tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and the development of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study.
Authors: R K Stellato, H A Feldman, O Hamdy, E S Horton, J B McKinlay
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine prospectively the association between low testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes in men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Analyses were conducted on the cohort of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study, a population-based random sample of men aged 40-70. Of the 1,709 men enrolled in 1987-1989 (T1), 1,156 were followed up 7-10 years later (T2). Testosterone and SHBG levels at T1 were used to predict new cases of diabetes between T1 and T2. RESULTS: After controlling for potential confounders, diabetes at follow-up was predicted jointly and independently by lower baseline levels of free testosterone and SHBG. The odds ratio for future diabetes was 1.58 for a decrease of 1SD in free testosterone (4 ng/dl) and 1.89 for a 1SD decrease in SHBG (16 nmol/l), both significant at P &amp;lt; 0.02. CONCLUSIONS: Our prospective findings are consistent with previous, mainly cross-sectional reports, suggesting that low levels of testosterone and SHBG play some role in the development of insulin resistance and subsequent type 2 diabetes.
Effect of enzymatically generated reactive oxygen metabolites on the cyclic nucleotide content in isolated rat glomeruli.
Authors: S V Shah
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

In the present study we examined the effect of reactive oxygen metabolites (generated by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system), on adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) content in glomeruli and tubules that were isolated from rat renal cortex. Xanthine (0.1 mM)-xanthine oxidase (0.025 U/ml) significantly increased (P less than 0.001) the cyclic AMP content in glomeruli from 18 +/- 1 to 50 +/- 4 pmol/mg protein (n = 13). The response was dose dependent and was markedly inhibited (delta %-74 +/- 9, n = 3) by allopurinol (10(-3), a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Cyclic AMP content in the tubules, and the cyclic GMP content in glomeruli and tubules, were not altered by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. This lack of response was not due to lack of responsiveness of the tissues because parathyroid hormone caused a marked increase in the cyclic AMP content in tubules, and nitroprusside markedly increased the cyclic GMP content in glomeruli. The increase in cyclic AMP in glomeruli was due to generation of reactive oxygen metabolites rather than of other products (e.g. uric acid) of the xanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction--addition of uric acid to incubations had no effect; using another substrate for xanthine oxidase, acetaldehyde significantly increased (delta % 112 +/- 7, n = 4, P less than 0.001) the cyclic AMP content; and catalase that destroys hydrogen peroxide caused a marked inhibition (delta % -90 +/- 5, n = 4) of the response to xanthine-xanthine oxidase. The marked inhibition by catalase, and the lack of effect of superoxide dismutase (in a concentration that completely scavenged superoxide) suggested hydrogen peroxide as the responsible oxygen metabolite for the observed effect. Glucose-glucose oxidase (a system that directly generates hydrogen peroxide), and direct addition of hydrogen peroxide caused a dose-dependent increase in the cyclic AMP content in glomeruli, which further supports the role of hydrogen peroxide as the responsible species for the observed effect. Additional experiments that used prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors and antagonists of serotonin and histamine suggested that hydrogen peroxide increases cyclic AMP content in glomeruli by enhancing prostaglandin synthesis.
Altered epitope expression of human interstitial fluid apolipoprotein A-I reduces its ability to activate lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase.
Authors: L Wong, L K Curtiss, J Huang, C J Mann, B Maldonado, P S Roheim
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

