tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
On the function of muscle and reflex partitioning
Authors: Uwe Windhorst, Thomas M. Hamm, Douglas G. Stuart
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1989)

Abstract Studies have shown that in the mammalian neuromuscular system stretch reflexes are localized within individual muscles. Neuromuscular compartmentalization, the partitioning of sensory output from muscles, and the partitioning of segmental pathways to motor nuclei have also been demonstrated. This evidence indicates that individual motor nuclei and the muscles they innervate are not homogeneous functional units. An analysis of the functional significance of reflex localization and partitioning suggests that segmental control mechanisms are based on subdivisions of motor nuclei–muscle complexes. A partitioned organization of segmental control mechanisms could utilize (1) the potential functional diversity of muscle fiber types, (2) the variety of mechanical actions of individual muscles arising from their distributed origins and insertions, and (3) diverse architectural features such as intramuscular variations in pinnation and complex in-series and in-parallel arrangements of muscle fibers. The differentiated activity observed in some muscles during natural movements also calls for localized segmental control mechanisms. Partitioning may also play a role in mechanical interactions between contracting motor units and in increasing the stability of neuromuscular systems. The functional advantages of reflex localization and partitioning suggest they are probably common features of segmental systems, whose organization reflects the structure and function of their associated neuromuscular systems.
INFLUENZAL MENINGITIS: REPORT OF A CASE WITH COMPLETE RECOVERY
Authors: Benjamin B. Rittenberg
Journal: JAMA (1934)

The reasons for reporting this case of influenzal meningitis are twofold: first, such cases are comparatively rare, and, second, the patient made a complete recovery. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> H. Z., a girl, aged 8 years, on the morning of February 8 complained of a headache, which had been present since her evening meal the night before. A tentative diagnosis of a gastric upset was made and treatment prescribed. The following day, about thirty-six hours after the onset, after a careful examination, the only manifestation that could be elicited was a suggestion of nuchal rigidity. She had vomited that morning. A spinal puncture revealed cloudy fluid under a great deal of pressure, with a cell count of 1,300. The patient was then sent to the St. Agnes Hospital. The past medical and family histories contained nothing of importance in relation to the illness. On examination the child was mentally alert. There
Abstract 4075: Chemoresistant colorectal cancer cells exhibit high glycolytic activity
Authors: Federico Tozzi, Yunfei Zhou, Jinyu Chen, Debashish Bose, Fan Fan, Ling Xia, Jinrong Wang, Heather Brusher, William Widger, Lee M. Ellis, Zhang Waihua
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Overcoming drug resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) requires an understanding the mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to the genotoxic stress. We established oxaliplatin resistant CRC cells derived from HCT116 and HT29 cell lines (HCT116 OxR and HT29 OxR) (Yang AD et al, Clin Ca Res, 2007). The mechanisms by which these resistant clones reprogram their energy metabolism to gain a survival advantage remain unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that chemoresistant CRC cells would exhibit altered cellular metabolism in order to survive following chronic genotoxic stress. Methods: The expression level of the glycolytic enzymes Glut1, hexokinase II (HK2), LDHA and HIF1α were detected by Western Blotting. Glucose uptake and lactate production was calculated by measuring the concentration of glucose and lactate in the culture media. Intracellular ATP/ADP levels, oxygen consumption and mitochondria ATP production were quantified. An in vivo xenograft study was used to compare the growth rate and angiogenesis of parental and oxaliplatin-resistant cells. Results: Compared with the parental cells, both HT29-OxR and HCT116-OxR cells exhibited a metabolic phenotype with increased glycolysis as reflected by increased glucose uptake and lactate production. Glycolytic enzymes were upregulated in resistant cells including Glut1, HK2 and LDHA. HIF1α expression and VEGF levels in the conditioned media were increased in the resistant cells. The mitochondria of OxR cells demonstrated defective complex I/II substrate ATP production despite increased cellular oxygen consumption. Importantly, the OxR cells maintain higher levels of intracellular ATP and ATP/ADP ratio indicating a metabolic switch to glycolysis. In a tumor xenograft model, HT29 OxR cells grew significantly slower than parental HT29 cells. Interestingly, when OxR cells were mixed with parental HT29 cells (50:50 and 90:10), tumor growth and microvessel counts were significantly increased. Conclusion: Oxaliplatin-resistant cells demonstrated: 1) high aerobic glycolytic activity, 2) an increase in HIF1α and glycolytic enzymes, and 3) defective mitochondria function. This metabolic switch provides more ATP production and likely contributes to the chemoresistant phenotype. Altering energy metabolism may provide a novel strategy to overcome drug-resistance in CRC cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4075. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4075
Clinical and mutational characteristics of X-linked agammaglobulinemia and its carrier identified by flow cytometric assessment combined with genetic analysis
Authors: Hirokazu Kanegane, Takeshi Futatani, Yue Wang, Keiko Nomura, Kentaro Shinozaki, Hiroyoshi Matsukura, Takeo Kubota, Satoshi Tsukada, Toshio Miyawaki
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2001)
A CLINICAL METHOD OF VENOUS PRESSURE DETERMINATION
Authors: Harold F. Robertson
Journal: JAMA (1933)

