tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Onset of Antipsychotic Effects Within the First 24 Hours of Treatment
Authors: Shitij Kapur, Tamara Arenovich, Ofer Agid, Robert Zipursky, Stacy Lindborg, Barry Jones
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2005)

It is widely held that there is a delayed onset of antipsychotic action and that any early effects represent nonspecific behavioral effects. Recent research has shown that antipsychotic action begins within the first week. The authors tested the hypothesis that psychosis improves within the first 24 hours of antipsychotic treatment.In this multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 311 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder and an acute exacerbation were randomly assigned to receive 10 mg i.m. of olanzapine, 7.5 mg i.m. of haloperidol, or intramuscular placebo. Subjects were rated with structured rating scales (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Clinical Global Impression) at baseline, 2 hours, and 24 hours.The olanzapine and haloperidol groups showed greater resolution of overall symptoms than the placebo group; for the olanzapine group, this effect was evident at 2 hours. A factor analysis showed that an independent change in psychosis (which included conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, unusual thought content) was evident within the first 24 hours for both drugs. This improvement in core psychosis was not mediated unidirectionally by changes in nonspecific behavioral effects or other psychopathology.These data suggest that the onset of antipsychotic action is early and that the magnitude of this action grows with time. This clinical reality calls into question some prevailing hypotheses regarding the mechanism of action of antipsychotics and suggests that antipsychotic action may be more proximally related to the blockade of dopamine transmission than was originally thought.
Doctors increasingly practise "defensive" medicine for fear of litigation, says regulator
Authors: A. O'Dowd
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Doctors are becoming more cautious and are practising “defensive” medicine to prevent litigation after treating patients and to avoid investigation, MPs have been told.

The General Medical Council (GMC), the doctors’ regulator, said that doctors were only too conscious of the possibility of patients taking legal action against them or complaining to the GMC. At the parliamentary Health Committee’s annual accountability hearing for the GMC on 6 January MPs asked how the regulator could avoid creating an environment in which doctors practise defensive medicine.

Terence Stephenson, GMC chair, giving evidence, said, “My own experience is that medicine has become more defensive over my practising lifetime, and that is driven more by fear of litigation than fear …
Werner's syndrome - chromosome analyses of cultured fibroblasts and mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes
Authors: K. MORITA, C. NISHIGORI, M.S. SASAKI, N. MATSUYOSHI, K. OHTA, H. OKAMOTO, K. IKAI, S. IMAMURA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

Two cases of Werner's syndrome are reported. Fibroblasts derived from both patients revealedreduced population doubling numbers. Chromosomal analyses for fibroblasts from both patients and lymphocytes from one patient revealed that chromosomal aberrations occur frequently and randomly. Although some of the chromosomal aberrations involved sites where tumour suppressor genes have been mapped, neither of our patients demonstrated malignancy. Chromosomal aberration at one critical site may not be sufficient to induce cancer or additional factors may be necessary.
Association Between Lymph Node Evaluation for Colon Cancer and Node Positivity Over the Past 20 Years
Authors: Helen M. Parsons, Todd M. Tuttle, Karen M. Kuntz, James W. Begun, Patricia M. McGovern, Beth A. Virnig
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Among patients surgically treated for colon cancer, better survival has been demonstrated in those with more lymph nodes evaluated. The presumed mechanism behind this association suggests that a more extensive lymph node evaluation reduces the risk of understaging, leading to improved survival.To further evaluate the mechanism behind lymph node evaluation and survival by examining the association between more extensive lymph node evaluation, identification of lymph node-positive cancers, and hazard of death.Observational cohort study.Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program data from 1988 through 2008.86,394 patients surgically treated for colon cancer.We examined the relationship between lymph node evaluation and node positivity using Cochran-Armitage tests and multivariate logistic regression. The association between lymph node evaluation and hazard of death was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards modeling.The number of lymph nodes evaluated increased from 1988 to 2008 but did not result in a significant overall increase in lymph node positivity. During 1988-1990, 34.6% of patients (3875/11,200) had 12 or more lymph nodes evaluated, increasing to 73.6% (9798/13,310) during 2006-2008 (P < .001); however, the proportion of node-positive cancers did not change with time (40% in 1988-1990, 42% in 2006-2008, P = .53). Although patients with high levels of lymph node evaluation were only slightly more likely to be node positive (adjusted odds ratio for 30-39 nodes vs 1-8 nodes, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02-1.20), these patients experienced significantly lower hazard of death compared with those with fewer nodes evaluated (adjusted hazard ratio for 30-39 nodes vs 1-8 nodes, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.62-0.71; unadjusted 5-year mortality, 35.3%).The number of lymph nodes evaluated for colon cancer has markedly increased in the past 2 decades but was not associated with an overall shift toward higher-staged cancers, questioning the upstaging mechanism as the primary basis for improved survival in patients with more lymph nodes evaluated.
Immunocytochemical study of the interaction of soybean trypsin inhibitor with rat intestinal mucosa.
Authors: P A Wilson, R N Melmed, M M Hampe, S J Holt
Journal: Gut (1978)

