tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Where Is the Fundus of the Bladder?
Authors: M. E. Woodling
Journal: JAMA (1913)

To the Editor:  —In view of the article by Dr. Lewis in The Journal (June 7, 1913, p. 1765) on Where Is the Fundus of the Bladder? may I ask what part of the bladder would Dr. Lewis call the base or bottom (fundus) in a man standing on his head, or lying down, or in a quadruped?  What part would he call the base or bottom of a cylindrical bottle, in whatever position it might he? How many sides has it, and if more than one, how delimit them? What is the base or bottom of a pyramid, though standing on its apex?  To apply the term summit or vertex to the bottom of a bottle or a bladder, seems to me quite as much out of place as to apply the term vertex to a breech presentation.  [The preceding letter was submitted to Dr. Lewis, who replies:] spondent's
Response of Leucocyte Adenyl Cyclase to Isoprenaline and Effect of Alpha-blocking Drugs in Extrinsic Bronchial Asthma
Authors: W. C. Alston, K. R. Patel, J. W. Kerr
Journal: BMJ (1974)

The finding by several workers that biochemical responses to catecholamines are diminished in asthmatic patients during periods of active asthma as compared to normal subjects has led to the recognition of the beta-adrenergic blockade phenomenon, a common accompaniment of extrinsic bronchial asthma. Using an intact cell method to measure leucocyte adenyl cyclase activity, we have been able to show that there is a noticeably reduced responsiveness of this enzyme system (which is now identified with beta-receptor function) to isoprenaline in the leucocytes of patients suffering from acute bronchial asthma, but that asthmatic patients in remission could not be distinguished from normal persons in this respect. Evidently the defective beta-receptor function may be associated with overactivity of the alpha-receptors in acute bronchial asthma, since the responsiveness to isoprenaline stimulation could be restored towards normal by concomitant treatment of the leucocytes of these patients with alpha-receptor blocking drugs such as phentolamine or thymoxamine. Ouabain, though somewhat less potent, also enhanced responsiveness to isoprenaline stimulation. The relation of these results to the clinical observation of adrenaline resistance in active asthma suggests that alpha-receptor blocking drugs may be of value in restoring the sensitivity of beta-receptors to sympathomimetic amines.
A Blueprint for an International Cancer Epigenome Consortium. A Report from the AACR Cancer Epigenome Task Force
Authors: Stephan Beck, Bradley E. Bernstein, Robert M. Campbell, Joseph F. Costello, Dashyant Dhanak, Joseph R. Ecker, John M. Greally, Jean-Pierre Issa, Peter W. Laird, Kornelia Polyak, Benjamin Tycko, Peter A. Jones
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Recent whole-genome sequencing of thousands of human cancers has uncovered an unexpectedly large number of mutations in genes, which control the epigenome. Many of these recurrent mutations are in epigenetic writers (e.g., EZH2, DNMT3a), readers (BRD4-NUT fusions), erasers (UTX mutations), and
Melanoma epidemic: a midsummer night’s dream?
Authors: N.J. Levell, C.C. Beattie, S. Shuster, D.C. Greenberg
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

The reported incidence of melanoma has greatly increased and this has been attributed to ultraviolet exposure.We considered the possibility that the increase was an artefact caused by diagnostic drift.We tested this by analysing the histological diagnosis, mortality and incidence of all lesions reported as melanomas in East Anglia between 1991 and 2004.There were 3971 melanomas in all, and their annual incidence increased from 9.39 to 13.91 cases per 100,000 per year during the period studied. This increased incidence was almost entirely due to minimal, stage 1 disease. There was no change in the combined incidence of the other stages of the disease, and the overall mortality only increased from 2.16 to 2.54 cases per 100,000 per year.We therefore conclude that the large increase in reported incidence is likely to be due to diagnostic drift which classifies benign lesions as stage 1 melanoma. This conclusion could be confirmed by direct histological comparison of contemporary and past histological samples. The distribution of the lesions reported did not correspond to the sites of lesions caused by solar exposure. These findings should lead to a reconsideration of the treatment of 'early' lesions, a search for better diagnostic methods to distinguish them from truly malignant melanomas, re-evaluation of the role of ultraviolet radiation and recommendations for protection from it, as well as the need for a new direction in the search for the cause of melanoma.
Foiling the Treasury
Authors: T. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1995)

