tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome complicating shigella dystentery in south Indian children.
Authors: P Raghupathy, A Date, J C Shastry, A Sudarsanam, M Jadhav
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Shigella dysentery caused 65% of all cases of acute renal failure (ARF) seen in children treated at the Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, during the 33 months ending September 1977. In the 40 children with ARF secondary to shigella dysentery, haematological findings suggested that they were suffering from the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, and glomerular hypercellularity and fibrin deposition were present in all 12 patients whose renal histology could be studied. Peritoneal dialysis was the main element of treatment: 43% of children who underwent dialysis improved, compared with only 25% of those who did not undergo dialysis. The haemolytic-uraemic syndrome precipitated by bacillary dystentery is therefore the most important cause of ARF in children aged under 5 years in Tamil Nadu and the adjoining area of Andhra Pradesh.
Newer drug combinations for malaria
Authors: Guy Barnish, Imelda Bates, James Iboro
Journal: BMJ (2004)

established best practice. [6]7] It departs from previously suggested phrasing that the research should be of "direct benefit to persons with that particular condition," which would have precluded much observational or epidemiological research.One residual point is that the new bill restricts research to that which examines the causes or treatment of "a condition attributable to the impairment [or disturbance] of the mind or brain."This may preclude research in intensive care units where the subject is incompetent not due to neurological disease, but instead due to sedative therapy which is essential to their care.One solution would be to recognise that essential therapy is part of the overall burden of disease, and permit research into the underlying illness when such therapy compromises competence.It is also important that the mental capacity bill is interpreted to recognise explicitly that it is ethical to proceed when clinical equipoise exists.Clear and enabling guidance notes, or appropriate amendments, are therefore necessary.Some ground has also been achieved in the human tissue bill since an earlier draft of this editorial was shared with Department of Health officials.New amendments have just been announced that allow the secretary of state to specify conditions under which consent can be presumed for research involving tissue from an incompetent person. 8These conditions have not been itemised.It is to be hoped they will interact simply and clearly with the conditions in the revised mental capacity bill.The secretary will also be given power to set conditions allowing analysis of an incompetent person's DNA.This should alleviate the problem in earlier versions of the human tissue bill which, ignoring the Human Genetics Commission's 2002 recommendation, 9 did not allow DNA to be analysed for the benefit of a family member (for example, to predict the risk of breast cancer).These improvements to the human tissue bill will not be realised until regulations are drafted and approved by parliament.It will be important to ensure they are prepared swiftly and that the details are sound.The consequences of inadequate legislation in these areas are not trivial.Clear and strictly conditioned policies for non-therapeutic research and the practice of clinical genetics are essential if we are to improve care and outcome in these settings.Carefully drafted legislation, underpinned by sensible guidance, could facilitate research while addressing legitimate public concerns.
Potential role of QT interval prolongation in sudden infant death syndrome.
Authors: B J Maron, C E Clark, R E Goldstein, S E Epstein
Journal: Circulation (1976)

To investigate the possibility that a genetically transmitted cardiac abnormality is involved in the genesis of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 42 sets of parents who had at least one infant with SIDS were studied by electrocardiography. Prolongation of the QT interval was present in at least one member of 11 (26%) sets of parents. In families in which QT interval prolongation was found in a parent, prolonged QT interval was also present in 39% of the siblings of infants with SIDS, suggesting an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. In addition, an infant with "near-miss" SIDS showed marked prolongation of the QT interval. Thus, our data suggest that prolonged QT interval may play a role in a considerable proportion of sudden and unexpected infant deaths. However, definitive confirmation of the relation between QT interval prolongation and SIDS will require large prospective investigations.
PT-04 * PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A PHASE I/II STUDY OF INTRA-ARTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY WITH OSMOTIC BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DISRUPTION FOR PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT OR PROGRESSIVE CNS EMBRYONAL OR GERM CELL TUMORS
Authors: P. Das, D. Guillaume, K. Nazemi, C. Moertel, N. Doolittle, C. Lacy, E. Neuwelt
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

