tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparison of two different modes for noninvasive mechanical ventilation in chronic respiratory failure: volume versus pressure controlled device
Authors: B Schonhofer, M Sonneborn, P Haidl, H Bohrer, D Kohler
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

The most commonly used mode of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NMV) is volume-controlled intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Pressure support ventilation has recently become increasingly popular, but its merits have not been clearly defined. In an open, nonrandomized follow-up study, we evaluated two modes of NMV, volume-controlled (IPPV) and pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) over 6 months in 30 consecutive patients (24 males and 6 females, aged 49 +/- 19 yrs) with chronic respiratory failure (CRF). The baseline assessments comprised both physiological and subjective data. In all cases, nasal IPPV was initially administered for 1 month, followed by a second month of nasal PCV. Thereafter, responders or nonresponders to PCV were defined according to the patients' subjective symptom score and/or the recurrence of hypercapnia. During the IPPV phase, in all but two patients the subjective and objective parameters improved significantly. During the following 1 month PCV phase, stabilization was maintained in 18 patients ("responders"), while 10 patients were defined as "nonresponders". In nonresponders, hypercapnia increased (arterial carbon dioxide tension (Pa,CO2): 5.7 +/- 0.4 to 6.6 +/- 0.5 kPa; p &lt; 0.05) and symptom scores decreased. Compared with responders, nonresponders had a lower mean nocturnal arterial oxygen saturation (Sa,O2) (p &lt; 0.05) and a higher daytime Pa,CO2 (p &lt; 0.05) at baseline. We con clude that the majority of patients suffering from chronic respiratory failure who are initially satisfactorily ventilated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation may also be adequately maintained with pressure-controlled ventilation. However, there is a subgroup with more severe chronic respiratory failure at baseline, in whom pressure-controlled ventilation is inadequate. After 4 weeks of treatment with pressure-controlled ventilation, the subjective scores and the arterial carbon dioxide tension values reliably distinguished between long-term responders and nonresponders to pressure-controlled ventilation.
A CASE OF SPREADING PERITONITIS CURED BY DRAINAGE OF PELVIS, THE FOWLER POSITION, AND RECTAL INSTILLATION OF SALINE SOLUTION
Authors: C. H. Whiteford
Journal: BMJ (1907)

definition of a spreading peritonitis1 is as follows:By a spreading peritonitis I mean one in which there are no lymph barriers, but in which the peritonitis has not yet involved the whole cavity of the peritoneum.In the following case there was involvement of the peritoneum below the level of the transverse colon.The patient, an anaemic young woman, unmarried, aged 21, was seen in consultation with Dr. J. E. C. Wilson of Devonport on November 24th, 1906.Previous History.-Menorrhaglasince the age of 15.Three years ago a severe haematemesis.Intermittent dyspepsia since.Normal period ceased four days ago.Pressnt Illnese.-Threedays ago, at 5 a.m., while in bed, the patient had very acute pain In the epigastrium.She did snot faint.The patn has recurred at frequent Intervals.Present Condition;-Abdomen very distended, universally tympanitic, only slightly tender, the tenderness being most marked In the epigastrium.Respiratory movement very
Electrocardiographic changes in 1000 highly trained junior elite athletes.
Authors: S Sharma, G Whyte, P Elliott, M Padula, R Kaushal, N Mahon, W J McKenna
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1999)