This study analysed clinical features and laboratory investigations in 145 patients with tuberculous peritonitis diagnosed by peritoneoscopy at this hospital between 1984 and 1988. Tuberculous peritonitis was found in 2% of all patients with tuberculosis and in 59.8% of all those with abdominal tuberculosis admitted to the hospital during the study period. Tuberculous peritonitis was more common in women than men (1.4:1) and was most frequently encountered in the third and fourth decades of life. The commonest presenting symptoms were abdominal swelling (73.1%), fever and night sweats (53.8%), anorexia (46.9%), weight loss (44.1%), and abdominal pain (35.9%). The mean duration of symptoms was 1.5 months. Ascites was the commonest (95.2%) physical sign. Tuberculin skin testing was positive in 57.6% of patients (n = 118). The mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 75 mm/1st hour (n = 58). Chest radiography on 98 patients showed pleuropulmonary pathology in 40 patients (40.8%). Sputum examination confirmed active pulmonary tuberculosis in 26 patients. The ascitic fluid was an exudate in 96.4% and a transudate in 3.6% of patients, with 91.3% showing a straw coloured ascites. Cirrhosis, detected by biopsy specimen, was a finding in 6.2% of patients.
Single autologous stem-cell transplantation followed by maintenance therapy with thalidomide is superior to double autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial
Authors: Abderrahman Abdelkefi, Saloua Ladeb, Lamia Torjman, Tarek Ben Othman, Amel Lakhal, Neila Ben Romdhane, Halima El Omri, Moez Elloumi, Hatem Belaaj, Ramzi Jeddi, Lamia Aissaouï, Habib Ksouri, Assia Ben Hassen, Fahmi Msadek, Ali Saad, Mohamed Hsaïri, Kamel Boukef, Ahlem Amouri, Hechmi Louzir, Koussay Dellagi, Abdeladhim Ben Abdeladhim
Journal: Blood (2007)
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in refractory celiac disease with aberrant T cells
Authors: Abdulbaqi Al-toma, Otto J. Visser, Hyacintha M. van Roessel, B. Mary E. von Blomberg, Wieke H. M. Verbeek, Petra E. T. Scholten, Gert J. Ossenkoppele, Peter C. Huijgens, Chris J. J. Mulder
Journal: Blood (2006)
The similarity between human embryonic stem cell-derived epithelial cells and ameloblast-lineage cells
Authors: Li-Wei Zheng, Logan Linthicum, Pamela K DenBesten, Yan Zhang
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2013)

This study aimed to compare epithelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to human ameloblast-lineage cells (ALCs), as a way to determine their potential use as a cell source for ameloblast regeneration. Induced by various concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), retinoic acid (RA) and lithium chloride (LiCl) for 7 days, hESCs adopted cobble-stone epithelial phenotype (hESC-derived epithelial cells (ES-ECs)) and expressed cytokeratin 14. Compared with ALCs and oral epithelial cells (OE), ES-ECs expressed amelogenesis-associated genes similar to ALCs. ES-ECs were compared with human fetal skin epithelium, human fetal oral buccal mucosal epithelial cells and human ALCs for their expression pattern of cytokeratins as well. ALCs had relatively high expression levels of cytokeratin 76, which was also found to be upregulated in ES-ECs. Based on the present study, with the similarity of gene expression with ALCs, ES-ECs are a promising potential cell source for regeneration, which are not available in erupted human teeth for regeneration of enamel.
The treatment of malaria.
Authors: A P Hall
Journal: BMJ (1976)

