tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Academic achievement of twins and singletons in early adulthood: Taiwanese cohort study
Authors: M.-T. Tsou, M.-W. Tsou, M.-P. Wu, J.-T. Liu
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<b>Objectives</b> To examine the long term effects of low birth weight on academic achievements in twins and singletons and to determine whether the academic achievement of twins in early adulthood is inferior to that of singletons. <b>Design</b> Cohort study. <b>Setting</b> Taiwanese nationwide register of academic outcome. <b>Participants</b> A cohort of 218 972 singletons and 1687 twins born in Taiwan, 1983-5. <b>Main outcome measure</b> College attendance and test scores in the college joint entrance examinations. <b>Results</b> After adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, birth order, and sex and the sociodemographic characteristics of the parents, twins were found to have significantly lower mean test scores than singletons in Chinese, mathematics, and natural science, as well as a 2.2% lower probability of attending college. Low birthweight twins had an 8.5% lower probability of college attendance than normal weight twins, while low birthweight singletons had only a 3.2% lower probability. The negative effects of low birth weight on the test scores in English and mathematics were substantially greater for twins than for singletons. The twin pair analysis showed that the association between birth weight and academic achievement scores, which existed for opposite sex twin pairs, was not discernible for same sex twin pairs, indicating that birth weight might partly reflect other underlying genetic variations. <b>Conclusions</b> These data support the proposition that twins perform less well academically than singletons. Low birth weight has a negative association with subsequent academic achievement in early adulthood, with the effect being stronger for twins than for singletons. The association between birth weight and academic performance might be partly attributable to genetic factors.
Dead space: the physiology of wasted ventilation
Authors: H. Thomas Robertson
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

An elevated physiological dead space, calculated from measurements of arterial CO 2 and mixed expired CO 2 , has proven to be a useful clinical marker of prognosis both for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and for patients with severe heart failure. Although a frequently cited explanation for an elevated dead space measurement has been the development of alveolar regions receiving no perfusion, evidence for this mechanism is lacking in both of these disease settings. For the range of physiological abnormalities associated with an increased physiological dead space measurement, increased alveolar ventilation/perfusion ratio ( V ′ A / Q ′) heterogeneity has been the most important pathophysiological mechanism. Depending on the disease condition, additional mechanisms that can contribute to an elevated physiological dead space measurement include shunt, a substantial increase in overall V ′ A / Q ′ ratio, diffusion impairment, and ventilation delivered to unperfused alveolar spaces.
Leukemogenesis in the Rat: Further Observations&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: William Curry Moloney, Mohammed Batata, Vincent King
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1971)

Studies are reported on the occurrence of leukemia in Wistar, W/Fu, and Fischer rats after total-body X irradiation, administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), and splenectomy. MCA given to 1-month-old W/Fu rats increased the incidence of leukemia, whereas 250 R of X ray markedly reduced the number of leukemias in Fischer rats. In 50 splenectomized Fischer rats, 2 months old, no leukemias developed. Various aspects of primary leukemia in inbred rats suggest a viral etiology; however, to date, attempts to passage leukemia in this species by cell-free material were unsuccessful.
Ambidextrous magnetic nanovectors for synchronous gene transfection and labeling of human MSCs
Authors: Jaemoon Yang, Eun-Sook Lee, Min-Young Noh, Seong-Ho Koh, Eun-Kyung Lim, A-Rum Yoo, Kwangyeol Lee, Jin-Suck Suh, Seung Hyun Kim, Seungjoo Haam, Yong-Min Huh
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
FORMATION OF CHARCOT-LEYDEN CRYSTALS IN HUMAN EOSINOPHILS AND BASOPHILS AND STUDY OF THE COMPOSITION OF ISOLATED CRYSTALS
Authors: Gordon T. Archer, Angela Blackwood
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1965)

