tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Where there's smoke there's lung disease
Authors: Y. Liu
Journal: Thorax (2007)

Exposure to biofuels in China

Although global energy consumption from biomass fuels or biofuels is only a small part of the total (12%), the use is much more prevalent in developing countries than in developed countries (33% vs 3%).1 It is estimated that almost 3 billion people or 50% of households worldwide use biomass and coal as their main source of energy for cooking, heating and other household needs.2,3 Biofuels have higher emission factors for particulate matter and other pollutants, especially during incomplete combustion at lower temperatures,4 which generates indoor airborne particles at levels much higher than those for cleaner fuels5 or outdoors,3 and well above levels in most polluted cities.6 Such particles also have small aerodynamic diameters (ranging from 0.05 to 1 μm for wood smoke, for example)1 and can penetrate deep into the alveolar region to induce adverse pulmonary effects. Some of the earliest work concerned with respiratory health and the burning of biofuels in developing countries started with investigations into wood smoke exposure in the 1960s in Papua New Guinea.1,7,8 More studies on domestic smoke pollution and chronic bronchitis were conducted in rural Nepal.9,10 In the past two decades a number of epidemiological studies have been conducted specifically to evaluate the burning of solid biofuels as a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These studies, performed in various regions of the developing world such as Saudi Arabia,11 Columbia,12 Mexico,13 Turkey14 and Nepal,5 have shown a link between biofuel cooking and COPD in women. In addition, a link has also been found in developed countries.15 Little has been reported, however, …
CT scanning of the brain: a revolution in only eight years
Authors: B. Bolsen
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Molecular signalling mechanisms controlling growth and function of cardiac fibroblasts
Authors: G. W. Booz, K. M. Baker
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

Cardiac fibroblasts appear to be important in producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the heart. The abnormal proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts and deposition of the ECM protein, collagen, associated with hypertension and myocardial infarction, may adversely affect the performance of the heart. Several groups of factors affect collagen gene expression and/or growth of cardiac fibroblasts. Angiotensin II, aldosterone and endothelins play a central role in the remodeling of the ECM in hypertension, and decrease collagenase activity and/or increase collagen synthesis in cultured cells. Regulatory peptides that are generally elevated at sites of injury, such as TGF-β1 and PDGF, increase collagen synthesis and/or stimulate mitogenesis. Mechanical stretch enhances collagen expression and cell proliferation, responses which could in part be due to integrin activation. Cytokines may stimulate or inhibit cell growth, the latter through prostaglandin formation. Angiotensin II is a principal determinant in vivo of cardiac fibroplasia and synthesis of the ECM proteins, collagen and fibronectin. Cardiac fibroblasts possess G-protein-coupled AT1 receptors for angiotensin II that couple to activation of multiple signalling pathways, including: phospholipase C-β, with the subsequent release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and activation of protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinases, tyrosine kinases, phospholipase D, phosphatidic acid formation, and the STAT family of transcription factors. Cardiac fibroblasts respond to angiotensin II with hyperplastic/hypertrophic growth, and increased expression of collagen, fibronectin, and integrins. The mechanisms by which the AT1 receptor activates multiple signalling pathways are not known, although the receptor might interact at some level with both integrins and cytokine receptors. Different signalling pathways of the AT1 receptor may subserve different cellular responses, such as mitogenesis, ECM synthesis, or an inflammatory/stress response. Crosstalk among the signalling pathways of the AT1 receptor, and those of G-protein, cytokine, and growth-factor receptors, may determine the ultimate response of the cell.
Lyme Disease Controversy: Use and Misuse of Language
Authors: Leonard H. Sigal
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