In human peripheral interstitial fluid, esterification of cholesterol by lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was found to occur at a rate of only 10% of that in plasma (5.6 +/- 1.8 compared with 55.6 +/- 7.8 nmol/ml per h). Measurement of cholesterol esterification in the presence of excess reconstituted apoA-I HDL (rA-I HDL) revealed an LCAT activity in interstitial fluid of 24% of that in plasma, indicating that the low rate of esterification could not be caused by limiting mass of LCAT enzyme. When plasma was diluted to the same concentration as in interstitial fluid, the percent cholesterol esterification rate was the same as undiluted plasma and significantly higher than that of interstitial fluid. These findings led us to postulate that poor activation of LCAT in interstitial fluid may result from a change in conformation in apoA-I. To test this hypothesis, a monoclonal antibody AI-11 that inhibits apoA-I activation of LCAT was used to measure apoA-I in interstitial fluid and plasma. Antibody AI-11 recognized interstitial fluid apoA-I poorly, whereas a polyclonal antibody recognized interstitial fluid apoA-I normally. Incubation of antibody AI-11 with high density lipoprotein or rA-I HDL inhibited apoA-I activation of LCAT. We conclude that the altered conformation of apoA-I in interstitial fluid may render it a poor activator of LCAT.
The Renewal of Generosity: Illness, Medicine, and How to Live
Authors: R. Kolarik
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Etiological and environmental factors
Authors: E. L. Wynder
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Epidemiologic surveys of cancer of the esophagus have revealed that two principal risk factors predominate in its cause: smoking and high alcohol consumption. The risk of developing cancer of the esophagus is significantly higher among smokers, whether cigarettes, cigars, or pipes are involved (Fig 1). These findings have been documented fully by prospective studies which report that the risk for smokers is anything from two to six times that of nonsmokers (Table 2).<sup>7-11</sup> In several retrospective studies, it has been noted that heavy alcohol consumption significantly increases the risk of smokers to develop esophageal cancer (Fig 2).<sup>12-14</sup>The effect appears to result from the total amount of alcohol consumed rather than the type of alcohol or whether it was drunk straight or diluted. Persons (particularly women) with Plummer-Vinson disease, a condition caused by nutritional deficiency, have an increased risk to develop esophageal cancer.<sup>2</sup>In areas where this
Academic Medical Centers and Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Marcia Angell
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Vaccines and the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases
Authors: Annette Langer-Gould, Lei Qian, Sara Y. Tartof, Sonu M. Brara, Steve J. Jacobsen, Brandon E. Beaber, Lina S. Sy, Chun Chao, Rulin Hechter, Hung Fu Tseng
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> Because vaccinations are common, even a small increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) or other acquired central nervous system demyelinating syndromes (CNS ADS) could have a significant effect on public health. <h3>Objective</h3> To determine whether vaccines, particularly those for hepatitis B (HepB) and human papillomavirus (HPV), increase the risk of MS or other CNS ADS. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> A nested case-control study was conducted using data obtained from the complete electronic health records of Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) members. Cases were identified through the KPSC CNS ADS cohort between 2008 and 2011, which included extensive review of medical records by an MS specialist. Five controls per case were matched on age, sex, and zip code. <h3>Exposures</h3> Vaccination of any type (particularly HepB and HPV) identified through the electronic vaccination records system. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> All forms of CNS ADS were analyzed using conditional logistic regression adjusted for race/ethnicity, health care utilization, comorbid diseases, and infectious illnesses before symptom onset. <h3>Results</h3> We identified 780 incident cases of CNS ADS and 3885 controls; 92 cases and 459 controls were females aged 9 to 26 years, which is the indicated age range for HPV vaccination. There were no associations between HepB vaccination (odds ratio [OR], 1.12; 95% CI, 0.72-1.73), HPV vaccination (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.62-1.78), or any vaccination (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.86-1.22) and the risk of CNS ADS up to 3 years later. Vaccination of any type was associated with an increased risk of CNS ADS onset within the first 30 days after vaccination only in younger (&lt;50 years) individuals (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.18-4.57). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> We found no longer-term association of vaccines with MS or any other CNS ADS, which argues against a causal association. The short-term increase in risk suggests that vaccines may accelerate the transition from subclinical to overt autoimmunity in patients with existing disease. Our findings support clinical anecdotes of CNS ADS symptom onset shortly after vaccination but do not suggest a need for a change in vaccine policy.
Relationship between plasma levels of procainamide, suppression of premature ventricular complexes and prevention of recurrent ventricular tachycardia.
Authors: R J Myerburg, K M Kessler, I Kiem, K C Pefkaros, C A Conde, D Cooper, A Castellanos
Journal: Circulation (1981)