To evaluate the spectrum of electrocardiographic (ECG) changes in 1000 junior (18 or under) elite athletes.A total of 1000 (73% male) junior elite athletes (mean (SD) age 15.7 (1.4) years (range 14-18); mean (SD) body surface area 1.73 (0.17) m2 (range 1.09-2.25)) and 300 non-athletic controls matched for gender, age, and body surface area had a 12 lead ECG examination.Athletes had a significantly higher prevalence of sinus bradycardia (80% v 19%; p<0.0001) and sinus arrhythmia (52% v 9%; p<0.0001) than non-athletes. The PR interval, QRS, and QT duration were more prolonged in athletes than non-athletes (153 (20) v 140 (18) milliseconds (p<0.0001), 92 (12) v 89 (7) milliseconds (p<0.0001), and 391 (27) v 379 (29) milliseconds (p = 0.002) respectively). The Sokolow voltage criterion for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and the Romhilt-Estes points score for LVH was more common in athletes (45% v 23% (p<0.0001) and 10% v 0% (p<0.0001) respectively), as were criteria for left and right atrial enlargement (14% v 1.2% and 16% v 2% respectively). None of the athletes with voltage criteria for LVH had left axis deviation, ST segment depression, deep T wave inversion, or pathological Q waves. ST segment elevation was more common in athletes than non-athletes (43% v 24%; p<0.0001). Minor T wave inversion (less than -0.2 mV) in V2 and V3 was present in 4% of athletes and non-athletes. Minor T wave inversion elsewhere was absent in non-athletes and present in 0.4% of athletes.ECG changes in junior elite athletes are not dissimilar to those in senior athletes. Isolated Sokolow voltage criterion for LVH is common; however, associated abnormalities that indicate pathological hypertrophy are absent. Minor T wave inversions in leads other than V2 and V3 may be present in athletes and non-athletes less than 16 but should be an indication for further investigation in older athletes.
Augmenting Antitumor T-Cell Responses to Mimotope Vaccination by Boosting with Native Tumor Antigens
Authors: Jonathan D. Buhrman, Kimberly R. Jordan, Lance U'Ren, Jonathan Sprague, Charles B. Kemmler, Jill E. Slansky
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Vaccination with antigens expressed by tumors is one strategy for stimulating enhanced T-cell responses against tumors. However, these peptide vaccines rarely result in efficient expansion of tumor-specific T cells or responses that protect against tumor growth. Mimotopes, or peptide mimics of tumor antigens, elicit increased numbers of T cells that crossreact with the native tumor antigen, resulting in potent antitumor responses. Unfortunately, mimotopes may also elicit cells that do not crossreact or have low affinity for tumor antigen. We previously showed that one such mimotope of the dominant MHC class I tumor antigen of a mouse colon carcinoma cell line stimulates a tumor-specific T-cell clone and elicits antigen-specific cells in vivo, yet protects poorly against tumor growth. We hypothesized that boosting the mimotope vaccine with the native tumor antigen would focus the T-cell response elicited by the mimotope toward high affinity, tumor-specific T cells. We show that priming T cells with the mimotope, followed by a native tumor-antigen boost, improves tumor immunity compared with T cells elicited by the same prime with a mimotope boost. Our data suggest that the improved tumor immunity results from the expansion of mimotope-elicited tumor-specific T cells that have increased avidity for the tumor antigen. The enhanced T cells are phenotypically distinct and enriched for T-cell receptors previously correlated with improved antitumor immunity. These results suggest that incorporation of native antigen into clinical mimotope vaccine regimens may improve the efficacy of antitumor T-cell responses. Cancer Res; 73(1); 74–85. ©2012 AACR.
TRANSITORY APPEARANCE OF TYPE 2 NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH TYPE 1 POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Albert B. Sabin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1952)

Neutralizing antibodies for Type 2 (Lansing) poliomyelitis virus were tested periodically in a group of 18 patients from whom Type 1 poliomyelitis virus was recovered. Data for homotypic neutralizing antibodies and Type 2 complement-fixing antibodies were also available on the majority of these patients. The results indicated that Type 2 neutralizing antibodies first appeared or significantly increased in titer in 11 of the 18 patients during the first 2 to 4 weeks after onset. In most patients the Type 2 neutralizing antibody either completely disappeared at 3 months (in one patient between 2 and 4 weeks) or dropped in titer, while the Type 1 or homotypic antibody persisted in high titer. These results are interpreted as indicating that the Type 1 and Type 2 poliomyelitis viruses share a common antigen, and that the heterotypic anti-body response is transitory while the homotypic neutralizing antibody persists for a longer time.
Diagnosis and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in ALI/ARDS patients
Authors: J‐Y. Fagon, J. Chastre
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2003)

