tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Imitation as a conjunction
Authors: Cecilia Heyes
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract The conjunctive conception takes imitation to be a combination of observational learning and copying. In the target article, and elsewhere, this conception generates problems in (1) explaining the copying of intransitive actions, (2) elucidating the potential functions of imitation, and (3) recognising when the correspondence problem has been avoided rather than solved. Hurley's careful use of subpersonal and personal levels of explanation shows us how to tackle these and other questions about imitation.
Blocking α2 integrins on rat CC531s colon carcinoma cells prevents operation-induced augmentation of liver metastases outgrowth
Authors: Gerben J. van der Bij, Steven J. Oosterling, Marijn Bögels, Farien Bhoelan, Donna M. Fluitsma, Robert H. J. Beelen, Sybren Meijer, Marjolein van Egmond
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Currently, an operation is the only curative option for patients with colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, many patients will develop liver metastases even after successful resection of the primary tumor. Removal of primary colorectal carcinoma may paradoxically increase the risk of metastases development, because accumulating evidence suggests that surgical trauma can stimulate tumor growth. In the present study, we investigated the effects of abdominal trauma on liver metastases development. Surgical trauma dramatically increased adhesion of tumor cells in the liver, leading to enhanced outgrowth of metastases. Endothelial stress was observed rapidly after an operation, suggesting that abdominal trauma resulted in impairment of blood vessel integrity. Tumor cells preferentially adhered to extracellular matrix (ECM). Furthermore, preincubation of tumor cells with anti-alpha2 integrin antibodies completely reverted operation-induced augmentation of CC531s adhesion and liver metastases outgrowth. As such, we postulate that blood vessel integrity in the liver is compromised after abdominal trauma, resulting in enhanced ECM exposure, which enables tumor cell adhesion and metastases outgrowth.Perioperative treatments that either aim to reduce endothelial stress or block the interaction between tumor cells and ECM represent promising new therapeutic strategies for the prevention of liver metastases development after resection of the primary tumor.
Cholestasis and lesions of the biliary tract in chronic pancreatitis.
Authors: H Sarles, J Sahel
Journal: Gut (1978)

Progress reportCholestasis and lesions of the biliary tract in chronic pancreatitisThe occurrence of jaundice in the course of chronic pancreatitis has been recognised since the 19th century" 2. But in the early papers it is uncertain whether the cases were due to acute, acute relapsing, or to chronic pan- creatitis, or even to pancreatic cancer associated with pancreatitis or benign ampullary stenosis.With the introduction of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreato- graphy (ERCP), there has been a renewed interest in the biliary complica- tions of chronic pancreatitis (CP).However, papers published recently by endoscopists have generally neglected the cholangiographic aspect of the lesions and are less precise and less well documented than papers published just after the second world war, following the introduction of manometric cholangiography3-5.Furthermore, the description of obstructive jaundice due to chronic pancreatitis, classical 20 years ago, seems to have been forgotten until the recent papers. Radiological aspects of bile ducts in chronic pancreatitisIf one limits the subject to primary diseases of the pancreas, particularly chronic calcifying pancreatitis (CCP)6, excluding chronic pancreatitis secondary to benign ampullary stenosis7, cancer obstructing the main pancreatic duct8 9 and acute relapsing pancreatitis secondary to gallstones'0 the most.commonradiological aspect of the main bile duct" is type I choledocus (Figure).This description has been repeatedly confirmed'2"13.It is a long stenosis of the intra-or retropancreatic part of the main bile duct.The length of this segment is variable.It is long when the papilla is in the third part of the duodenal loop, short when it is in the upper part of the second duodenum or in the duodenal cap.The effect on bile flow is variable.In mild cases, when the contrast medium is injected into the gallbladder or the hepatic duct, the pressure necessary for it to pass into the duodenum may be in the physiological range.When the stricture is severe, abnormally high pressures are necessary (30 to 35 cm of water", always less than 23 cm of water'3).But in contrast with cancer, it is always possible to visualise the entire bile duct and the duodenum.Above the stricture, while the common bile duct may be normal, it is generally moderately dilated.Exceptionally, this dilatation may be as great as in cancer and, in two cases reported", resulted in cystic dilatation of the bile ducts.The gallbladder and cystic duct may be distended but usually to a lesser extent than in cancer".The sphincter of Oddi was immobile and patulous, offering no resistance to the passage of the contrast medium.This probably explains the fact that
Whole-Body Tc-99m Sestamibi Scintigraphy in the Follow-up of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: PAULO ALMEIDA-FILHO, GREGORY C. RAVIZZINI, CRISTIANA ALMEIDA, SALVADOR BORGES-NETO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2000)

