tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Drug patents cause fresh spat between South Africa and industry
Authors: A. Jack
Journal: BMJ (2014)

An embarrassing leak of the drug industry’s lobbying plans against patent reforms has led to cries of “genocide” from South Africa’s health minister. Andrew Jack reports from Cape Town 

Nearly 15 years after the pharmaceutical industry was accused of unwisely picking a fight with Nelson Mandela over affordable access to medicines, it is at the centre of a fresh spat concerning patents in South Africa.

Last month, Aaron Motsoaledi, the health minister, accused drug companies of “genocide” after seeing their plans to campaign against draft government proposals on intellectual property reforms. “This document can sentence many South Africans to death,” he told the Mail & Guardian.1 

The inflammatory rhetoric has made industry executives and even some activists squirm, yet it comes against the backdrop of spring elections in which the ruling African National Congress is fighting to retain its political dominance.

It also reflects a broader international battle over intellectual property rights, pitching industry claims that tougher patent rules will encourage investment and innovation against patient organisations, which argue that they restrict competition and keep prices unaffordably high.

The latest feud has already had repercussions for industry, with Novo Nordisk, the …
THE REMOVAL OF METALLIC FOREIGN BODIES FROM THE EYEBALL AND FROM THE ORBIT
Authors: EDMUND B. SPAETH
Journal: JAMA (1942)

The satisfactory disposal of cases of metallic foreign bodies in the globe and/or in the orbit presents two definite problems. The first of these is the diagnosis of the presence of a foreign body, a determination of its probable structure or alloy mixture and its accurate localization; the second, the surgical procedure to be used which is best for the removal of the foreign body under consideration. In considering extraocular foreign bodies, x-ray plates are the ophthalmologist's single greatest diagnostic aid. Magnetic probes will be used more and more in the near future, but only under circumstances of great stress and with time and equipment limitations. A third might be of importance at rare times, though this will not always be under one's control, i. e. when is it wiser not to attempt the removal of a certain foreign body under treatment? The first two of these three are my
DIAGNOSTIC SCHOOL CLINIC IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS AS FACTOR IN CONSERVATION OF HEARING
Authors: HORACE NEWHART
Journal: JAMA (1926)

This paper is presented not as a record of things already achieved but to call attention to very significant possibilities of attainment in the prevention of deafness recently made available by means of modern methods of detecting and measuring hearing loss. For the perfection of those methods we are indebted to Dr. Harvey Fletcher of the American Bell Telephone Laboratories. Statistics reveal that in the United States there are more than 3,000,000 persons seriously handicapped by impaired hearing. Von Troeltsch in 1881 stated that one person of every three over 20 years of age had subnormal hearing in one or both ears. Denker, in his most recent textbook, makes the startling statement that 25 per cent of school children whom he examined had less than one third the normal acuity of hearing for the whispered voice. In a recently conducted preliminary survey of several thousand school children in Minneapolis, the
Bile acid inhibition of P-glycoprotein–mediated transport in multidrug-resistant cells and rat liver canalicular membrane vesicles
Authors: Roberto Mazzanti, Ornella Fantappié, Yukkio Kamimoto, Zenaida Gatmaitan, Paolo Gentilini, Irwin M. Arias
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

ABSTRACT To study the effect of bile acids on P–glycoprotein-mediated drug transport, we performed experiments using multidrug resistant cells and rat canalicular membrane vesicles. Cellular accumulation and efflux of rhodamine 123 were measured in drug–resistant cells by means of computerized quantitative image analysis and fluorescence microscopy. ATP–dependent [3H]daunomycin transport was studied by means of rapid filtration in canalicular membrane vesicles prepared from normal rats. Doxorubicin–sensitive (PSI–2) and –resistant (PN1A) 3T3 cells and human–derived hepatocellular carcinoma doxorubicin–sensitive and –resistant cells were used. Taurochenodeoxycholate and glycochenodeoxycholate, taurolithocholate and ursodeoxycholate (50 to 200 μmol/L) inhibited rhodamine 123 and [3H]daunomycin transport in multidrug–resistant cells and canalicular membrane vesicles, respectively, whereas taurocholate, taurode–oxycholate and tauroursodeoxycholate did not. Primary and secondary unconjugated bile acids had no effect. These results reveal that taurolithocholate, taurochenodeoxycholate and glycochenodeoxycholate and ursodeoxycholate inhibit P–glycoprotein-mediated drug transport function in multidrug resistant cell lines and in canalicular membrane vesicles. These results suggest possible interaction between P–glycoprotein function and bile acids in cholestasis and after treatment of patients with ursodeoxycholic or chenodeoxycholic acid. (Hepatology 1994;20:170-176.)
Cytomegalovirus in Human Milk
Authors: Kathleen Hayes, David M. Danks, Halina Gibas, Ian Jack
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

