tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Intrarenal Resistive Index in Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Jörg Radermacher, Hermann Haller
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

The evaluation of renal allografts has progressed little over the past 20 years. The serum creatinine level and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remain the basis of renal-allograft assessment; other methods, such as protocol-driven biopsies and molecular profiling, are not yet widely used. The intrarenal resistive index is a noninvasive ultrasound-based method to assess vascular resistance and compliance (elasticity) and has been reported to be useful in the assessment of renal-allograft function and the prediction of allograft and patient survival.15 It was initially thought that the intrarenal resistive index was solely dependent on vascular resistance. However, renal vascular compliance also . . .
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Induces Reversible Hyperkalemia
Authors: Sheldon Greenberg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Objective: To determine the effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Tmp-Smx) on serum potassium concentration. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: An urban teaching hospital. Patients: Fifty-one persons hospitalized for symptomatic infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Twenty-five patients who were taking high-dose Tmp-Smx (trimethoprim 20 mg/kg per day; sulfamethoxazole, 100 mg/kg per day) for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were the study group. Twenty-six patients who had not received the drug were the control group. Patients who received potassium supplements, those taking medications known to alter potassium homeostasis or renal function, or those with a serum creatinine level more than 186 mol/L were excluded. Measurements and Main Results: Serum potassium concentration in the study group was 4.1 0.1 mmol/L (mean SE) and increased by 1.1 mmol/L (CI, 0.8 to 1.5 mmol/L) (P < 0.0001) 9.8 0.5 days after starting Tmp-Smx therapy. Patients followed longitudinally showed a progressive increase in serum potassium levels during therapy and a progressive decline after discontinuing Tmp-Smx. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels increased mildly from 4.3 0.5 mmol/L and 85 6 mol/L to 6.4 0.7 mmol/L and 113 8 mol/L, respectively. The serum potassium level in the control group was 4.3 0.1 mmol/L and remained unchanged during hospitalization. Conclusions: High-dose Tmp-Smx therapy used for the treatment of P. carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients leads to an increase in the serum potassium concentration and may result in life-threatening hyperkalemia. Patients receiving high doses of Tmp-Smx require close monitoring of their serum potassium concentration, particularly 7 to 10 days after the start of therapy.
Thyroid Autoimmunity: Increased Frequency in Relatives of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Patients
Authors: PHILIP J. FIALKOW
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Thyroid antibodies were found significantly more often in insulin-dependent diabetics than in their spouses or in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. The poor correlation between presence of thyroid autoimmunity and duration of disease and the significantly increased prevalence of thyroid antibodies in first-degree relatives of insulin-dependent probands are interpreted to suggest that thyroid autoimmunity in probands with insulin-dependent diabetes is not secondary to diabetes. Since married couples in which both members had thyroid antibodies were not found more frequently than predicted by chance alone, acquired environmental factors are not the sole determinants of familial thyroid autoimmunity in diabetes; it is likely that inherited predisposition is of major importance. Relatives of probands with thyroid antibodies have significantly higher frequency of these antibodies than do relatives of negative probands. This finding suggests that there are several kinds of insulin-dependent diabetes, one of which may be an "autoimmune" disease.
MicroRNA-21 inhibits p57Kip2 expression in prostate cancer
Authors: Sweta Mishra, Chun-Lin Lin, Tim H-M Huang, Hakim Bouamar, Lu-Zhe Sun
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2014)

