tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Family Study of Chronic Depression in a Community Sample of Young Adults
Authors: Daniel N. Klein, Stewart A. Shankman, Peter M. Lewinsohn, Paul Rohde, John R. Seeley
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)

OBJECTIVE: The validity of the distinctions between dysthymic disorder, chronic major depressive disorder, and episodic major depressive disorder was examined in a family study of a large community sample of young adults. METHOD: First-degree relatives (N=2,615) of 30 probands with dysthymic disorder, 65 probands with chronic major depressive disorder, 313 probands with episodic major depressive disorder, and 392 probands with no history of mood disorder were assessed by using direct interviews and informant reports. RESULTS: The rates of major depressive disorder were significantly greater among the relatives of probands with dysthymic disorder and chronic major depressive disorder than among the relatives of probands with episodic major depressive disorder, who in turn exhibited a higher rate of major depressive disorder than the relatives of probands with no history of mood disorder. The relatives of probands with dysthymic disorder had a significantly higher rate of dysthymic disorder than the relatives of probands with no history of mood disorder, and the relatives of probands with chronic major depressive disorder had a significantly higher rate of chronic major depressive disorder than the relatives of probands with no history of mood disorder. However, the relatives of the three groups of probands with depression did not differ on rates of dysthymic disorder and chronic major depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic depression is distinguished from episodic depression by a more severe familial liability. This familial liability may contribute to the more pernicious course of chronic depression.
Randomized Trial of Paclitaxel Plus Supportive Care Versus Supportive Care for Patients With Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: M. Ranson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2000)

Background: In phase II trials, paclitaxel has been shown to have antitumor activity in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the survival and quality-of-life (QOL) benefits of paclitaxel used as a single agent compared with supportive care alone have not been assessed in a randomized clinical trial. Methods: A total of 157 patients with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC who had received no prior chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either best supportive care alone (78 patients) or paclitaxel plus supportive care (79 patients). Paclitaxel was administered as a 3-hour intravenous infusion every 3 weeks. Supportive care included palliative radiotherapy and supportive therapy with corticosteroids, antibiotics, analgesics, antiemetics, transfusions, and other symptomatic therapy as required. The primary end point of the study was survival. Time to disease progression, response rate, adverse events, and QOL were secondary end points. Results: Pretreatment characteristics were evenly distributed between the two arms. Survival was statistically significantly better in the paclitaxel plus supportive care arm than in the supportive care alone arm (two-sided P = .037) (median survival = 6.8 months versus 4.8 months). Cox multivariate analysis showed paclitaxel plus supportive care to be statistically significantly associated with improved survival (two-sided P = .048). QOL was similar for both treatment arms, except for the functional activity score of the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist, where QOL data statistically significantly favored the paclitaxel plus supportive care arm (two-sided P = .043). Conclusion: The addition of paclitaxel to best supportive care significantly improved survival and time to disease progression compared with best supportive care in patients with advanced NSCLC and may improve some aspects of QOL.
Deictic codes for embodied language
Authors: Arthur M. Glenberg
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

Ballard et al. claim that fixations bind variables to cognitive pointers. I comment on three aspects of this claim: (1) its contribution to the interpretation of indexical language; (2) empirical support for the use of very few deictic pointers; (3) nonetheless, abstract pointers cannot be taken as prototypical cognitive representations.
Development of radiographic changes of osteoarthritis in the """Chingford knee""" reflects progression of disease or non-standardised positioning of the joint rather than incident disease
Authors: S A Mazzuca
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2003)

