tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Switching From Antipsychotic Polypharmacy to Monotherapy
Authors: Susan M. Essock, Nina R. Schooler, T. Scott Stroup, Joseph P. McEvoy, Ingrid Rojas, Carlos Jackson, Nancy H. Covell, L. Adler, M. Byerly, S. Caroff, J. Csernansky, C. D'Souza, C. Jackson, T. Manschreck, J. McEvoy, Alexander L Miller, H. Nasrallah, S. Olson, J. Patel, B. Saltz, R. M. Steinbook, A. Tapp
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2011)

Objective: This randomized trial addressed the risks and benefits of staying on antipsychotic polypharmacy or switching to monotherapy. Method: Adult outpatients with schizophrenia taking two antipsychotics (127 participants across 19 sites) were randomly assigned to stay on polypharmacy or switch to monotherapy by discontinuing one antipsychotic. The trial lasted 6 months, with a 6-month naturalistic follow-up. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses examined time to discontinuation of assigned antipsychotic treatment, and random regression models examined additional outcomes over time. Results: Patients assigned to switch to monotherapy had shorter times to all-cause treatment discontinuation than those assigned to stay on polypharmacy. By month 6, 86% (N=48) of those assigned to stay on polypharmacy were still taking both medications, whereas 69% (N=40) of those assigned to switch to monotherapy were still taking the same medication. Most monotherapy discontinuations entailed returning to the original polypharmacy. The two groups did not differ with respect to psychiatric symptoms or hospitalizations. On average, the monotherapy group lost weight, whereas the polypharmacy group gained weight. Conclusions: Discontinuing one of two antipsychotics was followed by treatment discontinuation more often and more quickly than when both antipsychotics were continued. However, two-thirds of participants successfully switched, the groups did not differ with respect to symptom control, and switching to monotherapy resulted in weight loss. These results support the reasonableness of prescribing guidelines encouraging trials of antipsychotic monotherapy for individuals receiving antipsychotic polypharmacy, with the caveat that patients should be free to return to polypharmacy if an adequate trial on antipsychotic monotherapy proves unsatisfactory.
Immune Promotion of Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition and Generation of Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Jennifer M. Reiman, Keith L. Knutson, Derek C. Radisky
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Elements of the immune system act as intimate regulators of cancer progression, inhibiting early stages of tumor growth, through immunosurveillance while facilitating later stages of tumor progression. Recent findings have revealed that activated CD8 T cells can stimulate mammary epithelial tumor cells to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and to acquire the greatly increased tumorigenic capability and chemotherapeutic resistance of breast cancer stem cells (BCSC). These studies provide a window to understanding how BCSC arise and are maintained within tumors, and how to best target these processes for therapeutic benefit. Cancer Res; 70(8); 3005–8. ©2010 AACR.
Household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant for preventing diarrhoea in areas with turbid source water in rural western Kenya: cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: John A Crump, Peter O Otieno, Laurence Slutsker, Bruce H Keswick, Daniel H Rosen, R Michael Hoekstra, John M Vulule, Stephen P Luby
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To compare the effect on prevalence of diarrhoea and mortality of household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant, sodium hypochlorite, and standard practices in areas with turbid water source in Africa. <b>Design</b> Cluster randomised controlled trial over 20 weeks. <b>Setting</b> Family compounds, each containing several houses, in rural western Kenya. <b>Participants</b> 6650 people in 605 family compounds. <b>Intervention</b> Water treatment: flocculant-disinfectant, sodium hypochlorite, and usual practice (control). <b>Main outcome measures</b> Prevalence of diarrhoea and all cause mortality. <i>Escherichia coli</i> concentration, free residual chlorine concentration, and turbidity in household drinking water as surrogates for effectiveness of water treatment. <b>Results</b> In children &lt; 2 years old, compared with those in the control compounds, the absolute difference in prevalence of diarrhoea was –25% in the flocculant-disinfectant arm (95% confidence interval –40 to –5) and –17% in the sodium hypochlorite arm (–34 to 4). In all age groups compared with control, the absolute difference in prevalence was –19% in the flocculant-disinfectant arm (–34 to –2) and –26% in the sodium hypochlorite arm (–39 to –9). There were significantly fewer deaths in the intervention compounds than in the control compounds (relative risk of death 0.58, P = 0.036). Fourteen per cent of water samples from control compounds had <i>E coli</i> concentrations &lt; 1 CFU/100 ml compared with 82% in flocculant-disinfectant and 78% in sodium hypochlorite compounds. The mean turbidity of drinking water was 8 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) in flocculant-disinfectant households, compared with 55 NTU in the two other compounds (P &lt; 0.001). <b>Conclusions</b> In areas of turbid water, flocculant-disinfectant was associated with a significant reduction in diarrhoea among children &lt; 2 years. This health benefit, combined with a significant reduction in turbidity, suggests that the flocculant-disinfectant is well suited to areas with highly contaminated and turbid water.