p57Kip2, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is considered to be a candidate tumor suppressor gene that has been implicated in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and sporadic cancers. In addition, decreased expression of p57Kip2 protein has been frequently observed in pancreatic, lung, breast, bladder, gastrointestinal tract and prostate cancers. However, p57Kip2 gene mutations are rare in these cancers suggesting that other unknown mechanisms might be at play in reducing its expression. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of down-regulation of p57Kip2 in prostate cancer. We observed a significant negative correlation between the expression of p57Kip2 and microRNA-21 (miR-21) in prostate cancer samples and after androgen deprivation with castration in the CWR22 human prostate cancer xenograft model. We report that miR-21 targeted the coding region and decreased p57Kip2 mRNA and protein levels in prostate cancer cells. Conversely, inhibition of endogenous miR-21 by an anti-miR-21 inhibitor strongly induced p57Kip2 expression. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of p57Kip2 reversed the effects of the anti-miR-21 inhibitor on cell migration and anchorage-independent cell growth. Our results indicate that miR-21 is able to downregulate p57Kip2 expression by targeting the coding region of the gene and is also able to attenuate p57Kip2 mediated functional responses. This is the first report demonstrating that p57Kip2 is a novel target of miR-21 in prostate cancer and revealing a novel oncogenic function of this microRNA.
Vasculopathy in sickle cell disease: Biology, pathophysiology, genetics, translational medicine, and new research directions
Authors: Gregory J. Kato, Robert P. Hebbel, Martin H. Steinberg, Mark T. Gladwin
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2009)

Sickle cell disease has been very well characterized as a single amino acid molecular disorder of hemoglobin leading to its pathological polymerization, with resulting red cell rigidity that causes poor microvascular blood flow, with consequent tissue ischemia and infarction. More recently, an independent spectrum of pathophysiology of blood vessel function has been demonstrated, involving abnormal vascular tone and activated, adhesive endothelium. These vasculopathic abnormalities are attributable to pathways involving hemolysis-associated defects in nitric oxide bioavailability, oxidative stress, ischemia-reperfusion injury, hemostatic activation, leukocytes and platelets. Vasculopathy of sickle cell disease has been implicated in the development of pulmonary hypertension, stroke, leg ulceration and priapism, particularly associated with hemolytic severity, and reported also in other severe hemolytic disorders. This vasculopathy might also play a role in other chronic organ dysfunction in patients with sickle cell disease. These pathways present novel targets for pharmacologic intervention, and several clinical trials are already under way. The authors present their perspectives of a workshop held at the National Institutes of Health in August 2008 on vasculopathy in sickle cell disease, along with meritorious future scientific questions on the topic of vascular complications of sickle cell disease.
Homosexuality: An Analysis of 100 Male Cases Seen in Private Practice
Authors: D. Curran, D. Parr
Journal: BMJ (1957)

Amongst the reasons why facts about homosexuality are so hard to come by are: (1) the problem of definition. What are the criteria for homosexuality ? Should the emphasis be on preference or performance ? How widely should the net be cast ? Thus, according to the psycho-analysts, a homosexual component (sometimes conscious but often not) exists in everybody ; and if this is correct homosexuality in this sense is universal. (2) The natural reluctance of individuals to admit to a component or preference which is socially condemned or to acts that are illegal and liable to heavy penalty. But we can probably all agree (a) with the general definition?namely, that homosexual means  having a sexual propensity for members of one's own sex  (O.E.D.) ; (b) that this propensity varies quantitatively in different individuals and can also vary quantitatively in the same individual during different epochs in life ; and (c) that, as in other fields of experience and be haviour, introspection being neither exhaustive nor in fallible, the individual may quite genuinely not be fully aware of either the existence or the strength of his moti vations or propensities ; and of course he can lie about them.
MosquI, a novel family of mosquito retrotransposons distantly related to the Drosophila I factors, may consist of elements of more than one origin
Authors: Z. Tu, J. J. Hill
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1999)

