tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Changing Attitudes toward the Massachusetts Birth-Control Law
Authors: Joseph L. Dorsey
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

Dr. Dorsey has written a balanced and thoughtful review of a topic that has a history of complexity and bitterness. Most people in the community, in my judgment, feel with him that the time is ripe for reconsidering the question in the light of the claims of a plural society. A variety of suggestions have already been made, and they deserve the careful attention and study of our community leaders. — (RT. REV. MSGR.) Francis J. Lally, editor of the Pilot. IN November it will be sixteen years since the law of the Commonwealth that makes illegal the sale, . . .
Variable major proteins of Borrellia hermsii.
Authors: A G Barbour, S L Tessier, H G Stoenner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

Borrelia hermsii, a relapsing fever agent, manifests antigenic variation in vivo and in vitro. We studied three mouse-passaged serotypes of strain HS1 (7, 14, and 21) and a HS1 derivative obtained after multiple in vitro passages (C serotype). All four serotypes had two major proteins in whole cell lysates fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One major protein species (pII) had the same apparent subunit molecular weight (or approximately 3.9 X 10(4) in all the serotypes. In contrast, the other abundant protein in lysates, pI, had a different apparent molecular weight in each serotype. In one gel the molecular weights of pIc, pI7, pI14, and pI21 were 1.9, 4.2, 4.1, and 4.0 X 10(4), respectively. Serotype-specific mouse antisera bound to both hemologous and heterologous pIIs, to homologous pI, but not to heterologous pI in Western blots. Hybridomas were raised from spleens of mice infected with B. hermsii. Monoclonal antibodies were identified by immunofluorescence assays using whole organisms. Monoclonal antibodies specific for serotype 7 (H1826) or for serotype 21 (H3326) bound only to pI7 or pI21, respectively, in Western blots. The surface location of the pI was suggested not only by the immunofluorescence studies but also by the labeling of pI7 and pI21 when whole cells of serotypes 7 and 21 were incubated with 125I in the presence of Iodogen. Under the same circumstances, pII was relatively poorly labeled. These studies have identified the variable pI proteins of B. hermsii as serotype-specific antigens. A change from one pI to another may be the basis of antigenic variation of Borrelia species during relapsing fever.
The Vectorcardiogram in the Differential Diagnosis of Atrial Septal Defect in Children
Authors: JEROME LIEBMAN, ALEXANDER S. NADAS
Journal: Circulation (1960)

Vectorcardiograms have been analyzed in 32 atrial septal defects of the secundum type and 23 endocardial cushion defects, as well as 6 patients in special groups. All but 1 patient in both major groups showed right ventricular hypertrophy, with clear-cut evidence of additional right bundle-branch block being present in only 3. The principal difference between ostium secundum and endocardial cushion defects consists in the loop being inferior in the former, superior in the latter. The direction of inscription in the frontal plane tends to be clockwise in the ostium secundum lesions, counterclockwise in the endocardial cushion group. The 6 patients in special groups could be readily distinguished from the 2 major groups with the use of the vectorcardiogram. The superior position of the vector loop (left axis deviation in the electrocardiogram) characteristic of endocardial cushion defects, is thought not to be secondary to left ventricular hypertrophy but rather to a congenital anomaly in the conduction system. A correlation was attempted between the vectorcardiogram and hemodynamic data in 22 patients in each group. The ratio of right to left ventricular work appeared to relate well to the vectorcardiogram. As the ratio increased, more right ventricular hypertrophy appeared.
Inhibiting AIDS in the central nervous system: gene delivery to protect neurons from HIV
Authors: Pierre Cordelier, Elisabeth Van Bockstaele, Sandra A Calarota, David S Strayer
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