In congestive heart failure, the venous pressure reading is of inestimable value. This determination offers a useful means of rating cardiovascular insufficiency. Under normal conditions the heart transports as much blood as comes to it, and there is merely a temporary rise of venous pressure. In cardiac decompensation, however, the load of the heart exceeds its physiologic response. It cannot convey into the arterial circulation the blood that comes to it from the venous circulation. Venous engorgement and stasis result, with a consequent failure of the ventricles. The increased burden on the heart produces cardiac dilatation with consequent heart failure. It has been shown experimentally that the decompensated heart needs more oxygen than the normal heart, whereas under the foregoing conditions its supply of oxygen is actually lessened. The coronary circulation is decreased, which further lowers cardiac efficiency. Venesection, in such instances, may prove a life-saving measure. Eyster<sup>1</sup>states:
Objectively monitored patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia: randomised trial
Authors: Catherine E Stewart, David A Stephens, Alistair R Fielder, Merrick J Moseley
Journal: BMJ (2007)

<b>Objectives</b> To compare visual outcome in response to two prescribed rates of occlusion (six hours a day and 12 hours a day). <b>Design</b> Unmasked randomised trial. <b>Setting</b> Research clinics in two London hospitals. <b>Participants</b> 97 children with a confirmed diagnosis of amblyopia associated with strabismus, anisometropia, or both. <b>Interventions</b>: 18 week period of wearing glasses (refractive adaptation) followed by occlusion prescribed (“patching”) for six or 12 hours a day. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Visual acuity measured by logMAR letter recognition; objectively monitored rate of occlusion (hours a day). <b>Results</b> The mean age of children at study entry was 5.6 (SD 1.5) years. Ninety were eligible for occlusion but 10 dropped out in this phase, leaving 80 children who were randomised to a prescribed dose rate of six (n=40) or 12 (n=40) hours a day. The mean change in visual acuity of the amblyopic eye was not significantly different (P=0.64) between the two groups (0.26 (95% confidence interval 0.21 to 0.31) log units in six hour group; 0.24 (0.19 to 0.29) log units in 12 hour group). The mean dose rates (hours a day) actually received, however, were also not significantly different (4.2 (3.7 to 4.7) in six hour group <i>v</i> 6.2 (5.1 to 7.3) in 12 hour group; P=0.06). The visual outcome was similar for those children who received three to six hours a day or more than six to 12 hours a day, but significantly better than that in children who received less than three hours a day. Children aged under 4 required significantly less occlusion than older children. Visual outcome was not influenced by type of amblyopia. <b>Conclusions</b> Substantial (six hours a day) and maximal (12 hours a day) prescribed occlusion results in similar visual outcome. On average, the occlusion dose received in the maximal group was only 50% more than in the substantial group and in both groups was much less than that prescribed. Younger children required the least occlusion. <b>Trials registration</b> Clinical Trials NCT00274664.
Cardiovascular risk guidelines and transparency
Authors: E. Davies
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The importance of transparency with regards to author and industry ties when publishing research is paramount. The degree of disclosure and what exactly constitutes a competing interest will vary by author and journal, but its impact on independence, either perceived or real, is universally acknowledged.