A novel family of non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons, named MosquI, was discovered in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. There were approximately 14 copies of MosquI in the A. aegypti genome. Four of the five analyzed MosquI elements were truncated at the 5' ends while one of them, MosquI-Aa2, was full-length. All five MosquI elements ended with 4-10 TAA tandem repeats, as the Drosophila I factors do. Interestingly, MosquI elements were often found near genes and other repetitive elements. The 6,623-bp MosquI-Aa2 contained two open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by a 404-bp 5' untranslated region and a 326-bp 3' untranslated region. The two ORFs code for nucleocapsids, endonuclease, reverse transcriptase, and RNase H domains. Although overall structural and sequence comparisons suggest that MosquI is highly similar to the Drosophila I factors, phylogenetic analysis based on the reverse transcriptase domains of 40 non-LTR retrotransposons indicate that MosquI and I factors are likely paralogous elements which may have been separated before the split between the ancestors of mollusca and arthropoda. Pairwise comparisons between the four truncated MosquI elements showed 96.7%-99.5% identity at the nucleotide level, while comparisons between the full-length MosquI-Aa2 and the truncated copies showed only 80.2%-81.8% identity. These comparisons and preliminary phylogenetic analyses suggest that the full-length and truncated MosquI elements may belong to two subfamilies originating from two source genes that diverged a long time ago. In contrast to the defective I factors in Drosophila melanogaster, which are likely very old components of the genome, the truncated MosquI elements seem to have been recently active. Finally, the genomic distribution and evolution of MosquI elements are analyzed in the context of other non-LTR retrotransposons in A. aegypti.
Pericardial endometriosis. An experimental study in dogs
Authors: D. M. Sensenig
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Pericardial splenosis has been produced in dogs by a number of investigators. The placement of autogenous slices of spleen on the heart by Leighninger et al 1 resulted in positive takes and increased coronary artery backflow. These investigators found that spleen grafts have limited viability and no power for growth and development of an independent blood supply. This procedure has not been adopted clinically as a method of augmenting myocardial blood supply in cases of coronary atherosclerosis. We thought it would be of interest to attempt the experimental production of pericardial endometriosis. It is possible that endometrium growing in this ectopic location might result in an increased blood supply to the heart. Our survey of the literature failed to reveal a similar study.  Endometriosis has been experimentally produced by a number of investigators. Jacobson 2 has shown by experimental work in rabbits and monkeys that uterine mucosa will grow on
Importance of Achieving a Complete Response in Multiple Myeloma, and the Impact of Novel Agents
Authors: Asher A. Chanan-Khan, Sergio Giralt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

The goal of treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) is to improve patients' long-term outcomes. One important factor that has been associated with prolonged progression-free and overall survival is the quality of response to treatment, particularly achievement of a complete response (CR). There is extensive evidence from clinical studies in the transplant setting in first-line MM demonstrating that CR or maximal response post-transplant is significantly associated with prolonged progression-free and overall survival, with some studies demonstrating a similar association with postinduction response. Supportive evidence is also available from studies in the nontransplant and relapsed settings. With the introduction of bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide, higher rates of CR are being achieved in both first-line and relapsed MM compared with previous chemotherapeutic approaches, thereby potentially improving long-term outcomes. While standard CR by established response criteria has been shown to have differential prognostic impact compared with lesser responses, increasingly sensitive analytic techniques are now being explored to define more stringent degrees of CR or elimination of minimal residual disease (MRD), including multiparameter flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction. Demonstrating eradication of MRD by these techniques has already been shown to predict for improved outcomes. Here, we review the prognostic significance of achieving CR in MM and highlight the importance of CR as an increasingly realizable goal at all stages of treatment. We discuss clinical management issues and provide recommendations relevant to practicing oncologists, such as the routine use of sensitive techniques for assessment of disease status to inform evidence-based decisions on optimal patient management.
Biological determinism lives and needs refutation despite denials
Authors: Steven Rose
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Commentators are divided between those who welcome and creatively extend the agenda of Lifelines and those who defend what it criticises. My response covers style; history, politics, and ethics; concepts of freedom, active organisms, and determinism; the uses of metaphor; reductionism and levels of analysis; Darwin and Darwinists; heritability and intelligence; human universals and biological determinism.
Increased truncated form of plasma tissue factor pathway inhibitor levels in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation
Authors: Minori Shimura, Hideo Wada, Takashi Nakasaki, Katsuyo Hiyoyama, Yositaka Mori, Masakatsu Nishikawa, Hiroshi Deguchi, Katsumi Deguchi, Esteban C. Gabazza, Hiroshi Shiku
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1999)

