tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A European survey of noninvasive ventilation practices
Authors: C. Crimi, A. Noto, P. Princi, A. Esquinas, S. Nava
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

Although noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is becoming very popular, little is known about its pattern of clinical and technical utilisation in different environments. We conducted a web-based survey in Europe to identify the perceived pattern of NIV utilisation and the reason for choosing a specific ventilator and interface type in four common clinical scenarios: acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF), cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (CPE), de novo hypoxic respiratory failure and weaning/post-extubation failure (W/PE). A response was obtained from 272 (51.3%) out of 530 selected European physicians involved in NIV practice. The NIV utilisation rate was higher for pulmonologists than intensivists/anesthesiologists (p<0.05). The most common indication for all the physicians was AHRF (48%). Physicians were more likely to use NIV dedicated ventilator in AHRF and CPE and an intensive care unit (ICU) ventilator with NIV module in de novo hypoxic respiratory failure and W/PE, mainly because of the possibility of using the double circuit and inspiratory oxygen fraction control. Overall, the oro-nasal mask was the most frequently used interface, irrespective of clinical scenarios. The use of NIV in Europe is generally relatively high, especially among pulmonologists and in AHRF. Dedicated NIV ventilators and ICU ventilators with NIV modules are preferably in AHRF and in de novo hypoxic respiratory failure, respectively, together with oro-nasal masks.
In Vivo Modulation of Macrophage Tumoricidal Activity: Enhanced Tumor Cell Killing by Peritoneal Macrophages From Mice Given Injections of Sodium Periodate&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: J B Weinberg
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1981)

Sodium periodate (NaIO4) administered ip to mice was nontoxic and enhanced the in vitro tumoricidal activity of their peritoneal macrophages. The injection ip of 1 ml of 5 mM NaIO4 caused an influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) at 5-24 hours followed by an accumulation of macrophages and disappearance of the PMN at 48-72 hours. These peritoneal macrophages from mice given injections of NaIO4 were noncytotoxic and nontumoricidal in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but in the presence of 5-25 ng/ml or more LPS in vitro, they became markedly cytotoxic and cytocidal for tumor cells. Peritoneal macrophages from mice given injections of phosphate-buffered saline became cytotoxic or cytocidal only with amounts of LPS exceeding 100-500 ng/ml in vitro. Like the peritoneal macrophages from BCG-infected mice that demonstrated selective tumor cytotoxicity, macrophages from mice given injections of NaIO4 had minimal lytic activity for nontransformed normal embryo fibroblasts. Thus when given ip to mice, the simple chemical NaIO4, much like complex and heterogeneous biologic preparations such as BCG, caused differentiation of peritoneal macrophages toward the tumoricidal state.
Barriers and Potential Solutions to Providing Optimal Guideline-Driven Care to Patients With Diabetes in the U.S.
Authors: Robert A. Vigersky, Karen Fitzner, Jenifer Levinson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

The cost of diabetes, driven primarily by the cost of preventable diabetes complications, will continue to increase with the epidemic rise in its prevalence in the U.S. The Diabetes Working Group (DWG), a consortium of professional organizations and individuals, was created to examine the barriers to better diabetes care and to recommend mitigating solutions. We consolidated three sets of guidelines promulgated by national professional organizations into 29 standards of optimal care and empanelled independent groups of diabetes care professionals to estimate the minimum and maximum time needed to achieve those standards of care for each of six clinical vignettes representing typical patients seen by diabetes care providers. We used a standards-of-care economic model to compare provider costs with reimbursement and calculated “reimbursement gaps.” The reimbursement gap was calculated using the maximum and minimum provider cost estimate (reflecting the baseline- and best-case provider time estimates from the panels). The cost of guideline-driven care greatly exceeded reimbursement in almost all vignettes, resulting in estimated provider “losses” of 470,000–750,000 USD/year depending on the case mix. Such “losses” dissuade providers of diabetes care from using best practices as recommended by national diabetes organizations. The DWG recommendations include enhancements in care management, workforce supply, and payment reform.
Neurocysticercosis: Updates on Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: A. Clinton White
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2000)