To investigate further the cause of the pancreatic enlargment induced by orally ingested soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI), antibodies raised against STI and purified by affinity chromatography were used to localise dietary STI in the rat gut by fluorescent immunocytochemical methods. This technique permitted the clear intracellular demonstration of STI in the ileal mucosa of suckling rats. However, in adult rats no entry of STI into mucosal cells of the small intestine could be demonstrated, it being confined to the luminal surface of the mucosa. Although the passage of STI into and across the adult intestinal mucosa could not be excluded through the use of this technique, the results are consistent with an intraluminal mode of action of STI as suggested by Green and Lyman (1972)--namely, that the pancreatic enlargement caused in sensitive species results from the inhibition of trypsin (which acts as the physiological inhibitor of the mucosal secretion of pancreotrophic hormones), thus resulting in the uninhibited secretion of these hormones.
Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in primary nephrotic syndrome
Authors: A V Hall, A Parbtani, W F Clark, E Spanner, M W Huff, D J Philbrick, B J Holub
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1992)

The effect of fish oil dietary supplementation on the dyslipidemia and coagulopathy of seven patients with nephrotic syndrome and hypoalbuminemia due to primary kidney disease was studied. Plasma lipids, platelet aggregation studies, simplate bleeding time, and fibrinogen levels were determined before and after 6 wk of treatment with fish oil (15 g/day of MaxEPA; 2.7 g of eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and 1.8 g of docosahexenoic acid. Urea kinetics were determined from urine-urea concentration, urinary proteina, and urine volume. A 3-day dietary intake record was obtained from each patient before and after 6 wk of fish oil supplementation. There was no significant dietary change in protein, fat, or carbohydrate intake over the time period of the study. At study end, total triglycerides decreased from 2.98 +/- 1.31 to 2.18 +/- 1.14 mmol/L (P = 0.002), and very low-density lipoprotein-triglycerides decreased from 2.35 +/- 1.34 to 1.28 +/- 1.07 mmol/L (P = 0.01). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol increased from 5.18 +/- 1.74 to 7.35 +/- 2.83 mmol/L (P = 0.005). No significant changes occurred in bleeding time, platelet count, hematocrit, red blood cell flexibility, or whole blood viscosity. Platelet aggregation responses to collagen and arachidonic acid were consistently reduced after treatment, but there was no change in platelet response to ADP. The platelet membrane phospolipids showed a significantly increased incorporation of EPA after the fish oil diet (P = 0.03).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Central and peripheral airway/alveolar sites of exhaled nitric oxide in acute asthma
Authors: A. F. Gelb, S. C. George, P. E. Silkoff, A. Krishnan, C. Fraser, C. F. Taylor, C. M. Shinar, T. Maginot
Journal: Thorax (2010)

