tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Plague, rats and the Bible again: a postscript
Authors: W M S Russell
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2006)

In connection with Freemon's diagnosis of the `plague' of the Philistines as bubonic plague,1 two further points have occurred to me as needing to be mentioned. He showed that black rats and their fleas were certainly present in the Near East in time for the epidemic. But there is no mention of rats in the Biblical account, only of crop pests, `mice that mar the land' (1 Samuel, 6:5).2 In any case, nobody then could possibly have known of rat or flea vectors. The first person known to have connected dead rats with human plague deaths was the Chinese poet Shih Tao-nan (ce 1765-1792).3

Shrewsbury diagnosed the epidemic as bacillary dysentery, which can lead to piles—the `emerods' (haemorrhoids) of the Authorized Version, translating the Hebrew word opalim.4 The biblical concordance leads one to Psalms 78:66, where the Lord `smote his enemies in the hinder parts'.5

Freemon states that `the “emerods” of the King James Bible appear in all modern translations as tumours'.1 But Josephus diagnosed the disease as dysentery (Antiquities 6:1).5 Surely a high-ranking priest and Pharisee of the first century ce is likely to have been a better Hebraist than any modern translator.
Pancreatic Elastase-1 in Stools, a Marker of Exocrine Pancreas Function, Correlates With Both Residual β-Cell Secretion and Metabolic Control in Type 1 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Franco Cavalot, Katia Bonomo, Elisa Fiora, Ezio Gaia, Mariella Trovati
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

We thank Mueller et al. (1) for their interest in our article (2), in which we demonstrated that type 1 diabetic patients present low fecal pancreatic elastase-1 (PE-1) and that PE-1 correlates with C-peptide, HbA1c (A1C), and diabetes duration. In 16 type 1 diabetic patients, they found that PE-1 concentrations were low compared with control subjects but did not correlate with A1C and diabetes duration.

Furthermore, Mueller et al. observed that patients on drugs interfering with the angiotensin system show a further reduction of PE-1. Since we did not mention treatment …
Charges of Sexual Harassment at NIMH-Reply
Authors: Paul Cotton
Journal: JAMA (1992)

In Reply.  —The article stresses that sexual harassment charges often boil down to... one person's word against another's, and that such charges are sometimes false.  Margaret Jensvold's lawsuit is a matter of public record. The NIMH has declined and continues to decline to, in your own words, substantively respond to her charges until the case goes to trial. That was made clear to me by the government attorney handling this case.  Whether it is Rubinow and Schmidt's reputations that have been unfortunately sullied or it is they who have damaged Jensvold's career has yet to be determined.
Maternofetal transplacental transport of recombinant IgG antibodies lacking effector functions
Authors: Line Mathiesen, Leif K. Nielsen, Jan Terje Andersen, Algirdas Grevys, Inger Sandlie, Terje E. Michaelsen, Morten Hedegaard, Lisbeth E. Knudsen, Morten Hanefeld Dziegiel
Journal: Blood (2013)
UK surgeons may undergo performance review every five years
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Surgeons should undergo professional review every five years and consutants'independent practitioner status should be revised, according to recommendations made last week by the Senate of Surgery of Great Britain and Ireland.

The recommendations came in response to the General Medical Council's determination on the abnormally high death rate among babies undergoing heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary between 1988 and 1995 (27 June, p 1924). The senate–which represents the surgical royal colleges of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland–has suggested sweeping changes within the profession to restore public confidence but has emphasised that self regulation is the key to improving standards without further …
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: William L. Fleming, James M. Neill
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1927)

The investigation dealt particularly with the combination of pneumococcus hemotoxin with red blood cells. The reduced or hemolytically active form of the hemotoxin was known to possess the property of erythrocyte combination. The results obtained in this study indicate that the hemolytically inactive, reversibly oxidized form exists in two different modifications; one retains the property of erythrocyte combination while the other lacks this property. The influence of the combining property of the hemotoxin upon the mechanism of hemolysis and upon the inhibition of the hemolytic reaction was also investigated.
Prevalence of Child Physical and Sexual Abuse in the Community
Authors: Harriet L. MacMillan
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>Context.</h3> —Although child maltreatment is considered common, few community surveys have examined the prevalence of more than 1 type of maltreatment among both males and females. <h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine the prevalence of a history of physical and sexual abuse during childhood among the general population. <h3>Design.</h3> —General population survey. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Household dwellings in the province of Ontario, Canada. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A random sample (N=9953) of residents aged 15 years and older participated in the Ontario Health Supplement. <h3>Main Outcome Measure.</h3> —Self-administered questionnaire about a history of physical and sexual abuse in childhood. <h3>Results.</h3> —A history of child physical abuse was reported more often by males (31.2%) than females (21.1%), while sexual abuse during childhood was more commonly reported by females (12.8%) than males (4.3%). Severe physical abuse was reported by similar proportions of males (10.7%) and females (9.2%). A greater percentage of females reported a history of severe sexual abuse (11.1%) compared with males (3.9%). Age of the respondent was not significantly associated with childhood abuse within any category for males. However, for females, the reported prevalence in childhood of sexual abuse, co-occurrence of physical and sexual abuse, and both categories of severe abuse decreased with increasing age of the respondent. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —A history of childhood maltreatment among Ontario residents is common. Child abuse may be more prevalent in younger women compared with older women, or there may be a greater willingness among younger women to report abuse.
Hookworm Disease Causing the Blood Picture of Primary Hemolytic Anemia in an Infant
Authors: WM. ALLAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1928)

