tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Do Postmenopausal Women With NIDDM Have a Reduced Capacity to Deposit and Conserve Lower-Body Fat?
Authors: Rachel M Stoney, Karen Z Walker, James D Best, Paul D Ireland, Graham G Giles, Kerin O'Dea
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE To compare regional body fat distribution and sex hormone status of postmenopausal women with NIDDM with those of age- and BMI-matched normoglycemic women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The regional body fat distribution and sex hormone status of 42 postmenopausal women with NIDDM were compared with those of 42 normoglycemic women matched for age and BMI, who served as control subjects. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone were measured in serum. RESULTS Although the levels of total body fat were similar between the two groups, the women with NIDDM had significantly less lower-body fat (LBF) (P &amp;lt; 0.01) than the control subjects matched for age and BMI. This pattern of fat deposition in women with NIDDM was accompanied by an androgenic hormone profile, with decreased SHBG concentration and an increased free androgen index (P &amp;lt; 0.05 and P &amp;lt; 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A reduced capacity to deposit and/or conserve LBF may be an independent factor associated with (or may be a marker of) the metabolic manifestations of the insulin resistance syndrome in women with NIDDM. The possibility that the smaller relative accumulation of LBF is a consequence of the androgenic hormonal profile should be investigated in future studies.
Fundamentals Of Impact Biomechanics: Part 2—Biomechanics of the Abdomen, Pelvis, and Lower Extremities
Authors: Albert I. King
Journal: Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering (2001)

▪ Abstract This is the second of two chapters (the first chapter appeared in the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 2000, 2:55–81) dealing with some 60 years of accumulated knowledge in the field of impact biomechanics. The regions covered in the first chapter were the head, neck, and thorax. In this chapter, the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities are discussed. The thoracolumbar spine is not covered because of length limitations and the low frequency of injury to this area from automotive accidents. Again, in the cited results, the reader needs to be keenly aware of the wide variation in human response and tolerance. This is due primarily to the large biological variations among humans and to the effects of aging. Average values that are useful in design cannot be applied to individuals.
Discrepancies between longitudinal and cross-sectional change in ventilatory function in 12 years of follow-up.
Authors: W van Pelt, G J Borsboom, B Rijcken, J P Schouten, B C van Zomeren, P H Quanjer
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

We compared the age dependence of cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in ventilatory function. FEV1, FVC, and data on chronic respiratory symptoms were obtained from 4,395 adults in a longitudinal survey of normal populations in two different areas in the Netherlands. They participated in up to five surveys at 3-yr intervals between 1972 to 1973 and 1984 to 1985. The ventilatory function in the oldest cohorts is substantially lower than might have been expected from the longitudinal change in the youngest cohorts. This holds for males and females, smokers and nonsmokers, subjects with or without symptoms, and for both survey populations. The robustness of the findings is demonstrated by various data-analytic strategies or omitting one or two of the five surveys from the analysis. Selective loss to follow-up cannot explain the discrepancy. It is concluded that the main differences between our longitudinal and cross-sectional findings may be due to a cohort effect. The implication is that in longitudinal studies of populations at risk, reference equations based on cross-sectional surveys may overestimate longitudinal change and hence lead to underestimating effects of exposure. Similarly, in clinical studies, accelerated decline in ventilatory function may be underrated if it is compared with cross-sectional standards. In older people at any one age the ventilatory function seems to improve in successive birth cohorts.
Genes Associated With Breast Cancer Metastatic to Bone
Authors: Marcel Smid, Yixin Wang, Jan G.M. Klijn, Anieta M. Sieuwerts, Yi Zhang, David Atkins, John W.M. Martens, John A. Foekens
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