Purpose This study evaluated the potential of Tc-99m sestamibi whole-body scan (WBMIBI) as an alternative to whole-body I-131 scan (WBI) for the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Materials and Methods We evaluated 99 consecutive patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma who had total or nearly total thyroidectomy followed by an ablative dose of I-131 (86 women, 13 men; mean age, 44 ± 12 years). WBMIBI was performed and serum thyroglobulin (TG) levels were obtained at least 6 months after I-131 treatment. All persons were receiving levothyroxine therapy. Results From the total of 110 studies performed, WBMIBI and TG were in agreement in 96% and discordant in 4%. From the 27 crossed studies (WBMIBI × TG) with at least one abnormal result, 16 were compared with WBI. In four cases, the WBI did not reveal functioning thyroid tissue when both TG and WBMIBI indicated tumoral activity. In one case of pulmonary metastasis confirmed by chest radiographs, with a normal TG value, the results of both WBMIBI and WBI were positive. Conclusions WBMIBI should be considered as a scintigraphic method in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. This technique can show the sites of tumoral activity with optimal image resolution, particularly in those with abnormal TG and negative WBI results, and it is a potentially valuable tool in patients with anti-TG antibodies. The WBI in patients having ablation should be reserved only for therapy planning.
418. AAV-Mediated sFLT-1 Gene Therapy for Ocular Neovascularization: Longevity, Toxicity and Efficacy Results from Mice and Monkeys
Authors: E.P. Rakoczy, C.M. Lai, W.Y. Shen, M. Brankov, N. Barnett, S.Y. Lee, S.G. Leaver, I. Yeo, C.L. Ang, I.J. Constable
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy, longevity and toxicity of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of sFlt-1 in the mouse model of retinal neovascularization (trVEGF029) and in the laser induced monkey model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Methods: rAAV.sFLT was injected subretinally into trVEGF029 mouse (n=26) and monkey (n=4) eyes. 16 months post-injection of rAAV CNV was induced in monkey eyes by laser photocoagulation. Fluorescence angiography, histology and immunological techniques were used to measure the efficacy, longevity and toxicity of the viral construct. Results: Transgene expression was maintained for at least 8 and 17 months post-injection in mice and monkeys, respectively. The expression of sFlt-1 was associated with the long- term (8 months) regression of neovascular vessels in 85% of trVEGF029 eyes. The majority of the treated trVEGF029 eyes (75%) retained high numbers of photoreceptors. AAV-mediated expression of sFlt-1 prevented the development of laser photocoagulation-induced CNV in all treated monkey eyes. There were no clinically or histologically detectable signs of toxicity present in either models following AAV.sFlt injection. Conclusion: The AAV vector was well tolerated for an extended period of time in eyes of both mice and monkeys. In addition, the AAV-mediated secretion of sFlt-1, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) blocker, significantly improved the appearance of neovascularisation. These results suggest that AAV-mediated secretion gene therapy has potential for treating retinal and choroidal neovascularization in chronic human diseases. Steps are currently underway at the Lions Eye Institute to commence phase I human gene therapy trials.
Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Interacts With Fibrinogen-β and Attenuates Cytokine Stimulated Acute-Phase Response