Neurocysticercosis is now recognized as a common cause of neurologic disease in developing countries and the United States. The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations vary with the site of infection and accompanying host response. Inactive infection should be treated symptomatically. Active parenchymal infection results from an inflammatory reaction to the degenerating cysticercus and will also respond to symptomatic treatment. Controlled trials have not demonstrated a clinical benefit for antiparasitic drugs. Ventricular neurocysticercosis often causes obstructive hydrocephalus. Surgical intervention, especially cerebrospinal fluid diversion, is the key to management of hydrocephalus. Shunt failure may be less frequent when patients are treated with prednisone and/or antiparasitic drugs. Subarachnoid cysticercosis is associated with arachnoiditis. The arachnoiditis may result in meningitis, vasculitis with stroke, or hydrocephalus. Patients should be treated with corticosteroids, antiparasitic drugs, and shunting if hydrocephalus is present.
The Valsalva manoeuvre and Antonio Valsalva (1666-1723)
Authors: E H Jellinek
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2006)

The Valsalva manoeuvre remains a popular medical topic, with more than 100 publications per annum, 300 years after its first mention by Antonio Valsalva in Bologna in 1704 in his classical ‘De aure humana tractatus’.1 In current usage it usually means: an acute rise in intrathoracic and intra abdominal pressure, brought about by contraction of the trunk muscles, right down to the pelvic floor, against a ‘stop’, at the glottis, but also more peripherally by the tongue in the nasopharynx, or at the lips and nostrils, or even outside the body, as in the blowing up of a column of mercury in a manometer. It is done automatically, and very briefly, in coughing and sneezing; and for longer periods in bodily functions like defaecation and parturition; or, more deliberately, in heavy lifting; in various sports; and in the blowing of wind instruments.
Vomiting in a patient with an Angelchik prosthesis
Authors: J van der Berg, P E Postmus
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1992)

Case reportA 50 yr old man was referred from a hospital for mentally ill and disabled people to the emergency department.He was known to have Little's syndrome (hemiplegia spastica infantilis).For two days he had complained of upper abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.Six years previously an Angelchik prosthesis had been implanted to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux.Due to chronic reflux there was some stenosis in the distal part of the oesophagus.He normally used ranitidine chl-oride, 150 mg b.i.d., but had not been able to keep this down during the last 48 h.On admission the patient was dehydrated, apparently ill, fever 38.2•c, blood pressure 90/60 mmHg, pulse rate 100 beats•min• 1 and reg~Jlar, respiratory rate 30 breaths•min• 1 without cyanosis.There was dullness over the dorsal basal part of the right hemithorax and breath sounds were diminished on the right compared to the left.Heart sounds were normal.Examination
PMO-039 Is nutritional risk associated with adverse clinical outcomes such as length of stay and mortality in spinal cord injured patients admitted to a spinal centre?: Abstract PMO-039 Table 1
Authors: S S H Wong, F Derry, A Jamous, S Harini, G Grimble, A Forbes
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Malnutrition is common in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI),<sup>1</sup> but its impact on clinical outcome may be underestimated. A disease specific nutrition screening tool (NST): the Spinal Nutrition Screening Tool (SNST) has been developed for use in patients with SCI but its predictive validity requires further investigation.<sup>2</sup> <h3>Methods</h3> A multicentre (n=4), prospective, cross sectional and longitudinal study was therefore performed to evaluate whether undernutrition risk, measured using a simple validated nutrition screening tool (NST): the Spinal Nutrition Screening Tool (SNST), is associated with clinical outcomes such as the duration of in-patient stay (LOS) and 12 month mortality. Multivariate regression analysis was used. <h3>Results</h3> One-hundred and fifty SCI patients (aged 18–88, median: 16.9, 30.7% female) were studied in four UK SCI centres (SCIC) between July 2009 and March 2010. The median LOS was 101 days (SD: 94.1) and the 12 month mortality rate was 4.7%. 44.6% were at risk of undernutrition and these individuals had a significantly longer LOS [median LOS (SD): 129 (102.1) vs 85 days (84.6); p=0.012] and greater 12-month mortality [9.2% vs 1.4%; p=0.036]. Multivariate regression identified acute admission and serum albumin level are independent predictors for long hospital LOS. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The present study suggests that nutrition risk identified by the SNST score is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Serum albumin is an independent predictor for an adverse clinical outcome. Nutritional screening on admission and periodic repeating may be helpful in improving clinical outcomes if it is used to influence practice. <h3>Competing interests</h3> S Wong grant/research support from: Abbott Nutrition, F Derry: None declared, A Jamous: None declared, S Harini: None declared, G Grimble: None declared, A Forbes: None declared. <h3>References</h3> 1. <b>Wong S</b>, <i>et al. Br J Nutr</i> 2011. doi:10.1017/S0007114511006234 2. <b>Wong S</b>, <i>et al. Eur J Clin Nutr</i> 2011. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.209
Transient Receptor Potential Channels as Drug Targets: From the Science of Basic Research to the Art of Medicine
Authors: Bernd Nilius, Arpad Szallasi
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2014)

