tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ten practical actions for doctors to combat climate change
Authors: Jenny Griffiths, Alison Hill, Jacki Spiby, Mike Gill, Robin Stott
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The effects of climate change on health are already here, from increasing food prices to floods. Doctors led the charge on tobacco—we must do the same for climate change.

It is the defining issue for health in the 21st century. By reducing our greenhouse gas emissions as health professionals, as well as citizens, we will also prevent disease.

The world is close to the critical thresholds of two degrees of global warming and 450 ppm (parts per million) of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. We have 5-10 years to stabilise emissions to prevent catastrophic climate change. This requires action now.

Each person in the UK is directly responsible for about 10 tonnes of carbon emissions a year, divided evenly between energy consumed in buildings; transport (including one tonne on air travel); food production, distribution, and retailing; and consumption of goods and services other than food. About half of these emissions come from the home, and half from work and community infrastructure.

Our priorities require little money. Most mean …
Hepatocyte growth factor ameliorates acute graft-versus-host disease and promotes hematopoietic function
Authors: Takanori Kuroiwa, Eizo Kakishita, Teruaki Hamano, Yasuro Kataoka, Yoshifumi Seto, Nobuo Iwata, Yasufumi Kaneda, Kunio Matsumoto, Toshikazu Nakamura, Takahiro Ueki, Jiro Fujimoto, Tsuyoshi Iwasaki
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and is characterized by hematopoietic dysfunction, immunosuppression, and tissue injury in the skin, liver, and intestinal mucosa. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), originally identified and cloned as a potent mitogen for hepatocytes, induces mitogenic and antiapoptotic activity in various epithelial cells and promotes hematopoiesis. Working in a murine model of acute GVHD, we performed repeated transfection of the human HGF cDNA into skeletal muscle and showed that this treatment inhibited apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and donor T-cell infiltration into the liver, thereby ameliorating the enteropathy and liver injury caused by acute GVHD. HGF also markedly suppressed IFN-γ and TNF-α expression in the intestine and liver and decreased the serum IL-12. Furthermore, extramedullary hematopoiesis by donor cells was increased, and the survival rate was improved. These results suggest that HGF may be useful for controlling acute GVHD after allogeneic BMT.
Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome After Continuous-Flow Mechanical Device Support Contributes to a High Prevalence of Bleeding During Long-Term Support and at the Time of Transplantation
Authors: Nir Uriel, Sang-Woo Pak, Ulrich P. Jorde, Brigitte Jude, Sophie Susen, Andre Vincentelli, Pierre-Vladimir Ennezat, Sarah Cappleman, Yoshifumi Naka, Donna Mancini
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Lumbar spondylosis and neuropathic bladder: investigation of 73 patients with chronic urinary symptoms.
Authors: M M Sharr, J S Garfield, J D Jenkins
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Seventy-three patients presented with either chronic urinary symptoms such as incontinence, retention, and recurrent urinary infection or chronic low back pain and neurogenic claudication. Lumbar spondylosis was considered to be the major cause of the urological and skeletal symptoms; the diagnosis of a neuropathic bladder depended as much on features in the history as on the results of urological and neurological investigations. The preoperative demonstration of significant lumbar spondylosis was often difficult, but decompressive laminectomy in 34 patients produced relief of urinary symptoms and improvement in bladder function in 75%.
Management of asthma in children
Authors: J Townshend, S Hails, M Mckean
Journal: BMJ (2007)

This review on childhood asthma focuses on acute and chronic management in relation to the asthma phenotypes reviewed in our previous article. 1It includes when to refer to hospital services and updates on new and emerging treatments.Managing asthma requires not only an understanding of specific treatments but also a commitment to supporting the child and family as they learn to deal with this long term illness.Key areas of management include acute asthma management plans, day to day "preventer" treatments, monitoring for side effects, and an emphasis on trying to achieve a normal level of functioning.For young children and those with atypical features, repeated review also provides an opportunity to revisit the diagnosis.
Indium-111 WBC Scan To Diagnose Mycotic Aneurysm
Authors: YVONNE HO, OLIVER HENNESSY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1999)

