tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Questioning fondly held assumptions
Authors: Jane Smith
Journal: BMJ (2007)

An important part of the BMJ 's business is to question assumptions. Mostly this is done in a well mannered way, but sometimes we hit a raw nerve and emotion breaks through.

This happened last week over our head to head debate on whether there should be a boycott of Israeli academic institutions. The associated poll produced an unprecedented number of votes and the flavour of the debate can be gauged in our Observations section, together with the editor's response on why we published the debate (doi: 10.1136/bmj.39294.443264.59). Most of the correspondents quoted have engaged with the arguments, but others in rapid responses and in direct emails have not, choosing to focus on our right to host the debate.

In …
CORSETS AND BACKACHE
Authors: FRANK R. OBER
Journal: JAMA (1941)

This article is intended to bring up to date one published thirty years ago by Reynolds and Lovett<sup>1</sup>entitled "An Experimental Study of Certain Phases of Chronic Backache." The observations made on corsets by those men at that time were so fundamental that it would seem appropriate to present them again in a reedited form. The authors spent a long time in the experimental study of physics of statics, and of balance and fatigue as related to statics. Numerous living models were employed and all sorts of corsets were used, and the following conclusion with respect to corsets was arrived at: "In their effects on the anteroposterior position of the body, corsets may be divided into three classes—neutral, bad and good corsets." It is probably safe to say that all women wore corsets thirty years ago, but today the number is much less. As a matter of fact, it
Evaluation and Management of Chronic Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Catherine M. Otto
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the author's clinical recommendations.A 56-year-old man with no history of cardiac disease and no cardiac symptoms has a holosystolic murmur at the apex that radiates to the axilla. Echocardiography shows moderate mitral regurgitation with mild left ventricular dilatation. How should this patient's care be managed?There are about 500,000 discharge diagnoses of mitral-valve disease annually in the United States.1 However, estimates of the prevalence of mitral regurgitation are confounded by the presence of benign flow murmurs in many adults and by the small amount of physiologic regurgitation detected on echocardiography in 80 percent of adults. Only about 18,000 patients undergo mitral-valve surgery . . .
STAT3 Transcription Factor Promotes Instability of nTreg Cells and Limits Generation of iTreg Cells during Acute Murine Graft-versus-Host Disease
Authors: Arian Laurence, Shoba Amarnath, Jacopo Mariotti, Yong Chan Kim, Jason Foley, Michael Eckhaus, John J. O'Shea, Daniel H. Fowler
Journal: Immunity (2012)
Development of Donor-Derived Prostate Cancer in a Recipient Following Orthotopic Heart Transplantation
Authors: Evan Loh
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To report the development of metastatic prostate cancer in a heart transplant recipient without a primary focus in the recipient prostate gland; to present genetic evidence suggesting transplantation of the malignancy from the donor.Histological analysis of donor prostate and recipient prostate and rib. Molecular genetic analysis of prostate and kidney tissue from the donor and peripheral blood leukocytes and rib tissue from the transplant recipient.University of Pennsylvania Medical Center.Multiple biopsies of recipient prostate were negative for malignancy but recipient rib contained prostatic adenocarcinoma with osteoblastic bone response. Molecular genetic analysis of recipient rib specimen, which contained both histologically normal and neoplastic cells, was shown to contain a combination of alleles from the donor and recipient at 4 loci.Although this is a single case report of an uncommon event, genotyping of polymorphic dinucleotide repeat elements from 4 different chromosomal regions provides strong evidence that the tumor cells arose from donor tissue and were transplanted along with the cardiac allograft.
Complementary roles for lipid and protein allergens in triggering innate and adaptive immune systems
Authors: A. M. Russano, E. Agea, C. Casciari, F. M. De Benedictis, F. Spinozzi
Journal: Allergy (2008)

