm Hg on hydralazine, with a significantly greater reduction to 142/92 mm Hg on minoxidil. Although sodium retention and tachycardia were controlled by the use of concomitant diuretics and beta-blockade, an increment in each of these drugs was occasionally required to prevent these complications. Renal function was changed little with the decrease in blood pressure. Plasma renin increased from a standing control of 14.5 mµg/ml/hr to 35.9 and 31.1 mµg/ml/hr, respectively, on hydralazine and minoxidil. These data suggest the role of vasodilators used in combination with beta-blockers and diuretics and indicate the greater therapeutic efficacy of minoxidil.
Scars and keloids
Authors: Thomas A Mustoe
Journal: BMJ (2004)

promote appropriate goals such as furthering high quality medicine, patient centred care, and efficient use of resources. 10 11 The difficulty is to avoid or minimise the perverse side effects of incentives.That goal requires careful use of incentives, evaluation of their effect, and a fair dose of scepticism.Health policy makers in much of the world today embrace uncritically the use of incentives for doctors, ignoring their problems and risks.Instead they should treat incentives like drugs-a powerful product that can be beneficial but also dangerous.Society should control the use of incentives for doctors carefully to ensure that they are safe as well as effective in the way they are used.
Truncus Arteriosus With Systemic to Pulmonary Anastomosis
Authors: Donal M. Billig
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  Persistent truncus arteriosus in an uncommon congenital cardiac anomaly with a poor prognosis. Recent advances in surgical technique have made corrective surgery possible in some children who survive until the age of 3 or 4 years. For this reason palliative procedures designed to tide these children over until that time are of increasing interest. The following is a report of an unusual palliative operation in a neonate with a persistent truncus arteriosus, reduced pulmonary blood flow, and severe cyanosis.  Report of a Case.—  The patient was admitted to the Boston Floating Hospital at 6 days of age, weighing 6 lb 8 oz. She was obviously cyanotic but in no acute distress. Pertinent physical findings were a normal heart size and a pansystolic murmur over the entire precordium with an early diastolic component. Cardiac catheterization revealed a large ventricular septal defect, with equal pressures in both ventricles and
Jaundice Due to Right Hepatic Duct Obstruction
Authors: Marvin F. Tiesenga, Richard H. Neal, Gustav A. Hemwall
Journal: JAMA (1964)

JAUNDICE secondary to unilateral hepatic duct obstruction is a rarity. Usually associated are cholochromatic stools (containing bile pigment), amber urine, normal liver flocculations, and enlargement of the homolateral liver lobe. Seven cases of unilateral hepatic duct obstruction have been reported. In the series of Braasch and Preble,<sup>1</sup>all four cases occurred as a sequel to cholecystectomy. Two cases secondary to contained calculi<sup>2</sup>and one case due to a bullet foreign body<sup>3</sup>have also been described. Rarity of the condition plus certain unique aspects of this case prompted this report. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> On Jan 2, 1962, a cholecystectomy was performed on an 85-year-old male for chronic cholecystitis. Two previous cholecystograms were nonvisualizing. Symptoms were consistent with chronic cholecystitis although several mild acute episodes had occurred. He had never been jaundiced. At surgery the gall bladder was thick walled, fibrotic, and filled with stones. Anatomic identification of
A tumour necrosis factor alpha polymorphism is not associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: A G Wilson, N de Vries, L B van de Putte, G W Duff
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1995)

OBJECTIVE--To determine whether a polymorphism within the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) gene is associated with susceptibility to, or severity of, rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS--Consecutive patients with recent onset RA were enrolled in a prospective trial. DNA was collected, disease activity was measured at presentation, and radiographic progression at three years was assessed. Typing of TNF alpha was by polymerase chain reaction and single stranded conformation polymorphism analysis. RESULTS--No association of TNF alpha alleles and susceptibility to, or severity of, RA was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS--These results indicate that this TNF alpha polymorphism does not play a part in the genetic background of RA.