INTRODUCTION: Patients with refractory or recurrent CNS embryonal or germ cell tumors have poor prognosis and survivors suffer neuropsychological sequalae from radiotherapy and ototoxicity from chemotherapy. Prior retrospective studies suggest intra-arterial (IA) chemotherapy in conjunction with blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) may improve outcomes in patients with these challenging tumors. METHODS: In this prospective study, patients aged 1 to 30 with recurrent or refractory CNS embryonal or germ cell tumors were treated on 2 consecutive days, every 4 weeks, for up to a year with dose intensive IA carboplatin and IA melphalan with BBBD. The study objectives are to: determine the maximum tolerated dose of IA melphalan, estimate response rate, describe 2-year progression-free and overall survival, describe audiology and neuropsychological outcomes and describe overall toxicity. RESULTS: Nine patients were enrolled in the study (6 male) with a mean age was 14.75 years. There were three patients with medulloblastoma, two with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, two with germ cell tumors, one with metastatic testicular teratoma, and one with PNET. The majority of patients thus far were treated at a melphalan dose of 6 mg/m2 for two days. Of the study participants two had stable disease, three had partial response, and three had disease progression. There were a total of 16 adverse events of grades three and higher with the majority being grade 3(63%). The most common adverse event was electrolyte disorder in 38% of patients, and bone marrow suppression in 25% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: This therapy is well tolerated and appears safe. The current melphalan dose is 6 mg/m2. Toxicity is predominantly related to electrolyte disturbances and bone marrow suppression. There appears to be a subgroup that responds to this therapy but further investigation is needed. The trial continues with further enrollment.
Trends in epidemiology and management of breast cancer in developing Arab countries: A literature and registry analysis
Authors: Nagi S. El Saghir, Mazen K. Khalil, Toufic Eid, Abdul Rahman El Kinge, Maya Charafeddine, Fady Geara, Muhieddine Seoud, Ali I. Shamseddine
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2006)
New Winds Blowing for American Drug Policies
Authors: George D. Lundberg
Journal: JAMA (1997)

On July 8, 1997, a star-studded group of American physicians (the self-named "Physician Leadership on National Drug Policy") met at the New York Academy of Medicine in New York City. Organized by David C. Lewis, MD, chaired by June E. Osborn, MD, facilitated by Kenneth I. Shine, MD, and funded by grants from the MacArthur Foundation and the Open Society Institute, this group of physicians (listed at the end of this Editorial) met to discuss our largely failing US national policy on illicit drugs and to ponder new approaches. Believed to be the first such group of highly placed US physicians to so meet on this subject in this century, the physicians actively debated the many aspects of this complex and difficult problem. The group agreed on the following: <h3>Consensus Statement Physician Leadership on National Drug Policy</h3> Addiction to illegal drugs is a major national problem that creates impaired health, harmful
The human carotid body.
Authors: D Heath
Journal: Thorax (1983)

The human carotid body All students of thoracic disease should be interested in the complex arrangement of blood vessels, nerves, and gland-like tissue within the carotid bifurcation which comprises the carotid body and sinus.There would appear to be a case for immedi- ately declaring these structures to be honorary thoracic organs for, while they are situated in the neck, they appear to be intimately concerned with monitoring vital functions of the heart and lungs such as the maintenance of systemic blood pressure and oxygenation of the blood.It may be that some are not very clear about the distinction between carotid sinus and carotid body.
Chronic Pulmonary Infiltration
Authors: Harvey Steinfeld
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In the QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS section<b>200</b>:1190, 1967), there appears a case of chronic pulmonary infiltration in a 19-year-old boy. The presence of<i>Hemophilus influenza</i>and staphylococcus in the sputum suggests some underlying pulmonary or systemic illness and Noehren in his reply mentions some possibilities. There are others that might be considered. Cystic fibrosis is present in about one of every 100 to 2,000 persons, the recessive gene being present in about one of every 16. Many dysgammaglobulinemias have been described (<i>New Eng J Med</i><b>275</b>:709, 769, 1966). Another review of y-globulin deficiency presents a case of a 14-year-old boy with recurrent pneumonia whose sputum contained H<i>influenza</i>. X-ray films of his nasopharynx showed a decreased amount of lymphoid tissue, and his serum μg globulin was only 170 mg/100 ml. Lastly, bronchiectasis is a possibility, even if acquired as a complication of some other underlying
THE EFFECT OF NASO-PHARYNGEAL OPERATIONS ON RENAL FUNCTION
Authors: Irvine H. Page, Alf Alving
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1932)

The operations, tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, and tooth extraction, are among the most practised therapeutic procedures in Bright's disease.Whether patients suffering from Bright's disease are able, without detri- ment to their kidneys, to undergo such operations, and whether the operations are likely to affect the subsequent course of the renal disease, are questions which form the object of the present analysis of results.It is based on data from the records of the nephritic clinic of the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute collected over a period of several years.Tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies were all performed by Dr. Stuart Craig under gas-oxygen-ether anesthesia, and extractions of teeth by Dr. Frank Wynn using procaine anesthesia.The patients were under the immediate care of Drs.MacKay, Johnston, McIntosh, Moore, Kirk, and Alving.The cases are classified according to the modification of Volhard and Fahr's classification made by Addis, as described in a previous monograph from this hospital (8). DATA OBSERVEDThe " blood urea clearance," indicating the cubic centimeters of blood per minute cleared of urea by renal excretion, has been shown by Van Slyke, McIntosh, Moller, Hannon, and Johnston (7) to be a sensitive indicator of changes in renal function.The urea clearance tests were conducted as proposed by M6ller, McIntosh and Van Slyke (2) with the patient at rest in bed.It is important to stress the latter point because Van Slyke, Alving and Rose (6) have shown that the clearance in some of the more advanced cases may be significantly reduced by allowing the patient to walk about during the two-hour period of the test.We have recorded the results in percentages of the average normal clearance.Phenolsulphonphthalein excretion tests were also conducted at the same time as the urea clearance.Under "duration of disease" the time is given from apparent onset until operation was performed.Edema, blood pressure, and eye ground examination were usually recorded within a reasonably short period of operation.We have made no effort to call attention to the detail of the eye ground examination,
The Clinical Implication and Prediction of Diffuse Splenic FDG Uptake During Cancer Surveillance
Authors: Hyun-Yeol Nam, Seong-Jang Kim, In-Joo Kim, Bum-Soo Kim, Kyoungjune Pak, Keunyoung Kim
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