Also acknowledged but far less widely discussed are the interests of those sitting on clinical guideline panels and the lack of consensus on what is acceptable is a problem. While many guideline panels will base their …
Interaction between alpha 2-adrenergic and angiotensin II systems in the control of glomerular hemodynamics as assessed by renal micropuncture in the rat.
Authors: S C Thomson, F B Gabbai, B J Tucker, R C Blantz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

The hypothesis that renal alpha 2 adrenoceptors influence nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) via interaction with angiotensin II (AII) was tested by renal micropuncture. The physical determinants of SNGFR were assessed in adult male Munich Wistar rats 5-7 d after ipsilateral surgical renal denervation (DNX). DNX was performed to isolate inhibitory central and presynaptic alpha 2 adrenoceptors from end-organ receptors within the kidney. Two experimental protocols were employed: one to test whether prior AII receptor blockade with saralasin would alter the glomerular hemodynamic response to alpha 2 adrenoceptor stimulation with the selective agonist B-HT 933 under euvolemic conditions, and the other to test whether B-HT 933 would alter the response to exogenous AII under conditions of plasma volume expansion. In euvolemic rats, B-HT 933 caused SNGFR to decline as the result of a decrease in glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (LpA), an effect that was blocked by saralasin. After plasma volume expansion, B-HT 933 showed no primary effect on LpA but heightened the response of arterial blood pressure, glomerular transcapillary pressure gradient, and LpA to AII. The parallel results of these converse experiments suggest a complementary interaction between renal alpha 2-adrenergic and AII systems in the control of LpA.
Abstract 5515: Design and synthesis of releasable folate-drug conjugates possessing optimized carbohydrate-based spacer units
Authors: Iontcho R. Vlahov, Hari Krishna R. Santhapuram, Yu Wang, Fei You, Paul J. Kleindl, Mingjin Fan, Jeremy F. Vaughn, Spencer J. Han, Christopher P. Leamon
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The spacer region of releasable folate-drug conjugates may play an important role in “tailoring” the properties of the molecules for targeted therapies by: 1) modulating the affinity toward the folate receptor, 2) providing desirable hydrophilicity, and 3) changing dramatically the biological properties. Herein we describe the design and synthesis of a variety of novel carbohydrate-based spacers mimicking a peptidic backbone. After carefully optimizing the chemical structure of the carbohydrate units, we incorporated such spacers in a folate-containing molecular systems using standard solid phase synthesis (SPS). The synthetic utility of this elegant and innovative approach was exemplified by creating novel releasable folate conjugates of single cytotoxic agents, e.g. Tubulysin-Folate conjugate (currently in preclinical development) and Vinblastine-Folate conjugate, (already in clinical development). Furthermore, using the same powerful method, we synthesized several constructs containing a rational combination of two drugs (e.g. Vinblastine and Doxorubicin) attached to a single folate-targeting ligand via a dual-headed releasable Spacer-Linker system. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5515.
The role of chemerin in the colocalization of NK and dendritic cell subsets into inflamed tissues
Authors: Silvia Parolini, Amerigo Santoro, Emanuela Marcenaro, Walter Luini, Luisa Massardi, Fabio Facchetti, David Communi, Marc Parmentier, Alessandra Majorana, Marina Sironi, Giovanna Tabellini, Alessandro Moretta, Silvano Sozzani
Journal: Blood (2007)
Pulmonary response to hyperoxia: effects of magnesium.
Authors: H V Dedhia, D E Banks
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Animals and humans rapidly develop respiratory failure and die within a few days when exposed to 100% oxygen. Postmortem examination of the lungs shows histopathologic features characteristic of diffuse alveolar damage, clinically recognized as adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). At the present time, there is no effective therapy available to alter outcomes in ARDS. Importantly, hypomagnesemia also is frequently observed in critically ill patients at risk of developing ARDS. In a model of hyperoxic lung injury, rats were exposed to 100% oxygen for 48, 64, and 96 hr and several experiments were performed. First, changes in the features of bronchoalveolar lavage and in alveolar macrophage function were compared in rats exposed to room air and those exposed to hyperoxia. Second, we studied the effect of hypomagnesemia on the severity of hyperoxic lung injury. Third, we evaluated the pulmonary responses to high-dose and normal-dose Mg therapy in rats exposed to hyperoxia. In all groups, hyperoxia induced significant changes in the total and differential cell counts with increased lipid peroxidation of lavaged cells, enhanced chemiluminescence from alveolar macrophages, and protein leakage into the alveolar spaces. After 48 hr of hyperoxia, oxygen-free radical formation and hydrogen peroxide production by the alveolar macrophage were diminished compared to baseline, implying a toxic effect of hyperoxia on the alveolar macrophages. Overall, hypomagnesemia tended to magnify the degree of hyperoxic lung injury, while high-dose Mg therapy tended to attenuate the effects of hyperoxia. In conclusion, in this animal model of diffuse alveolar damage, alterations in host serum magnesium levels may modulate the degree of lung damage.
Drive to boost health checks in England is criticised
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The government is pushing to get more people aged 40 to 74 years to undergo health checks after finding patchy implementation of its policy and uptake rates of around just 50%.