A dual reporter gene transgenic mouse demonstrates heterogeneity in hepatic fibrogenic cell populations
Authors: Scott T. Magness, Ramón Bataller, Liu Yang, David A. Brenner
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and other resident mesenchymal cells into myofibroblasts expressing alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and collagen I is a key event in liver fibrogenesis. However, the temporal expression profiles of alphaSMA and collagen I genes in these cells is unknown. To address this question, we studied alphaSMA and collagen alpha1(I) transcriptional patterns in primary cultures of HSCs, and additionally, in an in vivo model of secondary biliary fibrosis using transgenic mice that express the Discomsoma sp. red fluorescent protein (RFP) and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter genes under direction of the mouse alphaSMA and collagen alpha1(I) promoter/enhancers, respectively. The alphaSMA-RFP mice were crossed with collagen-EGFP mice to generate double transgenic mice. Reporter gene expression in cultured HSCs demonstrated that both transgenes were induced at day 3 with continued expression through day 14. Interestingly, alphaSMA and collagen alpha1(I) transgenes were not coexpressed in all cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed three different patterns of gene expression: alphaSMA-RFP positive cells, collagen-EGFP positive cells, and cells expressing both transgenes. AlphaSMA-only and alphaSMA/collagen expressing cells showed higher expression levels of synaptophysin, reelin, MMP13, TIMP1, and ICAM-1 compared to collagen-only expressing cells, as assessed by real-time PCR. Following bile duct ligation, alphaSMA and collagen alpha1(I) transgenes were differentially expressed by peribiliary, parenchymal and vascular fibrogenic cells. Peribiliary cells preferentially expressed collagen alpha1(I), while parenchymal myofibroblasts expressed both alphaSMA and collagen alpha1(I). In conclusion, these data demonstrate heterogeneity of gene expression in myofibroblastic cells during active fibrogenesis. These reporter mice provide a useful tool to further characterize fibrogenic cell types and to evaluate antifibrotic drugs.
The Declining Specificity of Exercise Radionuclide Ventriculography
Authors: Alan Rozanski, George A. Diamond, Daniel Berman, James S. Forrester, Denise Morris, H. J. C. Swan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Although exercise radionuclide ventriculography was initially reported to be a highly specific test for coronary-artery disease, later studies reported a high false-positive rate. To verify this turnabout, we analyzed the responses in 77 angiographically normal patients; 32 were studied from 1978 to 1979 (the early period), and 45 from 1980 to 1982 (the recent period). Most patients studied in the early period had normal responses (94 per cent for ejection fraction and 84 per cent for wall motion). In contrast, normal responses were less frequent in patients studied in the recent period (49 per cent for ejection fraction and 36 per cent for wall motion, P less than 0.001). The probability of coronary disease before testing was higher in these patients (38 vs. 7 per cent, P less than 0.001). More patients studied in the recent period underwent radionuclide ventriculography before angiography (78 vs. 22 per cent, P less than 0.001), and more of these prior studies had abnormal results than those performed after angiography (55 vs. 6 per cent, P less than 0.0001). Thus, two factors are responsible for the temporal decline in specificity: a change in the population being tested (pretest referral bias) and a preferential selection of patients with a positive test response for coronary angiography (post-test referral bias).
Direct demonstration of increased expression of Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen in colonic adenocarcinoma and ulcerative colitis mucin and its concealment in normal mucin.