Gene therapy to treat primary and secondary CNS diseases, including neuro-AIDS, has not yet been effective. New approaches to delivering therapeutic genes to the central nervous system are therefore required. Recombinant SV40 vectors (rSV40) transduce both dividing and quiescent cells efficiently, and so we tested them for their ability to deliver anti-HIV-1 transgenes to terminally differentiated human NT2-derived neurons (NT2-N). These vectors transduced >95% of immature as well as mature human neurons efficiently, without detectable toxicity and without requiring selection. rSV40 gene delivery was stable to retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. The rSV40 vectors used in these studies, SV(RevM10) and SV(AT), respectively carried the cDNAs for RevM10, a trans-dominant mutant of HIV-1 Rev, and human alpha1-antitrypsin. As measured by HIV-1 p24 antigen assays and by immunostaining for gp120, NT2-N treated with these vectors strongly resisted challenge with different strains of HIV-1. Protection from HIV replication and HIV-induced cytotoxicity was conferred by SV(AT) and SV(RevM10) and remained constant throughout retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation and for the duration of these studies (> or =11 weeks). rSV40 transduction of human neurons might therefore be a practicable approach to gene delivery for the treatment of CNS diseases, including neuro-AIDS.
Appendiceal Carcinoid Mimicking a Meckel's Diverticulum on Tc-99m Pertechnetate Imaging
Authors: Helena Gerhardt Summers, Edward V. Loftus, Thomas J. Sebo, Jolanta M. Durski
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

A 47-year-old man with chronic abdominal pain presented with bloody diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. A Tc-99m pertechnetate scan revealed focal increased radiotracer uptake in the midabdomen. Although not in the typical location, Meckel's diverticulum was the leading diagnosis. The patient underwent laparoscopic exploration which was negative for Meckel's diverticulum. The appendix was slightly prominent and, therefore, was removed. An unsuspected appendiceal carcinoid tumor was found at pathology–one of a handful of published cases of carcinoid tumor discovered by a false-positive Meckel's scan and the only reported case of appendiceal carcinoid mimicking Meckel's diverticulum on nuclear scintigraphy.
[694] ME3738 PREVENTS ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN MICE VIA PROTECTION AGAINST MITOCHONDRIA!. PERMEABILITY TRANSITION
Authors: K. Asai, H. Kuzuhara, M. Miyazaki, T. Ninomiya, Y. Kawamura, N. Nemoto, T. Kurosawa, S. Nishiyama
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Characterizing the Epidemiology of the 2009 Influenza A/H1N1 Pandemic in Mexico
Authors: Gerardo Chowell, Santiago Echevarría-Zuno, Cécile Viboud, Lone Simonsen, James Tamerius, Mark A. Miller, Víctor H. Borja-Aburto
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Mexico's local and national authorities initiated an intense public health response during the early stages of the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic. In this study we analyzed the epidemiological patterns of the pandemic during April-December 2009 in Mexico and evaluated the impact of nonmedical interventions, school cycles, and demographic factors on influenza transmission.We used influenza surveillance data compiled by the Mexican Institute for Social Security, representing 40% of the population, to study patterns in influenza-like illness (ILIs) hospitalizations, deaths, and case-fatality rate by pandemic wave and geographical region. We also estimated the reproduction number (R) on the basis of the growth rate of daily cases, and used a transmission model to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation strategies initiated during the spring pandemic wave. A total of 117,626 ILI cases were identified during April-December 2009, of which 30.6% were tested for influenza, and 23.3% were positive for the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic virus. A three-wave pandemic profile was identified, with an initial wave in April-May (Mexico City area), a second wave in June-July (southeastern states), and a geographically widespread third wave in August-December. The median age of laboratory confirmed ILI cases was ∼ 18 years overall and increased to ∼ 31 years during autumn (p<0.0001). The case-fatality ratio among ILI cases was 1.2% overall, and highest (5.5%) among people over 60 years. The regional R estimates were 1.8-2.1, 1.6-1.9, and 1.2-1.3 for the spring, summer, and fall waves, respectively. We estimate that the 18-day period of mandatory school closures and other social distancing measures implemented in the greater Mexico City area was associated with a 29%-37% reduction in influenza transmission in spring 2009. In addition, an increase in R was observed in late May and early June in the southeast states, after mandatory school suspension resumed and before summer vacation started. State-specific fall pandemic waves began 2-5 weeks after school reopened for the fall term, coinciding with an age shift in influenza cases.We documented three spatially heterogeneous waves of the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic virus in Mexico, which were characterized by a relatively young age distribution of cases. Our study highlights the importance of school cycles on the transmission dynamics of this pandemic influenza strain and suggests that school closure and other mitigation measures could be useful to mitigate future influenza pandemics. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Importance of endothelial function in stenotic haemodynamic responses
Authors: W. P Santamore, D. Morley, T. N Tulenko, A. A Bove
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1991)