Background: Recent advances in allergy research mostly focussed on two major headings: improving protein allergen purification, which is aimed towards a better characterization of IgE‐ and T‐cell reactive epitopes, and the potential new role for unconventional innate and regulatory T cells in controlling airway inflammation. These advancements could appear to be in conflict each other, as innate T cells have a poorly‐defined antigen specificity that is often directed toward nonprotein substances, such as lipids. Method: To reconcile these contrasting findings, the model of cypress pollinosis as paradigmatic for studying allergic diseases in adults is suggested. Results: The biochemical characterization of major native protein allergens from undenatured pollen grain demonstrated that the most relevant substance with IgE‐binding activity is a glycohydrolase enzyme, which easily denaturizes in stored grains. Moreover, lipids from the pollen membrane are implicated in early pollen grain capture and recognition by CD1 + dendritic cells (DC) and CD1‐restricted T lymphocytes. These T cells display Th0/Th2 functional activity and are also able to produce regulatory cytokines, such as IL‐10 and TGF‐β. CD1 + immature DCs expand in the respiratory mucosa of allergic subjects and are able to process both proteins and lipids. Conclusion: A final scenario may suggest that expansion and functional activation of CD1 + DCs is a key step for mounting a Th0/Th2‐deviated immune response, and that such innate response does not confer long‐lasting protective immunity.
UV-B doses received during different outdoor activities and UV-B treatment of psoriasis
Authors: B.L. DIFFEY, O. LARKO, G. SWANBECK
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1982)

Measurements have been made of the biologically‐effective environmental UV‐B radiation received by people pursuing a variety of outdoor leisure activities. These UV‐B doses have been compared with those received from artificial UV‐B radiation by patients undergoing treatment for psoriasis. The results indicate that the therapeutic doses are not dissimilar to those received by active sunbathing for the same period during the summer months.
A new piece for the puzzle of inflammation
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Those "pockets of resistance"—the inflammatory tissue injuries that persist despite aggressive therapy—have led researchers to look for additional mediators of inflammation. Now, they have chemically characterized what one investigator says "may turn out to be one of the most potent mediators known." R. Neal Pinckard, PhD, says the term "mediators" in this work refers to molecules that are believed to modulate the inflammatory process. The hypothesis is that, even when therapy blocks the action of one or two known mediators of inflammation, some yet-to-be-identified molecule(s) with similar biologic properties may continue to cause tissue injury. The recently characterized mediator, Pinckard told an American Heart Association forum for science writers in St Petersburg Beach, Fla, is acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine (1-O-hexadecyl/octadecyl-2acetyl-<i>sn</i>-glyceryl-3-phophorylcholine), or AGEPC. It also has had "the trivial name," he says, of plateletactivating factor, or PAF. Pinckard, who is professor of pathology and of medicine, University of Texas
Book: A History of Surgery
Authors: S. A Pai
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Harold Ellis Greenwich Medical Media, £29.50, pp 264 ISBN 1 84110 023 4 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img> ![Graphic][2]</img> ![Graphic][3]</img> ![Graphic][4]</img> Modern medicine is largely a 20th century development, but surgery has been around for hundreds of years in one form or another. In fact, the word “emergency” usually brings to mind a surgical rather than a medical emergency. The leap that surgery took from barber surgeons to proper surgeons and from a field that caused pain, sepsis, and death to the aseptic, pain free, and curative surgery of today is perhaps incomparable … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif
Endothelial progenitor cell infusion induces hematopoietic stem cell reconstitution in vivo
Authors: Alice B. Salter, Sarah K. Meadows, Garrett G. Muramoto, Heather Himburg, Phuong Doan, Pamela Daher, Lauren Russell, Benny Chen, Nelson J. Chao, John P. Chute
Journal: Blood (2009)
Low-level exposures: some implications for the U.S. Department of Energy.
Authors: J R Beall
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