The large <i>Trp</i> gene family encodes transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins that form novel cation-selective ion channels. In mammals, 28 <i>Trp</i> channel genes have been identified. TRP proteins exhibit diverse permeation and gating properties and are involved in a plethora of physiologic functions with a strong impact on cellular sensing and signaling pathways. Indeed, mutations in human genes encoding TRP channels, the so-called "TRP channelopathies," are responsible for a number of hereditary diseases that affect the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, genitourinary, and nervous systems. This review gives an overview of the functional properties of mammalian TRP channels, describes their roles in acquired and hereditary diseases, and discusses their potential as drug targets for therapeutic intervention.
The Hypertrophic Effect of Transforming Growth Factor-β is Reduced in the Absence of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Inhibitors p21 and p27
Authors: Toshiaki Monkawa, Keiju Hiromura, Gunter Wolf, Stuart J Shankland
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2002)

ABSTRACT. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has both antiproliferative and hypertrophic effects on mesangial cells (MC). However, it is not known if these processes are independent or if they share common signaling pathways. Proliferation and hypertrophy are regulated by specific cell-cycle regulatory proteins, where the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors inhibit target cyclin-CDK complexes. This study examined whether the growth regulatory effects of TGF-β were determined by the CDK inhibitors p21 and p27. Accordingly, cultured MC from wild type (+/+) and single and double null (−/−) p21 and p27 mice were grown in 5% serum in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 (2 ng/ml). Proliferation ([ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation, cell number, cell cycle) and hypertrophy ([ 3 H]-leucine incorporation, total protein content, forward light scatter) were measured after 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h. TGF-β inhibited proliferation in +/+ and p21/p27 double −/− MC to a similar extent. TGF-β induced hypertrophy in +/+ MC (18.0% increase at 48 h), and to lesser extent in p21 −/− (12.8%) and p27 −/− MC (11.5%) measured by forward light scatter analysis. In p21/p27 double −/−, the hypertrophic effects of TGF-β were significantly reduced (3.9% at 48 h). Similar results were obtained by measuring hypertrophy by total protein and [ 3 H]-leucine incorporation. In conclusion, the CDK inhibitors p21 and p27 are not required for the antiproliferative effects of TGF-β. However, the hypertrophic growth effects of TGF-β are reduced in the absence of both p21 and p27. These data suggest that the regulation of the antiproliferative and hypertrophic effects of TGF-β may be distinct processes.
Cytotoxic Reactions of Murine Lymphoid Cells Studied With a Tritiated Proline Microcytotoxicity Test&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: H Shiku, M A Bean, L J Old, H F Oettgen
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1975)

A lymphocyte cytotoxicity (CTX) test with 3-H-proline-prelabeled target cells was used to detect the immune response of murine lymphoid cells to H-2 and tumor antigens. The specificity of the reaction was determined by simultaneous tests on unrelated target cells and, for reactions directed against H-2 antigens, by blocking experiments with alloantiserum directed against the H-2 antigens of the target cells. After a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of allogeneic spleen cells, CTX of unfractionated peritoneal cellswas strong, with a sharp peak on day 5. Repeated ip immunization markedly increased the CTX of unfractionated peritoneal cells. The reaction was strongest when the test was done at 37 degrees C. Sometimes CTX should be detected after as little as 6 hours' incubation. CTX depended primarily on the absolute number of effector or target cells per area rather than on the ratio of effector to target cells. Both nonadherent and adherent peritoneal cells destroyed target cells specifically. The CTX of nonadherent peritoneal cells was increased by 2-mercaptoethanol. The CTX reaction depended on effector cells bearing Tyl-1. Destruction of "innocent bystander" target cells was seen with one of four combinations of unfractionated and nonadherent peritoneal cells from hyperimmune animals.
Discovering What Makes STAT Signaling TYK in T-ALL
Authors: Lorena Fontan, Ari Melnick
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2013)