The aim was to examine endothelium mediated flow dependence in a dynamic stenosis.The coronary circulation was modelled as a proximal compliant stenosis and a fixed distal resistance. Pressures and flow were calculated using standard haemodynamic equations. Within the stenosis, the vessel wall was composed of normal and rigid sections, and the normal section dilated proportionally with flow. From this theoretical analysis, three perfusion pressures (150, 100, and 75 mm Hg) and two distal resistances (high and low) were examined.In a stenotic artery (93% area reduction) with high flow dependence, decreasing distal resistance increased flow substantially. At 75 mm Hg perfusion pressure, flow increased from 40.8 to 81.6 ml.min-1. With moderate flow dependence, flow increases were attenuated. Without flow dependence, flow increases were smaller, and at low perfusion pressure, flow paradoxically decreased (39.0 to 0.0 ml.min-1) when distal resistance decreased. Vasoconstriction responses with and without flow dependence were analysed. In a stenotic artery, vasoconstrictors caused a concentration dependent decrease in flow. Without flow dependence, the flow dose-response curve was shifted to the left: a lower level of arterial vasoconstriction resulted in a greater flow decrease.The theoretical analysis shows significantly different flow responses to decreasing distal resistance and to vasoconstriction depending on endothelial function. Endothelial dysfunction may be important in the pathophysiology of angina pectoris.
Surfactant protein-A levels increase during Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the rat
Authors: DS Phelps, TM Umstead, RM Rose, JA Fishman
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

In bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and in lungs of glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed rats infected with P. carinii, surfactant phospholipid levels are reduced. However, levels of the surfactant-associated protein-A (SP-A) in BAL are 4-5 times higher than normal in patients with P. carinii pneumonia. In this study, we examined the effects of glucocorticoid immunosuppression and P. carinii infection on SP-A messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels in rat lungs. Rats were immunosuppressed by adding dexamethasone to their drinking water and were infected with P. carinii by intratracheal instillation of the organism. SP-A was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and SP-A mRNA by hybridization of Northern blots with an SP-A complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) probe. There was a severalfold increase in SP-A protein and mRNA levels in uninfected glucocorticoid-treated rats. However, contrary to what has been reported with the surfactant-associated lipids, SP-A mRNA and protein levels in P. carinii-infected animals were significantly higher than those found in the uninfected, immunosuppressed animals. Our results demonstrate that SP-A increases, probably as a result of elevated mRNA levels, in immunosuppressed rats with P. carinii infection and are consistent with our findings in HIV-positive patients with P. carinii pneumonia.
The effect of steroid sulphatase on stratum corneum shedding in patients with X-linked ichthyosis
Authors: T. YOSHIIKE, T. MATSUI, T. KIMURA, H. YAMADA, H. OGAWA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

After the application under occlusion of partially purified stratum corneum steroid sulphatase to the skin of patients with X-linked ichthyosis, the detachment ratio of stratum corneum fragments was significantly increased. There was no significant change in normal subjects or in patients with ichthyosis vulgaris.
Growth and growth charts.
Authors: H B Valman
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Weight and head circumferenceThe size of the normal infant at birth is determined mainly by the mother's size.The greatest changes to adjust for other hereditary factors take place during the first three months of life.Although children tend to attain a stature between those of their parents, some children take after one parent, grandparent, or an even more remote member of the family.All these children are perfectly healthy.It may be difficult to distinguish these normal adjustments of growth from disease, especially during the first few months of life.Growth charts are therefore essential for diagnosis during this period and helpful in discussions with parents.Length (or height) is difficult to measure accurately in a very young __ l baby, and for several years we have used the head circumference as a reference measurement for comparison with the weight.The use of the
Results of adrenal surgery in patients with hypertension, aldosterone excess, and low plasma renin concentration.
Authors: J B Ferriss, J J Brown, R Fraser, E Haywood, D L Davies, A W Kay, A F Lever, J I Robertson, K Owen, W S Peart
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Fifty patients with hypertension, aldosterone excess, and low plasma renin concentration underwent adrenal surgery. There was a highly significant fall in mean systolic and diastolic pressures after the operation. The mean postoperative diastolic pressure fell to strictly normal levels, however, in only 19 out of 38 patients from whom an adrenocortical adenoma was removed and in only two out of 10 non-tumour patients. There was a significant correlation between the fall in blood pressure during spironolactone treatment and after adrenal surgery though levels were generally slightly lower during the former therapy. It is suggested that removal of an aldosterone-producing adenoma is the treatment of choice provided a good preoperative hypotensive response to spironolactone occurs, while the treatment of choice for non-tumour patients is often long-term spironolactone.
Usefulness of MRI in Aortic Dissection
Authors: Kim Eagle, Godtfred Holmvang
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

