tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Medical aspects of unemployment.
Authors: W L Rees
Journal: BMJ (1981)

weeks.Specific interventions at and around conception8 might reduce the frequency of others.Yet while the numbers of infants being born with severe handicaps may be reduced, such births will continue to occur, and difficult ethical decisions will still have to be made.Doctors need not be ashamed of making them.The best defence to any criticism is that the decision to withhold treatment and let an infant die should be made openly.In such cases we believe that a paediatrician should get the agreement of a colleague to his assessment.9Next, and equally important, when the baby dies the death and the circumstances leading up to it should be discussed at the next clinical meeting of the division of paedia- trics (or at the joint obstetric/paediatric meeting if that is the local alternative).By putting the deaths on record the treatment policy will be seen to be considered, consistent, and compassionate.
UN responding slowly to Kosovo refugee crisis
Authors: B. J. Ciment
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The flood of refugees leaving Kosovo is presenting the United Nations with the worst humanitarian crisis since the Rwandan genocide of 1994 and the worst in Europe since the years immediately after the second world war.

While the numbers continue to swell—and are subject to dispute from various sources—the office of the UN secretary general believes that as many as 180000 ethnic Albanians had fled from …
THE INFLUENCE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ON THE FUNCTION OF THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: J. Hamilton Crawford, J. N. J. Hartley
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

1. There is a marked individual variation in the histological structure of the thyroid gland of rabbits examined at the same season under standard conditions. Although the microscopic appearance varies in different rabbits, the structure of the two lobes in the same animal does not differ. The variations are seen principally in the size and shape of the vesicles and in the quantity and character of the colloid. 2. With one lobe as a control no histological changes in the other lobe have been observed following section or stimulation of either the cervical sympathetic or the vagus and its branches.
Factors Affecting Older African American Women's Decisions to Join the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial
Authors: Jeanette M. Trauth, Jan C. Jernigan, Laura A. Siminoff, Donald Musa, Derietra Neal-Ferguson, Joel Weissfeld
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

The purpose of this study is to describe the factors associated with the decisions of older African American women to join the PLCO (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian) Cancer Screening Trial when recruited.African American women between ages 55 and 74 years who were never diagnosed with a PLCO cancer were eligible for our study. Two methods of recruitment were used. First, mailings were sent to a random sample of women describing the PLCO followed by a telephone call to determine interest in the PLCO. If women were not interested in PLCO but consented to participate in our study, they were interviewed immediately. Second, we followed up with African American women who responded to mass mailings sent out before the start of our study by the Pittsburgh PLCO office. Women completed an interview about their cancer and clinical trial knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. The responses of women who joined the PLCO Trial are contrasted with the responses of women who did not join.Numerous factors were associated with the decision of older African American women to join the PLCO, including perceptions of cancer prevention and detection, the experience of having a loved one with cancer, knowledge of and experience with clinical trials, and beliefs regarding the benefits and risks of clinical trial participation.Minority recruitment to cancer clinical trials could be increased by designing interventions focused on individual, organizational, and community needs.
Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Zoonotic Influenza A Virus Infection Utilizing Coumarin-derived dendrimer-based Fluorescent Immunochromatographic Strip Test (FICT)
Authors: Seon-Ju Yeo, Dinh Thi Huong, Nguyen Ngoc Hong, Chun-Ying Li, Kyunghan Choi, Kyoungsik Yu, Du-Young Choi, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hak Soo Choi, Shyam Kumar Mallik, Hak Sung Kim, Haan Woo Sung, Hyun Park
Journal: Theranostics (2014)