The biology of tumors relapsing to bone is poorly understood. In this study, we initiated a search for genes that are implicated in tumors relapsing to bone in breast cancer.We analyzed 107 primary breast tumors in patients who were all lymph node negative at the time of diagnosis and all had experienced relapse. Total RNA isolated from frozen tumor samples was used to gather gene expression data using oligo microarrays.A panel of 69 genes was found significantly differentially expressed between patients who experienced relapse to bone versus those who experienced relapse elsewhere in the body. The most differentially expressed gene, TFF1, was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in an independent cohort (n = 122; P = .0015). Our differentially expressed genes, combined with a recently reported gene set relevant to tumors relapsing to bone in an animal model system, pointed to the involvement of the fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway in preference of tumor cells that relapse to bone. Given that patients who experience relapse to bone may benefit from bisphosphonate therapy, we developed a classifier of 31 genes, which in an independent validation set correctly predicts all tumors relapsing to bone with a specificity of 50%.Our study identifies a panel of genes relevant to bone metastasis in breast cancer. The subsequently developed classifier of tumors relapsing to bone could, after thorough confirmation on an extended number of independent samples, and in combination with our previously developed high-risk profile, provide a diagnostic tool for the recommendation of adjuvant bisphosphonate therapy in addition to endocrine therapy or chemotherapy.
Glycosylation related actions of glycodelin: gamete, cumulus cell, immune cell and clinical associations
Authors: M. Seppälä, H. Koistinen, R. Koistinen, P.C.N. Chiu, W.S.B. Yeung
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2007)

Glycodelin is an example of a glycoprotein whose complex-type glycans mediate biological actions in human reproduction and immune reactions. Being attached to an identical protein backbone, glycodelin oligosaccharides vary significantly from one reproductive tissue to another and have an effect on its own secretion and role in cell communication. For instance, uterine glycodelin-A inhibits sperm–oocyte interaction by binding on the sperm head. This is a glycosylation-dependent phenomenon, in which fucosyltransferase-5 plays a key role. Glycodelin-S from seminal plasma binds evenly around the sperm head and maintains an uncapacitated state in the spermatozoa, until the isoform is detached during sperm passage through the cervix. Glycodelin-F from follicular fluid and Fallopian tube binds to the acrosomal region of the sperm head, thereby inhibiting both the sperm–oocyte binding and premature progesterone-induced acrosome reaction. The cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte can capture glycodelin-A and -F from the surrounding environment and convert these isoforms to a cumulus cell isoform, glycodelin-C. It differs by glycosylation from the other isoforms, and it too attaches on the sperm head, with the highest density in the equatorial region. Glycodelin-C is capable of detaching the sperm-bound inhibitory isoforms so that the sperm–oocyte binding is enhanced. Glycodelin-A also has immunosuppressive actions directed to cellular, humoral and innate immunity. Although these actions depend mainly on the protein backbone, glycosylation also plays a part. Glycosylated glycodelin may be involved in the protection of spermatozoa against maternal immune reactions, and glycodelin also has apoptogenic activity. Some glycosylation patterns of glycodelin may mask its apoptogenic domain. This review updates the recent research and clinical associations of glycodelin, highlighting the role of glycosylation.
Metachronous multi-organ lesions in a jaundiced patient
Authors: H J Kim, J H Byun, S S Lee, S H Park, M-G Lee, M-H Kim, E S Yu
Journal: Gut (2008)

A 69-year-old man presented with a 2 year history of generalised weakness and a 2 week history of blood-tinged sputum. Laboratory studies, including liver and pancreas function, were normal. Antinuclear antibody was positive. Serum …
Stenting versus Endarterectomy for Treatment of Carotid-Artery Stenosis
Authors: Thomas G. Brott, Robert W. Hobson, George Howard, Gary S. Roubin, Wayne M. Clark, William Brooks, Ariane Mackey, Michael D. Hill, Pierre P. Leimgruber, Alice J. Sheffet, Virginia J. Howard, Wesley S. Moore, Jenifer H. Voeks, L. Nelson Hopkins, Donald E. Cutlip, David J. Cohen, Jeffrey J. Popma, Robert D. Ferguson, Stanley N. Cohen, Joseph L. Blackshear, Frank L. Silver, J.P. Mohr, Brajesh K. Lal, James F. Meschia
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Carotid-artery stenting and carotid endarterectomy are both options for treating carotid-artery stenosis, an important cause of stroke.
Novel LQT-3 Mutation Affects Na <sup>+</sup> Channel Activity Through Interactions Between α- and β <sub>1</sub> -Subunits
Authors: R. H. An, X. L. Wang, B. Kerem, J. Benhorin, A. Medina, M. Goldmit, R. S. Kass
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

