tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cigarette dependence. I. Nature and classification.
Authors: M A Russell
Journal: BMJ (1971)

A teenager need smoke only twice to have a 70 % chance of smoking for the next 40 years if he lives so long.This follows from the facts that only 150% of adolescents who smoke more than one cigarette avoid becoming regular smokersl and that only about 15 % of smokers stop permanently before the age of 60.2When asked why they smoke many smokers are at a loss for a satisfactory answer.Few can claim they enjoy every cigarette they smoke and there are some who get little positive pleasure.Only after a pause for consideration are reasons for smoking gradually elicited-such as, "Habit I suppose," "It calms my nerves," or "It helps me to concen- trate."While genetic, social, psychological, and pharmacological factors have been demonstrated in the causation of cigarette dependence, their synthesis into a coherent explanation of how they operate and interact in the individual case is lacking.However, it is apparent that the onset of smoking during adolescence is determined by an interaction of social and psychological factors, while its maintenance is due largely to dependence on the pharmacological effects of nicotine.
Mechanisms of Transplantation Tolerance
Authors: B Charlton, H Auchincloss, C G Fathman
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1994)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Failure of hepatitis B vaccination to induce either humoral or cellular immune response after liver transplantation for hepatitis B related cirrhosis
Authors: Manuela Merli, Giorgia Nicolini, Francesco Adolfo Attili, Daniele Accapezzato, Vincenzo Barnaba, Giancarlo Ferretti, Daniela Lilli, Daniela Rivanera, Massimo Rossi, Gilnardo Novelli, Pasquale Berloco
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2005)
Size of Breast Cancer Metastases in Axillary Lymph Nodes: Clinical Relevance of Minimal Lymph Node Involvement
Authors: Marco Colleoni, Nicole Rotmensz, Giulia Peruzzotti, Patrick Maisonneuve, Giovanni Mazzarol, Giancarlo Pruneri, Alberto Luini, Mattia Intra, Paolo Veronesi, Viviana Galimberti, Rosalba Torrisi, Anna Cardillo, Aron Goldhirsch, Giuseppe Viale
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Background Overt ipsilateral axillary lymph node metastases of breast cancer are the most significant prognostic indicators for women who have undergone surgery, yet the clinical relevance of minimal involvement (isolated tumor cells and micrometastases) of these nodes is uncertain. Patients and Methods We evaluated biologic features, adjuvant treatment recommendations, and prognosis for 1,959 consecutive patients with pT1-3, pN0, minimal lymph node involvement (pN1mi or pN0i+), or pN1a (single positive node) and M0, who were operated on and counseled for medical therapy from April 1997 to December 2000. Results Patients with pN1a and pN1mi/pN0i+, when compared with patients with pN0 disease, were more often prescribed anthracycline-containing chemotherapy (39.1% v 33.2% v 6.1%, respectively; P &lt; .0001) and were less likely to receive endocrine therapy alone (9.8% v 19.4% v 41.9%, respectively; P &lt; .0001). At the multivariate analysis, a statistically significant difference in disease-free survival (DFS) and in the risk of distant metastases was observed for patients with pN1a versus pN0 disease (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.46 to 2.86; P &lt; .0001 for DFS; HR = 2.32; 95% CI, 1.42 to 3.80; P = .0007 for distant metastases) and for patients with pN1mi/pN0i+ versus pN0 disease (HR = 1.58; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.47; P = .047 for DFS; HR = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.04 to 3.64; P = .037 for distant metastases). Conclusion Even minimal involvement of a single axillary node in breast cancer significantly correlates with worse prognosis compared with no axillary node involvement. Further studies are required before widespread modification of clinical practice.
Respiratory responses of diabetics to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and exercise.
Authors: J G Williams, A I Morris, R C Hayter, C M Ogilvie
Journal: Thorax (1984)

