tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Hiatal Hernia
Authors: Rodman E. Taber
Journal: JAMA (1961)

To the Editor:—  In fairness to the inquiring physician as well as to other readers of the always interesting Questions and Answers section ofThe Journal, I would like to offer rebuttal to the advice on hiatal hernia ( JAMA  177 :280 [July 29] 1961).  Symptoms described in the inquiry were typical of those experienced by a large portion of patients with hiatal hernia. Careful questioning of most patients with hiatal hernia will identify symptoms relating to the gastroesophageal reflux; therefore, the recommendation for surgical therapy must be based on evaluation of the severity. Antiacid therapy for neutralization of the normal gastric acid may palliate symptoms, but the hernia, of course, will remain, in contradistinction to the results of this treatment in peptic ulcer disease.  Rather than wait for the described complications of perforation and strangulation before employing operative treatment, repair should be recommended if medication is necessary several times daily,
Functionalized Scaffold-mediated Interleukin 10 Gene Delivery Significantly Improves Survival Rates of Stem Cells In Vivo
Authors: Carolyn Holladay, Karen Power, Michael Sefton, Timothy O'Brien, William M. Gallagher, Abhay Pandit
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2011)

While stem cell transplantation could potentially treat a variety of disorders, clinical studies have not yet demonstrated conclusive benefits. This may be partly because transplanted stem cells have low survival rates, potentially due to host inflammation. The system described herein used two different gene therapy techniques to improve retention of rat mesenchymal stem cells. In the first, stem cells were transfected with interleukin-10 (IL-10) before being loaded into a collagen scaffold. In the second, unmodified stem cells were loaded into a collagen scaffold along with polymer-complexed IL-10 plasmids. The scaffolds were surgically implanted into the dorsum of syngeneic rats. At each endpoint, the scaffolds were explanted and cell retention, IL-10 level and inflammatory response were quantified. All treatment groups had statistically significant increases in cell retention after 7 days, but the group treated with 2 µg of IL-10 polyplexes had a significant improvement even at 21 days. This cell retention was associated with increased IL-10 and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis. The primary effect on the inflammatory response appeared to be on macrophage differentiation, encouraging the regulatory phenotype over the cytotoxic lineage. Improving cell survival may be an important step toward realization of the therapeutic potential of stem cells.
Diminished contact-dependent reinforcement of Syk activation underlies impaired thrombus growth in mice lacking Semaphorin 4D
Authors: Kenneth M. Wannemacher, Li Zhu, Hong Jiang, Karen P. Fong, Timothy J. Stalker, Dooyoung Lee, Anh N. Tran, Keith B. Neeves, Sean Maloney, Atsushi Kumanogoh, Hitoshi Kikutani, Daniel A. Hammer, Scott L. Diamond, Lawrence F. Brass
Journal: Blood (2010)
Anatomic Evidence for Spontaneous Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect
Authors: ROBERT L. SIMMONS, JAMES H. MOLLER, JESSE E. EDWARDS
Journal: Circulation (1966)

Pathological evidence for spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defect in seven adults has been presented. These cases were observed among 1,605 necropsies (an incidence of about 1 per 225 necropsies). In two of the cases, the ventricular septal defect was closed by an adherent tricuspid valve, possibly the result of bacterial endocarditis. In the remaining five cases a muscular ventricular septal defect was closed by a fibrous membrane.
710. Tissue-Specific Gene Therapy by Replication-Competent Retroviral Vector for Prostate Cancer with Fludarabine Phosphate
Authors: Choichiro Ozu, Eiji Kikuchi, Silvia Menendez, Carlos C. Cardo, Christopher R. Logg, Noriyuki Kasahara, Bernard H. Bochner
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Introduction and Objective: Viral vectors that replicate exclusively in targeted tissues would minimize the relative side effects of cytotoxic gene therapy. Transcription of the probasin (PB) gene is regulated by androgen and is highly specific to prostate epithelium. We have investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a PB-targeted replication-competent retroviral (RCR) vector containing the Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) gene. We have investigated an optimized, PB-targeted-RCR-PNP vector to inhibit prostate cancer growth as part of a suicide gene therapy strategy using combined PB-RCR-PNP and systemic fludaribine phosphate (FP) treatment.