Methods are described for the isolation of human eosinophils and basophils from donor blood. Using these cell preparations Charcot-Leyden crystals were found to originate from both eosinophils and basophils when the cells were suspended in hypotonic saline solution. The crystals formed also when saline extracts of eosinophils and basophils were concentrated by ultrafiltration through dialysis tubing. Fractions of eosinophils were prepared and the crystals were obtained from the cytoplasmic fraction but not from the nuclear or granular fractions. Chemical studies showed the crystals to be protein in nature and some evidence is presented which suggests that RNA may decrease the tendency for the protein to crystallize out of solution.
Factors Secreted by Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I)–infected Cells Can Enhance or Inhibit Replication of HIV-1 in HTLV-I–uninfected Cells: Implications for In Vivo Coinfection with HTLV-I and HIV-1
Authors: Hiroyuki Moriuchi, Masako Moriuchi, Anthony S. Fauci
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

It remains controversial whether human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) coinfection leads to more rapid progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in dually infected individuals. To investigate whether HTLV-I infection of certain cells can modulate HIV-1 infection of surrounding cells, primary CD4+ T cells were treated with cell-free supernatants from HTLV-I–infected MT-2 cell cultures. The primary CD4+ T cells became resistant to macrophage (M)-tropic HIV-1 but highly susceptible to T cell (T)-tropic HIV-1. The CC chemokines RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and MIP-1β in the MT-2 cell supernatants were identified as the major suppressive factors for M-tropic HIV-1 as well as the enhancers of T-tropic HIV-1 infection, whereas soluble Tax protein increased susceptibility to both M- and T-tropic HIV-1. The effect of Tax or CC chemokines on T-tropic HIV-1 was mediated, at least in part, by increasing HIV Env-mediated fusogenicity. Our data suggest that the net effect of HTLV-I coinfection in HIV-infected individuals favors the transition from M- to T-tropic HIV phenotype, which is generally indicative of progressive HIV disease.
A portable instrument for quantifying erythema induced by ultraviolet radiation
Authors: B.L. DIFFEY, R.J. OLIVER, P.M. FARR
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

The design and performance of an instrument for quantifying ultraviolet-induced cutaneous erythema are discussed. If the instrument is used to record an 'erythema index' at a site on the skin before and after irradiation, the difference between those two readings is essentially related to an increase in vasodilation and is largely independent of the melanin content of the epidermis.
Phase III trial of docetaxel plus gemcitabine versus docetaxel in second-line treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a Japan Clinical Oncology Group trial (JCOG0104)
Authors: K. Takeda, S. Negoro, T. Tamura, Y. Nishiwaki, S. Kudoh, S. Yokota, K. Matsui, H. Semba, K. Nakagawa, Y. Takada, M. Ando, T. Shibata, N. Saijo
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2009)
The Role of Cis-Regulatory Motifs and Genetical Control of Expression in the Divergence of Yeast Duplicate Genes
Authors: L. J. Leach, Z. Zhang, C. Lu, M. J. Kearsey, Z. Luo
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Expression divergence of duplicate genes is widely believed to be important for their retention and evolution of new function, although the mechanism that determines their expression divergence remains unclear. We use a genetical genomics approach to explore divergence in genetical control of yeast duplicate genes created by a whole-genome duplication that occurred about 100 MYA and those with a younger duplication age. The analysis reveals that duplicate genes have a significantly higher probability of sharing common genetic control than pairs of singleton genes. The expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) have diverged completely for a high proportion of duplicate pairs, whereas a substantially larger proportion of duplicates share common regulatory motifs after 100 Myr of divergent evolution. The similarity in both genetical control and cis motif structure for a duplicate pair is a reflection of its evolutionary age. This study reveals that up to 20% of variation in expression between ancient duplicate gene pairs in the yeast genome can be explained by both cis motif divergence (∼8%) and by trans eQTL divergence (∼10%). Initially, divergence in all 3 aspects of cis motif structure, trans-genetical control, and expression evolves coordinately with the coding sequence divergence of both young and old duplicate pairs. These findings highlight the importance of divergence in both cis motif structure and trans-genetical control in the diverse set of mechanisms underlying the expression divergence of yeast duplicate genes.
Bupivacaine preserves newborns' muscle tone
Authors: R. H. De Jong
Journal: JAMA (1977)