The respiratory responses of 52 diabetics and 65 non-diabetic controls to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and exercise were studied. Twenty five per cent of the diabetics had evidence of impaired sensitivity to hypoxia or decreased ventilatory response to hypercapnia, while 7% of the diabetics who performed the exercise tests had an abnormal pattern of respiration during exercise; 33% of the diabetics who performed all three tests of respiratory reflex action had at least one abnormal test response. There was no correlation between the presence of an abnormal respiratory response and the presence of clinical diabetic complications. Abnormal respiratory reflexes could not be predicted from the results of the "routine" pulmonary function tests. The possibility that the abnormal respiratory responses were due to autonomic neuropathy is discussed.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Expression of Heat Shock Protein 27 in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques and Increased Plasma Level of Heat Shock Protein 27 in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome”
Authors: Haing Kee Park, Sung Won Bae, Mi Young Park, Seon Woon Kim, Yoon-Ho Choi, Bok-Soo Lee, Jeong Euy Park, Young Hye Ko, Sungjoo Kim, Dong-Ik Kim, Young Wook Kim, Byung Boong Lee, Hwan Soo Yoo, Munkhtsetseg Tudev, Eui-Chul Park, Jong-Bok Yoon
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Increased Plasma Level of Heat Shock Protein 27 in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome"We are grateful to Drs Rose and Dunn for raising interesting questions in response to our article. 1In the atherosclerotic plaque core area, healthy smooth-muscle cells become scarce and are replaced by macrophages and foam cells.As the atherosclerosis progress, cells initially may express proteins involved in the cell survival, but in the later stages, mechanisms involved in cell death may dominate.We hypothesize that in the process of smooth-muscle-cell death, heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) expression will be increased initially by noxious stress such as oxidative stress to save the cells from death.However, as healthy smooth-muscle cells die and macrophages and foam cells populate and secrete proteases, Hsp27 expression will be decreased, and cell death mechanisms will dominate over cell survival. 2The lower expression of Hsp27 will facilitate further cell death and decreased cellularity.The finding of increased expression of phosphorylated Hsp27 in the nearby normal-looking area compared with the reference internal mammary arteries may represent the earlier stages of atherosclerosis, in which Hsp27 is still functioning to save the cells from death.As atherosclerosis progresses with decreased cellularity, decreased expression of Hsp27 and the unfavorable environment of cell survival are probably intimately associated.What we see in the plaque core are the more advanced stages of atherosclerosis.Decreased expression of Hsp27 was also associated with cardiac allograft vasculopathy. 3uriously, not every heat shock protein was decreased in the plaque core area.We especially were interested by the observation that Hsp70 expression was not significantly different between the plaque core area and the nearby normal-looking area. 1 We are now studying how Hsp27 is involved in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Market Analysis of Vitamin Supplementation in Infants and Children
Authors: Michael M. Madden, Danielle DeBias, G. Elliott Cook
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

within the dietary supplement industry among those supplements marketed to infants and children younger than 4 years.We contend, based on our analysis, that much of the pediatric vitamin supplementation is not based on IOM recommendations 3 and therefore represents wholesale oversupplementation.
Periodontal Ehlers–Danlos syndrome associated with type III and I collagen deficiencies
Authors: J. Mataix, J. Bañuls, C. Muñoz, A. Bermejo, J.M. Climent
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

In 1997, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type VIII (EDS-VIII) was excluded from the diagnostic categories as there were insufficient data regarding the clinical features and the precise underlying molecular basis. However, a recent review of published cases shows that EDS-VIII has distinctive clinical features, which would suggest that it should be considered as a separate entity in future nosological classifications. The underlying molecular defect in EDS-VIII is unknown. A reduction of collagen type III was reported in a single case, but no consistent biochemical or structural changes are detectable. We report a patient with EDS-VIII who showed a reduction in the collagen type I and type III synthesis rates. Type I and type III procollagen and collagen synthesis and secretion rates were investigated in cultured fibroblasts and compared with five healthy controls and three patients with EDS type IV whose fibroblasts were cultured in parallel.
Action Potential Characteristics and Arrhythmogenic Properties of the Cardiac Conduction System of the Murine Heart
Authors: Justus M.B. Anumonwo, Yvonne N. Tallini, Frederick J. Vetter, José Jalife
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

