tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sodium Azide Poisoning
Authors: ROGER P. SMITH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Comments and Correction1 November 1975Sodium Azide PoisoningROGER P. SMITH, PH.D., ROBERT E. GOSSELIN, M.D., PH.D., ROBERT KRUSZYNA, M.S.ROGER P. SMITH, PH.D.Search for more papers by this author, ROBERT E. GOSSELIN, M.D., PH.D.Search for more papers by this author, ROBERT KRUSZYNA, M.S.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-83-5-739_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Since we (RS, RG) were responsible for the suggestion that the therapeutic induction of methemoglobinemia might be of value in acute azide poisoning (1, 2), we are naturally disappointed that it was not effective in its first human trial (3). That recommendation will not appear in the fourth edition of our reference manual, which is now in press (2).Recent observations by one of us (RK) suggest that there are two distinctive mechanisms of death in mice acutely poisoned by sodium azide. If death in convulsions does not occur within 10 minutes, survivors may die during the...References1. ABBANATSMITH RR: The influence of methemoglobinemia on the lethality of some toxic anions. I. Azide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 6:576-583, 1969 CrossrefGoogle Scholar2. GLEASONGOSSELINHODGE MRH: Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 3rd ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1969, pp. II-20, III-122 Google Scholar3. EMMETTRICKING EJ: Fatal self-administration of sodium azide. Ann Intern Med 83:224-226, 1975 LinkGoogle Scholar4. RICHARDSONGILESSWAN SCC: Two cases of solium azide poisoning by accidental ingestion of Isoton. J Clin Pathol 28:350-351, 1975 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. SMITHGOSSELIN RR: On the mechanism of sulfide inactivation by methemoglobin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 8:159-172, 1966 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. SMITHKRUSZYNAKRUSZYNA RRH: Management of acute sulfide poisoning: effects of oxygen, thiosulfate and nitrite. Arch Environ Health, in press Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: ROGER P. SMITH, PH.D.; ROBERT E. GOSSELIN, M.D., PH.D.; ROBERT KRUSZYNA, M.S.Affiliations: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Dartmouth Medical School Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byIntoxications par l’azide de sodium : à propos de 2 casDetection of Azide in Forensic Samples by Capillary ElectrophoresisEffects of Sodium Azide on Motor Activity, Motor Coordination, and LearningToxicology of Selected Nitric Oxide-Donating Xenobiotics, with Particular Reference to AzideSuicidal sodium azide ingestionThe effect of methemoglogin on the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by cyanide, sulfide or azide 1 November 1975Volume 83, Issue 5Page: 739-739KeywordsConvulsionsMethemoglobinemiaSodium ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 November 1975 PDF downloadLoading ...
New WHO chief pledges to expand network to stem disease outbreaks
Authors: F. Fleck
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<h3>Background</h3> We previously reported a 2.2% rate of infants born with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) due to congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection identified by universal neonatal screen for cCMV using saliva. <h3>Objective</h3> To evaluate the contribution of targeted saliva screening for cCMV to the detection of infants born with cCMV-related SNHL who failed universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS). <h3>Methods</h3> We retrospectively reviewed the audiological and medical records of infants who failed UNHS and were tested for cCMV using saliva sample prior to discharge at Sheba Medical Center between 2014 and 2015. Positive cases were confirmed by urine sample. <h3>Results</h3> Two hundred (1%) of the 19 830 infants tested during the study period failed in-hospital hearing screening. A saliva specimen was obtained prior to discharge in 187 infants (93.5% of those who failed UNHS). In 178 infants saliva testing was performed at ≤21 days of chronological age and yielded results. cCMV infection was identified in 4/178 tested infants (2.25%, 95% CI 0.8% to 5.3%), of whom three were diagnosed with SNHL (1.7%, 95% CI 0.5% to 4.4%) and offered antiviral treatment. Two of the tested infants (1.12%, 95% CI 0.2% to 3.6%) were diagnosed with cCMV solely due to failure in UNHS. Occult central nervous system (CNS) symptoms of cCMV infection were detected in 2/4 infants following targeted investigation. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Targeted cCMV screening in newborns who failed UNHS contributed to the early detection of infants born with cCMV-related isolated SNHL or with occult CNS symptoms who could potentially benefit from antiviral treatment.
Evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in sexually acquired reactive arthritis.
Authors: A C Keat, B J Thomas, D Taylor-Robinson, G D Pegrum, R N Maini, J T Scott
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1980)

Thirty male patients with sexually acquired reactive arthritis (SARA) have been studied at the time of their initial presentation and thereafter. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the urethral exudate of 9 (36.0%) of the 25 patients from whom urethral specimens were taken, and elevated titres of IgM antibody of C. trachomatis were detected in 11 (36.6%) of the 30 initial sera. Thirteen (43.3%) of the patients has a positive urethral culture and/or elevated titre of IgM antibody, and it is therefore suggested that 43.3% of these patients suffered an acute chlamydial infection at or near the time of the onset of their joint disease. The demonstration of 4-fold or greater rises and/or falls in IgM antibody titre (8 patients) and IgG antibody titre (6 patients) in a group of 15 men studied throughout the course of their disease strongly supports this conclusion. A positive urethral culture and/or raised titre of IgM serum antibody was also detected in 25 (50%) of 50 men with uncomplicated nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), suggesting that the prevalence of chlamydial infections in the 2 conditions is similar. Titres of IgG serum antibody to C. trachomatis were, however, significantly higher in patients with SARA than in those with NGU or other rheumatic diseases, and in healthy controls. The geometric mean titres (GMT) of IgG serum antibody in patients with SARA, NGU, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in healthy controls were 1:47.5, 1:8.6, 1:2.2, 1;2.2, 1:3.5, and 1:1.4, respectively. These findings suggest that an exaggerated antibody response to acute infection by C. trachomatis may be an important factor in the development of SARA in some but not all patients.
Concerns Grow About Allied Prisoners of War
Authors: Andrew Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1991)

IRAQ'S brutalization of the first allied prisoners captured and its announcement that they are being used as   to protect Iraqi targets from attack have been condemned as violations of the Geneva Conventions by many world leaders and human rights groups, including the secretary general of the United Nations.  That outrage has grown since Iraq announced on January 29 that one of these shields was killed by allied bombing.  According to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which is responsible for helping nations comply with the Geneva Conventions (some of which date from 1864), Article 13 of one convention requires nations to treat all prisoners of war (POWs) humanely and not to subject them to torture, threats, insults, or to parade them before the public for propaganda purposes. Article 23 asserts that no prisoner  be exposed to the fire of the combat zone, nor may his
The Covariation Between TpA Deficiency, CpG Deficiency, and G+C Content of Human Isochores Is Due to a Mathematical Artifact
Authors: L. Duret, N. Galtier
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2000)

CpG and TpA dinucleotides are underrepresented in the human genome. The CpG deficiency is due to the high mutation rate from C to T in methylated CpG's. The TpA suppression was thought to reflect a counterselection against TpA's destabilizing effect in RNA. Unexpectedly, the TpA and CpG deficiencies vary according to the G+C contents of sequences. It has been proposed that the variation in CpG suppression was correlated with a particular chromatin organization in G+C-rich isochores. Here, we present an improved model of dinucleotide evolution accounting for the overlap between successive dinucleotides. We show that an increased mutation rate from CpG to TpG or CpA induces both an apparent TpA deficiency and a correlation between CpG and TpA deficiencies and G+C content. Moreover, this model shows that the ratio of observed over expected CpG frequency underestimates the real CpG deficiency in G+C-rich sequences. The predictions of our model fit well with observed frequencies in human genomic data. This study suggests that previously published selectionist interpretations of patterns of dinucleotide frequencies should be taken with caution. Moreover, we propose new criteria to identify unmethylated CpG islands taking into account this bias in the measure of CpG depletion.
