tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The NordICC Study: Rationale and design of a randomized trial on colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer
Authors: M. Kaminski, M. Bretthauer, A. Zauber, E. Kuipers, H.-O. Adami, M. van Ballegooijen, J. Regula, M. van Leerdam, T. Stefansson, L. Påhlman, E. Dekker, M. Hernán, K. Garborg, G. Hoff
Journal: Endoscopy (2012)

<b>Background and study aim:</b> While colonoscopy screening is widely used in several European countries and the United States, there are no randomized trials to quantify its benefits. The Nordic-European Initiative on Colorectal Cancer (NordICC) is a multinational, randomized controlled trial aiming at investigating the effect of colonoscopy screening on colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. This paper describes the rationale and design of the NordICC trial. <b>Study design:</b> Men and women aged 55 to 64 years are drawn from the population registries in the participating countries and randomly assigned to either once-only colonoscopy screening with removal of all detected lesions, or no screening (standard of care in the trial regions). All individuals are followed for 15 years after inclusion using dedicated national registries. The primary end points of the trial are cumulative CRC-specific death and CRC incidence during 15 years of follow-up. <b>Power analysis:</b> We hypothesize a 50 % CRC mortality-reducing efficacy of the colonoscopy intervention and predict 50 % compliance, yielding a 25 % mortality reduction among those invited to screening. For 90 % power and a two-sided alpha level of 0.05, using a 2:1 randomization, 45 600 individuals will be randomized to control, and 22 800 individuals to the colonoscopy group. Interim analyses of the effect of colonoscopy on CRC incidence and mortality will be performed at 10-year follow-up. <b>Conclusions:</b> The aim of the NordICC trial is to quantify the effectiveness of population-based colonoscopy screening. This will allow development of evidence-based guidelines for CRC screening in the general population. Trial registration: NCT 00883792.
Prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis
Authors: F S A Doran
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Username * Your Email * Send To * You are going to email the following Prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
US debates treatment of marginally viable babies
Authors: F. Charatan
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The recent birth of octuplets at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, to a 27 year old woman treated with infertility drugs (2 January, p 8) has sharpened debate in the United States about the treatment of very low birthweight babies

The problem is increasing, with latest figures showing that 53000very low birthweight babies (>1500 g) are now born each year in the United States. …
Medical Care in Sweden-Reply
Authors: Sigmund J. Lofstead
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> It would certainly be most unfortunate if I had failed to understand the basic ideas of Swedish medical care. During my recent testimony in Washington, DC, for the subcommittee on Health, Ways, and Means Committee, together with distinguished colleagues from England and Canada, I found few indications that this is the case. The reasons for governmental take-over of health care have been the same in our countries, and the results show similarities that hardly can be coincidental. Who would today declare the British National Health Service created in 1948 a success, except for the most fierce government supporters? By the same token, few Swedes can show the uncritical support for the Swedish health care system as expressed by the authors of the previous letter. <h3>1. Correction.—</h3> Private practice is now expressly prohibited by law (although old established practitioners may carry on their practice if they can after the
Diagnosis and management of brain death.
Authors: M Kaste, M Hillbom, J Palo
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Finland was the first country in which brain death was legally accepted. Since 1975, 37 cases of brain death had been recorded in a university hospital in Finland, and these were reviewed. The cause for brain death was intracranial bleeding in 32 cases, other cerebrovascular disorder in two, and intracranial neoplasm in three. In 21 brain death was diagnosed clinically. In 16 cases confirmatory investigations (electroencephalography, cerebral angiography) were needed. After brain death had been established artificial support was withdrawn in 15 patients and organ transplantation was carried out in 10. In 12 patients, however, diagnosis of brain death did not influence management, though the heart stopped beating on average 25 hours after diagnosis. The Finnish criteria for brain death seem to be reliable and suitable for routine use.
Daily estimates of soil ingestion in children.
Authors: E J Stanek, E J Calabrese
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Soil ingestion estimates play an important role in risk assessment of contaminated sites, and estimates of soil ingestion in children are of special interest. Current estimates of soil ingestion are trace-element specific and vary widely among elements. Although expressed as daily estimates, the actual estimates have been constructed by averaging soil ingestion over a study period of several days. The wide variability has resulted in uncertainty as to which method of estimation of soil ingestion is best. We developed a methodology for calculating a single estimate of soil ingestion for each subject for each day. Because the daily soil ingestion estimate represents the median estimate of eligible daily trace-element-specific soil ingestion estimates for each child, this median estimate is not trace-element specific. Summary estimates for individuals and weeks are calculated using these daily estimates. Using this methodology, the median daily soil ingestion estimate for 64 children participating in the 1989 Amherst soil ingestion study is 13 mg/day or less for 50% of the children and 138 mg/day or less for 95% of the children. Mean soil ingestion estimates (for up to an 8-day period) were 45 mg/day or less for 50% of the children, whereas 95% of the children reported a mean soil ingestion of 208 mg/day or less. Daily soil ingestion estimates were used subsequently to estimate the mean and variance in soil ingestion for each child and to extrapolate a soil ingestion distribution over a year, assuming that soil ingestion followed a log-normal distribution.
Whither the Journal?
Authors: Geoffrey Walker
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2010)