To evaluate that the relationship between the truncated form of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and the stage of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), we measured the plasma levels of tissue factor (TF) antigen and the intact and truncated forms of TFPI antigens in 41 patients with DIC, 12 with pre-DIC, and 20 with non-DIC. The plasma TF and total TFPI antigen levels were significantly higher in patients with DIC than in non-DIC patients. Plasma levels of intact TFPI antigen in the pre-DIC groups were significantly lower than in the non-DIC and DIC groups. The truncated form of TFPI antigen levels in DIC patients were significantly increased compared with those in non-DIC and pre-DIC patients. The fact that the intact form of TFPI was decreased in pre-DIC patients compared with that in non-DIC patients, suggests that it is consumed in the pre-DIC state and that hypercoagulability occurs in pre-DIC patients. The increased level of the truncated form of TFPI in DIC patients may be attributed to proteolysis of the intact form of TFPI in these patients. The increased level of the truncated form of TFPI may be a useful index for the diagnosis of DIC. Am. J. Hematol. 60:94–98, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hepatorenal damage from toluene in a "glue sniffer".
Authors: E T O'Brien, W B Yeoman, J A Hobby
Journal: BMJ (1971)

29 tamicin and kanamycin.Blood culture also grew E. coli and Staph.aureus.Treatment with gentamicin and cloxacillin was started and within a few days the swelling of the knee abated and the baby started to move the leg.The tip of the big toe demarcated into dry gangrene, which separated on 9 May.The antibiotics were stopped after four weeks when the leg appeared normal and x-ray examination showed that the infection had settled.The baby was discharged home on 18 May when 11 weeks old and weighing 3,410 g.
Interactions between sino-aortic reflexes and cardiovascular effects of sleep and emotional behavior in the cat.
Authors: G Baccelli, R Albertini, G Mancia, A Zanchetti
Journal: Circulation Research (1976)

The role of sino-aortic reflexes in the control of circulation during normal behavior was investigated by comparing cardiovascular reactions during various but reproducible types of behavior before and after bilateral sino-aortic deafferentation. Chronic deafferentation caused little change in baseline blood pressure, but a subtler, important role of sino-aortic reflexes was revealed by examining the integrated cardiovascular responses to behavioral stimuli. During desynchronized sleep, the buffering action of sino-aortic reflexes prevented a marked and diffuse vasodilation, with an action that was particularly evident on muscle blood vessels. During emotional behavior, especially when emotion was accompanied by movement, sino-aortic reflexes opposed the consequences of muscle vasodilation by inducing tachycardia and vasoconstriction in the viscera and in noncontracting muscles. A reciprocal type of interaction between behavior and sino-aortic reflexes was shown by testing the amplitude of the carotid occlusion response before and during desynchronized sleep; the latter condition was consistently associated with decreased effectiveness of the reflex response. The possibility is considered that this might indicate central suppression of the carotid sinus reflex during desynchronized sleep and that a similar inhibitory interference might occur during emotional behavior. Alternatively, reduction of the reflex response might result from a shift of the stimulus-response curve on either side of its steep portion.
LESIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
Authors: H. M. Zimmerman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1933)