Synergism through combination of chemotherapy and oxidative stress-induced autophagy in A549 lung cancer cells using redox-responsive nanohybrids: A new strategy for cancer therapy
Authors: Hsin-Yi Lu, Ya-Ju Chang, Nien-Chu Fan, Li-Sheng Wang, Nien-Chu Lai, Chia-Min Yang, Li-Chen Wu, Ja-an Annie Ho
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
256. An Ideal Therapeutic Agent for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Involving a Gutted Adenovirus Expressing Full-Length Utrophin
Authors: Jatinderpal R. Deol, Renald Gilbert, Mylene Bourget, Joon-Shik Moon, Josephine Nalbantoglu, George Karpati
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by necrosis and progressive loss of muscle fibers. DMD patients have a mutation in the gene encoding dystrophin (dys), a large sarcolemmal membrane-associated cytoskeletal protein. Gene replacement therapy using fully deleted adenoviral vectors shows great potential for the eventual treatment of DMD.These vectors are less immunogenic than their predecessors and have the capacity to carry the full-length dys cDNA (13 kb). The introduction of fully deleted adenoviral (AdV) vectors encoding full-length dys into muscles leads to significant improvement of the dystrophic phenotype of the mdx mouse, an animal model of DMD. However, the introduction of dys, a neoantigen, into mdx muscle causes immune responses resulting in increased appearance of inflammatory infiltrates and damage to the muscle. An alternative approach is to use utrophin (utr), a functional homologue of dys, normally present only at the neuromuscular junction. This approach of simply increasing the expression of a protein that is already present in dystrophic muscle would prevent any immune response to the transgene product. Thus, we have created a fully deleted AdV encoding full-length murine utr cDNA regulated by a powerful hybrid promoter consisting of the chicken b-actin promoter and CMV enhancer. Cells infected with the purified recombinant AdV showed strong utr expression levels as determined by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, during in vivo studies, high transduction levels were obtained in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of mdx mice. The vector was administered to cohorts of neonates (2-4 day old) and adults (5 to 7 week old) at doses of 1.45 |[times]| 1010 and 4.35 |[times]| 1010 virus particles respectively. In the first group of neonates (n=5) at 10 days post-injection the mean number of sarcolemmal utr-positive fibers in injected vs control-injected TA was 1596 +/- 297 vs 114 +/- 76, which corresponds to |[sim]|58 % transduction level. The mean number of utr-positive fibers in the adults (n=7) was 685 +/- 505 and 112 +/- 80 for viral and control injected TAs respectively, which corresponds to |[sim]|23 % transduction level. The numbers obtained correspond to an approximate 14 and 6 fold increase in utr expression over control levels in neonates and adults. These results were further validated by consistent utr levels observed by Western blots using muscle sections. Subsequent in vivo evaluations will be performed at 30, 60, 90, 180, and 360 days post-injection. The injected muscles will be examined for utr expression, the restoration of the dys-associated protein complex, and the reversal of the physiological dystrophic phenotype. Considering our preliminary data thus far, helper-dependent, fully deleted (gutted) AdV expressing full length utr promises to be the ideal agent for gene replacement therapy in dys-deficiency states.
But Not Alone: The Grief of Infertility
Authors: Charles J. Zelnick
Journal: JAMA (1986)

To the Editor.—  Nancy Bradney1details the intense agonies and uncertainties experienced by infertile couples in facing the medical and psychological problems associated with treatment. She concludes that  is no solution for living through infertility, only the solace of not being   As an infertile physician I could identify very strongly with Ms Bradney's description of the process. The hallmark of being infertile is isolation: the misunderstandings and insensitivity of friends, family, and the general public to this problem that cause the infertile couple to feel truly alone. However, all physicians should know that there exists a national support group for couples with problems of infertility. RESOLVE Inc is a national, nonprofit, charitable organization that offers counseling, referral, and support groups for infertility. The national group has many local associated chapters that often have support groups available to help infertile people work out their feelings and make their
FDG PET Imaging of Subependymal Gray Matter Heterotopia
Authors: Gary R. Conrad, Partha Sinha
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

A 25-year-old woman underwent interictal F-18 FDG PET for evaluation of long-standing intractable epilepsy. She had no sign or family history of tuberous sclerosis, and she demonstrated no interictal neurologic deficit. PET showed periventricular and deep white matter FDG metabolism that was congruent anatomically to the pattern of nodular gray matter heterotopia (GMH) demonstrated on MRI. This case adds information concerning the spectrum of interictal FDG metabolism within GMH, when it is performed without activation task. It further illustrates the importance of recognizing GMH to avoid their misinterpretation as independent, subclinical ictal foci.
