tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Inner-city Asthma Control Campaign Under Way
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1995)

THE NATIONAL Medical Association (NMA) is making a major effort to combat asthma in the areas and populations where the disease has its greatest impact—minority groups in the inner city. For several years, alarmed by increasing morbidity and mortality from asthma, government and private groups have been sounding warnings, urging that the problem receive wider attention. For example, the situation prompted the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) at the National Institutes of Health to issue in January 1991 a complete set of guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. In 1993, a 15-member coalition of physicians, nurses, and representatives from lay groups called the Asthma Zero Mortality Coalition, was formed to address the problem of asthma morbidity and mortality and to publicize and distribute educational materials. Its goal is to reduce deaths from asthma to zero by the year 2000. Last year, the Asthma Coalition began a
A Mutation Threshold Distinguishes the Antitumorigenic Effects of the Mitochondrial Gene <i>MTND1</i>, an <i>Oncojanus</i> Function
Authors: Giuseppe Gasparre, Ivana Kurelac, Mariantonietta Capristo, Luisa Iommarini, Anna Ghelli, Claudio Ceccarelli, Giordano Nicoletti, Patrizia Nanni, Carla De Giovanni, Katia Scotlandi, Christine M. Betts, Valerio Carelli, Pier Luigi Lollini, Giovanni Romeo, Michela Rugolo, Anna Maria Porcelli
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

The oncogenic versus suppressor roles of mitochondrial genes have long been debated. Peculiar features of mitochondrial genetics such as hetero/homoplasmy and mutation threshold are seldom taken into account in this debate. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations generally have been claimed to be protumorigenic, but they are also hallmarks of mostly benign oncocytic tumors wherein they help reduce adaptation to hypoxia by destabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α). To determine the influence of a disassembling mtDNA mutation and its hetero/homoplasmy on tumorigenic and metastatic potential, we injected mice with tumor cells harboring different loads of the gene MTND1 m.3571insC. Cell cultures obtained from tumor xenografts were then analyzed to correlate energetic competence, apoptosis, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)/succinate (SA) ratio, and HIF1α stabilization with the mutation load. A threshold level for the antitumorigenic effect of MTND1 m.3571insC mutation was defined, above which tumor growth and invasiveness were reduced significantly. Notably, HIF1α destabilization and downregulation of HIF1α-dependent genes occurred in cells and tumors lacking complex I (CI), where there was an associated imbalance of α-KG/SA despite the presence of an actual hypoxic environment. These results strongly implicate mtDNA mutations as a cause of oncocytic transformation. Thus, the antitumorigenic and antimetastatic effects of high loads of MTND1 m.3571insC, following CI disassembly, define a novel threshold-regulated class of cancer genes. We suggest these genes be termed oncojanus genes to recognize their ability to contribute either oncogenic or suppressive functions in mitochondrial settings during tumorigenesis.
Points: Unusual complication of perforated appendix
Authors: K Cronin
Journal: BMJ (1982)

A Ledermann and colleagues (12 June, p 1784) reporting thrombocytopenia following benoxaprofen therapy.They state that thrombocytopenia associated with benoxaprofen has not been reported before.We reported thrombocytopenia in association with leucopenia and toxic epidermal necrolysis in a 62- year-old woman after only nine days' treatment with benoxaprofen, and this was published in May 1982.
Activation of caspase-8 during N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide[ndash ]induced apoptosis in fas-defective hepatoma cells
Authors: Kyung-Ran You, Myung-Nym Shin, Rae-Kil Park, Seung-Ok Lee, Dae-Ghon Kim
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

