tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Respiratory symptoms as predictors of 27 year mortality in a representative sample of British adults.
Authors: L. Carpenter, V. Beral, D. Strachan, K. L. Ebi-Kryston, H. Inskip
Journal: BMJ (1989)

To examine associations between reported respiratory symptoms (as elicited by questionnaire) and subsequent mortality.Prospective cohort study.92 General practices in Great Britain.A nationally representative sample of 1532 British men and women aged between 40 and 64.Mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and chronic bronchitis.Subjects were interviewed in 1958 regarding various respiratory symptoms (including cough, phlegm, breathlessness, and wheeze) by using a questionnaire which formed the basis of the Medical Research Council's questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. By the end of 1985, 889 deaths had been reported, including 51 in men due to chronic bronchitis. After adjustment for differences in age and smoking habits death rates from chronic bronchitis in men who reported symptoms were greater than those in men who did not for each of the symptoms examined. The adjusted mortality ratios were 3.4 (95% confidence interval 1.8 to 6.5) for morning cough, 3.7 (2.0 to 6.9) for morning phlegm, 6.4 (3.0 to 13.8) for breathlessness when walking on the level, and 10.5 (4.4 to 24.6) for wheeze most days or nights. Mortality ratios were also significantly raised for four episodic symptoms not usually included in more recent respiratory symptom questionnaires--namely, occasional wheeze (mortality ratio 6.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.4 to 15.1), weather affects chest (5.7; 3.1 to 10.3), breathing different in summer (4.9; 2.8 to 8.6), and cold usually goes to chest (3.7; 2.0 to 6.8). The excess mortality associated with these symptoms remained significant after further adjustment for breathlessness or phlegm. Ratios for all cause mortality in men and women were also significantly raised for most respiratory symptoms, death rates being some 20-50% higher in people reporting symptoms after adjustment for age, sex, and smoking. Breathlessness was the only symptom significantly associated with excess mortality from cardiovascular disease (mortality ratio 1.4 (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 1.9) for breathlessness when walking on the level). Ratios were generally around unity and not significant for mortality due to lung cancer.The results suggest that episodic symptoms, which often do not appear in standard respiratory questionnaires, predict subsequent mortality from chronic obstructive airways disease. This supports the hypothesis that reversible airflow obstruction may be a precursor of progressive and irreversible decline in ventilatory function.
Physicians on Aeromedical Teams-Reply
Authors: William G. Baxt
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Mackenzie et al state that there were four instances in which the flight nurse/flight physician team made an error "in needle thoracostomy or chest tube placement" and go on to state that "field MDs also do not necessarily make the right judgments in management of blunt trauma." In fact, as stated on page 3248, paragraphs 2 and 3 of our article, of the 316 patients treated by the flight nurse/flight physician team, there was only one instance in which an indicated thoracostomy tube was not placed, not four instances as noted by Dr Mackenzie et al. In fact, the total error rate for the flight nurse/ flight paramedic team was 11% (29 errors in 258 patients), while the analogous rate for the flight nurse/flight physician team was 0.6% (two errors in 316 patients). In view of these findings, we find it difficult to agree with the conclusion
Nontreatment of Hip Fractures-Reply
Authors: Leonard J. Lyon
Journal: JAMA (1978)

We thank Dr Hyams for his thoughtful comments about our article. He raises an important question: will we (or other physicians) unnecessarily confine some patients to bed and chair for the remainder of their lives by not treating their hip fractures? The patients who were the subject of our report all had severe organic mental syndromes prior to their fractures. (Although our methods of evaluation of mental status were not discussed in the report, we always make every effort to exclude severe depression, thyroid diseases, intercurrent infection, anemia, and other treatable causes of organic mental syndrome before labeling a patient as senile.) The five conservatively treated patients, as well as three more that we have treated similarly since the report was submitted for publication, were already suffering from one or more chronic illnesses requiring prolonged or permanent nursing home care. Only one was independently ambulatory before the hip
Assessment of within-group variation in CYP1A mRNA inducibility in environmentally exposed and chemically treated Atlantic tomcod.
Authors: S Courtenay, P J Williams, C Grunwald, B Konkle, T L Ong, I I Wirgin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