The top panel is an oblique sagittal magnetic resonance image (MRI) aligned to give a long-axis view of the thoracic aorta in a 55-year-old patient with Marian's syndrome and aortic dissection. The intimal flap begins in the ascending aorta (solid black arrow) at the level of the distal anastomosis of a graft used in a previous repair of the aortic root. The left carotid and left subclavian arteries can be seen originating from the aortic arch. In the descending aorta a relatively high signal is returned by the blood in the false channel (white arrow), a result consistent with slow . . .
Misleading Evidence in Establishing Time of Death
Authors: A. D. Morgan
Journal: BMJ (1945)

JOURNAL 25 45 mg. per 100 c.cm.; Wassermann reaction negative.Recovery from the facial palsy was rapid, being complete within a month.In the arms it was slower, but tendon reflexes were present in three weeks and normal in four.The legs were slowest of all, and convalescence was attended by much aching in the feet.After nine weeks the lower-limb reflexes could be obtained, with the exception of the left ankle-jerk.By 11 weeks he was walking well with the aid of a stick, and shortly afterwards was transferred for rehabilitation.All tendon reflexes had returned by this time, but there was residual weakness of the glutei and calf muscles, with still a little pain in the feet.-DiscussionA description of this condition, with post-mortem findings, was
Ventilator associated pneumonia
Authors: J. D. Hunter
Journal: BMJ (2012)

#### Summary points

Ventilator associated pneumonia is the most common nosocomial infection in patients receiving mechanical ventilation, and it accounts for about half of all antibiotics given in the intensive care unit (ICU).1 Its reported incidence depends on case mix, duration of mechanical ventilation, and the diagnostic criteria used. It occurs in 9-27% of mechanically ventilated patients, with about five cases per 1000 ventilator days.2 The condition is associated with increased ICU and hospital stay and has an estimated attributable mortality of 9%.3

#### Sources and selection criteria

I searched various sources to identify relevant evidence on the definition, epidemiology, and management of patients with ventilator associated pneumonia. These included PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and conference proceedings. I searched www.clinicaltrials.gov for current research.

A number of evidence based strategies have been described for the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia, and its incidence can be reduced by combining several in a care bundle.4

The purpose of this review is to update readers on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of this serious infection.