Authors: Malika Ait-Goughoulte, Arup Banerjee, Keith Meyer, Budhaditya Mazumdar, Kousuke Saito, Ratna B. Ray, Ranjit Ray
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Fibrinogen-β (FBG-β), an important acute-phase protein (APP), is generated by the liver as a target for inflammatory mediators. Here we identified FBG-β as a hepatitis C virus (HCV) core interacting protein by screening a human liver complementary DNA (cDNA) library using mammalian two-hybrid analysis. An association between FBG-β and HCV core protein was verified by confocal microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation from the transfected human hepatocyte (Huh-7) cell line. HCV core or genomic RNA transfected Huh-7 cells modestly increased FBG-β protein expression when compared to the basal level in control hepatocytes. Transfection of HCV core or full-length (FL) gene into Huh-7 cells up-regulated basal FBG-β promoter activity. Exogenous addition of IL-6 stimulates FBG-β promoter activity in hepatocytes. However, ectopic expression of HCV core or FL in hepatocytes inhibited IL-6-stimulated FBG-β promoter activation. Inhibition of endogenous FBG-β expression following introduction of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into cells displayed a gain of function of promoter regulation by HCV core protein. Further studies suggested that HCV core gene expression in stable transfectants of Huh-7 cells resulted in a basal up-regulation of FBG-β and other APPs. However, treatment with cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), or tumor necrosis factor-α repressed FBG-β and other acute-phase response (APR) genes. Conclusion: Our results reveal that the core/FBG-β interaction may act as a regulatory feedback, allowing repression of IL-6-stimulated APR genes. Together, these data suggested a network of interactions between HCV core and the hepatic APR genes, and may contribute to impaired innate immunity for viral persistence. (Hepatology 2010.)
P35 IS THE VASOPRESSIN RELEASE THE CRUCIAL FACTOR IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERVOLEMIC HYPONATREMIA IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS AND ASCITES?
Authors: S. Piano, E. Gola, A. Sticca, F. Morando, M. Cavallin, S. Rosi, M. Stanco, A. Romano, S. Fasolato, A. Gatta, P. Angeli
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Do the Poor Sue More?
Authors: Richard Saitz
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —As a primary care physician in a public hospital, I have found most patients to be appreciative of the free care they receive. It has always been my impression that poor and uninsured patients are less likely to sue for malpractice. This leads me to hypothesize that practice setting and payment arrangements may influence the likelihood of a lawsuit, with fewer suits in a public hospital setting where payment for services is often not a part of the physician-patient relationship.  In the study by Burstin et al, 1 was there any evidence that the ownership of the hospital (ie, public or private) was a modifier of the association between patient income or payer and malpractice claims? Perhaps the poor are more likely to sue when cared for in a private hospital setting and less likely to do so in a public hospital setting.
Relapse of Fungal Meningitis Associated with Contaminated Methylprednisolone
Authors: Rachel M. Smith, Margaret Tipple, Muddasar N. Chaudry, Melissa K. Schaefer, Benjamin J. Park
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

