tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
William Kenneth Jones
Authors: Hugh Jones
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Medical microbiologist who became a pioneer of hospital infection controlRobert Blowers had a lifelong interest in Staphylococcus aureus and hospital infection.From the mid-1950s onwards he produced a succession of publications on the prevention of hospital infections, particularly those following surgery.These ranged across the design of operating theatres, isolation rooms, and surgical clothing, and the prevention of the airborne spread of infection and clinical protocols for wound management.He co-produced the seminal textbook Hospital Infection: Causes and Prevention, which became the "bible" on infection control for nearly 20 years.In 1959 he was a key member of the Ministry of Health working group that produced a report on staphylococcal infections in hospitals.At a Department of Health workshop in December 2004, just a week before Robert's death, his major contribution was recalled by the department's inspector of microbiology and infection control, who had that week sent him a Christmas card with the message "you will be pleased to know that we are at last trying to implement your 1959 recommendations!"
PRODUCTS OF ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Clemens Sorg, Barry R. Bloom
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

General methods were developed and applied to the biosynthesis and purification of products of activated lymphocytes available in minute quantities. The activity studied here was the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) produced by purified protein derivative (PPD)- or concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated lymphocytes obtained from one guinea pig or less. The methods selected yielded results in terms of two chemical parameters characteristic of the molecules involved, namely Kd on Sephadex G-75 and isoionic point, pI, on isoelectric focusing. When supernatants were fractionated on G-75 columns, there were several areas even in control supernatants which produced migration inhibition relative to medium controls. However, in PPD- and Con A-stimulated supernatants, at least one peak of MIF activity was found solely in the stimulated cultures, with a Kd of 0.15. A double-labeling technique was used to characterize the proteins of this peak. Control, unstimulated cultures were labeled with [14C]leucine and stimulated cultures were labeled with [3H]leucine. After mixing the supernatants and G-75 filtration, a major "ratiolabeled" broad peak. i.e. one with increased 3H/14C ratio, was found. When a narrow portion of this peak about Kd 0.15, containing most of the MIF activity, was subjected to analytical isoelectric focusing, all of the label was associated with proteins of lower net charge than albumin. A unique ratiolabeled peak was found in PPD- and Con A-stimulated fractions with a pI of approx. 5.3. A micropreparative isoelectric focusing technique was developed and yielded MIF activity in the same region as the major ratiolabeled peak. Further study will be required to ascertain whether the ratiolabeled protein is MIF. By following the Kd, pI, and 3H/14C labeling ratio, at least 14 products of activated lymphocytes, synthesized either de novo or in increased amounts, could be distinguished.
Effects of Cardiac Glycosides upon the Electrical Activity of Single Ventricular Fibers of the Frog Heart, and Their Relation to the Digitalis Effect of the Electrocardiogram
Authors: LOWELL A. WOODBURY, HANS H. HECHT
Journal: Circulation (1952)

Using microelectrodes having an external diameter of less than 1 , µ, potential variations of single cardiac fibers were obtained from frog ventricular muscle in situ. The normal membrane potential consists of a rapid depolarization and slow recovery, the latter occurring in three distinct phases. Digitalis glycosides alter profoundly the slopes of these various phases and drastically shorten the entire period of recovery. The characteristic cardiac action potential is thus converted into a spike which resembles the electrical events recorded for skeletal muscle or nerve. These changes occur independently of mechanical systole which remains essentially unaltered. The deformation of the action potential occurs uniformly throughout the ventricular muscle. They are related to the RS-T segment depression of the surface electrocardiogram which in this instance cannot be explained as being caused by a failure of the diastolic repolarization of the endocardial surface but must be an expression of uniform shortening of the entire process of recovery.
A MILK AND BANANA DIET FOR THE TREATMENT OF OBESITY
Authors: GEORGE A. HARROP
Journal: JAMA (1934)

During the course of certain studies on the comparative value of various carbohydrate foods, particularly cooked and uncooked fruits and vegetables, in the diet of patients with diabetes, it was observed that a diet of bananas and milk furnished a simple and effective method for weight reduction. The regimen has since been used by a considerable number of individuals suffering from simple obesity, and it is thought desirable to detail the method and the results obtained.  For the patient who is willing to make reasonable sacrifices to reduce excessive weight, the advantages of a simple, easily measured diet are quite obvious, provided it is well balanced from a nutritional standpoint and sufficiently palatable. Weight reduction usually involves the breaking of a habit that is firmly entrenched. Such a habit some persons find may be easily broken by a gradual process of tapering off, as is involved in the usual curtailment
Johns Hopkins Course Not to be Lengthened.
Authors: Ira Remsen
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Baltimore, Feb. 13, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In your last issue I find a statement that I should be glad to have you correct. The statement is this: "The authorities of the Johns Hopkins University are considering the question of lengthening the course in the collegiate department from three to four years, and that in the medical school from four to five years." A committee is working on the problem of the college course, but what that committee will report I do not know. There is absolutely no foundation for the statement that the authorities of this university are considering the question of lengthening the course in the medical school from four to five years.
Letter: Significance of plasma copper and caeruloplasmin concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: J R Sorenson, D DiTommaso
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1976)

