tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Destruction of the multicellular parasite Schistosoma mansoni by T lymphocytes.
Authors: J J Ellner, G R Olds, C W Lee, M E Kleinhenz, K L Edmonds
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in host defenses against infectious agents is unknown as these cells have not previously been demonstrated to kill microorganisms directly. We studied the cytotoxicity of T lymphocytes purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy subjects for the multicellular schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. Unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated T cells were cultured with schistosomula at a 5,000:1 effector/target (E:T) ratio for 18 h at 37 degrees C. Unstimulated T cells killed 2.1 +/- 0.6% of schistosomula as judged by dye uptake and did not change their infectivity for mice. In contrast, PHA-stimulated T cells killed 41.3 +/- 3.1% of schistosomula by dye uptake and 56.7 +/- 7.7% of these organisms could not mature to adult worms in vivo. Killing was associated with and dependent on increased binding of PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes to schistosomula. Significant schistosomula killing first was noted after 2 h of exposure to T cells to PHA and peaked at 24; enhanced killing by PHA-stimulated cells was observed at an E:T ratio of 500:1 and was maximal at 5,000:1. Exposure of T lymphocytes to oxidative mitogens, soluble antigens, and alloantigens also resulted in enhanced killing of schistomula. These studies show that T lymphocytes activated by a variety of stimuli develop the capacity to kill schistosomula of Schistoma mansoni. Direct killing of infectious agents by cytotoxic T cells may contribute to host resistance to infections.
Physician and patient exposure during cardiac catheterization.
Authors: F G Rueter
Journal: Circulation (1978)

A survey of the literature was conducted to establish the anticipated ranges of exposure to both physicians and patients during cardiac catheterization. A brief explanation of a technic for using time-lapse photography and a computer model for exposure calculation is presented. The thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) results used as controls for exposure values calculated by the developed technique are presented in detail. Physician eye exposures of approximately 20 mR per cardiac catheterization procedure were measured, which would suggest a limit of five procedures per week for physicians. The average patient skin entrance exposure of 28 R is high, as is the 12 mR gonadal exposure; however, they are accepted because of the possible benefits of the procedure.
Partitioning of Lung and Chest-wall Mechanics Before and After Lung-volume-reduction Surgery
Authors: AMAL JUBRAN, FRANCO LAGHI, MALINDA MAZUR, SAIRAM PARTHASARATHY, EDWARD R. GARRITY, PATRICK J. FAHEY, MARTIN J. TOBIN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