The RSM is a centre of excellent medical education where much of specialist interest emanates from section meetings and of general interest from the named/general lectures and the innovation and breakfast sessions organized by the Development Office. However, virtually none of this information is currently being reported in our Journal. Indeed, a search of the May and June editions of the JRSM failed to reveal any mention of our in-house activities – only a note of future events. I find this sad and do not believe that I am alone in wishing to see at least a partial return to the days and style of the ‘Proceedings’. I do realize that at 82 one tends to look backwards – but I appreciate that change is not always for the worse, and I am pleased to hear that the Editor is willing to consider publishing short articles based on section meetings. With Editorial Representatives for virtually all our sections, it really should be possible for the Editor to be asked to publish precis of meetings that have either a special or a general interest.
Moderate-dose cyclophosphamide for severe aplastic anemia has significant toxicity and does not prevent relapse and clonal evolution
Authors: Phillip Scheinberg, Danielle Townsley, Bogdan Dumitriu, Priscila Scheinberg, Barbara Weinstein, Maithili Daphtary, Olga Rios, Colin O. Wu, Neal S. Young
Journal: Blood (2014)
Voluntary Organ Donation: Autonomy... Tragedy
Authors: Kenneth V. Iserson
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Younger and Arnold<sup>1</sup>missed an important point in their defense of the University of Pittsburgh (PA) Medical Center (UPMC) organ harvesting protocol. While the UPMC protocol elaborately dances around societal constraints on organ donation, it still bows to the unreasonable requirement to get relatives' permission for the donation. This perpetuates relatives' unconscionable role in trumping a deceased patient's autonomy.<sup>2</sup>Despite explicit instructions, often in writing on a donor card, no US organ procurement organization will harvest organs or tissues without explicit permission or statutory authority.<sup>3</sup>Yet this behavior nullifies the individual autonomy to which medical professionals and members of society subscribe—for the living (eg, informed consent), the nearly or eerily dead (eg, advance directives), and the clearly dead (eg, wills).<sup>4</sup> Despite its problems, the UPMC protocol's multiple constraints do little to avoid burying or cremating the tens of thousands of usable organs whose
Core decompression in avascular necrosis of the hip in sickle-cell disease
Authors: Lori A. Styles, Elliott P. Vichinsky
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1996)

Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is the most common cause of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip in childhood. It results in significant physical impairment and chronic pain, and often progresses to require hip replacement. Conservative therapy is ineffective. We evaluated whether core decompression can arrest progression of AVN. We performed 13 coring procedures in 10 patients with SCD and AVN. Patients ranged from age 9–21 years at diagnosis (mean, median age, 15 years); five hips were stage I, six hips were stage II, and two hips were stage III. Mean follow-up on these patients was 3.7 years. Efficacy of the procedure was evaluated by clinical improvement in pain, radiographic progression, and need for further surgery. All 5 stage I patients had substantial improvement in pain, and only one showed X-ray progression. Five of the 6 (83%) stage II patients had improvement in pain, and 2 patients progressed on X-ray. Both stage III patients progressed on X-ray, but one was clinically improved. None of the 10 patients has required further surgery. Our results demonstrate that in early AVN, core decompression was beneficial for almost all patients, even with progression on X-ray. Core decompression should be considered in the management of SCD patients with early AVN. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Screening Test for Gonorrhea In Male Suspects
Authors: Donald S. Kwalick
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> There is a definite need for a rapid, simple screening test for suspected gonorrheal urethritis in clinical practice. In 1966, Pedersen and Kelly<sup>1</sup>first evaluated an impregnated paper strip, hereafter referred to as the "biochemical" or "strip" test, that involved the identification of cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme characteristic of<i>Neisseria and Pseudomonas</i>. Patho-Tec-Co paper is impregnated with dimethyl phenylenediamine and 1-naphthol. These reagents turn bright blue when exposed to cytochrome oxidase. The urethral discharge was smeared on to a sterile glass slide for gram-staining. Patients whose gram stains demonstrated intracellular, gram-negative diplococci, with contiguous sides, appearing flattened or slightly concave were considered to have gonorrhea—ie, they had "positive" slides.<sup>1,2</sup>Only those patients with "negative" slides had their urethral discharges cultured by standard technique on blood agar and Thayer-Martin media under carbon dioxide tension.<sup>2,3</sup>All discharges were also collected on the paper strip, as previously
Book Review Pathology of the Prostate (Contemporary Issues in Surgical Pathology. Vol. 15.) Edited by David G. Bostwick. 250 pp., illustrated. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1990. $75. Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions of the Kidneys and Ureters (Contemporary Issues in Surgical Pathology. Vol. 16.) Edited by John N. Eble. 268 pp., illustrated. New York, Churchill Living-stone, 1990. $55.
Authors: Gilbert Brodsky
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)
The skin changes of POEMS syndrome
Authors: O. ISHIKAWA, Y. NIHEI, H. ISHIKAWA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

Journal Article The skin changes of POEMS syndrome Get access O. ISHIKAWA, O. ISHIKAWA Department of Dermatology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maehashi, Japan Dr Osamu Ishikawa, Department of Dermatology, Gunma University School of Medicine, 371 Maebashi, Japan. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Y. NIHEI, Y. NIHEI Department of Dermatology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maehashi, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. ISHIKAWA H. ISHIKAWA Department of Dermatology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maehashi, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 117, Issue 4, 1 October 1987, Pages 523–526, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb04933.x Published: 01 October 1987
Arterial Calcification in Infancy
Authors: John F. Bacon
Journal: JAMA (1964)

ARTERIAL CALCIFICATION in infancy and childhood has been reported in subjects from the age of 1 day to early teens. In 1946 Stryker<sup>1</sup>found 15 recorded cases and added 5 more. Some 40 cases had been described by 1954 when Cockrane and Bowden<sup>2</sup>reported 8 additional cases, 6 of which were in infants between 4 days and 7 months of age. These communications present detailed pathological findings, possible causal factors, and case reports. No exhaustive literature review or reiteration of the material included in these reports was considered necessary or valuable. The present case of infantile arterial calcification is being described because of several unusual features: (1) The infant was premature. (2) Gross arterial calcification was extensive and severe. (3) The condition was recognized during life. (4) The mother was in a moderately toxic condition at the time of delivery. (5) Retrospective analysis of a roentgenogram of the
952 MELD-SODIUM PREDICTS SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE-1 HEPATORENAL SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE-2 HEPATORENAL SYNDROME
Authors: G.H. Pereira, M. Guevara, M. Pavesi, E. Solà, C. Fagundes, E. Garcia, V. Arroyo, P. Ginès
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Transient SNAIL1 Expression Is Necessary for Metastatic Competence in Breast Cancer
Authors: Hung D. Tran, Krishna Luitel, Michael Kim, Kun Zhang, Gregory D. Longmore, David D. Tran
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

