tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE ABUSE OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS, ITS RELATION TO PUBLIC HEALTH AND ITS PREVENTION.
Authors: W. BAYARD
Journal: JAMA (1896)

I have selected for discussion the abuse of alcoholic drinks, its relation to public health and its prevention. I emphasize the<i>abuse</i>as I am unwilling to believe that the moderate and proper use of them has relation to public health. It will not be disputed that the abuse of them, with its attendant consequences, disease, insanity, crime, poverty and premature death, is the greatest evil of the age, and that it calls loudly for remedial measures. What those measures shall be has exercised the minds of many. The subject has been discussed in the pulpit and on the platform, some claiming that nothing but coercive and restrictive measures will remedy the evil, while others declare that such measures will aggravate it, both wishing to arrive at the same goal, but differing as to the road; in their enthusiasm, too often ignoring all rights, appealing to passions and prejudices, claiming
A DEFENSE OF THE RECENT GRADUATE
Authors: H. A. McGuigan
Journal: JAMA (1927)

To the Editor:  —It has been my good fortune to attend many of the meetings of the Annual Congress on Medical Education, Medical Licensure and Hospitals. The beneficial influence of these meetings on medical education is generally admitted. The spirit at the last meeting especially was emphatically progressive. There is one item, however, about which the opinion of many of the older and most influential members seems entirely wrong; that is, the relative ability and preparation of the recent and the older graduate to practice medicine. The recent graduate, when he begins practice, is vastly better equipped than the graduate of thirty or forty years ago was after ten or more years of practice, and in most cases is better than the graduate of thirty or more years' experience. This, of course, would not apply to a specialty like surgery, or to practice with a group of older men, which
Carotid Stenosis and Ulcerative Plaque
Authors: Jack P. Whisnant
Journal: JAMA (1982)

To the Editor.—  I have read the account in MEDICAL NEWS by Mr William A. Check, on Carotid Endarterectomy's Value Still Uncertain (1982; 247:1802). This was a report of a study that was done with my colleagues, Drs B. A. Sandok and T. M. Sundt, Jr. Although there are always minor points that might be raised after a reporter presents his understanding of a scientific presentation, on this occasion Mr Check has included one statement that may be highly misleading to readers. In referring to our patients who had carotid endarterectomy, he noted that, None of the stenoses were complicated by ulcerative plaque. That statement was not made in the presentation or in his interview later.  This is a critical point, as a high percentage of severe stenoses of the common and internal carotid arteries are associated with ulceration of the plaque, whether or not it is evident on angiographic
β2-Microglobulin and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in a Low-Incidence Area
Authors: Leonard H. Calabrese
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The study of Zolla-Pazner et al<sup>1</sup>is important in the search for useful clinical tests for diagnosis and management of persons at high risk for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). They have demonstrated that β<sub>2</sub>-microglobulin (β<sub>2</sub>M) is a highly sensitive and specific test for AIDS and AIDS-like illnesses. Furthermore, they have shown it to be of prognostic value with six of seven healthy homosexuals with elevated levels progressing to some form of clinical disease. We would like to draw attention to the fact that sensitivity and specificity data, derived from areas where the incidence and prevalence of clinical and subclinical disease are high, may not be totally relevant in areas with a lower incidence and prevalence of clinical and subclinical disease. The northeastern Ohio area contains approximately 3.5 million people, and as of Jan 1,1984, has reported 15 cases of AIDS. From
A paradigm shift in approach to antimicrobials is needed
Authors: R. L. Puleston
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The focus on antimicrobial resistance highlights the challenges of providing healthcare when antibiotic effectiveness has changed.1 Improved antibiotic stewardship is important, but new agents are also needed, especially to treat inherently resistant organisms ( Acinetobacter baumannii ) and those acquiring new resistance mechanisms ( Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp), yet the pipeline of new antimicrobials is running dry.

Economics explains why few antimicrobials are in …
LITHOLAPAXY; SUCCESSFUL REMOVAL, FROM THE BLADDER OF A MAN 30 YEARS OLD, OF A WILLOW TWIG 7 INCHES LONG, WITH HEAVY INCRUSTATION OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE.
Authors: W. S. FORBES
Journal: JAMA (1896)

In the month of September, 1895, I was called in consultation in Johnstown by Dr. A. N. Wakefield and Dr. F. Shill, to see a man about 30 years of age, who stated that he had gravel. The man showed us a small piece of willow twig, half an inch long and about the thickness of an ordinary match, incrusted for half its length with phosphate of lime making the mass one-quarter of an inch in diameter. He had passed this piece of twig from his bladder within a week, also two smaller pieces during the month of January last. He said that in November, 1895, he had shoved up in his urethra a long piece of willow twig and that it had accidently broken off at the head of his penis. As is usually the case with foreign bodies in the urethra, this willow twig had been carried by
Onychomycosis: A significant medical disorder
Authors: Richard K. Scher
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1996)

