tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The relationship between myocardial blood flow and bradycardia in man
Authors: R. B. Hedworth-Whitty, E. Housley, A. S. Abraham
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1970)

Myocardial blood flow was measured in patients with chronic complete heart block at each patient's idioventricular rate and at a paced rate of 80 and 100/min. Myocardial flow was found to be positively related to the increase in heart rate and a possible mechanism for this is suggested.
Effect of pressure overload on cardiac Ca2+ antagonist binding sites of guinea pig. Comparison with the adaptational response of the hypertrophied rat heart
Authors: I Primot, E Mayoux, P Oliviero, D Charlemagne
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1991)

Study objective — The aim was to determine if the adaptational process of the cardiac calcium channel to pressure overload observed in rat heart also occurs in species characterised by a higher sensitivity to external calcium than in the rat. This adaptation occurs via a maintained density of dihydropyridine receptors and calcium current in hypertrophied rat heart. Design — The guinea pig was chosen and the dissociation constant (Kd), association and dissociation rate constants (k+1,k−1), and maximal number (Bmax) of the dihydropyridine receptors were measured through binding of [3H]PN 200-110 to crude sarcolemma fractions from control and hypertrophied guinea pig left ventricle. Experimental material — Hypertrophy of the left ventricle was obtained by stenosis of the abdominal aorta in guinea pigs. Measurements and main results — Hypertrophy reached at least 50% in 15% of the surviving animals. No significant differences in the binding of [3H]PN 200-110 to the dihydropyridine receptor were observed between control and hypertrophied left ventricle microsomal preparations: Kd=1.59(SEM 0.22) and 1.17(0.36) nM; Bmax=225(18) and 213(4) fmol·mg−1 of protein; k−1 =2.30(0.26) and 2.00(0.13) min−1 × 10−2; k+1=3.8(0.7) and 3.5(0.3) nM−1·min−1 × 10−2 respectively. Conclusions — In guinea pig as in rat, the total number of dihydropyridine receptors per left ventricle increased proportionately to the hypertrophy. This is consistent with an unchanged density of the cardiac Ca2+ channels in the hypertrophied guinea pig heart as previously shown in hypertrophied rat heart.
Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Combined Hyperlipidemia With Simvastatin and Gemfibrozil in Patients With NIPPM: A multicenter comparison study
Authors: Matti J Tikkanen, Markku Laakso, Marja Ilmonen, Eero Helve, Esko Kaarsalo, Esa Kilkki, Juha Saltevo
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE To compare the lipid-lowering efficacies of simvastatin and gemfibrozil in NIDDM patients with combined (mixed) hyperlipidemia (CHL) or isolated hypercholesterolemia (IHC). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with primary dyslipidemia and NIDDM were recruited for this double-blind, double-dummy comparison study from 10 Finnish centers. After a 4-week placebo run-in period, they were randomly assigned to simvastatin or gemfibrozil. The simvastatin group (n = 47) received 10 mg once nightly for 8 weeks, 20 mg for the next 8 weeks, and 40 mg for the third 8-week period. The gemfibrozil group (n = 49) received 600 mg twice daily throughout the 24 weeks. The lipid-lowering efficacies of both drugs were compared in all patients as well as separately in patients with CHL and IHC. RESULTS In all patients, simvastatin reduced LDL and total cholesterol and the LDL-to-HDL cholesterol ratio more effectively, whereas gemfibrozil was more effective in elevating HDL cholesterol and decreasing triglyceride levels. The drug effects differed according to lipid phenotype at baseline. Simvastatin decreased LDL cholesterol levels by 30–40% in both phenotypes. Gemfibrozil caused a 15% reduction in LDL cholesterol in IHC but no change in CHL patients. Simvastatin produced 15–30% reductions in triglyceride levels in CHL but no change in IHC patients. Gemfibrozil caused reductions in triglycerides in CHL (50% and more) and in IHC (40%) patients, with 12–18% increases in HDL cholesterol in these groups. CONCLUSIONS Simvastatin is useful in both CHL and IHC patients, whereas gemfibrozil can be used in patients with high triglyceride and low or normal LDL cholesterol levels.
Vertical Transmission of Type B Hepatitis
Authors: James W. Mosley
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Until recently it was commonly assumed that type B hepatitis must be due to a virus ecologically dependent upon practices associated with modern medicine—transfusion, vaccination, and extensive use of parenteral medications. Indeed, between 1883 and the late 1940s, the overwhelming frequency of its recognition in circumstances involving percutaneous medical procedures made this idea plausible. At present, quite apart from sharing of injection equipment among illicit drug users, it is evident that the epidemiology of this disease is multifaceted and much more complex than we thought. There is evidence for, or speculation about, very close personal contact, sexual contact, and various forms of subtle percutaneous transmission including mechanical spread by biting insects. The test for hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA), also called hepatitis B antigen, now provides a definitive means, whenever it is positive, for demonstrating infection with the type B agent, even in the absence of clinical or biochemical abnormalities. As a
THE RENAISSANCE OF THERAPEUTICS.
Authors: RICHARD C. CABOT
Journal: JAMA (1906)