To ascertain the extent to which the "Chingford knee" (that is, contralateral knee of the middle aged, obese, female patient with unilateral knee osteoarthritis (OA)) is a high risk radiographically normal joint as opposed to a knee in which radiographic changes of OA would have been apparent in a more extensive radiographic examination.Subjects were 180 obese women, aged 45-64 years, with unilateral knee OA, based on the standing anteroposterior (AP) view. Subjects underwent a series of radiographic knee examinations: semiflexed AP, supine lateral, and Hughston (patellofemoral (PF)) views. Bony changes of OA were graded by consensus of two readers. Medial tibiofemoral joint space width was measured by digital image analysis. Knee pain was assessed by the WOMAC OA Index after washout of all OA pain drugs.Despite the absence of evidence of knee OA in the standing AP radiograph, only 32 knees (18%) were radiographically normal in all other views. Ninety four knees (52%) exhibited TF knee OA in the semiflexed AP and/or lateral view. PF OA was seen in 121 knees (67%). Subjects with PF OA reported more severe knee pain than those without PF OA (mean WOMAC scores 9.9 v 8.3, p<0.05).The Chingford knee is not a radiographically normal joint. The high rate of incidence of OA reported previously for this knee ( approximately 50% within two years) may also reflect progression of existing OA or changes in radioanatomical positioning at follow up that showed evidence of stable disease that was present at baseline.
International consensus on (ICON) pediatric asthma
Authors: N. G. Papadopoulos, H. Arakawa, K.‐H. Carlsen, A. Custovic, J. Gern, R. Lemanske, P. Le Souef, M. Mäkelä, G. Roberts, G. Wong, H. Zar, C. A. Akdis, L. B. Bacharier, E. Baraldi, H. P. van Bever, J. de Blic, A. Boner, W. Burks, T. B. Casale, J. A. Castro‐Rodriguez, Y. Z. Chen, Y. M. El‐Gamal, M. L. Everard, T. Frischer, M. Geller, J. Gereda, D. Y. Goh, T. W. Guilbert, G. Hedlin, P. W. Heymann, S. J. Hong, E. M. Hossny, J. L. Huang, D. J. Jackson, J. C. de Jongste, O. Kalayci, N. Aït‐Khaled, S. Kling, P. Kuna, S. Lau, D. K. Ledford, S. I. Lee, A. H. Liu, R. F. Lockey, K. Lødrup‐Carlsen, J. Lötvall, A. Morikawa, A. Nieto, H. Paramesh, R. Pawankar, P. Pohunek, J. Pongracic, D. Price, C. Robertson, N. Rosario, L. J. Rossenwasser, P. D. Sly, R. Stein, S. Stick, S. Szefler, L. M. Taussig, E. Valovirta, P. Vichyanond, D. Wallace, E. Weinberg, G. Wennergren, J. Wildhaber, R. S. Zeiger
Journal: Allergy (2012)