Generation and phenotype of a transgenic knockout mouse lacking the mercurial-insensitive water channel aquaporin-4.
Authors: T Ma, B Yang, A Gillespie, E J Carlson, C J Epstein, A S Verkman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a mercurial-insensitive, water-selective channel that is expressed in astroglia and basolateral plasma membranes of epithelia in the kidney collecting duct, airways, stomach, and colon. A targeting vector for homologous recombination was constructed using a 7-kb SacI AQP4 genomic fragment in which part of the exon 1 coding sequence was deleted. Analysis of 164 live births from AQP4[+/-] matings showed 41 [+/+], 83 [+/-], and 40 [-/-] genotypes. The [-/-] mice expressed small amounts of a truncated AQP4 transcript and lacked detectable AQP4 protein by immunoblot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Water permeability in an AQP4-enriched brain vesicle fraction in [+/+] mice was high and mercurial insensitive, and was decreased by 14-fold in [-/-] mice. AQP4 deletion did not affect growth or tissue morphology at the light microscopic level. Northern blot analysis showed that tissue-specific expression of AQPs 1, 2, 3, and 5 was not affected by AQP4 deletion. Maximum urine osmolality after a 36-h water deprivation was (in mosM, n = 15) [+/+] 3,342+/-209, [+/-] 3, 225+/-167, and [-/-] 2,616+/-229 (P < 0.025), whereas urine osmolalities before water deprivation did not differ among the genotypes. Rotorod analysis of 35- 38-d-old mice revealed no differences in neuromuscular function (performance time in s, n = 8): [+/+] 297+/-25, [+/-] 322+/-28, [-/-] 288+/-37. These results indicate that AQP4 deletion in CD1 mice has little or no effect on development, survival, growth, and neuromuscular function, but produces a small defect in urinary concentrating ability consistent with its expression in the medullary collecting duct.
Propylthiouracil-induced diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis
Authors: G V Prasad, S Bastacky, J P Johnson
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1997)

Propylthiouracil (PTU), used to treat Graves' disease, occasionally induces a lupus-like syndrome. A 39-year-old woman developed clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus with rash, serositis, myocarditis, and acute renal insufficiency, associated with serologies for lupus, after 3 wk of exposure to the drug. Renal biopsy revealed diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. This article reviews the side effects of PTU and the literature on PTU-induced nephrotoxicity. Possible mechanisms and management of drug-induced lupus nephritis are also reviewed. To facilitate early and specific intervention, clinicians should be aware of the propensity of PTU to cause lupus-like syndromes with renal involvement.