CYP1A gene expression has been implicated in the processing of environmental procarcinogens and levels of variation in CYP1A mRNA expression are high in both environmentally exposed and chemically treated Atlantic tomcod. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of physical and biological parameters such as temperature, sex, and reproductive state on within-group variation in CYP1A mRNA induction. Levels of variation in CYP1A mRNA expression were directly correlated with mean levels of gene induction. Our results indicate that sex and reproductive state, but not temperature, had significant effects on CYP1A mRNA inducibility in tomcod; however, these parameters did not account for all interindividual variation in CYP1A inducibility. Other intrinsic biological factors, such as genetic polymorphisms in molecular pathways leading to CYP1A induction, may contribute to the high levels of interindividual variation in CYP1A inducibility in Atlantic tomcod.
Antigen-specific precursor frequency impacts T cell proliferation, differentiation, and requirement for costimulation
Authors: Mandy L. Ford, Brent H. Koehn, Maylene E. Wagener, Wanhong Jiang, Shivaprakash Gangappa, Thomas C. Pearson, Christian P. Larsen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

After a brief period of antigenic stimulation, T cells become committed to a program of autonomous expansion and differentiation. We investigated the role of antigen-specific T cell precursor frequency as a possible cell-extrinsic factor impacting T cell programming in a model of allogeneic tissue transplantation. Using an adoptive transfer system to incrementally raise the precursor frequency of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, we found that donor-reactive T cells primed at low frequency exhibited increased cellular division, decreased development of multifunctional effector activity, and an increased requirement for CD28- and CD154-mediated costimulation relative to those primed at high frequency. The results demonstrated that recipients with low CD4(+) and CD8(+) donor-reactive T cell frequencies exhibited long-term skin graft survival upon CD28/CD154 blockade, whereas simultaneously raising the frequency of CD4(+) T cells to approximately 0.5% and CD8(+) T cells to approximately 5% precipitated graft rejection despite CD28/CD154 blockade. Antigenic rechallenge of equal numbers of cells stimulated at high or low frequency revealed that cells retained an imprint of the frequency at which they were primed. These results demonstrate a critical role for initial precursor frequency in determining the CD8(+) T cell requirement for CD28- and CD154-mediated costimulatory signals during graft rejection.
Comparison of Birth Weight/Gestation Distribution in Cases of Stillbirth and Neonatal Death According to Lesions Found at Necropsy
Authors: J. Fedrick
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The birth weight/gestation distribution of a large series of cases of perinatal death has been analysed according to the lesion (or lesions) present at necropsy. Among the lesions associated with low gestation babies dying with hyaline membranes have a much higher mean birth weight for gestation than either the babies with intraventricular haemorrhage or "no cause found." Among infants dying of intrapartum asphyxia or cerebral birth trauma it was found that those who were stillborn with trauma had, at term, a significantly higher mean birth weight than the control livebirths, and that, at all gestations, the stillbirths with trauma were, on average, heavier than the babies dying neonatally with this lesion. Cases of intrapartum asphyxia were smaller than the stillbirths with trauma, but those dying during the second stage of labour were larger than those dying during the first stage.Cases of intrauterine pneumonia-that is, stillbirths and first-day deaths-were also shown to be larger for length of gestation than cases of extrauterine pneumonia-that is, deaths between the second and the 28th day. The cases with haemorrhagic pneumonia, however, were, at least at term, smaller than the cases of extrauterine pneumonia, and cases of massive pulmonary haemorrhage showed evidence of growth retardation at all gestations.
Drug-Related Syndromes in Clinical Nephrology
Authors: WILLIAM M. BENNETT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