We observed that N -(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR), a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent, effectively induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells. Interestingly, Fas-negative (Hep 3B and PLC/PRF/5) hepatoma cells were shown to be more susceptible to apoptosis induced by 4HPR than were Fas-positive (Hep G2 and SK-HEP-1) hepatoma cells. Thus, we explored the mechanisms underlying 4HPR-induced apoptosis in Fas-defective hepatoma cells. Hep 3B cells stably expressing the dominant-negative Fas-associated death domain (dnFADD) showed no alteration in 4HPR drug susceptibility, but when stably expressing E1B19K, Crm A, or dominant-negative FLICE (dnFLICE), Hep 3B cells were resistant, suggesting that 4HPR-induced apoptosis was mediated by caspase-8 activation. Furthermore, apoptosis could be completely blocked by Z-VAD-FMK (a general caspase inhibitor) or by IETD-CHO (a caspase-8 inhibitor), but was only partially blocked by Ac-DEVD-CMK (a caspase-3 inhibitor), by N -acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) (an antioxidant), by N -acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal (ALLN) (a calpain inhibitor I), or by Z-LEHD-FMK (a caspase-9 inhibitor). Time-sequence analysis of the induction of apoptosis by 4HPR revealed that an initial caspase-8 activation was followed by late mitochondrial cytochrome c release and minor caspase-9 activation, which suggested that caspase-8 activation is the primary upstream regulatory point. Activation of Bid or induction of proapoptotic Bax was not observed during apoptosis. In contrast, Bcl-xL expression was decreased during 4HPR-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that 4HPR may be a potential chemotherapeutic drug, which is able to induce apoptosis in Fas-defective hepatoma cells through caspase-8 activation.
Integrated disease management for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: J. Bourbeau
Journal: BMJ (2014)

We still have a lot to learn about how to make it work in primary care

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) places an enormous burden on patients, families, and healthcare systems. Optimal care of COPD patients requires a patient centered approach that recognizes and treats all aspects of the disease and integrates medical care among healthcare professionals and across healthcare sectors. Integrated disease management, a system of coordinated healthcare interventions and communications for patients with chronic disease in which self management by patients is important, has been proposed as a model. A recent Cochrane review found clinically relevant reductions in admissions and days in hospital and improvements in exercise tolerance and health related quality of life, mostly for adults with severe COPD, with integrated disease management programs in secondary care.1 However, we should not assume that programs with proven effectiveness in secondary care transfer readily to primary care settings.

In the linked paper (doi:10.1136/bmj.g5392), Kruis and colleagues report the results of an important trial to evaluate the benefits of integrated disease management and to help to improve our understanding of transferring its components to a family practice setting.2 Components tested in the RECODE trial include …
Electron Beam Computed Tomographic Coronary Calcium as a Predictor of Coronary Events
Authors: Angelo Secci, Nathan Wong, Weiyi Tang, Shaojun Wang, Terence Doherty, Robert Detrano
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background We assessed the accuracy of two electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) protocols for predicting coronary events. Methods and Results In 1994, 24 months after enrollment in a longitudinal study, 326 high-risk adults underwent both 3- and 6-mm image-slice thickness EBCT scanning and were followed up for 32.0±4.0 additional months. Events were defined as either coronary death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization. We monitored these subjects for the 32-month postscanning period with yearly phone calls and acquisition of records for all hospital admissions. At the time of scanning, 11 subjects (3%) had already suffered 12 events (5 infarctions and 7 revascularizations) during the 24-month prescanning period. During the postscanning period, 18 subjects (6%) suffered 23 events (5 coronary deaths, 6 infarctions, and 12 revascularizations). Thus, 28 subjects (9%) suffered 35 events. Calcium quantities calculated for both protocols, performed on the same subjects, were sorted in ascending order and divided into equal quartiles. When revascularizations were included, there was a significant trend toward higher frequencies of events with increasing calcium quantity ( P &lt;.01). However, coronary death and infarction were not significantly more frequent in higher quartiles. These relationships were preserved in the subjects without prior events at the time of scanning. Conclusions Calcium quantities from the 3-mm and the more reproducible 6-mm scanning are equally accurate for predicting events. Coronary calcium amount appears to be a weak predictor of coronary death and infarction. Its predictive accuracy is superior for predicting revascularization.
Regenerating Nodules Associated With Hepatic Metastasis
Authors: CHAN H. PARK, JAMES ZHANG, SUNG M. KIM, CHARLES INTENZO, JONG D. LEE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

