tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Clinician's Guide to Digital X-Ray Systems
Authors: Grant Shaw
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2001)

Computers are invading all areas of our lives. Over the next few years there will be major changes in radiology departments around the UK. The invading system is known as PACS (picture archive computer/communication systems). These PACS allow X-rays and other diagnostic images to be captured, distributed and stored in a digital format viewable on computer screens around the hospital. This paper offers a simple explanation of what PACS is and how it works, a discussion of the advantages and pitfalls, and lessons for clinicians learnt from the procurement of our own system.
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is activated by matrix metalloproteinase-2 mediated proteolysis in cardiomyoblasts
Authors: A. D. Kandasamy, R. Schulz
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 contributes to myocardial oxidative stress injury by degrading sarcomeric and cytoskeletal proteins in cardiomyocytes. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β is dysregulated during oxidative stress and is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage. Here we determined whether GSK-3β is a MMP-2 substrate as a result of oxidative stress. MMP-2 and GSK-3β were incubated and the cleavage fragments were identified by immunoblotting and silver stain. The intact protein and its primary cleavage fragment were subjected to trypsin digestion and the resultant peptides were analysed by LC–MS/MS. GSK-3β kinase activity was measured using a peptide substrate and [γ-32P]-ATP. Oxidative stress in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts was induced by H2O2 and the levels and activities of MMP-2 and GSK-3β were measured. Incubation of 47 kDa GSK-3β with MMP-2 resulted in the time- and concentration-dependant cleavage of GSK-3β as seen by appearance of an ∼30 kDa fragment. MS analysis and Mascot database search yielded a peptide with an amino acid sequence of GSK-3β lacking the N-terminal region. GSK-3β kinase activity was significantly increased upon incubation with MMP-2 which was abrogated by the MMP inhibitor GM-6001. H2O2 challenge of H9c2 cardiomyoblasts significantly increased the activity and level of MMP-2, reduced the level of GSK-3β, and significantly increased GSK-3β kinase activity. Both the loss of intact GSK-3β and increase in its kinase activity were reduced with MMP inhibitors. MMP-2 pull-down assays in H9c2 cell lysates showed the association of MMP-2 with GSK-3β. GSK-3β may be a target of MMP-2 and its cleavage by MMP-2 enhances its kinase activity. MMP-2 may cleave off the N-terminal of GSK-3β where the inhibitory phosphorylation of serine-9 occurs. MMP-2-mediated augmentation of GSK-3β kinase activity may contribute to cardiac injury resulting from enhanced oxidative stress.
The influence of fractional pulse pressure on the outcome of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy
Authors: N. Tanabe, O. Okada, Y. Abe, M. Masuda, N. Nakajima, T. Kuriyama
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

Although pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is an effective modality for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), the mortality in patients with severe haemodynamic disease is still high. Recently it was reported that fractional pulse pressure (pulmonary arterial pulse pressure/mean pulmonary arterial pressure) was higher in CTEPH than in primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). It was hypothesized that fractional pulse pressure might be low in CTEPH with inaccessible distal thrombi and/or secondary pulmonary hypertensive change, resulting to the high operative mortality. To determine the influence of fractional pulse pressure to the outcome of surgery, 32 patients with CTEPH who had thromboendarterectomy between 1985 and 1998 were studied. Pulmonary haemodynamics and fractional pulse pressure were compared between survivors (n=26) and nonsurvivors (n=6) postoperatively. Those parameters in PPH (n=18) and large vessel pulmonary arteritis (n=6) were also analysed. Fractional pulse pressure in CTEPH (1.23±0.21) was significantly higher than in PPH (0.93±0.22; p=0.0017) and lower than in pulmonary arteritis (1.69±0.32; p=0.03). Fractional pulse pressure in survivors (1.26±0.21) was significantly higher than in nonsurvivors (1.06±0.16; p=0.03). Fractional pulse pressure is a significant predictor for mortality in patients with high pulmonary vascular resistance &gt;1100 dynes·sec·cm −5 . To conclude fractional pulse pressure in addition to pulmonary vascular resistance might be useful in predicting for the outcome of surgery, especially in patients with severe haemodynamic impairment.
Tissue gold levels after chrysotherapy.
Authors: R Grahame, R Billings, M Laurence, V Marks, P J Wood
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1974)