Mycotic aneurysm is a rare disorder with a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis is crucial and may depend on several complementary diagnostic methods. This case illustrates the use of the indium-111 WBC scan to diagnose this disorder and CT for further characterization.
A Selective c-Met Inhibitor Blocks an Autocrine Hepatocyte Growth Factor Growth Loop in ANBL-6 Cells and Prevents Migration and Adhesion of Myeloma Cells
Authors: Håkon Hov, Randi Utne Holt, Torstein Baade Rø, Unn-Merete Fagerli, Henrik Hjorth-Hansen, Vadim Baykov, James G. Christensen, Anders Waage, Anders Sundan, Magne Børset
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Purpose: We wanted to examine the role of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor c-Met in multiple myeloma by applying a novel selective small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PHA-665752, directed against the receptor. Experimental Design: Four biological sequels of HGF related to multiple myeloma were studied: (1) proliferation of myeloma cells, (2) secretion of interleukin-11 from osteogenic cells, (3) migration of myeloma cells, and (4) adhesion of myeloma cells to fibronectin. We also examined effects of the c-Met inhibitor on intracellular signaling pathways in myeloma cells. Results: PHA-665752 effectively blocked the biological responses to HGF in all assays, with 50% inhibition at 5 to 15 nmol/L concentration and complete inhibition at around 100 nmol/L. PHA-665752 inhibited phosphorylation of several tyrosine residues in c-Met (Tyr1003, Tyr1230/1234/1235, and Tyr1349), blocked HGF-mediated activation of Akt and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and prevented the adaptor molecule Gab1 from complexing with c-Met. In the HGF-producing myeloma cell line ANBL-6, PHA-665752 revealed an autocrine HGF–c-Met–mediated growth loop. The inhibitor also blocked proliferation of purified primary myeloma cells, suggesting that autocrine HGF–c-Met–driven growth loops are important for progression of multiple myeloma. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings support the role of c-Met and HGF in the proliferation, migration, and adhesion of myeloma cells and identify c-Met kinase as a therapeutic target for treatment of patients with multiple myeloma.
Psychological Abuse of Children in Health Care: The Issues
Authors: Stuart M. Finch
Journal: JAMA (1985)