Abstract Asthma is the most common chronic lower respiratory disease in childhood throughout the world. Several guidelines and/or consensus documents are available to support medical decisions on pediatric asthma. Although there is no doubt that the use of common systematic approaches for management can considerably improve outcomes, dissemination and implementation of these are still major challenges. Consequently, the I nternational C ollaboration in Asthma, Allergy and Immunology (i CAALL ), recently formed by the EAACI , AAAAI , ACAAI , and WAO , has decided to propose an I nternational C onsensus on ( ICON ) Pediatric Asthma. The purpose of this document is to highlight the key messages that are common to many of the existing guidelines, while critically reviewing and commenting on any differences, thus providing a concise reference. The principles of pediatric asthma management are generally accepted. Overall, the treatment goal is disease control. To achieve this, patients and their parents should be educated to optimally manage the disease, in collaboration with healthcare professionals. Identification and avoidance of triggers is also of significant importance. Assessment and monitoring should be performed regularly to re‐evaluate and fine‐tune treatment. Pharmacotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment. The optimal use of medication can, in most cases, help patients control symptoms and reduce the risk for future morbidity. The management of exacerbations is a major consideration, independent of chronic treatment. There is a trend toward considering phenotype‐specific treatment choices; however, this goal has not yet been achieved.
Cannabinoids Inhibit Glioma Cell Invasion by Down-regulating Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Expression
Authors: Cristina Blázquez, María Salazar, Arkaitz Carracedo, Mar Lorente, Ainara Egia, Luis González-Feria, Amador Haro, Guillermo Velasco, Manuel Guzmán
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa L. and their derivatives, inhibit tumor growth in laboratory animals by inducing apoptosis of tumor cells and impairing tumor angiogenesis. It has also been reported that these compounds inhibit tumor cell spreading, but the molecular targets of this cannabinoid action remain elusive. Here, we evaluated the effect of cannabinoids on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and its effect on tumor cell invasion. Local administration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major active ingredient of cannabis, down-regulated MMP-2 expression in gliomas generated in mice, as determined by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and real-time quantitative PCR analyses. This cannabinoid-induced inhibition of MMP-2 expression in gliomas (a) was MMP-2–selective, as levels of other MMP family members were unaffected; (b) was mimicked by JWH-133, a CB2 cannabinoid receptor–selective agonist that is devoid of psychoactive side effects; (c) was abrogated by fumonisin B1, a selective inhibitor of ceramide biosynthesis; and (d) was also evident in two patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. THC inhibited MMP-2 expression and cell invasion in cultured glioma cells. Manipulation of MMP-2 expression by RNA interference and cDNA overexpression experiments proved that down-regulation of this MMP plays a critical role in THC-mediated inhibition of cell invasion. Cannabinoid-induced inhibition of MMP-2 expression and cell invasion was prevented by blocking ceramide biosynthesis and by knocking-down the expression of the stress protein p8. As MMP-2 up-regulation is associated with high progression and poor prognosis of gliomas and many other tumors, MMP-2 down-regulation constitutes a new hallmark of cannabinoid antitumoral activity. [Cancer Res 2008;68(6):1945–52]
The Neuropeptide Catestatin Acts As a Novel Angiogenic Cytokine via a Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor–Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Markus Theurl, Wilfried Schgoer, Karin Albrecht, Johannes Jeschke, Margot Egger, Arno G.E. Beer, Danijela Vasiljevic, Song Rong, Anna Maria Wolf, Ferdinand H. Bahlmann, Josef R. Patsch, Dominik Wolf, Peter Schratzberger, Sushil K. Mahata, Rudolf Kirchmair
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

The neuropeptide catestatin is an endogenous nicotinic cholinergic antagonist that acts as a pleiotropic hormone.
Thoughts from Gross Anatomy
Authors: Eric Michael David
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

On Being a Doctor21 December 1999Thoughts from Gross AnatomyEric Michael David, JDEric Michael David, JDNew York, NY 10021 (David)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-12-199912210-00013 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail The day she visited the dissecting roomThey had four men laid out, black as burnt turkey,Already half unstrung. A vinegary fumeOf the death vats clung to them … She could scarcely make out anythingIn that rubble of skull plates and old leather.A sallow piece of string held it together.Sylvia Plath, Two Views of a Cadaver RoomThe words sat so unremarkably on the page: “The cadaver should be transected between T12 and L1.” Straightforward. Direct—like directions for heating a frozen dinner. I had been quite pressed for time that day, as anyone who recalls their first year of medical school ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: New York, NY 10021 (David)Corresponding Author: Eric Michael David, JD, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, 5 East 67th Street, #3B, New York, NY 10021; e-mail [email protected]edu. For reprint orders in quantities exceeding 100, please contact the Reprints Coordinator; phone, 215-351-2657; e-mail, [email protected]acponline.org. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byMedical student dreams about medical school: The unconscious developmental process of becoming a physician 21 December 1999Volume 131, Issue 12Page: 974-975KeywordsEmotionsHappinessHeartInfantsShouldersSkullSmall intestineStomachSurgeonsThorax Issue Published: 21 December 1999 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Clinics in neurology and neurosurgery of sport. Mass lesions: cavernoma: Figure 1
Authors: G Davis, G Fabinyi, P Le Roux, P McCrory
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

The advent of widespread access to MR scanning has meant that a wide spectrum of incidental findings are now detected and referred for advice and management. Although cavernous haemangiomas (or cavernomas) are one of the most common types of benign vascular malformations, their precise incidence is unknown. They can occur as single or multiple lesions and provide a real dilemma for an athlete who wishes to participate in contact sports. Before the advent of modern neuroimaging techniques, such lesions would typically present as haemorrhage or seizures rather than as incidental findings on brain scans. In this patient, their risks and suggested management is discussed.