Although the use of gold salts in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is well established, the mode of action is still not known.The finding that gold is taken up by synovial tissue macrophages and accumulates in the lysosomes (Persellin and Ziff, 1966) has led to speculation that perhaps it acts either by lysosome stabilization, as does hydrocortisone (Weissmann and Thomas, 1963), or by the inhibition of the lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase, /J-glucuronidase, and cathepsin, as is known to occur in vitro (Ennis, Granda, and Posner, 1968).These mechanisms would presuppose a site of action of gold within the synovial membrane and cavity.Yet information on the quantitative aspects of gold deposition in the body during chrysotherapy is scanty, and such data as there are suggest that the bulk of the gold both in man (Gottlieb, Smith, and Smith, 1972) and in animals (Betrand, Waine, and Tobias, 1948) is selectively concentrated in the lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow, with relatively small concentrations in articular structures.This report concerns a study of tissue gold con- centrations in synovium, striated muscle, bone, and fat in patients who have received chrysotherapy, and is part of a larger study set up to attempt to define those factors which might improve the success rate of this form of therapy.Methods and materials Small specimens of synovial membrane, striated muscle, bone, and fat were removed from sixteen patients who had previously received gold injections and were undergoing
<scp>MSLT</scp> ‐I: it's all about the lymph nodes…: reply from the authors
Authors: J.M. McGregor, P. Sasieni
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Funding sources: none. Conflicts of interest: none declared. Dear Editor, In response to Moncrieff and Garioch,1 we agree – it's all about the lymph nodes. The aim of our editorial was to examine the Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial (MSLT)‐I data with an open mind and to bring some clarity to the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) debate, which still divides opinion. Informed doctors are needed to inform patient choice. Evidently you were not impressed with our attempts to do this.2 In fact, on reading your letter carefully, we think that we agree on much more than we disagree. We agree that sentinel node status is a valuable staging tool that provides good prognostic information. We agree that patients who do not undergo SLNB and who subsequently relapse have more nodal disease than they would have done had they elected to have the node excised earlier. We agree that the MLST‐I data indicate that the majority, although not necessarily all, of those patients who had a positive sentinel node would have gone on to develop nodal relapse had they not had their sentinel node excised. We suspect that there are probably some patients whose sentinel micrometastatic nodes would not have progressed (this happens in other malignancies), but this is a small point on which we may differ.
The Health of U.S. Hired Farm Workers
Authors: Don Villarejo
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2003)

▪ Abstract Despite a recent surge in knowledge about U.S. hired farm workers, little is known about the health of this population. No national data are available on the size of the population, mortality or morbidity data, or on chronic health indicators. Demographic data show that these workers are mostly Mexican immigrant or migrant males, and nearly two thirds live in poverty. At least half of all current hired farm workers are undocumented. Fewer than one in five have health insurance, either through their employer or through government programs. However, programs targeting women farm workers, such as WIC or, in California, emergency MediCal, are more effective in helping them obtain needed services. The federal Migrant Health Program serves about 13% of the total of workers plus dependent family members. This paper reviews what is known in the following topical areas: (a) mortality and morbidity; (b) access to health care services; (c) control of infectious diseases; (d) maternal and child care; (e) occupational health; (f) violence; and (g) chronic health indicators. It is suggested that future research incorporate a minimal physical examination of all patients or subjects in order to establish baseline information for the population. Such information will be helpful in targeting interventions and measuring their effectiveness.
The Relationship Between Antigammaglobulin Activity and Depression
Authors: SEYMOUR ROSENBLATT, IRWIN ORESKES, HERBERT MEADOW, HARRY SPIERA
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