A number of factors have contributed to the growing incidence of fungal nail infections, including an aging population, an expanding number of immunocompromised patients, and increasing participation in fitness-related activities.Although onychomycosis and other nail diseases can adversely affect the appearance of the nail unit, the impact of such nail disfigurement extends well beyond the aesthetic realm.In fact, many patients with fungal nail infections experience serious physical, psychosocial, and occupational effects as a result of this disease.In addition, onychomycosis is a serious health burden, particularly in older persons, and has a major economic impact on the healthcare system.(
Cervical cancer virus can be transmitted through same sex relationships, report warns
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The human papillomavirus (HPV), the virus that causes cervical cancer, can be transmitted through same sex relationships, says a new report commissioned by the NHS cervical screening programme.

The report calls for more targeted healthcare advice on cervical cancer screening for lesbians.

HPV, present in almost 100% of cases of cervical cancer, has historically been associated with heterosexual relationships, leading to the incorrect assumption that lesbian women were not at risk of developing cervical cancer and therefore did not need to be screened.

The report emphasises the need to expand screening to take into account the fact that “lesbian and bisexual women may contract HPV through their own previous sexual behaviour with men” but also that the …
ABC of allergies: Diagnosing allergy
Authors: C. Rusznak, R. J Davies
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Allergy to environmental agents can affect almost every organ of the body. Although allergic rhinitis is the commonest manifestation, the lower respiratory tract, the conjunctiva, the skin, and the gastrointestinal tract are frequently affected by allergic disease.

#### Age when certain allergies are likely to occur for first time

Allergic diseases are common, and their prevalence is increasing. Accurate diagnosis of triggering or causative allergens is essential for appropriate advice for avoidance and environmental control measures. Although allergic diseases can occur at almost any age, some allergies are most likely to develop for the first time in particular age groups.

#### Taking a clinical history

An immediate relation between exposure to potential allergens and the development of symptoms makes both the diagnosis and identification of allergy straightforward. In …
Impacts of Co-Solvent Flushing on Microbial Populations Capable of Degrading Trichloroethylene
Authors: Vijayalakshmi Ramakrishnan, Andrew V. Ogram, Angela S. Lindner
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

With increased application of co-solvent flushing technologies for removal of nonaqueous phase liquids from groundwater aquifers, concern over the effects of the solvent on native microorganisms and their ability to degrade residual contaminant has also arisen. This study assessed the impact of ethanol flushing on the numbers and activity potentials of trichloroethylene (TCE)-degrading microbial populations present in aquifer soils taken immediately after and 2 years after ethanol flushing of a former dry cleaners site. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed soluble methane monooxygenase genes in methanotrophic enrichments, and 16S rRNA analysis identified Methylocystis parvus with 98% similarity, further indicating the presence of a type II methanotroph. Dissimilatory sulfite reductase genes in sulfate-reducing enrichments prepared were also observed. Ethanol flushing was simulated in columns packed with uncontaminated soils from the dry cleaners site that were dosed with TCE at concentrations observed in the field; after flushing, the columns were subjected to a continuous flow of 500 pore volumes of groundwater per week. Total acridine orange direct cell counts of the flushed and nonflushed soils decreased over the 15-week testing period, but after 5 weeks, the flushed soils maintained higher cell counts than the nonflushed soils. Inhibition of methanogenesis by sulfate reduction was observed in all column soils, as was increasing removal of total methane by soils incubated under methanotrophic conditions. These results showed that impacts of ethanol were not as severe as anticipated and imply that ethanol may mitigate the toxicity of TCE to the microorganisms.
Charging for exchanges of information
Authors: T. Fahy
Journal: BMJ (1992)

