tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Assessing quality of economic submissions to the BMJ
Authors: T. Jefferson, V. Demicheli, V. Entwistle
Journal: BMJ (1995)

overall patient care by controlling the intake to unified rotational training programmes within national guidelines.Specialists would then gain advanced clinical experience and attend programmes of continuing education.In due course they would become senior specialists, clinical teachers, medical managers, or whatever they wish.The varied training opportunities available under this scheme would lead to "a wide range of specialist posts."4The future of research and development in medicine is of vital importance to its viability, and there is still a cohort of trainees, albeit a small one, that would not wish to climb this ladder of academic clinical practice.An academic career could start with a post as lecturer for research minded specialist registrars during the last year of their training.With their certificate of completion of specialist training they would be appointed senior lecturer or assistant professor with clinical specialist status.Each would associate with a reader, associate professor, or a
Color Performance of Video Endoscopes: Quantitative Measurement of Color Reproduction
Authors: K. Knyrim, H. K. Seidlitz, F. Hagenmüller, M. Classen
Journal: Endoscopy (1987)

We have conducted a study aimed at testing the color performance of video endoscopes in quantitative terms for the first time. The video endoscopes investigated were from Fuji, Olympus, Toshiba/Machida, and Welch-Allyn. The tests were carried out with an opto-electronic color analyser using standardized color charts and a neutral grey chart. Hue and chroma of the reproduced colors were measured. The Olympus video endoscope reproduces the hue very well, showing only slight color desaturation. The Fuji video endoscope had a yellowish tint, whereas the picture obtained with the WA video endoscope produced an inhomogeneous picture with a pronounced red/purplish cast at the top of the screen and almost neutral reproduction at the lower half. The Toshiba video endoscope was the only one with a color chip, and reproduced hue fairly well, but its colors were weakly saturated.
A bad conscience about novels
Authors: A L Wyman
Journal: BMJ (1979)

analysed to discover what the couple want and do not want from each other.Behaviour must be changed mutually so that it becomes more rewarding.The couple are given mutual contracts to reward each other when things are done well and to avoid unacceptable behaviour.Behaviour can be changed only gradually."If you do this for me, I will do this for you."Much counselling is based on behaviour therapy, and provided the problems are accurately assessed much can be achieved.
Prognostic Value of CD44 Standard, Variant Isoforms 3 and 6 and &amp;middot;&amp;ndash;Catenin Expression in Local Prostate Cancer Treated by Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Sirpa Aaltomaa, Pertti Lipponen, Jouko Viitanen, Jussi-Pekka Kankkunen, Martti Ala-Opas, Veli-Matti Kosma
Journal: European Urology (2000)
The tail of Cx43: its crucial protective role in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Y. Wang, Y. Cheng
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

In the heart, synchronized contractile activity is facilitated by gap junctions, intercellular channels that underlie electrical and molecular communications between cardiac myocytes. In the ventricles of the mammalian heart, gap junctions are predominately constructed of connexin43 (Cx43) subunits. In heterozygous Cx43 knockout (Cx43/KO) mice, expression of Cx43 is roughly halved and electrical conduction in the ventricles is impaired.1 Cx43/KO mice have increased susceptibility to arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction (MI).2

Although low-resistance communication is typically desirable, a reduction of intercellular conduction during ischaemia–reperfusion episodes can be beneficial by limiting the spread of toxic metabolites that promote tissue damage.3 Decoupling the gap junctions during acute ischaemia has been shown to reduce infarct size,4 and Cx43/KO mice are reported to have smaller infarcts than their wild-type counterparts.5 Conduction via gap junctions can be post-transcriptionally regulated by the phosphorylation of various amino acids6 and by pH,7 both of which are dependent on the carboxyl terminal (CT) domain of Cx43.