A new start in life, a new lease of life, a new movement—that is what we are witnessing to-day, I think, in the theory and practice of therapeutics. There have been other such new shoots before on the old tree, and doubtless there will be many more. Our time is not the turning point of all the ages. Nevertheless, I think I can bring before you a group of phenomena which, taken together, constitute impressive evidence that we have received a new impetus along the old road. Surgery was the last great wave of new life in therapeutics, for of course we must recognize surgery as belonging essentially among the resources of modern therapeutics. Despite its brilliant and most beneficent successes, I think we Americans are somewhat prone to exaggerate the service which surgical therapeutics is capable of performing. Certainly not more than one-tenth of the sick people in the
Why nakedness is bad
Authors: Kamran Abbasi
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Avid BMJ readers will know that we care a great deal about transparency—or nakedness, as one of our editorial team once suggested we rebrand it—but has our idealism separated us from reality? Transparency is important in the rarefied atmosphere of Tavistock Square, London, where we think pure editorial thoughts (p1345). In the “real” world, transparency may be problematic.

The Health Council of the Netherlands thinks so. It advises the Dutch government on health, food, and environment policy, with a “sharp distinction between what is displayed to the public and what is kept concealed.” Roland Bal and others …
Commentary: UN high level meeting on non-communicable diseases: an opportunity for whom?
Authors: D. Stuckler, S. Basu, M. McKee
Journal: BMJ (2011)

In September, world leaders will meet at the United Nations in New York to discuss non-communicable diseases.1 A decade ago, at a similar meeting on HIV/AIDS, they created the Global Fund for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria—a revolutionary new global health funding mechanism.2

The September meeting will focus on four leading conditions—heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and respiratory disease—that together cause more than half of all deaths in low and middle income countries.3 Without action, the number of premature deaths (age < 60) caused by non-communicable diseases is expected to rise from 3.8 million each year to 5.1 million in poor countries by 2030, trapping a generation of families in cycles of poverty and disease.4 5 6 As Thomas Frieden, director of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recently stated, developing countries must immediately tackle the rapid rise of non-communicable diseases because they will “kill four times as many people by 2020 as infectious diseases.”7

Hopes are high that the UN meeting will mark a turning point and avoid the belated response that hampered HIV strategies. Progress on HIV required not only technical discussions about which drugs work and how to make them cost effective; it also needed to tackle the broader ethical, social, and political dimensions of the HIV pandemic.8

Throughout the process, the imperative to act was presented as one of social justice. It emphasised that HIV was a manifestation of inequalities in power and resources. Efforts by drug companies to protect long term patents on antiretroviral drugs were met by activists fighting for access to treatment and declaring that human lives in poor countries were just as valuable as those in rich ones. 