Hypnotics and anxiolytics.
Authors: N Hockings, B R Ballinger
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Anxiolytics Anxiety is a normal reaction but when severe and disabling it becomes pathological. Phobias are distinguished from anxiety, and some classifications also separate panic attacks. Patients should be assessed carefully to detect associated problems in their lives and to seek evidence of underlying illness, such as depression and organic brain disease, that may present as anxiety. Conversely it should be remembered that some patients presenting with anxiety have an underlying physical illness. Drugs are often not necessary to treat neurotic anxiety, and in many instances a simple form of psychotherapy or sometimes behaviour therapy may succeed.
Towards a reduction in publication bias.
Authors: R G Newcombe
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Current practice results in the publication of many research studies in medical and related disciplines which may be criticised on the grounds of inadequate sample size and statistical power. Small studies continue to be carried out with little more than a blind hope of showing the desired effect. Nevertheless, papers based on such work are submitted for publication, especially if the results turn out to be statistically significant. There is confusion about what makes a result suitable for publication. Often there is a preference for statistically significant results at the peer review stage. Consequently published reports of small studies tend to contain too many false positive results and to exaggerate the true effects. The use of a criterion of a posteriori power does not eliminate the bias; a priori power is the criterion of choice. This could be implemented by peer review of study protocols at the planning stage by funding bodies and journals.
Acquired Resistance to Endocrine Treatments Is Associated with Tumor-Specific Molecular Changes in Patient-Derived Luminal Breast Cancer Xenografts
Authors: Paul Cottu, Ivan Bièche, Franck Assayag, Rania El Botty, Sophie Chateau-Joubert, Aurélie Thuleau, Thomas Bagarre, Benoit Albaud, Audrey Rapinat, David Gentien, Pierre de la Grange, Vonick Sibut, Sophie Vacher, Rana Hatem, Jean-Luc Servely, Jean-Jacques Fontaine, Didier Decaudin, Jean-Yves Pierga, Sergio Roman-Roman, Elisabetta Marangoni
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Purpose: Patients with luminal breast cancer (LBC) often become endocrine resistant over time. We investigated the molecular changes associated with acquired hormonoresistances in patient-derived xenografts of LBC. Experimental Design: Two LBC xenografts (HBCx22 and HBCx34) were treated with different endocrine treatments (ET) to obtain xenografts with acquired resistances to tamoxifen (TamR) and ovariectomy (OvaR). PI3K pathway activation was analyzed by Western blot analysis and IHC and responses to ET combined to everolimus were investigated in vivo. Gene expression analyses were performed by RT-PCR and Affymetrix arrays. Results: HBCx22 TamR xenograft was cross-resistant to several hormonotherapies, whereas HBCx22 OvaR and HBCx34 TamR exhibited a treatment-specific resistance profile. PI3K pathway was similarly activated in parental and resistant xenografts but the addition of everolimus did not restore the response to tamoxifen in TamR xenografts. In contrast, the combination of fulvestrant and everolimus induced tumor regression in vivo in HBCx34 TamR, where we found a cross-talk between the estrogen receptor (ER) and PI3K pathways. Expression of several ER-controlled genes and ER coregulators was significantly changed in both TamR and OvaR tumors, indicating impaired ER transcriptional activity. Expression changes associated with hormonoresistance were both tumor and treatment specific and were enriched for genes involved in cell growth, cell death, and cell survival. Conclusions: PDX models of LBC with acquired resistance to endocrine therapies show a great diversity of resistance phenotype, associated with specific deregulations of ER-mediated gene transcription. These models offer a tool for developing anticancer therapies and to investigate the dynamics of resistance emerging during pharmacologic interventions. Clin Cancer Res; 20(16); 4314–25. ©2014 AACR.
