tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Severe pulmonary vascular change in patients dying with right ventricular failure after heart transplantation.
Authors: P S Hasleton, N H Brooks
Journal: Thorax (1995)

Two patients died following heart transplantation from failure of the donor right ventricle. Histological examination of the lungs showed occlusion of pulmonary veins. A more reliable method is required to predict the outcome for potential heart transplant recipients with a "borderline" pulmonary vascular resistance.
Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) stimulates primitive and definitive erythropoiesis in mouse embryos expressing hGM-CSF receptors but not erythropoietin receptors
Authors: Hiroaki Hisakawa, Daisuke Sugiyama, Ichiko Nishijima, Ming-jiang Xu, Hong Wu, Kazuki Nakao, Sumiko Watanabe, Motoya Katsuki, Shigetaka Asano, Ken-ichi Arai, Tatsutoshi Nakahata, Kohichiro Tsuji
Journal: Blood (2001)
Evidence on youth suicide prevention highlights research gaps
Authors: Philip A Crowley
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Secondary prevention of heart disease with statins Groups were as different as chalk and cheeseEditor-Wei et al say that the results of their observational study of treatment with statins in routine clinical practice in Tayside are consistent with, and similar to, those reported in clinical trials. 1 This conclusion is hardly justified.A cohort of patients, defined by a discharge diagnosis of myocardial infarction between January 1993 and December 2001, was studied to compare the outcomes in those treated with statins and those not receiving these drugs.The data clearly show that the two groups differed substantially in terms of age, sex, comorbidity, and other cardiovascular drug treatment-all of these factors were biased in favour of a poorer outcome in patients not given statins.Furthermore, the two groups belonged to different time periods, most of the untreated patients to the earlier part and most of those given statins to the later part of the study.Given the changes between 1993 and 2001-including, for example, those related to the management of acute myocardial infarction and the criteria for diagnosis-it is only to be expected that the untreated group would have a higher risk of subsequent cardiovascular events.Multivariate analysis was reported as showing that statins reduced all cause mortality by 31% and the composite end point of myocardial infarction plus cardiovascular mortality by 18%.These results should be greeted with scepticism.Firstly, many trials of statins have failed to show any reduction whatsoever in all cause mortality. [2]][4][5] Secondly, as observed in other studies, any reduction in all cause mortality would be expected to be much less than that for composite cardiovascular end points. 2 4 5 The two groups in this study were as different as chalk and cheese.It should come as no surprise, therefore, that the results were anomalous.In such circumstances, no amount of statistical trickery could be expected to furnish anything of value.
Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in the United States: Implications of Various Definitions for Abnormal
Authors: H. Gilbert Welch, Lisa M. Schwartz, Steven Woloshin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2005)

Background: The finding that some men with a normal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (i.e., less than 4 ng/mL) nonetheless have microscopic evidence of prostate cancer has led to some suggestions that the threshold defining abnormal should be lowered to 2.5 ng/mL. We examined the effect of this lower threshold on the number of American men who would be labeled abnormal by a single PSA test. Methods: We obtained PSA data on a nationally representative sample of American men 40 years of age and older with no history of prostate cancer and no current inflammation or infection of the prostate gland (n = 1308) from the 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We obtained data on the 10-year risk of prostate cancer death in the pre-PSA era from DevCan, the National Cancer Institute's software to calculate the probability of dying of cancer. Results: Based on NHANES data, approximately 1.5 million American men aged 40 to 69 years have a PSA level over 4.0 ng/mL. Lowering the threshold to 2.5 ng/mL would label an additional 1.8 million men as abnormal, if all men were screened. For men aged 70 years or older, the corresponding numbers are 1.5 and 1.2 million. The proportion of the population affected by different thresholds would vary with age. Among men in their 60s, for example, 17% have a PSA level over 2.5 ng/mL, 5.7% have a PSA level over 4.0 ng/mL, and 1.7% have a PSA level over 10.0 ng/mL. For context, only 0.9% of men in their 60s are expected to die from prostate cancer in the next 10 years. Conclusion: Lowering the PSA threshold to 2.5 ng/mL would double the number of men defined as abnormal, to up to 6 million. Until there is evidence that screening is effective, increasing the number of men recommended for prostate biopsy—and the number potentially diagnosed and treated unnecessarily—would be a mistake.
Separation of the epidermal sheet by dispase
Authors: Y. KITANO, N. OKADA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