Letters5 November 2002Lyme Disease Controversy: Use and Misuse of LanguageLeonard H. Sigal, MDLeonard H. Sigal, MDUMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; New Brunswick, NJ 08903Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-9-200211050-00030 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Dr. Lautin seems to take offense at the term alternative reality. Given the stakes, all medical approaches should be based on scientific studies, verifiable facts. Assertions that contradict repeatedly confirmed studies must be considered only “alternatives” until objective supporting evidence is produced. We must always be open to new findings and, if indicated, to adopting a new, perhaps continuous rather than dichotomous approach. Nonetheless, in some circumstances, the dichotomous approach is most appropriate. In the past, careful observation was the best one could do in attempting to describe phenomena; today, we can and must do better. Dr. Lautin ...References1. . The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. New York: Random House; 1966. Google Scholar2. Sigal LH. Summary of the first 100 patients seen at a Lyme disease referral center. Am J Med. 1990;88:577-81. [PMID: 2346158] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Sigal LH. The Lyme disease controversy. Social and financial costs of misdiagnosis and mismanagement. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1493-500. [PMID: 8687256] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Reid MC, Schoen RT, Evans J, Rosenberg JC, Horwitz RI. The consequences of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of Lyme disease: an observational study. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:354-62. [PMID: 9490595] LinkGoogle Scholar5. Dinerman H, Steere AC. Lyme disease associated with fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:281-5. [PMID: 1637022] LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Leonard H. Sigal, MDAffiliations: UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; New Brunswick, NJ 08903 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoMisconceptions about Lyme Disease: Confusions Hiding behind Ill-Chosen Terminology Leonard H. Sigal Lyme Disease Controversy: Use and Misuse of Language Andrew Lautin Lyme Disease Controversy: Use and Misuse of Language Edward L. McNeil Lyme Disease Controversy: Use and Misuse of Language Kenneth B. Liegner Lyme Disease Controversy: Use and Misuse of Language Raphael B. Stricker Duration of Antibiotic Therapy for Lyme Disease Raphael B. Stricker and Edward L. McNeil Metrics 5 November 2002Volume 137, Issue 9Page: 776-777KeywordsAnimal modelsAntibioticsBorrelia burgdorferiEncephalitisExtrapolationInfectious diseasesLyme diseasePathogensTicks ePublished: 5 November 2002 Issue Published: 5 November 2002 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2002 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Differential effects of nephrotoxic agents on renal transport and metabolism by use of in vitro techniques.
Authors: G H Hirsch
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

A number of studies by the author and other investigators are reviewed in which the in vitro kidney slice technique has been used to evaluate the nephrotoxicity of various compounds. The kidney slice technique can be used to determine the effect of prior drug treatment of laboratory animals on renal organic acid (p-aminohippurate) or organic base (N-methylnicotinamide) transport, on glucose synthesis, and on oxygen consumption by renal coritical slices. The nephrotoxic agents uranyl nitrate and potassium dichromate exert inhibitory effects on renal function, althouhg both agents enhance organic base transport at low doses and potassium dichromate enhances organic acid transport at moderate doses. Enhanced PAH transport has been found to be a sensitive indicator of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity, while inhibition of other parameters has been reported. The tissue slice method is less effective in evaluation chronic nephrotoxicity such as that produced by lead. The inhibitory effect of mercurial diuretics has been shown to be due to the general depression of metabolic activity by mercury. The kidney slice technique has been found to be a sensitive indicator in the assessment of halogenated hydrocarbon-induced nephrotoxicity. Differential effects of compounds on in vitro organic acid and base trasport provides information about the transport of these compounds as well as about their nephrotoxicity. Although it is often desirable to perform in vivo tests or other in vitro renal function tests, the kidney slice technique has proved to be extremely useful in toxicological evaluations.
1045. Overexpression of an ABCG2 Multidrug Transporter Variant Does Not Effect Proliferation or Differentiation of Hematopoetic Stem Cells
Authors: Olga Ujhelly, Nora Kucsma, Judith Cervenak, Linping Chen, Manuel Grez, Balazs Sarkadi, Katalin Nemet
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Stem cell based gene therapy is often unsuccessful because of the low number of gene modified cells. Growth advantage of the corrected cells may provide permanent recovery of the patient. The multidrug resistance phenotype of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) allows the selection of gene-modified cells in vivo or in cancer patients, decreases the myelosuppressive side effect of chemotherapy. In contrast with the potential benefit, some authors reported a harmfull side effect of several ABC transporters on the myeloid differentiation.
ECHO-11 as a respiratory virus: quantitation of infection in man
Authors: Gilbert S. Saliba, Sylvia L. Franklin, George Gee Jackson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

Through a series of controlled experiments in volunteers, quantitative aspects of infection, illness, and immunity to ECHO-11 virus were studied. ECHO-11 is a transmissable viral infection in man and equally infectious to the upper respiratory and the intestinal tracts. The rate of infection was directly related to the dose of virus exposure, but any infectious dose of virus produced illness in only about one-third of the infected subjects. The infectious dose for man varied over a billionfold range. Larger challenge doses caused no difference in the local symptoms at the portal of entry or in the peak severity of illness, but symptoms were more diverse and prolonged after a higher dose. Persons with asymptomatic infections became just as heavily infected as ill persons.
Modulation of Na <sup>+</sup> Current Inactivation by Stimulation of Protein Kinase C in Cardiac Cells
Authors: Cheryl L. Watson, Michael R. Gold
Journal: Circulation Research (1997)