The U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) maintains several programs to study and understand the health and environmental effects of exposure to low levels of energy-related agents. These programs include research to understand the mechanisms of action of agents of concern and to assess the risks associated with exposures of people and ecological systems to these agents. They also include implementing appropriate occupational safety and health standards and remediating waste sites to environmental standards. These programs require that the U.S. DOE pursue a realistic understanding of the effects of exposures to small amounts of energy-related agents. The largest of these programs involves hazardous waste remediation and includes potentially harmful exposures to low levels of numerous agents. The U.S. DOE conducts research to establish the scientific bases for the realistic assessment of risks of exposure to such wastes. As part of the U.S. DOE efforts to understand the risks of low-level exposures to hazardous waste, the Office of Health and Environmental Research and the Office of Environmental Management recently launched a broad cooperative program. It is comprised of research projects in nine general scientific areas and includes research on the health impacts and risk estimation of exposure to low levels of hazardous wastes. Projects for this new cooperative research program were selected from 610 applications and totaled approximately $47 million in fiscal year 1996. This program marks a new approach by using basic research to reduce cleanup costs and to develop scientific foundations for advances in environmental technologies. The research will also examine the effects of exposure to low levels of chemical and radiological wastes.
The assessment of oesophagitis in hiatus hernia patients
Authors: A. S. Ward, D. H. Wright, J. L. Collis
Journal: Thorax (1970)

The incidence of oesophagitis has been determined in 108 patients with sliding hiatus hernias using endoscopic, histological, and radiological criteria. Particular consideration has been given to the relationship between inflammatory disease and clinical symptoms. All the patients were attending a thoracic surgical clinic and the spectrum of disease encountered was fairly severe; over half of the cases had established strictures when first seen. The incidence of oesophagitis based on endoscopic evidence was 76·9%, while inflammatory change was noted on biopsy in 56·2% and at barium swallow in 58·3% of the patients. Oesophagoscopy proved to be the most satisfactory method of assessment; biopsy specimens were either inadequate or correlated poorly with other criteria while barium swallow was of diagnostic value only in severe oesophagitis. The main symptoms were pain, heartburn with regurgitation, dysphagia, and bleeding. Dysphagia was common due to the preponderance of patients with strictures, while obvious bleeding was very uncommon. Endoscopic oesophagitis was found in 75% of the patients with specific retrosternal pain and in 60% of those with heartburn and regurgitation. The inability to equate heartburn with oesophagitis is emphasized. The incidence of inflammatory change in patients with dysphagia was 87·2%; nearly all the cases in this group showed stricture formation.
Rapid renal clearance of immunoreactive canine plasma myoglobin.
Authors: F J Klocke, D P Copley, J A Krawczyk, M Reichlin
Journal: Circulation (1982)