Dispase is a bacterial neutral protease which is obtained from the culture filtrate of Bacillus polymyxa. After 24-h treatment of the human skin with 500 and 1000 U/ml dispase, the epidermal sheet was easily peeled from the dermis, and its undersurface retained rete ridges. Electron microscopic observation showed that the basal surface was composed of cells with numerous slender villi and cytoplasmic projections. Although the intercellular spaces of the spinous as well as the basal layers were wide, all desmosomes were intact with their accompanying tonofilaments. An epidermal cell suspension was obtained by incubating the dispase-separated epidermal sheet in trypsin solution for 15 min and the viability of the cells was more than 95% as measured by the trypan blue dye exclusion test. A culture of keratinocytes was established by seeding the dissociated cells in the usual way.
Regulation of B-Cell Growth and Differentiation by Soluble Factors
Authors: Maureen Howard, William E. Paul
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1983)

The B-lymphocyte family of cells presents one of the most remarkable opportunities for the detailed study of regulation of growth and differentiation. Some members of this cell population have the property that they may be stimulated by ligand-receptor interactions, together with the sequential action of a series of lymphokines, to progress from the resting state, through several rounds of proliferation, and then to differentiate to immunoglobulin secretion. Other cells in this group participate in cognate cellular interactions with helper T cells in which the recognition of both antigen and a class II MHC molecule on the B-cell surface is key to activation. The differentiation of these cells is also controlled by soluble products. We have reviewed our developing knowledge of the biochemistry and mode of action of the lymphokines that act upon B cells. These include distinct growth and differentiation factors. Among these are the BCGFs of mice and humans and the various TRFs, which include molecules often described as differentiation factors. The next several years should witness major progress in understanding the physicochemical properties of the B cell-specific factors, their time and nature of action, and the nature of their receptors. In addition, we can anticipate a major effort to understand the intracellular events that flow from the action of specific growth and differentiation factors that act upon B cells. Such information should lead to a new physiologically-based pharmacology for manipulation of antibody responses in human disease and in responses to vaccines. In addition, the fuller understanding of the nature and mode of action of the various growth and differentiation factors should make long-term growth of cloned B cells a procedure that can be routinely used in immunological laboratories for the precise study of the biology of responses by homogeneous populations of B lymphocytes.
Maintenance of primary tumor phenotype and genotype in glioblastoma stem cells
Authors: H. Wakimoto, G. Mohapatra, R. Kanai, W. T. Curry, S. Yip, M. Nitta, A. P. Patel, Z. R. Barnard, A. O. Stemmer-Rachamimov, D. N. Louis, R. L. Martuza, S. D. Rabkin
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2011)

The clinicopathological heterogeneity of glioblastoma (GBM) and the various genetic and phenotypic subtypes in GBM stem cells (GSCs) are well described. However, the relationship between GSCs and the corresponding primary tumor from which they were isolated is poorly understood. We have established GSC-enriched neurosphere cultures from 15 newly diagnosed GBM specimens and examined the relationship between the histopathological and genomic features of GSC-derived orthotopic xenografts and those of the respective patient tumors. GSC-initiated xenografts recapitulate the distinctive cytological hallmarks and diverse histological variants associated with the corresponding patient GBM, including giant cell and gemistocytic GBM, and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)–like components. This indicates that GSCs generate tumors that preserve patient-specific disease phenotypes. The majority of GSC-derived intracerebral xenografts (11 of 15) demonstrated a highly invasive behavior crossing the midline, whereas the remainder formed discrete nodular and vascular masses. In some cases, GSC invasiveness correlated with preoperative MRI, but not with the status of PI3-kinase/Akt pathways or O6-methylguanine methyltransferase expression. Genome-wide screening by array comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that GSCs harbor unique genetic copy number aberrations. GSCs acquiring amplifications of the myc family genes represent only a minority of tumor cells within the original patient tumors. Thus, GSCs are a genetically distinct subpopulation of neoplastic cells within a GBM. These studies highlight the value of GSCs for preclinical modeling of clinically relevant, patient-specific GBM and, thus, pave the way for testing novel anti-GSC/GBM agents for personalized therapy.
Biochemical and haematological indicators of excessive alcohol consumption.
Authors: D M Chalmers, M G Rinsler, S MacDermott, C C Spicer, A J Levi
Journal: Gut (1981)

