tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects on pregnancy outcome of changing partner between first two births: prospective population study
Authors: L. J Vatten
Journal: BMJ (2003)

To compare the effects on pregnancy outcomes of changing partner between the first two births with having the same partner for both births.Prospective population study.Norway.31 683 women who changed partner between their first two births and 456 458 women with the same partner for both births.After adjustment for maternal age and education, interval between births, and decade of birth, the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes for the second birth was higher for women who changed partner between the first two births compared with those who had the same partner for both births: preterm birth (< 37 weeks; relative risk 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 2.1), low birth weight (< 2500 g; 2.5, 2.3 to 2.6), and infant mortality (1.8, 1.6 to 2.1). For the first birth, the risk of these adverse pregnancy outcomes was only slightly higher for mothers who subsequently had a second birth with another partner.Women who change partner between their first two births are at an increased risk of delivering a preterm, low birthweight baby with an increased risk of infant mortality compared with women who have the same partner for both births.
Management of Hyperglycemic Crises in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Abbas E. Kitabchi, Guillermo E. Umpierrez, Mary Beth Murphy, Eugene J. Barrett, Robert A. Kreisberg, John I. Malone, Barry M. Wall
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are two of the most serious acute complications of diabetes. These hyperglycemic emergencies continue to be important causes of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes in spite of major advances in the understanding of their pathogenesis and more uniform agreement about their diagnosis and treatment. The annual incidence rate for DKA estimated from population-based studies ranges from 4.6 to 8 episodes per 1,000 patients with diabetes (1,2), and in more recent epidemiological studies in the U.S., it was estimated that hospitalizations for DKA during the past two decades are increasing (3). Currently, DKA appears in 4-9% of all hospital discharge summaries among patients with diabetes (4,5). The incidence of HHS is difficult to determine because of the lack of population-based studies and the multiple combined illnesses often found in these patients. In general, it is estimated that the rate of hospital admissions due to HHS is lower than the rate due to DKA and accounts for <1% of all primary diabetic admissions (4,5,6).

Treatment of patients with DKA and HHS uses significant health care resources, which increases health care costs. In 1983, the cost of hospitalization for DKA in Rhode Island for 1 year was estimated to be $225 million (2). It was recently reported that treatment of DKA episodes represents more than one of every four health care dollars spent on direct medical care for adult patients with type 1 diabetes and for one of every two dollars in those patients experiencing multiple episodes of ketoacidosis (7). Based on an annual average of ∼100,000 hospitalizations for DKA in the U.S. (4) and estimated annual mean medical care charges of ∼$13,000 per patient experiencing a DKA episode (7), the annual hospital cost for patients …
Visualizing Implanted Tumors in Mice with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Magnetotactic Bacteria
Authors: Michael R. Benoit, Dirk Mayer, Yoram Barak, Ian Y. Chen, Wei Hu, Zhen Cheng, Shan X. Wang, Daniel M. Spielman, Sanjiv S. Gambhir, A. Matin
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: To determine if magnetotactic bacteria can target tumors in mice and provide positive contrast for visualization using magnetic resonance imaging. Experimental Design: The ability of the magnetotactic bacterium, Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 (referred to from here as AMB-1), to confer positive magnetic resonance imaging contrast was determined in vitro and in vivo. For the latter studies, AMB-1 were injected either i.t. or i.v. Bacterial growth conditions were manipulated to produce small (∼25-nm diameter) magnetite particles, which were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Tumor targeting was confirmed using 64Cu-labeled bacteria and positron emission tomography and by determination of viable cell counts recovered from different organs and the tumor. Results: We show that AMB-1 bacteria with small magnetite particles generate T1-weighted positive contrast, enhancing in vivo visualization by magnetic resonance imaging. Following i.v. injection of 64Cu-labeled AMB-1, positron emission tomography imaging revealed increasing colonization of tumors and decreasing infection of organs after 4 hours. Viable cell counts showed that, by day 6, the bacteria had colonized tumors but were cleared completely from other organs. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 1.22-fold (P = 0.003) increased positive contrast in tumors on day 2 and a 1.39-fold increase (P = 0.0007) on day 6. Conclusion: Magnetotactic bacteria can produce positive magnetic resonance imaging contrast and colonize mouse tumor xenografts, providing a potential tool for improved magnetic resonance imaging visualization in preclinical and translational studies to track cancer. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(16):5170–7)
Hepatitis C virus infection and alanine transaminase levels in the general population: a survey in a southern Italian town
Authors: Giuseppe Maio, Paolo D'Argenio, Tommaso Stroffolini, Alessandro Bozza, Lea Sacco, Maria Elena Tosti, Michele Intorcia, Elena Fossi, Giovanna D'Alessio, Loreta Anesti Kondili, Maria Rapicetta, Alfonso Mele
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2000)
A Prospective Study of Plasma Homocyst(e)ine and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in US Physicians
Authors: Meir J. Stampfer
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To assess prospectively the risk of coronary heart disease associated with elevated plasma levels of homocyst(e)ine.Nested case-control study using prospectively collected blood samples.Participants in the Physicians' Health Study.A total of 14,916 male physicians, aged 40 to 84 years, with no prior myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke provided plasma samples at baseline and were followed up for 5 years. Samples from 271 men who subsequently developed MI were analyzed for homocyst(e)ine levels together with paired controls, matched by age and smoking.Acute MI or death due to coronary disease.Levels of homocyst(e)ine were higher in cases than in controls (11.1 +/- 4.0 [SD] vs 10.5 +/- 2.8 nmol/mL; P = .03). The difference was attributable to an excess of high values among men who later had MIs. The relative risk for the highest 5% vs the bottom 90% of homocyst(e)ine levels was 3.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 6.9; P = .005). After additional adjustment for diabetes, hypertension, aspirin assignment, Quetelet's Index, and total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, this relative risk was 3.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 8.8) (P = .01). Thirteen controls and 31 cases (11%) had values above the 95th percentile of the controls.Moderately high levels of plasma homocyst(e)ine are associated with subsequent risk of MI independent of other coronary risk factors. Because high levels can often be easily treated with vitamin supplements, homocyst(e)ine may be an independent, modifiable risk factor.
Nudging and Informed Consent
Authors: Shlomo Cohen
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2013)