A 41-year-old man underwent SPECT of the liver using Tc-99m SC to rule out primary hepatocellular carcinoma. The SPECT study demonstrated large regenerating nodules in the left lobe and marked decreased uptake in the right lobe due to metastatic disease from the lung (proven by autopsy). Regenerating nodules, which is different from nodular regenerative hyperplasia, is usually associated with cirrhosis of the liver. In this case, there was no microscopic evidence of cirrhosis but evidence of diffuse metastasis within the right hepatic lobe and normal functioning nodular masses.
Assessing the Generalizability of Prognostic Information
Authors: Amy C. Justice
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Physicians are often asked to make prognostic assessments but often worry that their assessments will prove inaccurate. Prognostic systems were developed to enhance the accuracy of such assessments. This paper describes an approach for evaluating prognostic systems based on the accuracy (calibration and discrimination) and generalizability (reproducibility and transportability) of the system's predictions. Reproducibility is the ability to produce accurate predictions among patients not included in the development of the system but from the same population. Transportability is the ability to produce accurate predictions among patients drawn from a different but plausibly related population. On the basis of the observation that the generalizability of a prognostic system is commonly limited to a single historical period, geographic location, methodologic approach, disease spectrum, or follow-up interval, we describe a working hierarchy of the cumulative generalizability of prognostic systems. This approach is illustrated in a structured review of the Dukes and Jass staging systems for colon and rectal cancer and applied to a young man with colon cancer. Because it treats the development of the system as a "black box" and evaluates only the performance of the predictions, the approach can be applied to any system that generates predicted probabilities. Although the Dukes and Jass staging systems are discrete, the approach can also be applied to systems that generate continuous predictions and, with some modification, to systems that predict over multiple time periods. Like any scientific hypothesis, the generalizability of a prognostic system is established by being tested and being found accurate across increasingly diverse settings. The more numerous and diverse the settings in which the system is tested and found accurate, the more likely it will generalize to an untested setting.
Calcitonin
Authors: Lynn A. Austin, Hunter Heath
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

THE calcium-lowering and phosphate-lowering hormone calcitonin was discovered by Copp et al. in 1962,1 and it was soon viewed as a major calcium-regulating factor, along with parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D.2 However, the lack of clearly definable syndromes of calcitonin excess or deficiency led to suggestions that calcitonin is a vestigial hormone in human beings. Some even called it a "hormone in search of a function," and despite nearly 20 years of active investigation the exact role of calcitonin in human physiology remains controversial. The hormone has nonetheless acquired a secure place in the treatment of Paget's disease of . . .
Genetics of Familial Mediterranean Fever
Authors: George E. Ehrlich
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Letters4 May 1999Genetics of Familial Mediterranean FeverGeorge E. Ehrlich, MDGeorge E. Ehrlich, MDPhiladelphia, PA 19106-3731 (Ehrlich)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-9-199905040-00022 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Although Dr. Roda correctly points out that migrations of Sephardic Jews (predominantly from Iberia as a result of the Spanish Inquisition) to the western hemisphere preceded those of Ashkenazi Jews, the patients described by Siegal (1) were Ashkenazim, identified by him to Professor Harry Heller, who headed the familial Mediterranean fever project in Israel. There is no doubt that Sephardim migrated to other parts of Europe from Spain and Portugal in the late 15th and early 16th centuries: the Netherlands, surely, and points East as well (others of similar background already inhabited Turkey, Italy, and areas of the ...References1. Siegal S. Benign paroxysmal peritonitis. Ann Intern Med. 1945;22:1-21. Google Scholar2. Eisenberg S, Aksentijevich I, Deng Z, Kastner DL, Matzner Y. Diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever by a molecular genetics method. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:539-42. LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Philadelphia, PA 19106-3731 (Ehrlich) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoGenetics of Familial Mediterranean Fever and Its Implications George E. Ehrlich Genetics of Familial Mediterranean Fever Paul I. Roda Genetics of Familial Mediterranean Fever Mark Levin Metrics 4 May 1999Volume 130, Issue 9Page: 780-781KeywordsArabic peopleFeversGeneticsJewish people Issue Published: 4 May 1999 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Human Anisakiasis: An Update
Authors: Michael M. Kliks
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Given the public's continuing fascination with raw seafood delicacies, the editorial by R. E. Fontaine<sup>1</sup>on anisakiasis in the United States requires some clarifying comments and an update. Larval anisakid worms frequently do develop beyond the third stage in man. Fourth-stage larvae of<i>Anisakis simplex and Pseudoterranova (-Phocanema) decipiens</i>(Krabbe, 1878, Gibson and Colin, 1982) are frequently found in both the stomach and intestine of man. At least one adult male<i>P decipiens</i>has been recovered from man,<sup>2</sup>and I recently identified a partially molted adult male<i>A simplex</i>, which was found in situ attached to the duodenum of a patient suffering acute abdominal pain and vomiting of four days' duration (see below). For those who savor "poisson cru," it is unfortunate but true that not only salmon (<i>Onchorhunchus</i>sp) and herring (<i>Clupea</i>sp) among fish surveyed from US waters regularly have<i>Anisakis</i>larvae in
Indications for Colonoscopy Revisited
Authors: J. H. Bond
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