Rates and mechanisms of myoglobin removal from plasma were examined in closed-chest dogs, using disappearance patterns of immunoreactivity and radioactivity after i.v. canine myoglobin radiolabeled with 125I. Arterial immunoreactive myoglobin concentration decreased monoexponentially over a 2-decade range, with rate constants of disappearance averaging -0.080 +/- 0.014 min-1 (+/- SD) (corresponding to half-times of disappearance of 8.9 +/- 1.5 min). Renal arteriovenous difference in immunoreactive myoglobin concentration documented extraction of the parent molecule, with extraction ratios averaging 0.36 +/- 0.06. Renal venous specific activity increased a few minutes after myoglobin administration, consistent with discharge from the kidney of nonimmunoreactive radiolabeled peptides of the parent molecule. Arterial disappearance of 125I was subsequently delayed in relation to immunoreactive myoglobin. Urinary recoveries of immunoreactive parent molecule and radiolabeled constituents were limited, averaging 2.5 +/- 1.1% and 12 +/- 1.1% over a 6-hour period. Arterial rate, constants of disappearance of immunoreactive myoglobin decreased markedly with decreases in renal perfusion produced by obstruction of renal arterial inflow. We conclude that myoglobin entering the vascular space is normally cleared rapidly by renal catabolism. Seven myoglobin concentration-time patterns during acute myocardial infarction directly reflect patterns of protein entry into the vascular space after release from injured tissue.
Cefotaxime and Nafcillin-Tobramycin
Authors: STEVEN L. BERK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Letters and Corrections1 February 1985Cefotaxime and Nafcillin-TobramycinSTEVEN L. BERK, M.D.STEVEN L. BERK, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-102-2-275_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The study by Smith and associates (1) comparing cefotaxime with nafcillin and tobramycin in serious bacterial infection used only patients who would "otherwise have been treated with the combination of a semisynthetic penicillin and an aminoglycoside." Yet patients enrolled in the study were shown to have Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative pneumonias, pneumococcal bacteremia, anerobic decubitus ulcers, and Haemophilus influenzae infection.The study reminds us that our diagnostic capabilities have lagged far behind our progress in antibiotic development. I assume that if this group had anticipated that their patients would have gram-negative pneumonia, enterococcal infection, anerobic soft...Reference1. SMITHAMBINDERLIPSKY CRJ. Cefotaxime compared with nafcillin plus tobramycin for serious bacterial infections: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:469-77. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: East Tennessee State University Johnson City, TN 37614 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 February 1985Volume 102, Issue 2Page: 275-276KeywordsAntibioticsBacteremiaEnterococcus infectionsHaemophilus influenzaePenicillinPneumoniaPseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas infectionsUlcers Issue Published: 1 February 1985 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Abstract P4-12-19: BOLERO-3: Everolimus plus trastuzumab and vinorelbine in Asian patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer
Authors: M Toi, N Masuda, F Andre, H Ishiguro, A Fasolo, B Xu, G Jerusalem, K Shen, S Wilks, R O'Regan, C Isaacs, Y Zhang, T Taran, Y-S Yap
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: Resistance to trastuzumab may occur through activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, the inhibition of which may restore trastuzumab sensitivity. BOLERO-3, a phase 3, double-blind, international trial involving 569 patients with trastuzumab-resistant, HER2-positive (HER2+), advanced breast cancer pretreated with a taxane, recently reported that adding everolimus (EVE; an mTOR inhibitor) to vinorelbine and trastuzumab significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) vs placebo (PBO) plus vinorelbine and trastuzumab (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.78; log-rank P = .0067). As EVE pharmacokinetics and, therefore, clinical effects may be different in Asian patients, we analyzed the efficacy and safety data from BOLERO-3 for the Asian population. Methods: Eligible women with trastuzumab-resistant, HER2+, advanced breast cancer who received prior taxane therapy were randomized (1:1) to EVE (5 mg/day) or matching PBO in combination with weekly vinorelbine (25 mg/m2) and trastuzumab (2 mg/kg after 4-mg/kg loading dose). The primary endpoint was PFS by investigator. Secondary endpoints included safety. Results: Among 569 patients enrolled in this study, 166 (29%) patients were Asian; 88 and 78 were assigned to EVE or PBO arms, respectively. In this subpopulation, adding EVE to vinorelbine and trastuzumab prolonged median PFS compared with the PBO arm (8.3 vs 6.8 months, respectively; HR = 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.59 - 1.18). In general, the incidence of all grade adverse events was similar for Asian versus non-Asian patients in the EVE arm (stomatitis, 71% vs 59%; pneumonitis, 7% vs 5%; and infections, 58% vs 70%) and the PBO arm (stomatitis, 31% vs 26%; pneumonitis, 1% vs 4%; and infections, 48% vs 49%). Serious adverse events had a low incidence and included febrile neutropenia (9.1%), neutropenia (2.3%), stomatitis (2.3%), anemia (2.3%), and cataract (2.3%) as the most common among Asian patients in the EVE arm. The incidence of serious pneumonitis was low: Asian (1.1%) versus non-Asian patients (0%) in the EVE arm and 0% versus 1.5%, respectively, in the PBO arm. Conclusions: Asian patients in the BOLERO-3 trial treated with EVE plus vinorelbine and trastuzumab showed PFS benefits similar to the overall population and had a comparable manageable safety profile. Thus, EVE in combination with vinorelbine and trastuzumab may be considered as a new therapeutic option for Asian women with trastuzumab-resistant, HER2+, advanced breast cancer progressing after taxane-based therapies. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P4-12-19.
Abstract 640: Age of menarche and height as adolescent growth in relation to breast cancer risk
Authors: Ji-Yeob Choi, Sujee Jeon, Sue K. Park, Dong-Young Noh, Sei-Hyun Ahn, Keun-Young Yoo, Daehee Kang
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Age of menarche as well as height is known to be associated with breast cancer risk. Adult height is associated with age at menarche, which may explain that growth in height accelerates driven by hormone changes during adolescence. The authors evaluated associations between the age of menarche and height as the adolescent growth indicator and breast cancer risk among 3,725 cases and 3,748 controls enrolled in a multicenter, case-control study in Korea, Seoul Breast Cancer Study (2001-2007). Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of age at menarche (&amp;lt;=13, 14-15, and 16+ years) and quintile of height calculated in each 10-year age group based on total participants for breast cancer risk. The associations were assessed in overall and in strata of menopausal status, birth year group (median, 1957) and hormone receptor status. Early menarche and taller height increased risk of breast cancer as expected; for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, those starting menarche at 13 years or younger had 1.3-fold (95% CI: 1.1-1.6 for premenopausal women and 1.0-1.7 for postmenopausal women, respectively) comparing to women starting menarche at 16 years or older. In contrast, the association between height and breast cancer risk was different between menopausal status; women with 5th quintile in each age group had 2.1-fold (95% CI: 1.6-2.7) comparing to women with 1st quintile among postmenopausal women, however, associations were absent among premenopausal women. Age at menarche, height and birth year were highly correlated with each other; age at menarche and height increased as the birth year increased significantly. The associations of age at menarche and height on breast cancer in the strata of birth year group were similar with the associations in the menopausal status. Although cases with hormone receptor positive increased as the birth year increased, the ORs of age at menarche and height did not vary significantly by hormone receptor status. These findings suggest that age at menarche and adult height is associated with breast cancer overall, particularly among postmenopausal women or women born prior to 1957. This may result from the chronological changes of adolescent growth in Korea. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 640. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-640
SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE SPIRILLA (VIBRIO FETUS, N. SP.) ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE OF THE FETAL MEMBRANES IN CATTLE
Authors: Theobald Smith, Marian S. Taylor
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1919)