Studies have characterized conduction velocity in the right and left bundle branches (RBB, LBB) of normal and genetically engineered mice. However, no information is available on the action potential characteristics of the specialized conduction system (SCS). We have used microelectrode techniques to characterize action potential properties of the murine SCS, as well as epicardial and endocardial muscle preparations for comparison. In the RBB, action potential duration at 50%, 70%, and 90% repolarization (APD 50,70,90 ) was 6±0.7, 35±6, and 90±7 ms, respectively. Maximum upstroke velocity (dV/dt max ) was 153±14 V/s, and conduction velocity averaged 0.85±0.2 m/s. APD 90 was longer in the Purkinje network of fibers (web) than in the RBB ( P &lt;0.01). Web APD 50 was longer in the left than in the right ventricle ( P &lt;0.05). Yet, web APD 90 was longer in the right than in the left ventricle ( P &lt;0.001). APD 50,70 was significantly longer in the endocardial than in the epicardial ( P &lt;0.001; P &lt;0.003). APD 90 in the epicardial and endocardial was shorter than in the RBB (≈36 ms versus ≈100 ms). Spontaneous electrical oscillations in phase 2 of the SCS occasionally resulted in early afterdepolarizations. These results demonstrate that APDs in the murine SCS are significantly (≈2-fold) longer than in the myocardium and implicate the role of the murine SCS in arrhythmias. The differences should have important implications in the use of the mouse heart to study excitation, propagation, and arrhythmias.
Autologous Transplantation as Consolidation for Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Patrick J. Stiff, Joseph M. Unger, James R. Cook, Louis S. Constine, Stephen Couban, Douglas A. Stewart, Thomas C. Shea, Pierluigi Porcu, Jane N. Winter, Brad S. Kahl, Thomas P. Miller, Raymond R. Tubbs, Deborah Marcellus, Jonathan W. Friedberg, Kevin P. Barton, Glenn M. Mills, Michael LeBlanc, Lisa M. Rimsza, Stephen J. Forman, Richard I. Fisher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

The efficacy of autologous stem-cell transplantation during the first remission in patients with diffuse, aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma classified as high-intermediate risk or high risk on the International Prognostic Index remains controversial and is untested in the rituximab era.
Risk factors for progression of tibiofemoral osteoarthritis: an analysis based on fluoroscopically standardised knee radiography
Authors: S A Mazzuca
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

<b>Objective:</b> To evaluate risk factors for progressive radiographic changes of knee osteoarthritis using a standardised fluoroscopically assisted protocol for knee radiography. <b>Methods:</b> Subjects (n = 319) with unilateral or bilateral knee osteoarthritis underwent a fluoroscopically standardised <i>x</i> ray examination of the knees (semiflexed AP view) and assessment with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) osteoarthritis index at baseline and at 30 months. Tibiofemoral joint space narrowing and osteophytosis were graded in randomly ordered serial radiographs by consensus of two readers using standard pictorial atlases. <b>Results:</b> Progression of joint space narrowing was inversely related to baseline joint space width (odds ratio (OR) = 0.67/1.4 mm (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.49 to 0.91)) and positively associated with patellofemoral osteoarthritis (OR = 3.36 (1.83 to 6.18)). Osteophyte growth was inversely related to overall severity (number and size) of osteophytosis at baseline (OR = 0.47/1.8 points on a 12 point osteophyte severity scale (95% CI, 0.33 to 0.66)), and directly related to baseline stiffness (OR = 1.39/2.1 WOMAC scale points (95% CI, 1.09 to 1.77)) and the presence of patellofemoral osteoarthritis at baseline (OR = 2.31 (1.37 to 3.88)). <b>Conclusions:</b> Progression of both joint space narrowing and osteophyte growth are predicted by the severity of the respective radiographic features of osteoarthritis at baseline and by the presence of patellofemoral osteoarthritis. In addition, knee stiffness is a risk factor for progressive osteophyte growth.
Why an<i>ERJ</i>series on air pollution?
Authors: Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Joachim Heinrich, Jon G. Ayres, Francesco Forastiere
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