Recently, Bajpayee (1975) questioned the significance of raised plasma copper (Cu) and caeruloplasmin (Cp) concentrations reported by numerous investigators for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).His study purported to show that male and female RA patients had plasma Cu and Cp concentrations which were not dif- ferent from values found in nonarthritic males and females, except in cases where female RA patients were given an oestrogen.He had indicated that the mean Cu concentration of the RA population examined was 248 ,pmol/l (157-5 pg/100 ml).Although this value was suggested to be not different from 28 5 ,umol/l (181-5 cg/100 ml) reported by Lorber, Cutler, and Chang (1968), it seemed to us to be a relatively low value.Our attempts to recalculate this mean value using his data for the various populations resulted in somewhat different values (Table I), none of which were 24-8 pmol/l.The mean for the male and female RA patients (A, B) was only 164 ,pmol/l (104-5 ugl/00 ml).Since this mean is
Of Mice and Medicine
Authors: G. G. Liddle
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Have you considered the gift of the mouse to medicine? Do your readers know that 80% of all experimental animals are mice? This creature is our own little<i>Mus musculus</i>, the worldwide house mouse, who was a field mouse before we built houses. Millions of mice are produced annually by breeders in mouse factories. Their lives are spent in glass jars or in boxes of wood, plastic, stainless steel, or galvanized iron, filled with wood shavings or disintegrated corncobs. They eat a carefully vitamin-fortified standard diet or "chow." If a mouse escapes and must forage for himself, he starves, not knowing he is omnivorous. The only fresh food he gets is by cannibalization. Despite his limited 1-cc blood volume, scarcely withdrawn leaving the little fellow intact, and limiting the amount that can be injected through the tail vein, the mouse when young has a flexible skull, making
Protective antiviral antibody responses in a mouse model of influenza virus infection require TACI
Authors: Amaya I. Wolf, Krystyna Mozdzanowska, William J. Quinn, Michele Metzgar, Katie L. Williams, Andrew J. Caton, Eric Meffre, Richard J. Bram, Loren D. Erickson, David Allman, Michael P. Cancro, Jan Erikson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Antiviral Abs, for example those produced in response to influenza virus infection, are critical for virus neutralization and defense against secondary infection. While the half-life of Abs is short, Ab titers can last a lifetime due to a subset of the Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) that is long lived. However, the mechanisms governing ASC longevity are poorly understood. Here, we have identified a critical role for extrinsic cytokine signals in the survival of respiratory tract ASCs in a mouse model of influenza infection. Irradiation of mice at various time points after influenza virus infection markedly diminished numbers of lung ASCs, suggesting that they are short-lived and require extrinsic factors in order to persist. Neutralization of the TNF superfamily cytokines B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS; also known as BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) reduced numbers of antiviral ASCs in the lungs and bone marrow, whereas ASCs in the spleen and lung-draining lymph node were surprisingly unaffected. Mice deficient in transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), a receptor for BLyS and APRIL, mounted an initial antiviral B cell response similar to that generated in WT mice but failed to sustain protective Ab titers in the airways and serum, leading to increased susceptibility to secondary viral challenge. These studies highlight the importance of TACI signaling for the maintenance of ASCs and protection against influenza virus infection.
Intramyocardial conduction: a major determinant of R-wave amplitude during acute myocardial ischemia.
Authors: D David, M Naito, E Michelson, Y Watanabe, C C Chen, J Morganroth, M Shaffenburg, T Blenko
Journal: Circulation (1982)