In the study reported here, we partitioned the mechanics of the respiratory system into lung and chest-wall components, using the rapid occlusion technique in seven patients with severe emphysema before lung-volume-reduction surgery and 3 mo later. Patients showed improvements in 6-min walk (p < 0.01) and dyspnea (p < 0.05). The resistances of the respiratory system and chest wall were not altered by surgery. Ohmic airway resistance did not change, but the component of lung resistance ( Δ Rl) due to viscoelastic behavior (stress relaxation) and time-constant inhomogeneities (pendelluft) decreased in six patients (p < 0.03). Dynamic elastance of the lung (Edyn,L) decreased after surgery (p < 0.02), whereas dynamic elastance of the chest wall did not change. The ratio of dynamic intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) to static PEEPi, which also reflects viscoelastic properties and time-constant inhomogeneities, increased after surgery (p < 0.05). The decrease in dyspnea was related to the decrease in Edyn,L (r = 0.81, p = 0.03), and tended to be related to the decrease in Δ Rl (r = 0.71, p = 0.07). In conclusion, lung-volume-reduction surgery decreased dynamic pressure dissipations caused by stress relaxation and time-constant inhomogeneities within lung tissue, and it had no effect on the static mechanical properties of the chest wall.
Low Molecular Weight Dextran in Sickle-Cell Crisis
Authors: Frank A. Oski, Edward D. Viner, Hermes Purugganan, Arthur E. McElfresh
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Effective therapy for the painful crises of the sickle-cell disease states has been energetically sought for many years. Measures previously advocated have included sodium bicarbonate,<sup>1</sup>anticoagulants,<sup>2</sup>carbon monoxide inhalation,<sup>3</sup>and acetazolamide.<sup>4</sup>All have to provide little or no benefit when tested under controlled conditions.<sup>5-8</sup>Recently, it has been reported<sup>9,10</sup>that infusions of low molecular weight dextran have been successful in terminating these painful crises in several patients. Because objective evaluation of therapy in such individuals is notoriously difficult, we have studied the use of this agent in 11 patients under the controlled conditions of a doubleblind study. We have been unable to attribute any therapeutic effect to the dextran preparation. <h3>Materials and Methods.—</h3> All patients, thought to be having pain secondary to one of the sickle-cell disorders who presented at the emergency rooms of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and the St. Christopher's Hospital
Human bronchial smooth muscle responsiveness after in vitro exposure to acrolein.
Authors: A Ben-Jebria, R Marthan, M Rossetti, J P Savineau, J S Ultman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Human isolated bronchi obtained at thoracotomy from 42 patients were exposed to aqueous solutions of acrolein, and the resulting change in contractile responses was evaluated by measuring agonist cumulative concentration-response curves (CCRC). Contractile responses to carbachol were measured after a variety of exposure concentrations, from 0.01 to 3.0 microM, and at times from 5 to 60 min. The optimal condition to induce airway smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness was an exposure duration of 20 min at a concentration of 0.3 microM. The effect of acrolein exposure on human bronchial smooth muscle was also assessed by examining the contractile responses to potassium chloride (KCl), histamine, and neurokinin A (NKA) in both the absence and the presence of phosphoramidon. Although in vitro exposure of the human bronchus to 0.3 microM acrolein did not alter responses to KCl, it did increase the efficacy of carbachol and NKA without altering their potency. This concentration of acrolein also increased the contractile response to low concentrations of histamine and shifted the CCRC to the left. Pretreatment with phosphoramidon abolished the differential effect of acrolein on airway response to NKA. These results suggest that the mechanism of action of acrolein includes inactivation of airway neutral endopeptidase as well as alterations in the pharmacomechanical, but not the electromechanical, coupling of human bronchial smooth muscle.
Blueprint for Medical Care
Authors: Amasa B. Ford
Journal: JAMA (1974)

This small book attempts nothing less than to describe a complete, new health care system for the United States. If it is not wholly successful or convincing, it nevertheless does put the entire problem clearly before us with all its interconnected parts. Presented originally as a set of lectures at MIT, the treatise is most exciting and original in its description of the technological potential for better emergency services and for more effective and efficient communication, transportation, and other supporting services. At the same time, the author points out that the greatest deficiency in American medicine today is in the numbers and education of general physicians. The book is written for the layman, and complex issues are presented in condensed, sometimes oversimplified form. By omitting almost all references, supporting data, and illustrative cases, Dr. Rutstein has produced a compact text, but one which is dry and sometimes monotonous. Some of
Treatment of stage II cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with interferon alfa-2a and extracorporeal photochemotherapy: A prospective controlled trial
Authors: Uwe Wollina, Annette Looks, Jochen Meyer, Burkhard Knopf, Hans-Jrgen Koch, Kristin Liebold, Uta-Christina Hipler
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2001)
Study of rivastigmine for delirium in intensive care is stopped after deaths
Authors: T. Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Doubts have been raised about the use of rivastigmine to treat delirium in intensive care patients after a national trial in the Netherlands was halted because of safety concerns.

The double blind trial intended to study 440 patients in six hospitals, but was wound up prematurely after its data safety monitoring board found higher mortality among patients receiving rivastigmine than those taking placebo. A total of 104 patients completed the trial, with 12 deaths among the 54 patients taking the drug compared with four deaths among the 50 patients receiving placebo.