Great efforts have been made to develop robust signal-generating fluorescence materials which will help in improving the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in terms of sensitivity and quantification. In this study, we developed coumarin-derived dendrimer-based fluorescent immunochromatographic strip test (FICT) assay with enhanced sensitivity as a quantitative diagnostic tool in typical RDT environments. The accuracy of the proposed FICT was compared with that of dot blot immunoassay techniques and conventional RDTs. Through conjugation of coumarin-derived dendrimers with latex beads, fluorescent emission covering broad output spectral ranges was obtained which provided a distinct advantage of easy discrimination of the fluorescent emission of the latex beads with a simple insertion of a long-pass optical filter away from the excitation wavelength. The newly developed FICT assay was able to detect 100 ng/10 μL of influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) antigen within 5 minutes, which corresponded to 2.5-fold higher sensitivity than that of the dot blot immunoassay or conventional RDTs. Moreover, the FICT assay was confirmed to detect at least four avian influenza A subtypes (H5N3, H7N1, H7N7, and H9N2). On applying the FICT to the clinical swab samples infected with respiratory viruses, our FICT assay was confirmed to differentiate influenza H1N1 infection from other respiratory viral diseases. These data demonstrate that the proposed FICT assay is able to detect zoonotic influenza A viruses with a high sensitivity, and it enables the quantitation of the infection intensity by providing the numerical diagnostic values; thus demonstrating enhanced detectability of influenza A viruses.
Renal Sympathetic Denervation for the Treatment of Refractory Hypertension
Authors: Kui Toh Gerard Leong, Antony Walton, Henry Krum
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2014)

Resistant hypertension poses significant health concerns. There are strong demands for new and safe therapies to control resistant hypertension while addressing its common causes, specifically poor compliance to lifelong polypharmacy, lifestyle modifications, and physician inertia. The sympathetic nervous system plays a significant pathophysiological role in hypertension. Surgical sympathectomy for blood pressure reduction is an old but extremely efficacious therapeutic concept, now abandoned with the dawn of a safer contemporary pharmacology era. Recently, clinical studies have revealed promising results for safe and sustained blood pressure reduction with percutaneous renal sympathetic denervation. This is a novel, minimally invasive, device-based therapy, specifically targeting and ablating the renal artery nerves with radiofrequency waves without permanent implantation. There are also reported additional benefits in related comorbidities, such as impaired glucose metabolism, renal impairment, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and others. This review focuses on how selective renal sympathetic denervation works, its present and potential therapeutic indications, and its future directions.
Search and treat strategy to eliminate Helicobacter pylori associated ulcer disease
Authors: W A DE BOER
Journal: Gut (2001)

Peptic ulcer disease is a serious disorder affecting many people and carrying substantial morbidity and even mortality as a result of bleeding or perforation.1 2 The discovery of Helicobacter pylori as its main aetiological factor is a major breakthrough in gastroenterology. We can cure patients that before were suffering from a chronic recurrent ailment. After curing the infection, H pylori associated ulcers do not recur, nor do ulcer complications.3 Quality of life improves, use of medication diminishes or stops, and the number of doctor visits, hospital admissions, and absenteeism from work decreases. Curing the infection may even increase life expectancy.2 Hence treating H pylori infection in ulcer patients is associated not only with improved health but also with significant economic benefits. It was demonstrated that the use of acid suppressants decreases significantly in ulcer patients whereas it usually does not decrease in those with non-ulcer dyspepsia.4-7 

Some have claimed that reflux symptoms and/or reflux oesophagitis may develop in successfully treated patients. Whether this is a true development of a new disease or merely the unmasking of an already present but occult diathesis is controversial.8 9 This possible disadvantage does not outweigh the benefits of curing the infection in this specific ulcer patient group.