The relationship of changes in ventricular activation patterns and variations in R-wave amplitude on the surface ECG during the hyperacute phase of myocardial ischemia were studied in nine open-chest dogs.The sum of R-wave amplitude (2RWA) changes in surface ECG leads L2, V5 and Frank orthogonal leads X, Y and Z were correlated with changes in the conduction time along the specialized conduction.system and in intramyocardial conduction times, as well as with hemodynamic and echocardiographically determined left ventricular dimensional changes.The hyperacute phase of myocardial ischemia induced by a one-stage occlu- sion of the left circumflex coronary artery was marked by a progressive increase in left ventricular end- diastolic diameter and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure as well as a progressive decrease in cardiac out- put.At the same time, ZRWA and intramyocardial conduction time followed a synchronous biphasic pattern.In the first 30 seconds after coronary artery ligation, intramyocardial conduction time in the ischemic zone accelerated to a peak of 11.3% above control (p < 0.001).This acceleration of conduction was followed closely by a decrease in ZRWA to 16.8% below control (p < 0.001).A second phase ensued, characterized by a gradual slowing of intramyocardial conduction time in the ischemic zone to 135.1% above control (p < 0.001) and a synchronous increase in 2RWA to 53.1% above control (p < 0.001).Conduction time along the special- ized conduction system did not change significantly.Thus, the asynchrony of ischemic 2RWA alterations with hemodynamic and left ventricular dimensional changes and the similarity of the biphasic responses of 2RWA to the changes in intramyocardial conduction time in the ischemic area suggest that ventricular activation patterns rather than hemodynamic and intra- cardiac dimensional changes may play the major role in determining R-wave amplitude responses to acute myocardial ischemia.INCREASED R-wave amplitude on the surface ECG at peak exercise has been observed frequently in pa- tients with coronary artery disease. 1-4Bonoris et al.1 claimed this sign to be a sensitive and specific marker for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.Increases in R-wave amplitude may also indicate the extent of ischemia-induced left ventricular dysfunction.2 4 This suggestion is based on the assumption that R-wave amplitude changes are related, by the Brody effect,5 to an increase in left ventricular volume resulting from acute ischemia.However, studies in humans have not consistently corroborated these findings."8We designed a series of experiments using a canine model of acute myocardial ischemia to identify factors that contribute to ischemic R-wave amplitude altera- tions.In our initial studies we showed that ischemic R- wave amplitude changes could not be explained merely by intracardiac volume changes.9' 10 Other in-
T-Lymphocyte–Mediated Granulopoietic Failure
Authors: Grover C. Bagby, H.Jeffrey Lawrence, Robert C. Neerhout
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

To identify patients with T-lymphocyte–mediated granulopoietic failure, we compared clonal growth of unfractionated bone-marrow cells with that of autologous marrow cells from which T lymphocytes had been removed, in a group of 234 patients. We also attempted to identify prednisone-responsive patients by culturing both unfractionated and T-depleted cells with and without glucocorticoids in vitro. Ninety-three patients were treated with prednisone for two to four weeks. Neutropenia resolved in 24 of 25 patients whose colony growth was enhanced by glucocorticoids in vitro, but in none of 68 whose cultures showed no response (P = 10-10). Hemopoietic inhibitory T cells were found in 21 of the 24 prednisone-responsive patients. When these 21 patients were restudied during steroid treatment, the hemopoietic inhibitory cells were undetectable in steroid-responsive patients but were present in steroid-resistant patients. T lymphocytes can mediate granulopoietic failure in a variety of conditions, and in vitro studies identify most of the patients with these conditions. Hemopoietic inhibitory T cells are often steroid-sensitive, and in vitro study accurately predicts responses to steroid therapy. (N Engl J Med 1983;309:1073–8.)
Molecular signatures to improve diagnosis in peripheral T-cell lymphoma and prognostication in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Javeed Iqbal, Dennis D. Weisenburger, Timothy C. Greiner, Julie M. Vose, Timothy McKeithan, Can Kucuk, Huimin Geng, Karen Deffenbacher, Lynette Smith, Karen Dybkaer, Shigeo Nakamura, Masao Seto, Jan Delabie, Francoise Berger, Florence Loong, Wing Y. Au, Young-Hyeh Ko, Ivy Sng, James Olen Armitage, Wing C. Chan
Journal: Blood (2009)
Muscle and Liver Insulin Resistance Indexes Derived From the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: Jean-Philippe Bastard, May Faraj, Antony D. Karelis, Jennifer Lavasseur, Dominique Garrel, Denis Prud'homme, Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

It was recently reported (1) that it is important to assess both hepatic and muscle insulin resistance because doing so can lead to different treatment approaches according to the insulin resistance status of each organ. Currently, the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp is the gold standard for the measurement of liver and muscle insulin sensitivity (2). However, this method is unpractical in clinical practice. For this reason, Abdul-Ghani et al. (1) developed several formulas that were derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for the assessment of …
FORMATION OF A BACTERIAL TOXIN (STREPTOLYSIN S) BY RESTING CELLS
Authors: Alan W. Bernheimer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1949)