A recent outbreak of Exserohilum rostratum meningitis was associated with contaminated methylprednisolone. In this report, a patient with outbreak-associated fungal meningitis had a relapse soon after completing more than 4 months of antifungal therapy.
At Third Meeting, Menopause Experts Make the Most of Insufficient Data
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1992)

SOME CREDIT the aging of the "baby boomers" for the recent explosion of interest in menopause, a subject formerly treated with intense neglect. The large number of women who were born in the decade following World War II are now approaching the age of last menses. In the next two decades, approximately 40 million American women will pass through menopause and have to deal with the problems and increased health risks that often follow the end of a woman's reproductive years. These large numbers, as well as the recent awareness that medical research has neglected many women's health issues, have moved menopause under public and scientific spotlights. <h3>Climacteric Medicine</h3> Evidence of the rapid growth of interest in menopausal or climacteric medicine is reflected by the jump in attendance from approximately 300 clinicians, researchers, and educators who attended the first annual meeting of the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) in 1989,
Pericardial Calcification Noted Long after Sydenham's Chorea
Authors: R. Arthur Bouwman, Rob J.M. Strack van Schijndel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

A 76-year-old native Dutch woman was admitted to our intensive care unit for hemodynamic monitoring after undergoing vulvectomy and inguinal lymph-node dissection for vulvar carcinoma. Preoperative evaluation had revealed a history of deep venous thrombosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atrial fibrillation, with a slightly reduced tolerance for exercise (New York Heart Association functional class II) and peripheral edema. There was no known history of mitral-valve disease and no murmur on examination. Previous cataract surgery and drainage of a subdural hematoma had been performed with no complications. Two chest radiographs (Panels A and B) and a computed tomographic scan (Panel . . .
Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow with multiple colored microspheres.
Authors: P Kowallik, R Schulz, B D Guth, A Schade, W Paffhausen, R Gross, G Heusch
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND The use of radioactive microspheres (RM) for the measurement of regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) is limited and inaccessible to many investigators due to radiation safety concerns and radioactive waste disposal problems. Therefore, a new method for the measurement of RMBF using colored microspheres (CM) was developed. METHODS AND RESULTS Polystyrene spheres (diameter, 15 +/- 0.1 [SD] micron; density, 1.09 g/ml) were dyed with one of five colors. With the injection of CM into the left atrium or into a coronary perfusion line, RMBF and its distribution can be determined. CM are extracted from the myocardium and blood by digestion with potassium hydroxide and subsequent microfiltration. The dyes are then recovered from the CM within a defined volume of a solvent, and their concentrations are determined by spectrophotometry. The separation of composite absorbance spectra by spectrophotometry with the CM technique was as good as the separation of energy spectra by a gamma-counter using the RM technique. Leaching of dye from the CM was less than 0.1% during a 2-month period in vitro. Significant leaching of dye from the microspheres also did not occur during 8 hours in the blood and myocardium of four anesthetized dogs in vivo. For further validation of this method, pairs of CM and RM (15.5 +/- 0.1 [SD] microns) were simultaneously injected under five different RMBF conditions (range, 0-10 ml/[min.g]) into the left anterior descending coronary artery of four anesthetized pigs, with coronary inflow as a flow reference, or into the left atrium of four anesthetized dogs using aortic blood withdrawal as a reference. The relation between RMBF determined by CM and RM was CM = 0.01 + 1.00.RM (r = 0.98, n = 1,080 data points) in the pigs, and CM = -0.19 + 0.92.RM (r = 0.97, n = 1,813 data points) in the dogs. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of RMBF with CM yields values very similar to those of RM. Their use is less expensive and avoids all the disadvantages related to radioactivity, thus offering an alternative method for as many as five RMBF measurements in a single experiment.
Treating Pain in Patients with Drug-dependence Problems
Authors: J. C. Ballantyne
Journal: BMJ (2013)

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### Overview

Reasonably one can be concerned in patients with known drug dependence that their dependence will interfere with pain treatment, particularly treatment of pain with opioids. Concerns centre mainly on fears of addiction relapse when patients are given addictive drugs in the medical setting, but there may also be issues with drug interactions, with dosing for active users or with drug seeking for recreational use. Drug dependence does not preclude using addictive drugs during medical treatment of pain, but it does introduce several complications that must be considered when treating these patients. The acute pain, pain at the end of life and chronic pain situations are different, and are treated as separate entities in this chapter. The chapter focuses on dependence during chronic pain treatment, since this is where most of the complexities of concurrent pain and substance dependence arise.

Much effort has been placed towards developing uniform criteria and descriptors for addiction, so that it becomes a recognised …
Brain Sciences in Psychiatry
Authors: J. Raymond DePaulo
Journal: JAMA (1983)

This textbook and study guide were written for psychiatrists preparing for the membership examination of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, London. It would seem that British psychiatrists are required to understand more about brain sciences than were their American counterparts six years ago, when this reviewer took his board examination. Beyond its limited primary purpose, the text's value lies in its coherent and brief presentation of neuroscience topics relevant to clinical psychiatry. These range from "Cells of the Central Nervous System" to "Schizophrenia." Because of the book's brevity, no topic can be given the depth of coverage that a senior psychiatrist would wish if he or she were going to study a particular area, eg, the neuroendocrinology of psychiatric disorders. A more serious criticism is that the decision to provide a reading list in lieu of specific references to original sources makes it difficult for the reader to pursue a
Cutaneous and gastrointestinal mastocytosis associated with cerebral toxoplasmosis
Authors: None Koeppel, None Abitan, None Angeli, None Lafon, None Pelletier, None Sayag
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