A footballer is involved in a motor vehicle accident. The patient incurs a head injury and loses consciousness for 30 seconds. The patient attends the emergency department, where is found to be asymptomatic, with normal systemic and neurological examination findings. A CT scan of the brain is performed, which shows a lesion in the anterior right frontal lobe. And MRI scan of the brain confirms this as a solitary cavernous haemangioma (cavernoma) (fig 1). The treating clinicians order formal neuropsychology assessment and EEG, which are both normal. One week later, the patient attends your office seeking medical clearance to resume playing professional rugby. What recommendations do you make, based on the following considerations?



Figure 1 
Axial MR brain scan (fast fluid-attenuated inversion–recovery (FLAIR) sequence) showing a single high-intensity cavernoma lesion (white arrow) surrounded by a ring of dark haemosiderin staining in the right frontal lobe.



1.  Does the presence of the cavernoma preclude the patient from returning to rugby or other contact sports?

2.  Would you recommend any other treatment (eg, gamma knife) in order to allow him to return to sport?

3.  If you permit him to play, is there any benefit from wearing a helmet and if so, does …
STUDIES ON THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION
Authors: Lewis Thomas, Richard T. Smith, Richard von Korff
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1955)

An intravenous injection of sodium polyanethol sulfonate, a heparin-like synthetic polymer of large molecular size, into rabbits given endotoxin 2 hours previously, results in the abrupt disappearance from the circulating blood of a large proportion of fibrinogen. The depletion of circulating fibrinogen is prevented by the administration of heparin prior to the synthetic polymer. In animals receiving the polymer alone, or endotoxin alone, no depletion of fibrinogen occurs. It is suggested that the intravascular deposition of fibrinoid and the subsequent necrotizing lesions of the generalized Shwartzman reaction, which occur after the combined injection of endotoxin and synthetic acid polymer, may be due to the intravascular precipitation of fibrinogen by polymer. A qualitative change in fibrinogen, characterized by its precipitability by heparin at low temperature, is regularly demonstrable in plasma between 1 and 4 hours after an intravenous injection of endotoxin. The appearance of this heparin-precipitable fraction is prevented by treatment with heparin before endotoxin. It is not influenced by nitrogen mustard or cortisone. During the period when depletion of circulating fibrinogen is produced by polyanethol, in endotoxin-treated animals, the heparin-precipitable fraction also disappears from the blood. It is suggested that the change in fibrinogen may represent partial polymertization, and the cold precipitability of this material by heparin may be related to its enhanced precipitability, in vivo, by polyanethol. An hypothesis which accounts for certain events in the generalized Shwartzman reaction, based on observations reported in this study, is presented.
Sub-lethal ionizing radiation alters Foxp3 expression in CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Anita Kumari, Samantha Simon, Charlie Garnett-Benson
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2015)

Meeting abstracts The use of sub-lethal radiation has been shown to alter cell phenotype and gene expression. T regulatory (Treg) cells are phenotypically defined as being CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells and are known to suppress the function of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Inhibiting the
Downregulation of the BK Channel β1 Subunit in Genetic Hypertension
Authors: Gregory C. Amberg, L. Fernando Santana
Journal: Circulation Research (2003)