113 OLDER DONOR AGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED DONOR OXIDATIVE STRESS AND FAILURE TO RESTORE BASAL PROTEIN GRAFT CONTENT AFTER ISCHEMIA REPERFUSION IN HUMAN LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: S. Ginanni Corradini, A. Molinaro, M. Siciliano, E. Costi, R. Monticolo, C. Pirazzi, M.A. Burza, M. Merli, A.F. Attili, G.L. Mennini, P. Berloco, M. Rossi, L. Iuliano
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Are beliefs the proper targets of adaptationist analyses?
Authors: James R. Liddle, Todd K. Shackelford
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract McKay &amp; Dennett's (M&amp;D's) description of beliefs, and misbeliefs in particular, is a commendable contribution to the literature; but we argue that referring to beliefs as adaptive or maladaptive can cause conceptual confusion. “Adaptive” is inconsistently defined in the article, which adds to confusion and renders it difficult to evaluate the claims, particularly the possibility of “adaptive misbelief.”
The Downward Trend in Cardiovascular Mortality: Challenge and Opportunity for the Practitioner
Authors: James A. Schoenberger
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The downward trend in cardiovascular mortality in the United States appears to be real and highly significant. Since most cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary heart disease, appear to be multifactorial, no simple or single cause for this favorable trend can be advanced. As Kannel points out in an article in this issue ofThe Journal(p 877), there are no data about the incidence or severity of the disease, yet it would seem that here, too, there has been a favorable trend. In any event, these trends are important to the practitioner, for they affirm the hypothesis that atherosclerosis is not inevitable, as a result of age or genetic background, but preventable. The challenge to the practitioner, then, is to participate actively in intervention against the factors known to be related to acceleration of the process. These have recently been summarized by the American Heart Association.<sup>1</sup>Although definitive proof that
T Cell–mediated Pathology in Two Models of Experimental Colitis Depends Predominantly on the Interleukin 12/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat)-4 Pathway, but Is Not Conditional on Interferon γ Expression by T Cells
Authors: Stephen J. Simpson, Samir Shah, Martina Comiskey, Ype P. de Jong, Baoping Wang, Emiko Mizoguchi, Atul K. Bhan, Cox Terhorst
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

The requirements for interleukin (IL)-12/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)-4 signaling and induction of T cell-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma expression in the development of T helper cell (Th)1-type pathology were examined in two different models of experimental colitis. In each model, abnormal reconstitution of the T cell compartment in immunodeficient mice by adoptive cell transfer leads to a wasting syndrome and inflammation of the colon, induced by IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-producing T cells. We show here that treatment with anti-IL-12 antibodies in one of the models, or reconstitution with T cells from Stat-4-deficient (Stat-4(null)) mice in both models resulted in a milder disease in the majority of recipient animals, compared with those that were left untreated or that had been reconstituted with wt cells. Protected mice in each group also harbored lower frequencies of IFN-gamma-producing T cells than did diseased mice, suggesting that effects on wasting and colitis resulted from the attenuation of IFN-gamma expression by T cells. To test whether the development of pathogenic T cells in the two colitis models was directly dependent on T cell-specific IFN-gamma expression, IFN-gammanull donors were used for T cell reconstitution in each system. Surprisingly, large numbers of IFN-gammanull-reconstituted mice developed wasting and colitis, which in many cases was of comparable severity to that seen in animals reconstituted with wt cells. Furthermore, T cells from these animals expressed TNF-alpha, demonstrating that they had retained the ability to produce another proinflammatory cytokine. Taken together, these results demonstrate that in some forms of chronic experimental colitis the development of pathogenic T cells is influenced predominantly, though not exclusively, by IL-12 via the actions of Stat-4 proteins. Furthermore, our data suggest that in the models of colitis studied here the effects of IL-12/Stat-4 or other Th1 promoting pathways are not limited to the induction of IFN-gamma gene expression in T lymphocytes.