choose not to spend their money on private dentistry, with others not being able to afford to do so.The fact that most dentists are no longer prepared to take on new NHS patients will have the most impact on those with limited incomes, who will now have to wait many weeks and travel considerable distances to be seen.Is it appropriate to target the least well off in society, who anyway have little political influence?If dentists are concerned about their income and wish to protest, surely an alternative would be to increase charges to private patients.Certainly this would have commanded greater respect than their present action has done.
The Allocation and Rationing of High-Cost Services
Authors: John T. Ashley
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The editorial by Knaus<sup>1</sup>entitled "Rationing, Justice, and the American Physician" in the March 7 issue of<i>JAMA</i>reached an appropriate conclusion that physicians should be involved in both allocation and rationing decisions in hospitals and in our health care system. I believe it is particularly important that physicians be involved in the allocation decisions primarily because physicians will have to make the crucial rationing decisions. From my experience, directly and in working with medical directors of many intensive care units, I do not believe that rationing decisions are "painless," as suggested by Dr Knaus. Dr Knaus suggested that rationing at Harborview Hospital was "ineffective at reducing costs." Although I was not at Harborview, I believe that anytime effective rationing occurs, institutions avoid further allocation of resources. I believe that rationing does reduce costs by reducing the amount of care that would be potentially provided. Rationing
Anginal-Type Pain and Pulmonary Artery Pressure-Reply
Authors: Deborah Zimmerman
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> We do not believe that the issue Dr Fisch raises is important for several reasons. First, although the pain allegedly owing to pulmonary hypertension has been described as an<i>anginal</i>-type pain, review of the literature shows that what was described was often nonexertional pain. Second, there is no reason to believe that many persons with a normal pulmonary artery pressure at rest would experience substantial pulmonary hypertension with exercise as a cause for chest pain with exertion. Third, our subjects with severe hypertension at rest had not experienced chest pain of any severity either at rest or with exercise. Finally, many of the patients underwent angiography during cardiac catheterization. Angiography may cause hemodynamic changes akin to those of exercise. Pressure measurements after angiography are not substantially different from rest pressures.
Epidermal surface receptors which link pharmacological mediators to the adenylate cyclase system
Authors: K. ADACEHI, K.M. HALPRIN, J. TAKEDA, O. NEMOTO, T. AOYAGI, H. HZUKA, K. YOSHIKAWA, V. LEVINE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1982)

The major purpose of our studies has been to investigate various stimulators of the epidermal adenylate cyclase system. We have recognized the occurrence of four distinct adenylate cyclase systems which respond respectively to catecholamine, histamine, prostaglandin and adenosine. The exposure of floating skin slices in vitro to a stimulator causes a rapid intracellular accumulation of cyclic AMP, which is always transient. Further addition of the same stimulator will not stimulate the same receptor system against the state of 'refractoriness'. The addition of any of the other stimulators can increase the cyclic AMP level. Furthermore, the fact that each stimulator can yield an 'additive' stimulatory effects leads to the conclusion that the epidermis has four distinctly specific and independent adenylate cyclase systems. Our recent investigations have been directed to the analyses of subunits of these skin surface receptor-adenylate cyclase systems. We used two experimental systems, i.e. one being a 'leaky' cell system in which its subunits such as receptor, GTP-regulatory protein and the catalytic unit (adenylate cyclase) are still linked together, and the other being independent preparations of the receptor and catalytic units (with GTP-regulatory protein). These systems allowed us to probe the cell membrane from the inside as well as from the outside. Some of the preliminary kinetic data are herein introduced.
Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Jan P. Vandenbroucke, Jan Rosing, Kitty W.M. Bloemenkamp, Saskia Middeldorp, Frans M. Helmerhorst, Bonno N. Bouma, Frits R. Rosendaal
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

In the early 1960s, shortly after the introduction of oral contraceptives, the first case reports appeared describing venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli in women using this method of birth control. Later, myocardial infarction and stroke were also found to be associated with the use of oral contraceptives. These observations led to numerous epidemiologic and clinical studies of oral-contraceptive pills and thrombosis and subsequently to the development of new oral contraceptives with a lower estrogen content. These lower-estrogen contraceptives were considered safer: changes in hemostatic factors remained small, inconsistent in direction, and mostly within the normal range.14 Recent studies have . . .
1139 VIRAL RESPONSE AT WEEK 2 AS A PREDICITIVE FACTOR FOR RVR IN CHRONIC HCV GENOTYPE 1 INFECTION TREATED WITH PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A (PEG) AND RIBAVIRIN (RBV)
Authors: S. Mauss, T. Lutz, K. Boeker, R. Link, G. Moog, A. Stoehr, A. Baumgarten, C. John, R. Heyne, C. Eisenbach, W. Schiffelholz, G. Teuber, B. Weber, E. Schott, H. Hillenbrand, U. Alshuth, D. Hueppe, P. Buggisch
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
The Patient with an Abnormal Pap Smear — Screening Techniques and Management
Authors: Ralph M. Richart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

SQUAMOUS-cell cancer of the cervix originates from intraepithelial precursors whose natural history has been studied extensively and is well understood.1 There is abundant evidence that these precursors are part of a single disease continuum, called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, rather than being two separate diseases — dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.2 Several screening programs have documented a statistically significant fall in cervical-cancer incidence and death rates that can be attributed to the screening for precursors and to their eradication,3 and Boyes has demonstrated a direct correlation between the intensity of screening and the reduction of cancer in his analysis of cytology . . .
Amyloidoma of lymph node
Authors: Sambit K. Mohanty, Rajan Arora, Nandita Kakkar, Neelam Varma, Naresh Panda
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

