tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SPORTS INJURIES AT THE OLYMPICS: A REVIEW OF INCIDENCE RELATED DATA FROM PAST GAMES AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE MULTI-SPORT EVENTS
Authors: C Watura, C Barton, N Webborn, N Maffulli, D Morrissey
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

The Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games are the pinnacle of many athletes' careers, yet few have been fully reported on regarding injury occurrence (Athanasopoulos et al . BJSM 2007;41:603). We collated the evidence on sports injuries at Olympic and Paralympic Games into a complete review to inform medical provision, injury prevention and data collection planning for future multi-sport events. Eight electronic databases were systematically searched for articles fulfilling the following criteria: (i) title regarding any Olympic or Paralympic Games competition or training period, (ii) abstract documenting the frequency, characteristics or causes of sports related injuries that (iii) occurred in participating athletes. Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. Four included all athletes and injuries at the event investigated. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, 1055 injuries were reported from 9572 athletes, highest proportions in football and commonest location the knee. In the 2010 Winter Olympics, 287 injuries were reported from 2567 athletes, highest proportions in snowboard cross and commonest location the knee. In the 2010 and 2002 Winter Paralympics, injuries were reported from 120 of 505 and 39 of 416 athletes respectively, highest proportions in sledge hockey. Current evidence suggests a similar proportion of injuries in Summer and Winter Olympics, an inconclusive proportion in Winter Paralympics, and a lack of research on Summer Paralympics. Severe injuries occur in training and competition, so adequate medical cover is needed during both. Preventative strategies should be sport-specific as injury causalities vary (Engebretsen et al . BJSM 2010;44:772). To better understand emerging sport specific injury patterns, International Federations could consider collaboration to establish a prospective surveillance system to produce longitudinal evidence from future sporting events (Webborn et al . CJSM 2012;22:3).
The Crystal Structure of eEF1A Refines the Functional Predictions of an Evolutionary Analysis of Rate Changes Among Elongation Factors
Authors: Eric A. Gaucher, Ujjwal K. Das, Michael M. Miyamoto, Steven A. Benner
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2002)

The complex interplay between sequence, folded structure, and function in a divergently evolving protein family can be reflected in the rate at which individual sites accumulate amino acid replacements.Thus, detecting shifts in the evolutionary rates of individual sites offers a way to identify potential instances of functional divergence among proteins (Benner 1989;Naylor and Gerstein 2000;Gaucher, Miyamoto, and Benner 2001;Marin et al. 2001;Wang and Gu 2001).The covarion model of Fitch and Markowitz (1970) was among the first to consider protein structure and function in this way.The ability to detect rate-shift sites relies on molecular evolutionary approaches (Gu 1999(Gu , 2001;;Benner and Gaucher 2001;Galtier 2001;Landgraf, Xenarios, and Eisenberg 2001), whereas functional explanations for these changes can be derived from experiments in structural biology (Golding and Dean 1998).This combination defines a powerful approach for studies within the field of functional genomics in general.Gaucher, Miyamoto, and Benner ( 2001) illustrated how such a combined approach can provide experimentally testable hypotheses that relate individual amino acids to specific functional differences among proteins.They analyzed elongation factor (EF) sequences and identified those sites with shifting rates between the EF-Tu and eEF1A orthologs from bacteria and eukaryotes, respectively.Their comparisons relied on maximum likelihood (ML) methods to estimate the evolutionary rates of sites in one group, then in the other.Those sites with the greatest rate changes between EF-Tu and eEF1A were identified from a frequency histogram of their individual differences.EF-Tu and eEF1A (formerly known as EF-1␣) are essential for translation in bacteria and eukaryotes (Krab and Parmeggiani 1998;Negrutskii and El'skaya 1998).Despite their similar overall roles in translation and very slow rates of evolution, these two orthologous proteins differ in several of their more specific functions.For example, bacterial EF-Tu binds GDP ϳ100-fold tighter than GTP, in contrast to the near-identical affinities of eEF1A for both.EF-Tu regenerates its active form via the single-subunit nucleotide exchange factor EF-Ts.In contrast, eEF1A is regenerated by the multisubunit nucleotide exchange factor eEF1B (formally known as EF-1␤␥␦).eEF1B is composed of the subunits ␣, ␤, and ␥,
A CASE OF CONGENITAL HEART-BLOCK
Authors: J. Lewis
Journal: BMJ (1934)