Central airway nitric oxide flux (J'(awNO)) and peripheral airway/alveolar nitric oxide concentration (C(ANO)) during asthma exacerbation has not been investigated after correction for axial NO back-diffusion.After measuring exhaled NO (fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (F(E)NO); ppb) at 50, 100, 150 and 200 ml/s, J'(awNO) (nl/s) and C(ANO) (ppb) were calculated using the two-compartment model and corrected for axial NO back-diffusion. Fifteen (8 males), non-smoking, patients with moderate-to-severe treated (inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and inhaled long-acting beta(2)-agonist (LABA)) asthma, age 57+/-13 years (mean+/-SD), were studied at baseline, during exacerbation prior to oral corticosteroid, and during recovery after an 8 day tapering prednisone course. Based on earlier asthma studies without correction, it was hypothesised that with correction for NO axial back-diffusion, the incidence of abnormal J'(awNO) and C(ANO) at baseline and after exacerbation would be > or = 30% in 15 patients with asthma with 80% power.At baseline when clinically stable, after 180 microg of albuterol, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1); litres) was 78+/-26% predicted (p=0.009) with increased F(E)NO at 50 ml/s (p=0.01) and J'(awNO) (p=0.02), but C(ANO) was normal compared with the controls. During exacerbation FEV(1) (litres) was 57+/-20% predicted (p=0.02), with increased F(E)NO at 50 ml/s (p=0.01) and J'(awNO) (p=0.004), but C(ANO) was normal. Recovery results were similar to baseline. Two of 15 patients with asthma always had normal exhaled NO gas exchange.The central airways were the major site of abnormal NO flux in 13 of 15 patients with moderate-severe asthma when stable and during exacerbation and could be easily detected with abnormal F(E)NO at 50 ml/s. C(ANO) was normal.
Risk factors for a first thrombotic event in antiphospholipid antibody carriers. A multicentre, retrospective follow-up study
Authors: A Ruffatti, T Del Ross, M Ciprian, M Nuzzo, M Rampudda, M T Bertero, R Bergia, P Caramaschi, D Biasi, F Capsoni, L Montaguti, R Ruffini, A Brucato, U Picillo, V Fanelli, V Riccieri, A Piccoli, G Valesini, A Doria, P L Meroni, A Tincani
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

Objectives: To asses risk factors for a first thrombotic event in antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) positive carriers and evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic treatments. Methods: Recruitment criteria were age 18–65 years, no history of thrombosis, positivity for lupus anticoagulant and/or IgG/IgM anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) on ⩾2 occasions at least 6 weeks apart. Demographic, laboratory and clinical parameters were collected at enrolment and at the time of the thrombotic event. Results: 370 patients/subjects (mean (SD) age 34 (9.9) years) were analysed retrospectively for a mean (SD) follow-up of 59.3 (45.5) months. Thirty patients (8.1%) developed a first thrombotic event during follow-up. Hypertension and medium/high levels of IgG aCL were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis as independent risk factors for thrombosis. Thromboprophylaxis during high-risk and long-term periods was significantly protective. Conclusions: Hypertension or medium/high titres of IgG aCL are risk factors for a first thrombotic event in asymptomatic aPL carriers and primary prophylaxis is protective.
Internet Methods for Delivering Behavioral and Health-Related Interventions (eHealth)
Authors: Victor Strecher
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2007)