KNOWLEDGE of the usual modes of transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is incomplete.1 The possibility of viral transmission from infected cervical secretions to infants at the time of delivery has attracted interest.1 2 3 The present study indicates that breast milk is another potentially important source of CMV infection.Materials and MethodsDuring a current study of CMV in pregnancy, 669 of 1029 women (65 per cent) from Social Classes III, IV and V4 had serum CMV complement-fixing antibody (CFA) titers of 1:4 or higher. Viruria was detected in 23 of 481 seropositive women (4.8 per cent) whose urine was tested on . . .
An Address on the Individual Value of the Symptoms in Perforative Peritonitis, more Especially as regards Operation: Delivered before the Hunterian Society
Authors: C. J. Symonds
Journal: BMJ (1899)

The differentiation of memory CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells is critical to the long-term cellular immunity. The transcription factor BCL6 has been reportedly important for the generation and maintenance of memory CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells; however, using the newly established BCL6 conditional knockout mouse model, we demonstrate that BCL6 is dispensable for the maintenance of established memory CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell pool, although BCL6 is still required for the generation of CD8<sup>+</sup> memory precursors upon acute viral infection. In addition, BCL6 promotes the expression of TCF-1 via directly binding to the <i>Tcf7</i> (gene symbol for TCF-1) allele in CD8<sup>+</sup> memory precursors and forced expression of TCF-1 restores the generation of BCL6-deficient memory precursors. Thus, our findings clarify that BCL6 is dispensable for the maintenance of memory CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, but functions as an important upstream of TCF-1 to regulate the generation of memory precursors in acute viral infection.
SELECTIVE KILLING OF SPECIFIC T LYMPHOCYTES WITH SUBCUTANEOUSLY ADMINISTERED DONOR LYMPHOCYTES AND Tc-99m-MAA
Authors: P Pepino, R Fawwaz, J A Chabot, R Bigler, M A Hardy, P O Alderson
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