At least four doses of quinine followed by a single dose of mefloquine or by a single dose of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine are two highly effective regimens for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Mefloquine alone is valuable in ambulant patients. Chloroquine-sensitive falciparum malaria can be treated with a course of chloroquine. Vivax and all other types of malaria should be treated with sequential chloroquine and primaquine. Quinine, by intravenous infusion, is the most effective drug for severe falciparum malaria. The optimum intravenous dose varies between 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg administered over four hours. Intravenous or oral quinine should be administered about every 12 hours and the total daily dose of quinine should rarely exceed 20 mg/kg. Intravenous fluid input should be controlled in falciparum malaria to prevent pulmonary oedema. Established renal failure is best treated by dialysis. The value of adrenocortical steroids for falciparum coma has not been established. Fresh blood transfusion may be helpful in small doses for severe anaemia and to replace clotting factors. Anticoagulants, such as heparin, should not be used in falciparum malaria.
Differences from Somewhere: The Normativity of Whiteness in Bioethics in the United States
Authors: Catherine Myser
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2003)

I argue that there has been inadequate attention to and questioning of the dominance and normativity of whiteness in the cultural construction of bioethics in the United States. Therefore we risk reproducing white privilege and white supremacy in its theory, method, and practices. To make my argument, I define whiteness and trace its broader social and legal history in the United States. I then begin to mark whiteness in U.S. bioethics, recasting Renee Fox's sociological marking of its American-ness as an important initial marking of its whiteness/WASP ethos. Furthermore, I consider the attempts of social scientists to highlight sociocultural diversity as a corrective in U.S. bioethics. I argue that because they fail to problematize white dominance and normativity and the white-other dualism when they describe the standpoints of African-American, Asian-American, and Native-American others, their work merely inoculates difference and creates or maintains minoritized spaces. Accordingly, the dominant white center of mainstream U.S. bioethics must be problematized and displaced for diversity research to make a difference. In conclusion, I give several examples of how we might advance the recommended endeavor of exploring our own ethnicity, class, and other social positioning and norms operating in U.S. bioethics, briefly highlighting "white talk" as one challenge.
Response of cell cultures to asbestos fibers
Authors: J. Bruch
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1974)

The reaction of macrophages to asbestos and glass fibers was studied by light and by electron microscopy. Measurements were made of LDH release, staining with erythrosine B, and lactate production. Size and shape of asbestos fibers were found to have more effect than the physicochemical properties of the surface. Long fibers resulted in a protracted pathogenic but no acute cytotoxic effect.
Paracetamol-induced acute renal failure in the absence of fulminant liver damage.
Authors: R Gabriel
Journal: BMJ (1982)

demyelinating disorders.In the two cases documented the encephalopathy which occurred appeared to be secondary to an anaphylactic reaction.It is likely, however, that an Arthus reaction was also involved.Individuals may become allergic to insect bites without their knowledge, either through inhalation of dried excreta or other material or because of an unremarked sting.Necropsies of patients who have died shortly after an insect bite have revealed cerebral oedema and widespread cerebral congestion.'These findings are the same as those in acute serum sickness.2One of us (POB) has studied the case of a man who developed bilateral optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, and hypertrophic neuropathy after a bee sting.3Indeed, multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, and the Guillain-Barre syndrome, all of which are presumed to be allergic demyelinating disorders, have been recorded as starting after bee stings.3-8Neuralgic amyotrophy, another postulated allergic disease, may also be a complication of such stings.5At present we are studying the effect of vascular factors in the demyelinating illnesses because of the strong circumstantial evidence supporting such a role10 (also paper by Poser and Behan in press).Anaphylactic and Arthus- type immune reactions underlie the pathological features of bee stings, so that post- mortem study of cases like the two reported here is of more than academic interest.
Use of Antidepressant Medications and the Possible Association with Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Saira Bahl, Michelle Cotterchio, Nancy Kreiger
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2003)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Antidepressant medication use has dramatically increased over the past decade, particularly for the newer classes such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. While there is no question about the usefulness of these medications, it is important to review animal and epidemiologic studies that have evaluated the association between antidepressant medication use and the risk of breast cancer. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; This paper reviews the scientific literature pertaining to the prevalence of and indications for antidepressant medication use, and the possible association between antidepressant medication use and breast cancer risk. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Antidepressant medications are most commonly indicated for depressive disorders, and are also used for other conditions (e.g., anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and pain). In addition, antidepressants may be an effective alternative to estrogen therapy for the alleviation of hot flashes among peri-/postmenopausal women. Several epidemiologic studies have reported that certain antidepressants may be associated with a slightly increased breast cancer risk; however, the literature remains inconsistent. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; The possibility of an association between certain antidepressant medications and breast cancer risk has not been excluded, although further studies are needed before the body of scientific evidence can be conclusive. Evidence to date does not support a change in the current use of antidepressant medications.
SOLITARY ULCER OF THE BLADDER
Authors: G. Chambers
Journal: BMJ (1928)