Congenital heart-block appears to be a comparatively rare condition, and so few cases have been confirmed by electrocardiogram that I am prompted to make an addition to the sparse literature on this interesting abnormality.Before heart-block can be considered to be of congenital origin it must conform to the criteria laid down by Yaterl in his exhaustive review of the literature on this subject in 1929.There must be some evidence of the existence of a slow pulse at an early age.A graphic record soon after birth would further establish its existence in the absence of a history of an acute infection such as A. Auricular 75, Ventrncular 43.diphtheria, scarlet fever, chorea, influenza, rheumatic fever, or other causes of myocarditis.The knowledge of syncopal attacks at an early age, combined with a slow pulse and graphic evidence in later years, would lend support to its congenital origin, while the coexistence of other congenital cardiac abnormalities would support a diagnosis of congenital heart-block.B. Three months later.Auricular 75, Ventricular 45. C.After 1 / 100 grain atropine sulphate.Auricular 90, Ventricular 45.
The effect ofN-acetylcysteine on oxygen transport and uptake in patients with fulminant hepatic failure
Authors: Timothy S. Walsh, Patrick Hopton, Barbara J. Philips, Simon J. Mackenzie, Alistair Lee
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

We have investigated the effect of N-acetylcysteine on hemodynamic variables, oxygen delivery (DO2), oxygen consumption (VO2), and oxygen extraction in patients with fulminant hepatic failure using independent methods of determining DO2 and VO2, thereby eliminating the effect of mathematical coupling, which may have biased previous studies. In 11 patients with severe fulminant hepatic failure, we documented the hemodynamic effects of N-acetylcysteine during the first 5 hours of a standard infusion regime and simultaneously measured VO2 using a method based on respiratory gas analysis. We related physiological changes to plasma N-acetylcysteine concentrations, and compared this group with 7 patients who received placebo infusions. A variable hemodynamic response to N-acetylcysteine was observed that did not differ significantly in comparison with the placebo group, and did not correlate with plasma drug concentrations. The most significant relationship observed between DO2 and VO2 in any patient predicted a 13-mL x min(-1) x m(-2) increase in VO2 when DO2 increased by 100 mL x min(-1) x m(-2); in 8 patients, VO2 was independent of DO2 over the range observed. In the group that received N-acetylcysteine, a small (mean 6 [SD 6] mL x min(-1) x m[-2]) increase in VO2 occurred in comparison with baseline after 1 hour of infusion (P < .01), but changes were not significantly different from the placebo group and were not sustained. N-Acetylcysteine infusion did not increase oxygen extraction or result in an improvement in whole-blood lactate levels or base excess during the study period. We conclude that N-acetylcysteine infusion does not result in clinically relevant improvements in global VO2, or in clinical markers of tissue hypoxia in patients with severe fulminant hepatic failure.
Commonly Used Types of Postmenopausal Estrogen for Treatment of Hot Flashes
Authors: Heidi D. Nelson
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Recommendations for postmenopausal hormone therapy have changed since the Women's Health Initiative indicated that estrogen was harmful for use in disease prevention; however, treatment of menopausal symptoms with low-dose estrogen remains an approved indication for use.To compare the short-term efficacy and adverse effects of 2 commonly used estrogens, conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) and 17beta-estradiol, for reducing menopausal hot flashes by systematically reviewing randomized controlled trials.MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry were searched from the database start dates to July 2003 using database-specific key words. Reference lists of published articles, experts, and pharmaceutical manufacturers were also consulted.English-language abstracts of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials and systematic evidence reviews of oral CEE and oral and transdermal 17beta-estradiol, and treatment of menopausal hot flashes and their adverse effects.Study design, population characteristics, eligibility criteria, interventions, withdrawals, adverse effects, and results for each outcome. Study quality was assessed using predefined criteria based on parameters developed with the US Preventive Services Task Force and the UK National Health Services Centre.A total of 32 trials including 4 head-to-head comparisons met inclusion criteria; 14 trials met criteria for meta-analysis. All estrogen agents significantly reduced the weekly number of hot flashes compared with placebo (CEE, 1 trial: mean change, -19.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], -33.0 to -5.1; oral 17beta-estradiol, 5 trials: pooled weighted mean difference, -16.8; 95% CI, -23.4 to -10.2; transdermal 17beta-estradiol, 6 trials: pooled weighted mean difference, -22.4; 95% CI, -35.9 to -10.4); differences between agents were not significant. Breast tenderness and atypical vaginal bleeding were the most frequently reported adverse effects among estrogen users. The influence of progestin or progesterone use, cyclic and continuous regimens, and differences in adverse effects could not be determined.Conjugated equine estrogen and 17beta-estradiol have consistent and comparable effects on treatment of menopausal hot flashes and may have similar short-term adverse effects.
Gender of Infants Conceived on Different Days of the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Susan Harlap
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