Maass et al. demonstrate that loss of the CT domain of Cx43 results in gap junctions that are no longer chemically regulated during ischaemia–reperfusion episodes. They show that this leads to an increased infarct size and an increased susceptibility to arrhythmias.8 To do this, they used a … 

*Corresponding author. Tel: +1 216 445 7823; fax: +1 216 445 4166, E-mail address : chengy{at}ccf.org
Hypoglycemia Complicating Treatment of Phenylketonuria with a Phenylalanine-Deficient Diet
Authors: Philip R. Dodge, Elliott L. Mangall, John D. Crawford, John Knapp, Richmond S. Paine
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

PHENYLPYRUVIC oligophrenia or phenylketonuria is a metabolic disease determined by an autosomal recessive gene. The principal clinical feature is progressive mental deterioration, which is present in nearly every case; seizures occur in 10 to 20 per cent of cases. In addition most children affected are remarkably fair of complexion and often have eczema or other skin lesions. The essential biochemical abnormality appears to be a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. As a result of this enzymatic lack phenylalanine accumulates in excessive amounts in the blood, and large amounts of this amino acid and its . . .
ABCG8 polymorphisms and renal disease in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Anthony Nicolas, Sehrish Fatima, Amel Lamri, Naima Bellili-Muñoz, Jean-Michel Halimi, Pierre-Jean Saulnier, Samy Hadjadj, Gilberto Velho, Michel Marre, Ronan Roussel, Frédéric Fumeron
Journal: Metabolism (2015)
Long-term follow-up study of core gene deletion mutants in children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Yen-Hsuan Ni, Mei-Hwei Chang, Hong-Yuan Hsu, Huey-Ling Chen
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

Core gene deletion mutants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been identified in adults. Because the acquisition of HBV occurs mainly in infancy and childhood in hyperendemic areas, this study aimed to learn the temporal profile of such mutants in children with chronic HBV infection. We have followed up 365 HBV-infected children for more than 10 years and screened out HBV core gene deletion from their sera. Serial serum samples of positive cases were subjected to HBV-DNA nucleotide sequence analyses and quantification. Deletion mutants were found in 18 of the 365 patients (4.9%). Most cases (15 of 18) with deletion mutants heralded hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion phase, while the other cases (3 of 18) remained in HBeAg-seropositive phase. Deletion mutants disappeared after HBeAg seroconversion except in 1 child. Decreased HBV-DNA levels accompanied deletion mutants for those who finally underwent HBeAg seroconversion, but the HBV-DNA level did not decline if there was no seroconversion. Deletion mutants were not associated with a particularly high peak liver enzyme. Core gene deletion mutants could appear as early as the age of 5. The duration of their appearance was 0.5 to 5 years. Horizontal rather than perinatal transmission of HBV was a favorable factor for these mutants to develop. Deletion fragments were located in the middle part of core gene. The emergence of the mutants was likely the result of host-viral interaction and mostly signified HBeAg seroconversion within 1 year. Core gene deletion mutants appeared preferably in children acquiring HBV by horizontal transmission.
Syria: tales of life, death, and dignity
Authors: S. Jabbour
Journal: BMJ (2012)

It is a year since the revolution in Syria erupted on 15 March 2011. Is the subject of health still relevant for discussion, as deaths approach 9000, tens of thousands of people have been arrested, and thousands remain detained? Do the notions we use as health professionals of care, determinants, equity, and rights retain a meaning in the context of shelling of residential areas, sniper shooting of demonstrators, execution of activists, and restrictions on access to basic living needs? Can a health sector stand with the ongoing destruction of the fabric of society? Not claiming to know the answers to these questions, I offer a few snapshots of real life stories that, perhaps, can begin to provide some answers. Because the current crisis didn’t start a year ago, the stories start much earlier too.

February 1976 : The 10 year old boy stands up straight like other kids in the yard of his primary school at the end of a long day. He does not have enough clothes on and feels cold. His left ear hurts. He gets frozen blood when he tries to clean it. He cannot move because everyone is saluting the flag and the “leader father.” (All children are, by default, part of “talaa’eh el Baath,” inculcated with Baath principles and love for the “leader father.” The late Hafez Assad brought this idea from North Korea after a visit to Kim Il-Sung.) The boy would have recurrent ear infections for years to come.

