tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF THE FACTORS UNDERLYING THE FORMATION OF ALVEOLAR PORES IN PNEUMONIA
Authors: William Snow Miller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1923)

The epithelium lining the alveolar walls is a continuous epithelium. In both inflammatory and mechanical congestion of the pulmonary blood vessels, it is the accumulation of serum behind the epithelial cells which causes them to be shed. The epithelium must be shed from diametrically opposite sides of an alveolar wall before a "pore" can be formed. In both lobar pneumonia and mechanical edema pores are present, but they are not normal structures.
Effect of recombinant erythropoietin on hospital admissions, readmissions, length of stay, and costs of dialysis patients.
Authors: N R Powe, R I Griffiths, A J Watson, G F Anderson, G de Lissovoy, J W Greer, R J Herbert, R A Milam, P K Whelton
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1994)

To examine the effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on hospital utilization, hospital costs, and Medicare reimbursements for hospital care, a longitudinal, matched cohort study was conducted using Medicare claims data of 23,806 Medicare-eligible, dialysis patients who received rHuEPO, did not have a transplant, and were alive for 18 mo or longer and 22,720 controls matched on age, sex, race, cause of ESRD, and dialysis modality. The relative odds (rHuEPO versus control) of admission for all causes and for specific causes over 9 mo, adjusted for admission in the prior 9 mo and the per patient change in total admissions, inpatient days, hospital costs, and Medicare hospital payments between the prior 9-mo period and the subsequent 9-mo period was examined. The adjusted relative odds (95% confidence interval) of admission (rHuEPO versus control) was: higher and statistically significant for all causes, 1.08 (1.03 to 1.14); seizure, 1.52 (1.28 to 1.75); vascular access revision, 1.11 (1.06 to 1.17), and heart failure, 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26); higher but not statistically significant for angina, 1.09 (0.99 to 1.20) and stroke, 1.08 (0.86 to 1.31); and lower but not statistically significant for myocardial infarction, 0.91 (0.72 to 1.10); peripheral vascular disease, 0.81 (0.60 to 1.02); anemia, 0.86 (0.56 to 1.17); and depression, 0.89 (0.37 to 1.40). The mean change per 1,000 patients in admissions was less by 38 (P = 0.03) because of fewer readmissions, and in days was 1,309 less (P < 0.001), for patients treated with rHuEPO versus controls. The mean change per patient in hospital costs was $371 less and was statistically significant (P = 0.03) and in Medicare hospital payments was $132 less but was not statistically significant (P = 0.43) for patients treated with rHuEPO versus controls. rHuEPO was associated with an increase in the probability of hospital admission (particularly admissions potentially related to adverse effects) but a decrease in readmissions, overall admissions, hospital days, and cost to hospitals in this cohort of patients surviving for 18 mo. Although not realized short term, Medicare savings from potential rHuEPO-related reductions in hospital care may be long term through future adjustments in diagnosis-related group-based hospital payment.
Distribution of lymphocytes identified by surface markers in murine strains with systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndromes.
Authors: A N Theofilopoulos, R A Eisenberg, M Bourdon, J S Crowell, F J Dixon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

The frequencies and absolute numbers of B and T cells in the lymphoid organs of five murine strains (NZB, (NZB X NZW)F1, BXSB, MRL/l, and MRL/n) with SLE-like syndromes were examined. We assessed the frequencies of cells bearing surface Ig, C3d and IgG Fc receptors, and theta-antigen. The sequential expression of Ig isotopes on developing B cells and the Ig isotypes expressed on adult B cells were ascertained. In addition, the Ly subsets and the expression of Ia antigens coded for by the I-J subregion of the mouse H-2 complex were examined. Compared to normal, older mice, New Zealand mice had low frequencies and absolute numbers of B cells, BXSB mice had a moderate B-cell proliferation, and MRL/l mice had normal absolute numbers of B cells but a reduced frequency concomitant with a massive T-cell proliferation. Old New Zealand mice and BXSB mice had reduced frequencies and absolute numbers of T cells compared to old controls. The developmental Ig-isotype diversity during the 1st wk of age was similar in normal mice and those with autoimmune manifestations. Mature B cells were present in lymphoid organs of New Zealand mice and BXSB mice as evidenced by the high frequency of C3d receptor-bearing cells and Ig-isotype expression (high ratio of IgM- to IgD-bearing cells) in adult spleen cells. Numbers of IgG Fc receptor-bearing cells were reduced in autoimmune mice with advanced age and disease. The proliferating T cells in MRL/l mice were found to be theta-antigen positive but Ly null. These theta+-, Ly null cells may have arisen from Ly123+ T cells. MRL/l and BXSB mice seemed normal in their content of T cells bearing Ia antigens coded for by the I-J subregion of H-2. Overall, mice with autoimmune manifestations appear to express perturbations in T and B cells with development of disease, and their patterns of change vary from one strain to another.
Prevalence of wheeze during childhood: retrospective and prospective assessment
Authors: C.E. Kuehni, A.M. Brooke, M Silverman
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