The major clinical discoveries regarding this infection are well known to general practitioners, internists, gastroenterologists, and microbiologists. Unfortunately, implementation of this new knowledge to the level of actually treating the right patients remains problematic. In general it is hard to change physician behaviour.10Many ulcer patients even today are still being treated with chronic or on demand acid suppressants, a therapy now considered obsolete.11 12 Vreeburg et al showed that only a minority of patients admitted with an upper gastrointestinal bleed in the Amsterdam area was tested for the presence …
Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer: 12-year follow-up of the multicentre, randomised controlled TME trial
Authors: Willem van Gijn, Corrie AM Marijnen, Iris D Nagtegaal, Elma Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg, Hein Putter, Theo Wiggers, Harm JT Rutten, Lars Påhlman, Bengt Glimelius, Cornelis JH van de Velde
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2011)
Basal gastric secretion: reproducibility and relationship with duodenal ulceration.
Authors: R G Faber, M Hobsley
Journal: Gut (1977)

Basal gastric secretion was examined in control subjects, patients with duodenal ulcer, and patients after vagotomy with or without a drainage procedure, not only in terms of conventional indices of secretion--volume, titratable aciditiy, and acid output--but also in terms of the volume corrected for pyloric losses and duodenal reflux (Vg). In all groups, secretion was less in the second than in the first half-hour of a one-hour basal collection. Basal secretion was examined on more than one occasion in non-operated subjects and patients after vagotomy with or without a drainage procedure. In both groups extreme variability in secretion was found from one study to the next, and the variability was the same whether secretion was expressed in terms of conventional indices or VG. It is concluded that such variability is physiological rather than due to experimental errors. Basal secretion was found on average to be greater in duodenal ulcer patients than in control subjects, and, after vagotomy, to be greater in patients with recurrent ulcer than in asymptomatic patients. However, despite all the corrections made, the overlap in the results from the different groups was so great that basal secretion could not be ascribed an aetiological role in the majority of patients with duodenal ulcer.
A placebo-controlled trial of acotiamide for meal-related symptoms of functional dyspepsia
Authors: Kei Matsueda, Michio Hongo, Jan Tack, Youichi Saito, Hiroki Kato
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Objective</h3> To determine the efficacy of acotiamide, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) in a 4-week trial <h3>Methods</h3> A multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase III trial was carried out, in which patients with FD received 100 mg of acotiamide or placebo three times a day for 4 weeks, with 4 weeks post-treatment follow-up. The primary efficacy end points were global assessment of overall treatment efficacy (OTE) and elimination rate of all three meal-related symptoms (postprandial fullness, upper abdominal bloating and early satiation), as derived from daily diaries. Secondary efficacy end points were individual symptom scores and quality of life. Adverse events were monitored. <h3>Results</h3> 52.2% of those receiving acotiamide and 34.8% in the placebo group (p&lt;0.001) were classified as responders according to a global assessment of OTE. Over 4 weeks, the elimination rate for all three meal-related symptoms was 15.3% among patients receiving acotiamide compared with 9.0% in the placebo group (p=0.004). The significant benefit of acotiamide over placebo in OTE and elimination rate was maintained during the 4 week post-treatment follow-up. All other secondary efficacy end points, including quality of life, were significantly improved with 100 mg of acotiamide as compared with placebo. The number needed to treat was 6 for OTE and 16 for symptom elimination rate. The incidence of adverse events was similar between the acotiamide group and placebo group and no significant cardiovascular effects due to treatment were seen. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Over 4 weeks, acotiamide significantly improved symptom severity and eliminated meal-related symptoms in patients with FD. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> http://ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00761358.
Repression of NHE1 Expression by PPARγ Activation Is a Potential New Approach for Specific Inhibition of the Growth of Tumor Cells<i>In vitro</i>and<i>In vivo</i>
Authors: Alan Prem Kumar, Ai Li Quake, Michelle Ker Xing Chang, Ting Zhou, Kelly Swee Ying Lim, Rajeev Singh, Robert Edwin Hewitt, Manuel Salto-Tellez, Shazib Pervaiz, Marie-Véronique Clément
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Ligand-induced activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) inhibits proliferation in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo; however, the downstream targets remain undefined. We report the identification of a peroxisome proliferator response element in the promoter region of the Na(+)/H(+) transporter gene NHE1, the overexpression of which has been associated with carcinogenesis. Exposure of breast cancer cells expressing high levels of PPARgamma to its natural and synthetic agonists resulted in downregulation of NHE1 transcription as well as protein expression. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of activated PPARgamma on tumor colony-forming ability was abrogated on overexpression of NHE1, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing of NHE1 significantly increased the sensitivity of cancer cells to growth-inhibitory stimuli. Finally, histopathologic analysis of breast cancer biopsies obtained from patients with type II diabetes treated with the synthetic agonist rosiglitazone showed significant repression of NHE1 in the tumor tissue. These data provide evidence for tumor-selective downregulation of NHE1 by activated PPARgamma in vitro and in pathologic specimens from breast cancer patients and could have potential implications for the judicious use of low doses of PPARgamma ligands in combination chemotherapy regimens for an effective therapeutic response.
Aldosterone Induces Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Gene Expression in Cultured Neonatal Rat Cardiocytes
Authors: Eisaku Harada, Michihiro Yoshimura, Hirofumi Yasue, Osamu Nakagawa, Masayo Nakagawa, Masaki Harada, Yuji Mizuno, Masafumi Nakayama, Yukio Shimasaki, Teruhiko Ito, Shota Nakamura, Koichiro Kuwahara, Yoshihiko Saito, Kazuwa Nakao, Hisao Ogawa
Journal: Circulation (2001)