The purpose of this study was to investigate correlations between diffuse splenic FDG uptake and hematological and inflammatory parameters to clarify the significance of splenic FDG uptake on PET/CT images.We retrospectively analyzed the consecutive records of F-18 FDG PET/CT scans and selected 31 patients with diffuse splenic FDG uptake as patient group. A total of 25 patients who underwent F-18 FDG PET/CT scans for simple health checkup were enrolled as control group. ROIs were placed on the liver and spleen to measure maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax). The spleen SUVmax was divided by the liver SUVmax to calculate the spleen/liver ratio. The correlations between the S/L ratio and various hematological parameters were evaluated.The S/L ratio was positively correlated with serum C-reactive protein level, white blood cell count, and neutrophil count and negatively correlated with hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count. Under multiple regression analysis, the Hb level and the C-reactive protein level were the significant predictors for diffuse splenic FDG uptake.In conclusion, our study suggests that concurrent inflammation or anemia at the time of PET/CT study could be one of various causes of diffuse splenic FDG uptake.
THE GREATEST MENACE TO WHOLE MILK IN CITIES' SUPPLY.
Authors: ALEXANDER McALISTER
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The terms employed in a definition of milk vary with the view point of the scientist and the phase of the subject emphasized. For the present purpose the following, gleaned from various sources, will answer every need: Milk is a normal animal secretion forming a perfect emulsion and containing, besides fat globules in suspension, albumin, sugar and salts in solution, caseinogen in partial solution and certain ferments. Except for the one which produces lactic-acid fermentation, comparatively little is known of the ferments of milk. The importance of these ferments is very great. Two classes seem apparent in recently drawn milk: Those expending themselves directly on the milk, and those relating more especially to the intrinsic food value of the milk. The latter speak of the kinship between milk and normal coursing blood, of which it is the most direct of all products. These ferments are of delicate organization and, like
Extrapyramidal reactions with metoclopramide.
Authors: D N Bateman, M D Rawlins, J M Simpson
Journal: BMJ (1985)

The epidemiology of extrapyramidal reactions to metoclopramide was studied by examining reports in the Adverse Reactions Register of the Committee on the Safety of Medicines and comparing these with prescribing figures by general practitioners in the United Kingdom for metoclopramide (Maxolon). In the period 1967-82 there were an estimated 15.9 million prescriptions and 479 reports of extrapyramidal reactions (455 of dystonia-dyskinesia, 20 of parkinsonism, and four of tardive dyskinesia). When corrected for prescribing rates the relative risk of dystonia and dyskinesia was 1.8 in female compared with male patients (95% confidence interval 1.4-2.2). The overall reporting rate for dystonia and dyskinesia was 28.6/million prescriptions but was significantly more common in young adults (p less than 0.0001) and especially girls and women aged 12-19 (190.7 reports/million prescriptions). By contrast parkinsonian reactions were significantly more common in the elderly (p less than 0.0001).
Four color B cell immunospot assays for simultaneous detection of all four immunoglobulin classes and subclasses
Authors: Richard Caspell, Fredrik Terlutter, Alexey Karulin, Paul V Lehmann
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts ELISPOT is the only technique currently available that permits to enumerate antigen-specific B cells providing insights into humoral immune defense. Resting memory B cells can be detected in blood samples after polyclonal stimulation. In contrast, the spontaneous production of
UKCAT among the pigeons
Authors: Jane Cassidy
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<h3>OBJECTIVE:</h3> To assess the significant association of atherosclerosis quantified by screening intima media thickness of bilateral common and internal carotid arteries in patients with asymptomatic and persistent hypertension with and without ischemic stroke. <h3>METHODS:</h3> Subjects in this investigation were recruited from the vascular Doppler unit at Baghdad Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq during 2005. A total number of 119 (61 females and 58 males), with ages ranging from 40-70 years, were able to comply with the observational comparative study protocol. They are grouped into healthy normotensive (I), asymptomatic (preclinical) hypertension (II), sustained hypertension without (III) and with ischemic stroke (IV). Anthropometric measurements, lipids and lipoproteins biochemical tests, and B-mode image of high-resolution ultrasound scanning of common and internal carotid arteries were carried out. <h3>RESULTS:</h3> The mean diameter as well as intima media thickness of common and internal carotid arteries was significantly higher in group IV than group II,II, and group I. These changes were associated with significant increased fasting serum cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein, and decreased high-density lipoprotein. Intima media thickness above one mm was significantly observed in hypertension with ischemic stroke (odd ratio 1.37). <h3>CONCLUSION:</h3> The results support the importance of screening asymptomatic as well as sustained treated hypertension by carotid ultrasound Doppler.
The law on cardiovascular devices: the role of the Food and Drug Administration and physicians in its implementation.
Authors: S H Rahimtoola, G A Rahmoeller
Journal: Circulation (1980)