The …
The Effect of a 13-Hour Curriculum To Improve Residents' Teaching Skills
Authors: Elizabeth H. Morrison, Lloyd Rucker, John R. Boker, Charles C. Gabbert, F. Allan Hubbell, Maurice A. Hitchcock, Michael D. Prislin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Although resident physicians often teach, few trials have tested interventions to improve residents' teaching skills. A pilot trial in 2001-2002 found that 13 trained resident teachers taught better than did untrained control residents.To determine whether a longitudinal residents-as-teachers curriculum improves residents' teaching skills.Randomized, controlled trial from May 2001 to February 2002 (pilot trial) and March 2002 to April 2003.4 generalist residencies affiliated with an urban academic medical center.62 second-year residents: 23 in the 2001-2002 pilot trial and 39 more in 2002-2003; 27 of the 39 participants were medicine residents required to learn teaching skills.A 13-hour curriculum in which residents practiced teaching and received feedback during 1-hour small-group sessions taught twice monthly for 6 months.A 3.5-hour, 8-station, objective structured teaching examination that was enacted and rated by 50 medical students before and after the intervention. Two trained, blinded raters independently assessed each station (inter-rater reliability, 0.75).In the combined results for 2001-2003, the intervention group (n = 33) and control group (n = 29) were similar in sex, specialty, and academic performance. On a 1 to 5 Likert scale, intervention residents outscored controls on overall improvement score (post-test-pretest difference, 0.74 vs. 0.07; difference between intervention and control groups, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.55 to 0.81]; P < 0.001) by a magnitude of 2.8 standard deviations and on all 8 individual stations. The intervention residents improved 28.5% overall, whereas the scores of control residents did not increase significantly (2.7%). In 2002-2003, 19 intervention residents similarly outscored 19 controls (post-test-pretest difference, 0.83 vs. 0.14; difference between intervention and control groups, 0.69 [CI, 0.53 to 0.84]; P < 0.001). Twenty-seven medicine residents required to learn teaching skills achieved scores similar to those of volunteers.The study was conducted at a single institution. No "real life" assessment with which to compare the results of the objective structured teaching examination was available.Generalist residents randomly assigned to receive a 13-hour longitudinal residents-as-teachers curriculum consistently showed improved teaching skills, as judged by medical student raters. Residents required to participate improved as much as volunteers did.
Severe pulmonary hypertension associated with a small ventricular septal defect.
Authors: G S Bisset, S S Hirschfeld
Journal: Circulation (1983)

A case of progressive pulmonary hypertension in a child with a small ventricular septal defect is presented. Natural history studies have indicated that children with small ventricular septal defects can be followed conservatively. This case represents a contradiction to that rule and suggests that further study must be directed toward defining the etiology of pulmonary hypertension in patients with congenital heart disease.
American Psychology Since World War II: A Profile of the Discipline
Authors: Ralph L. Stevens
Journal: JAMA (1983)

This book provides an excellent survey of the expansion and developments in American psychology since World War II. The author clearly and succinctly outlines the evolution of the various schools of modern psychology.  He traces the history of psychology, its rapid expansion during the two world wars, and its use in screening, classifying, and training recruits, preparing them for military functions. The American Psychological Association, founded in 1892, had 169 members by 1904; 4,200 by 1945; and over 40,000 members by the mid-1970s. The number of psychology journals and courses and the financial support for psychology also proliferated at a similar exponential rate. As Gilgen further describes, Psychology was uniquely favored, in part, because it is classified: as a science and is therefore eligible for monies from the National Science Foundation; as a helping profession and therefore supported by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare; and, finally, as one
Azathioprine-induced pancytopenia in a patient with pompholyx and deficiency of erythrocyte thiopurine methyltransferase
Authors: M Konstantopoulou, A Belgi, K D Griffiths, J R C Seale, A W Macfarlane
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Lesson of the weekAzathioprine-induced pancytopenia in a patient with pompholyx and deficiency of erythrocyte thiopurine methyltransferase
A Novel Function for Galectin-7: Promoting Tumorigenesis by Up-regulating<i>MMP-9</i>Gene Expression
Authors: Mélanie Demers, Thierry Magnaldo, Yves St-Pierre
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Metastasis is a multistep process by which cancer cells, after acquiring several capabilities, spread to distinct sites in the body. It is the major cause of death in individuals suffering from cancer. We have recently identified galectin-7 as a new gene associated with the progression of T cell lymphoma toward a metastatic phenotype, suggesting a possible causal relationship. The present study was designed to investigate the role of galectin-7 in lymphoma. We found that the development of thymic lymphoma was accelerated when induced by lymphoma cells overexpressing galectin-7. Moreover, transfection of an expression vector containing the galectin-7 gene in low metastatic lymphoma cells increased their metastatic behavior and confers these cells with the new ability to overcome the resistance of intercellular adhesion molecule-1–deficient mice to lymphoma dissemination. Finally, we provide data suggesting that galectin-7 modulates the aggressive behavior of lymphoma cells by controlling the expression of metastatic genes, such as MMP-9. This hypothesis is based on the following evidence: (a) galectin-7 transfectants have higher levels of MMP-9 expression, (b) addition of β-lactose completely inhibits expression of MMP-9 by galectin-7 transfectants, and (c) recombinant forms of galectin-7 induces the expression of MMP-9 in both mouse and human lymphoma cells. Our results have uncovered the existence of a previously undescribed activity, the promotion of cancer cell malignancy, to galectin-7.
Authors' reply to Foster and colleagues
Authors: R. L. Koretz, K. W. Lin, J. P. A. Ioannidis, J. Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2015)