This multiauthored monograph is devoted to those factors that will produce or prevent psychological abuse in children or adolescents who are undergoing medical or surgical treatment on an inpatient or outpatient basis. As several of the authors point out, helping children through procedures will often shorten the illness or hospitalization and, in the long run, save money. Also not to be ignored is the traumatic effect on youngsters of poor approaches, either by omission or commission. These facts have been substantiated by many studies, and the references in the monograph are numerous. Perhaps one of the basic problems in this area is the relative lack of knowledge about the emotional development and needs of children and adolescents on the part of medical and paramedical personnel. Comparatively little time is devoted to this topic in medical schools or in nonpsychiatric residencies. If additional education along these lines could be provided for
Abstract 232: PAX3-FOXO1a target genes in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: Possible therapeutic targets
Authors: Amy D. Marshall, Martijn A. van der Ent, Gerard C. Grosveld
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric soft tissue tumor that is derived from skeletal muscle and expresses many muscle specific proteins. Most commonly RMS presents in one of two histological subtypes; Embryonal RMS (ERMS) or Alveolar RMS (ARMS). The ARMS subtype is more aggressive, more prone to metastasis and has the poorest prognosis. Over 75% of ARMS tumors possess a t(2;13)(q35;q14), or the variant t(1;13)(p36;q14) chromosomal translocation which generates a PAX3-FOXO1a or PAX7-FOXO1a fusion protein, respectively. Using murine primary myoblasts (a likely cell of origin for rhabdomyosarcoma), PAX3 and PAX3-FKHR were ectopically expressed and microarray analysis was performed to identify differentially regulated genes. Several genes were identified and two genes, Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (Cnr1/Cb1) and the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Noxa (Pmaip1), were chosen for further study. In primary myoblasts, Cnr1 is required but not sufficient to enhance the invasive capacity of PAX3-FOXO1a expressing primary myoblasts. This appears to be mediated through Cnr1 constitutive activity. In vivo the Cnr1 inverse agonist AM251 prevents lung metastasis formation in immunocompromized mice. This implicates Cnr1 as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit the metastatic capacity of ARMS tumors. Noxa expression is increased in PAX3-FOXO1a expressing primary myoblasts in a p53-independent manner. Moreover, PAX3-FOXO1a expression, through the up regulation of Noxa, increases the sensitivity of primary myoblasts to bortezomib and GSI-1, which also induce apoptosis in a p53-independent, Noxa-dependent manner. In addition, the up regulation of Noxa increases cell sensitivity to the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family inhibitor ABT-737. Bortezomib treatment in vivo significantly inhibits the growth of subcutaneous ARMS model tumors and prolongs the survival of treated animals. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 232.
The management of accidental hypothermia
Authors: W G Headdon, P M Wilson, H. R Dalton
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A 24 year old male surfer presented to the emergency department unconscious. Lifeguards had spotted him drifting out to sea on his surfboard. Upon return to the beach he was confused, unable to walk in a straight line, and shivering violently. He subsequently collapsed and paramedics were called. On arrival at the emergency department, the patient’s Glasgow coma score was 3, and he appeared cyanotic with a regular pattern of breathing at a rate of eight breaths per minute. His pulse was irregular at 36 beats per minute and his blood pressure was unrecordable. His rectal temperature was 27.8°C. As his airway was suctioned in preparation for orotracheal intubation, the patient’s cardiac rhythm changed to ventricular fibrillation. After a pulse check and precordial thump, defibrillation was performed at 150 joules and basic life support was commenced. Two further shocks were given at appropriate intervals and 1 mg of intravenous adrenaline (epinephrine) was administered.



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#### 1 Steps for resuscitation

This patient is hypothermic. Hypothermia is defined as a core temperature of less than 36°C.1 The drop in temperature can be rapid or slow, with the …
Osteopontin
Authors: Gudrun Szalay, Martina Sauter, Michael Haberland, Ulrich Zuegel, Andreas Steinmeyer, Reinhard Kandolf, Karin Klingel
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

The characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) resulting from chronic viral myocarditis are remodeling processes of the extracellular matrix. Based on our findings of enhanced osteopontin (OPN) expression in inflamed human hearts, we further investigated in the murine model of acute and chronic coxsackievirus (CV)B3-myocarditis the role of OPN regarding its involvement in resolution of cardiac virus infection and fibrosis. In hearts of A.BY/SnJ mice susceptible to chronic CVB3-myocarditis, a pronounced increase of OPN expression levels was detected by microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR during acute stages of myocarditis. Combined immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization identified infiltrating macrophages as main OPN producers. In contrast to resistant C57BL/6 and OPN gene-deficient mice, transcription levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3, TIMP1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1), uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator), and transforming growth factor beta1 were elevated in susceptible mice, and as a consequence, procollagen-1alpha mRNA expression and fibrosis was considerably enhanced. Treatment of infected susceptible mice with the vitamin D analog ZK 191784 led to decreased myocardial expression levels of OPN, metalloproteinase-3, TIMP1, uPA, and procollagen-1alpha and subsequently to reduced fibrosis. Concurrently, the fibrosis-relevant signaling molecules pERK (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and pAkt (phosphorylated Akt), increased in A.BY/SnJ mice, were diminished in ZK 191784-treated mice. Here, we show that high expression levels of OPN in acute myocarditis are associated with consecutive development of extensive fibrosis that can be reduced by treatment with a vitamin D analog. Thus, OPN may serve as a diagnostic tool as well as a potential therapeutic target to limit cardiac remodeling in chronic myocarditis.
Finally, It Is Our Turn!
Authors: Lois Jovanovic
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