March 1981 : Two tenth graders develop a journal which they call “Maabad” (temple, meaning of knowledge). It includes only mild social critique and no political messages. Members of the Revolutionary Youth Union (Baath affiliates in secondary school) made it …
Neurotensin induces hyperplasia of the pancreas and growth of the gastric antrum in rats.
Authors: G E Feurle, B Muller, E Rix
Journal: Gut (1987)

We investigated whether chronic subcutaneous infusion of neurotensin during 14 days would affect pancreatic and gastric growth of rats. In another experiment, neurotensin (836 pmol/kg) was injected intraperitoneally three times a day for three days in 12 rats. Thereafter, pancreatic DNA and in vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine into pancreatic DNA was determined. Long term infusion of 282 pmol/kg neurotensin induced an increase of pancreatic weight, DNA, and pancreatic polypeptide, whereas pancreatic protein, RNA, amylase and lipase contents were not increased. In relation to DNA, even these parameters were significantly depressed. Insulin remained unchanged. Neurotensin, therefore, caused hyperplasia of the pancreas. Intraperitoneal injection of neurotensin induced an increase of pancreatic DNA content and stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, whereas caerulein only augmented 3H-thymidine incorporation. Moreover, long term neurotensin infusion led to a rise in protein concentration and an increase in the thickness of the gastric antrum; antral DNA concentration was insignificantly stimulated. Neurotensin, therefore, can act as a trophic factor on pancreas and gastric antrum of the rat.
THE IMPACT OF NON–FIBROATHEROMA LESION PHENOTYPE ON LONG–TERM CLINICAL OUTCOMES: A SUBSTUDY ANALYSIS FROM PROSPECT
Authors: Tomotaka Dohi, Gary Mintz, John McPherson, Bernard De Bruyne, Naim Farhat, Alexandra Lansky, Roxana Mehran, Giora Weisz, Ke Xu, Gregg Stone, Akiko Maehara
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Long-term low-dose co-trimoxazole in prophylaxis of childhood urinary tract infection: clinical aspects.
Authors: J M Smellie, R N Gruneberg, A Leakey, W S Atkin
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Long-term low-dosage prophylaxis may be used in children with recurrent urinary tract infection to prevent reinfection of the urinary tract while the underlying cause of infection persists. Co-trimoxazole in a dose of 2 mg trimethoprin combined with 10 mg sulphamethoxazole per kg body weight daily has proved very effective: only six of 130 children receiving this treatment during a total period of 2637 months developed a reinfection. Co-trimoxazole was acceptable, compliance was good, and there were no important adverse effects. Supportive measures during prophylaxis are important. Sixty-five children were follow up after completion of their co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. Twenty-seven developed reinfections with fresh organisms, over two-thirds occurring within three months of discontinuing prophylaxis. Each one of these reinfections was sensitive to trimethoprin. The rectal flora were similarly sensitive.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Pancreatitis
Authors: BENJAMIN INTERIANO
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Analysis of the records of 50 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis admitted to a general hospital showed that 9 (18%) had diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Dyspnea and shock were common, and arterial hypoxemia was invariably present in all patients studied (arterial PO2, 44 to 56 mm Hg). Five of the nine patients died with severe hypoxemia despite oxygen therapy. Postmortem studies showed pulmonary congestion and diffuse nonspecific pneumonitis without evidence of bacterial infection. One of the survivors had a gradual improvement in arterial oxygenation over a 4-week period. Pulmonary physiological testing 3 months later showed normal findings, except for a diffusing capacity of 50% of predicted. These findings indicate that severe hypoxemia is common in acute pancreatitis, but with appropriate care the lung disease is largely reversible. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms include injury to the lung by pancreatic enzymes, destruction or impaired synthesis of pulmonary surfactant, and pulmonary congestion secondary to myocardial failure.
