tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Low-density, high surface area electromyography of the hamstring muscles during running and kicking
Authors: S Sakthibalan, R Twycross-Lewis, R Woledge, Y Hao, D Morrissey
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Surface electromyography (sEMG) is used extensively in the assessment of hamstring muscle activity. Conventional sEMG techniques may not fully represent overall muscle activity, despite clinically standardised placement of electrodes. High density EMG provides more information about biopotential activity but it is limited to signal collection over a small surface area. Our work proposes a low density high surface area EMG method to analyse muscle biopotentials over an entire muscle belly. Objectives To assess whether there is a pattern of EMG output over an entire muscle during running and repeated kicking. Method 16 channel EMG and motion analysis data were collected for 10 healthy volunteers during treadmill running at 10 km/h, and kicking a football. Active infra-red motion analysis instrumentation was used to register limb segment movement with the raw time series EMG signals. Each EMG channel was subjected to Windowed Fourier Transform for construction of a false colour map for the hamstring. Each EMG and motion analysis channel were analysed by ANCOVA. Results Visual analysis showed that different areas of the hamstring muscles are active at different points in the running cycle independently of each other. Quantitative analysis within a single subject showed main effects for electrode position and stride point (p&lt;0.001) during running. A significant interaction between stride point and electrode position was noted. Conclusion Results suggest the presence of an EMG activity pattern showing consistent variation within stride-point and channel location during running. A larger subject group is needed to further investigate EMG patterns in kicking. The scope for further research using the results of this paper as a foundation is vast, with the future inclusion of wireless EMG, electrode arrays and custom garments. The findings may lead to an application in a screening, rehabilitation and diagnosis setting.
Prophylactic Use of Succinylsulfathiazole and Performance Capacities
Authors: W. Channing Nicholas
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Two problems of medical interest related to the 1968 Olympic Games to be held in Mexico City are the effects of altitude and of acute gastroenteritis on world-class athletic performance. Altitude effects have been well-studied, and appropriate training programs have been suggested to minimize the effects of hypoxia on performance.<sup>1</sup> International travelers are aware of the debilitating effects of an explosive diarrhea. Tourists' diarrhea has many regional synonyms and is global in distribution. It can be brief, mild, and uncomfortable or severe and prostrating. Even a small impairment in sphincter control alone could mean losing an Olympic event. The cause of tourist diarrhea is unknown. The excellent studies of Kean<sup>2</sup>concern the incidence, cause, and prevention of diarrhea among US visitors to interior Mexico. Kean has shown that one fourth to one third of the visitors contract diarrhea. Bacteriologic studies suggested that changes in the flora of the
Is travel prophylaxis worth while? Economic appraisal of prophylactic measures against malaria, hepatitis A, and typhoid in travellers
Authors: R H Behrens, J A Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1994)

To estimate the costs and benefits of prophylaxis against travel acquired malaria, typhoid fever, and hepatitis A in United Kingdom residents during 1991.Retrospective analysis of national epidemiological and economic data.Incidence of travel associated infections in susceptible United Kingdom residents per visit; costs of prophylaxis provision from historical data; benefits to the health sector, community, and individuals in terms of avoided morbidity and mortality based on hospital and community costs of disease.The high incidence of imported malaria (0.70%) and the low costs of providing chemoprophylaxis resulted in a cost-benefit ratio of 0.19 for chloroquine and proguanil and 0.57 for a regimen containing mefloquine. Hepatitis A infection occurred in 0.05% of visits and the cost of prophylaxis invariably exceeded the benefits for immunoglobulin (cost-benefit ratio 5.8) and inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (cost-benefit ratio 15.8). Similarly, low incidence of typhoid (0.02%) and its high cost gave whole cell killed, polysaccharide Vi, and oral Ty 21a typhoid vaccines cost-benefit ratios of 18.1, 18.0, and 22.0 respectively.Fewer than one third of travellers receive vaccines but the total cost of providing typhoid and hepatitis A prophylaxis of 25.8m pounds is significantly higher than the treatment costs to the NHS (1.03m pounds) of cases avoided by prophylaxis. Neither hepatitis A prophylaxis nor typhoid prophylaxis is cost effective, but costs of treating malaria greatly exceed costs of chemoprophylaxis, which is therefore highly cost effective.