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common complication of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or acute lung injury (ALI), often leading to the development of sepsis, multiple organ failure, and death. However, the diagnosis of pulmonary infection in patients with ARDS/ALI is often difficult: the systemic signs of infection, such as fever, tachycardia, leukocytosis are nonspecific findings in such patients; a variety of causes other than pneumonia can explain asymmetric consolidation in patients with ARDS and marked asymmetry of radiographic abnormalities has also been reported in patients with uncomplicated ARDS. In 2003, physicians in charge of these patients have to identify patients with true bacterial lung infection, to select appropriate initial antibiotic therapy, to adjust therapy as soon as possible, and to withhold antibiotics in patients without VAP. To do that, a bacteriological strategy based on the use of quantitative cultures of specimen obtained with fibreoptic bronchoscopy performed before initiation or modification of antibiotic treatment seems better than a strategy based on clinical evaluation alone, lowering antibiotic consumption and improving outcome. When bronchoscopy is not available or contraindicated, a nonbronchoscopic strategy or a clinical strategy with re-evaluation 3 days after initiation of treatment may be used. Antimicrobial treatment of VAP is a complex issue. Some general principles can be helpful for the selection of initial treatment: knowledge of most frequently identified responsible pathogens and their susceptibility patterns in the unit; prior duration of hospitalisation; previously prescribed antibiotics; information obtained by direct examination of pulmonary secretions; antibacterial activity and pharmacodynamic characteristics of antibiotics that could be used to treat this infection. Appropriateness of initial antimicrobial therapy is probably a major prognostic factor for patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Thus, before new antiboitics are administered, reliable pulmonary specimens must be obtained for direct examination and cultures.
A multicenter randomized trial comparing five different types of slotted-tube stents
Authors: J. Hausleiter, J. Dirschinger, H. Schühlen, W. Giehrl, H. Walter, J. Pache, S. Elezi, A. Wehinger, P. Boekstegers, G. Steinbeck, A. Schömig
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Long-term Risk of Emphysema in Patients with Farmer's Lung and Matched Control Farmers
Authors: RIITTA ERKINJUNTTI-PEKKANEN, HANNU RYTKÖNEN, JOUKO I. KOKKARINEN, HANNU O. TUKIAINEN, KAARINA PARTANEN, ERKKI O. TERHO
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

We evaluated the long-term outcome of farmer's lung (FL) patients and matched control farmers using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). The study population consisted of 88 FL patients and 83 control farmers, matched by age, sex, and smoking habits. The mean time after the first diagnosed episode of FL was 14 yr. The great majority, 82%, of the studied subjects were nonsmokers. Clinical studies included HRCT, spirometry, and pulmonary diffusing capacity. Emphysema was found significantly more often (23%) in FL patients than in control farmers (7%) (p = 0.006). The presence of emphysema was 18% in nonsmoking and 44% in smoking FL patients, the respective values being 4% and 20% in control farmers. Patients with recurrent attacks of FL tended to have emphysema more often (p = 0. 08) than patients who had experienced only a single attack. Fibrosis was observed in 17% of the FL patients and in 10% of the control farmers (p = 0.2). Miliary changes were found in 12% of the FL patients compared with 4% of the control farmers (p = 0.07). Both emphysematous and fibrotic but not miliary changes correlated significantly with impaired pulmonary function. In conclusion, farmer's lung disease seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing emphysema.
Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Community Sample of Low-Income Pregnant Women
Authors: Megan V. Smith, Karalee Poschman, Mary A. Cavaleri, Heather B. Howell, Kimberly A. Yonkers
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2006)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a community sample of low-income pregnant women who met the DSM–IV diagnostic criteria for the disorder. Method: Pregnant women (N=948) were screened for trauma, PTSD, depression, and co-occurring illicit substance use. PTSD symptoms were compared in traumatized pregnant women and a sample of nonpregnant traumatized women from the National Comorbidity Survey. Results: Suicidal thoughts and a high degree of psychiatric comorbidity were common in pregnant women with PTSD. Pregnant women were selectively and significantly less likely to endorse reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD (29.5%, N=82), compared to nonpregnant women (79.4%, N=464). Conclusions: PTSD in pregnancy was associated with comorbidity, poor health behaviors, and lower recall of memory-related PTSD symptoms. Further prospective study is needed.
Glutathione S-transferase genotype increases risk of progression from bronchial hyperresponsiveness to asthma in adults
Authors: M Imboden, T Rochat, M Brutsche, C Schindler, S H Downs, M W Gerbase, W Berger, N M Probst-Hensch
Journal: Thorax (2007)