A patient with systemic cutaneous and gastrointestinal mastocytosis and associated meningoencephalitic toxoplasmosis is reported. The simultaneous occurrence of the two conditions and their regression after treatment of the toxoplasmosis suggest a possible relationship between the mast cell proliferation and the parasitic infection. Mast cell activation and stimulation may be transitory in response to a stimulus, causing reactional mastocytosis.
Nonfasting Plasma Total Homocysteine Levels and Stroke Incidence in Elderly Persons: The Framingham Study
Authors: Andrew G. Bostom, Irwin H. Rosenberg, Halit Silbershatz, Paul F. Jacques, Jacob Selhub, Ralph B. D'Agostino, Peter W.F. Wilson, Philip A. Wolf
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Background: Total homocysteine levels are associated with arteriosclerotic outcomes. Objective: To determine whether total homocysteine levels predict incident stroke in elderly persons. Design: Prospective population-based cohort study with 9.9 years of follow-up. Setting: Framingham, Massachusetts. Patients: 1947 Framingham Study participants (1158 women and 789 men; mean age ± SD, 70 ± 7 years). Measurements: Baseline total homocysteine levels and 9.9-year stroke incidence. Results: The quartiles of nonfasting total homocysteine levels were as follows: quartile 1, 4.13 to 9.25 µmol/L; quartile 2, 9.26 to 11.43 µmol/L; quartile 3, 11.44 to 14.23 µmol/L; quartile 4, 14.24 to 219.84 µmol/L. During follow-up, 165 incident strokes occurred. In proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and history of atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease, relative risk (RR) estimates comparing quartile 1 with the other three quartiles were as follows: quartile 2 compared with quartile 1—RR, 1.32 (95% CI, 0.81 to 2.14); quartile 3 compared with quartile 1—RR, 1.44 (CI, 0.89 to 2.34); quartile 4 compared with quartile 1—RR, 1.82 (CI, 1.14 to 2.91). The linear trend across the quartiles was significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Nonfasting total homocysteine levels are an independent risk factor for incident stroke in elderly persons.
Racial Differences in Survival From Breast Cancer
Authors: Sue A. Joslyn
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I read with great interest the article by Dr Eley and colleagues<sup>1</sup>regarding racial differences in survival from breast cancer. This investigation is one of the most complete, well-designed, and well-conducted studies to determine the nature of racial differences in breast cancer survival. The data-collection methods, management of confounding factors, and statistical analyses were exceptional. I have a question for the authors regarding frequency matching of white subjects to black subjects by age. By matching (overmatching) on this important variable, possible comparisons of age as a factor in survival were eliminated. Several studies<sup>2-4</sup>have indicated significantly younger age at diagnosis in African-American women compared with white women, along with poorer survival rates, which may indicate basic biological differences between tumors in these two groups. Age may be a major explanatory variable in survival differences between races, in addition to or instead of those found in
Atypical Presentation of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy on Tc-99m MDP Bone Scintigraphy
Authors: Vinod V. Narla, Malolan S. Rajagopalan, Tanuja Kanderi, Ashok Muthukrishnan
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPOA) is a rare disease that causes periostitis and synovitis of the long bones and joints. Although the pathogenesis of HPOA is unclear, the characteristic appearance on bone scintigraphy is well known. We report a patient who underwent Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy for severe bilateral pain in her forearms and legs. On preliminary review of the bone scan, it appeared that the patient had multiple diffuse osseous metastases. However, more careful examination of the scan revealed an atypical presentation of HPOA.
A Long-Term Study of Mortality in Men Who Have Undergone Vasectomy
Authors: Edward Giovannucci, Tor D. Tosteson, Frank E. Speizer, Martin P. Vessey, Graham A. Colditz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

Vasectomy is a reliable and widely accepted method of contraception, but there is some uncertainty and few data about a possible long-term adverse effect on health.