Although it is universally appreciated that long-standing diabetes is associated with sexual dysfunction in men, the state of inquiry into sexual dysfunction in diabetic women is rudimentary. A literature search (1) on sexual dysfunction in diabetic men reveals 1,983 articles published in the last 5 years. In a similar computer search directed toward diabetic women, 13 articles appear, a paltry (and unlucky) number. But there is promise! A 14th article, “Sexual dysfunction in women with type 1 diabetes: a controlled study,” by Enzlin et al. (2), appears in this issue of Diabetes Care , taking steps to make up for this discrepancy.

Compared with the few studies in the literature, this article is an evidence-based report. The study was designed to 1 ) examine the prevalence of sexual problems in women with type 1 diabetes, 2 ) compare this prevalence rate with that of an age-matched control group, 3 ) study the influence of diabetes-related somatic factors on female sexuality, and 4 ) study the influence of psychological variables on the sexual function of both groups. The authors studied 120 women with type 1 diabetes compared with an age-matched control group of 180 women without diabetes and asked them to complete questionnaires.

This paper could be criticized for the following: 1 ) a retrospective chart review (not considered the best method for data ascertainment in the scientific literature) was used in the group of diabetic women to collect HbA1c levels; 2 ) the chart review was also used to collect prevalence of diabetic complications (thus, no consistent method was used to document retinopathy, neuropathy, or cardiovascular …
Right Bundle Branch Block After Nonpenetrating Injury to the Chest Wall
Authors: Harry F. Zinsser
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Transient right bundle branch block was observed in two patients after relatively minor trauma to the chest wall caused by a blunt object. The most consistent symptom was chest pain and the electrocardiogram was diagnostic. A routine ECG should be made in all patients with chest trauma, and serial tracings are indicated when precordial pain persists. Electrocardiograms during the acute phase are essential not only for immediate diagnosis and treatment but also to help avoid erroneous interpretations of any residual ECG changes during future examinations.
Nasal response in subjects undergoing challenges by inhaling occupational agents causing asthma through the nose and mouth
Authors: M. Desrosiers, B. Nguyen, H. Ghezzo, C. Leblanc, J.‐L Malo
Journal: Allergy (1998)

Background Subjects with occupational asthma (OA) often report nasal symptoms, but nasal reactions to inhalation challenges with occupational agents have not been well characterized. Methods Fifteen subjects with OA (eight due to high‐molecular‐weight agents ‐ flour and guar gum ‐ and seven due to isocyanates) underwent inhalational challenges using closed‐circuit devices (dry particles for high‐molecular‐weight agents and gas generator for isocyanates) on two occasions, 2‐4 weeks apart in a random fashion. On one occasion, they inhaled through the nose and, on another, through the mouth. The FEV, was monitored for up to 8 h afterward, and symptoms were documented with a standardized questionnaire on nasal symptomatology, assessment of nasal resistance by rhinomanometry, and nasal lavage for the examination of cells and mediators. Results Inhaling through the mouth and through the nose: yielded similar asthmatic responses (25 ± 8% and 22 ± 10% maximum changes in FEV 1 ) more than doubled the peak nasal symptoms and nasal resistance when the maximum daily response was compared with prechallenge results. This increase occurred on the days of inhalational challenges through the mouth and through the nose. There were some significant responses assessed by nasal lavage in terms of cells and mediators, again with no differences between the days of challenges through the mouth and through the nose. Conclusions Inhaling occupational agents of high or low molecular weight, including isocyanates, whether through the mouth or nose: results in a similar asthmatic response causes a significant nasal response in terms of symptoms and an increase n i nasal resistance causes some significant changes in inflammatory cells and mediators.
Clinical Efficacy of Meningococcus Group A Capsular Polysaccharide Vaccine in Children Three Months to Five Years of Age
Authors: Heikki Peltola, P. Helena Mäkelä, Helena Käyhty, Hannele Jousimies, Elja Herva, Kalevi Hällström, Aulikki Sivonen, Olli-Veikko Renkonen, Ossi Pettay, Viena Karanko, Paavo Ahvonen, Seppo Sarna
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