Serum Levels of Prostate-Specific Antigen Among Japanese-American and Native Japanese Men
Authors: A. Shibata, A. S. Whittemore, R. S. Paffenbarger, K. Imai, L. N. Kolonel, A. H. Wu, E. M. John, T. A. Stamey
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1997)

Background: Fourfold to sixfold higher prostate cancer rates in Japanese-American men in the United States compared with Japanese men in Japan have been cited to support a role for environmental risk factors in the etiology of the disease. To examine the hypothesis that part or all of the elevated prostate cancer rates in Japanese-American men may reflect more intensive prostate cancer screening in the United States than in Japan, we compared prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in community-based samples of serum from men without prostate cancer. Methods: Japanese-American men aged 40–85 years and native Japanese men aged 40–89 years with no history of prostate cancer provided sera, respectively, in the United States from March 1990 through March 1992 (n = 237) or in Japan from January 1992 through December 1993 (n = 3522). Age-specific PSA levels were used to estimate the prevalences of undetected prostate cancer in the two populations. Results: Age-specific mean PSA levels were significantly lower in Japanese-Americans than in native Japanese (two-sided P <.001). The prevalence of an elevated PSA level increased with age in both populations and exceeded 5% among men aged 60 years or more. Combined with data on prevalence of detected prostate cancer in the two populations, our data suggest that some 10.0% of Japanese-Americans aged 75 years have prostate cancer, with 31% of that fraction remaining undiagnosed. The corresponding estimates in Japan are a total cancer prevalence of 5.4%, of which 81% has not been detected clinically. Conclusions: The total cancer prevalence ratio 10.0/5.4 = 1.9 (95% confidence interval = 1.5–2.3) in Japanese-American men compared with Japanese men in Japan suggests an increased risk for Japanese-American men, but of less magnitude than the fourfold to sixfold increase indicated by the incidence data.
The Distensibility Characteristics of the Portal Vascular Bed
Authors: ROBERT S. ALEXANDER, W. STERLING EDWARDS, JAY L. ANKENEY
Journal: Circulation Research (1953)

The distensibility of the splanchnic portion of the portal system has been evaluated by studying pressure and volume changes with or without any interruption of blood flow. The results of these determinations indicate two types of distensibility of the system: (1) a rapid elastic distension representing relatively small volumes, and (2) a secondary phase of slow distension, designated "delayed compliance," which represents a significantly greater volume change. It is concluded that delayed compliance is of major importance in the pooling of blood in peripheral blood vessels under conditions of maintained elevation of venous pressure.
GALLIC ACID IN THE TREATMENT OF PURPURA HAeMORRHAGICA
Authors: T. P. J. Grantham
Journal: BMJ (1853)

L OOMUNIMATIONSL 7 toe leg suceed.Two formed of a Tv lage in the ham, and the kn beeame so thin that I thou t it would give way.The child, in three days, bme pllid and ex- MDgins, and her pulse very sharp and hemorrhagic.After uing a mercurial purge, I at once resorted to the following mixture.
Pharmacokinetics of RI-002, an Investigational Igiv Preparation
Authors: James j. Mond, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, Ann R. Falsey, Lisa R. Forbes, Adam S. Grossman, Jim Harris, Kaitlin M. Kestenberg, Ai Lan Kobayashi, Roger H. Kobayashi, Robyn J. Levy, William R. Lumry, Isaac Melamed, Mark R. Stein, Richard L. Wasserman
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
Neglected tropical diseases: survey and geometry of randomised evidence
Authors: S. Kappagoda, J. P. A. Ioannidis
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<b>Objective</b> To assess the quantity and distribution of evidence from randomised controlled trials for the treatment of the major neglected tropical diseases and to identify gaps in the evidence with network analysis. <b>Design</b> Systematic review and network analysis. <b>Data sources</b> Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and PubMed from inception to 31 August 2011. <b>Study selection</b> Randomised controlled trials that examined treatment of 16 neglected tropical diseases or complications thereof published in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, German, or Dutch. <b>Results</b> We identified 971 eligible randomised trials. Leishmaniasis (184 trials, 23 039 participants) and geohelminth infections; 160 trials, 46 887 participants) were the most studied, while dracunculiasis (nine trials, 798 participants) and Buruli ulcer (five trials, 337 participants) were least studied. Relative to its global burden of disease, lymphatic filariasis had the fewest trials and participants. Only 11% of trials were industry funded. Either a single trial or trials with fewer than 100 participants comprised the randomised evidence for first or second line treatments for Buruli ulcer, human African trypanosomiasis, American trypanosomiasis, cysticercosis, rabies, echinococcosis, New World cutaneous leishmaniasis, and each of the foodborne trematode infections. Among the 10 disease categories with more than 40 trials, five lacked sufficient head to head comparisons between first or second line treatments. <b>Conclusions</b> There is considerable variation in the amount of evidence from randomised controlled trials for each of the 16 major neglected tropical diseases. Even in diseases with substantial evidence, such as leishmaniasis and geohelminth infections, some recommended treatments have limited supporting data and lack head to head comparisons.