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and metastasising colonic adenocarcinoma.
Authors: J H Tweedie, B G McCann
Journal: Gut (1984)

A case of metastasising colonic carcinoma associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in a 39 year old man is described. The caecal adenocarcinoma had metastasised widely to regional lymph nodes and was associated with several other colonic Peutz-Jeghers polyps, showing no evidence of dysplasia or malignancy. It was not possible to determine whether the carcinoma had arisen from a Peutz-Jeghers polyp. The patient also had gastric and small intestinal polyps. The serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was normal at presentation in this patient and in one other reported case. The use of this determination as a screening test for so-called high risk groups is, therefore, not supported by this report. The risk of malignancy is not known. It will only be determined by careful follow up of a defined Peutz-Jeghers syndrome population and comparison of carcinoma incidence with a matched sample of the general population. A national registry of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome patients in the United Kingdom would help to resolve this question.
High-Dose Melphalan and the Development of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation: 25 Years Later
Authors: Hillard M. Lazarus, Gordon L. Phillips, Roger H. Herzig, David D. Hurd, Steven N. Wolff, Geoffrey P. Herzig
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

Hillard M. Lazarus, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Ireland Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University Gordon L. Phillips, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY Roger H. Herzig, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of Louisville, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, KY David D. Hurd, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Steven N. Wolff, Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN Geoffrey P. Herzig, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of Louisville, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, KY
A Multiyear Prospective Study of the Risk Factors for and Incidence of Diarrheal Illness in a Cohort of Peace Corps Volunteers in Guatemala
Authors: Barbara L. Herwaldt, Kathleen R. de Arroyave, Jacquelin M. Roberts, Dennis D. Juranek
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Background: Diarrheal illness is the most common medical disorder among travelers from developed to developing countries and is common among expatriate residents in developing countries. Objective: To assess the risk factors for and incidence of diarrheal illness among Americans living in a developing country. Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Setting: Rural Guatemala. Patients: Cohort of 36 Peace Corps volunteers. Measurements: Collection of daily dietary and symptom data for more than 2 years; identification by multivariate Poisson regression analyses of risk factors for clinically defined episodes of diarrheal illness. Results: The 36 Peace Corps volunteers in this study had 307 diarrheal episodes (median, 7 per person), which lasted a median of 4 days (range, 1 to 112) and a total of 10.1% of the 23 689 person-days in the study. The incidence density (episodes per person-year) was 4.7 for the study as a whole, 6.1 for the first 6-month period, 5.2 for the second 6-month period, and 3.6 thereafter. Statistically significant risk factors for diarrheal illness included drinking water whose source (for example, the tap) and, therefore, quality, was unknown to the person; eating food prepared by a Guatemalan friend or family; eating food at a small, working-class restaurant; eating fruit peeled by someone other than a Peace Corps volunteer; drinking an iced beverage; and eating ice cream, ice milk, or flavored ices. The relative risks comparing the presence of these exposures during the first 6-month period overseas with their absence during the second year of residence ranged from 1.90 to 2.67, and the summary attributable risk percentage (that is, the percentage of diarrheal episodes that could be ascribed to the exposures) was 75.4%. Exposures generally were riskier if they occurred during travel elsewhere in Guatemala rather than in the person's usual work area. Conclusions: Diarrheal illness of mild-to-moderate severity continued to occur throughout Peace Corps service but decreased in incidence as length of stay increased. Various dietary behaviors increased the risk for diarrheal illness, which suggests that avoidance of potentially risky foods and beverages is beneficial.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Adaptive Ventilation for Cheyne–Stokes Breathing in Heart Failure
Authors: Justin C. T. Pepperell, Nick A. Maskell, David R. Jones, Beverley A. Langford-Wiley, Nicky Crosthwaite, John R. Stradling, Robert J. O. Davies
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Heart failure is associated with Cheyne–Stokes breathing, which fragments patients' sleep. Correction of respiratory disturbance may reduce sleep fragmentation and excessive daytime sleepiness. This randomized prospective parallel trial assesses whether nocturnal-assist servoventilation improves daytime sleepiness compared with the control. A total of 30 subjects (29 male) with Cheyne–Stokes breathing (mean apnea–hypopnea index 19.8 [SD 2.6] and stable symptomatic chronic heart failure (New York Heart Association Class II–IV) were treated with 1 month's therapeutic (n = 15) or subtherapeutic adaptive servoventilation. Daytime sleepiness (Osler test) was measured before and after the trial with change in measured sleepiness the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included brain natriuretic peptide levels and catecholamine excretion. Active treatment reduced excessive daytime sleepiness; the mean Osler change was +7.9 minutes (SEM 2.9), when compared with the control, the change was −1.0 minutes (SEM, 1.7), and the difference was 8.9 minutes (95% confidence interval, 1.9–15.9 minutes; p = 0.014, unpaired t test). Significant falls occurred in plasma brain natriuretic peptide and urinary metadrenaline excretion. We conclude that adaptive servoventilation produces an improvement in excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with Cheyne–Stokes breathing and chronic heart failure. This study suggests improvements in neurohormonal activation with this treatment.