The readers of the European Respiratory Journal are well aware of the importance of environmental exposures on the incidence and aggravation of several respiratory disorders, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), leading in some cases to mortality. Almost each month, one or more scientific articles deal with environmental lung diseases or with environmentally induced cardiovascular conditions (including ischaemic heart disease, heart failure and stroke), often in patients already affected by smoking-related pulmonary diseases.

When dealing with the environment, there are three areas of great importance: indoor air pollution, outdoor air pollution and the health consequences of climate change. Research over many decades has highlighted the extent of the effects of outdoor air pollution on the respiratory system, the complex mechanisms of these effects and the fact that adverse health effects occur at low pollution levels, similar to those of the air that Europeans in many parts of the continent breathe. Indoor air, which is often more polluted than outdoor air, has been …
Gene-culture coevolutionary theory
Authors: Marc W. Feldman, Kevin N. Laland
Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution (1996)

Gene-culture coevolutionary theory is a branch of theoretical population genetics that models the transmission of genes and cultural traits from one generation to the next, exploring how they interact. These models have been employed to examine the adaptive advantages of learning and culture, to investigate the forces of cultural change, to partition the variance in complex human behavioral and personality traits, and to address specific cases in human evolution in which there is an interaction between genes and culture.
T-cell regulation of murine IgA synthesis.
Authors: C O Elson, J A Heck, W Strober
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

In studies reported here, the polyclonal activator lipopolysaccharide was used to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of IgM, IgA, and IgG in cultures of mouse lymphoid cells. The total immunoglobulin of each class which resulted was measured by specific double-antibody radioimmunoassays. The effect of Con A-activated T cells from various tissues on such immunoglobulin synthesis was then assessed. Variations in regulatory T-cell activity among the various lymphoid tissues for IgA but not for IgM or IgG was observed. In particular, Peyer's patches T cells were found to contain a high level of IgA T-cell helper activity compared to that of spleen or peripheral lymph node. The independent variation of T-cell regulatory activity for IgA as compared to that for IgM and IgG among the different tissues is most consistent with there being a separate subset of T cells specifically regulating IgA. The significance of these findings for the understanding of the secretory immune system is discussed.
REAPR: a universal tool for genome assembly evaluation
Authors: Martin Hunt, Taisei Kikuchi, Mandy Sanders, Chris Newbold, Matthew Berriman, Thomas D Otto
Journal: Genome biology (2013)

Abstract Methods to reliably assess the accuracy of genome sequence data are lacking. Currently completeness is only described qualitatively and mis-assemblies are overlooked. Here we present REAPR, a tool that precisely identifies errors in genome assemblies without the need for a reference sequence. We have validated REAPR on complete genomes or de novo assemblies from bacteria, malaria and Caenorhabditis elegans , and demonstrate that 86% and 82% of the human and mouse reference genomes are error-free, respectively. When applied to an ongoing genome project, REAPR provides corrected assembly statistics allowing the quantitative comparison of multiple assemblies. REAPR is available at http://www.sanger.ac.uk/resources/software/reapr/ .
Activity, Energy Intake, Obesity, and the Risk of Incident Kidney Stones in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Mathew D. Sorensen, Thomas Chi, Nawar M. Shara, Hong Wang, Ryan S. Hsi, Tonya Orchard, Arnold J. Kahn, Rebecca D. Jackson, Joe Miller, Alex P. Reiner, Marshall L. Stoller
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2013)