The molecular mechanisms underlying increased arterial tone during hypertension are unclear. In vascular smooth muscle, localized Ca 2+ release events through ryanodine-sensitive channels located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca 2+ sparks) activate large-conductance, Ca 2+ -sensitive K + (BK) channels. Ca 2+ sparks and BK channels provide a negative feedback mechanism that hyperpolarizes smooth muscle and thereby opposes vasoconstriction. In this study, we examined Ca 2+ sparks and BK channel function in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats with borderline hypertension and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a widely used genetic model of severe hypertension. We found that the amplitude of spontaneous BK currents in WKY and SHR cells were smaller than in normotensive cells even though Ca 2+ sparks were of similar magnitude. BK channels in WKY and SHR cells were less sensitive to physiological changes in intracellular Ca 2+ than normotensive cells. Our data indicate that decreased expression of the BK channel β1 subunit underlies the lower Ca 2+ sensitivity of BK channels in SHR and WKY myocytes. We conclude that the lower expression of the β1 subunit during genetic borderline and severe hypertension reduced BK channel activity by decreasing the sensitivity of these channels to physiological changes in Ca 2+ . These results support the view that changes in the molecular composition of BK channels may be a fundamental event contributing to the development of vascular dysfunction during hypertension.
Specific Training Program Improves Oncologists' Palliative Care Communication Skills in a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tanja Goelz, Alexander Wuensch, Sara Stubenrauch, Gabriele Ihorst, Marcelo de Figueiredo, Hartmut Bertz, Michael Wirsching, Kurt Fritzsche
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

The aim of the study was to demonstrate that COM-ON-p, concise and individualized communication skills training (CST), improves oncologists' communication skills in consultations focusing on the transition to palliative care.Forty-one physicians were randomly assigned to a control (CG) or intervention group (IG). At t(0), all physicians held two video-recorded consultations with actor-patient pairs. Afterward, physicians in the IG participated in COM-ON-p. Five weeks after t(0), a second assessment took place (t(1)). COM-ON-p consists of an 11-hour workshop (1.5 days), pre- and postassessment (2 hours), and coaching (0.5 hours). Physicians focused on practicing individual learning goals with actor patients in small groups. To evaluate the training, blinded raters assessed communication behavior of the physicians in video-recorded actor-patient consultations using a specific checklist. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with baseline levels as covariates.Participants in the IG improved significantly more than those in the CG in all three sections of the COM-ON-Checklist: skills specific to the transition to palliative care, global communication skills, and involvement of significant others (all P < .01). Differences between the CG and IG on the global items of communication skills and involvement of significant others were also significant (P < .01). Effect sizes were medium to large, with a 0.5-point improvement on average on a five-point rating scale.Physicians can be trained to meet better core challenges during the transition to palliative care through developed concise CST. Generalization and transfer into clinical practice must be proven in additional studies.
Are screening and surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus really worthwhile?
Authors: P Sharma
Journal: Gut (2005)

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma has a low incidence and still remains an uncommon cancer; however, it has been on the rise over the past 20 years. Barrett's oesophagus, a complication of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, is the only known precursor of this adenocarcinoma. It can often be asymptomatic and probably goes undiagnosed in the majority of the population. There are no direct data supporting the practice of screening for Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma among the general population or even in patients with chronic reflux symptoms. However, many argue that the detection of neoplasms at a curable state in a high risk population can perhaps justify screening endoscopy. No prospective, controlled trials have been conducted to support the effectiveness of surveillance, but some indirect evidence does exist. The cost effectiveness of surveillance programmes needs to be further assessed in prospective studies. Ultimately, the use of better tools to diagnose Barrett's oesophagus and dysplasia and the identification of high risk groups for progression to oesophageal adenocarcinoma could potentially make screening and surveillance a cost effective practice.
Basophils enhance immunological memory responses
Authors: Andrea Denzel, Ulrich A Maus, Manuel Rodriguez Gomez, Cordula Moll, Marianne Niedermeier, Christine Winter, Regina Maus, Susan Hollingshead, David E Briles, Leoni A Kunz-Schughart, Yvonne Talke, Matthias Mack
Journal: Nature Immunology (2008)
Rapid Diagnosis of Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis by a Fully Automated Molecular Assay
Authors: Christoph Koidl, Michael Bozic, Georg Mossböck, Gerhard Mühlbauer, Jörg Berg, Markus Stöcher, Jasmin Dehnhardt, Egon Marth, Harald H. Kessler
Journal: Ophthalmology (2005)