The interaction of washed cocci, prepared under specified conditions, and a polynucleotide (AF) results in the formation of streptolysin S provided a fermentable carbohydrate is present. Maximum toxin formation requires, in addition, the presence of magnesium, potassium, and phosphate ions. Streptolysin S production proceeds anaerobically as well as aerobically but under the latter condition, apparently only if the system is sufficiently reducing. Temperature has a marked effect on the rate of appearance of toxin, the critical thermal increment having a value of approximately 36,000. The formation of streptolysin S is inhibited by mercuric ion, arsenite, iodoacetate, dinitrophenol, azide, and other enzyme poisons. The development of streptolysin S in resting cell systems depends neither upon autolysis nor upon physical extraction of preformed toxin but upon toxin synthesis. From the supernatant fluid of the resting cell system, a product containing 20,000 to 30,000 units of streptolysin S per mg. dry weight can be isolated. Information concerning the pH stability of the product is presented. The product is free of streptokinase, hyaluronidase, and proteinase, but possesses appreciable desoxyribonuclease activity. Chemical analyses and other findings indicate that polynucleotide and carbohydrate are present in major amount, and that a small but undetermined quantity of protein is present. Inactivation of streptolysin S by chymotrypsin, ficin, papain, or cathepsin, and not by a variety of other enzymes, indicates that protein is essential for activity, but the precise chemical composition of the toxin remains to be established.
THE INCIDENCE OF ALLERGY IN PSYCHOTIC REACTIONS
Authors: ROBERT M. MCALLISTER, ARTHUR O. HECKER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1949)

A control group of 757 personnel and a test group of 1,875 neuropsychiatric patients were surveyed for symptoms and signs of allergy. In order to validate the material, the survey was made when an allergen (ragweed pollen) was a common environmental circumstance for both groups in the same geographical location. The survey, by history, among the control group revealed an incidence of major allergic symptoms of 21% and an incidence by physical signs of 13%. This group represented a cross section of the population for the area in which the study was made. Among the test group of patients, the majority of whom were psychotic, the incidence of symptoms by history was 5.7%, and the incidence of positive physical signs, 2.9%. The incidence of physical signs among schizophrenic patients was 2.9% and among manic-depressive psychotics, 1.4%. Among epileptics, it was 13% and among organic psychoses, 3.0%. The survey is considered valid since it was made under controlled conditions, the findings were objective, and the survey is open to repetition.
Pronounced postprandial lipemia impairs endothelium-dependent dilation of the brachial artery in men
Authors: Hannes Gaenzer, Wolfgang Sturm, Guenther Neumayr, Rudolf Kirchmair, Christoph Ebenbichler, Andreas Ritsch, Bernhard Föger, Günter Weiss, Josef R Patsch
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Objective: Pronounced postprandial lipemia has been established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but reports regarding its effect on endothelial function have been controversial. In the present study the influence of a standardized fatty meal with its ensuing postprandial lipemia of highly varying magnitude on endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) was investigated. Methods: In 17 healthy, normolipidemic men EDD of the brachial artery was quantified in two series of three measurements each. In both series initial measurements were performed at 08:00 h after an overnight fast followed by measurements at 12:00 and 16:00 h, in the first series with continued fasting and in the second following the ingestion of a standardized fatty test meal 4 and 8 h postprandially. Results: Measurements of EDD in the fasting state revealed the recently appreciated diurnal variation with higher values in noon and afternoon hours compared with morning values (2.5±1.6% at 08:00, 7.5±2.7% at 12:00, and 7.0±2.1% at 16:00 h, P<0.001 by analysis of variance). Postprandial EDD values measured at 12:00 h were, at the average, lower than fasting EDD values measured at 12:00 h and correlated inversely with the magnitude of postprandial triglyceridemia (r=−0.81, P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, higher postprandial lipemia was associated with impaired postprandial EDD (P<0.001) independent of fasting triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, insulin, age and body mass index. Conclusion: We conclude that pronounced postprandial lipemia is associated with transient impairment of endothelial function. Our findings support the notion that impaired triglyceride metabolic capacity plays an important role in atherogenesis.
Prolonged Urticaria after Ingestion of Sulfamethoxypyridazine
Authors: Bertrand M. Bell, George V. Irons, William E. Furst
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

SOON after the introduction of the sulfonamides, it was apparent that many reactions followed their use.1 Sulfonamides have been associated with a serum-sickness-like syndrome characterized by fever, morbilliform or urticarial lesions, conjunctival injection, bronchospasm and leukopenia. Crossreactions to different sulfonamide derivatives may occur. Accelerated and immediate responses to repeated courses of treatment are also seen.2 The advantages of potent and long-acting specific pharmaceuticals have recently been emphasized. Sulfamethoxypyridazine is a relatively new drug with antibacterial action that, in vitro and in vivo, is comparable to sulfadiazine. This compound is well absorbed and yields much higher concentrations in the plasma for . . .