Authors: B J Campbell, I A Finnie, E F Hounsell, J M Rhodes
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Increased binding of the lectin peanut agglutinin is a common feature in epithelial malignancy and hyperplasia. This may have considerable functional importance in the intestine by allowing interaction between the epithelium and mitogenic lectins of dietary or microbial origin. Peanut agglutinin binds the disaccharide Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF, T or core 1) blood group antigen, Gal beta (1-3) GalNAc alpha-, but is not totally specific for this site. Consequently, there has been controversy about the presence of this structure in colon cancer; studies with anti-TF monoclonal antibodies have failed to detect it. We have examined the presence of TF antigen in colonic mucus glycoprotein (mucin) using endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (O-Glycanase), which specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of TF antigen from glycoconjugates. Samples of adenocarcinoma, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis), and normal mucin were treated with O-glycanase, the liberated disaccharide was separated from the glycoprotein and analyzed using dual CarboPac PA-100 column high performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection. O-Glycanase treatment released increased amounts of TF antigen from both colonic adenocarcinoma (8.0 +/- 3.9 ng/micrograms protein, n = 11; P < 0.0001 ANOVA) and ulcerative colitis mucin (3.3 +/- 0.3 ng/micrograms protein, n = 5; P = 0.04) compared with mucin samples from histologically normal mucosa distant from carcinoma (1.5 +/- 1.1 ng/micrograms protein, n = 9). However, after mild acid treatment to remove sialic acids and fucose, releasable TF antigen was increased in all nine of these histologically normal mucin samples (5.5 +/- 2.6 ng/micrograms protein, P < 0.0002). We conclude that TF antigen is an oncofetal antigen which is expressed in colon cancer, but is concealed by further glycosylation (sialylation and/or fucosylation) in the normal colonic mucosa.
Assessment of Drug Efficacy in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: John L. Decker, Donald Mainland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

"Disease activity" in rheumatoid arthritis is difficult of definition but crucial to proper management of the disease. Disease activity can, perhaps, be conceived of as a varying "mass of inflammation." It is defined by its consequences such as joint pain and swelling, morning stiffness, the red-cell sedimentation rate and the rate of progression of erosive disease as determined radiologically. When the disease is active, such phenomena reveal the degree of abnormality, and therapeutic efforts are increased. When effective therapy is given to a patient with active disease, the manifestations of disease activity can be shown to recede, and thus their . . .
Differential Agglutination Titre (D.A.T.) in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: E. G. L. Bywaters, M. E. Carter, F. E. T. Scott
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1959)

This study concerns the titre of differential sheep cell agglutination (Rose-Waaler) in rheumatoid arthritis affecting children, its variability and its correlation with other clinical features, during a period of at least 4 years' observation. MethodThe technique employed from 1949-1956, which has been described by one of us (Scott, 1952), was a slight modification of the method originally proposed by Rose, Ragan, Pearce, and Lipman (1948).Since 1956, a further modification has been employed, as suggested by Greenbury (1957), using Perspex trays (M.R.C. pattern) in place of tubes and racks.This method will be described in detail elsewhere (Bywaters and Scott, unpublished).The results by the two methods are closely comparable, the newer method giving more consistent results.The results are expressed as a differential titre (ratio) in both methods, and the lowest ratio accepted as positive in a series of doubling dilutions is 1: 16.Slight changes in the sensitivity of the method have been found to occur because of variations in agglutinability of red cell suspensions from different sheep, amounting usually to not more than a one-tube difference.A single positive result occurring in the midst of a series of negative tests in one individual is therefore suspect and may well be due to technical factors, although in an attempt to control this, sera of known titre were included as a safeguard in each series of titrations. MaterialThis series consists of 142 patients (85 females and 57 males) admitted to this Unit from its inception in 1947 to the end of 1953, and followed to December 31, 1957, giving, for the purpose of this study, a maximum follow-
A requirement for Notch1 distinguishes 2 phases of definitive hematopoiesis during development
Authors: Brandon K. Hadland, Stacey S. Huppert, Jyotshnabala Kanungo, Yingzi Xue, Rulang Jiang, Thomas Gridley, Ronald A. Conlon, Alec M. Cheng, Raphael Kopan, Gregory D. Longmore
Journal: Blood (2004)
Patient-Important Outcomes in Registered Diabetes Trials
Authors: Gunjan Y. Gandhi, M. Hassan Murad, Akira Fujiyoshi, Rebecca J. Mullan, David N. Flynn, Mohamed B. Elamin, Brian A. Swiglo, William L. Isley, Gordon H. Guyatt, Victor M. Montori