Libertarian paternalism's notion of "nudging" refers to steering individual decision making so as to make choosers better off without breaching their free choice. If successful, this may offer an ideal synthesis between the duty to respect patient autonomy and that of beneficence, which at times favors paternalistic influence. A growing body of literature attempts to assess the merits of nudging in health care. However, this literature deals almost exclusively with health policy, while the question of the potential benefit of nudging for the practice of informed consent has escaped systematic analysis. This article focuses on this question. While it concedes that nudging could amount to improper exploitation of cognitive weaknesses, it defends the practice of nudging in a wide range of other conditions. The conclusion is that, when ethically legitimate, nudging offers an important new paradigm for informed consent, with a special potential to overcome the classical dilemma between paternalistic beneficence and respect for autonomy.
Observations on the Morbid Anatomy, Pathology, and Determining Cause of Emphysema of the Lungs
Authors: A. T. H. Waters
Journal: BMJ (1860)

Ba1'1IE Mrtoml JoCU3r4S OR!GIINAL OJMMtY1tIA?ONL (DrL 29, 18fremedy failed, I succeeded in procuring almost instant relief, by injecting two grains of morphine and a drachm of tincture of assafeatida.These were cases where mental distress appeuaed
IKKβ links vascular inflammation to obesity and atherosclerosis
Authors: Yipeng Sui, Se-Hyung Park, Jinxian Xu, Sébastien Monette, Robert N. Helsley, Seong-Su Han, Changcheng Zhou
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2014)

IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a central coordinator of inflammatory responses through activation of NF-κB, has been implicated in vascular pathologies, but its role in atherogenesis remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that IKKβ functions in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to regulate vascular inflammatory responses and atherosclerosis development. IKKβ deficiency in SMCs driven by a SM22Cre-IKKβ-flox system rendered low density lipoprotein receptor-null mice resistant to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis induced by high-fat feeding. Unexpectedly, IKKβ-deficient mice were also resistant to diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders. Cell lineage analysis revealed that SM22Cre is active in primary adipose stromal vascular cells and deficiency of IKKβ diminished the ability of these cells to differentiate, leading to accumulation of adipocyte precursor cells in adipose tissue. Mechanistically, reduction of IKKβ expression or pharmacological inhibition of IKKβ inhibited proteasome-mediated β-catenin ubiquitination and degradation in murine preadipocytes, resulting in elevated β-catenin levels and impaired adipocyte differentiation. Further, chronic treatment of mice with a potent IKKβ inhibitor decreased adipogenesis and ameliorated diet-induced obesity. Our findings demonstrate a pivotal role of IKKβ in linking vascular inflammation to atherosclerosis and adipose tissue development, and provide evidence for using appropriate IKKβ inhibitors in the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.
THE USE OF HIGH DOSAGE DEPROL IN ALCOHOLIC AND NARCOTIC WITHDRAWAL
Authors: LAURENCE SNOW, KARL RICKELS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1962)