We compared the relationship between plasma levels of procainamide and suppression or prevention of various forms of ventricular arrhythmias in 18 patients, six of whom had premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) during acute myocardial infarction (AMI), six of whom had PVCs in the setting of stable chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD), and six of whom had recurrent symptomatic ventricular tachycardia (VT) with chronic PVCs between episodes of VT. The mean plasma level of procainamide required for 85% suppression of PVCs in the AMI patients was 5.0 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml, while that required for the CIHD patients was 9.3 +/- 0.7 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.05). The mean plasma level required for prevention of spontaneous episodes of symptomatic sustained tachycardia in the VT group was 9.1 +/- 3.4 micrograms/ml, while the mean level required for 85% suppression of PVCs in the same patients was 14.9 +/- 3.8 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.01). In the VT group, PVC frequency was decreased by a mean of only 36% (range 11-63%) at plasma levels of procainamide sufficient to prevent spontaneous VT. The relationship between plasma levels of procainamide and PVC suppression appears to be different in AMI and CIHD patients; furthermore, a high degree of PVC suppression is not a necessary endpoint of antiarrhythmic therapy when attempting to protect patients against recurrent symptomatic VT.
Reduced endogenous nitric oxide in the exhaled air of smokers and hypertensives
Authors: J Schilling, P Holzer, M Guggenbach, D Gyurech, K Marathia, S Geroulanos
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

We wanted to determine whether the production of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is affected by cigarette smoking and various pathological conditions. Endogenously produced NO was measured by chemiluminescence in the exhaled air of 81 healthy volunteers (21 nonsmoking females (NSF), 12 smoking females (SF), 24 nonsmoking males (NSM) and 24 smoking males (SM)) and 38 patients (10 with hypertension, 10 intra- and 10 postoperative, 5 with renal failure and 3 with sepsis) entered the protocol. Subjects inspired from a NO-free air supply, which was also used to calibrate the NO-analyser. Endogenous NO production of volunteers was 18 +/- 8 per billion (ppb) depending on smoking habits. In exhaled air of NSF, NO concentration was 21 +/- 7 ppb, in SF 16 +/- 6 ppb, in NSM 19 +/- 8 ppb and in SM 15 +/- 6 ppb. Differences between smokers and nonsmokers were significant. Increased diastolic blood pressure was noted in SM compared to NSM (86 +/- 7 versus 78 +/- 7 mmHg). Patients with documented and treated hypertension (systolic and diastolic blood pressure: 141 +/- 18 and 82 +/- 9 mmHg) exhaled 13.7 +/- 5.3 ppb NO; hypertensive males 10 +/- 2 ppb NO and females 17 +/- 5 ppb NO. In patients with renal failure NO concentration in exhaled air was 20.2 +/- 6.8 ppb before and 19.8 +/- 6.4 ppb one hour after the onset of dialysis. In patients undergoing major surgery NO concentration was 5.6 +/- 2.5 ppb intra- and 10.3 +/- 3.5 ppb postoperatively. In three mechanically ventilated patients with documented septic syndrome, exhaled NO was 29.3 +/- 24 ppb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Malignant polyps removed from the bowel cancer screening programme in London
Authors: J. P. Martin, S. C. Batt, G. V. Smith, P. Dawson, P. Cohen
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The introduction of the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) in 2006 has resulted in the detection and removal of increasing numbers of malignant polyps (MPs). Following endoscopic polypectomy, further management is variable among institutions, and it has been suggested that further surgery after polypectomy may be unnecessary. The aim of this study was to document the management and outcome of patients following endoscopic removal of MPs within the six London Bowel Cancer Screening Centres. <h3>Methods</h3> All individuals who had MPs reported to be removed completely at colonoscopy from the start of screening to May 2010 were identified from the six London centres. Patient notes were used to obtain data on colonoscopies, histopathology of polyps and surgical specimens, surgical complications, and follow-up. <h3>Results</h3> 117 MPs were identified in 115 patients. There was no significant variation in the percentages of patients recommended surgery between centres. However, there were observed differences between the polyp characteristics used to guide the decision for surgery. The presence or absence of tumour budding was not recorded for any patient at three centres, nor for 24 (96%) of patients at another centre, but for all 19 (100%) of patients at a separate centre. Surgery was carried out in 54 patients. Of the available data from 51 patients, 9 (17.6%) had lymph node metastases or residual cancer in the resection specimen; 5 (9.8%) had lymph node involvement, 3 (5.9%) had residual cancer and 1 (2.0%) had both lymph node involvement and residual cancer. No significant associations were found between polyp characteristics and the presence of residual disease. There was, however, a trend for residual disease in the resection specimens of patients with MPs removed from the sigmoid or rectum. Of the data available for 48 patients, 6 (12.5%) had surgical complications; 3 (6.3%) anastomotic leaks, 1 (2.1%) infarcted colon, 1 (2.1%) hospital acquired pneumonia and 1 (2.1%) death. Follow-up data were available for 21 patients who underwent surgery and 47 patients managed conservatively. To date, none has had a recurrence of cancer (median follow up of 12 months, range 1-28 months). <h3>Conclusion</h3> The proportion of patients recommended further surgery was similar across London, although factors influencing the decision varied. Despite perceived complete endoscopic resection, residual malignancy was seen in a significant number of cases (17.6%). In addition there was a considerable surgical complication rate (12.5%). Further research is needed to clarify the factors that more accurately predict residual cancer following polypectomy, thus enabling improved selection of patients for surgery.
The specialized cytoskeleton of theDrosophila egg chamber
Authors: Brenda A. Knowles, Lynn Cooley
Journal: Trends in Genetics (1994)