Ventilator associated pneumonia is a hospital acquired pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after tracheal intubation.5 It can usefully be classified as early onset or late onset pneumonia. Early onset pneumonia occurs within four days of intubation and mechanical ventilation, and it is generally caused by antibiotic sensitive bacteria. Late onset pneumonia develops after four days …
Inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by heparins of differing in vitro antiproliferative potency.
Authors: B T Thompson, C R Spence, S P Janssens, P M Joseph, C A Hales
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Heparin inhibits smooth-muscle cell (SMC) growth in vitro and inhibits the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling in vivo. We wondered whether preparations of heparin with different antiproliferative potency in vitro would differ in their ability to inhibit the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in vivo. Two such heparins, a weakly antiproliferative lot of Elkins-Sinn (E-S) (% inhibition of SMC growth at 10 micrograms/ml = 13 +/- 9% [mean +/- SEM, n = 24]) and a more active lot from Upjohn (UJ) (% inhibition = 71 +/- 12% [n = 12, p < 0.05 versus E-S]), were infused subcutaneously (300 U.S.P. units/day; E-S 300 versus UJ 300) via an osmotic pump into guinea pigs exposed to hypoxia (10% O2) for 10 d, after which pulmonary artery pressure (PAP; mm Hg) and cardiac index (CI; ml/min/kg) were measured in room air. Hypoxic controls (HC) received saline. PAP increased from 11 +/- 1 mm Hg in normoxic controls (NC) (n = 5) to 24 +/- 1 mm Hg in HC (n = 8, p < 0.05). The PAP was lower in the E-S 300 (21 +/- 1; n = 7, p < 0.05 versus HC and NC) and even lower in the UJ 300-treated group (18 +/- 0.5; n = 7, p < 0.05 versus HC and NC). Total pulmonary vascular resistance (TPR; mm Hg/ml/min/kg) increased significantly from 0.038 +/- 0.002 in NC to 0.076 +/- 0.003 (p < 0.05) in HC. There was no difference in TPR between the HC and the E-S 300-treated group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Treatment of head lice
Authors: AMR Downs, KA Stafford, GC Coles
Journal: The Lancet (2000)

When publishing scientific articles it is customary to cite the pertinent literature. Contrary to what R J Roberts and colleagues state1 there are two published reports comparing combing with no treatment, in which infection rates did not differ significantly.2,3 They do not mention our reports on the existence of malathion-resistant head lice in the UK4 and changes in the prevalence of head lice after combing.5
Influence of the histamine control on skin reactivity in skin testing
Authors: D. Y. Koller, C. Pirker, R. Jarisch, M. Gotz, Diater Koller
Journal: Allergy (1992)

We investigated the effect of the histamine control (1 mg/ml) on the results of skin prick and intradermal testing with bee and wasp venom. Skin tests were done on the patients' forearms: on the right arm the histamine control and the bee venom dilutions, on the left arm the wasp venom dilutions only, at distances of 4-5 cm. In intradermal testing 11 (9%) of 122 patients showed a positive wheal and flare reaction to the bee venom solution positioned next to the histamine control. The subsequent solutions in higher concentrations did not produce any skin reactions. The results of intradermal testing with bee venom did not occur in intradermal testing with wasp venom or in skin prick testing with both allergens. Our results show clearly that in skin prick tests a distance of 4-5 cm is sufficient to avoid false positive skin reactions. However, using the same distance in intradermal testing showed that histamine affects the skin reactions produced by adjacent allergen solutions. Therefore false positive results may occur.
Mystic Moments of Humility
Authors: Sam Vee
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Many proud men and women confess to moments of utter humility. These generally occur when, awestruck by the vastness of space or time, one is overcome by a sense of personal insignificance. Conquerors of high mountain peaks admit to such feelings when the panorama of distant horizons overwhelms them. Even city dwellers whose horizons are circumscribed may be overpowered when, extending their necks and straining their eyes, they follow the walls of giant high-rises. The overawing vastnesses need not be spatial or temporal. They may exist only in the imagination. How intimidating it is to realize one's ignorance vis-à-vis the immensity of accumulated knowledge. I must confess that such awe-inspiring occasions have made no dent in my self-esteem. I did not feel humble when, poised on the ledge at the top of snow-capped Mount Everest, I gazed at the immensities around me. Nor did humility stir within me when, stranded
SERO-PROGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOUS PLEURISIES.
Authors: PAUL COURMONT
Journal: JAMA (1906)

The general idea of sero-prognosis is personal with me. In 1897<sup>1</sup>I showed in regard to typhoid fever that the intensity of the agglutinating power of the blood is in inverse proportion to the gravity of the infection and in direct proportion to the resistance of the patient. I established this by 112 observations on typhoid fever with studies of the agglutination curve and by numerous observations on animals. In like manner Griffon<sup>2</sup>has shown that the maximum agglutinating power of the blood in pneumonia is found at the moment of recovery, and that this agglutinant power is wanting in mortal cases. In tuberculosis, which is not a cyclical disease, the facts are less conclusive. However, in conjunction with Arloing<sup>3</sup>I have found, since 1898, that the agglutinant power of the blood is ordinarily greater in cases which are benign, or on the way to recovery, and