tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Failure to Demonstrate Circulating Antibody to Alcoholic Brain Extracts in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: I. Macleod, A. R. Ridley, C. Smith, E. J. Field
Journal: BMJ (1962)

Since Sachs and Steiner (1934) claimed to have demonstrated complement-fixing antibodies to brain in the serum of multiple-sclerosis patients, attempts to confirm and extend their findings have resulted in sharply divided conclusions. Some have agreed, culminating in the report by Raskin (1955), who has reported almost double their percentage of positives ; others, however, have not been able to find such antibodies at all. To decide between these conflicting observations is obviously important in the study of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, especially since a humoral myelotoxic factor has recently been described in serum from animals with experimental allergic encephalitis (Bornstein and Appel, 1959). The present work was originally planned to follow the method of Raskin (1955), who has reported the greatest success, but this was quickly found to lead to technical difficulties in that results, both positive and negative, were not reproducible. Use of completely fresh (unfrozen) sera did not remove these inconsis tencies, and a detailed examination of the methods used by various authors was therefore made. As a result we believe that, to a considerable degree, discrepancies can be traced to variations in technical method ; of these, differences in the amount of complement used is the most important. Materials
Apoptotic Cells Promote Their Own Clearance and Immune Tolerance through Activation of the Nuclear Receptor LXR
Authors: Noelia A-Gonzalez, Steven J. Bensinger, Cynthia Hong, Susana Beceiro, Michelle N. Bradley, Noam Zelcer, Jose Deniz, Cristina Ramirez, Mercedes Díaz, German Gallardo, Carlos Ruiz de Galarreta, Jon Salazar, Felix Lopez, Peter Edwards, John Parks, Miguel Andujar, Peter Tontonoz, Antonio Castrillo
Journal: Immunity (2009)
Contraction and relaxation of isolated cardiac myocytes of the frog under varying mechanical loads.
Authors: S S Parikh, S Z Zou, L Tung
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

The mechanics of cardiac systole and relaxation have been studied primarily at the level of the whole heart or intact muscle. End-systolic pressure-volume relations of frog hearts have been found to be load dependent, whereas those of the mammal are relatively load independent. On the other hand, myocardial relaxation as studied at the muscle level is load independent in the frog but markedly load dependent in the mammal. Interpretation of these studies is complicated because of the unknown contribution of extracellular connective tissue, neurohumoral factors, and, in the case of the heart, the complex chamber geometry. Therefore, it is valuable to study cardiac mechanics at the level of the basic unit of contractile activity--the isolated myocyte. The goal of this study was to subject isolated frog cardiomyocytes to mechanical loading paradigms that mimic those presented to the cells within the heart. In the first part of this study, the afterload and preload of contracting cells were varied to study their effects on the end-systolic force-length relation, which was consistently found to be load independent over the range of isotonic shortening tested (typically 5%). We also investigated the force-length-time response of the cells to test the concept of the heart behaving as a time-varying elastance. Our results suggest that in this regard the frog myocyte behaves like mammalian muscle, and they are consistent with the presence of a small viscosity within the cell. We conclude that the tissue structure of the frog heart may contribute to disparity in mechanical behavior at the different structural levels. In the second part of this study, we subjected isolated frog cardiomyocytes to four different loading paradigms to test the hypothesis that myocardial relaxation in the frog is independent of load. These sequences consisted of afterloaded contractions followed by conventional isotonic-isometric relaxation (ACCR) or afterloaded contractions followed by physiologically reversed isometric-isotonic relaxation (ACPR). Relaxation was measured under isometric conditions using a variable afterload with either the ACCR or ACPR paradigms. The decay of force was independent of the cell length at which it occurred or the amount of shortening prior to it within the contractile cycle. Relaxation also was measured as relengthening of the cell under isotonic late-load conditions, using the ACPR paradigm either with a variable afterload or variable late load. Relengthening had a time course that was unaffected by changes in afterload (i.e., extents of shortening) or late load (equivalent to the filling pressure for the heart).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
IRON IN ANEMIA
Authors: George H. Whipple
Journal: JAMA (1926)