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS.The. following symptoms anid siguis were found in patients who were unfit.Cough was invariably an early symptom, aggravated by cold and damp weather,e and tending to become worse year by year; very m.rked liability to take cold was one of the most prominent features of the con- dition.If the cough became persistently paroxysmal a definite dilatation of the bronchioles was to be assumed.Slight breathlessness on exertion, and in advanced cases slight cyanosis, with, parrot-bill clubbing of the fiingers, poinited to right heart embarrassment.Contrary to the lprevalent opinion, we found that the clubbing tended more to the early " parrot-bill " than the " drumstick " tvpe.The sputum was scanty in quantity witlhou-t characteristic peculiarity, unless bronchiectasis had initervenied.The disease was almost always unilateral.The configuration of the thorax was often affected, there being slight scoliosis with narrowing of the interspaces and drooping of the slhoulder; retraction to a degree indicating extensive pleural adhesion was not observed in any instance, nor was the heart markedly displaced.Respiratory miovemenits an-d sounds were diminished over the diseased lung, and adventitious sounds were occasionally present.X-ray investigation following lipiodol injection into the bronchi would have been desirlable, but was impracticable on accouint of the patients' daily routinie; radiograms were taken in some cases. TitEATMEN-T.Witlhout enitering &loselv into details we would like to point out tllat certain indicationis are clear, of which the need of more efficient prophylaxis is the most prominent.
Signaling via the MyD88 Adaptor Protein in B Cells Suppresses Protective Immunity during Salmonella typhimurium Infection
Authors: Patricia Neves, Vicky Lampropoulou, Elisabeth Calderon-Gomez, Toralf Roch, Ulrik Stervbo, Ping Shen, Anja A. Kühl, Christoph Loddenkemper, Matthias Haury, Sergei A. Nedospasov, Stefan H.E. Kaufmann, Ulrich Steinhoff, Dinis P. Calado, Simon Fillatreau
Journal: Immunity (2010)
Animal models of allergic and inflammatory conjunctivitis
Authors: D. A. Groneberg, L. Bielory, A. Fischer, S. Bonini, U. Wahn
Journal: Allergy (2003)