The cardiac renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated in failing hearts in proportion to the severity of the disease. We hypothesized that a positive feedback mechanism might exist within this system and contribute to the progression of the heart failure. Methods and Results-- To test this hypothesis, we examined whether angiotensin II or aldosterone induces the expression of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) mRNA in cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiocytes. Expression of ACE mRNA was detected and quantified using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Exposure to angiotensin II (10(-5) mol/L) for 24 hours had no significant effect on the expression of ACE mRNA (0.7+/-0.5-fold versus control, P=NS), but similar treatment with aldosterone (10(-5) mol/L) induced a 23.3+/-7.9-fold increase (P<0.01) in ACE mRNA expression. The effect of aldosterone was both time- (maximal effect, 24 hours) and dose-dependent (EC(50), 4x10(-7) mol/L), and it was significantly (P<0.01) inhibited by spironolactone, a specific mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.Aldosterone upregulates ACE mRNA expression, which is blocked by spironolactone in neonatal rat cardiocytes. Thus, spironolactone may suppress the progression of heart failure by blocking the effects of aldosterone and angiotensin II.
Randomized phase III trial of liposomal daunorubicin versus doxorubicin, bleomycin, and vincristine in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.
Authors: P S Gill, J Wernz, D T Scadden, P Cohen, G M Mukwaya, J H von Roenn, M Jacobs, S Kempin, I Silverberg, G Gonzales, M U Rarick, A M Myers, F Shepherd, C Sawka, M C Pike, M E Ross
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1996)