Modulation of the inward Na+ current (I(Na)) by protein kinase C (PKC) was investigated by intracellular perfusion of a peptide corresponding to the catalytic subunit of PKC (PKCP). The effects of PKC activation independent of membrane-receptor pathways were studied in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Perfusion with 2 nmol/L PKCP caused a depolarizing shift in steady state half-inactivation relative to control (-83.2+/-1.3 versus -74.9+/-1.6 mV for control versus PKCP, respectively) without a change in current-voltage relationships or peak I(Na). The development of resting inactivation was slowed by PKCP (tau, 69.1+/-7.6 [control] versus 100.4+/-5.1 ms). Open-channel inactivation, estimated by measuring I(Na) decay from peak current at test voltages between -10 and +30 mV was significantly slowed by PKCP. Recovery from inactivation was more rapid during PKCP perfusion, with a shortening of both the fast (tau(f)) and slow (tau(s)) components of tau (tau(f), 38.5+/-7.0 [control] versus 14.2+/-4.7 ms; tau(s), 163.4+/-47.9 [control] versus 51.3+/-9.2 ms). All of the effects of PKCP on I(Na) were antagonized by the PKC inhibitors chelerythrine chloride or staurosporine or by down-regulation of PKC using phorbol ester preincubation. We conclude that the actions of PKC on the Na+ channel result in slowing the development of inactivation and accelerating reactivation, resulting in less resting inactivation.
Electrodiagnostic Studies in Neuromuscular Disease
Authors: Frederick J. Samaha
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC studies for neuromuscular disease can be a valuable asset in diagnostic and follow-up considerations.1 Their use, however, must be an extension of the clinical evaluation and not a routine test. The physician must decide what kind of pathophysiology might explain the patient's signs and symptoms. He is then in a position to request specific electromyographic and nerve-conduction studies to shed light on diseases that might affect the anterior-horn cell, nerve root, peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction or muscle.Like those of the brain and heart, changes in membrane polarity can be measured in striated muscle. The most commonly used electrode . . .
Personal services or dangerous liaisons: should we help patients hire prostitutes?
Authors: James Barrett
Journal: BMJ (2004)

I was first asked to see Mr Cooper (not his real name) in my capacity as a psychiatrist. The general practitioner's referral letter said he was a man in his 80s, frail, catheterised, demented, and displaying “inappropriate sexual behaviour.” I visited Mr Cooper at his local authority residential home.

It seemed that Mr Cooper had persistently been asking female members of staff to have sex with him. The problems seemed to have begun when Mr Cooper's regular visits from an elderly female friend had ceased.

Although rather deaf and undoubtedly frail Mr Cooper did not have significant cognitive impairment. He volunteered that his visitor had been providing him with paid sexual services, and that since this was no longer possible he wanted to hire another prostitute. He said his deafness and poor vision had now made it difficult for him to do this for himself, and he had consequently sought help from the staff. He had been firmly refused. I gathered that after a stalemate of many months he could think …
Did prognosis after acute myocardial infarction change during the past 30 years? A meta-analysis
Authors: Jacqueline J.M. de Vreede, Anton P.M. Gorgels, Gertie M.P. Verstraaten, Frank Vermeer, Willem R.M. Dassen, Hein J.J. Wellens
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
The Challenge of Discharging Research Ethics Duties in Resource-Constrained Settings
Authors: Jerome Amir Singh
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

The author has declared that no competing interests exist.



No specific funding was received to write this Perspective, although the author is supported by the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), which forms part of the Comprehensive International Program on AIDS, funded by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The author is also funded through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation via its Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative.