Population-based surveys show that scant bright red rectal bleeding is very common in adults of all ages. Dent et al. reported a positive history of this type of bleeding in 14 % of an apparently well population [1]. Tally et al. conducted a population-based survey in Olmsted County, Minnesota [2]. Scant bright red blood per rectum was reported by 13 % of those surveyed, and was more common among younger adults. Only 14 % of people with any type of rectal bleeding had consulted their physician about the problem. Since unexplained rectal bleeding in adult patients - overt or occult - is highly predictive of the presence of advanced colorectal neoplasia, all patients with this history require evaluation. However, there is considerable disagreement among both primary-care physicians and gastroenterology specialists on whether all patients with hematochezia require full colonoscopy, or whether flexible sigmoidoscopy is sufficient, in selected patients, to rule out important neoplastic disease.
The Effect of Directly Observed Therapy on the Rates of Drug Resistance and Relapse in Tuberculosis
Authors: Stephen E. Weis, Philip C. Slocum, Francis X. Blais, Barbara King, Mary Nunn, G. Burgis Matney, Enriqueta Gomez, Brian H. Foresman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Tuberculosis has reemerged as an important public health problem, and the frequency of drug resistance is increasing. A major reason for the development of resistant infections and relapse is poor compliance with medical regimens. In Tarrant County, Texas, we initiated a program of universal directly observed treatment for tuberculosis. We report the effect of the program on the rates of primary and acquired drug resistance and relapse among patients with tuberculosis.
Role of protein O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine in mediating cell function and survival in the cardiovascular system
Authors: N FULOP, R MARCHASE, J CHATHAM
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2006)

There is growing recognition that the O-linked attachment of N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on serine and threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins is a highly dynamic post-translational modification that plays a key role in signal transduction pathways. Numerous proteins have been identified as targets of O-GlcNAc modifications including kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, metabolic enzymes, chaperons, and cytoskeletal proteins. Modulation of O-GlcNAc levels has been shown to modify DNA binding, enzyme activity, protein–protein interactions, the half-life of proteins, and subcellular localization. The level of O-GlcNAc is regulated in part by the metabolism of glucose via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), and the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance and diabetes, such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia, are all associated with increased flux through the HBP and elevated O-GlcNAc levels. Increased HBP flux and O-GlcNAc levels have been implicated in the impaired relaxation of isolated cardiomyocytes, blunted response to angiotensin II and phenylephrine, hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and endothelial and vascular cell dysfunction. In contrast to these adverse effects, recent studies have also shown that O-GlcNAc levels increase in response to acute stress and that this is associated with increased cell survival. Thus, while the relationship between O-GlcNAc levels and cellular function is complex and not well-understood, it is clear that these pathways play a critical role in the regulation of cell function and survival in the cardiovascular system and may be implicated in the adverse effects of metabolic disease on the heart.
Unexpected identification of bilateral masses in an asymptomatic heavy smoker
Authors: E. Garlassi, G. Rossi, A. Bedini, L. Richeldi
Journal: Thorax (2010)