Pepino, P; Fawwaz, R; Chabot, J A; Bigler, R; Hardy, M A; Alderson, P O Author Information
HER2 kinase domain mutation results in constitutive phosphorylation and activation of HER2 and EGFR and resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Authors: Shizhen Emily Wang, Archana Narasanna, Marianela Perez-Torres, Bin Xiang, Frederick Y. Wu, Seungchan Yang, Graham Carpenter, Adi F. Gazdar, Senthil K. Muthuswamy, Carlos L. Arteaga
Journal: Cancer Cell (2006)
Cyclophosphamide and Interstitial Pneumonitis
Authors: Jesse I. Spector
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In our article "Early-Onset Cyclophosphamide-Induced Interstitial Pneumonitis" (242:2852, 1979), we reported the cases of three patients with lymphoma who subsequently showed development of biopsy-proved pulmonary disease consistent with cyclophosphamide-induced pneumonitis. We wish to report two further cases that have presented to us subsequent to submission of our article. <h3>Report of Cases.—Case 1.—</h3> A 65-year-old man had poorly differentiated, diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma stage III and was given combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, prednisone, and procarbazine hydrochloride. After three courses of therapy given at four-week intervals, at which time the patient had received a total of 6,300 mg of cyclophosphamide, fever, cough, and dyspnea developed, with roentgenographic evidence of diffuse interstitial pneumonitis and decreased Po<sub>2</sub>on arterial blood gas analysis. Needle-lung biopsy specimens were consistent with cyclophosphamideinduced interstitial pneumonitis, with all cultures and stains for organisms being negative. The patient was treated with prednisone, 60
Sickle Cell Anemia and Iron Deficiency-Reply
Authors: Clayton Natta
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Steinberg takes issue with several statements in the article entitled "Sickle Cell Anemia and Iron Deficiency: Resemblance to Sickle Thalassemia." First, he has made several calculations that may be incorrect for an individual with iron deficiency, as reported by Dagg et al.<sup>1</sup>It is conceivable that this patient lost varying amounts of iron in the urine daily, as his iron stores became depleted. Dr Steinberg also said that it is likely another source of blood loss was present. The patient has since died, and at postmortem, a careful study failed (1) to obtain stainable iron in any organ or (2) to find any pathological lesion to account for the blood loss. The patient had a persistent reticulocytosis, absent serum haptoglobin, and increased plasma hemoglobin levels. Therefore, there was intravascular hemolysis. Dr Steinberg also says that we have pointed out that there was no GU tract blood
Detection of internal mammary artery graft stenosis using flow reserve measurement: Assessment by supraclavicular Doppler echocardiography
Authors: Tsutomu Takagi, Kiyoshi Yoshida, Takashi Akasaka, Takeshi Hozumi, Junichi Yoshikawa, Yoshihiro Yonezawa, Atsushi Yamamuro
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Therapy for Neurologic Disorders
Authors: Sam U. Ho
Journal: JAMA (1983)

This book consists of 13 chapters contributed by 16 authors. It is oriented primarily for the practicing physician. Treatment modalities are described in detail and summarized in table form in most chapters. The text also includes clinical signs and symptoms that are not emphasized in standard neurology textbooks. The approach to a neurological problem is well described by each author. The bibliographies presented at the ends of chapters are carefully chosen, although a few are not updated. Minor deficiencies include overlapping material on the same disease entity in different chapters and inadequate discussion in the area of sleep disorders. In general, I consider this book well written and edited. The personal insights and experience of each contributor make it a worthwhile reference for the neurologist, family practitioner, and internist.
Self-Destructive and Suicidal Behaviors in a Neuropsychiatric Inpatient Facility
Authors: JUDITH JANARO FABIAN, MICHAEL P. MALONEY, MICHAEL P. WARD
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

This study of self-destructive behavior in a psychiatric hospital suggests that persons making the most serious attempts are likely to be suffering from a depressive reaction and to make their attempt during the day (particularly in the early afternoon); they are not likely to repeat the attempt during their hospitalization. In contrast, persons making less serious attempts are likely to have been diagnosed as suffering from adjustment reaction or schizophrenic reaction and to make their attempt during the evening hours; they tend to make recurrent superficial attempts during one period of hospitalization.
Analysis of Survival in 400 Surgically Resected Non-small Cell Lung Carcinomas: Towards a Redefinition of the T Factor
Authors: Gustavo Lyons, Silvia Quadrelli, Carlos Silva, Karina Vera, Alejandro Iotti, Julio Venditti, Julio Chertcoff, Domingo Chimondeguy
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2008)
Low reimbursement means US doctors with many ethnic minority patients have less time for each consultation
Authors: Bob Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Low levels of compensation from Medicaid programmes in the United States contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in health care, a study has shown ( Health Affairs 2008 Apr 22; doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.27.3.w222). The federal-state programmes serve poor Americans who meet their eligibility criteria.

Primary care doctors with predominately black and Latino patients see more patients and provide more charity care. They also earn less than colleagues who treat fewer patients from ethnic minority groups.