SNAIL1 has been suggested to regulate breast cancer metastasis based on analyses of human breast tumor transcriptomes and experiments using cancer cell lines and xenografts. However, in vivo genetic experimental support for a role for SNAIL1 in breast cancer metastasis that develops in an immunocompetent tumor microenvironment has not been determined. To address this question, we created a genetic SNAIL1 model by coupling an endogenous SNAIL1 reporter with an inducible SNAIL1 transgene. Using multiple genetic models of breast cancer, we demonstrated that endogenous SNAIL1 expression was restricted to primary tumors that ultimately disseminate. SNAIL1 gene deletion either during the premalignant phase or after primary tumors have reached a palpable size blunted metastasis, indicating that late metastasis was the main driver of metastasis and that this was dependent on SNAIL1. Importantly, SNAIL1 expression during breast cancer metastasis was transient and forced transient, but not continuous. SNAIL1 expression in breast tumors was sufficient to increase metastasis.
Care of the Aged — The Ocular Troubles of Dr. Johnson — What's in a Name?
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1953)

A CENTURY ago there were in Britain about 1,000,000 people (under 5 per cent of the population) over the age of sixty-five, and for every old person there were nearly 30 of working age. Today there are over 5,000,000 in this age group, and for every old person there are only 6 of full working age. In twenty-five years the numbers over sixty-five may be above 8,000,000.It was this problem that Parliament discussed when a private member brought a motion calling on the Government to do more for the aged sick. The motion was carried after members of all . . .
The Clinical Usefulness of ACTH and Cortisone
Authors: George W. Thorn, Peter H. Forsham, Thomas F. Frawley, S. Richardson Hill, Marcel Roche, Dietrich Staehelin, D. Laurence Wilson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

Acute Rheumatic Fever Hench et al.9 were the first to demonstrate a dramatic improvement in patients with acute rheumatic fever treated with Cortisone. The dosage employed was 200 mg. daily at first and subsequently 100 mg. daily in 3 adolescent patients. The total period of treatment exceeded twenty-one days in all cases. Marked clinical improvement was observed within forty-eight hours of the initiation of therapy, whereas the sedimentation rate did not attain a normal value for ten to twenty days. These observations were all confirmed with the use of ACTH by Thorn et al.,36 who demonstrated the effectiveness of relatively . . .
A LESSON IN PSYCHOSOMATIC RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Louis Linn
Journal: JAMA (1941)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In a recent issue of the<i>American Journal of the Medical Sciences</i>(<b>199</b>:539 [April] 1940) there is a report by C. H. Brown on the role of foci of infection in the pathogenesis of arthritis entitled "Foci of Infection in Psychiatric Patients." The author compared the incidence of such foci in a group of arthritic patients with the incidence of foci of infection in a group of "healthy" controls. He found that there was no essential difference in the incidence of foci of infection in the two groups and drew the conclusion, therefore, that foci of infection did not constitute a sufficient factor in the pathogenesis of arthritis and that another factor was necessarily involved, such as a constitutional hereditary predisposition to arthritis or a state of allergy to the bacteria in the foci. This conclusion appears valid and logical enough until one considers his so-called
Abortion and the NHS: the first decade.
Authors: F G Fowkes, J C Catford, R F Logan
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Analysis of statistics published since the Abortion Act showed that from 1972 about half the abortions carried out on residents of England and Wales had been performed within the National Health Service. Regional variations in the proportions of abortions performed within the NHS had persisted. In some health regions fewer abortions were being carried out than before. In 1975 about 40% of abortions on single women and women with no existing children were performed within the NHS. Trends in the concurrent sterilisation rate, gestational age at operation, duration of stay in hospital, and mortality and complication rates suggested a steady improvement in the effectiveness and efficiency of abortion services. Nevertheless, the NHS still compares poorly with the private sector and some other countries.
Examination in Sports Medicine
Authors: F. B. Gibberd
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1988)