Abstract —The congenital long-QT syndrome (LQT), an inherited cardiac arrhythmia characterized in part by prolonged ventricular repolarization, has been linked to 5 loci, 4 of which have been shown to harbor genes that encode ion channels. Previously studied LQT-3 mutations of SCN5A (or hH1), the gene that encodes the human Na + channel α-subunit, have been shown to encode voltage-gated Na + channels that reopen during prolonged depolarization and hence directly contribute to the disease phenotype: delayed repolarization. Here, we report the functional consequences of a novel SCN5A mutation discovered in an extended LQT family. The mutation, a single A→G base substitution at nucleotide 5519 of the SCN5A cDNA, is expected to cause a nonconservative change from an aspartate to a glycine at position 1790 (D1790G) of the SCN5A gene product. We investigated ion channel activity in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells transiently transfected with wild-type (hH1) or mutant (D1790G) cDNA alone or in combination with cDNA encoding the human Na + channel β 1 -subunit (hβ 1 ) using whole-cell patch-clamp procedures. Heteromeric channels formed by coexpression of α- and β 1 -subunits are affected: steady-state inactivation is shifted by –16 mV, but there is no D1790G-induced sustained inward current. This effect is independent of the β 1 -subunit isoform. We find no significant effect of D1790G on the biophysical properties of monomeric α- (hH1) channels. We conclude that the effects of the novel LQT-3 mutation on inactivation of heteromeric channels are due to D1790G-induced changes in α- and β 1 -interactions.
Degree of Portal Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Xingshun Qi, Guohong Han, Jianhong Wang, Kaichun Wu, Daiming Fan
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

We read with very great interest the prospective study1 from the European Network for Vascular Disorders of the Liver (EN-Vie) providing stronger evidence of anticoagulation for acute portal vein thrombosis (PVT) without cirrhosis than any previous retrospective studies with a smaller sample size.2-4 Despite the other clear and valuable results in the study, existence of a statistically significant difference between recanalization rate of portal vein and that of splenic or superior mesenteric vein is confusing (Table 1), and is marginal in appearance, which seems to be attributed as a plateau in 1-year recanalization over time for portal vein (recanalization did not occur beyond 6th month), but there was no apparent plateau for splenic and superior mesenteric vein (recanalization stopped in the 9th and 11th month, respectively). Is the discrepancy rational between different segments of the same portal vein system? If so, why? Perhaps one of the major reasons lies in the degree of thrombosis—complete or partial—that is missing among factors predicting recanalization, which unanimously exists in the four classical studies1-4 about anticoagulation for PVT. Naturally, the difficulty of recanalization increases with degree of thrombosis, whether acute or chronic in stage and noninvasive or invasive in management of PVT. In other words, the gap among patency of various portal venous segments would have disappeared, if the data were stratified according to complete or partial obstruction. In contrast, degree stratification is consistently involved in the studies about outcome of invasive therapies for PVT5-9 due to its close associations with operability and prognosis. Herein, diverse classifications of PVT were listed in Table 2, except for simple classification into complete and partial thrombus. Further, some classical images in our patients are demonstrated (Fig. 1) for a clear distinction between partial and complete occlusion, which are mainly characterized by partial and complete absence of flow within portal vein on color Doppler ultrasound or angiography, or a filling defect and "train track" appearance of enhancement on computed tomography.10 Complete and partial portal vein thrombosis on color Doppler ultrasound, computer tomography and angiography. Partial and complete thrombosis are represented by dotted arrow on the left (Panel A, C & E) and solid on the right (Panel B, D & F). From our perspectives, it is necessary for prediction of recanalization to accurately distinguish between complete and partial thrombosis in any study on management of PVT. Xingshun Qi*, Guohong Han*, Jianhong Wang , Kaichun Wu , Daiming Fan , * Department of Digestive Interventional Radiology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Improvement in Cholestasis–Associated Fatigue With A Serotonin Receptor Agonist Using A Novel Rat Model of Fatigue Assessment
Authors: M G Swain, M Maric
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