Measurements of rheumatoid factor were done on the sera of 86 patients consecutively admitted to an acute psychiatric service. Sixty-three percent of those with endogenous depressions and 35 percent of those with schizophrenia had positive titers. When the schizophrenic patients were subdivided on the basis of affective state, it was found that 65 percent of those with depressive symptoms, and only 21 percent of those without depressive symptoms, had positive titers. The authors conclude that depression would seem to be associated with a nonspecific effect involving immunological mechanisms.
Triangulation, intervening variables, and experience projection
Authors: Andrew Whiten
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

I focus on the logic of the goggles experiment, which if it as watertight as Heyes argues, should clearly support ape theory of mind if positive, and clearly reject it if negative. This is not the case, since the experiment tests for only one kind of mindreading, “experience projection”: but it is an excellent test for this, given adequate controls.
Comparative Analysis of Sequences Preceding Protein-Coding Mitochondrial Genes in Flowering Plants
Authors: T. Hazle, L. Bonen
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

We examined the nucleotide sequences preceding 23 mitochondrial protein-coding genes held in common by maize, rice, wheat, sugar beet, tobacco, Arabidopsis, and Brassica to look for features related to translation initiation and to assess the degree of conservation in mitochondrial mRNA leaders among these plants. We observed broad variation in sequence similarity as illustrated by dot plot analysis, ranging from a level rivaling that of coding sequences to complete absence of homology due to lineage-specific DNA rearrangements. Genes encoding ATP synthase subunits predominated in the latter category, whereas ones encoding cytochrome c biogenesis proteins and NADH dehydrogenase subunits were primarily of the highly conserved type. Within the region immediately preceding initiation codons, in most cases we did not observe motifs consistent with a bacterial-type Shine–Dalgarno interaction to assist in ribosome binding, nor was any other consensus sequence evident. In fact, indels in the form of tandem repeats were seen among homologues from different plants. We did, however, observe a bias for high adenosine and low cytosine in the proximal ∼30 nt compared with further upstream. Duplicates of some sequences in our data set were found to be associated with more than one gene within a genome. Indeed, 3 such families of upstream cassettes were identified, and they exhibit a lineage-specific distribution among plants. Moreover, the presence of related sequences at genomic sites distant from known genes raises the possibility of future recruitment as regulatory elements. Our observations point to a dynamic nature in the makeup of the 5′ leaders of plant mitochondrial mRNAs and an apparent plasticity in translational control elements.
TRP ION CHANNELS AND TEMPERATURE SENSATION
Authors: Ajay Dhaka, Veena Viswanath, Ardem Patapoutian
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2006)

The abilities to sense environmental and internal temperatures are required for survival, both for maintenance of homeostasis and for avoidance of tissue-damaging noxious temperatures. Vertebrates can sense external physical stimuli via specialized classes of neurons in the peripheral nervous system that project to the skin. Temperature-sensitive neurons can be divided into two classes: innocuous thermosensors (warm or cool) and noxious thermonociceptors (hot or cold). ThermoTRPs, a subset of the transient receptor potential family of ion channels, which are expressed in sensory nerve endings and in skin, respond to distinct thermal thresholds. In this review, we examine the extent to which thermoTRPs are responsible for providing a molecular basis for thermal sensation.
CD44 is a physiological E-selectin ligand on neutrophils
Authors: Yoshio Katayama, Andrés Hidalgo, Jungshan Chang, Anna Peired, Paul S. Frenette
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2005)

The selectin family of adhesion molecules and their glycoconjugated ligands are essential for blood polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) extravasation into inflammatory and infectious sites. However, E-selectin ligands on PMNs are not well characterized. We show here that CD44 immunopurified from G-CSF–differentiated 32D cells or from peripheral blood PMNs binds specifically to E-selectin. In contrast, CD44 extracted from bone marrow stromal or brain endothelial cell lines does not interact with E-selectin, suggesting cell-specific posttranslational modifications of CD44. PMN-derived CD44 binding activity is mediated by sialylated, α(1,3) fucosylated, N-linked glycans. CD44 enables slow leukocyte rolling on E-selectin expressed on inflamed endothelium in vivo and cooperates with P-selectin glycoprotein ligand–1 to recruit neutrophils into thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and staphylococcal enterotoxin A–injected skin pouch. CD44 extracted from human PMNs also binds to E-selectin. Moreover, we demonstrate that CD44 is hypofucosylated in PMNs from a patient with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II, suggesting that it contributes to the syndrome. These findings thus suggest broader roles for CD44 in the innate immune response and uncover a potential new target for diseases in which selectins play a prominent role.
Qualitative study of evidence based leaflets in maternity care
Authors: H. Stapleton
Journal: BMJ (2002)