The baby's sex was studied in 3658 births to Jewish women who observed the orthodox ritual of sexual separation each month and who resumed intercourse within two days of ovulation. The day of resuming intercourse relative to ovulation was estimated from the characteristics of each woman's menstrual cycle and the number of days of sexual abstinence observed after the last menstruation. The proportion of male babies was significantly higher (65.5±3.9 per cent, mean ± S.D.) in the offspring of women who resumed intercourse two days after ovulation. This proportion tended to be lower on or near the day of ovulation than on the previous one or two days. These results, which were consistent in different demographic subgroups, demonstrate that insemination on different days of the menstrual cycle does lead to variations in sex ratio. Couples should be cautioned against attempting to conceive a boy by delaying intercourse until after ovulation, until further research has established whether delayed fertilization causes birth defects. (N Engl J Med 300:1445–1448, 1979)
Identification of a satellite fatty acid ethyl ester synthase from human myocardium as a glutathione S-transferase.
Authors: P S Bora, C A Spilburg, L G Lange
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Nonoxidative alcohol metabolism catalyzed by fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) synthases may contribute to extrahepatic injury resulting from alcohol abuse. Unlike rabbit myocardial FAEE synthase, that from human heart has a satellite minor synthase (I) eluting from DEAE cellulose at a conductivity of 5 mS. Synthase I was purified 1,118-fold to homogeneity by sequential gel permeation, hydrophobic interaction, and Superose-12 fast-protein liquid chromatographies. SDS-PAGE showed a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of 26 kD and gel permeation chromatography indicated a molecular mass of 52 kD for the active enzyme. Homogeneous synthase I catalyzed ethyl ester synthesis at highest rates with unsaturated octadecanoic fatty acid substrates. The amino acid composition of synthase I was highly homologous to that of human myocardial major synthase, recently identified as an acidic glutathione (GSH) S-transferase. Antibody raised against homogeneous human heart major synthase cross-reacted with the 26-kD synthase I. FAEE synthase co-chromatographed with GSH S-transferase on DEAE cellulose, Sephadex G-100 and S-hexylglutathione agarose, and also displayed GSH S-transferase activity in catalyzing the conjugation of GSH with nitrobenzene-containing carcinogens. Thus, human myocardium contains a satellite peak of FAEE synthase activity and it is a neutral GSH S-transferase.
Risk of Hypoglycemia in Users of Human Insulin: The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Barbara E K Klein, Ronald Klein, Scot E Moss
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether there has been a change in frequency of hypoglycemic reactions associated with use of insulin of animal or human type. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data are from a longitudinal population-based study of people with diabetes onset before 30 years of age who were receiving primary care in an 11-county area of south central Wisconsin in 1980. Interviews of study participants were conducted regarding occurrence of hypoglycemic reactions and the frequency, dose, and type of insulin used. At the 4-year follow-up, 727 of the 765 subjects were using only animal insulin and 33 were using human insulin; by the 10-year follow-up, 352 were using animal insulin and 388 were using human insulin. RESULTS Those using animal insulin reported fewer hypoglycemic reactions than did users of human insulin (X12 = 4.66, P = 0.03). Those who changed insulin type between visits were no more likely to report more hypoglycemic reactions during the year before the visit than those who remained on the same type at the two examinations (X24 = 3.37, P = 0.50). At the 10-year exam, users of human insulin were more likely to be taking multiple doses of insulin (86.6%) than were users of animal insulin (73.9%; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). In multiple logistic regression, the following variables were significantly related to the frequency of hypoglycemic reactions at the 10-year visit: body mass index (lower), glycosylated hemoglobin (lower), and being female. CONCLUSIONS In this population, level of glycemia is related to the frequency of hypoglycemic reactions. While type of insulin (human vs. animal) may be related to glycemia, it appears to have little independent effect on the frequency of reactions.
PTU-169 The Two Week wait – is it any Good at Diagnosing Oesophogo-Gastric Cancers?
Authors: S Beg, J Deacon, R Badiani, D L Morris
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The two week wait (2WW) for suspected upper gastrointestinal cancer was introduced by the Department of Health in 2000 to identify of those at risk of malignancy and to fast track their investigation and management. Twelve years on, we aimed to assess the value of this mode of referral and whether this alters outcomes for those diagnosed through this pathway. <h3>Methods</h3> All patients diagnosed with oesophogastric cancer between April 2011 and March 2012 at the QEII and Lister hospitals, were retrospectively reviewed using our MDT database. These cases were analysed with respect to mode of referral, TNM stage of disease at diagnosis and subsequent management. We reviewed all upper gastro-intestinal 2WW referrals for gastroscopy in the same time period, to determine the proportion which represents malignancy in whom malignancy was found. <h3>Results</h3> During this twelve month period 87 gastro-oesophageal cancers were diagnosed, 75% were oesophageal compared to 25% gastric in origin. There was a male preponderance, accounting for 61% of cases, the average age at diagnosis being 71 years old. 56% were diagnosed via the 2WW, whilst the remainder presented as routine referrals (19%), emergency admissions (22%) and referrals from other specialities (3%). Tumour staging (TNM) at the time of diagnosis was comparable between the routine and 2WW referrals as was the proportion of those who had advanced disease at diagnosis (T4 and above) accounting for 47% and 52% of cases respectively. When reviewing all 2WW referrals for gastroscopy the cancers pick up was 10% with the majority of examinations being normal or identifying insignificant findings. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The two week wait referral system is often considered to be a poor method for detecting oesophagogastric cancer. In our data 10% patients referred in this manner had oesophagogastric cancer which is consistant with existing data. However when looking at all cases of of cancer diagnosed in this time period the 2WW represents the pathway for diagnosis for over half our malignancies (56%). Our cohort of patients showed similar TNM staging at the time of diagnosis irrespective whether they were refered routinely or on an urgent basis. This suggests that the 2ww is an important pathway for referral of upper gastrointestinal malignancies but unfortunately does not identify patients at earlier stage. This is probably due to the lack of symptoms in early oesophogogastric cancer and strengthens the argument for identifying patients at an earlier stage perhaps by screening or surveillance of high risk groups. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared
TCRbeta spectratyping in RA: evidence of clonal expansions in peripheral blood lymphocytes
Authors: F C Hall, K Thomson, J Procter, A J McMichael, B P Wordsworth
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1998)