<h3>Background:</h3> Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and variation in glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes have been associated with asthma risk. The relationship of these two risk factors with adult onset asthma in the general population was investigated. <h3>Methods:</h3> <i>GSTP1</i> Ile105Val single nucleotide polymorphism and <i>GSTM1</i> and <i>GSTT1</i> gene deletion polymorphisms were genotyped in the population-representative SAPALDIA cohort. BHR was assessed at baseline by methacholine challenge and defined as a fall of ⩾20% in forced expiratory volume in 1 s. Independent effects of GST polymorphisms and BHR on new onset of asthma after 11 years of follow-up were estimated by multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusting for relevant baseline measures. Effect modification was assessed by including interaction terms in the model. <h3>Results:</h3> Among 4426 asthma-free participants at baseline, 14% had BHR. At follow-up, 3.3% reported new onset of physician-diagnosed asthma. BHR (p&lt;0.001) and <i>GSTP1</i> Ile105Val genotype (p = 0.005) were independently associated with incident asthma, but no association was seen for <i>GSTT1</i> and <i>GSTM1</i> gene deletion polymorphisms. Among subjects free of respiratory symptoms at baseline, the effect of BHR on the risk of physician-diagnosed asthma at follow-up was restricted to <i>GSTP1</i> 105 Ile/Ile carriers (OR 4.57, 95% CI 2.43 to 8.57 vs 1.40, 95% CI 0.58 to 3.39; p for interaction = 0.023). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> If confirmed by independent studies, our results suggest that <i>GSTP1</i> Ile105Val genotype strongly determines the progression of BHR to physician-diagnosed asthma in the general population.
Authors’ response to: Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in small airways of COPD patient
Authors: Javier Milara, Teresa Peiró, Adela Serrano, Julio Cortijo
Journal: Thorax (2013)

We understand the reservations highlighted by Sohal and Walters in their letter in response to our recent work published.1