ABSTRACT Fatigue is a common complaint in patients with liver disease; however, the etiology of fatigue is poorly understood and no therapeutic options are available to treat it. Altered central neurotransmission, especially serotonergic, appears to play a role in the genesis of fatigue. In this study, we describe a rat model of fatigue assessment using a swim tank, and we used this model to document the degree of fatigue in rat models of cholestasis caused by bile duct resection (BDR) and of hepatitis caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration. Fatigue was quantitated as the time spent floating and struggling over a 15–minute period after placement in the swim tank, and an overall activity score was calculated. Using this technique, BDR rats exhibited significantly enhanced floating times and an overall reduction in activity score compared with noncholestatic controls ( P ≤ .01). On the other hand, CCl4–treated rats showed a marked variability in floating and struggling times and activity scores such that, overall, CCl4–treated rats were not significantly different from normal controls. Therefore, we used BDR and noncholestatic control rats to examine the effects of a serotonin (5HT1A) receptor agonist (LY293284) on cholestasis–associated fatigue. BDR rats treated with LY293284 (0.3 mg/kg subcutaneously 24, 5, and 1 hour before placement in the swim tank) showed marked reductions in floating times and an increase in overall activity scores compared with BDR controls ( P ≤ .001). LY293284 was without effect in noncholestatic animals. These results suggest that fatigue can be quantitated in rat models of liver disease and that 5HT1A receptor agonists may provide a useful therapeutic tool in the treatment of cholestatic liver disease– associated fatigue.
A self limiting tumour
Authors: S T Quek
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2000)

Use of the term "native" when referring to plants is common in many settings. However, what "native" means to different individuals and groups is often poorly understood. Inconsistent definition of native status ("nativity") may complicate implementation or endorsement of conservation activities, particularly those involving revegetation. Professionals in plant-related fields are typically responsible for developing revegetation projects as well as regulations that apply to these projects. To assess how definition criteria may differ between groups we developed a questionnaire that asked respondents to assess native status in 13 hypothetical revegetation scenarios. A total of 303 questionnaires were evaluated with respondents from 33 states. Different respondent groups responded differently in certain scenarios. Where differences existed, professionals in plant-related fields were more likely to regard plants native than non-professionals. Respondents associated with Native Plant Societies (NPS) were less likely to designate plants as native than non-NPS respondents. Successful conservation activities with native plants should involve open and precise definition of nativity.
Expression of the p53 oncogene in acute myeloblastic leukemia.
Authors: L J Smith, E A McCulloch, S Benchimol
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

We have investigated whether the p53 oncogene is expressed in the blast cells of patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. p53 protein was detected in the blast cells of 19 out of 34 patients, but not in normal myelopoietic cells. We find a highly significant correlation between p53 protein synthesis in leukemic blast cells and the secondary plating efficiency of these cells (p = 0.0001). The latter provides an estimate for the self renewal capacity of progenitor cells in the blast population. These data indicate that p53 may be involved in leukemic stem cell renewal.
Failure of long surviving, passively enhanced kidney allografts to provoke T-dependent alloimmunity. II. Retransplantation of (AS X AUG)F1 kidneys from AS primary recipients into (AS X WF)F1 secondary hosts.
Authors: K I Welsh, J R Batchelor, A Maynard, H Burgos
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