Surgical management of mediastinal goiter in the elderly
Authors: Andrea Polistena, Massimo Monacelli, Roberta Lucchini, Roberta Triola, Claudia Conti, Stefano Avenia, Fabio Rondelli, Walter Bugiantella, Ivan Barillaro, Alessandro Sanguinetti, Nicola Avenia
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2014)
Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor is required in Clostridium difficile- induced enteritis.
Authors: I Castagliuolo, M Riegler, A Pasha, S Nikulasson, B Lu, C Gerard, N P Gerard, C Pothoulakis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Toxin A, a 308,000-Mr enterotoxin from Clostridium difficile, mediates antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis in humans. Injection of toxin A into animal intestine triggers an acute inflammatory response characterized by activation of sensory neurons and immune cells of the intestinal lamina propria, including mast cells and macrophages, and migration of circulating neutrophils in the involved intestinal segment. In this study we show that mice genetically deficient in the neurokinin-1 receptor are protected from the secretory and inflammatory changes as well as from epithelial cell damage induced by toxin A. The protective effect of neurokinin-1R deletion correlates with diminished intestinal levels of the cytokine TNF-alpha and its mRNA and the leukocyte enzyme myeloperoxidase. These results demonstrate a major requirement for substance P receptors in the pathogenesis of acute inflammatory diarrhea.
When Most Doctors Are Women
Authors: Evelyn V. Hess
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Letters15 March 2005When Most Doctors Are WomenEvelyn V. Hess, MDEvelyn V. Hess, MDFrom University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0563.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-6-200503150-00014 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:It goes without saying that Levinson and Lurie's Perspective, “When Most Doctors Are Women: What Lies Ahead?” (1), has created a great deal of interest and, particularly with physicians who are women, a great deal of discussion. My choice of words in the previous sentence, however, really highlights the problem—these women are physicians. We should not attach the label “women physicians.” We certainly have never used the label “men physicians.”A major disappointment in Levinson and Lurie's article was the lack of hard data or even very specific studies. Our major concern for the future should be ...Reference1. Levinson W, Lurie N. When most doctors are women: what lies ahead? Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:471-4. [PMID: 15381521] LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0563. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoWhen Most Doctors Are Women: What Lies Ahead? Wendy Levinson and Nicole Lurie Metrics 15 March 2005Volume 142, Issue 6Page: 471KeywordsForecastingGraduate medical educationScientistsSports ePublished: 15 March 2005 Issue Published: 15 March 2005 CopyrightCopyright © 2005 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Staphylococcus epidermidis Infections
Authors: FRANKLIN D. LOWY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Staphylococcus epidermidis, an organism routinely found on the skin and in the hospital environment, has become a primary pathogen in infections associated with prosthetic devices. Because these infections are indolent and often clinically silent, diagnosis and therapy are often difficult. Pathogens are often misidentified as contaminants. Thejr variable, often resistant antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the uncertain correlation of in-vitro beta-lactam sensitivity testing with therapeutic efficacy make selection of an effective antibiotic regimen difficult. Vancomycin combined with rifampin, gentamicin, or both, is recommended for empiric therapy of these infections. Usually, removal of the prosthetic device is also necessary and may contribute equally to a successful therapeutic outcome.
Depression in the Elderly — Falls and Pitfalls
Authors: Jerry Avorn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Committing a patient to a course of drug therapy, particularly a long-term one, often represents a delicate balancing act in which the physician must juggle estimates of benefit and risk — and increasingly, must factor in costs as well. As with so many things in medicine, the stakes are dramatically higher for the elderly. Older persons have the greatest burden of disease that could benefit from therapeutic or preventive therapy but are also more likely to have side effects from such therapy. These considerations are magnified even further for frail older patients with medically complex conditions who live in nursing . . .
Spread of Clostridium difficile among patients receiving non-absorbable antibiotics for gut decontamination.