Discriminant function analysis was used to determine the optimum combination of haematological and biochemical tests which gave the best discrimination between hospital patients with high and low alcohol intakes. We studied 265 patients with alcohol-related disease, 133 gastroenterology outpatients drinking less than 20 g of alcohol per day, and 104 patients with a variety of non-alcoholic liver disease. Values of mean cell volume (MCV), serum bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma GT), serum albumin, serum globulin, and uric acid were determined in each patient. The best discrimination between the three groups of patients was provided by a combination of mean corpuscular volume, log10 gamma GT, and log10 serum alkaline phosphatase. In women, 92% of the high alcohol group, 100% of the low alcohol group, and 87% of the non-alcoholic liver disease were correctly allocated by the discriminant analysis. The corresponding figures for the men were 80%, 100%, and 71%. Thus, over 80% of patients with excessive alcohol intake were correctly allocated by the use of three simple laboratory tests.
Effect of Empirical Treatment With Moxifloxacin and Meropenem vs Meropenem on Sepsis-Related Organ Dysfunction in Patients With Severe Sepsis
Authors: Frank M. Brunkhorst, Michael Oppert, Gernot Marx, Frank Bloos, Katrin Ludewig, Christian Putensen, Axel Nierhaus, Ulrich Jaschinski, Andreas Meier-Hellmann, Andreas Weyland, Matthias Gründling, Onnen Moerer, Reimer Riessen, Armin Seibel, Maximilian Ragaller, Markus W. Büchler, Stefan John, Friedhelm Bach, Claudia Spies, Lorenz Reill, Harald Fritz, Michael Kiehntopf, Evelyn Kuhnt, Holger Bogatsch, Christoph Engel, Markus Loeffler, Marin H. Kollef, Konrad Reinhart, Tobias Welte
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Early appropriate antimicrobial therapy leads to lower mortality rates associated with severe sepsis. The role of empirical combination therapy comprising at least 2 antibiotics of different mechanisms remains controversial.To compare the effect of moxifloxacin and meropenem with the effect of meropenem alone on sepsis-related organ dysfunction.A randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial of 600 patients who fulfilled criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock (n = 298 for monotherapy and n = 302 for combination therapy). The trial was performed at 44 intensive care units in Germany from October 16, 2007, to March 23, 2010. The number of evaluable patients was 273 in the monotherapy group and 278 in the combination therapy group.Intravenous meropenem (1 g every 8 hours) and moxifloxacin (400 mg every 24 hours) or meropenem alone. The intervention was recommended for 7 days and up to a maximum of 14 days after randomization or until discharge from the intensive care unit or death, whichever occurred first.Degree of organ failure (mean of daily total Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA] scores over 14 days; score range: 0-24 points with higher scores indicating worse organ failure); secondary outcome: 28-day and 90-day all-cause mortality. Survivors were followed up for 90 days.Among 551 evaluable patients, there was no statistically significant difference in mean SOFA score between the meropenem and moxifloxacin group (8.3 points; 95% CI, 7.8-8.8 points) and the meropenem alone group (7.9 points; 95% CI, 7.5-8.4 points) (P = .36). The rates for 28-day and 90-day mortality also were not statistically significantly different. By day 28, there were 66 deaths (23.9%; 95% CI, 19.0%-29.4%) in the combination therapy group compared with 59 deaths (21.9%; 95% CI, 17.1%-27.4%) in the monotherapy group (P = .58). By day 90, there were 96 deaths (35.3%; 95% CI, 29.6%-41.3%) in the combination therapy group compared with 84 deaths (32.1%; 95% CI, 26.5%-38.1%) in the monotherapy group (P = .43).Among adult patients with severe sepsis, treatment with combined meropenem and moxifloxacin compared with meropenem alone did not result in less organ failure.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00534287.
Gelseminum Sempervirens as a Remedy for Cough
Authors: J. R. Thomson
Journal: BMJ (1875)