Reconstitution of the T-Cell Compartment After Bone Marrow Transplantation: Restoration of the Repertoire by Thymic Emigrants
Authors: Florence Dumont-Girard, Etienne Roux, René A. van Lier, Geoff Hale, Claudine Helg, Bernard Chapuis, Michel Starobinski, Eddy Roosnek
Journal: Blood (1998)
Serum concentrations of alpha tocopherol, beta carotene, and retinol preceding the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: G W Comstock, A E Burke, S C Hoffman, K J Helzlsouer, A Bendich, A T Masi, E P Norkus, R L Malamet, M E Gershwin
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1997)

<h3>OBJECTIVES</h3> Because oxidative damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, this study was designed to see if serum concentrations of α tocopherol, β carotene, and retinol, substances believed to be involved in the prevention or repair of oxidative damage, might be lower among persons who develop rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus than among those who do not. <h3>METHODS</h3> For this prospective case-control study, persons with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus that developed two to 15 years after donating blood for a serum bank in 1974 were designated as cases. For each case, four controls were selected from the serum bank donors, matched for race, sex, and age. Stored serum samples from cases and controls were assayed for α tocopherol, β carotene, and retinol. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Cases of both diseases had lower serum concentrations of α tocopherol, β carotene, and retinol in 1974 than their matched controls. For rheumatoid arthritis, the difference for β carotene (−29%) was statistically significant. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> These findings support those of a previous study that low antioxidant status is a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis. They suggest a similar association for systemic lupus erythematosus.
Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Mood, Breast- and Endocrine-Related Quality of Life, and Well-Being in Stage 0 to III Breast Cancer: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Caroline J. Hoffman, Steven J. Ersser, Jane B. Hopkinson, Peter G. Nicholls, Julia E. Harrington, Peter W. Thomas
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

To assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for mood, breast- and endocrine-specific quality of life, and well-being after hospital treatment in women with stage 0 to III breast cancer.A randomized, wait-listed, controlled trial was carried out in 229 women after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy for breast cancer. Patients were randomly assigned to the 8-week MBSR program or standard care. Profile of Mood States (POMS; primary outcome), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Endocrine Symptoms (FACT-ES) scales and the WHO five-item well-being questionnaire (WHO-5) evaluated mood, quality of life, and well-being at weeks 0, 8, and 12. For each outcome measure, a repeated-measures analysis of variance model, which incorporated week 0 measurements as a covariate, was used to compare treatment groups at 8 and 12 weeks.There were statistically significant improvements in outcome in the experimental group compared with control group at both 8 and 12 weeks (except as indicated) for POMS total mood disturbance (and its subscales of anxiety, depression [8 weeks only], anger [12 weeks only], vigor, fatigue, and confusion [8 weeks only]), FACT-B, FACT-ES, (and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy subscales of physical, social [8 weeks only], emotional, and functional well-being), and WHO-5.MSBR improved mood, breast- and endocrine-related quality of life, and well-being more effectively than standard care in women with stage 0 to III breast cancer, and these results persisted at three months. To our knowledge, this study provided novel evidence that MBSR can help alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments, including endocrine treatments. MBSR is recommended to support survivors of breast cancer.