The Drosophila egg chamber is emerging as a uniquely versatile system for studying cytoskeletal rearrangements during development. Initial determination of the oocyte fate and subsequent growth of the oocyte depend on a series of highly coordinated changes in cell architecture. Homologs or relatives of many known cytoskeletal proteins play key roles in these events.
Isolation and chemical characterization of 2-hydroxybenzoylglycine as a drug binding inhibitor in uremia.
Authors: D M Lichtenwalner, B Suh, M R Lichtenwalner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

An organic compound that inhibits drug binding in uremia has been isolated from the sera of chronic renal failure patients, and its chemical structure has been determined. Addition of the compound to normal human sera in vitro resulted in drug binding defects similar to those seen in uremia. The purification of this substance was accomplished by n-butyl chloride extraction of acidified (pH 3.0) uremic sera followed by column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and paper electrophoresis. From analytical studies including ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy, gas chromatography, chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the chemical structure of the uremic binding inhibitor was deduced to be 2-hydroxybenzoylglycine. This confirms the hypothesis that the drug binding defect in uremia is due to the accumulation of endogenous metabolic products rather than an intrinsic structural defect in albumin.
Family Medicine, Academic Medicine, and the University's Responsibility
Authors: Kerr L. White
Journal: JAMA (1963)

DISCUSSIONS about the future of family medicine customarily focus on the issue of general practice. They deal with such substantive problems as the future of general practitioners, the role of the general practitioner as a university teacher, the internist as the general physician of the future, or, on a negative note, they are apt to focus on the alleged folly of encouraging excessive early specialization in medical schools or possible dangers of undue emphasis on laboratory procedures in medical education. It may be argued that discussions at this level tend to overlook a number of underlying assumptions and to avoid certain critical issues. One approach to a discussion of family medicine and academic medicine lies in consideration of some historical and social origins of the medical profession's mandate from society. <h3>Unwritten Social Contract</h3> As physicians, we participate in a social contract governing relationships with our clients or patients —the "consumers."
Abnormalities of Glucose and Insulin Metabolism in Exogenous Obesity.
Authors: Karl E. Sussman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1965)

s1 May 1965Abnormalities of Glucose and Insulin Metabolism in Exogenous Obesity.Karl E. Sussman, M.D.Karl E. Sussman, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-62-5-1074_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptOral glucose tolerance was evaluated in 12 patients with exogenous obesity and in 20 normal subjects. Obese patients were studied on three dietary programs—after diets containing 300 g or 180 g carbohydrate and after total caloric fasting lasting from 5 to 14 days. In obese patients above age 20 years, glucose tolerance was abnormal. Obese patients below 20 years demonstrate minimal impairment of carbohydrate tolerance, which is not statistically significant from normal tolerance tests. The mean plasma insulin level in obese patients before the tolerance tests was 29.5 µU/ml, reaching a maximum of 247.0 µU/ml 120 minutes after glucose administration,... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Karl E. Sussman, M.D.Affiliations: Denver, Colorado PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1965Volume 62, Issue 5Page: 1074-1074KeywordsBlood plasmaCarbohydratesDietGlucoseGlucose metabolismGlucose toleranceInsulinObesityOral glucose tolerance testOverweight ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1965 PDF downloadLoading ...