use, I shoul(d imnae(liately cease injectingas soon as contraction of the uterns was set up.I l)roceedledl ftrther with it in this case, partly to thorotugohly plromote firmi conitraction, andl partly to use up cntirely the amount of fluid recommiiiiended by l)r.Barnes.In conclusion, I would observe, as this remle(dy is only uiponi its trial, thlat it would be for the welfare botlh of the public and the profession if all the unsuccessful, as well as the stuccessful, cases in whliclh it w%vas used were publishe(l.Then it miaght be seeni whetlher the results would be such as to justify its general adoption in these cases of li-emorrhage.
Acute effects of outdoor air pollution on forced expiratory volume in 1 s: a panel study of schoolchildren with asthma
Authors: R. Dales, L. Chen, A. M. Frescura, L. Liu, P. J. Villeneuve
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

Urban air pollution has been associated with morbidity but little information exists on how it affects diurnal variation of lung function in children with asthma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of traffic-related pollution on lung function among children with asthma. We recorded morning and evening forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV<sub>1</sub>) for 28 consecutive days in 182 elementary schoolchildren with physician-diagnosed asthma, and monitored ambient hourly air pollution concentrations. An interquartile range (IQR) increase (6.0 μg·m<sup>−3</sup>) in the previous 24-h (20:00 h to 20:00 h) mean concentration of fine particulate matter 2.5 μm in diameter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) was associated with a 0.54% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06–1.02) decrease in bedtime FEV<sub>1</sub> (p = 0.027). This association persisted in two-pollutant models with ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. An IQR increase in mean daytime (08:00 h to 20:00 h) PM<sub>2.5</sub> of 6.5 μg·m<sup>−3</sup> was associated with a 0.73% (95% CI 0.10–1.37) decrease in FEV<sub>1</sub> over the course of the day expressed as 100×(FEV<sub>1</sub> bedtime − FEV<sub>1</sub> morning)/FEV<sub>1</sub> morning (p = 0.024). This study suggests that, in children with asthma, relatively low concentrations of urban air pollution worsen lung function over a short period of time, even within a day. Of the pollutants measured, PM<sub>2.5 </sub>appears to be the most important.
A Novel Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-3 Activator Leads to Adult Salivary Stem Cell Enrichment<i>In Vivo</i>
Authors: Alice Banh, Nan Xiao, Hongbin Cao, Che-Hong Chen, Peiwen Kuo, Trevor Krakow, Brindha Bavan, Brian Khong, Mike Yao, Chi Ha, Michael J. Kaplan, Davud Sirjani, Kristin Jensen, Christina S. Kong, Daria Mochly-Rosen, Albert C. Koong, Quynh-Thu Le
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

To assess aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) expression in adult human and murine submandibular gland (SMG) stem cells and to determine the effect of ALDH3 activation in SMG stem cell enrichment.Adult human and murine SMG stem cells were selected by cell surface markers (CD34 for human and c-Kit for mouse) and characterized for various other stem cell surface markers by flow cytometry and ALDH isozymes expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Sphere formation and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation assays were used on selected cells to confirm their renewal capacity and three-dimensional (3D) collagen matrix culture was applied to observe differentiation. To determine whether ALDH3 activation would increase stem cell yield, adult mice were infused with a novel ALDH3 activator (Alda-89) or with vehicle followed by quantification of c-Kit(+)/CD90(+) SMG stem cells and BrdUrd(+) salispheres.More than 99% of CD34(+) huSMG stem cells stained positive for c-Kit, CD90 and 70% colocalized with CD44, Nestin. Similarly, 73.8% c-Kit(+) mSMG stem cells colocalized with Sca-1, whereas 80.7% with CD90. Functionally, these cells formed BrdUrd(+) salispheres, which differentiated into acinar- and ductal-like structures when cultured in 3D collagen. Both adult human and murine SMG stem cells showed higher expression of ALDH3 than in their non-stem cells and 84% of these cells have measurable ALDH1 activity. Alda-89 infusion in adult mice significantly increased c-Kit(+)/CD90(+) SMG population and BrdUrd(+) sphere formation compared with control.This is the first study to characterize expression of different ALDH isozymes in SMG stem cells. In vivo activation of ALDH3 can increase SMG stem cell yield, thus providing a novel means for SMG stem cell enrichment for future stem cell therapy.
Reduction of lipid peroxidation in reperfused isolated rabbit hearts by diltiazem.
Authors: P T Koller, S R Bergmann
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