In this case Deprol in dosage as high as 50 tablets daily (20 gm. meprobamate and 50 mg. benactyzine) proved efficacious in alcoholic withdrawal. The authors feel that Deprol in the hands of physicians experienced in its use may prove efficacious in areas where hitherto failures have been reported because of inadequate dosage.
Bungles of Documentation
Authors: Burgess L. Gorden
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Terminology → Nomenclature → Coding → Classification! The relationships of one facet of medical documentation and data handling to another are portrayed sequentially, as above. Similar interrelationships prevail in the fields of fundamental science and business. Accordingly, certain functions include data evaluations as in research, planning, and fiscal compensation. In medicine, the interests encompass determinations of quality of medical care, notably the effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. In the midst of apparent agreement, questions are posed: Are exactitudes altogether essential? Is the insistence on data composition as important to provider as to recipient? If not, why be disturbed when computers—like the Campbells—are coming? For automation per se might resolve intricacies without a touch of the human hand. Whether we cry "Hurray! hurray!" will depend on our faith in deus ex machina.<sup>1</sup> In another light, should we advocate ostrichism—bury our heads in the sand to avoid the challenge of
Concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis and primary carcinoma
Authors: R. B. Berroya, J. W. Polk, P. Raju, A. H. Bailey
Journal: Thorax (1971)

The relationship between chronic pulmonary tuberculosis and primary carcinoma is a purely circumstantial or fortuitous coexistence. Over a period of 14 years, 5,532 new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and 1,218 new cases of primary malignancy of the lungs were admitted to the Missouri State Sanatorium. This report reviews 54 cases of concurrent disease and discusses the attendant difficulties in their diagnosis and treatment. Eighty-three per cent of the cases reviewed were found to be inoperable or non-resectable, indicating the urgent need for early detection. A close surveillance of patients with chronic pulmonary disease, especially those with tuberculosis and histoplasmosis, could improve the outcome of these concurrent lung diseases.
Proteinuria with and without Renal Glomerular Podocyte Effacement
Authors: Raghu Kalluri
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

Renal biopsies of patients with proteinuria and kidney disease most often are associated with podocyte foot process effacement. For several decades, nephrologists have wondered whether proteinuria is a result of podocyte foot process effacement or the cause of it. In the past few years, the author's laboratory has addressed this issue using different mouse models of proteinuria. Although in most cases, podocyte effacement is associated with proteinuria and glomerular disease, in three different mouse models, it was demonstrated that proteinuria can be observed without podocyte foot process effacement. The first model is generated by injection of antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor or soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1. The second model is a mouse with deletion of type IV collagen alpha3 chain in the glomerular basement membrane. The third model was generated by genetic deletion of a slit diaphragm protein known as nephrin. Collectively, these experiments and the supporting evidence from several human studies demonstrate that severe defects in either the glomerular basement membrane or the glomerular endothelium can lead to proteinuria without foot process effacement.
Degradation of Cell-Bound Antibodies by Tumor Cells From C57BL/6 Mice&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Y Keisari, I P Witz
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1978)

A kinetic study of the disappearance of sensitizing antibody from metabolizing EL 4 cells in C57BL/6 mice revealed that this disappearance was at least partly due to the degradation of the antibody into dialyzable products. The degradation took place at 37 degrees C, but not at 4 degrees C, and occurred on or inside the cell. The process was specific inasmuch as only those IgG molecules that could bind to the cells were degraded, whereas unrelated third-party antibodies present in the culture medium remained intact. Although nonmalignant cells also have the capacity to degrade cell-bound antibodies, possibly the degradation of proteinaceous structures on antitumor effector mechanisms is, in part, responsible for decreased antitumor immunity.
Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 1960-98
Authors: J. E Enstrom
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To measure the relation between environmental tobacco smoke, as estimated by smoking in spouses, and long term mortality from tobacco related disease. <b>Design</b> Prospective cohort study covering 39 years. <b>Setting</b> Adult population of California, United States. <b>Participants</b> 118 094 adults enrolled in late 1959 in the American Cancer Society cancer prevention study (CPS I), who were followed until 1998. Particular focus is on the 35 561 never smokers who had a spouse in the study with known smoking habits. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for deaths from coronary heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related to smoking in spouses and active cigarette smoking. <b>Results</b> For participants followed from 1960 until 1998 the age adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval) for never smokers married to ever smokers compared with never smokers married to never smokers was 0.94 (0.85 to 1.05) for coronary heart disease, 0.75 (0.42 to 1.35) for lung cancer, and 1.27 (0.78 to 2.08) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among 9619 men, and 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08), 0.99 (0.72 to 1.37), and 1.13 (0.80 to 1.58), respectively, among 25 942 women. No significant associations were found for current or former exposure to environmental tobacco smoke before or after adjusting for seven confounders and before or after excluding participants with pre-existing disease. No significant associations were found during the shorter follow up periods of 1960-5, 1966-72, 1973-85, and 1973-98. <b>Conclusions</b> The results do not support a causal relation between environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality, although they do not rule out a small effect. The association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and coronary heart disease and lung cancer may be considerably weaker than generally believed.
Comprehensive isokinetic knee measurements and quadriceps tendon evaluations in footballers for assessing functional performance
Authors: L Özçakar, B Kunduracyoolu, A Cetin, B Ülkar, R Guner, Z Hascelik
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