In providing pain relief to the parturient, regional anesthesia long was considered less depressant to the newborn infant than general anesthesia. This notion came about because local anesthetic is deposited mear the neural target, whereas general anesthetics must use the bloodstream as an intermediate carrier to the cerebral target. Although the local anesthetic eventually is absorbed into the bloodstream too, maternal concentrations of ≤3μg drug per milliliter blood generally were considered innocuous to the infant.  By the mid-1970s, however, several articles 1,2 shattered that complacent assumption. Even though the infants' Apgar scores were near-optimal, delicate tests of the immature motor system disclosed substandard performance. Clinically too, babies delivered of mothers receiving peridural anesthesia often seemed to be floppy but awake. Moreover, the lidocaine (Xylocaine) or mepivacaine (Carbocaine) used for peridural blockade remained in the fetal bloodstream for several hours after birth. 3 Furthermore, epinephrine, frequently added as a local vasoconstrictor
Evidence of Recessive Alzheimer Disease Loci in a Caribbean Hispanic Data Set
Authors: Mahdi Ghani, Christine Sato, Joseph H. Lee, Christiane Reitz, Danielle Moreno, Richard Mayeux, Peter St George-Hyslop, Ekaterina Rogaeva
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

IMPORTANCEThe search for novel Alzheimer disease (AD) genes or pathologic mutations within known AD loci is ongoing.The development of array technologies has helped to identify rare recessive mutations among long runs of homozygosity (ROHs), in which both parental alleles are identical.Caribbean Hispanics are known to have an elevated risk for AD and tend to have large families with evidence of inbreeding.OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the late-onset AD in a Caribbean Hispanic population might be explained in part by the homozygosity of unknown loci that could harbor recessive AD risk haplotypes or pathologic mutations.DESIGN We used genome-wide array data to identify ROHs (>1 megabase) and conducted global burden and locus-specific ROH analyses. SETTING A whole-genome case-control ROH study.PARTICIPANTS A Caribbean Hispanic data set of 547 unrelated cases (48.8% with familial AD) and 542 controls collected from a population known to have a 3-fold higher risk of AD vs non-Hispanics in the same community.Based on a Structure program analysis, our data set consisted of African Hispanic (207 cases and 192 controls) and European Hispanic (329 cases and 326 controls) participants.EXPOSURE Alzheimer disease risk genes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESWe calculated the total and mean lengths of the ROHs per sample.Global burden measurements among autosomal chromosomes were investigated in cases vs controls.Pools of overlapping ROH segments (consensus regions) were identified, and the case to control ratio was calculated for each consensus region.We formulated the tested hypothesis before data collection. RESULTSIn total, we identified 17 137 autosomal regions with ROHs.The mean length of the ROH per person was significantly greater in cases vs controls (P = .0039),and this association was stronger with familial AD (P = .0005).Among the European Hispanics, a consensus region at the EXOC4 locus was significantly associated with AD even after correction for multiple testing (empirical P value 1 [EMP1], .0001;EMP2, .002;21 AD cases vs 2 controls).Among the African Hispanic subset, the most significant but nominal association was observed for CTNNA3, a well-known AD gene candidate (EMP1, .002; 10 AD cases vs 0 controls). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEOur results show that ROHs could significantly contribute to the etiology of AD.Future studies would require the analysis of larger, relatively inbred data sets that might reveal novel recessive AD genes.The next step is to conduct sequencing of top significant loci in a subset of samples with overlapping ROHs.
The Death Ligand TRAIL in Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Corina Lorz, Alberto Benito-Marti[Combining Acute Accent]n, Anissa Boucherot, Alvaro C. Ucero, Maria Pia Rastaldi, Anna Henger, Silvia Armelloni, Beatriz Santamari[Combining Acute Accent]a, Celine C. Berthier, Matthias Kretzler, Jesus Egido, Alberto Ortiz
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2008)