Non-communicable diseases, by contrast, remain neglected despite their social parallels to HIV.9 10 11 As with HIV, …
A Severe Restrictive Aortic Regurgitation Resulting From Valve Tenting by Unusual Aortic Chordae Tendineae Strands
Authors: Ahmed-Amir Bouchachi, Thierry Folliguet, Jean-Louis Hébert, Boutheina Zeghidi, Anne Legendre, Lamya Drissi, Nadia Iannino, Patrick Assayag
Journal: Circulation (2012)
John Richard Perry
Authors: Chris Strachan
Journal: BMJ (2004)

A pioneer of hypotensive anaesthesiaHale Enderby is best known for his pioneering work in hypotensive anaesthesia.This is the technique of lowering blood pressure during surgery, making operations safer and more rapid, and enabling more complicated surgery while controlling blood loss from the patient.In 1948-9 the pharmacologists Paton and Zaimis first described a range of new drugs, the methonium compounds, some of which could lower blood pressure.Hale Enderby saw that this fall in blood pressure could be used to lessen bleeding during surgery-the snag was measuring the low blood pressures.Early methods of measurement relied on using a mercury column, but the Korotkov sounds become inaudible below 60 mm Hg systolic.The pulse also becomes impalpable at that pressure.However, this was the level of blood pressure needed to reduce bleeding significantly.Hale Enderby introduced into anaesthesia the oscillometer, an older and largely forgotten method of blood pressure measurement but one that proved capable of measuring accurately these low pressures.He was also responsible for introducing the "anti-trendelenburg" or head-up tilt of the operating table to assist in the lowering of blood pressure.George Edward Hale Enderby was born in Boston, Lincolnshire.At the start of the second world war he joined the emergency medical service after being turned down for active military service because of a duodenal ulcer.He worked initially at Guy's Hospital and then at Pembury Hospital, Kent, to which many of the Guy's facilities were moved after the hospital was bombed at the start of the war.It was there that he was asked to move into anaesthesia.He organised most of his training himself by reading and visiting notable anaesthetists of the day.
Tobacco Support Programs-Reply
Authors: Weldon J. Walker
Journal: JAMA (1975)

In Reply.—  Mr. Kornegay's first paragraph accusesThe Journalof failing to adhere to the facts. What facts? His first three paragraphs and the Table aren't even relevant! My article and Dr. Moser's editorial specifically discussed mortality of ischemic or coronary heart disease. He purports to refute our data by using death rates for all forms of heart disease combined, which includes congenital, hypertensive, rheumatic heart disease, endocarditis, etc. No one claims a relationship between these diseases and smoking. The antibiotic era profoundly influenced mortality from these forms of heart disease. It is general knowledge that the total cardiac mortality has declined for more than 25 years.  The Table in Mr. Kornegay's letter is taken from page 8 ofMortality Trends for Leading Causes of Death, United States—1950-1969. Had he read on to page 10, he would have found thepertinent data:Thus the force of mortality for ischemic heart
Effect of Aramine-Induced Smooth Muscle Contraction on Length-Tension Diagrams of Venous Strips
Authors: EDWARD LEONARD, STANLEY J. SARNOFF
Journal: Circulation Research (1957)