Long surviving, passively enhanced (AS X AUG)F1 kidneys carried by AS recipients were retransplanted into (AS X WF)F1 second hosts. Acute graft rejection did not occur. Only one of six secondary recipients mounted a significant T-dependent IgG lymphocytotoxic antibody response. In all six, generation of cytotoxic T cells was markedly slower and depressed. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that kidney parenchyma, although carrying major histocompatibility complex specificity is able to induce T-independent but not T-dependent alloimmunity. A corollary is that passenger cells are responsible for exciting the T-dependent allimmune response normally observed after grafing. The practical difficulty of eliminating all T-dependent immunogenicity from (AS X AUG)F1 kidneys was emphasized by the observation that a 3-d residence in an intermediate AS recipient was insufficient time to prevent acute graft rejection after retransplantation.
Safety of Fertility Preservation by Ovarian Stimulation With Letrozole and Gonadotropins in Patients With Breast Cancer: A Prospective Controlled Study
Authors: Amr A. Azim, Maria Costantini-Ferrando, Kutluk Oktay
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

Because of the accompanying increase in estrogen levels, safety of performing in vitro fertilization (IVF) in women with breast cancer is unknown. Our goal was to determine the effect of controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) using a combination of letrozole with standard fertility medications on disease-free survival in women undergoing embryo or oocyte cryopreservation before adjuvant chemotherapy.A total of 215 women with breast cancer were prospectively evaluated for fertility preservation before adjuvant chemotherapy. Of those, 79 elected to undergo COS with letrozole and gonadotropins for embryo or oocyte cryopreservation. The remaining 136 patients underwent no fertility-preserving procedure and served as controls.Study and control groups were similar at enrollment except for a trend for higher estrogen-receptor positivity in the COS group (P = .08). Time between surgery and chemotherapy was longer for IVF patients (45.08 v 33.46 days; P < .01). Peak estradiol levels ranged from 58.4 to 1,166 pg/mL (mean, 405.94 +/- 256.64 pg/mL or 1,486.76 +/- 942.13 pmol/L) in COS patients. The median follow-up after chemotherapy was 23.4 months (range, 7.5 to 63.6 months) in the COS group and 33.05 months (range, 4.5 to 63.6) in the control group. The hazard ratio for recurrence after IVF was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.17 to 1.9), and the survival was not compromised compared with controls (P = .36).Ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins and letrozole for the purpose of fertility preservation is unlikely to cause substantially increased recurrence risk. Further research, including longer-term follow-up is needed to confirm these findings.
c-Kit-Targeting Immunotherapy for Hereditary Melanoma in a Mouse Model
Authors: Masashi Kato, Kozue Takeda, Yoshiyuki Kawamoto, Toyonori Tsuzuki, Khaled Hossain, Akiko Tamakoshi, Takahiro Kunisada, Yasuhiro Kambayashi, Keiki Ogino, Haruhiko Suzuki, Masahide Takahashi, Izumi Nakashima
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The role of c-Kit in the development of melanoma was studied in line 304/B6 of RET-transgenic mice, in which melanoma spontaneously develops. In Wv/Wv-RET (304/B6)-transgenic mice, in which c-Kit function was severely impaired, development of melanoma was strongly suppressed. Although 31 of the 44 original RET-transgenic mice died of rapidly growing melanoma within 12 months after birth, only 8 of the 44 Wv/Wv-RET-transgenic mice developed slowly growing melanocytic tumors with a greatly prolonged mean tumor-free period, 2 of which died of melanoma at a late stage. Even Wv/+-RET-transgenic mice had a clearly prolonged tumor-free period and definitely reduced frequency (6 of 61) of tumor death within 12 months after birth. Melanin production in the skin of these mice was not strongly impaired, suggesting that c-Kit affects the development of melanomas in these mice with only minor effects in melanin production. c-Kit expression in skin soon after birth was promoted in RET-transgenic mice, and c-Kit was expressed at high levels at the benign but not malignant stage of the tumor. A single injection of anti-c-Kit antibody (ACK2) into RET-transgenic mice soon after birth caused a surprisingly long-lasting suppression of development of melanoma, greatly prolonging the tumor-free period, and none of the 28 ACK2-treated RET-transgenic mice died from tumors at 12 months of age. The c-Kit function needed for melanin production was also suppressed for an unusually long time in ACK2-treated, RET-transgenic mice. These results suggest that c-Kit can be a unique target molecule for melanoma treatment.