However, specialists in public health are concerned that the checks are ineffective and may lead to unnecessary tests and treatment.

John Middleton, vice president of the UK Faculty of Public Health, told the BMJ that the “jury is still out on health checks.” He added, “This is a route through which people are being foisted with unnecessary tests and private sector involvement.”

He said that plain packaging of tobacco products, a minimum price on a unit of alcohol, a sugar tax, and standards for school meals were all very low cost policies that the government could have adopted instead of health checks and that their benefits would have been seen across “a very wide population.”

The Labour government introduced health checks in …
Heart Failure Due to Extreme Obesity
Authors: Morris J. Seide
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

OBESITY is known to cause many complications ("Corpulency is not only a disease itself, but a harbinger of others"1). In the past, associated cardiopulmonary failure has rarely been recognized. Many reported cases that fit the description have been misdiagnosed2 3 4 5 6 although the association was recognized at least twenty-one years ago in the American literature.7 Interest has recently revived,8 9 10 11 12 13 14 especially since the report of Burwell et al.,9 who quote Dickens's excellent description in the Pickwick Papers and attach the startling appellation "Pickwickian syndrome." The syndrome is probably more common than previous authors appreciated. Physicians must be alert to its existence since . . .
The choreography of cyclooxygenases in the kidney
Authors: G.A. FitzGerald
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Consideration of the cardiovascular effects of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition has generated much heat and some light since the emergence of selective inhibitors of COX2 onto the US market in January 1999.COX2 inhibitors have gained an increasingly dominant share of the prescription market for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), currently dividing yearly sales of over $6 billion among three products: celecoxib, rofecoxib, and valdecoxib.Approval of these first three coxibs was based on their superiority over conventional NSAIDs (which inhibit both COX1 and COX2) in surrogate studies of endoscopically visualized gastric ulceration.Gastric epithelial COX1 is thought to generate the prostaglandins (PGs) -PGE 2 and prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) -that afford cytoprotection, while COX2 is thought to be the dominant source of PGs -interestingly, also PGE 2 and PGI 2 -that mediate pain and inflammation (1).The results of the Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research (VIGOR) study (2) verified the COX2 hypothesis.More than 8,000 patients, mostly with rheumatoid arthritis, were randomized to receive therapeutically equivalent doses of rofecoxib or naproxen, a traditional NSAID.The incidence of prespecified primary and secondary clinical endpoints reflecting ulceration and its complications was significantly reduced, from around 4% on naproxen to around 2% on the COX2 inhibitor.Perhaps surprisingly, the incidence of cardiovascular events diverged between the groups, with an almost fivefold difference in the incidence of myocardial infarction.
Clinical comparison of frusemide with bendrofluazide, mersalyl, and ethacrynic acid.
Authors: J. H. Stewart, K. D. Edwards
Journal: BMJ (1965)