Role of the Preaxillary Flora in Pacemaker Infections
Authors: Antoine Da Costa, Hervé Lelièvre, None PhaD, Gilbert Kirkorian, Marie Célard, Philippe Chevalier, François Vandenesch, Jerome Etienne, Paul Touboul
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Infection remains a severe complication after pacemaker implantation. The purpose of our prospective study was to evaluate the role of the local bacteriologic flora in its occurrence. Methods and Results —Specimens were collected at the site of implantation for culture from the skin and the pocket before and after insertion in a consecutive series of patients who underwent elective permanent pacemaker implantation. Microorganisms isolated both at the time of insertion and of any potentially infective complication were compared by using conventional speciation and ribotyping. There were 103 patients (67 men and 36 women) whose age ranged from 16 to 93 years (mean±SD, 67±15). At the time of pacemaker implantation, a total of 267 isolates were identified. The majority (85%) were staphylococci. During a mean follow-up of 16.5 months (range, 1 to 24), infection occurred in four patients (3.9%). In two of them, an isolate of Staphylococcus schleiferi was recognized by molecular method as identical to the one previously found in the pacemaker pocket. In one patient, Staphylococcus aureus , an organism that was absent at the time of pacemaker insertion, was isolated. In another patient, a Staphylococcus epidermidis was identified both at the time of pacemaker insertion and when erosion occurred; however, their antibiotic resistance profiles were different. Conclusions —This study strongly supports the hypothesis that pacemaker-related infections are mainly due to local contamination during implantation. S schleiferi appears to play an underestimated role in infectious colonization of implanted biomaterials and should be regarded as an important opportunistic pathogen.
Shall The Journal be Removed to Washington?
Authors: Herbert Judd
Journal: JAMA (1891)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —As the question of the removal ofThe Journalfrom Chicago to Washington is forced upon the members of the Association, it is clearly plain to me that Dr. Dimmitt's plan, as offered inThe Journalof January 17, is the only safe and true plan of procedure. In this manner alone can all the members have a voice upon this most important question; and it will beat the Australian method of voting altogether. In my opinionThe Journalshould remain in Chicago, where it is now prosperous and self sustaining. Certainly let it remain where it is long enough for the colored gentleman now in the woodpile to get a good crop of wool on his head. Galesburg, Ill., Jan. 24, 1891.
Leukemia of Large Granular Lymphocytes: Association with Clonal Chromosomal Abnormalities and Autoimmune Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia, and Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: THOMAS P. LOUGHRAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Three patients had leukocytosis of large granular lymphocytes and chronic neutropenia. Clonal chromosomal abnormalities (trisomy 8 and trisomy 14) and lymphocytic infiltration of splenic red pulp, hepatic sinusoids, and bone marrow indicated the neoplastic nature of the large granular lymphocytes. Demonstration of a T3 + , T8+y HNK-I + phenotype and low natural killer cell activity that was augmented by interferon treatment showed the leukemic cells to be immature natural killer cells. Multiple autoantibodies were present and included rheumatoid factor and antinuclear, antineutrophil, antiplatelet, and antierythrocyte antibodies, suggesting a defect of B-cell immunoregulation. In addition, in-vitro studies showed impaired suppression of immunoglobulin biosynthesis by abnormal cells from one patient. Antineutrophil antibodies and absence of direct cell-mediated inhibition of granulocyte-macrophage colony formation supported a humoral immune mechanism for the neutropenia. In these patients the syndrome of splenomegaly, multiple autoantibodies with neutropenia, and lymphocytosis of large granular lymphocytes is due to a neoplastic proliferation of immature natural killer cells.
AFTER-TREATMENT OF ABDOMINAL SECTIONS.
Authors: C. E. BONIFIELD
Journal: JAMA (1899)