MLL and CALM Are Fused to AF10 in Morphologically Distinct Subsets of Acute Leukemia With Translocation t(10;11): Both Rearrangements Are Associated With a Poor Prognosis
Authors: M.H. Dreyling, K. Schrader, C. Fonatsch, B. Schlegelberger, D. Haase, C. Schoch, W.-D. Ludwig, H. Löffler, T. Büchner, B. Wörmann, W. Hiddemann, S.K. Bohlander
Journal: Blood (1998)
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: Has the Gold Standard Become a Lead Weight?
Authors: R. Michael Bagby, Andrew G. Ryder, Deborah R. Schuller, Margarita B. Marshall
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale has been the gold standard for the assessment of depression for more than 40 years. Criticism of the instrument has been increasing. The authors review studies published since the last major review of this instrument in 1979 that explicitly examine the psychometric properties of the Hamilton depression scale. The authors' goal is to determine whether continued use of the Hamilton depression scale as a measure of treatment outcome is justified.MEDLINE was searched for studies published since 1979 that examine psychometric properties of the Hamilton depression scale. Seventy studies were identified and selected, and then grouped into three categories on the basis of the major psychometric properties examined-reliability, item-response characteristics, and validity.The Hamilton depression scale's internal reliability is adequate, but many scale items are poor contributors to the measurement of depression severity; others have poor interrater and retest reliability. For many items, the format for response options is not optimal. Content validity is poor; convergent validity and discriminant validity are adequate. The factor structure of the Hamilton depression scale is multidimensional but with poor replication across samples.Evidence suggests that the Hamilton depression scale is psychometrically and conceptually flawed. The breadth and severity of the problems militate against efforts to revise the current instrument. After more than 40 years, it is time to embrace a new gold standard for assessment of depression.
IgG1 antiendomysium and IgG antitissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibodies in coeliac patients with selective IgA deficiency
Authors: F Cataldo
Journal: Gut (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> In selective IgA deficiency (IgAD), there is no reliable screening test for coeliac disease (CD). <h3>AIM</h3> To evaluate the usefulness of IgG<sub>1</sub> antiendomysium and IgG antitissue transglutaminase tests for CD diagnosis in IgAD. <h3>METHODS</h3> IgA and IgG antigliadin antibodies (IgA- and IgG-AGA), IgA and IgG<sub>1</sub>antiendomysium antibodies (IgA- and IgG<sub>1</sub>-EMA), and IgA and IgG antitissue transglutaminase (IgA- and IgG-anti-tTG) were assayed in: (a) 20 untreated IgAD/CD patients; (b) 34 IgAD/CD patients on a strict gluten free diet (GFD); (c) 10 IgAD/CD patients not on a strict GFD; (d) 11 untreated CD patients without IgAD; (e) 10 healthy IgAD patients; and (f) 25 healthy controls. <h3>RESULTS</h3> In all untreated IgAD/CD patients, IgG<sub>1</sub>-EMA, IgG-anti-tTG, and IgG-AGA were positive whereas IgA antibodies against these antigens were negative. IgAD/CD patients on a strict GFD did not produce IgG-AGA or IgG<sub>1</sub>-EMA but four of 34 produced IgG anti-tTG. IgAD/CD subjects not on a strict GFD produced IgG-AGA whereas 5/10 and 4/10 were IgG<sub>1</sub>- EMA and IgG-anti-tTG negative, respectively. Untreated CD patients without IgAD were AGA (IgA and IgG), EMA (IgA and IgG<sub>1</sub>), and anti-tTG (IgA and IgG) positive. Healthy controls were AGA and EMA negative whereas two of 10 apparently healthy IgAD subjects and one of 25 healthy negative control were IgG-anti-tTG positive. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Both IgG<sub>1</sub>-EMA and IgG-anti-tTG tests appear to be useful for identification of IgAD/CD patients whereas they are less satisfactory for monitoring dietary compliance in these subjects. In addition, our findings seem to suggest that IgG-EMA autoantibodies produced by coeliac patients are mainly of the IgG<sub>1</sub> subtype.