The question "Has your child ever had wheezing or whistling in the chest at any time in the past?" is a simple and widely used proxy measure for the lifetime prevalence of asthma. Our aim was to test its validity in a longitudinal survey, comparing retrospective recall with prospective assessment of lifetime prevalence. A population-based cohort of 1,422 children, surveyed twice previously, was studied again at age 8-13 yrs by postal questionnaire using standardized questions from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Of those traced (1,190) questionnaires were returned by 89%. The prevalence of current wheeze was higher than in the previous surveys (20.5% versus 12.4% and 12.5%). Reported "wheeze ever" increased significantly from survey 1 (15.6%) to survey 2 (22.4%) and survey 3 (39.2%) and was very similar to the cumulative lifetime prevalence assessed prospectively over three surveys (42.8%). The retrospective question had a good negative predictive value (97%) and a reasonable positive predictive value (65%) compared to prospective assessment. Children reporting "wheeze ever" (but not current wheeze) in surveys 1 and 2 had at survey 3 an asthma prevalence higher than never-wheezers but lower than current-wheezers. It is concluded that retrospective recall of wheeze at age 8-13 yrs is a valid proxy measure for the lifetime prevalence of wheeze.
Is there an independent planning system? Suggestions from a developmental perspective
Authors: Zsuzsa Káldy, Ilona Kovács
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Glover argues that separate representations underlie the planning and the control phase of actions, and he contrasts his model with Goodale and Milner's perception/action model. Is this representation indeed an independent representation within a more general action system, or is it an epiphenomenon of the interaction between the perception/action systems of the Goodale–Milner model?
Bortezomib for the Treatment of Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Robert C. Kane, Ramzi Dagher, Ann Farrell, Chia-Wen Ko, Rajeshwari Sridhara, Robert Justice, Richard Pazdur
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: To describe the Food and Drug Administration review and marketing approval considerations for bortezomib (Velcade) for the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Experimental Design: Food and Drug Administration reviewed a multicenter study of bortezomib in 155 patients with progressive mantle cell lymphoma after at least one prior therapy. Results: Seventy-seven percent were stage IV, and 75% had one or more extranodal sites of disease. Prior therapy included an anthracycline or mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab. Median age was 65 years. All received bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of each 3-week cycle. The primary end point was response. Response and progression were determined by independent review of serial computed tomography scans using International Lymphoma Workshop Response Criteria. The overall response rate was 31%, including complete response (CR) plus CR unconfirmed (CRu) plus partial response; median response duration was 9.3 months. The CR plus CRu response rate was 8% with a median duration of 15.4 months. Adverse events were similar to those observed previously for bortezomib. The most commonly reported treatment-emergent adverse events were asthenia (72%), peripheral neuropathies (55%), constipation (50%), diarrhea (47%), nausea (44%), and anorexia (39%). The most common adverse event leading to discontinuation was neuropathy. Conclusions: Bortezomib received regular approval for the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma in relapse after prior therapy.
Clinical experience with pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Francesco Bonella, Thomas Wessendorf, Ulrich Costabel
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background : Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease with an estimated median survival of only 3 years after diagnosis. Pirfenidone is the only medication approved in the European Union for the treatment of adults with mild to moderate IPF.   Aim of the study:  To report on safety and efficacy of pirfenidone in the treatment of patients with IPF in our centre.   Patients and methods:  From 2006 to 2012, 45 patients (28 inside clinical trials, 17 outside) with mild to moderate IPF were treated with pirfenidone. Clinical data, results of lung function tests, and radiological findings as well as data about side effects were collected routinely.   Results:  The mean duration of treatment per patient was 48 [range 3–321] weeks. 16 patients (35%) received pirfenidone as monotherapy and 29 (65%) in combination with corticosteroids and/or N-acetylcysteine (NAC). At the end of the follow-up period 28 of 40 patients (70%) with treatment duration > 3 months were in a stable condition. 26 patients (58%) suffered from side effects, mostly gastrointestinal (17 [38%]). Pirfenidone was discontinued by six patients (13%) because of side effects. The median survival after the start of pirfenidone was 3.8 years.   Conclusion:  Pirfenidon alone or in combination with corticosteroids and/or NAC was generally well tolerated. Severe side effects were rare. The course of the disease was stable during treatment with pirfenidone in two out of three patients. Our results are in line with the previous published safety and efficacy data on pirfenidone as treatment for IPF.
HLA genetics and allergic disease.
Authors: W M Howell, S T Holgate
Journal: Thorax (1995)