The major clinical presentations of disease to a nephrologist can be grouped into six general areas: acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, fluid-electrolyte disorders, acid-base disturbances, and the uremic symptom-complex. Each of these major clinical syndromes can be caused by, or related to, drugs or environmental toxins. Prototype drugs can be used to highlight the features of each drug-related syndrome. Although it is preventable, drug-related disease may present opportunities to learn about general pathophysiologic mechanisms in clinical nephrology.
The time course of phototoxicity of topical PUVA: 8-methoxypsoralen cream-PUVA vs. 8-methoxypsoralen gel-PUVA
Authors: M Grundmann-Kollmann, U Leiter, S Behrens, P Gottlöber, G Mooser, G Krähn, M Kerscher
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1999)
Antigenic/Allergenic Composition of Poodle/Alsatian Dandruff Extract
Authors: T. Uhlin, J. Reuterby, R. Einarsson
Journal: Allergy (1984)

Poodle and Alsatian dog dandruff extracts were characterized by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) using sera from 24 individuals clinically sensitive to dogs. By using a system with intermediate gel in immunoelectrophoresis, the content of dander‐specific and serum‐specific allergens was established. 29 antigens (18 dander‐specific and 11 serum‐specific) were identified in the mixed breed Poodle/Alsation dandruff extract. Of these, 24 antigens were radiostained in CRIE. 16 allergens were dander specific and the remaining eight were serum specific. Positive dog dander RAST (e5 and Poodle/Alsatian dandruff extract) results were observed in the tested dog hypersensitive subjects. Our results suggest that the mixture of Poodle/Alsatian dandruff extract may be a suitable preparation for the diagnosis and treatment of dog allergy.
The Specialist's Thought Homunculus
Authors: Anthony C. Breuer
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Subspecialists view problems in unique and different ways Depending on their training and the "truth" their field arrays: With practice one can recognize this hallmark mental loop— "See" a problem-view homunculus in each physician group. The views are very different, and they must be kept in mind To size up where intensivist (K<sup>+</sup>) and neuro (B<sub>12</sub>) views are blind. These are but two examples, where the focus can permit Precise evaluations for a patient's benefit. The multibyte arrangement of a single human brain, While awesome, cannot yet lock in an infinite domain. Team effort among colleagues spreads the data load in part, But the human patient still responds to wisdom from the heart.
Points from letters: The holiday year
Authors: A B Conyers
Journal: BMJ (1976)

indicates that consultants in teaching hospitals are on average of higher quality than those in peripheral hospitals and that similar considerations apply respectively to those working in the South and the North of England and also to physicians and surgeons as opposed to geriatricians and psychiatrists.If Drs Bruggen and Bourne do not believe this they should say why.There are, of course, people who believe that merit should not be financially rewarded as the work involved is cleaner and more interesting than unskilled work.There are also people who believe that it is impossible to assess merit and it would appear from the Points from LettersClinical or administrative postal addresses ?
Elimination of Artifactual Accumulation of FDG in PET Imaging of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: FLORO MIRALDI, HUBERT VESSELLE, PETER F. FAULHABER, LEE P. ADLER, GREGORY P. LEISURE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1998)