Authors: T R Rogers, M Petrou, C Lucas, J T Chung, A J Barrett, S P Borriello, P Honour
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Adoption of Glasgow Coma Scale in the British Isles One million head-injured patients attend British hospitals each year.Deciding who to admit and who to refer for specialised management depends on a reliable means of estimating conscious level-that is, an index of both the initial severity of injury and, if this changes, the development of intracranial complications.The Glasgow Coma Scale is a reliable and practical method of assessing conscious level in terms of three independently measured features-namely, eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.'It has been widely recommended2 and adopted in many parts of the world as a guide to the management of patients with various forms of acute brain damage.Little informa- tion exists, however, on how widely the scale has been adopted by the two different kinds of unit-primary surgical units and neurosurgical units-that care for head injuries in Britain or about the factors that led to its adoption. Methods and resultsWe sought information from all 31 Scottish hospitals that treat at least 10 head-injured patients a week and admit patients to their own wards for observation3 and requested similar data from the 42 neuirosurgical units in the British Isles other than our own.We asked each unit about the method used to assess conscious level, its origin, and the reasons for its adoption and requested a specimen of the head-injury observation chart in local use.Methods used to assess head-injured patients in neurosurgical units in British Isles and Scottish primary surgical hospitals Glasgow Other Entries Coma graded in case Scale systems notes Neurosurgical units .219 10 Scottish hospitals* served by neurosurgeons who use: Glasgow Coma Scale.. 21 2 Another method 6 2*Two regional neurosurgical units used Glasgow Coma Scale and two another method.Two-thirds of British neurosurgical units with a formal grading system used the Glasgow Coma Scale (table); no two of the nine other units used the same system.Of the six primary Scottish hospitals that used an alternative system, only two used the same one.Only where the regional neurosurgeons used the Glasgow system did the primary hospitals do so.
Subtle Changes to Polymer Structure and Degradation Mechanism Enable Highly Effective Nanoparticles for siRNA and DNA Delivery to Human Brain Cancer
Authors: Stephany Y. Tzeng, Jordan J. Green
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2012)

Polymeric materials can be used to deliver nucleic acids such as DNA plasmids and siRNA, but often have low efficacy in human cells. To improve gene delivery, an array of over 70 hydrolytically degradable and bioreducible poly(beta-amino ester)s are synthesized and the properties of over 200 nanoparticle formulations fabricated from these biomaterials are evaluated. The effect of different polymer structures on the delivery of nucleic acids of different structures and sizes, including siRNA, linear DNA, and circular DNAs (1.8-26 kb), is evaluated. Significantly, leading hydrolytically degradable polymeric nanoparticles deliver DNA to 90 ± 2% of primary human glioblastoma cells with <10% nonspecific cytotoxicity, better than leading commercially available reagents (p < 0.01). Bioreducible polymeric nanoparticles optimized for siRNA delivery cause up to 85 ± 0.6% knockdown in these cells as well while maintaining high viability. From a single dose, knockdown is higher than for Lipofectamine 2000 (p < 0.01) and persisted for one month. Polymer molecular weight is a driving factor of transfection efficacy for some polymer structures (correlation of r(2) = 0.63), but has no influence on transfection for other structures (r(2) = 0.01). Polymers with a reducible cystamine functional group dramatically improve siRNA delivery by facilitating quick release while generally decreasing DNA delivery compared with non-reducible counterparts (p < 0.01). Other material properties facilitate DNA delivery compared with siRNA delivery or increase delivery of both DNA and siRNA.
Enzymatic Fluorometry for Estimating Serum Total Bile Acid Concentration
Authors: Kenichi Kobayashi
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Fasting serum total bile acid (SBA) levels were estimated by enzymatic fluorometry (EF) in 36 subjects without liver disease, 28 with hepatic lesions and impaired hepatic function, and 79 with hepatic lesions and normal function. Fasting and postprandial EF-SBA levels were compared in nine normal subjects and nine patients with cholestasis, and SBA assays by EF and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) were compared in 28 patients with hepatic lesions and impaired function. Levels of SBA were below 9 mumole/L in all but two of the 36 subjects without liver disease, and above that level in all 28 with impaired hepatic function and 17 (24%) of the 70 with hepatic lesions and normal liver function. In most subjects, EF detected notable postprandial rises in SBA. Enzymatic fluorometric and GLC-SBA values were closely correlated (coefficient of correlation, 0.869).