OBJECTIVE To compare the TCRβ repertoire of peripheral blood CD8 enriched (CD8+) and depleted (CD8−) T cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and controls using CDR3 length analysis (spectratyping). METHODS CD8+ and CD8− T cells were separated from 14 RA patients and 12 controls, using magnetic beads coated with anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies. cDNA was prepared as the template for amplification with 22 Vβ-Cβ primer pairs. The products were resolved by electrophoresis in an ABI373 sequencer using GENESCAN software. Expansions were identified as dominant CDR3 lengths, where the area underlying the corresponding peak exceeded the sum of the areas of the two adjacent peaks. This method was validated by sequencing 10 samples displaying dominant peaks. The expansion frequencies in RA patients and controls were compared using the χ2 test statistic. RESULTS Dominant peaks were evident in several Vβ families. They were more frequent in RA patients in both the CD8+ subset (RA normalised frequency 10.6; control normalised frequency 8.0; p=0.03) and the CD8− subset (RA normalised frequency 2.9; control normalised frequency 1.5; p=0.02). Sequencing of 10 samples exhibiting dominant peaks revealed an unequivocal clonal expansion in nine (90%). CONCLUSIONS RA patients exhibited a significantly increased frequency of T cell expansions both in the CD8+ and CD8− subsets. This phenomenon may reflect the proliferation of autoreactive cells, a non-specific expansion of memory T cells in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines or a defect of T cell regulation that predates the onset of RA and may itself predipose to disease.
Gastric Ulcer and Cholestasis Following Injection Therapy of Bleeding Duodenal Ulcers
Authors: J. L. Raoul, L. Siproudhis, A. Ropert, J. F. Bretagne, M. Gosselin
Journal: Endoscopy (1991)