Article1 February 1928Hookworm Disease Causing the Blood Picture of Primary Hemolytic Anemia in an InfantWM. ALLAN, M.D.WM. ALLAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-1-8-605 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIn speaking of anemia in infancy Cabot (1) says there is apt to be (a) enlargement of the spleen, (b) leukocytosis, (c) high color index, with megalocytic blood picture, (d) erythroblasts, many of them megaloblasts, (e) abnormal leucocytes (myelocytes, stimulation forms), and that these findings make it so difficult in infancy to recognize the type of blood disease from the blood alone that the attempt should not be made—a view borne out in detail by the following case.Case history: In October 1924, a twelve months old baby was referred to me by Dr. A. F. Thompson of Troy, N....References(1) CABOT RC: Osler's Modern Medicine, Vol. 5, page 71, 1927. Google Scholar(2) DARLING ST: Nelson's Medicine, Vol. 2, page 485, 1926. Google Scholar(3) LUCASFLEISCHNER WPEC: Abt's. Pediatrics, Vol. 4, page 529, 1924. Google Scholar(4) DOCKBASS GCC: "Hookworm Disease," page 136, 1910. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Charlotte, N. C. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 February 1928Volume 1, Issue 8Page: 605-606KeywordsBloodHemolytic anemiaHookwormsInfantsLeukocytosisSpleen Issue Published: 1 February 1928 PDF DownloadLoading ...
The priority toxicant reference range study: interim report.
Authors: L L Needham, R H Hill, D L Ashley, J L Pirkle, E J Sampson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

The relationship between human exposure to environmental toxicants and health effects is of utmost interest to public health scientists. To define this relationship, these scientists need accurate and precise methods for assessing human exposure and effects. One of the most accurate and precise means of assessing exposure is to measure the level of the toxicant or its primary metabolite in a biologic specimen; this has been defined as measuring the internal dose. This measurement must be quantitative to best study the dose-response relationship. Pertinent questions asked during an exposure assessment include
Enhanced release of nitric oxide in response to changes in flow and shear stress in the superior mesenteric arteries of portal hypertensive rats
Authors: Naoki Hori, Reiner Wiest, Roberto J. Groszmann
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Increased nitric oxide (NO) release has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the hyperdynamic circulation in portal hypertension. NOS 3 (eNOS) causes NO release from the endothelium in response to physical stimuli, such as increased blood flow and shear stress. We evaluated the functional activity of the endothelium in the superior mesenteric arterial bed of portal hypertensive rats through direct measurement of NO metabolites (NOx) during changes in flow and shear stress. The in vitro perfusion system (McGregor) was used in sham and portal vein-ligated (PVL) rats. Shear stress was applied gradually to superior mesenteric arterial beds by increasing the perfusion rate. Flow studies were performed serially before and after incubation with either Krebs solution alone or with the NO-inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). NOx concentrations in the perfusate were measured using chemiluminescence. The slope of NOx release versus flow-induced shear stress was calculated. Before L-NMMA administration, NOx concentrations and release of NO in PVL rats were significantly elevated in comparison with sham rats at flow rates of 32, 40, and 48 mL/min. The slope of NOx production versus shear stress index was significantly higher in PVL than in sham rats. After L-NMMA incubation, the decrease in slope was significantly larger in PVL rats. This study provides direct evidences of an increased NO synthesis by the superior mesenteric arterial vascular endothelium of PVL animals in response to shear stress. The increased NO output in response to shear stress suggests an adaptative mechanism developed by the vascular endothelial cells in response to a chronic increase in flow-mediated shear stress.
437. An E1b-19kD-Deleted p53-Expressing Replicating Adenovirus Markedly Enhances the Induction of Apoptosis When Combined with Cisplatin in Head and Neck Cancer Cells
Authors: David I. Kutler, Harald Sauthoff, Jin Cheng, Yao Qi Huang, Sheila Heitner, William N. Rom, John G. Hay
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