Emerging communications technologies allow us to potentially reach more individuals with effective health-related advice and information at a very low cost. As we begin a new era of "personalized medicine," advances in consumer health informatics will parallel and eventually merge with those being made in bioinformatics (e.g., genomic information), medical informatics (e.g., electronic medical records), and public health informatics (e.g., disease surveillance). This article discusses access, use, quality, and types of eHealth programming with a focus on the Internet as the initial instantiation of this programming. Also discussed are criteria relevant to the dissemination of eHealth programming in real-world settings. Finally, possible directions for future eHealth research are presented.
Filtration of Diaspirin Crosslinked Hemoglobin into Lung and Soft Tissue Lymph
Authors: ROBERT L. CONHAIM, STEPHENIA D. COOLER, ANN M. McGRATH, DAVID A. DeANGELES, GREGORY A. MYERS, BRUCE A. HARMS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCHb) is a new blood substitute manufactured from human blood. To evaluate its microvascular filtration properties, we infused DCLHb into unanesthetized sheep (10%, 20 ml/kg) and measured the flow and composition of lung and soft tissue lymph. For comparison, we also infused human serum albumin (HSA; 10%, 20 ml/kg). DCLHb raised systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures from baseline values of 83 ± 7 and 13 ± 2 mm Hg, respectively, to peak values of 113 ± 9 and 26 ± 3 mm Hg (p < 0.05 versus baseline). These increases were significantly greater than those associated with HSA, which raised systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures from baseline values of 86 ± 4 and 13 ± 2 mm Hg, respectively, to peak values of 97 ± 3 and 21 ± 7 mm Hg (p ⩽ 0.05 versus baseline and versus DCLHb). These differences reflect the known pressor properties of DCLHb. Accordingly, DCLHb raised lung and soft tissue lymph flows to peak values of 12.2 ± 3.8 and 1.6 ± 0.7 ml/30 min, respectively, while HSA raised lung and soft tissue lymph flows to peak values of 7.5 ± 4.8 and 4.6 ± 1.9 ml/30 min, respectively (p ⩽ 0.05 versus DCLHb). The half-times of DCLHb equilibration from plasma into lung and soft tissue lymph of 1.0 ± 0.3 and 2.1 ± 1.1 h, respectively, were significantly faster than HSA equilibration half-times of 3.1 ± 0.2 and 3.8 ± 0.9 h. Filtration differences between DCLHb and HSA appear to be due to the pressor properties DCLHb.
The parents' journey: continuing a pregnancy after a diagnosis of Patau's syndrome
Authors: Louise Locock, Jane Crawford, Jon Crawford
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Objective</h3> To determine if screening of infants for anemia at 9 months in the Cree region of Quebec should continue, by comparing the prevalence of anemia in the initial years of screening (1995 to 2000) with prevalence data from infants screened between 2002 and 2007. <h3>Design</h3> Comparison of anemia prevalence from 2 cross-sectional surveys. Nonoverlapping 95% CIs were used to determine if results were significantly different. <h3>Setting</h3> Nine Quebec Cree communities. <h3>Participants</h3> Infants screened for anemia between 1995 and 2000 (n = 716) or 2002 and 2007 (n = 1325). <h3>Main outcome measures</h3> Anemia was diagnosed based on hemoglobin concentration. An erythrocyte mean cell volume of less than 71 fL was used as a proxy for iron deficiency. <h3>Results</h3> Hemoglobin concentration among infants screened from 2002 to 2007 was, on average, 7 g/L greater than among infants screened from 1995 to 2000 (mean [standard deviation] 121 [11] g/L vs 114 [11] g/L). The prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin &lt; 110 g/L) from 1995 to 2000 was 31.7% (95% CI 28.3% to 35.1%), but from 2002 to 2007 it was significantly lower at 12.5% (95% CI 10.7% to 14.2%). Using a hemoglobin concentration more specific to iron deficiency anemia (IDA) (hemoglobin &lt; 100 g/L), from 1995 to 2000 7.5% (95% CI 5.6% to 9.4%) of infants had IDA, whereas from 2002 to 2007 only 2.0% (95% CI 1.2% to 2.8%) had IDA. The prevalence of iron deficiency based on mean cell volume declined from 18.3% (95% CI 15.5% to 21.1%) from 1995 to 2000 to 4.2% (95% CI 3.1% to 5.3%) from 2002 to 2007. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The 12.5% prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin &lt; 110 g/L) among Cree infants from 2002 to 2007 was much lower than the prevalence from 1995 to 2000 but somewhat higher than among nonaboriginal infants (8.0%). The low anemia prevalence among Quebec Cree infants after 2002 suggests that replacing universal screening with targeted screening of higher-risk infants needs to be considered following studies to identify risk factors for anemia.
L3T4 effector cells in multiple organ-localized autoimmune disease in nude mice grafted with embryonic rat thymus.
Authors: H Ikeda, O Taguchi, T Takahashi, G Itoh, Y Nishizuka
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Rat thymic grafts reconstituted T cell functions of BALB/c nude (nu/nu) mice to a considerable degree, but multiple organ-localized autoimmune diseases such as oophoritis and thyroiditis generally developed. The effector cell population in this autoimmune model was studied by adoptive transfer of the lesions into syngeneic nude mice. The transfer activity was not diminished when spleen cells were incubated with antiserum against rat cell antigen and C, but the activity was completely vanished by incubation with anti-Thy-1.2 plus C, indicating that the effector cells are T cells of mouse origin. Elimination of the L3T4+ subset virtually abolished the transfer activity, whereas that of the Lyt-2+ subset did not, indicating that the effector cells are L3T4+. Positive selection experiments by FACS also demonstrated that L3T4+ cells, but not Lyt-2+ cells, were capable of inducing the lesion, confirming the results with depletion experiments described above.
Identification of Molecular Predictors of Response in a Study of Tipifarnib Treatment in Relapsed and Refractory Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Mitch Raponi, Jean-Luc Harousseau, Jeffrey E. Lancet, Bob Löwenberg, Richard Stone, Yi Zhang, Wayne Rackoff, Yixin Wang, David Atkins
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Microarray technology was used to identify gene expression markers that predict response to the orally available farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib (Zarnestra, R115777) in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Experimental Design: Gene expression profiles from 58 bone marrow samples from a cohort of relapsed and refractory AML patients were analyzed on the Affymetrix U133A gene chip that contains ∼22,000 genes. Results: Supervised statistical analysis identified eight gene expression markers that could predict patient response to tipifarnib. The most robust gene was the lymphoid blast crisis oncogene (AKAP13), which predicted response with an overall accuracy of 63%. This gene provided a negative predictive value of 93% and a positive predictive value of 31% (increased from 18%). AKAP13 was overexpressed in patients who were resistant to tipifarnib. When overexpressed in the HL60 and THP1 cell lines, AKAP13 increased the resistance to tipifarnib by approximately 5- to 7-fold. Conclusion: Diagnostic gene expression signatures may be used to select a group of AML patients that might respond to tipifarnib.
Old Habits Die Hard: Addiction of <i>BRAF</i>-Mutant Cancer Cells to MAP Kinase Signaling
Authors: Catherine B. Meador, William Pao
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2015)