See also: Extensive Necrosis of Gastric Mucosa Following Injection Therapy of Bleeding Peptic UlcerEndoscopy 1990; 22(06): 285-286DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1010728
Increased plasma activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in two patients with Klinefelter's syndrome complicated by leg ulcers
Authors: J.C.J.M. VERAART, K. HAMULYAK, H.A.M. NEUMANN, J. ENGELEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

Summary Klinefelter's syndrome is the most frequent major abnormality of sexual differentiation in men with two or more X-chromosomes, and effects one in 500 males. The syndrome is characterized by eunuchoaid body proportions, scanty facial and body hair, gynaecomastia, and small firm testes. Leg ulcers, especially in combination with hyperpigmentation, have been reported in association with Klinefelter's syndrome. Thromboembolic processes are also frequently observed. The leg ulcers in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome are usually attributed to venous insufficiency. We describe two patients with Klinefelter's syndrome associated with recurrent ulcers and hyperpigmentation on both legs, in whom no venous or other underlying cause could he Found. The patients were not taking any drugs, in particular no supplemental androgen therapy. Both had normal plasma testosterone values. We detected increased activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). with only a partial decrease upon venous occlusion. A possible role for this inhibitor of fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of ulceration is discussed.
Immunogenetic Factors in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
Authors: James R. Scott, Alan E. Beer, Peter Stastny
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Determination of ABO and HL-A antigens and sex ratio of infants born to 46 women with preeclampsia or eclampsia, in comparison with normal controls, disclosed no predominant blood group, HL-A haplotype, or qualitative difference in maternal-fetal incompatibility. These results suggest that a link between immunologic mechanisms and the pathogenesis of toxemia syndromes, if present at all, must be associated with feto-placental tissue-specific antigens. (<i>JAMA</i>235:402-404, 1976)
"Greed, ignorance, and laziness" are behind medical injection dangers in US, says official
Authors: J. Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Dangerous injection practices by healthcare providers in the United States have caused at least 49 infectious outbreaks since 2001, a new report has found, putting 150 000 people at risk of diseases ranging from HIV to hepatitis and drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Two thirds of the dangerous injections were given in just the past four years, it says.

The findings, published by the newspaper USA Today ,1 come on the heels of a nationwide outbreak of more than 650 fungal infections related to tainted drugs used across 19 states, resulting in 372 cases of meningitis and 39 deaths.

Officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which provided the data to USA Today , said that the numbers in the …
Charity calls for the release of its kidnapped worker
Authors: T. Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The international medical relief organisation Medecins Sans Frontiares took its campaign to release kidnapped aid worker Arjan Erkel to Moscow this week. As the BMJ went to press, it was due to present an internet petition of 300000 signatures to the Russian president, Vladimir Putin.

The petition calls on the authorities in Russia and Daghestan (part of the Russian Federation) to do everything they can to ensure the safe release of …