To the Editor:  —I always read the editorials inThe Journalwith interest and consider them of great value to the profession. In an editorial, Oct. 10, 1925, on iron in therapeutics, the impression is left with the reader that iron is of no value in anemia. I may have been guilty at an earlier time, but recently ( Am. J. Physiol.  72 :395 [May] 1925) Robscheit-Robbins and I furnished experimental data indicating that severe prolonged anemia due to hemorrhage may so deplete the iron reserve of the body that inorganic iron may be potent. My earlier experiments, like those of Drs. Williamson and Ets, were concerned with short period anemia experiments due to a few bleedings. Under these conditions, iron gives no evidence of beneficial results. These findings on dogs have been confirmed by many other workers using dogs and other animals. The paper of Williamson and Ets is the
WALL SHEAR STRESS AS A DETERMINATE FOR CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE DISTRIBUTION, COMPOSITION AND REMODELING AS ASSESSED BY INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND AND RADIOFREQUENCY TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION IN HUMANS IN VIVO
Authors: Holger Hetterich, Ahmad Ibrahim, Moritz Gehring, Tobias Potzger, Thomas Redel, Volker Klauss, Johannes Rieber
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Acute kidney injury and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: evaluation of the RIFLE criteria in an acutely ill heart failure population
Authors: Noritake Hata, Shinya Yokoyama, Takuro Shinada, Nobuaki Kobayashi, Akihiro Shirakabe, Kazunori Tomita, Mitsunobu Kitamura, Osamu Kurihara, Yasuhiro Takahashi
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2009)
A Rapid, Direct, Quantitative, and Label‐Free Detector of Cardiac Biomarker Troponin T Using Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Sensors
Authors: Jingqing Zhang, Sebastian Kruss, Andrew J. Hilmer, Steven Shimizu, Zeke Schmois, Flor De La Cruz, Paul W. Barone, Nigel F. Reuel, Daniel A. Heller, Michael S. Strano
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2013)

Patients with chest pain account for 10% of US emergency room visits according to data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). For triage of these patients, cardiac biomarkers troponin I and T are endorsed as standard indicators for acute myocardial infarction (AMI, or heart attack). Thus, there is significant interest in developing a rapid, point‐of‐care (POC) device for troponin detection. In this work, a rapid, quantitative, and label‐free assay, which is specific for cardiac troponin T (cTnT) detection, using fluorescent single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), is demonstrated. Chitosan‐wrapped carbon nanotubes are cross‐linked to form a thin gel that is further functionalized with nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) moieties. Upon chelation of Ni 2+ , the Ni 2+ ‐NTA group binds to a hexa‐histidine‐modified troponin antibody, which specifically recognizes the target protein, troponin T. As the troponin T binds to the antibody, the local environment of the sensor changes, allowing direct troponin detection through intensity changes in SWCNT bandgap fluorescence. This platform represents the first near‐infrared SWCNT sensor array for cTnT detection. Detection can be completed within 5 min, demonstrating a linear response to cTnT concentration and an experimental detection limit of 100 ng mL −1 (2.5 n m ). This platform provides a promising new tool for POC AMI detection in the future. Moreover, the work presents two new methods of quantifying the number of amines and carboxylic groups, respectively, in a carbon hydrogel matrices.
Autoaggressive myocytotoxic T lymphocytes expressing an unusual gamma/delta T cell receptor.
Authors: G Pluschke, D Rüegg, R Hohlfeld, A G Engel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