The elastic properties of helically cut strips of peripheral veins of dogs were studied. Length-tension diagrams of relaxed venous strips are compared With those obtained when the smooth muscle of the strip is contracted in the presence of a long-acting sympathomimetic agent, Aramine. Sustained strong, muscular contraction is always associated with a change in the shape of the length-tension curve and a marked decrease in the extensibility of the tissue. The contribution to total strip tension of the smooth muscle relative to that of other tissue elements appears to be greater in this preparation than it is in certain previously described arterial tissues. Aramine causes smooth muscle contraction of the isolated vein strip in concentrations comparable to those probably achieved in vivo. This fact supports the hypothesis that Aramine can alter the pressure-volume characteristics of the venous bed in intact animals.
Abstract 1395: Docetaxel pretreatment is associated with increased incidence of CNS-metastases in a murine model of HER2-positive breast cancer
Authors: Axel Mischo, Patrick Harter, Klaus Mueller, Sascha Kleber, Cornelia Zachskorn, Christoph Renner, Patricia S. Steeg, Michel Mittelbronn, Bernhard C. Pestalozzi
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasm in females as it affects 1:10 women. In populations of early breast cancer subsequent brain metastases develop in 5%, while in metastatic breast cancer (mBC), the incidence of CNS-metastases reaches 10-16% [Ann Oncol 2006; 17:935]. The incidence is particularly high (30%-50%) in patients (pts) with HER2-positive mBC [Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1837]. Similarly, the incidence of CNS-metastases is high in pts treated with taxanes for mBC [Ann Oncol 2001; 12:353]. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of taxanes on CNS metastases in a murine breast cancer model using the MDA-MB-231BR cell line which has a tropism to metastasize into the CNS upon intracardiac injection [J Natl Ca Inst 2008;100:1092]. Groups of Balb/c nude mice were injected intravenously with docetaxel at a dose of 10mg/kg every 2 weeks for 5 injections (long tax, N=17) or with only 2 similar injections (short tax, N=16) or no injection (control, N=14). Two weeks later MDA-MB-231 BR tumor cells (500′000 cells in 0.1mL PBS) were injected into the left ventricle. Four weeks after that, animals were sacrificed for collection of organs and analysis by histology. The main finding was that metastatic foci were significantly increased in long-tax mice (median number of foci 52, range 0-76) compared to control mice (median number of foci 20, range 0-52; p=0.015). In short-tax animals an intermediate incidence of foci was found (median 30, range 0-79), with a trend, but not a significant difference compared to untreated animals (p=0.7) Histologically we observed a mainly perivascular intraparenchymal infiltration pattern while superficial metastases or a spread to the cerebrospinal fluid was only rarely seen. We therefore assessed changes of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by ultrastructural approaches. However, we have not found obvious differences in the BBB configuration after taxane treatment. In summary, our results provide evidence that taxane treatment might facilitate spread of breast cancer cells into the CNS, however underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1395. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1395
Inconsistency between direct and indirect comparisons of competing interventions: meta-epidemiological study
Authors: F. Song, T. Xiong, S. Parekh-Bhurke, Y. K. Loke, A. J. Sutton, A. J. Eastwood, R. Holland, Y.-F. Chen, A.-M. Glenny, J. J. Deeks, D. G. Altman
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objective</b> To investigate the agreement between direct and indirect comparisons of competing healthcare interventions. <b>Design</b> Meta-epidemiological study based on sample of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. <b>Data sources </b>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and PubMed. <b>Inclusion criteria</b> Systematic reviews that provided sufficient data for both direct comparison and independent indirect comparisons of two interventions on the basis of a common comparator and in which the odds ratio could be used as the outcome statistic. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Inconsistency measured by the difference in the log odds ratio between the direct and indirect methods. <b>Results</b> The study included 112 independent trial networks (including 1552 trials with 478 775 patients in total) that allowed both direct and indirect comparison of two interventions. Indirect comparison had already been explicitly done in only 13 of the 85 Cochrane reviews included. The inconsistency between the direct and indirect comparison was statistically significant in 16 cases (14%, 95% confidence interval 9% to 22%). The statistically significant inconsistency was associated with fewer trials, subjectively assessed outcomes, and statistically significant effects of treatment in either direct or indirect comparisons. Owing to considerable inconsistency, many (14/39) of the statistically significant effects by direct comparison became non-significant when the direct and indirect estimates were combined. <b>Conclusions</b> Significant inconsistency between direct and indirect comparisons may be more prevalent than previously observed. Direct and indirect estimates should be combined in mixed treatment comparisons only after adequate assessment of the consistency of the evidence.
ADVANTAGES GAINED BY SERVICE IN MEDICAL RESERVE CORPS
Authors: J. Christopher O'Day
Journal: JAMA (1918)