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Concerns about the safety and efficacy of diabetes interventions persist, in part because randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have not measured their effect on patient-important outcomes, ie, death and quality of life (morbidity, pain, function).To systematically determine the extent to which ongoing and future RCTs in diabetes will ascertain patient-important outcomes.On November 10, 2007, we searched primary RCT registries ClinicalTrials.gov (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register (http://isrctn.org), and Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.anzctr.org.au).We identified phase 2 through 4 RCTs enrolling patients with diabetes. Of 2019 RCTs, 1054 proved eligible. We randomly sampled 50% of the eligible RCTs (527 of 1054) and selected 436 registered since registration became mandatory (2004).Pairs of reviewers working independently collected study characteristics and determined the outcomes measured and their type (physiological outcomes, surrogate outcomes thought to reflect an increased risk for patient-important outcomes, and patient-important outcomes).Of the 436 registered RCTs included in this analysis, 24 (6%) had not started enrollment, 109 (25%) were actively enrolling, and 303 (69%) had completed enrollment. Primary outcomes were patient-important outcomes in only 78 of 436 RCTs (18%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14%-22%), physiological and laboratory outcomes in 69 of 436 (16%; 95% CI, 13%-20%), and surrogate outcomes in 268 of 436 (61%; 95% CI, 57%-66%). Patient-important outcomes were reported as primary or secondary outcomes in 201 of 436 (46%; 95% CI, 41%-51%). In multivariate analysis, large trials (odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02-1.19 for every additional 100 patients) and trials of longer duration (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06 for every additional 30 days) were more likely while parallel design RCTs (OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.05-0.44) and type 2 diabetes trials (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.09-0.61) were less likely to assess patient-important outcomes as a primary outcome.In this sample of registered ongoing RCTs in diabetes, only 18% included patient-important outcomes as primary outcomes.
Cells expressing angiotensin II receptors in fibrous tissue of rat heart
Authors: Y. Sun, K. T. Weber
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

Following left coronary artery ligation, markedly increased angiotensin II (AngII) receptor binding appears at the site of myocardial infarction (MI). This is also true for the fibrosed visceral pericardium in rats following pericardiotomy (with or without MI). Cells expressing AngII receptors at these sites remain unknown. In the present study, we sought to identify cells expressing AngII receptors at these sites of fibrosis in the rat heart during both early and late stages of wound healing.MI was created by left coronary artery ligation. Sham operation included thoracotomy, pericardiotomy and placement of silk ligature around the left coronary artery without MI. Hearts were collected at postoperative week 1 and 4. In serial sections: autoradiography (125I[Sar1,Ile8]AngII) was used to determine cells expressing AngII receptors; hematoxylin-eosin and alpha smooth muscle actin were used for identification of cell morphology and phenotype, respectively; and picrosirius red for identification of fibrillar collagen.(1) at week 1, necrotic tissue at the site of MI was surrounded by granulation tissue that included macrophages, alpha smooth muscle actin fibroblast-like cells, or myofibroblasts, fibrillar collagen, and new vessels; (2) at week 4, scar tissue had formed and remaining cells were primarily myofibroblasts; (3) pericardial fibrosis was evident at weeks 1 and 4 and contained myofibroblasts, not macrophages or new vessels; (4) at week 1 and 4 myofibroblasts were the predominant cell expressing high-density AngII receptors at the site of MI, while fibroblasts, macrophages and vessels demonstrated low-density AngII receptor binding; and (5) at weeks 1 and 4, myofibroblasts express high-density AngII receptor binding in pericardial fibrosis.In a rat model of tissue repair involving either MI or pericardial fibrosis, increased AngII receptor expression is primarily associated with myofibroblasts. This suggests AngII may play a role in mediating the fibrogenic response provided by this wound healing cell at sites of tissue injury in the rat heart.
Context-dependent feature discovery is evidence that the coordination of function is a basic cognitive capacity
Authors: W. A. Phillips
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Schyns et al. make a strong case for context-dependent feature discovery. The features computed from specialized and diverse data-sets help to coordinate their activity by adapting so as to emphasize what is related across sets. Their perspective can be strengthened and extended by formal arguments for the contextual guidance of learning and processing and by neurobiological and psychological evidence of structures and processes that implement this guidance.