Polymyositis mediated by gamma/delta T cells is a unique disease in which autoaggressive T lymphocytes surround, invade, and destroy muscle fibers. Histochemically, the vast majority of muscle-infiltrating T cells in a patient with polymyositis were reactive with a pan-gamma/delta T cell receptor (TCR)-specific monoclonal antibody (TCR-delta 1+), but unlike &amp;gt; 90% of peripheral blood gamma/delta T cells, these lymphocytes did not react with V delta 1- or V gamma 9-specific antibodies (A13- and Ti gamma A-, respectively). Differential reactivity with two different V delta 2-specific monoclonal antibodies (BB3-/TiV-delta 2+) indicated that the infiltrating T cells express a V delta 2-containing TCR with unusual additional structural features. Using conventional and anchored polymerase chain reaction for the analysis of TCR transcripts, we found a striking predominance of one unusual V delta 2-J delta 3 recombination and one V gamma 3-J gamma 1 recombination. Both the unusual phenotype (TCR-delta 1+/A13-/Ti gamma A-/BB3-/TiV-delta 2+) and the dominance of distinct TCR transcripts are compatible with the assumption that one T cell clone, which expresses a V gamma 3-J gamma 1-C gamma 2/V delta 2-J delta 3-C delta disulfide-linked TCR, dominates among the infiltrating T cells of the polymyositis muscle specimen analyzed.
A 52-week randomized safety study of a calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate two-compound product (Dovobet<sup>®</sup> /Daivobet<sup>®</sup> /Taclonex<sup>®</sup> ) in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris
Authors: K. Kragballe, J. Austad, L. Barnes, A. Bibby, M. De La Brassinne, F. Cambazard, C. Fleming, H. Heikkilä, D. Jolliffe, J. Peyri, Å. Svensson, J. Toole, G. Wozel
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Background The calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate two-compound product Dovobet®/Daivobet®/Taclonex®(LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark) has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of psoriasis for up to 8 weeks. As psoriasis is a chronic disease, long-term treatment may be required, so there is a need to investigate the safety of its use over a longer period of time. Objectives To investigate the safety of two treatment regimens involving use of the two-compound product over 52 weeks in the treatment of patients with psoriasis. Methods Patients (n = 634) were randomized double-blind to treatment with: (i) 52 weeks of the two-compound product (two-compound group); (ii) 52 weeks of alternating 4-week periods of the two-compound product and calcipotriol (alternating group); or (iii) 4 weeks of the two-compound product followed by 48 weeks of calcipotriol (calcipotriol group). Treatments in all groups were used once daily when required. Results Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurred in 45 (21·7%) patients in the two-compound group, 63 (29·6%) in the alternating group and 78 (37·9%) in the calcipotriol group. The odds ratio for an ADR in the two-compound group relative to the calcipotriol group was 0·46 (95% confidence interval 0·30–0·70; P < 0·001). ADRs of concern associated with long-term topical corticosteroid use occurred in 10 (4·8%) patients in the two-compound group, six (2·8%) in the alternating group and six (2·9%) in the calcipotriol group; those with the highest incidence were skin atrophy, occurring in four (1·9%), one (0·5%) and two (1·0%) patients, respectively, and folliculitis, in three (1·4%), one (0·5%) and no patients, respectively. Conclusions Treatment with the two-compound product for up to 52 weeks appears to be safe and well tolerated whether used on its own or alternating every 4 weeks with calcipotriol treatment.
Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Intracranial Disease
Authors: LEON A. WEISBERG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