The study, by James Reschovsky and Ann O’Malley at the Center for Studying Health System Change, was based on responses from 3320 primary care doctors who participated in the 2004-5 …
Cold Hypersensitivity in Raynaud's Phenomenon
Authors: GLYN GARFIELD JAMIESON, JOHN LUDBROOK, ALAN WILSON
Journal: Circulation (1971)

We have sought evidence that local cooling enhances the adrenergic neurotransmitter mechanism in resistance vessels in the hands of subjects with Raynaud's phenomenon. The method used was to examine the magnitude and time-course of the reflex vasoconstriction in the hand which follows application of ice to the neck. One hand of each subject was kept at 26°C and the other at 36°C, while the general thermal environment was varied. Enhancement was found in three groups of subjects: those with idiopathic, early age-onset, Raynaud's disease; those with Raynaud's phenomenon of late age-onset; and those with systemic scleroderma. It was absent in normal subjects. The effect could not be accounted for by structural abnormalities of resistance vessels, blood abnormalities, nor by interference with norepinephrine reuptake or dissipation at the neuro-effector junction.
Distribution and Compartmentalization of Human Circulating and Tissue-Resident Memory T Cell Subsets
Authors: Taheri Sathaliyawala, Masaru Kubota, Naomi Yudanin, Damian Turner, Philip Camp, Joseph J.C. Thome, Kara L. Bickham, Harvey Lerner, Michael Goldstein, Megan Sykes, Tomoaki Kato, Donna L. Farber
Journal: Immunity (2012)
Endocardial Fibroelastosis
Authors: JAMES H. MOLLER, RUSSELL V. LUCAS, PAUL ADAMS, RAY C. ANDERSON, JOSEPH JORGENS, JESSE E. EDWARDS
Journal: Circulation (1964)

A clinical and pathologic study of 47 cases with endocardial fibroelastosis is presented. These cases have been classified according to the associated cardiac anomaly and the anatomic condition of the left ventricle. In so doing, a better understanding is had of the role the cardiac anomaly associated with endocardial fibroelastosis plays in the production of cardiac signs and symptoms. In each of the specimens available for review, a change of the mitral valve was present that rendered it insufficient. Those cases grouped as primary endocardial fibro-elastosis had this as the only abnormality present, other than the endocardial fibroelastosis. Many of the clinical and laboratory findings in this group could be explained on the basis of mitral insufficiency, and one cannot necessarily assign the cardiac signs and symptoms to the endocardial process itself. In those cases with associated cardiac anomalies the hemodynamic consequences appear to be a summation of the combined effects of the mitral insufficiency, endocardial fibroelastosis, and the associated cardiac anomaly. In this review, we were unable to distinguish, by either gross or microscopic methods, between primary and secondary endocardial fibroelastosis. Since use of these terms suggests etiologic relations, it is preferable to classify cases of endocardial fibroelastosis on the basis of the structural abnormalities present.
Abstract 4568: Anti-tumor effect of an anti-human müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor antibody in mouse models for ovarian cancer: towards a new targeted therapy
Authors: Nathalie A. Kersual, Veronique Garambois, Imed Salhi, Thierry Chardès, Pierre Emmanuel Colombo, Caroline Bascoul-Mollevi, Sylvie Cambon-Roques, Frédéric Bibeau, Jean Pierre Pouget, Christian Behrens, Christine Gaucher, Rémy Urbain, Jean François Prost, André Pèlegrin, Isabelle Navarro-Teulon
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Often diagnosed at an advanced stage, ovarian cancer is responsible for the highest mortality rate among patients with gynecologic malignancies. Due to the limitations of the current therapeutic approaches, there is a strong need for novel, more efficient, therapies, among which targeted immunotherapy. The monoclonal antibody 12G4 specifically recognizes the human Müllerian Inhibiting Substance type II Receptor (MISRII). Expressed at high levels on most human Granulosa Cell Tumors (GCT) as well as on a majority of human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells, MISRII represents a good target for antibody-based tumor targeting. Characterization of murine antibody 12G4 has been previously reported, in particular epitope mapping and in vitro assays showing that 12G4 binding does not affect MIS interaction with MISRII. In the present study we further assess 12G4 activity in vitro and in vivo. 12G4 was shown to induce 37% and 30% apoptosis in vitro (FACS, DNA fragmentation) on the two MISRII expressing cell lines cov434-MISRII and OVCAR3, respectively. Internalization of the antibody-MISRII complex was also observed in vitro on cov434-MISRII. Using 12G4 antibody we confirmed by immunohistochemistry the expression of the MISRII target in all GTC samples and all but one EOC tissue sections (13/14). Furthermore, we have developed several immunodeficient Nude mouse models of ovarian tumor xenografts expressing human MISRII. In these models the efficacy of 12G4 could be clearly demonstrated with a significant effect on tumor growth. According to our data, MISRII, expressed on a majority of EOCs appears as a good target for ovarian cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, based on the good efficacy observed in vivo for 12G4, the development of a humanized anti-MISRII antibody, derived from 12G4, has been initiated and represents a new promising targeted therapeutic approach. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4568. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4568
Targeted metabolic analysis of nucleotides and identification of biomarkers associated with cancer in cultured cell models
Authors: Chenchen Zhang, Zheng Liu, Xi Liu, Lan Wei, Yanjie Liu, Jing Yu, Lixin Sun
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2013)