The ulcer crater disappeared completely in 81% of the cases after six weeks and in 92 % after 12 weeks of carbenoxolone.The dose used in the trial was 100 mg.thrice daily for the first week and 50 mg.thrice daily for the second and subsequent weeks.Treatment should be continued until the ulcer has been shown radiologically to have healed.After complete healing a maintenance dose should be prescribed to prevent recurrence.Attention is also drawn to the drug's side-effects, which occurred in 35 % of patients, and of which salt-and-water retention is the most important.The side-effects led to the introduction of a five-or six-day regime in which carbenoxolone was omitted on one or both days at the week-end in those at risk.Since the introduction of this regime side-effects have been much less marked and less frequent.Carbenoxolone has a specific effect, facilitating the healing of gastric ulcer, and is not merely yet another symptomatic measure.We are grateful to the physicians of Whiston Hospital for their help and for allowing us to treat patients under their care; to Dr. S. Gottfried for his assistance; to Biorex Laboratories Ltd. for
Potential Risk of a Common Hereditary Thrombophilia and Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Low-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Susan F. Ely
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Since the use of hormonal agents in combination with radiation therapy is likely to continue into the foreseeable future, we concur with Drs Whelan and Levine that the onus is on investigators to answer such questions in as rigorous a manner as possible.This would, in our opinion, include clinical end points of local control, cosmesis, and complications, accompanied by well-designed companion molecular studies which can help to explain the results.
Urticaria induced by preservatives and dye additives in food and drugs
Authors: GERD MICHAELSSON, LENNART JUHLIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1973)

Fifty-two patients with recurrent urticaria or angio-oedema and thirty-three controls have been provoked with five different food dyes and the preservatives sodium benzoate and 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid, as well as aspirin, sulphanilic acid and a placebo. The reaction was judged as positive in thirty-nine patients who developed urticaria within 14 h. Of these, thirty-five reacted to aspirin, twenty-seven to benzoic acid compounds and twenty-seven to azo dyes. The four patients who did not have urticaria after aspirin, reacted with urticaria to benzoic acid compounds, and three of them to azo dyes. No definite pattern for the reaction to the different azo dyes was seen. None had an urticarial reaction from sulphanilic acid, Patent Blue (a non-azo dye) or placebo. The doses of additives used in the provocation tests are easily exceeded in daily life by the consumption of foods and drugs. Recurrences of urticaria could be prevented through the avoidance of food and drugs containing azo dyes and preservatives.
An Epidemiologic Model for Diabetes Mellitus: Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality
Authors: William H Herman, Pomeroy Sinnock, Eric Brenner, Jerry L Brimberry, Dorothy Langford, Allyn Nakashima, Stephen J Sepe, Steven M Teutsch, Roger S Mazze
Journal: Diabetes Care (1984)

An epidemiologic model is developed to describe the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of diabetes. Available data are reviewed, analyzed, and applied to the model. The model provides a framework for understanding diabetes on a population basis, and is useful in identifying needs and facilitating health care planning.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF EPIDIDYMITIS
Authors: RICHARD L. COOK
Journal: JAMA (1918)

The question of venereal disease in the Army since the outbreak of the present war has been an all absorbing one. Special attention has been paid to cleaning up the various training centers, and this has accomplished a great deal; but we still have the acute gonorrheal infection with its complications. In this brief paper, I am going to deal only with the acute and subacute gonorrheal epididymitis. I have had the opportunity of observing and operating on 276 patients since entering on my duties at Fort Sam Houston as chief of the genito-urinary service. There are many advocates of the nonoperative treatment, which utilizes only palliative measures and in no way cures the condition. It is advanced that men can be returned to duty sooner; but I do not agree with this, as I have returned them to duty as soon as the stitches were removed. The average time