Under the conditions of these experiments, which consisted essentially of maintaining rats on a ration adequate in all dietary essentials as far as is known except vitamin A, the following changes were produced in the nervous system. 1. Degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the brachial plexuses and sciatic nerves, and less often of the vagus nerves. Such lesions were not found in the optic nerves. 2. Degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the sensory tracts on the periphery of the spinal cord and in the posterior columns. Much less frequently similar lesions were found in both the crossed and uncrossed pyramidal tracts. 3. Changes of the same nature in the posterior nerve roots and less frequently in the anterior nerve roots of the spinal cord. Evidence was adduced to indicate that the changes in the sensory tracts of the spinal cord followed those in the posterior nerve roots. With the onset of muscular weakness and incoordination in these animals anatomic changes like those just described were found at necropsy, but they were not present for any appreciable period preceding the onset of these clinical signs. For a short but undetermined period following clinical signs of recovery from the nervous disease, marked lesions were still present in the nervous system at necropsy. These lesions in the nervous system were produced by a ration containing no cereals which might have contributed a "toxic" substance to account for the degeneration of the myelin sheaths. Neither does a deficiency in unsaturated fatty acids appear to have played a rôle in their development.
An over-the-scope clip (OTSC) system for closure of iatrogenic colon perforations: results of an experimental survival study in pigs
Authors: M. Schurr, C. Hartmann, C.-N. Ho, C. Fleisch, A. Kirschniak
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Background and study aim: Perforation of the colon is a relatively rare complication of flexible endoscopy of the lower gastrointestinal tract. It has a reported incidence from between 0.2 % in diagnostic procedures to 0.5 % – 3 % in therapeutic procedures. Given the growing number of colonoscopies, the absolute number of iatrogenic perforations is not unimportant. The treatment of choice is most often surgical repair, since reliable and simple endoscopic techniques for perforation closure are currently unavailable. We aimed to evaluate our novel over-the-scope clip (OTSC) system for closure of iatrogenic perforations.
Active-Passive Tetanus Immunization
Authors: Leo Levine, James A. McComb, Roderick C. Dwyer, William C. Latham
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

McCOMB and Dwyer1 have recently presented data on the passive-active immunization of nonimmune persons against tetanus with the use of fluid toxoid and human tetanus immune globulin (TIG). This study pointed out that other investigators have recommended alum toxoid rather than fluid toxoid for this procedure,2 3 4 but that such preferences have not been adequately confirmed experimentally in man. One purpose of this paper is to present studies in human subjects that bring significant evidence to bear toward the resolution of the question of alum versus fluid tetanus toxoid in this context. A second purpose was to evaluate anxieties that immunologists . . .
Spontaneous urinoma due to retroperitoneal fibrosis and aortic aneurysm.
Authors: M C Allison, L McLean, L Q Robinson, C J Torrance
Journal: BMJ (1985)

admitted to the paediatric ward, representing 3-8% (17/439) of the infants under 1 year but 12% of the bed occupancy.Infants who had previously been in the neonatal intensive care unit accoun- ted for a large proportion of the bed occupancy partly because they stayed in the ward longer for general problems (such as upper respiratory infections and social and feeding difficulties) than the other infants (table) and partly because a small number needed prolonged admissions for intensive treatment of chronic conditions-for example, one infant with chronic lung disease needed ventilation for five months and another required many months of intravenous feeding after extensive bowel resection in the neonatal period.
Depressive Symptoms, Insulin Resistance, and Risk of Diabetes in Women at Midlife
Authors: Frans Pouwer, Peter de Jonge
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

We read with interest the article by Everson-Rose et al. (1), which indicated that depressive symptoms were associated with a greater risk of diabetes at 3-year follow-up. The authors discussed several mechanisms by which depression may contribute to subsequent insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, in particular, excess cortisol and central adiposity, altered immune function, and …
Heart rate variation in tetraplegic patients.
Authors: J C Frison, L Sanchez Massa, A Garnacho, V Gimeno
Journal: BMJ (1979)

benefit of workers in other parts of the world.In the UK in 1960-5, according to Ashley,1°evidence suggested that "some 15 % of males and 180% of females are subjected to appendicectomy."What are the proportions nowadays ?What is the present situation in, say, the Hebrides compared with that in London ?In 1942 operation frequency in pre-OCTU student candidates was eight times higher than that in non-student young men.11Does a like disparity still prevail ?Furthermore, in immigrant populations in London such as Caribbeans and Asians, what are the respective frequencies of operations among them ?In the USA appendicitis incidence "has decreased 40 O in 20 years, perhaps more''l2; but from what rate to what rate ?We live in a time when the armamentarium for disease detection is far advanced and magnificent.It is therefore ironic that elementary information is almost completely lacking on a disease's precise frequency, the index of which, in a community, is more readily ascertainable than the making of an anthropometric measurement.