PURPOSE To compare the safety and efficacy of liposomal daunorubicin (DaunoXome; NeXstar Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Boulder, CO) with a reference regimen of doxorubicin, bleomycin, and vincristine (ABV) in advanced AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). PATIENTS AND METHODS In a prospective randomized phase III trial, 232 patients were randomized to receive DaunoXome 40 mg/m2 or a combination regimen of doxorubicin 10 mg/m2, bleomycin 15 U, and vincristine 1 mg, administered intravenously every 2 weeks. Treatment was continued until complete response (CR), disease progression, or unacceptable toxicity. RESULTS Of 232 patients randomized, 227 were treated: 116 with DaunoXome and 111 with ABV. The overall response rate (CR or partial response [PR]) was 25% (three CRs and 26 PRs) for DaunoXome and 28% (one CR and 30 PRs) for ABV. The difference in response rates was not statistically significant. The median survival time was 369 days for DaunoXome patients and 342 days for ABV patients (P = .19). The median time to treatment failure was 115 days for DaunoXome and 99 days for ABV (P = .13). ABV patients experienced significantly more alopecia and neuropathy (P &lt; .0001). DaunoXome patients experienced more grade 4 neutropenia (P = .021). Cardiac function remained stable, with no instances of congestive heart failure on either treatment arm. CONCLUSION In this large phase III trial, the efficacy of DaunoXome was comparable to that of ABV. Response rates, time to treatment failure, and overall survival were similar on both treatment arms. DaunoXome is a safe and effective primary therapy for advanced AIDS-related KS.
Translation Regulation as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer
Authors: Michal Grzmil, Brian A. Hemmings
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Protein synthesis is a vital cellular process that regulates growth and metabolism. It is controlled via signaling networks in response to environmental changes, including the presence of nutrients, mitogens, or starvation. The phosphorylation state of proteins involved in translation initiation is a limiting factor that regulates the formation or activity of translational complexes. In cancer cells, hyperactivated signaling pathways influence translation, allowing uncontrolled growth and survival. In addition, several components of translation initiation have been found to be mutated, posttranslationally modified, or differentially expressed, and some act as oncogenes in cancer cells. Translational alterations can increase the overall rate of protein synthesis as well as activate regulatory mechanisms leading to the translation of specific messenger RNAs for proteins that promote cancer progression and survival. Many recent studies investigating such mechanisms have produced ideas for therapeutic intervention. This review describes altered mechanisms of protein synthesis in human cancers and discusses therapeutic approaches based on the targeting of translation.
Early Changes in Lung Gene Expression due to High Tidal Volume
Authors: Ian B. Copland, Brian P. Kavanagh, Doreen Engelberts, Colin McKerlie, Jaques Belik, Martin Post
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

The purpose of this study was to use gene expression profiling to understand how adult rat lung responds to high tidal volume (HV) ventilation in vivo. HV ventilation for 30 minutes did not cause discernable lung injury (in terms of altered mechanics or histology) but caused obvious injury when continued for 90 minutes. However, at 30-minute ventilation, HV caused significant upregulation of 10 genes and suppression of 12 genes. Among the upregulated genes were transcription factors, stress proteins, and inflammatory mediators; the downregulated genes were exemplified by metabolic regulatory genes. On the basis of cluster analysis, we studied Egr-1, c-Jun, heat shock protein 70, and interleukin (IL)-1β in further detail. Temporal studies demonstrated that Egr-1 and c-Jun were increased early and before heat shock protein 70 and IL-1β. Spatial studies using in situ hybridization and laser capture microscopy revealed that all four genes were upregulated primarily in the bronchiolar airway epithelium. Furthermore, at 90 minutes of HV ventilation, a significant increase in intracellular IL-1β protein was observed. Although there are limitations to gene array methodology, the current data suggest a global hypothesis that (1) the effects of HV are cumulative; (2) specific patterns of gene activation and suppression precede lung injury; and (3) alteration of gene expression after mechanical stretch is pathogenic.
The epidemiology of hepatitis delta infection in Italy
Authors: Evangelista Sagnelli, Tommaso Stroffolini, Antonio Ascione, Ferruccio Bonino, Maria Chiaramonte, Massimo Colombo, Antonio Crax, Giuseppe Giusti, Onofrio Giuseppe Manghisi, Giuseppe Pastore, Felice Piccinino, Mario Rizzetto, Maria Antonietta Stazi, Mario Toti, Giorgio Verme
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1992)
Genetic Analysis of Tyrosine Kinase Function in B Cell Development
Authors: Anne Satterthwaite, Owen Witte
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1996)

B lymphopoiesis is regulated by multiple signals from stromal cell contact, soluble cytokines, antigen, and T helper cells. In vitro and biochemical experiments have implicated tyrosine kinases as key components of many of these signaling pathways. Genetic analysis of the role of these tyrosine kinases has been facilitated by recent advance in transgenic and gene targeting technology as well as by the identification of the genetic basis of several human and murine immune deficiencies. This review discusses the effect of gain and loss of function mutations of selected tyrosine kinases and their regulators and substrates on B cell development and function.