To the Editor: Amyloidoma is a rare clinicopathologic entity characterized by localized amyloid deposits without any plasma cell dyscrasias or elevation of serum protein [1].``Primary solitary amyloidosis'' and ``amyloid tumor'' are synonyms that are used for this condition.The various sites involved by amyloidoma are the soft tissue [1], bone [2], urinary bladder [3], and lower genitourinary tract [4].To the best of our knowledge, amyloidoma has not been reported in the lymph node.Herein we report a case of recurrent amyloidoma of the lymph node in a 45-year-old Indian male.A 45-year-old male, apparently well 3 years ago, spontaneously developed left axillary lymphadenopathy, which measured 5 cm in diameter.Subsequently, FNAC performed was non-contributory.Biopsy performed revealed the presence of eosinophilic acellular material almost replacing the nodal architecture (Fig. 1).Congo red staining showed apple-green birefringence under polarized light (Fig. 2a).The material was resistant to prior 5% potassium permanganate treatment.Immunohistochemical staining for amyloid light chain protein (Aj,Ak) and amyloid-associated protein (AA) were performed using the indirect immunoperoxidase method.The material was immunoreactive for amyloid light chain (Aj) only, thus con®rming the amyloid to be primary in nature.The ultrastructure substantiated the immunohistochemical ®nding (Fig. 2b).The patient remained asymptomatic for 1 year without any treatment, and the axillary swelling subsided.Subsequently, he developed left cervical lymphadenopathy, which when biopsied showed similar amyloid deposits.Considering a possibility of plasma cell dyscrasia, complete skeletal survey, urine analysis including electrophoresis, serum electrophoresis, serum immunoglobulin estimation, and bone marrow aspiration with biopsy were performed.There was no evidence of any monoclonal spike in urine or serum electrophoreses.Bone marrow examination did not show plasmacytosis.Bence Jones protein was not detected.Serum urea (31 mg/dL), creatinine (0.9 mg/dL), calcium (10.2 mg/dL), and serum immunoglobulin (IgG, 111.0 mg/dL; IgA, 300 mg/dL; IgM, 135 mg/dL) were within normal limits.Therefore, a diagnosis of primary localized amyloidosis was oered.No treatment was given to the patient, and the swelling subsided.He remained asymptomatic for 2 years and now again presented to us with submental lymphadenopathy.Biopsy from the lymph node again revealed amyloid deposits, with similar staining character as before.Systemic work up including aspiration of abdominal fat and repeat bone marrow ex-
Laser-Induced Hemostasis in the Canine Stomach
Authors: Richard M. Dwyer
Journal: JAMA (1975)

A flexible fiberoptic system has been used to deliver visible laser light into the upper gastrointestinal tract to arrest bleeding from various induced lesions. This procedure has achieved hemostasis at bleeding sites in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and suggests that bleeding lesions in the heman may be treated similarly without resort to surgical intervention or intensive medical management.
Ventricular Asystole After Edrophonium Chloride Administration
Authors: Ronald M. Rossen
Journal: JAMA (1976)

EDROPHONIUM chloride (Tensilon) is a rapidly acting anticholinesterase drug of short duration. It has been widely used in the evaluation and treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias, such as paroxysmal atrial and paroxysmal junctional tachycardia.1-2Reported complications have included sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular (AV) block, and, rarely, ventricular asystole.3-4In our case, ventricular asystole followed the rapid intravenous infusion of 10 mg of edrophonium chloride, in a patient with acute anterior and inferior myocardial infarction.  Report of a Case  A 66-year-old woman was admitted to Stanford University Hospital because of left precordial and arm pain of 14 hours' duration. She had a past history of essential hypertension treated with thiazide diuretics, and on admission she was normotensive, with a pulse rate of 66 beats per minute. Bilateral basilar rales were heard over the posterior lung fields, and a protodiastolic (S3) gallop was present. Chest roentgenogram showed a normal heart size and
Patent Foramen Ovale Closure Devices
Authors: William H. Maisel, Warren K. Laskey
Journal: JAMA (2005)

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Australia launches national scheme to vaccinate boys against HPV
Authors: D. Brill
Journal: BMJ (2013)

As Australia has begun to vaccinate boys against human papillomavirus, fresh calls have been made for the United Kingdom to follow suit.

The move sees Australia become the first country in the world to publicly fund HPV vaccination of boys in a bid to protect against genital warts and anal, penile, and throat cancers.

Starting this month, boys and girls alike in Australia will receive three doses of the quadrivalent vaccine Gardasil at ages 12-13, as part of a national, federally funded school based programme. A catch-up scheme will also run for 14-15 year old boys until the end of the school year in 2014.

The expansion of the existing programme, which has been vaccinating girls since 2007, is being rolled out across all states and territories throughout February. …