To examine the use of evidence based leaflets on informed choice in maternity services.Non-participant observation of 886 antenatal consultations. 383 in depth interviews with women using maternity services and health professionals providing antenatal care.Women's homes; antenatal and ultrasound clinics in 13 maternity units in Wales.Childbearing women and health professionals who provide antenatal care.Provision of 10 pairs of Informed Choice leaflets for service users and staff and a training session in their use.Participants' views and commonly observed responses during consultations and interviews.Health professionals were positive about the leaflets and their potential to assist women in making informed choices, but competing demands within the clinical environment undermined their effective use. Time pressures limited discussion, and choice was often not available in practice. A widespread belief that technological intervention would be viewed positively in the event of litigation reinforced notions of "right" and "wrong" choices rather than "informed" choices. Hierarchical power structures resulted in obstetricians defining the norms of clinical practice and hence which choices were possible. Women's trust in health professionals ensured their compliance with professionally defined choices, and only rarely were they observed asking questions or making alternative requests. Midwives rarely discussed the contents of the leaflets or distinguished them from other literature related to pregnancy. The visibility and potential of the leaflets as evidence based decision aids was thus greatly reduced.The way in which the leaflets were disseminated affected promotion of informed choice in maternity care. The culture into which the leaflets were introduced supported existing normative patterns of care and this ensured informed compliance rather than informed choice.
Unique Characteristics of Adolescent and Young Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Breast Cancer, and Colon Cancer
Authors: James V. Tricoli, Nita L. Seibel, Donald G. Blair, Karen Albritton, Brandon Hayes-Lattin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