Objectives: To ascertain whether detailed isokinetic knee muscle testing reflects the results of other functional measurements in footballers and to look for any correlations between quadriceps tendon thickness and knee strength. Methods: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the quadriceps tendon (Hitachi EUB-405), isokinetic knee testing (Biodex System 3), and sprint measurements using telemetric photoelectric cells (Chronometre Prosport ESC TX02) were carried out on 29 elite footballers. Jumping capacity was evaluated using Bosco’s jumping mat (Ergojump). Anaerobic fitness was assessed by auricular capillary blood lactate measurements (YSI Model 1500 Sport Lactate Analyzer). Results: Quadriceps tendon thickness correlated positively with jumping and sprint measurements and negatively with extensor and flexor strength. However, these correlations did not reach statistical significance. There were significant correlations between knee extensor strength at 60 °/s and jumping or sprint measurements and between the extension acceleration values of both knees during isokinetic tests at 240 °/s and the sprint measurements. No significant correlation was found between the fatigue ratio values of both knees at 240 °/s and the calculated fatigue ratios from the sprint measurements. Conclusions: Apart from a few variables which correlated with the performance tests, the isokinetic studies did not fully predict the various functional measurements. Neither was there any relation between the quadriceps tendon measurements and the knee strength values nor with the functional performance.
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Gene Expression Analyses Identify a Potential Signature for Tumor Aggressiveness
Authors: Farhad Kosari, Alexander S. Parker, Dagmar Marie Kube, Christine M. Lohse, Bradley C. Leibovich, Michael L. Blute, John C. Cheville, George Vasmatzis
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study was to use gene expression profiling to identify novel biomarkers that are predictive of aggressive behavior in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Experimental Design: Candidate genes were discovered using Human Genome U133 Plus 2 Arrays and validated on independent samples by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Both the discovery and the validation cohorts included nonaggressive primary CCRCC, aggressive primary CCRCC, metastatic CCRCC, and nonneoplastic kidney adjacent to tumor. Results: Aggressive primary and metastatic CCRCC displayed no significant differences in gene expression. In contrast, we identified significant differences in gene expression between nonaggressive and aggressive CCRCC (including metastatic CCRCC). Thirty-four of the 35 transcripts that displayed the most significant differential expression by microarray analysis also displayed significant differential expression in independent validation studies using quantitative RT-PCR (P &amp;lt; 0.001 for 31 candidates and P &amp;lt; 0.005 for the remaining three candidates). Hierarchical clustering of the quantitative RT-PCR data using our candidate markers accurately grouped 88% (23 of 26) of aggressive and metastatic CCRCC samples, 100% (14 of 14) of nonaggressive CCRCC samples, and 100% (15 of 15) of nonneoplastic samples into separate clusters. Finally, we evaluated the ability of protein expression levels of one of our candidate markers (survivin) to predict survival among a cohort of 183 CCRCC patients treated surgically at Mayo Clinic from 1990 to 1992. In multivariate analysis, expression of survivin (BIRC5) was inversely associated with cancer-specific survival (P = 0.017). Conclusion: We used a combination of genomic profiling and validation by quantitative PCR to identify a panel of candidate biomarkers for determining CCRCC aggressiveness. Our data also indicate that the gene expression alterations that result in aggressive behavior and metastatic potential can be identified in the primary tumor.
TRANSGENIC MODELS OF GROWTH HORMONE ACTION
Authors: John J. Kopchick, Linda L. Bellush, Karen T. Coschigano
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1999)

▪ Abstract A growth-promoting principle of the pituitary gland was discovered in 1921, and bovine growth hormone (GH) was isolated in 1944. Since then, the structure of GH as it relates to its biological activities has been an exciting research topic. Equally fascinating is the relationship between GH structure and its metabolic activities. In attempts to define some of these activities, several investigators have used GH transgenic mice as models. In this review we summarize what is known about the molecular mechanisms of GH action. We then describe some of the GH transgenic models and point out potential targets for nutrition research.