findings in relation to chronic compartment syndrome has been reported (weakness of muscle function, muscle hernias (Detmer et al, 1985)), atrophy of an individual leg muscle as in our case has not previously been described.In our case atrophy of the flexor hallucis longus muscle had developed and was diagnosed both clinically and by electromyographic measurements.Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging revealed atrophy of the flexor hallucis longus muscle, while the leg musculature appeared otherwise normal.Atrophy of the flexor hallucis longus muscle had obviously decreased the compartmental pressure since no recurrence of the medial tibial syndrome occurred despite continuing endurance running exercises.
A NEW APPARATUS FOR NEBULIZING NONVOLATILE MEDICAMENTSAND FOR ADMINISTERING THE SAME THROUGH IMPACTED AIR, AS A MEDIUM, BY THE PROCESS OF FORCED DILATATION, INSTEAD OF BY INHALATION, SPRAY, OR DOUCHE.
Authors: GEORGE F. HAWLEY
Journal: JAMA (1894)

The object of this paper is to describe an apparatus for preparing and administering nebulous medicaments by a process of forced dilatation, the basis of which is the discovery that the lips will act as a safety valve, and that, into any tube, cavity or air cell into which air can be forced by a high pressure, the nebulous medicament prepared by this apparatus can be forced with absolute safety, thereby enabling the physician to use agents that are capable of preventing or controlling diseases. My attention was first called to this apparatus and process by an expert in the chemical and mechanical phenomena of pneumatics. I am using the apparatus as auxiliary to the regular medical and surgical treatment of the ears, nose, throat, and chest, with decided advantage to myself, and with most gratifying results to my patients. The apparatus as shown in the illustration consists of a
Youth rugby injuries need to be prioritised by funding bodies
Authors: D. Hamilton, J. Maclean, H. Simpson
Journal: BMJ (2015)

We welcome The BMJ ’s recognition of injury risk in school rugby players, although unfortunately the current efforts in this area were not discussed.1 Research into this problem is ongoing across the UK and Ireland, and has been published in peer reviewed journals.2 3 4 5 6

In Scotland, a collaboration of medical professionals and academics was formed four years ago …
The role of factor XLLLa-positive dermal dendrocytes in HIV-1-positive psoriatics
Authors: F. NKKR, V. ZHMELMAN, R. CERIO, J. LANGTRY, R.C.D. STAUGHTON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1993)

Factor XLLLa‐positive dermal dendrocytes (FXIIIa+ dd) may have an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, in that their numhers are increased in lesional skin compared with non‐lesionai skin. Moreover, in AIDS‐associated Kaposi's sarcoma the number of these cells is also increased, in comparison with the classical type of Kaposi's sarcoma. In addition, patients suffering from HIV‐1 infection may develop severe psoriasis.
ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS: JUVENILE TYPE
Authors: LESTER M. WIEDER
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Since the original communications by Pollitzer<sup>1</sup>and Janovsky<sup>2</sup>concerning acanthosis nigricans, reports of about ninety-five authentic cases have been collected from various sources, these embodying two types of the disease. One, the larger group, has shown a striking association with malignant disease, chiefly of the abdominal viscera; and because of this, together with the unfavorable prognosis for life in this class of cases, it has been termed the malignant type of the disease. The smaller group includes those cases in which there is neither evidence of malignant change nor marked impairment of the general health. This is known as the benign type; and although it may occur in older persons, it usually is found in the first two decades of life. As early as 1893, Hallopeau<sup>3</sup>called attention to the association with malignant disease, and suggested an analogy between the cutaneous changes and the coincident neoplastic changes
Long-term additional lamivudine therapy enhances durability of lamivudine-induced HBeAg loss: a prospective study
Authors: Soo Hyung Ryu, Young-Hwa Chung, Min Hee Choi, Jeong A Kim, Jung Woo Shin, Myoung Kuk Jang, Neung Hwa Park, Han Chu Lee, Yung Sang Lee, Dong Jin Suh
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)