Radionuclide and Radiographic Demonstration of Condensing Osteitis of the Clavicle
Authors: CHARLES A. STEWART, MICHAEL E. SIEGEL, DEBORAH KING, LAWRENCE MOSER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

Radionuclide and radiographic images of a case of condensing osteitis of the clavicle are presented. The clinical and radiographic features are discussed along with a differential diagnosis of sclerotic lesions of the clavicle.
Mannosyl-coated nanocomplexes from amphiphilic cyclodextrins and pDNA for site-specific gene delivery
Authors: Alejandro Díaz-Moscoso, Nicolas Guilloteau, Céline Bienvenu, Alejandro Méndez-Ardoy, José L. Jiménez Blanco, Juan M. Benito, Loïc Le Gourriérec, Christophe Di Giorgio, Pierre Vierling, Jacques Defaye, Carmen Ortiz Mellet, José M. García Fernández
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ and Its Coactivator DRIP205 in Cellular Responses to CDDO (RTA-401) in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Twee Tsao, Steven Kornblau, Stephen Safe, Julie C. Watt, Vivian Ruvolo, Wenjing Chen, Yihua Qiu, Kevin R. Coombes, Zhenlin Ju, Maen Abdelrahim, Wendy Schober, Xiaoyang Ling, Dimitris Kardassis, Colin Meyer, Aaron Schimmer, Hagop Kantarjian, Michael Andreeff, Marina Konopleva
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors with important regulatory roles in cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Using proteomic analysis, we showed expression of PPARγ protein in a series of 260 newly diagnosed primary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) samples. Forced expression of PPARγ enhanced the sensitivity of myeloid leukemic cells to apoptosis induced by PPARγ agonists 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and 15-deoxy-12,14-15DPGJ2, through preferential cleavage of caspase-8. No effects on cell cycle distribution or differentiation were noted, despite prominent induction of p21 in PPARγ-transfected cells. In turn, antagonizing PPARγ function by small interfering RNA or pharmacologic PPARγ inhibitor significantly diminished apoptosis induction by CDDO. Overexpression of coactivator protein DRIP205 resulted in enhanced differentiation induction by CDDO in AML cells through PPARγ activation. Studies with DRIP205 deletion constructs showed that the NR boxes of DRIP205 are not required for this coactivation. In a phase I clinical trial of CDDO (RTA-401) in leukemia, CDDO induced an increase in PPARγ mRNA expression in six of nine patient samples; of those, induction of differentiation was documented in four patients and that of p21 in three patients, all expressing DRIP205 protein. In summary, these findings suggest that cellular levels of PPARγ regulate induction of apoptosis via caspase-8 activation, whereas the coactivator DRIP205 is a determinant of induction of differentiation, in response to PPARγ agonists in leukemic cells. Cancer Res; 70(12); 4949–60. ©2010 AACR.
Artifactual Lowering of Serum Creatinine Levels in the Presence of Hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Amin C. Halstead
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Measurement of serum creatinine concentration is the best of the widely available clinical means of assessing glomerular function. However, there are a number of pitfalls that must be taken into account when evaluating glomerular filtration by creatinine level measurements.<sup>1</sup>One of these pitfalls is the spurious interference by a variety of endogenous and exogenous metabolites.<sup>2</sup>The interference by bilirubin in the measurement of serum creatinine levels has been recognized in the technical literature for several years<sup>3-5</sup>; however, its clinical implication has received little or no attention. We describe a patient who had discordant values for serum creatinine during his hospital stay. We also investigated bilirubin interference with creatinine level measurement by various methods. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 34-year-old man with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis experienced oliguria two days after admission to the hospital. Relevant laboratory findings included the following measurements in serum: sodium, 135