We thank Foster and colleagues for their comments.1 2 Projections of disease progression that are based on natural history studies from tertiary referral centres may exaggerate hepatitis C virus (HCV) related morbidity and mortality. Inception cohort and epidemiological data suggest that only a minority of infected people will progress to end stage liver disease over their lifetime.1

Foster and colleagues repeatedly asserted that treatment is effective, but the cited evidence cannot show this.3 4 5 Van der Meer summarised …
Quantifying Severity of Chronic Kidney Disease as a Risk Factor for Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Kerry Cho, Chi-yuan Hsu
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2010)

Acute kidney injury (AKI) may be the real epidemic kidney disease,1 and practicing nephrologists have long known that patients with reduced GFR are more likely to experience AKI, particularly in the elderly.2 Surprisingly, this relationship had not been quantified rigorously until recently. For example, the widely disseminated Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease by the National Kidney Foundation devote specific chapters describing the association of levels of GFR with various sequelae of chronic kidney disease (CKD) such as anemia,3 but there is no discussion of the association of level of GFR with AKI.

A publication in 2008 quantified the risk for dialysis-requiring AKI among a large cohort of patients who were receiving usual medical care in a Northern California integrated health care delivery system.4 The observed magnitude of the increase in odds ratio of AKI with progressively more severe CKD—up to 20- to 30-fold higher adjusted risk—suggests that AKI may be the sequela of CKD most tightly linked with estimated GFR (eGFR). This study also noted that proteinuria, a valuable screening marker for CKD,5 was also an important independent risk factor for AKI.4 Patients with documented dipstick proteinuria seem to be two to three times as likely to develop AKI, independent of eGFR. Notably, the relationship between proteinuria and risk …
THE ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF ACNE
Authors: ERNEST DWIGHT CHIPMAN
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The growing tendency toward the injection of various vaccines in the treatment of acne gives rise to the suggestion that current notions concerning the etiology and pathology of this common ailment are more or less vague. The subject of this paper has been chosen not only with the purpose of reviewing some of our knowledge of the causes of acne but more particularly to inquire how far our methods of treatment coincide with that knowledge. What are the known facts as to the causes of acne? First of all, it is a disease of adolescence showing selective preference for neither sex. It is furthermore associated with excessive sebaceous secretion. When we consider the fact that every case of acne is preceded and accompanied by an exaggerated sebaceous flux we are apt to believe that in this condition of seborrhea is to be found the alpha and omega of our etiologic
CD8<sup>+</sup>T Cells in Tuberculosis
Authors: Vanja Lazarevic, JoAnne Flynn
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