To the Editor:\p=m-\Mymail is frequently cluttered with pseudo-scientific data from various manufacturers of pro- prietary remedies which contain as much real scientific infor- mation as the Police Gazette.I am enclosing a sample page of such a periodical.The article has been so cleverly worded in the first paragraph, as to impress the unthinking with the idea that sodium cacodylate is superior to arsphenamin, when we know in reality that sodium cacodylate has been proved practically worthless in syphilis (vide "Venarsen").One case is reported, in which twenty injections of sodium caco- dylate were administered intravenously, from October 23 to December 14.On December 18, a Wassermann test proved negative, it had been strongly positive on October 20, but during the same interval from October 23 to December 14, the patient had been taking by mouth "Ricord pills" each containing half a grain of yellow iodid of mercury; granted that he had taken these pills regularly, during all that time, it might well be that the Wassermann would be sharply influenced by them.Again, a negative Wassermann in the midst of treatment proves little; it might be positive again in a few days.The article stimulates the further use of a product of known worthlessness in the treatment of syphilis.How any one can use sodium cacodylate in preference to arsphenamin in syphilis is beyond me.If I mistake not, the Propaganda Department has not taken up the matter of these various pamphlets of the drug companies, such as the Doctor's Factotum, Therapeutic Notes, etc., lauding to the skies such articles as "Seng," "Cactina Pillets," etc., ad nauseam.The saddest part of the whole thing is that it must bring returns from the unthinking, otherwise they would soon disappear, which would be a great relief for the scrub¬ women who empty our waste baskets.
Respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveness, and cellular characteristics of induced sputum in elite swimmers
Authors: I. J. Helenius, P. Rytilä, T. Metso, T. Haahtela, P. Venge, H. O. Tikkanen
Journal: Allergy (1998)

To investigate respiratory symptoms, increased bronchial responsiveness, and signs of airway inflammation in elite swimmers, we examined 29 swimmers from the Finnish national team and 19 healthy control subjects (nonasthmatic, symptom‐free). They answered a questionnaire and were interviewed for respiratory symptoms. Lung volumes were measured and bronchial responsiveness assessed by a histamine challenge test. Induced sputum samples were also collected. Fourteen (48%) of the swimmers and three (16%) of the control subjects showed increased bronchial responsiveness (P&lt;0.05). The sputum cell differential counts of eosinophils (mean 2.7% vs 0.2%) and neutrophils (54.7% V5 29.9%) from swimmers were significantly higher than those from controls (P&lt;0.01). Eosinophilia (sputum differential eosinophil count of &gt;4%) was observed in six (21%) of the swimmers and in none of the controls (P&lt;0.05). Symptomatic swimmers had significantly more sputum eosinophils than did the symptom‐free. The concentrations of sputum eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) were significantly higher in swimmers than control subjects (P&lt;0.001 and P=0.05). We conclude that elite swimmers had significantly more often increased tjronchial responsiveness than control subjects. Sputum from swimmers contained a higher percentage of eosinophils and neutrophils, and higher concentrations of EPO and HNL than sputum from controls. Long‐term and repeated exposure to chlorine compounds in swimming pools during training and competition may contribute to the increased occurrence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation in swimmers.
Functional small airways defence in symptomless cigarette smokers.
Authors: J E Agnew, M T Lopez-Vidriero, D Pavia, S W Clarke
Journal: Thorax (1986)

Smoking induced changes in the secretory cells of bronchiolar epithelium by facilitating secretion of cross linked glycoprotein mucus may influence the efficiency of mucus-cilia coupling. The functional impact on mucociliary transport in small (peripheral) airways has been studied by comparing data on aerosol deposition and clearance from symptomless cigarette smokers (30 tests, 18 subjects) with data from age matched non-smokers (30 tests, 19 subjects). Gamma camera images, assessed in terms of a penetration index comparing peripheral with inner zone deposition, indicated closely similar initial deposition in the two groups. Alveolar deposition, however, assessed in terms of particle retention at 24 hours, was significantly (p less than 0.01) less in the smokers. Given the similarity of initial deposition, this implies that an increased proportion of small conducting airways are protected by mucociliary defence in the smokers9 lungs. Clearance from conducting airways of the peripheral zone in tests with relatively high peripheral deposition (14 tests on smokers, and 12 on non-smokers) nevertheless proceeded at the same rate in smokers as in non-smokers.