Provenance: Commissioned; not externally peer reviewed.
[367] MEMORY READ OUT OF HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR (HIF) 1 ALPHA AS NOVEL TOOL TO DETERMINE TISSUE OXYGEN: EVIDENCE FOR HYPOXIC HEPATOCELLULAR OXYGEN LEVELS IN VIVO
Authors: G. Millonig, S. Hegeduesch, D. Schuppan, S. Mueller
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Pediatric Headaches in Clinical Practice
Authors: Dennis Rosen
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Care for patients with HIV infection and AIDS.
Authors: M W Adler
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) present only a few of the clinical problems that must be dealt with and it is important to consider all of those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection as well as those with AIDS.  There are 730 patients with AIDS but up to 60000 people infected with HIV in the United Kingdom.  Many of the people with HIV infection are well asymptomatic and unaware that they are infected but others who have not yet developed AIDS have physical psychological social and occupational problems that require as much care as in the case of patients with AIDS.  This article discusses the effect of HIV and AIDS on the hospital service and raises some epidemiological and general questions that need to be answered to plan services and then review different approaches that might be used to provide care in the community.  There are many ways to look after patients with varying degrees of HIV infection and AIDS.  This should allow a series of models to be developed and evaluated.  Different models of terminal care might also be assessed.  Such evaluation would require different parameters that incorporate clinical outcome and an examination of the patients attitudes and those of their families general practitioners domiciliary nurses and home help staff.  Finally the social and economic costs of different kinds of care need to be studied to help in finding the most efficacious acceptable and cheapest form of care.
Sudden death after exertion
Authors: T. K. Elliott
Journal: BMJ (1969)

MBITICJOSUNALis the gestation age of the fetus, and not the route by whch termination is effected, as was also shown by Matthews.2There is a national shortage of anti-D immunoglobulin, and while the risk may be small we cannot agree that there is no indi- cation to give immunoglobulin in cases of therapeutic and spontaneous abortion.If rhesus sensitization is to be considered a preventable disease' Rh-negative women having a termination of pregnancy should be afforded protection as soon as sufficient anti-D immunoglobulin is available.This is particularly true in primigravidae, where the postoperative fetal cell count is high and the termination is carried out late in pregnancy.There is no reason to condemn Rh-negative women to affected infants in a later marriage because they had a therapeutic abortion earlier.-We are, etc., E.
Gene-expression profiling of Waldenström macroglobulinemia reveals a phenotype more similar to chronic lymphocytic leukemia than multiple myeloma
Authors: Wee J. Chng, Roelandt F. Schop, Tammy Price-Troska, Irene Ghobrial, Neil Kay, Diane F. Jelinek, Morie A. Gertz, Angela Dispenzieri, Martha Lacy, Robert A. Kyle, Philip R. Greipp, Renee C. Tschumper, Rafael Fonseca, Peter Leif Bergsagel
Journal: Blood (2006)
SPECT Attenuation Artifacts in Normal and Overweight Persons
Authors: N Freedman, D Schechter, M Klein, R Marciano, Y Rozenman, R Chisin
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2000)

Purpose Myocardial perfusion imaging can be performed using SPECT or positron emission tomography (PET). SPECT has lower specificity than PET, largely as a result of attenuation artifacts; however, it is more widely available. The authors describe a study of the effect of sex and body weight on the incidence of SPECT attenuation artifacts using a retrospective comparison of Tl-201 SPECT and Rb PET. Methods One hundred sixty-one persons (101 men, 60 women; 81 normal weight, 80 overweight) underwent Tl-201 SPECT and Rb PET. The incidence of observed perfusion defects was studied in territories of the three major coronary arteries. SPECT and PET results were also compared with those of angiography in a subset of 75 patients. Results One hundred fourteen defects were reported on Rb PET compared with 176 defects with Tl-201 SPECT. Excess Tl-201 SPECT defects occurred in male and female, normal-weight and overweight persons. The average specificity was 64% for Tl-201 SPECT and 84% for Rb PET, reflecting this difference. Conclusions Attenuation artifacts in Tl-201 SPECT occur frequently and are not confined to easily identifiable subgroups of patients. Therefore, measures to improve specificity of SPECT (e.g., prone or gated imaging) or alternative imaging techniques such as PET have potential advantages for everyone, not simply for obese patients and women with large breasts. In addition, awareness of the prevalence of SPECT attenuation artifacts, in both sexes and all weight categories, may contribute to improved accuracy of interpretation.
Delirium in a Coronary Care Unit
Authors: Donald L. Parker
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Eleven patients experienced varying degrees of delirium during the treatment of myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit. Sensory monotony and sleep deprivation seem to be of importance in relation to this state. This potentially serious complication may be combated by placement of the patient in a reassuring and less monotonous environment, and by the judicious use of phenothiazine drugs for sedation.