Abstract Summary: RNA interference screening establishes TYK2 dependence in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), leading to identification of TYK2-activating mutations and increased IL-10 receptor signaling in T-ALL cell lines. Cancer Discov; 3(5); 494–6. ©2013 AACR. See related article by Sanda et al., p. 564
Does tidal exhaled nitric oxide reflect mucosal airway inflammation in infants?
Authors: L. P. Malmberg, K. Malmstrom, A. Kotaniemi-Syrjanen, H. Lindahl, M. Kajosaari, M. Turpeinen, T. Haahtela, S. Saglani, A. Bush, P. K. Jeffery, A. S. Pelkonen, M. J. Makela
Journal: Thorax (2010)

Exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) has been proposed as a surrogate of airway inflammation in asthma. The measurement of FENO may be important to distinguish conditions characterised by eosinophilic inflammation from those which are non-eosinophilic, the former being more likely to respond to steroid treatment. Studies in adults and school-aged children have shown that FENO levels correlate to some extent with airway mucosal eosinophilia quantified in endobronchial biopsies.1 2 However, no such studies exist in infants. In this observational study, we assessed whether infants with recurrent respiratory symptoms, in whom bronchoscopy had been undertaken for clinical evaluation, showed evidence of a relationship between mucosal airway inflammation quantified in endobronchial biopsies and levels of FENO measured during tidal breathing.

The study consisted of 36 infants, aged between 3.4 and 25.9 months, referred for clinical evaluation of …
Effect of Soy Phytoestrogens on Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women With Breast Cancer: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Cheri L. Van Patten, Ivo A. Olivotto, G. Keith Chambers, Karen A. Gelmon, T. Gregory Hislop, Edith Templeton, Angela Wattie, Jerilynn C. Prior
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

Vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats, in breast cancer survivors are often worsened by chemotherapy and tamoxifen, and/or the discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy at diagnosis. This study evaluated the acceptability and effectiveness of a soy beverage containing phytoestrogens as a treatment for hot flashes in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was conducted in postmenopausal women with moderate hot flashes who were previously treated for early-stage breast cancer. Women were stratified for tamoxifen use and randomized to a soy beverage (n = 59) containing 90 mg of isoflavones or to a placebo rice beverage (n = 64). Women recorded the number and severity of hot flashes daily with a daily menopause diary for 4 weeks at baseline and for 12 weeks while consuming 500 mL of a soy or placebo beverage.There were no significant differences between the soy and placebo groups in the number of hot flashes or hot flash scores. However, presumably because of a strong placebo effect, both groups had significant reductions in hot flashes. Mild gastrointestinal side effects were experienced by both groups but occurred with greater frequency and severity with soy. The mean serum genistein concentration at 6 weeks was significantly higher in women who consumed soy (0.61 +/- 0.43 micromol/L) compared with placebo (0.43 +/- 0.37 micromol/L) (P =.02). Overall acceptability and compliance were high and similar in both groups.The soy beverage did not alleviate hot flashes in women with breast cancer any more than did a placebo. Future research into other compounds is recommended to identify safe and effective therapies for hot flashes in breast cancer survivors.
Self‐Assembled Vehicle Construction via Boronic Acid Coupling and Host–Guest Interaction for Serum‐Tolerant DNA Transport and pH‐Responsive Drug Delivery
Authors: Bin Yang, Huizhen Jia, Xuli Wang, Si Chen, Xianzheng Zhang, Renxi Zhuo, Jun Feng
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2013)