Selective COX-2 Inhibition Improves Endothelial Function in Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Rémy Chenevard, David Hürlimann, Markus Béchir, Frank Enseleit, Lukas Spieker, Matthias Hermann, Walter Riesen, Steffen Gay, Renate E. Gay, Michel Neidhart, Beat Michel, Thomas F. Lüscher, Georg Noll, Frank Ruschitzka
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— There is an ongoing debate as to whether the gastrointestinal safety of COX-2 inhibition compared with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may come at the cost of increased cardiovascular events. In view of the large number of patients at cardiovascular risk requiring chronic analgesic therapy with COX-2 inhibitors for arthritic and other inflammatory conditions, the effects of selective COX-2 inhibition on clinically useful surrogates for cardiovascular disease, particularly endothelial function, need to be determined. Methods and Results— Fourteen male patients (mean age, 66±3 years) with severe coronary artery disease (average of 2.6 vessels with stenosis &gt;75%) undergoing stable background therapy with aspirin and statins were included. The patients received celecoxib (200 mg BID) or placebo for a duration of 2 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion. After each treatment period, flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, oxidized LDL, and prostaglandins were measured. Celecoxib significantly improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation compared with placebo (3.3±0.4% versus 2.0±0.5%, P =0.026), whereas endothelium-independent vasodilation, as assessed by nitroglycerin, remained unchanged (9.0±1.6% versus 9.5±1.3%, P =0.75). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was significantly lower after celecoxib (1.3±0.4 mg/L) than after placebo (1.8±0.5 mg/L, P =0.019), as was oxidized LDL (43.6±2.4 versus 47.6±2.6 U/L, P =0.028), whereas prostaglandins did not change. Conclusions— This is the first study to demonstrate that selective COX-2 inhibition improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation and reduces low-grade chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in coronary artery disease. Thus, selective COX-2 inhibition holds the potential to beneficially impact outcome in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Phase III Study of Afatinib or Cisplatin Plus Pemetrexed in Patients With Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma With <i>EGFR</i> Mutations
Authors: Lecia V. Sequist, James Chih-Hsin Yang, Nobuyuki Yamamoto, Kenneth O'Byrne, Vera Hirsh, Tony Mok, Sarayut Lucien Geater, Sergey Orlov, Chun-Ming Tsai, Michael Boyer, Wu-Chou Su, Jaafar Bennouna, Terufumi Kato, Vera Gorbunova, Ki Hyeong Lee, Riyaz Shah, Dan Massey, Victoria Zazulina, Mehdi Shahidi, Martin Schuler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

The LUX-Lung 3 study investigated the efficacy of chemotherapy compared with afatinib, a selective, orally bioavailable ErbB family blocker that irreversibly blocks signaling from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ErbB2), and ErbB4 and has wide-spectrum preclinical activity against EGFR mutations. A phase II study of afatinib in EGFR mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma demonstrated high response rates and progression-free survival (PFS).