The introduction of computed tomography has revolutionized neurodiagnosis. This diagnostic procedure makes it possible to define intracranial anatomy by visualizing structures of different radiodensities. Computed tomography may detect and define the underlying pathologic processes more directly than is possible with other diagnostic procedures and has reduced the need for invasive contrast procedures.
Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxins during combustion, electrical equipment fires and PCB incineration.
Authors: O Hutzinger, G G Choudhry, B G Chittim, L E Johnston
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are likely formed by thermal synthesis of a variety of primary precursors. Highest levels of these compounds are expected, however, when the starting material requires only one or two reaction steps for their formation, as is the case with chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Laboratory pyrolyses have indeed shown that PCBs give significant yields of PCDFs, and chlorobenzenes give both PCDFs and PCDDs. In addition, a variety of other chloroaromatic compounds are formed. From these experiments and from accidents involving PCB fires, it is known that PCDFs are the most important toxic compounds associated with PCBs. Most commercial PCBs contain PCDFs in the low ppm range. PCDF concentration does not increase during normal operation in electrical equipment. Accidents (fires and explosions) involving PCBs can give PCDF levels in soot of up to 1000 ppm and higher. Effective thermal destruction of PCB is possible in modern incineration units, provided high temperatures, excess air and sufficient residence times are used. Exact figures for minimum temperature and residence time cannot be given, since feedstock and incinerator construction greatly influence destruction efficiency. Effluents from EPA-licensed incinerators used for PCB destruction contain only very low levels of PCDDs and PCDFs.
Manpower Requirements in Radiology-Reply
Authors: Jerald M. Katzoff
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> The letter from Dr Dodd summarizes a longer article (his reference 2) representing the views of the ACR. Dr Dodd believes that the supply of radiologists was seriously overestimated by GMENAC. As noted in the earlier article, the supply for the specialties was not specifically reconsidered by the follow-up study, which limited itself to determining the needs for the six specialties not previously fully considered by GMENAC. Thus, the letter is directed more toward the original GMENAC effort than the specific publication on the six specialties. However, there are four apparent reasons for the differences between the ACR and GMENAC estimates of supply. First, there is a major difference in defining who is a radiologist. The ACR projections utilize only the numbers of board-certified radiologists; GMENAC supply figures were based on self-declared specialty. Board certification and self-declared specialty are clearly not equal, and there are more who self-declare
Mental Health Challenges in Postwar Kosova
Authors: Ferid Agani
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees-as somebody who, "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country." 1 Recent estimates suggest that there are approximately 50 million displaced persons worldwide, including internally displaced persons (who have not crossed international borders) and refugees. 2 Health care professionals engage with these populations in numerous ways, ranging from personal, clinical encounters with refugee patients to participation in international medical interventions.Good intentions and sound medical knowledge, however, are not sufficient to provide the health care required by this community of patients.With their history of displacement, persecution, fragmentation of cultural and familial structures, and violation of human rights, displaced persons have a more complicated biopsychosocial profile than most patients in the United States. 3 By becoming more aware of the various issues that affect members of displaced communities, health care providers may become better at confronting their acute and long-term health problems.Furthermore, the health care issues that apply to these populations may also apply to others who do not exactly fit the United Nations definition.Illegal residents or immigrants, those who have been internally displaced, and asylees who do not yet have official refugee status, for example, may benefit from the approaches and perspectives described for refugees.This issue of MS JAMA examines the special problems faced by refugees and displaced persons.Richard Mollica provides a model for how to incorporate the patient's trauma story into the primary care medical interview, so that this essential part of this story is not missed.Health care professionals must take into account the complicated perspectives of culture, human rights, and the ethical problems of international intervention.Stevan Weine proposes a more active engagement with the ramifications of culture in health care interventions, particularly as it pertains to the patient's family and local physicians.Alejandro Moreno and colleagues review the epidemiology of human rights violations in displaced populations and suggest how these might be addressed through the education of physicians and an awareness of human rights violations in the clinical encounter.Gina Jae interviews Philip Gourevitch, the author of We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families, a powerful and critical analysis of the genocide and refugee crises in Rwanda in 1994.Ferid Agani examines the mental health system of Kosova after the war and NATO interventions of 1999, focusing on the importance of recognizing local institutions in the rebuilding that goes on after such crises.
WHO resists food industry pressure on its diet plan
Authors: Fiona Fleck
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The final draft of a global plan on how governments can help millions of people avoid chronic disease through diet and exercise has not been watered down under industry pressure, the World Health Organization said.