Background Positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorine-18 labeled deoxyglucose (FDG) can detect tumor recurrences in surgical patients that are otherwise difficult to assess by CT, as well as distant metastases and small malignant nodes that are not identified by other imaging modalities. However, the evaluation of such malignancy is complicated by urinary and colonic concentrations of FDG. Methods and examples of the elimination of artifactual accumulation of FDG in PET imaging of the abdomen and pelvis are presented. Methods Elimination of artifactual accumulation requires patient preparation that begins with cleansing of the colon using an isosmotic solution taken the evening prior to examination. Approximately 500 MBq of F-18 FDG is intravenously administered upon arrival at the PET facility and then the patient is hydrated. After administration of furosemide, a Foley catheter with a drainage bag is placed and the patient is then scanned. Just prior to scanning over the pelvis, normal saline is delivered retrogradely into the urinary bladder. At the end of scanning, the patient voids and repeated pelvic images are obtained. Results These routines yield a clean scanning field. Lesions that will generally be missed because they are obscured by FDG accumulations along the colon or in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder are better visualized and identified with greater confidence. Artifacts that lead to misinterpretation also are reduced. Conclusion Elimination of artifactual accumulation of FDG in the colon and urinary system is essential if primary cancer, associated adenopathy, or subtle recurrences are to be evaluated in FDG PET imaging of the abdomen and pelvis.
The interaction of carbon nanotubes with an in vitro blood-brain barrier model and mouse brain in vivo
Authors: Houmam Kafa, Julie Tzu-Wen Wang, Noelia Rubio, Kerrie Venner, Glenn Anderson, Elzbieta Pach, Belén Ballesteros, Jane E. Preston, N. Joan Abbott, Khuloud T. Al-Jamal
Journal: Biomaterials (2015)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a novel nanocarriers with interesting physical and chemical properties.Here we investigate the ability of amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs-NH 3 þ )to cross the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) in vitro using a co-culture BBB model comprising primary porcine brain endothelial cells (PBEC) and primary rat astrocytes, and in vivo following a systemic administration of radiolabelled f-MWNTs.Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that MWNTs-NH 3 þ crossed the PBEC monolayer via energy-dependent transcytosis.MWNTs-NH 3 þ were observed within endocytic vesicles and multi-vesicular bodies after 4 and 24 h.A complete crossing of the in vitro BBB model was observed after 48 h, which was further confirmed by the presence of MWNTs-NH 3 þ within the astrocytes.MWNT-NH 3 þ that crossed the PBEC layer was quantitatively assessed using radioactive tracers.A maximum transport of 13.0 ± 1.1% after 72 h was achieved using the co-culture model.f-MWNT exhibited significant brain uptake (1.1 ± 0.3% injected dose/g) at 5 min after intravenous injection in mice, after whole body perfusion with heparinized saline.Capillary depletion confirmed presence of f-MWNT in both brain capillaries and parenchyma fractions.These results could pave the way for use of CNTs as nanocarriers for delivery of drugs and biologics to the brain, after systemic administration.
Viral hepatitis and liver disease
Authors: G O Record
Journal: Gut (1989)

This report describes a patient with a Björk-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis in whom transoesophageal cross sectional echocardiography revealed a large vascularised mass within the left atrial appendage with smoke-like opacification of blood flow in the left atrium. Transoesophageal cross sectional echocardiography gave a detailed image of the lesion which was unobtainable with precordial cross sectional echocardiography.
Myocardial hyperenhancement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in genotyped hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients identifies early disease and correlates with clinical risk
Authors: James C. Moon, Jens Mogensen, Gillian C. Smith, Andrew G. Elkington, Sanjay Prasad, Perry M. Elliott, Dudley J. Pennell, William J. McKenna
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Deficiency of UDP-galactose:N-acetylglucosamine β-1,4-galactosyltransferase I causes the congenital disorder of glycosylation type IId
Authors: Bengt Hanßke, Christian Thiel, Torben Lübke, Martin Hasilik, Stefan Höning, Verena Peters, Peter H. Heidemann, Georg F. Hoffmann, Eric G. Berger, Kurt von Figura, Christian Körner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Deficiency of the Golgi enzyme UDP-Gal:N-acetylglucosamine β-1,4-galactosyltransferase I (β4GalT I) (E.C.2.4.1.38) causes a new congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), designated type IId (CDG-IId), a severe neurologic disease characterized by a hydrocephalus, myopathy, and blood-clotting defects. Analysis of oligosaccharides from serum transferrin by HPLC, mass spectrometry, and lectin binding revealed the loss of sialic acid and galactose residues. In skin fibroblasts and leukocytes, galactosyltransferase activity was reduced to 5% that of controls. In fibroblasts, a truncated polypeptide was detected that was about 12 kDa smaller in size than wild-type β4GalT I and that failed to localize to the Golgi apparatus. Sequencing of the β4GalT I cDNA and gene revealed an insertion of a single nucleotide (1031-1032insC) leading to premature translation stop and loss of the C-terminal 50 amino acids of the enzyme. The patient was homozygous and his parents heterozygous for this mutation. Expression of a corresponding mutant cDNA in COS-7 cells led to the synthesis of a truncated, inactive polypeptide, which localized to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Diagnosis
Authors: Adrian V. Specogna
Journal: JAMA (2014)