Cancer, like other diseases accompanied by metabolic changes, shows characteristic DNA/RNA modifications and activities of modifying enzymes, resulting in fluctuations in nucleoside levels. In this study, we undertook targeted metabolomic analyses of nucleotides in different cancer cell culture models using a sensitive and reproducible ion-pair HPLC method. The experimental data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) to identify potential biomarkers in cancer cells, and statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance. As a result, a clear differentiation of normal and tumor cells into two clusters was shown, indicating abnormal metabolism of nucleotides in tumor cells. Six variables (AMP, UDP, CTP levels with a significance of P<0.05; ATP, UTP and GMP levels with a significance of P<0.01) were considered as potential biomarkers; the content of AMP, UTP, GMP and ATP was significantly higher in cancer cells. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis allowed us to discriminate normal cells from tumor cells based on area under the curve (AUC). The sequence of their AUC values were: ATP (0.979)>UTP (0.938)>CTP=GMP (0.896)>AMP (0.812)>UDP (0.792), so we conclude that ATP and UTP are the best potential biomarkers in tumor cells. This study may provide a valuable tool for studying minute alterations of intracellular nucleotide pools induced by anticancer/antiviral drugs, diseases or environmental factors.
Clinically Relevant Models of Diabetic Cardiac Complications
Authors: Kim Connelly, Darren Kelly, Richard Gilbert
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

We concur with the efforts of the Animal Models of Diabetic Complications Consortium (AMDCC) to attempt to create clinically relevant models of diabetes induced cardiovascular disease.Like the AMDCC, our own group has studied extensively diabetic complications in the retina, 2 kidney, 3 and heart in the diabetic Ren-2 rat, a model of enhanced tissue based renin-angiotensin system.After induction of diabetes with streptozotocin, the diabetic Ren-2 rat develops many of the criteria suggested by Hsueh et al for the validation of diabetic cardiomyopathy, such as invasive evidence of systolic and diastolic dysfunction, altered gene expression, and evidence of oxidative stress, activation of profibrotic signaling pathways, and changes in myocardial calcium handling. 4Furthermore, the clinical relevance of any rodent model must be based on the predictive power for both negative and positive clinical trials.The diabetic Ren-2 rat, to date, has confirmed faithfully both positive 5,6 and negative 7 results that are remarkably similar to those findings in human clinical studies, validating the relevance of this model.We, therefore, encourage the AMDCC to continue its development of new models, and we suggest that amplification of the renin-angiotensin system may offer valuable insights into the pathophysiology of this complex disease.
Urinary Disorders and Male Health: A Decision Making Guide for Patients
Authors: T. Gibbs
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Royal College of Surgeons, British Association of Urological Surgeons, Merck Sharp and Dohme, free to clinicians and public information organisations

Rating: for patient value, for doctor value

With information technology now commonplace, it was inevitable that such technology should reach patients' waiting areas. With the increasing awareness of health issues, patients expecting or demanding detailed insight into their health or disorder, and anything to do with health occupying prime time television, what could be more appropriate in a waiting area than an interactive …