The Medical Device Amendments of 1976 gave the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) new authority to regulate all medical devices. This regulation requires that manufacturers provide data supporting the safety and effectiveness of new and modified devices before marketing them, and eventually provide similar data even for devices now on the market. Those working in the cardiovascular field use a device every day of their professional lives; therefore, the Medical Device Amendments will have a significant effect on everyone in the field. We must understand the law so that we can provide scientific guidance to the FDA and to the medical device industry; in this article we aim to provide the necessary information.
Cardiac surgery in Wessex.
Authors: J L Monro, J K Ross, J M Manners, J C Edwards, B Lewis, I Hyde, B C Ogilvie, B R Keeton, N Conway, A M Johnson
Journal: BMJ (1983)

The results of 3000 consecutive operations using cardio-pulmonary bypass show that the overall early mortality was 6.1%, dropping from 8.9% in the first 1000 to 4.4% in the third 1000. Operations for valve disease have been the most common, the early mortality for aortic valve replacement being 3.1% and for mitral valve replacement 2.9%. Combined aortic and mitral valve replacement had an early mortality of 4.4%. The number of patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting has increased from 59 in the first 1000 to 292 in the third 1000 operations, with an overall early mortality of 1.3%. Six hundred and ninety seven patients underwent surgery for congenital heart disease with an overall early mortality of 10.9% (7.5% in the last 2000 cases). The patients have been followed up from one to 8.5 years. A high proportion have returned to work and enjoy a normal life. At the time of review, 87% of the 3000 patients were alive. Long waiting times for outpatient and inpatient care indicate underprovision of facilities relative to regional demand.
Persistence of myocardial injury following brief periods of coronary occlusion
Authors: J. M. WEINER, C. S. APSTEIN, J. H. ARTHUR, F. A. PIRZADA, W. B. HOOD
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1976)

Transient (20 min) occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in open-chest anaesthetized dogs caused immediate aneurysmal bulging of the ischaemic segment, which preceded epicardial ST-segment elevation. Reperfusion after 20 min restored epicardial electrograms to normal, wheras mechanical dysfunction persisted for a least 45 min therafter. The study shows that there is temporal disparity between electrical and mechanical events both at the inception of myocardial ischaemia and during recovery from transient myocardial ischaemia.
Sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind comparison of sulphasalazine with placebo and sodium aurothiomalate.
Authors: T Pullar, J A Hunter, H A Capell
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Uncontrolled studies have suggested that sulphasalazine may be an effective second line agent in rheumatoid arthritis. Sulphasalazine was therefore compared with placebo and intramuscular sodium aurothiomalate in 90 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. After six months9 treatment both sulphasalazine and sodium aurothiomalate had produced significant clinical and laboratory benefit, whereas placebo had produced no significant change in any variable. Thirteen patients stopped taking the placebo because of lack of effect whereas only two patients stopped taking sulphasalazine and one sodium aurothiomalate for this reason. The major toxicity encountered in the group treated with sulphasalazine was nausea or vomiting, or both; this may be related to slow acetylator phenotype. Sulphasalazine appears to be an effective second line agent, and further pharmacokinetic studies might prove useful in diminishing gastrointestinal side effects.
Apoptosis in inflammatory–fibroproliferative disorders of the vessel wall
Authors: K Walsh
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Apoptotic cell death is a hallmark of inflammatory-fibroproliferative disorders of the vessel wall. Here, we review what is currently known about cell death within atherosclerotic and restenotic lesions. We also examine evidence suggesting that inflammatory cells contribute to the regulation of cell turnover within these lesions, and discuss the molecules expressed by vascular cells that modulate these processes. In toto, these studies suggest that apoptosis is prevalent in vascular lesions, controlling the viability of both inflammatory and vascular cells, and thus determining the cellular composition of the vessel wall.