The overall survival for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is poor and has not changed in over 20 years. A non- replicating p53-expressing adenovirus in combination with radiation has shown promising results for this disease and is the first approved gene therapy modality worldwide. An oncolytic virus (ONYX-015) in combination with chemotherapy has also shown encouraging results. Therefore, the application of a replicating p53-expressing virus in combination with chemotherapy may be a rational advancement of this strategy. However, the adenoviral E1b-19kD protein is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis and may compromise the therapeutic efficacy of a p53-expressing oncolytic virus, inhibiting the apoptotic effect of both p53 and chemotherapy. We hypothesized that an E1b-19kD gene deletion together with p53 expression in combination with chemotherapy could further improve the ability of a replicating adenoviral vector to kill head and neck cancer cells. In two head and neck cancer cell lines (1586 and SCC15), a p53-expressing E1b-19kD-deleted replicating virus (Adp53dl19k) increased the amount of apoptosis by more than three-fold compared to a replicating control virus (Ad-co), and almost two-fold compared to a E1b-19kD-deleted virus that does not express p53 (Ad-dl19k). In the presence of cisplatin, at a dose that does not induce apoptosis in these cells, the apoptotic effect of Adp53dl19k was almost doubled, whereas Ad-co induced only minimal apoptosis. In the same two head and neck cancer cell lines, infection with Adp53dl19k in combination with cisplatin also resulted in reduced cell viability, as compared to Ad- co or a p53-expressing but not E1b-19k-deleted virus (Adp53). In conclusion, a non-cytotoxic dose of chemotherapy can markedly enhance the induction of apoptosis and cancer cell death induced by a replicating p53-expressing virus, but only in the presence of an E1b-19kD deletion.
Evaluating the effects of asthma therapy on childhood growth: principles of study design
Authors: J. Price, P. Hindmarsh, S. Hughes, J. Efthimiou
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

Inhaled corticosteroids have been established as the most effective treatment for childhood asthma. However, concerns persist regarding their potential effects on growth and, most importantly, final height. To assess their effects on growth, inhaled corticosteroids can be compared with placebo (type 1 study), nonsteroidal anti-asthma therapy (type 2 study), another inhaled corticosteroid (type 3 study) or “real-life” anti-asthma therapy (type 4 study). Owing to the difficulties in obtaining final height data, several different surrogate measures have often been used: short-term lower leg growth, longer-term statural height growth velocity, childhood height and predicted final height. This paper discusses the choice of end point, key trial design issues (including selection and number of subjects in the active and control populations) duration of assessments and methods for measuring height and data analysis, in the context of the different study types. Specific study design recommendations have been developed after consideration of these factors, and these principles will be used to guide the interpretation of previously published growth studies.
Determination of IgE antibodies to <i>Polistes dominulus, Vespula germanica</i> and <i>Vespa crabro</i> in sera of patients allergic to vespids
Authors: M. Blanca, F. Garcia, A. Miranda, M. J. Carmona, J. Garcia, J. Fernandez, S. Terrados, J. M. Vega, C. Juarez
Journal: Allergy (1991)