We performed field trials in the course of an epidemic in Finland to learn whether Group A meningococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine protects infants and young children from meningitis. The first trial involved 130,178 children between the ages of three months and five years; 49,295 children received the vaccine, 48,977 received a control Haemophilus influenzae Type b polysaccharide vaccine, and 31,906 remained unvaccinated. No cases of meningitis or sepsis caused by Group A meningococci were seen in the first year of observation among the children vaccinated with meningococcal vaccine whereas six occurred among those vaccinated with the H. influenzae vaccine and 13 among those not vaccinated. In the second trial 21,007 children of the same ages received the meningococcal vaccine. No cases caused by Group A occurred among those vaccinated, although five to seven would have been expected within the year. Meningococcal Group A vaccine appears efficacious in young infants and children. (N Engl J Med 297:686–691, 1977)
SYMMETRICAL DEVELOPMENT, OR DOES OUR PRESENT SCHOOL SYSTEM DEVELOP THE HIGHEST POWERS OF THE PUPIL?
Authors: E. STUVER
Journal: JAMA (1900)

"Man is the noblest work of God," the acme of creative energy in the world, and the grandest product of cycles of evolutionary progress. While all this is true, still, owing to his exceedingly complex organization and unstable equilibrium, he is very liable to derangements which, unless promptly corrected, rapidly lead to deterioration and decay. This tendency has made the subject of evolving, or developing man's highest powers and noblest characteristics a theme which has received the earnest attention of the greatest philosophers, educators and philanthropists the world has produced since the earliest dawn of civilization. The kind of education that will best equip the individual for the most complete living and enable him to do the most good in the world has always been a momentous question, but as mind, gains a greater ascendancy over matter, and the forces of nature are called into requisition to do the work
Nutritional Anemia&lt;break /&gt;The Guidebook: Nutritional Anemia
Authors: Judy A. Driskell
Journal: JAMA (2008)

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PET probes for distinct metabolic pathways have different cell specificities during immune responses in mice
Authors: Evan Nair-Gill, Stephanie M. Wiltzius, Xiao X. Wei, Donghui Cheng, Mireille Riedinger, Caius G. Radu, Owen N. Witte
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Clinical tools that measure changes in immune cell metabolism would improve the diagnosis and treatment of immune dysfunction. PET, utilizing probes for specific metabolic processes, detects regions of immune activation in vivo. In this study we investigated the immune cell specificity of PET probes for two different metabolic pathways: [18F]-2-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) for glycolysis and [18F]-2-fluoro-D-(arabinofuranosyl)cytosine ([18F]-FAC) for deoxycytidine salvage. We isolated innate and adaptive immune cells from tissues of mice challenged with a retrovirus-induced sarcoma and measured their ability to accumulate FDG and FAC. We determined that the two probes had distinct patterns of accumulation: FDG accumulated to the highest levels in innate immune cells, while FAC accumulated predominantly in CD8+ T cells in a manner that correlated with cellular proliferation. This study demonstrates that innate and adaptive cell types differ in glycolytic and deoxycytidine salvage demands during an immune response and that these differential metabolic requirements can be detected with specific PET probes. Our findings have implications for the interpretation of clinical PET scans that use [18F]-FDG or [18F]-FAC to assess immune function in vivo and suggest potential applications of metabolic PET to monitor the effects of targeted immune modulation.