Oxygen radical-induced erythrocyte hemolysis by neutrophils. Critical role of iron and lactoferrin.
Authors: G M Vercellotti, B S van Asbeck, H S Jacob
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

Human neutrophils (PMN), when stimulated with such chemotaxins as phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), destroy erythrocytes and other targets. Cytotoxicity depends on PMN-generated reactive oxygen metabolites, yet the exact toxic specie and its mode of production is a matter of some dispute. Using 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes as targets, we compared various reactive-O2 generating systems for their abilities to lyse erythrocytes as well as to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. PMA-activated PMNs or xanthine oxidase plus acetaldehyde were added to target erythrocytes in amounts that provided similar levels of superoxide. PMNs lysed 68.3 +/- 2.9% (SEM) of targets, whereas the xanthine oxidase system was virtually impotent (2.3 +/- 0.8%). In contrast, methemoglobin formation by xanthine oxidase plus acetaldehyde was significantly greater than that caused by stimulated PMNs (P less than 0.001). A similar dichotomy was noted with added reagent H2O2 or the H2O2-generating system, glucose plus glucose oxidase; neither of these caused 51Cr release, but induced 10-70% methemoglobin formation. Thus, although O2- and H2O2 can cross the erythrocyte membrane and rapidly oxidize hemoglobin, they do so evidently without damaging the cell membrane. That a granule constituent of PMNs is required to promote target cell lysis was suggested by the fact that agranular PMN cytoplasts (neutroplasts), although added to generate equal amounts of O2- as intact PMNs, were significantly less lytic to target erythrocytes (P less than 0.01). Iron was shown to be directly involved in lytic efficiency by supplementation studies with 2 microM iron citrate; such supplementation increased PMN cytotoxicity by approximately 30%, but had much less effect on erythrocyte lysis by neutroplasts (approximately 3% increase), and no effect on lysis in the enzymatic oxygen radical-generating systems. These results suggest a critical role for an iron-liganding moiety that is abundantly present in PMN, marginally so in neutroplasts, and not at all in purified enzymatic systems--a moiety that we presume catalyzes very toxic O2 specie generation in the vicinity of juxtaposed erythrocyte targets. The obvious candidate is lactoferrin (LF), and indeed, antilactoferrin IgG, but not nonspecific IgG, reduced PMN cytotoxicity by greater than 85%. Re-adding 10(-8) M pure LF to neutroplasts increased their ability to promote hemolysis by 48.4 +/- 0.9%--to a level near that of intact PMNs. We conclude that O-2 and H2O2 are not sufficient to mediate target cell lysis, but require iron bound to LF, which, in turn, probably generates and focuses toxic O2 radicals, such as OH, to target membrane sites.
THERAPEUTIC CRITERIA IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: OTTO STEINBROCKER
Journal: JAMA (1949)

This report summarizes recommendations for uniform therapeutic criteria in rheumatoid arthritis. The need for such criteria arose from the recognition of the confusing language and standards found in the many therapeutic reports on this disease. In an effort to develop common standards for the evaluation of therapy in this condition, the Committee for Therapeutic Criteria of the New York Rheumatism Association was formed in 1945. A number of previous attempts had been made to establish some order in this subject.<sup>1</sup> One of the chief difficulties which confronted us was the varied language used in the body and conclusions of articles on therapy which did not lend themselves to any accurate appraisal. For example, in presenting their conclusions, writers reporting results employed such terms as excellent, good, improved, greatly improved, moderately improved, objectively improved and so on. Even investigators using the same methods of therapy have reported their results in