In their recent study, Dr Perry and colleagues1 addressed the challenging problem of misdiagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Perry et al1 reported 100% sensitivity for detecting subarachnoid hemorrhage, using the new Ottawa subarachnoid hemorrhage rule (OSHR). Despite this finding, 3 of the 6 characteristics in the rule showed only modest reliability (κ<0.60) among physicians. Limited flexion, thunderclap headache, and neck pain and stiffness were prevalent in subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the OSHR required that only 1 needed to be present for further investigation to be warranted.
Case of Pus in the Pericardium Treated by Incision and Drainage
Authors: H. Bronner
Journal: BMJ (1891)

few weeks, having the false labour pains.I thought I would 8end you a line to see if it is right for it to be so."No other symptom occurred, and a daughter was born on the date above mentioned.I have seen this lady several times since, and the womb remains in excellent position.CASE v.-AMrs.D., aged 32, had her last confinement 'on October, 1883.Since that time she had suffered from the'following symptoms, described to me by Dr. Paton, who has attended her for years: " Nervous symptoms, flashing hot pains in legs, weak dull pain in back, general debility of a pronounced type.The burning pains in the legs were at times very severe, and she lhad frequent hlysterical attacks."Some dysmenorrhlea, leucorrhl.aldischarge at times, and a dis- tinct retroflexion complete the outlines of the picture.The operation was performed on February, 1888, and she was delivered of a soni in April, 1889.Dr. Paton concludes his letter to me about her by saying: " Since the operation she has been much stronger, and nearly free from nervous symptoms."CASE vi.-Mrs.R., aged 28, admitted into the Royal Southern Hospital on October 1st, 1888.She is the mother of two children, the younigest 4 years of age.Since the birth of this child she lhas suffered more or less from backache, pelvic pain, and discharge from the uterus.At first she was treated for ulcerated womb, then a Hodge's pessary was worn for six
Serotonin Transporter Protein Gene Polymorphism and Personality Measures in African American and European American Subjects
Authors: Joel Gelernter, Henry Kranzler, Emil F. Coccaro, Larry J. Siever, Antonia S. New
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

Objective:The SLC6A4 locus encodes the serotonin transporter, which in turn mediates the synaptic inactivation of the neurotransmitter serotonin. A polymorphism located in the 5′ promoter region of the gene is associated with altered transcriptional activity of SLC6A4; an earlier study reported an association of the polymorphism with anxiety- and depression-related traits, including harm avoidance and neuroticism. The authors attempted to replicate this finding. Method:They assessed genotype at the SLC6A4 promoter polymorphism, and an additional polymorphism in intron 2, in 322 American subjects of European and African ancestry, some with diagnoses of a personality disorder or substance dependence and some normal comparison subjects. Harm avoidance was measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire in all subjects, and neuroticism was measured by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory in 185 subjects. Allele frequencies in the groups were compared, and hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine the correlation of demographic features, psychiatric diagnostic group, and genotype with harm avoidance and neu­roticism scores.Results:Although the demographic factors and psychiatric diagnoses had effects on harm avoidance and neuroticism scores, there was no main effect of genotype on these personality measures. In the context of these overall negative findings, interactions were observed between sex and promoter system genotype and between race and promoter system genotype which suggest that the present findings are not wholly inconsistent with those of the earlier study. Conclusions:The authors were unable to replicate the association finding. The specific phenotypic composition of the groups studied with respect to other behaviors could have influenced ability to detect association of SLC6A4 polymorphisms with personality measures; population stratification for this locus is also of potential importance. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1332-1338