Diversifying Selection of the Tumor-Growth Promoter Angiogenin in Primate Evolution
Authors: Jianzhi Zhang, Helene F. Rosenberg
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2002)

Diversifying selection drives the rapid differentiation of gene sequences and is one of the main forces behind adaptive evolution. Most genes known to be shaped by diversifying selection are those involved in host-pathogen or male-female interactions characterized as molecular “arms races.” Here we report the unexpected detection of diversifying selection in the evolution of a tumor-growth promoter, angiogenin (ANG). A comparison among 11 primate species demonstrates that ANG has a significantly higher rate of nucleotide substitution at nonsynonymous sites than at synonymous sites, a hallmark of positive selection acting at the molecular level. Furthermore, we observed significant charge diversity at the molecular surface, suggesting the presence of selective pressures in the microenvironment of ANG, including its binding molecules. A population survey of ANG in chimpanzees, however, reveals no polymorphism, which may have resulted from a recent selective sweep of a charge-altering substitution in chimpanzee evolution. Functional assays of recombinant ANGs from the human and owl monkey indicate that primate ANGs retain angiogenic activity despite rapid evolution. Our study, together with findings of similar selection in the primate breast cancer suppressor gene, BRCA1, reveals an intriguing phenomenon of unusual selective pressures on, and adaptive evolution of, cancer-related genes in primate evolution.
Single cell origin of bigenotypic and biphenotypic B cell proliferations in human follicular lymphomas.
Authors: M L Cleary, N Galili, M Trela, R Levy, J Sklar
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

To investigate the possible relatedness of the subpopulations that make up so-called biclonal lymphomas, we examined five bigenotypic and biphenotypic follicular lymphomas using DNA probes specific for the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation, which is a characteristic feature of these neoplasms. On Southern blot analysis, both subpopulations from four of five lymphomas contained comigrating t(14;18) DNA rearrangements, confirming the single cell origins for these neoplasms. No comigrating t(14;18) DNA rearrangements were observed in the fifth lymphoma, but nucleotide sequence analysis of cloned, breakpoint DNA showed identical t(14;18) crossovers in the two subpopulations. The migration differences of both the Ig and chromosome 18 DNA rearrangements were shown to result from somatically acquired mutations of the Ig genes from the fifth lymphoma. These studies indicate that Ig gene rearrangements and idiotope expression are not consistently stable clonal markers since they are subject to variability as a result of somatic mutation. Although translocated chromosome 18 DNA rearrangements are more reliable, they may also vary among cells of some tumors since somatic mutation can affect, as well, DNA of translocated alleles in follicular lymphomas.
Treatment and Vaccination Strategies to Control Cholera in Sub-Saharan Refugee Settings
Authors: Abdollah Naficy, Malla R. Rao, Christophe Paquet, Denise Antona, Alan Sorkin, John D. Clemens
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.—There is significant controversy about how best to control cholera epidemics in refugee settings. Specifically, there is marked disagreement about whether to use oral cholera vaccines in these settings, despite the improved safety and effectiveness profiles of these vaccines.Objective.—To determine the cost-effectiveness of alternative intervention strategies, including vaccination, to control cholera outbreaks in sub-Saharan refugee camps.Design.—A cost-effectiveness analysis based on probabilities of cholera outcomes derived from epidemiologic data compiled for refugee settings in Malawi from 1987 through 1993; data for costs were obtained from a large relief agency that provides medical care in such settings.Setting and Participants.—A hypothetical refugee camp with 50000 persons in sub-Saharan Africa evaluated for a 2-year period.Interventions.—We compared the costs and outcomes of alternative strategies in which appropriate rehydration therapy for cholera is introduced preemptively (at the establishment of a camp) or reactively (once an epidemic is recognized) and in which mass immunization with oral B subunit killed whole-cell (BS-WC) cholera vaccine is added to a rehydration program either preemptively or reactively.Main Outcome Measures.—Cost per cholera case prevented and cost per cholera death averted.Results.—In a situation with no available rehydration therapy suitable for the management of severe cholera, a strategy of preemptive therapy ($320 per death averted) costs less and is more effective than a strategy of reactive therapy ($586 per death averted). Adding vaccination to preemptive therapy is expensive: $1745 per additional death averted for preemptive vaccination and $3833 per additional death averted for reactive vaccination. However, if the cost of vaccine falls below $0.22 per dose, strategies combining vaccination and preemptive therapy become more cost-effective than therapy alone.Conclusions.—Provision for managing cholera outbreaks at the inception of a refugee camp (preemptive therapy) is the most cost-effective strategy for controlling cholera outbreaks in sub-Saharan refugee settings. Should the price of BS-WC cholera vaccine fall below $0.22 per dose, however, supplementation of preemptive therapy with mass vaccination will become a cost-effective option.