By exploiting boronic acid coupling and host–guest chemistry, a pH‐responsive drug/gene co‐delivery nanoplatform is designed for cancer treatments with the excellently serum‐tolerant transfection activity and the capability to load and release hydrophobic drugs in an acidity‐accelerated manner. Via boronate linkage, γ ‐CD is allowed to spontaneously attach onto phenylboronic‐acid‐modified oligoethylenimine (PEI1.8K‐PB 2.9 ) at neutral condition. The formed vehicle/DNA nanoformulation is thus surrounded densely by γ ‐CD moieties to biomimic the carbohydrate‐rich cell surface, providing a novel approach to overcome serum‐susceptible drawbacks frequently associated with synthetic gene carriers. PEI1.8K‐PB 2.9 ‐ γ ‐CD conjugates demonstrate significantly improved cell‐biocompatibility and transfection activity over PEI1.8K‐PB 2.9 . Noticeably, serum‐associated inhibition effect is negligible for PEI1.8K‐PB 2.9 ‐ γ ‐CD‐mediated transfection whereas marked transfection reduction occurs for PEI25K and PEI1.8K‐PB 2.9 upon serum exposure. Consequently, PEI1.8K‐PB 2.9 ‐ γ ‐CDs afford much higher transfection efficiency, that is, 25‐fold higher luciferase expression over PEI25K in presence of 30% serum. An anticancer drug of doxorubicin (DOX) is shown to be readily accommodated into the nanoformulation via host–guest chemistry and intracellularly co‐delivered together with plasmid DNA. Due to the acidity‐labile feature of boronate linkage, DOX/ γ ‐CD inclusion complexes would be mostly detached from the nanoformulation triggered by acidity, leading to faster drug release. Furthermore, drug inclusion does not alter the serum‐compatible transfection efficiency of PEI1.8K‐PB 2.9 ‐ γ ‐CD.
Resveratrol Delays Age-Related Deterioration and Mimics Transcriptional Aspects of Dietary Restriction without Extending Life Span
Authors: Kevin J. Pearson, Joseph A. Baur, Kaitlyn N. Lewis, Leonid Peshkin, Nathan L. Price, Nazar Labinskyy, William R. Swindell, Davida Kamara, Robin K. Minor, Evelyn Perez, Hamish A. Jamieson, Yongqing Zhang, Stephen R. Dunn, Kumar Sharma, Nancy Pleshko, Laura A. Woollett, Anna Csiszar, Yuji Ikeno, David Le Couteur, Peter J. Elliott, Kevin G. Becker, Placido Navas, Donald K. Ingram, Norman S. Wolf, Zoltan Ungvari, David A. Sinclair, Rafael de Cabo
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2008)
Plasma Transforming Growth Factor α and Amphiregulin Protein Levels in NCIC Clinical Trials Group BR.21
Authors: Christina L. Addison, Keyue Ding, Huijun Zhao, Aurélie Le Maître, Glenwood D. Goss, Lesley Seymour, Ming-Sound Tsao, Frances A. Shepherd, Penelope A. Bradbury
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

To evaluate the prognostic and predictive significance of plasma levels of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) and amphiregulin, in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) enrolled in NCIC Clinical Trials Group BR.21 comparing erlotinib with placebo.TGF-α and amphiregulin were assessed retrospectively by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from available prospectively collected baseline plasma samples in 565 of 731 BR.21 patients. Cutoff points were determined for both amphiregulin (low, <10 pg/mL; high, ≥10 pg/mL) and TGF-α (low, ≤12 pg/mL; high, >12 pg/mL) using a graphical method. Cox regression models were used to correlate biomarker data and baseline characteristics with outcomes including overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).High TGF-α and amphiregulin were associated with poorer performance status (P=.06 and P<.0001, respectively) and no prior platinum therapy (P=.06 and P=.02, respectively). High amphiregulin was also associated with anemia (P=.001), increased lactate dehydrogenase (P=.03), ever-smokers (P=.04), and non-Asian ethnicity (P=.001). Patients on the placebo arm with high amphiregulin had poorer OS than patients with low amphiregulin (hazard ratio [HR]=1.88; 95% CI, 1.34 to 2.64; P=.0002), which remained significant in multivariate analysis. Amphiregulin levels did not predict for benefit from erlotinib (interaction P=.87). Conversely, TGF-α levels did not have prognostic significance, but high TGF-α predicted lack of benefit from erlotinib compared with low TGF-α (TGF-α low, OS HR=0.66; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.81; P<.0001; high, OS HR=1.32; 95% CI, 0.73 to 2.39; P=.36; interaction P=.04).High baseline amphiregulin is a poor prognostic factor, whereas high baseline TGF-α predicts for lack of benefit from erlotinib in advanced NSCLC.