This chapter focuses on CD8 T cells, with an emphasis on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Ia-restricted T cells in tuberculosis, and also touches upon the unconventional CD8 T cells restricted by β2m-associated nonclassical MHC Ib or MHC I-like molecules. Although the T cells which recognize mycobacterial glycolipids in the context of group I CD1 molecules are not only CD8+ but also double negative and sometimes even CD4+, they are considered in this chapter where appropriate. Importantly, dendritic cells (DC) can capture an antigen at the site of infection and transport it to draining lymph nodes, where T-cell stimulation takes place. The possible functions of CD8 T cells in the control of tuberculosis include cytokine production, macrophage activation, killing of infected cells, and killing of M. tuberculosis. The memory response to M. tuberculosis in the lungs is weak compared to that of some viral infections. A model that has been used to study memory responses is infection of mice followed by antimycobacterial drug treatment beginning 4 weeks after infection. In summary, CD8 T cells that recognize mycobacterial antigens on macrophages or DC are induced following M. tuberculosis. Given the potential for effective immune responses mediated by CD8 T cells, more researchers are using strategies that include the induction of CD8 T cells in vaccine candidates for tuberculosis. The results of these studies may provide important data on the ability of CD8 T cells to contribute to protection against this disease.
Effects of morphine on the human sphincter of Oddi.
Authors: J F Helm, R P Venu, J E Geenen, W J Hogan, W J Dodds, J Toouli, R C Arndorfer
Journal: Gut (1988)

The effects of morphine on intraluminal pressures recorded from the sphincter of Oddi (SO) at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in 19 patients who were without evidence of biliary or pancreatic disease were studied. Morphine was given in four successive doses of 2.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 micrograms/kg iv at five minute intervals. Morphine in subanalgesic doses increased the frequency of SO phasic pressure waves to a maximum of 10-12/min, caused the phasic waves to occur simultaneously along the sphincter segment, increased phasic wave amplitude from 72 (26) (SE) to 136 (31) mmHg, and increased SO basal pressure from 10 (1) to 29 (9) mmHg (p less than 0.05). The effects of morphine on the SO are mediated by more than one opioid receptor type, as naloxone competitively antagonised the increase in phasic wave frequency induced by morphine, but did not affect the increase in SO basal pressure elicited by morphine. When given after naloxone, morphine decreased phasic wave amplitude, an inhibitory effect that is normally masked by morphine's dominant naloxone sensitive excitatory effect. Mu receptors do not appear to be involved in control of spontaneous SO motor function, as naloxone alone did not affect SO motor activity. The excitatory effects of morphine on the SO are not mediated by cholinergic nerves, as they were not blocked by atropine. Cholinergic nerves, however, may have a role in regulating spontaneous SO motor function because atropine alone depressed phasic wave activity and basal pressure. Although morphine does cause 'spasm' of the human SO, its effects are more complex than is commonly believed.
Differential expression of lymphoid and myeloid markers on differentiating hematopoietic stem cells in normal and tumor-bearing adult human liver
Authors: Lucy Golden-Mason, Michael P. Curry, Niamh Nolan, Oscar Traynor, Gerry McEntee, Jacinta Kelly, John E. Hegarty, Cliona O'Farrelly
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

The presence and phenotype of lineage-committed hematopoietic progenitors in the normal adult human liver (AHL) were investigated and compared with the profiles of differentiating hematopoietic precursor populations detected in liver bearing metastases of colonic origin. Levels of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) (CD34+CD45+) detected in hepatic mononuclear cell (HMNC) populations were increased 6-fold when compared with matched peripheral blood samples. In normal liver, less than 5% of HSCs expressed the myeloid-associated antigen, CD33, whereas considerable proportions expressed lymphoid-associated markers (T cell, 33.39%; B cell, 17.39%; and natural killer [NK] cell, 37.17%). Significant increases were observed in the relative proportions of hepatic HSCs coexpressing CD33 (20.53%; P = .001), and the T-cell marker (CD7, 58.13%; P = .02) in tumor-bearing liver compared with normal liver. HSCs with B-cell progenitor phenotype (CD19+) were significantly decreased in tumor-bearing liver (0.06%; P = .02). Despite these differences, the activation status of hematopoiesis, as measured by the coexpression of the differentiation and activation markers, CD38 and CD45RA, did not differ significantly between normal and tumor-bearing liver. These results indicate that the normal AHL harbors lineage-committed hematopoietic progenitors, and the vast majority of these progenitors express lymphoid-associated antigens with changes occurring in both the myeloid and lymphoid compartments of the hepatic hematopoietic pathway on tumor challenge. While tumor-bearing livers are enriched for intrahepatic myeloid precursors and T-cell progenitor cells, further studies are required to establish the origin and in situ development potential of hepatic HSCs in the adult human and their role in tumor immunity.