In their letter, Sohal and Walters argue that E-cadherin and ZO-1 are absent in our immunohistochemistry analysis of small bronchi of smokers and COPD patients, and that if disappeared completely epithelium would fall apart.1 In our study, we detected downregulation of E-cadherin and ZO-1 as well as a change of intercellular and apical distribution to diffuse cytoplasmic redistribution (figure 3B; in our work published in Thorax on 7 January 2013),2 but not …
Molecular Pathways: Involving Microenvironment Damage Responses in Cancer Therapy Resistance
Authors: Yu Sun, Peter S. Nelson
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The armamentarium of therapeutics used to treat cancer patients relies heavily on ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs that severely damage DNA. Tumor cells' responses to such treatments are heavily influenced by their environment: Physical contacts with structural elements such as the extracellular matrix, associations with resident and transitory benign cells such as fibroblasts and leukocytes, and interactions with numerous soluble endocrine and paracrine-acting factors all modulate tumor-cell behavior. Of importance, this complex tumor microenvironment is not static and dynamically responds to a variety of stimuli. Here, we describe emerging data indicating that genotoxic cancer treatments activate highly conserved damage response programs in benign constituents of the tumor microenvironment. These damage signals, transmitted via master regulators such as NF-κB, culminate in a powerful and diverse secretory program that generates a proangiogenic, proinflammatory microenvironment. Constituents of this program include interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, hepatocyte growth factor, amphiregulin, matrix metalloproteinases, and other factors that have been shown to promote adverse tumor-cell phenotypes, such as enhanced resistance to treatment and rapid tumor repopulation. A detailed understanding of these survival signals induced in the context of genotoxic stress provides a platform for developing combinatorial treatment strategies that take into account malignant cells, the tumor microenvironment, and the dynamics exerted by the treatment itself. Clin Cancer Res; 18(15); 4019–25. ©2012 AACR.
Plasma Homocysteine and Cysteine and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women
Authors: Jennifer Lin, I-Min Lee, Yiqing Song, Nancy R. Cook, Jacob Selhub, JoAnn E. Manson, Julie E. Buring, Shumin M. Zhang
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Homocysteine and cysteine are associated with oxidative damage and metabolic disorders, which may lead to carcinogenesis. Observational studies assessing the association between circulating homocysteine or cysteine and breast cancer are very limited, and findings have been inconsistent. We prospectively evaluated plasma levels of homocysteine and cysteine in relation to breast cancer risk among 812 incident cases of invasive breast cancer and 812 individually matched control subjects from 28,345 women in the Women's Health Study; these women were >or=45 years old, provided blood samples, and had no history of cancer and cardiovascular disease at baseline. Logistic regression controlling for matching factors and risk factors for breast cancer was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). All statistical tests were two sided. Homocysteine levels were not associated with overall risk for breast cancer. However, we observed a positive association between cysteine levels and breast cancer risk; the multivariate RR for the highest quintile group relative to the lowest quintile was 1.65 (95% CI, 1.04-2.61; P for trend = 0.04). In addition, women with higher levels of homocysteine and cysteine were at a greater risk for developing breast cancer when their folate levels were low (P for interaction = 0.04 and 0.002, respectively). Although our study offers little support for an association between circulating homocysteine and overall breast cancer risk, higher homocysteine levels may be associated with an increased risk for breast cancer among women with low folate status. The increased risk of breast cancer associated with high cysteine levels warrants further investigation.
Antagonism of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors by FTY720 Inhibits Angiogenesis and Tumor Vascularization
Authors: Kenneth LaMontagne, Amanda Littlewood-Evans, Christian Schnell, Terence O'Reilly, Lorenza Wyder, Teresa Sanchez, Beatrice Probst, Jeannene Butler, Alexander Wood, Gene Liau, Eric Billy, Andreas Theuer, Timothy Hla, Jeanette Wood
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract FTY720, a potent immunomodulator, becomes phosphorylated in vivo (FTY-P) and interacts with sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. Recent studies showed that FTY-P affects vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–induced vascular permeability, an important aspect of angiogenesis. We show here that FTY720 has antiangiogenic activity, potently abrogating VEGF- and S1P-induced angiogenesis in vivo in growth factor implant and corneal models. FTY720 administration tended to inhibit primary and significantly inhibited metastatic tumor growth in a mouse model of melanoma growth. In combination with a VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584, FTY720 showed some additional benefit. FTY720 markedly inhibited tumor-associated angiogenesis, and this was accompanied by decreased tumor cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. In transfected HEK293 cells, FTY-P internalized S1P1 receptors, inhibited their recycling to the cell surface, and desensitized S1P receptor function. Both FTY720 and FTY-P apparently failed to impede VEGF-produced increases in mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC), and unlike its activity in causing S1PR internalization, FTY-P did not result in a decrease of surface VEGFR2 levels in HUVEC cells. Pretreatment with FTY720 or FTY-P prevented S1P-induced Ca2+ mobilization and migration in vascular endothelial cells. These data show that functional antagonism of vascular S1P receptors by FTY720 potently inhibits angiogenesis; therefore, this may provide a novel therapeutic approach for pathologic conditions with dysregulated angiogenesis. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(1): 221-31)