Apoptotic cell death contributes to diabetic nephropathy (DN), but its role is not well understood. The tubulointerstitium from DN biopsy specimens was microdissected, and expression profiles of genes related to apoptosis were analyzed. A total of 112 (25%) of 455 cell death–related genes were found to be significantly differentially regulated. Among those that showed the greatest changes in regulation were two death receptors, <i>OPG</i> (the gene encoding osteoprotegerin) and <i>Fas</i>, and the death ligand <i>TRAIL.</i> Glomerular and proximal tubular TRAIL expression, assessed by immunohistochemistry, was higher in DN kidneys than controls and was associated with clinical and histologic severity of disease. <i>In vitro</i>, proinflammatory cytokines but not glucose alone regulated TRAIL expression in the human proximal tubular cell line HK-2. TRAIL induced tubular cell apoptosis in a dosage-dependant manner, an effect that was more marked in the presence of high levels of glucose and proinflammatory cytokines. TRAIL also activated NF-κB, and inhibition of NF-κB sensitized cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. It is proposed that TRAIL-induced cell death could play an important role in the progression of human DN.
NCCN Task Force Report: Update on the Management of Patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: George D. Demetri, Margaret von Mehren, Cristina R. Antonescu, Ronald P. DeMatteo, Kristen N. Ganjoo, Robert G. Maki, Peter W.T. Pisters, Chandrajit P. Raut, Richard F. Riedel, Scott Schuetze, Hema M. Sundar, Jonathan C. Trent, Jeffrey D. Wayne
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2010)

The standard of care for managing patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) rapidly changed after the introduction of effective molecularly targeted therapies involving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate. A better understanding of the molecular characteristics of GISTs have improved the diagnostic accuracy and led to the discovery of novel immunomarkers and new mechanisms of resistance to TKI therapy, which in turn have resulted in the development of novel treatment strategies. To address these issues, the NCCN organized a task force consisting of a multidisciplinary panel of experts in the fields of medical oncology, surgical oncology, molecular diagnostics, and pathology to discuss the recent advances, identify areas of future research, and recommend an optimal approach to care for patients with GIST at all stages of disease. The task force met for the first time in October 2003 and again in December 2006 and October 2009. This supplement describes the recent developments in the field of GIST as discussed at the October 2009 meeting.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Normal-Weight and Overweight/Obese Individuals
Authors: Sinziana Seicean, H. Lester Kirchner, Daniel J. Gottlieb, Naresh M. Punjabi, Helaine Resnick, Mark Sanders, Rohit Budhiraja, Mendel Singer, Susan Redline
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

OBJECTIVE—To characterize the association between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), combined IFG and IGT, and occult diabetes in individuals of different body habitus. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Cross-sectional analysis of 2,588 participants (aged 52–96 years; 46% men) without known diabetes. SDB was defined as respiratory disturbance index ≥10 events/h. IFG, IGT, occult diabetes, and body weight were classified according to recent accepted guidelines. Participants with and without SDB were compared on prevalence and odds ratios for measures of impaired glucose metabolism (IGM), adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, and waist circumference. RESULTS—SDB was observed in 209 nonoverweight and 1,036 overweight/obese participants. SDB groups had significantly higher adjusted prevalence and adjusted odds of IFG, IFG plus IGT, and occult diabetes. The adjusted odds ratio for all subjects was 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.6) for IFG, 1.2 (1.0–1.4) for IGT, 1.4 (1.1–2.7) for IFG plus IGT, and 1.7 (1.1–2.7) for occult diabetes. CONCLUSIONS—SDB was associated with occult diabetes, IFG, and IFG plus IGT, after adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, and waist circumference. The magnitude of these associations was similar in nonoverweight and overweight participants. The consistency of associations across all measures of IGM and body habitus groups and the significant association between SDB and IFG plus IGT, a risk factor for rapid progression to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality, suggests the importance of SDB as a risk factor for clinically important levels of metabolic dysfunction.
Noninvasive detection of total occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery with transthoracic Doppler echocardiography
Authors: Nozomi Watanabe, Takashi Akasaka, Yasuko Yamaura, Maki Akiyama, Yuji Koyama, Norio Kamiyama, Yoji Neishi, Shuichiro Kaji, Yasuhiro Saito, Kiyoshi Yoshida
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
THE ROLE OF METHIONINE DEFICIENCY IN POLIOVIRUS REPLICATION IN TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Soussan Mohajer, Janis Gabliks
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1966)