The fate of the vast majority of patients subjected to abdominal section is sealed when the incision is closed. Many will recover without any especial skill being required in their subsequent treatment, others are doomed to die in spite of the most judicious care that can be given them; but in some cases the result is determined by the after-treatment. The days and nights immediately following operation are, for the patient, ones of extreme discomfort. It is not unusual to hear her say : "Had I known what I must suffer, I should never have had it done." A subject that concerns the lives of some and the comfort of many of our patients seems tO me to be worthy of more consideration at the hands of operators than it has received in recent years. The indications for treatment after abdominal section are to secure reaction from shock; to arrest secondary hemorrhage should it occur; to combat sepsis, if need be; to administer proper nourishment, and to make the patient as comfortable as possible without interfering with her recovery. Ordinarily reaction from shock occurs without much assistance, wrapping the patient in warm blankets and surrounding her with hot water bags is all that is required. There can, however
Effect of homoeopathic medicines on daily burden of symptoms in children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections
Authors: E S M de Lange de Klerk, J Blommers, D J Kuik, P D Bezemer, L Feenstra
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To investigate the intrinsic effects of individually prescribed homoeopathic medicines. <b>Design</b>: Randomised double blind placebo controlled study. <b>Setting</b>: Paediatric outpatient department of university hospital. <b>Patients</b>: 175 children with frequently recurring upper respiratory tract infections. Of the 170 children evaluable, 86 were randomised to homoeopathic medicines (47 boys, 39 girls; median age at start 4.2 years; median number of episodes in past year 4) and 84 to placebo (43 boys, 41 girls; median age at start 3.6 years; median number of episodes in past year 4). <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Mean score for daily symptoms, number of antibiotic courses, and number of adenoidectomies and tonsillectomies over one year of follow up. <b>Results</b>: The mean daily symptom score was 2.61 in the placebo group and 2.21 in the treatment group (difference 0.41; 95% confidence interval -0.02 to 0.83). In both groups the use of antibiotics was greatly reduced compared with that in the year before entering the trial (from 73 to 33 in the treatment group and from 69 to 43 in the placebo group). The proportion of children in the treatment group having adenoidectomies was lower in the treatment group (16%, 8/50) than in the placebo group (21%, 9/42). The proportion having tonsillectomies was the same in both groups (5%). <b>Conclusion</b>: Individually prescribed homoeopathic medicines seem to add little to careful counselling of children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infection in reducing the daily burden of symptoms, use of antibiotics, and need for adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy.
How effective are expert patient (lay led) education programmes for chronic disease?
Authors: Chris Griffiths, Gill Foster, Jean Ramsay, Sandra Eldridge, Stephanie Taylor
Journal: BMJ (2007)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) is one of India’s severe arboviruses capable of causing prolonged debilitating disease. It has been expanding beyond its historical endemic locus at an alarming rate over the last two decades. The natural nidus of this zoonosis is located in the monsoon rainforest of the Western Ghats, India, which is one of the world’s most important biodiversity hotspots. Definitive reservoir hosts for KFD virus (KFDV) have yet to be delineated, and thus much of the infection ecology of this virus, and its consequent transmission dynamics, remains uncertain. Given its unique biogeographical context, identifying ecological parameters of KFDV relevant to the virus’ epidemiology has been complex and challenging. The challenge has been exacerbated by diminished research efforts in wildlife surveillance over the last two decades, coinciding with the expansion of the range of KFD across the region. The current investigation sought to define a preliminary ecological profile of KFDV hosts based on their life history and feeding traits to aid in re-establishing targeted wildlife surveillance and to discern those ecological traits of wildlife hosts that may improve our understanding of KFD epidemiology. The importance of fast-living among KFDV hosts was of special interest with respect to the latter aim. We compared mammalian traits between host and non-host species using general additive models and phylogenetic generalised linear models. This study found that both body mass and forest forage were strongly associated with mammalian host infection status, but that reproductive life history traits were not. These findings will help in structuring ecologically based wildlife surveillance and field investigations, while also helping to parameterise novel epidemiological models of zoonotic infection risk that incorporate species functional traits in a region where biogeography, landscape ecology, and community ecology manifest extraordinary complexity, particularly under growing anthropogenic pressure.
Military Medicine Responds to Ecuador Crisis
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1996)

WHAT LITERALLY began as a nightmare has ended as an initial realization of US military medicine's dream of reacting to human need on a global basis. Many people in a densely packed neighborhood of the Ecuadorian coastal community of Manta already were asleep when, about 10:30 PM October 22, the multinational crew of a US-flagged 4-engine civilian 707 cargo jet guided the big plane on takeoff from a nearby runway. Then something—loss of thrust from both engines on 1 wing has been suggested—went terribly wrong. As the Peruvian and Americans in the cockpit struggled to gain altitude, the big jet hit a church steeple in Manta. Flaming jet-propellant fuel sprayed from its torn tanks. In addition to the 3-man aircrew, more than 20 persons on the ground were killed and more than 60 were injured. Because a high percentage of the injuries involved burns, requiring specialized care that placed severe