Twenty-two fetal and two calf strains of spirilla have been studied chiefly with regard to the problem of identity. Twenty-one fetal strains are probably specifically the same. One fetal strain differs slightly from these, but in its agglutination affinities it belongs to the same group. Of two strains isolated from calves one has definite agglutination relations with the fetal strains, the other none. In the morphological and biological characters so far investigated all the strains agree closely with one another.
Intrathoracic Disease and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) in a 6 Month Old Female: Immunodeficiency or Bad Luck? Case Report/Proposal
Authors: D.M. Anmuth, M.S. Edwards, N. Tatevian, S.M. Holland, I.C. Hanson
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
PRIMARY INFLAMMATION AND ABSCESS OF THE MASTOID; REPORT OF CASE.
Authors: DUNBAR ROY
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Cases of the above pathologic condition are by no means frequent, hence my apology for presenting the following: Mary H., colored, age 10 months, was brought to my clinic at the Southern Medical College on account of a swelling behind the left ear, which the mother said had been forming for the last five or six days. To all outward appearances the child presented a fairly healthy and nourished condition. The mother was very positive in her assertions that there had been no discharge at any time from the auditory canal. She was a strong, healthy woman, and with the exception of enlarged post-cervical glands, no abnormal condition could be found. The child presented numerous glandular enlargements over various parts of the body besides a well-marked case of "snuffles." No history of tuberculosis or syphilis in the family could be ascertained from the mother, as all the other children were