The role of methionine in poliovirus infection in HeLa and monkey kidney cells was investigated by using the methionine analogue l-ethionine. In the presence of 2.0 x 10–3 and 4.0 x 10–3 moles ethionine, the growth of HeLa and monkey kidney cells was significantly inhibited. Under the same experimental conditions, ethionine had no significant effect on the biosynthesis of two strains of poliovirus (Mahoney and Lansing) in HeLa cells, whereas in primary monkey kidney cells, it markedly inhibited the biosynthesis of the Lansing strain of poliovirus. HeLa cells partly depleted of their intracellular amino acids did not change the rate of viral biosynthesis. The inhibitory effect of ethionine on cell growth and viral biosynthesis was reversed by addition of an excess of l-methionine.
Abnormal deposition of collagen around hepatocytes in Wilson's disease is associated with hepatocyte specific expression of lysyl oxidase and lysyl oxidase like protein-2
Authors: Zehava Vadasz, Ofra Kessler, Gal Akiri, Stela Gengrinovitch, Herbert M. Kagan, Yaacov Baruch, Ofer Ben Izhak, Gera Neufeld
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2005)
Clinical applications of positron emission tomography
Authors: H. N. Wagner
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1991)

Advances in positron emission tomography (PET) make it possible to measure the rate of chemical reactions within the human body. This makes it possible to identify disease at the molecular as well as the cellular level in living human beings. PET imaging is revolutionizing medicine by making it possible for the first time to measure in vivo chemistry, expressing the results in absolute units of metres, kilograms and seconds (the MKS system), rather than in relative terms, such as the percentage of the administered dose of radioiodine accumulated by the thyroid, or the amount of thallium-201 in one part of the myocardium compared to another. PET is bringing about a new way of looking at disease, by making it possible to define disease in terms of regional chemistry, measuring regional chemistry in normal persons to provide standards. Then diseases are defined as deviations from the norm by statistical analysis.KeywordsPositron Emission TomographyPituitary AdenomaMyocardial Perfusion ImagingPositron Emission Tomography ImagingMyocardial Blood FlowThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Ranirestat for the Management of Diabetic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy
Authors: Vera Bril, Toshiyuki Hirose, Sasagu Tomioka, Robert Buchanan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) are potential disease modifiers for diabetes complications. We aimed to determine whether ranirestat, an ARI, could slow or reverse the course of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSP). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 549 patients with DSP were randomly assigned to treatment with placebo or 10, 20, or 40 mg/day ranirestat for 52 weeks in this multicenter, double-blind study. Efficacy was evaluated by nerve conduction studies, the modified Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (mTCNS), and quantitative sensory tests (QSTs). RESULTS At week 52, the summed sensory (bilateral sural plus proximal median sensory) nerve conduction velocity (NCV) did not show significant changes from baseline (2.0 m/s for placebo compared with 3.2–3.8 m/s for ranirestat). Significant improvement in the summed motor (peroneal, tibial, and median) NCV was observed with 20 and 40 mg/day ranirestat treatment at week 12 (P ≤ 0.05) and at weeks 24 and 36 and in peroneal motor NCV at weeks 36 and 52 (P ≤ 0.05) for the 20 mg/day ranirestat group. The mTCNS and QST results did not differ among the groups during the study. Ranirestat was well tolerated with no pertinent differences in drug-related adverse events or in effects on clinical laboratory parameters, vital signs, or electrocardiograms among the four groups. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with ranirestat appears to have an effect on motor nerve function in mild to moderate DSP, but the results of this study failed to show a statistically significant difference in sensory nerve function relative to placebo.
Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for fulminant community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia.
Authors: M Codispoti, K Sanger, P S Mankad
Journal: Thorax (1995)

A case is described of fulminant community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in a 16 year old girl with no previous history of respiratory disease or any predisposing factors. She required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) until the diagnosis could be made and appropriate antibiotic therapy established.