Abstract Summary: Dual and triple combination therapies with RAF inhibitors plus other targeted agents have demonstrated promising clinical utility in BRAFV600-mutant solid tumors. However, despite vertical inhibition at multiple nodes on the MAPK signaling pathway, resistant tumors emerge. Ahronian and colleagues show that in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer, resistance involves reactivation of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling and may be overcome by newly emerging ERK inhibitors. Cancer Discov; 5(4); 348–50. ©2015 AACR. See related article by Ahronian et al., p. 358
Alterations in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ releasing channels (ryanodine receptors) of the atrial myocardium in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: T. Ohkusa, T. Ueyama, M. Yano, Y. Fujumura, K. Eeato, M. Matsuzaki
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Evaluation of the MyWellness Key accelerometer
Authors: S D Herrmann, T L Hart, C D Lee, B E Ainsworth
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

Objective To examine the concurrent validity of the Technogym MyWellness Key accelerometer against objective and subjective physical activity (PA) measures. Design Randomised, cross-sectional design with two phases. The laboratory phase compared the MyWellness Key with the ActiGraph GT1M and the Yamax SW200 Digiwalker pedometer during graded treadmill walking, increasing speed each minute. The free-living phase compared the MyWellness Key with the ActiGraph, Digiwalker, Bouchard Activity cord (BAR) and Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) for seven continuous days. Data were analysed using Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients for all comparisons. Setting Laboratory and free-living phases. Participants Sixteen participants randomly stratified from 41 eligible respondents by sex (n=8 men; n=8 women) and PA levels (n=4 low, n=8 middle and n=4 high active). Results There was a strong association between the MyWellness Key and the ActiGraph accelerometer during controlled graded treadmill walking (r=0.91, p&lt;0.01) and in free-living settings (r=0.73–0.76 for light to vigorous PA, respectively, p&lt;0.01). No associations were observed between the MyWellness Key and the BAR and GPAQ (p&gt;0.05). Conclusions The MyWellness Key has a high concurrent validity with the ActiGraph accelerometer to detect PA in both controlled laboratory and free-living settings.
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE GLYCOGELATIN PATCH TEST OVER TRADITIONAL TESTING METHODS
Authors: T. M. MacLEOD, W. FRAIN-BELL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1969)

SUMMARY.— The disadvantages of certain variable factors influencing the reliability of traditional patch test techniques have been discussed. Further experience of the use of a glycogelatin vehicle for patch testing is reported. Difficulties were encountered in incorporating some allergens in the glycogelatin vehicle but in general the technique proved satisfactory.