Obesity is a strong risk factor for nephrolithiasis, but the role of physical activity and caloric intake remains poorly understood. We evaluated this relationship in 84,225 women with no history of stones as part of the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study, a longitudinal, prospective cohort of postmenopausal women enrolled from 1993 to 1998 with 8 years’ median follow-up. The independent association of physical activity (metabolic equivalents [METs]/wk), calibrated dietary energy intake, and body mass index (BMI) with incident kidney stone development was evaluated after adjustment for nephrolithiasis risk factors. Activity intensity was evaluated in stratified analyses. Compared with the risk in inactive women, the risk of incident stones decreased by 16% in women with the lowest physical activity level (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.74 to 0.97). As activity increased, the risk of incident stones continued to decline until plateauing at a decrease of approximately 31% for activity levels ≥10 METs/wk (aHR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.79). Intensity of activity was not associated with stone formation. As dietary energy intake increased, the risk of incident stones increased by up to 42% (aHR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.98). However, intake <1800 kcal/d did not protect against stone formation. Higher BMI category was associated with increased risk of incident stones. In summary, physical activity may reduce the risk of incident kidney stones in postmenopausal women independent of caloric intake and BMI, primarily because of the amount of activity rather than exercise intensity. Higher caloric intake further increases the risk of incident stones.
Trends in the Risk for Coronary Heart Disease Among Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes in the U.S.
Authors: Earl S. Ford
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of mortality among people with diabetes. The objective of this study was to examine the trend in an estimated 10-year risk for developing CHD among adults with diagnosed diabetes in the U.S.Data from 1,977 adults, aged 30-79 years, with diagnosed diabetes who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999-2000 to 2007-2008 were used. Estimated risk was calculated using risk prediction algorithms from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, and the Framingham Heart Study.Significant improvements in mean HbA(1c) concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol occurred. No significant linear trend for current smoking status was observed. The estimated UKPDS 10-year risk for CHD was 21.1% in 1999-2000 and 16.4% in 2007-2008 (P(linear trend) < 0.001). The risk decreased significantly among men, women, whites, African Americans, and Mexican Americans.The estimated 10-year risk for CHD among adults with diabetes has improved significantly from 1999-2000 to 2007-2008. Sustained efforts in improving risk factors should further benefit the cardiovascular health of people with diabetes.
Relative Performance of Commonly Used Physical Function Questionnaires in Rheumatoid Arthritis and a Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Computerized Adaptive Test
Authors: Martijn A. H. Oude Voshaar, Peter M. ten Klooster, Cees A. W. Glas, Harald E. Vonkeman, Eswar Krishnan, Mart A. F. J. van de Laar
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2014)

To evaluate and compare the measurement precision and sensitivity to change of the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index (HAQ DI), the Short Form 36 physical functioning scale (PF-10), and simulated Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical function computer adaptive tests (CATs) with 5, 10, and 15 items, using item response theory-based simulation studies.The measurement precision of the various physical function instruments was evaluated by calculating root mean square errors (RMSEs) between true physical function levels (latent physical function score) and estimated physical function levels. Measurement precision was evaluated at 9 levels of physical function, with 5,000 simulated response patterns per level. Sensitivity to change was evaluated by the ability of a simple statistical test to detect simulated change scores of small to moderate magnitude (standardized effect sizes 0.20, 0.35, and 0.50).RMSEs were smaller for the PROMIS physical function 15-item CAT (CAT-15) and CAT-10 than for the HAQ DI and PF-10 across all levels of the latent physical function scale. Only marginal improvement in performance was observed for the CAT-15 compared with the CAT-10, and the CAT-5 performed quite similarly to the HAQ DI and PF-10 across most levels of the latent physical function scale. Substantially improved sensitivity to change was observed for the CAT-10 compared with the HAQ DI and PF-10, particularly in detecting moderate effect sizes.Clearly higher measurement precision was observed for the PROMIS CAT compared with the HAQ DI and PF-10. Higher reliability also translated into lower sample size requirements for detecting changes in clinical status.