The calcium-channel inhibiting agent, diltiazem, has been shown to enhance salvage of reperfused myocardium independent of effects on coronary blood flow or myocardial work. Because lipid peroxidation may be a mediator of reperfusion injury and modifiable by calcium-sensitive pathways, we evaluated the effects of diltiazem on the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, in isolated rabbit hearts perfused with buffer under control conditions or after 60 minutes of ischemia with or without 3 minutes of reperfusion. Diltiazem (5 x 10(-7)M) reduced tissue MDA content in seven reperfused hearts compared with levels measured in 14 hearts reperfused without drug (1.54 +/- 1.09 [SD] compared with 3.57 +/- 1.88 nmol/g, p less than 0.05). Superoxide dismutase and catalase were ineffective in reducing tissue MDA content in reperfused hearts (n = 8; MDA concentration, 3.88 +/- 2.82 nmol/g) although they were effective in preventing lipid peroxidation in separate studies in which oxygen-centered free radicals were generated directly by an infusion of xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine. These results suggest that the salutary effects of diltiazem in the setting of reperfusion may be mediated by reduction of lipid peroxidation at a locus not accessible to scavengers of oxygen-centered free radicals or by a mechanism not mediated by free radical pathways.
Pharmacodynamics of PEG-IFN-α-2a in HIV/HCV co-infected patients: Implications for treatment outcomes
Authors: Harel Dahari, Evaldo S. Affonso de Araujo, Bart L. Haagmans, Thomas J. Layden, Scott J. Cotler, Antonio A. Barone, Avidan U. Neumann
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
A 28-year-old woman with hypertrophic right leg and haematochezia
Authors: Giuseppe Gizzi, Carlo Fabbri, Lorenzo Fuccio
Journal: Gut (2015)

A 28-year-old woman presented to our hospital because of daily haematochezia and weakness. Physical examination showed pale conjunctivae and several capillary malformations consisting of port-wine stain on the surface of the right lower limb. The right leg was also hypertrophic and thicker than the left leg. Laboratory tests showed haemoglobin level of 8.8 g/dL. The platelet count and coagulation parameters were normal. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy did not reveal any bleeding lesion. At colonoscopy, several vascular malformations were detected extending from the caecum to the rectum, with ectasia and congestion …
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE OF INSANITY
Authors: C. B. Coventry
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1844)

IV.-The Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity.The difficulties that beset the subject of Insanity in its relations to law are very numerous.Law itself is no longer unvarying; the absolute dicta of a Solon, compelling compliance, would now no longer be accepted.Law " grows," as our author puts it.But, unfortunately, legal form still carries with it much of the old pride of the times when it was absolute.The necessity of this form being based as far as possible upon the results of scientific research is indeed acknowledged; but there is a ten- dency among lawyers to revert to general principles which are insufficiently established, and to deduce from them conclusions for particular instances.In no branch of law has this tendency more decidedly displayed itself than in that which forms the sub-
COMPLEMENT FIXATION TESTS IN CHRONIC INFECTIVE DEFORMING ARTHRITIS AND ARTHRITIS DEFORMANS
Authors: T. W. Hastings
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1914)

1. From a comparison of the results with arthritis deformans recorded in tables III, IV, and VI, and with the control cases recorded in table VII, one is justified in concluding that Streptococcus viridans is an infectious agent and excites the production of a complement-fixing substance (fixateur) in the organism in cases of arthritis deformans, and, therefore, Streptococcus viridans is the probable causative agent of the disease in many cases of arthritis deformans. Probably 40 per cent. and more of cases of arthritis deformans should be considered as chronic infective deforming arthritis. 2. Rarely the clinical manifestations of arthritis deformans may be due to gonococcus infection. 3. The serum from one case may react positively to two different organisms, most frequently to Streptococcus viridans and to gonococcus, when the reaction to the former should be considered the indicator of the causative agent, since with the latter infection is often latent in the genito-urinary tract. Incidence of gonococcus infection is high and the clinical manifestations of arthritis deformans are rarely produced by gonococcus infection.