Randomized Trial of Immunosuppressive Regimens in Renal Transplantation
Authors: Giselle Guerra, Gaetano Ciancio, Jeffrey J. Gaynor, Alberto Zarak, Randolph Brown, Lois Hanson, Junichiro Sageshima, David Roth, Linda Chen, Warren Kupin, Lissett Tueros, Phillip Ruiz, Alan S. Livingstone, George W. Burke
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

The optimal long-term regimen for immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients is unknown. We conducted a randomized trial involving 150 kidney transplant recipients to compare tacrolimus/sirolimus, tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and cyclosporine/sirolimus. All patients received daclizumab induction and maintenance corticosteroids. Median follow-up was 8 yr post-transplant. Acute rejection (AR) occurred significantly less often among those treated with tacrolimus/MMF (12%) than among those treated with tacrolimus/sirolimus (30%) or cyclosporine/sirolimus (28%). Mean estimated GFR was consistently higher in the tacrolimus/MMF arm, especially after controlling for donor age in a multivariable model during the first 36 mo (P ≤ 0.008). The rate of dying with a functioning graft was significantly higher among those treated with tacrolimus/sirolimus (26%) than among those treated with tacrolimus/MMF (12%) or cyclosporine/sirolimus (4%). We did not observe significant differences in actuarial graft survival at 8 yr post-transplant between the groups. Patient noncompliance seemed responsible for 45% (13/29) of observed graft failures, with 11 of these occurring after 36 mo. Significantly more viral infections, protocol violations, and need for antilipid therapy occurred among patients receiving sirolimus, but we did not observe differences between the groups with regard to infections requiring hospitalization or new-onset diabetes. Taken together, these results suggest that maintenance therapy with tacrolimus/MMF is more favorable than either tacrolimus/sirolimus or cyclosporine/sirolimus.
213Bi (α-Emitter)–Antibody Targeting of Breast Cancer Metastases in the <i>neu</i>-N Transgenic Mouse Model
Authors: Hong Song, Karineh Shahverdi, David L. Huso, Caroline Esaias, James Fox, Allison Liedy, Zhe Zhang, R. Todd Reilly, Christos Apostolidis, Alfred Morgenstern, George Sgouros
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Treatment failure in breast cancer is largely the failure to control metastatic dissemination. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of an antibody against the rat variant of HER-2/neu, labeled with the α-particle emitter 213Bi to treat widespread metastases in a rat/neu transgenic mouse model of metastatic mammary carcinoma. The model manifests wide-spread dissemination of tumor cells leading to osteolytic bone lesions and liver metastases, common sites of clinical metastases. The maximum tolerated dose was 120 μCi of 213Bi-7.16.4. The kinetics of marrow suppression and subsequent recovery were determined. Three days after left cardiac ventricular injection of 105 rat HER-2/neu--expressing syngeneic tumor cells, neu-N mice were treated with (a) 120 μCi 213Bi-7.16.4, (b) 90 μCi 213Bi-7.16.4, (c) 120 μCi 213Bi-Rituximab (unreactive control), and (d) unlabeled 7.16.4. Treatment with 120 μCi 213Bi-7.16.4 increased median survival time to 41 days compared with 28 days for the untreated controls (P &amp;lt; 0.0001); corresponding median survival times for groups b, c, and d were 36 (P &amp;lt; 0.001), 31 (P &amp;lt; 0.01), and 33 (P = 0.05) days, respectively. Median survival relative to controls was not significantly improved in mice injected with 10-fold less cells or with multiple courses of treatment. We concluded that α-emitter 213Bi-labeled monoclonal antibody targeting the HER-2/neu antigen was effective in treating early-stage HER-2/neu--expressing micrometastases. Analysis of the results suggests that further gains in efficacy may require higher specific activity constructs or target antigens that are more highly expressed on tumor cells. [Cancer Res 2008;68(10):3873–80]