Each year in the United States, nearly 70 000 individuals between the ages of 15 and 40 years are diagnosed with cancer. Although overall cancer survival rates among pediatric and older adult patients have increased in recent decades, there has been little improvement in survival of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients since 1975 when collected data became adequate to evaluate this issue. In 2006, the AYA Oncology Progress Review Group made recommendations for addressing the needs of this population that were later implemented by the LIVESTRONG Young Adult Alliance. One of their overriding questions was whether the cancers seen in AYA patients were biologically different than the same cancers in adult and/or pediatric patients. On June 9–10, 2009, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Lance Armstrong Foundation (LAF) convened a workshop in Bethesda, MD, entitled “Unique Characteristics of AYA Cancers: Focus on Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), Breast Cancer and Colon Cancer” that aimed to examine the current state of basic and translational research on these cancers and to discuss the next steps to improve their prognosis and treatment.
Failure of Downregulation of Survivin Following Neoadjuvant Radiochemotherapy in Rectal Cancer Is Associated with Distant Metastases and Shortened Survival
Authors: Thilo Sprenger, Franz Rödel, Tim Beissbarth, Lena-Christin Conradi, Hilka Rothe, Kia Homayounfar, Hendrik A. Wolff, B. Michael Ghadimi, Müjdat Yildirim, Heinz Becker, Claus Rödel, Torsten Liersch
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Purpose: Valid molecular markers need to be implemented in clinical trials to fulfill the demand of a risk-adapted and more individualized multimodal therapy of locally advanced primary rectal cancer. In this study, the expression of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis (IAP) protein survivin was evaluated in pretreatment biopsies and corresponding posttreatment resection specimens, and was correlated to histo-pathological tumor characteristics and clinical follow-up. Patients and Methods: One hundred sixteen patients with stage II/III rectal cancer treated with 5-FU–based neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCT) at a single university medical centre within the German Rectal Cancer Trials were investigated. Survivin expression in pretreatment biopsies and surgical resection specimens were determined by immunohistochemistry by two independent institutions and correlated with histopathologic parameters, tumor recurrences, disease-free (DFS), and overall cancer-specific survival (CSS). Results: In pretreatment biopsies, a higher survivin expression correlated with advanced ypT (P = 0.026) and ypUICC (P = 0.05) stage as well as DFS (P = 0.038) after preoperative RCT. High posttreatment survivin levels were associated with advanced ypT stage (P = 0.03) and residual lymph node metastases (P = 0.04). Moreover, neoadjuvant RCT resulted in a significant downregulation of survivin expression (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). A failure of RCT-induced downregulation was associated with development of distant metastases (P = 0.0056) and cancer-related death (P = 0.026), and correlated significantly with DFS (P = 0.011*/0.02**) and CSS (P = 0.0017*/0.01**) in uni-* and multivariate** analyses. Conclusions: Survivin expression displays a marker with prognostic utility in rectal cancers. These results underline the potential of survivin to monitor individual response to RCT and encourage anti-survivin strategies in multimodal rectal cancer therapy within future randomized clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1623–31. ©2010 AACR.
Variation of bronchoalveolar lymphocyte phenotypes with age in the physiologically normal human lung
Authors: K. C Meyer, P. Soergel
Journal: Thorax (1999)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Changes in T lymphocyte subsets have been observed in various forms of pulmonary disease. However, bronchoalveolar lymphocyte subsets have not been well characterised for healthy individuals differing in age. A study was undertaken to investigate the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in clinically normal volunteers of two different age groups (19–36 and 64–83 years). <h3>METHODS</h3> Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on all individuals in both age groups and peripheral venous blood was drawn just prior to BAL. Bronchoalveolar cell profiles were characterised by morphological criteria, and cell surface antigen expression of lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry. <h3>RESULTS</h3> A significant increase in total BAL lymphocytes was observed for the oldest group compared with the youngest age group. Mean lymphocyte subset (CD4+/CD8+) ratios were significantly increased in BAL fluid from the older group compared with the younger group (mean (SE) 7.6 (1.5) vs 1.9 (0.2); p&lt;0.0001). The increase in the BAL CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio was mostly due to an increase in relative numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes, and the BAL CD4/CD8 ratio was disproportionately increased compared with peripheral blood in the older group. Increased expression of HLA-DR and CD69 on CD4+ T lymphocytes was observed in the oldest age group. Relative numbers of natural killer (NK) cells did not vary with age, and γδ T cells and CD5+ B cells were present in very low numbers in both age groups. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> CD4+ T cells accumulate in air spaces of the lower respiratory tract with age in healthy adults and express increased amounts of HLA-DR and CD69 on their surfaces, suggesting a relative degree of CD4+ T lymphocyte activation for healthy older individuals who have normal lung function.
<i>Burkholderia cenocepacia</i> Lipopolysaccharide, Lipid A, and Proinflammatory Activity
Authors: Anthony De Soyza, Charles D. Ellis, C. M. Anjam Khan, Paul A. Corris, Raquel Demarco de Hormaeche
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

Organisms from the Burkholderia cepacia complex are important pathogens in cystic fibrosis and are associated with increased rates of sepsis and death. These organisms comprise nine closely related species known as genomovars. B. cenocepacia (genomovar III) is the most prevalent and appears the most virulent. We investigated the biological activity of a reference panel of strains using whole-cell lysates to induce septic-shock related cytokines from differentiated human monocytic cells. We found varying biological activity within and between genomovars, with B. cenocepacia strains possessing the greatest cytokine induction activity. This activity was CD-14 dependent, suggesting that LPS was responsible for the cytokine induction. Cytokine induction was not simply related to the expression of rough or smooth LPS. We purified LPS from two strains, B. cenocepacia LMG 12614 and B. multivorans LMG 14273, each possessing rough LPS. Divergence in biological activity of the two genomovars was preserved when human monocytic cells were stimulated with purified LPS. Lipid A purified from LMG 14273 and LMG 12614 were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry. Lipid A from the less effective cytokine inducer LMG 14273 was found to be missing a beta-hydroxymyristate (3-OH C14:0) relative to the lipid A of B. cenocepacia LMG 12614.