The study was undertaken to investigate the presence of igE antibodies to Polistes dominulus (PD). Vespula germanica (VG) and Vespa crabro (VC) in a large group of sera belonging to patients sensitized to Vespids in Spain. RAST values showed that although the majority of patients had IgE antibodies to PD. VG and VC, there was a marked predominance of PD. These results were related to the distribution of the insect in the areas where the sera were obtained. Due to geographical and insect distribution differences, the whole area was divided into three zones: Central, East and South. Comparison of the positive RAST values obtained indicated that, although the positivity to PD predominated over VG and this over VC, there were significant differences in percentage positivities to each vespid in the different regions studied. The results of the RAST absorption studies indicated that in most instances patients were originally sensitized to one vesped and were RAST positive to the other venoms due to cross‐reactivity. Only in a minority of cases were coexisting antibodies to two insects present. These results show that PD and VG are the important vespids followed to a lesser extent by VC. This study provides relevant information concerning insect distribution sensitivity in a European country.
Sudden cardiac death and acute coronary thrombosis.
Authors: S M Cobbe
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Sudden cardiac death and acute coronary thrombosisMost deaths caused by coronary artery disease occur suddenly outside hospital, beyond the reach of the coronary care unit.'2Experience in resuscitation schemes outside hospital has identified ventricular fibrillation as the most common arrhythmia in "sudden death," though asystole or profound bradycardia may also occur.3As is the case when ventricular fibrillation occurs within the coronary care unit, successful resuscitation from fibrillation outside hospital commonly leads to long term survival.4Investigation of this group of survivors of "sudden death" has shown a high incidence of severe multivessel coronary artery disease' and readily inducible ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation,6 though only a third of the patients had evidence of estab- lished acute myocardial infarction.4Might sudden cardiac death, then, be a different disease from acute myocardial infarction?Recent angiographic studies in acute myocardial infarction have shown occlusion of the coronary arteries in almost all patients.7In contrast, some pathological studies of sudden cardiac death have found that coronary thrombi are present in fewer than 20% of cases.89This view has recently been challenged by Davies and Thomas in a painstaking necropsy study of 100 victims who died within six hours of the onset of symptoms.'"All had, by definition, one or more coronary artery stenoses of at least 75% of the luminal area (50% diameter).Intraluminal coronary thrombi were present in 74, with no difference in the incidence of thrombi between those who died within 15 minutes of the onset of symptoms and those who died after one hour or more.Of the 26 without intraluminal thrombosis, a fresh thrombus within the intima was found in 21, associated with fissuring of an atherosclerotic plaque in 19.Only five had no acute arterial lesion.Davies and Thomas did not distinguish between "instantaneous" death (within 30 seconds) and "sudden" death (occurring within 15 minutes).One study has shown a low incidence of thrombi in instantaneous death, and it remains possible that a primary electrical event rather than arterial occlusion is the mechanism in these cases."IThese findings suggest that the pathogenesis of sudden, but not necessarily instantaneous, cardiac death is an acutely evolving arterial obstruction superimposed on a chronic, stenotic atherosclerotic plaque.The resulting myocardial ischaemia gives rise to complex biochemical and electrophysiological changes, which in most instances result
Throat Swabbing in Epiglottitis-Reply
Authors: Anthony L. Komaroff
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Dr Berman and Mr Rabinowitz are absolutely correct; the statement about swabbing should be retracted. As stated in the article, immediate treatment for presumed<i>H influenzae</i>with ampicillin sodium or chloramphenicol should be instituted, and the patient should be watched closely for respiratory obstruction.
Infants reach to location A without practice or training
Authors: Laraine McDonough
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Thelen and her colleagues' model overemphasizes the role of action in cognitive development. Recent research has shown that infants do not have to be trained to reach for a hidden object. By 7.5 months of age, infants can recall the location of a hidden object with no practice trials. Thelen at al.'s goal to design a parsimonious account of A-not-B behaviors was successful, but at the expense of focusing primarily on implicit and ignoring explicit memory.
What Can and Should Be Done to Reduce Publication Bias?
Authors: David W. Sharp
Journal: JAMA (1990)

"Publication bias" has three facets: (1) bias perceived by disappointed authors, (2) bias that journal policy may introduce, and (3) bias intrinsic in design and interpretation of the work itself. The third type, though a target of peer review, is not considered here, and the first type is more often imagined than real. However, general journals have to adopt policies on priorities that an outsider may see as bias, in the broadest sense. Opportunities for bias exist (18 varieties are listed here), but more objective evaluation is required before journals need to alter their peer review practices. In terms of work load and financial considerations, the price of some proposed correctives is high. Journals should monitor refereeing systems and allow appeals, but the case for policing systems--"blinding" referees (and, logically, editors), introducing tight codes of practice, and seeking solemn declarations of integrity, for example--needs more hard evidence.
63 ASSESSING THE ROLE OF CHRONIC HEPATOCELLULAR INFLAMMATION IN TRANSFORMATION TO CANCER AMONG HEPATIC RESECTION RECIPIENTS WITH HBV-ASSOCIATED HCC
Authors: S. Hiotis, F. Manizate, S. Roayaie, D. Labow, M.I. Fiel, S. Thung, M. Schwartz
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
The FDA and Hypoglycemic Drugs
Authors: John K. Davidson
Journal: JAMA (1975)

THE NELSON Committee hearings in the US Senate (Sept 18 to 20, 1974) explored the<i>safety, effectiveness</i>, and<i>use</i>of hypoglycemic drugs. A dozen witnesses, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Commissioner Dr. Alexander Schmidt, gave testimony concerning the implications of the University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP) articles for medical practice. Concern was expressed because the FDA Bureau of Drugs had not required appropriately written package inserts warning physicians and the drug-consuming public of the dangers inherent in the indiscriminate use of sulfonylureas and phenformin hydrochloride. There was agreement that caloric restriction with weight reduction is the preferred method of treatment for the maturity-onset diabetic who is above ideal body weight, and that such therapy is always safe and with intensive education and follow-up is usually effective. The UGDP investigators ended the<i>tolbutamide</i>(sulfonylurea) study in 1969 and the<i>phenformin</i>study in 1971, when careful statistical analysis showed a death
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC AORTIC ROOT DIMENSIONS IN ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS: NORMAL LIMITS IN RELATION TO AGE, BODY SIZE AND GENDER
Authors: Richard B. Devereux, Giovanni de Simone, Donna K. Arnett, Lyle G. Best, Eric Boerwinkle, Barbara V. Howard, Dalane Kitzman, Elisa T. Lee, Thomas H. Mosley, Alan Weder, Mary J. Roman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)