Allergic eye diseases are complex inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva with an increasing prevalence and incidence. The diseases are often concomitant with other allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma. Despite the disabling and prominent symptoms of ocular allergies, they are less well studied and further insights into the molecular basics are still required. To establish new therapeutic approaches and assess immunological mechanisms, animal models of ocular allergies have been developed in the past years. The major forms of allergic ocular diseases, seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis, each have different pathophysiological and immunological components. In contrast to these distinct entities, the current animal models are based on the sensitization against a small number of allergens such as ovalbumin, ragweed pollen or major cat allergens and consecutive challenge. Different animal species have been used so far. Starting with guinea‐pig models of allergic conjunctivitis to assess pharmacological aspects, new models including rats and mice have been developed which mimic major features of ocular allergy. The presently preferred species for the investigation of the immunological basis of the disease is represented by murine models of allergic conjunctivitis. In the future, combined ocular, nasal and aerosolic challenges with allergens may provide a model of allergy that encompasses simultaneously the target organs eye, nose and airways with conjunctivitis, rhinitis and asthma.
Rett syndrome mutation MeCP2 T158A disrupts DNA binding, protein stability and ERP responses
Authors: Darren Goffin, Megan Allen, Le Zhang, Maria Amorim, I-Ting Judy Wang, Arith-Ruth S Reyes, Amy Mercado-Berton, Caroline Ong, Sonia Cohen, Linda Hu, Julie A Blendy, Gregory C Carlson, Steve J Siegel, Michael E Greenberg, Zhaolan Zhou
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2011)
THU0500 Cytokine Production Identifies A Subset of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients T Lymphocytes That is Associated with Responsiveness to Biologic Anti-TNF-Alpha Agents
Authors: J. Bystrom, T. Taher, M. Al-Bogami, S. Alzabin, S. Kelly, P. Mangat, R. Williams, A. Jawad, R. Mageed
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> Biologic anti-TNFα agents have revolutionized the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However 30-40% of RA patients do not respond to treatment with these agents. Our studies have suggested that non-responsiveness is due to increased frequency of Th17 lymphocytes. <h3>Objectives</h3> To determine if the frequency of T-lymphocyte subsets prior to treatment predicts the response to anti-TNFa agents. <h3>Methods</h3> Blood from 70 RA patients prior to and at 4 and 12 weeks post treatment were obtained and level of cytokines in plasma and culture supernatant of stimulated T lymphocytes and monocytes determined. Response to treatment was assessed after 12 weeks by changes in DAS28. Enriched T lymphocytes were stimulated with anti CD3/CD28 and monocytes with LPS. Cytokines levels were determined assessed using a multiplex protocol (MSD technologies). Surface markers and intracellular cytokines expressed by the cells were analysed by FACS. <h3>Results</h3> Prior to treatment, responder patients had significantly more TNFα and GM-CSF-producing T lymphocytes than non-responder patients. Intracellular staining revealed that both cytokines were primarily produced by the same T lymphocytes in responder patients. The frequency of TNFα/GM-CSF-producing T lymphocytes was not associated with age nor with gender but patients with high frequency tended to have relatively low DAS28. Interestingly, whilst TNFα/GM-CSF-producing T lymphocytes in responder patient could also produce IL-17, the production of this cytokine was primarily confined to a distinct subset of T lymphocyte in non-responder patients. Finally, plasma levels of GM-CSF were significantly higher in responders compared with non-responders patients prior to treatment. <h3>Conclusions</h3> A subset of CD4<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes that produces TNFα and GM-CSF is present at higher frequencies in the blood of RA patients that respond to biologic anti-TNFα agents than in non-responders. This is in contrast to non-responder patients who have higher frequencies of Th17 lymphocytes. Our data may suggest that RA patients could be stratified into responder and non-responder patients to treatment with biologic anti-TNFα based on the T lymphocyte subset that is involved in their disease. Further, measurement of GM-CSF and IL-17 could be useful in identifying responder/non-responder patients prior to treatment. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> : None declared <h3>DOI</h3> 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.4637
The AdVance Transobturator Male Sling for Postprostatectomy Incontinence: Clinical Results of a Prospective Evaluation after a Minimum Follow-up of 6 Months
Authors: Jean-Nicolas Cornu, Philippe Sèbe, Calin Ciofu, Laurence Peyrat, Sébastien Beley, Mohammed Tligui, Bertrand Lukacs, Olivier Traxer, Olivier Cussenot, Francois Haab
Journal: European Urology (2009)
THE MANAGEMENT OF FEVER IN GENERAL.
Authors: AUGUSTUS A. ESHNER
Journal: JAMA (1903)

In the present state of knowledge fever must be looked on as a symptom-complex resulting from some derangement of the bodily chemistry, from some disturbance in metabolic equilibrium, which may be brought about in a variety of ways. The causative factors may be generated within the body, or they may be introduced from without, in either event operating through the agency of the nervous system. Thus, fever may result from the retention within the body of the excrementitious products of retrogressive metamorphosis, as in cases of uremia; in consequence of profound changes in the blood, as in cases of anemia; from exposure to intense heat, as in cases of insolation; and it occurs readily in children—in whom the nervous system is notoriously unstable—on slight provocation, such as gastrointestinal derangement and even emotional influences. Most commonly, however, fever is due to changes secondary to infective processes—in other words, to the
Influence of Selection of Patients on Results of Clinical Trials
Authors: J. P. Leff
Journal: BMJ (1973)

The hypothesis is advanced that any population of patients can be divided into those with a good prognosis, a poor prognosis, and an intermediate prognosis in respect to a particular treatment. The outcome of a clinical trial of treatment will be partly determined by the proportion of patients selected for the trial from each of these prognostic groups. The implications of the hypothesis are illustrated by consideration of three recent trials of treatment for psychiatric patients.