Unexpected identification of bilateral masses in an asymptomatic heavy smokerA 47-year-old male heavy smoker who was an ex-intravenous drugs user presented with gallstones; a preoperatived chest radiograph showed hazy opacity in the right lower lobe.Chest CT revealed in the lower posterior lobes two almost symmetrical areas of consolidation with fat attenuation values (À50 Hounsfield units, figure 1).A broncholaveolar lavage did not provide pathological findings.A transthoracic core needle biopsy showed the pattern of chronic exogenous lipoid pneumonia, with numerous lipid-laden macrophages (figure 2).Upon further investigation, the patient revealed that he had been taking 200 ml of mineral oil daily for 5 years to treat chronic constipation related to methadone treatment.
The Floating Meckel
Authors: Christian Hoelzel, Claus Gillitzer, Joerg Kotzerke
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

A 10-year-old girl was hospitalized because of abdominal pain and significant gastrointestinal bleeding for 3 days with hematocrit of 28% and hemoglobin of 6.1 mmol/L. Gastroscopy and abdominal ultrasound did not reveal any gastrointestinal abnormalities and parameters of coagulation were normal. Because a Meckel diverticulum is one of the most common causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children, a Tc-99m pertechnetate scan (Meckel’s scan) was performed to identify ectopic gastric mucosa. Normally, a Meckel diverticulum is found in the right lower quadrant.
Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines and Primary Carcinomas
Authors: Eleanor J. Douglas, Heike Fiegler, Andrew Rowan, Sarah Halford, David C. Bicknell, Walter Bodmer, Ian P. M. Tomlinson, Nigel P. Carter
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Array comparative genomic hybridization, with a genome-wide resolution of ∼1 Mb, has been used to investigate copy number changes in 48 colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and 37 primary CRCs. The samples were divided for analysis according to the type of genomic instability that they exhibit, microsatellite instability (MSI) or chromosomal instability (CIN). Consistent copy number changes were identified, including gain of chromosomes 20, 13, and 8q and smaller regions of amplification such as chromosome 17q11.2-q12. Loss of chromosome 18q was a recurrent finding along with deletion of discrete regions such as chromosome 4q34-q35. The overall pattern of copy number change was strikingly similar between cell lines and primary cancers with a few obvious exceptions such as loss of chromosome 6 and gain of chromosomes 15 and 12p in the former. A greater number of aberrations were detected in CIN+ than MSI+ samples as well as differences in the type and extent of change reported. For example, loss of chromosome 8p was a common event in CIN+ cell lines and cancers but was often found to be gained in MSI+ cancers. In addition, the target of amplification on chromosome 8q appeared to differ, with 8q24.21 amplified frequently in CIN+ samples but 8q24.3 amplification a common finding in MSI+ samples. A number of genes of interest are located within the frequently aberrated regions, which are likely to be of importance in the development and progression of CRC.
Outcome of lamivudine resistant hepatitis B virus infection in liver transplant recipients in Singapore
Authors: C T WAI
Journal: Gut (2000)

Editor,—We read with interest the article by Mutimer and colleagues ( Gut 2000; 46 :107–113). The Birmingham group described the clinical course of four liver transplant patients who developed graft infection with lamivudine resistant virus. Lamivudine resistant hepatitis B developed after a mean duration of …