In 2002, WHO member states asked the organisation to come up with a plan to help them combat the growing burden of non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancers, and obesity related conditions. These diseases together account for about 60% of deaths globally—most of them in the developing world.

WHO's global strategy on diet, physical activity, …
Non-communicable diseases pose rising threat to poor nations
Authors: John Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Cancer, diabetes, obesity, and heart disease: chronic illnesses in rich countries are also going to be the main cause of death in poor developing nations by 2015, a World Bank report has warned.

The report says that 56% of all deaths in poor countries are currently caused by non-communicable diseases (NCD) but adds that they are projected to “increase rapidly” in the years ahead.

Non-communicable diseases, it says, “account for 46 per cent of the disease burden measures in disability adjusted life years in low and middle income countries, and large increases in NCD-related adjusted years are projected for the future.”

The report says that the appropriate policy response is to try to prevent as much of these diseases as possible, through public …
F-18 FDG PET/CT in the Diagnosis of Fever of Unknown Origin
Authors: Hans Balink, James Collins, George Bruyn, Filip Gemmel
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

Methods: The utility of Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT in identifying the causal source was assessed in this retrospective study. A total of 68 patients (33 men, 35 women; age range, 23–91 years) with fever of unknown origin (FUO) underwent a positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan. PET/CT was considered helpful when abnormal results allowed an accurate diagnosis, based on histopathology, microbiologic assays, or clinical and imaging follow-up. Results: PET/CT demonstrated suspected pathologic foci of Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) uptake in 41 patients (60%), in 38 of these 41 patients (93%) F-18 FDG PET/CT helped in identifying the causal source, including infection in 25 patients, inflammation in 11 patients, a benign neoplasm in 1 patient, and in 1 patient rejection of a pancreas transplant. In 27 negative F-18 FDG PET/CT studies, no focal pathologic disease was diagnosed in the follow-up. In 6 of these 27 patients, a systemic disease without a focal manifestation was the cause for FUO. In the remaining 21 patients, fever and other signs subsided during follow-up. Conclusion: Overall 56% of the F-18 FDG PET/CT studies contributed in the identification of the source in patients with FUO, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (positive predictive value 93%). When systemic diseases are excluded F18-FDG PET/CT has a high negative predictive value for focal etiologies of FUO (negative predictive value 100%).
Genome-wide microRNA and messenger RNA profiling in rodent liver development implicates mir302b and mir20a in repressing transforming growth factor-beta signaling
Authors: Wei Wei, Juan Hou, Olivia Alder, Xin Ye, Sam Lee, Rebecca Cullum, Andy Chu, Yongjun Zhao, Stephanie M. Warner, Darryl A. Knight, Decheng Yang, Steven J.M. Jones, Marco A. Marra, Pamela A. Hoodless
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recently discovered small RNA molecules that regulate developmental processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis; however, the identity of miRNAs and their functions during liver development are largely unknown. Here we investigated the miRNA and gene expression profiles for embryonic day (E)8.5 endoderm, E14.5 Dlk1+ liver cells (hepatoblasts), and adult liver by employing Illumina sequencing. We found that miRNAs were abundantly expressed at all three stages. Using K-means clustering analysis, 13 miRNA clusters with distinct temporal expression patterns were identified. mir302b, an endoderm-enriched miRNA, was identified as an miRNA whose predicted targets are expressed highly in E14.5 hepatoblasts but low in the endoderm. We validated the expression of mir302b in the endoderm by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Interestingly, mir20a, the most highly expressed miRNA in the endoderm library, was also predicted to regulate some of the same targets as mir302b. We found that through targeting Tgfbr2 , mir302b and mir20a are able to regulate transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signal transduction. Moreover, mir302b can repress liver markers in an embryonic stem cell differentiation model. Collectively, we uncovered dynamic patterns of individual miRNAs during liver development, as well as miRNA networks that could be essential for the specification and differentiation of liver progenitors.