Editorials HLA genetics and allergic diseaseThe underlying cause of asthma, hay fever, and eczema in children and young adults is atopy, a disorder characterised by persistent immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses to ex- trinsic protein allergens.The phenotype is comprised of many factors, including total and allergen-specific IgE titres, skin prick test positivity, medical history, and pro- vocation tests of bronchial reactivity.A broad definition of atopy may include 40% of the population,' while up to 10% of the population of western European countries suffers from asthma.Thus, it is hardly surprising that genetic analysis of atopic asthma has been difficult, despite strong evidence for heritability.Currently, worldwide searches are underway for genetic loci regulating the IgE response and particular interest has centred on the ( subunit of the high affinity IgE receptor (FCeRIP) located on chromosome 11 q and expressed on mast cells and basophils.2`Whileclaims have been made on August 19,
Sleep and Circadian Functioning: Critical Mechanisms in the Mood Disorders?
Authors: Allison G. Harvey
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2011)

Evidence for the importance of sleep in the mood disorders has mushroomed over the past decade. Among adolescents and adults with a mood disorder, sleep disturbance is a risk factor for episodes, can contribute to relapse, has an adverse impact on emotion regulation, is critical for cognitive functioning, compromises health, and may contribute to substance use comorbidity and suicidality. This evidence has triggered a shift away from viewing sleep disturbance as an epiphenomenon, toward viewing sleep disturbance as an important but under-recognized mechanism in the multifactorial cause and maintenance of the mood disorders. Because the biology underpinning the sleep and circadian system is an open system, readily influenced by inputs from the environment, sleep in the mood disorders represents a unique and exciting domain for interdisciplinary research across behavioral, social, cognitive, and neurobiological levels of explanation. Together, the accumulated evidence has informed a range of novel, powerful, simple, and inexpensive treatments with potential for massive improvements to public health, including improving quality of life, reducing length and severity of episodes, and reducing the risk of subsequent episodes in the large number of individuals who suffer from mood disorders.
FIFA's<i>Football for Health</i>: applying Kotter's eight-step programme for transformational change to a mass participation activity
Authors: Nancy Langton, Karim M Khan, Sarah J Lusina
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

There was a time when ‘football medicine’ illustrated the grammar term ‘oxymoron’. Like the words ‘military intelligence’, football and medicine did not fit well together—the two provided anchors for a very wide spectrum. Why has that changed so that a scientific journal's cover shows a young boy whose eyes reflect hope, and a healthy future, largely because he is part of a football community?

To address this question, and to challenge all sports federations to review their own efforts, we looked to Harvard leadership professor, John P Kotter.1 His eight principles for strategic change resonate in diverse settings, including publicly traded companies and non-profit businesses. We discuss their relevance to Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and its Football for Health programme to highlight a model that other global sporting organisations and national federations could adopt. Please also see the BJSM blog where you can link to a related podcast (http://blogs.bmj.com/bjsm/).

Kotter argues that urgency is critical. This is not easy—the dearth of ‘sport for health’ programmes across national sporting federations and international organisations underscores his point. Success requires ‘change champions’, and to this extent FIFA President Sepp Blatter deserves tremendous credit.

Blatter's leadership has been remarkable for moving health from irrelevance to pre-eminence in a major sport.2 Blatter and the Chair of the FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), Professor Jiri Dvorak, supported by Dr Michel D'Hooghe, Chair of FIFA Medical Committee, convened national sporting organisation leaders together with a sports medicine lead from almost 200 countries to the first Football for Health conference (Zurich, 2009). That is how FIFA/F-MARC conveyed a sense of urgency. The meeting was not a talk-fest, but carefully structured to obtain buy-in for the concept of having active ‘medical commissions’ in each country. One goal for FIFA.

Kotter tells us …
Penicillium marneffei: a pathogen on our doorstep?
Authors: F. Skoulidis, M. S Morgan, K. M MacLeod
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

cyst.Repeat ultrasound three months later showed no reaccumulation of fluid or recurrence. COMMENTThe pericardial cyst in this patient was atypical only in its presentation.It was so centrally placed that, instead of going off to the right, it caused a bulge in the epigastrium.These cysts are focal outpouchings of the parietal pericardium, which may or may not communicate with the actual pericardial space.They are lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells; calcification is rare.On aspiration or removal, the contents are clear and colourless; to a thoracic surgeon, the words 'spring water' immediately indicate the diagnosis.Multiple internal loculations occur in approximately 20% of cases. 1 Pericardial cysts are likely to result from congenital persistence of the parietal pericardial recess, due to failure of complete fusion of the mesenchymal coelomic lacunae.Focal weakness of the parietal pericardium with herniation and diverticulum formation, with or without preserved communication with the pericardial space, is another proposed aetiology. 2ost of these are found to arise in the right anterior cardiophrenic angle although they may occur anywhere in the pericardium, posterior cardiophrenic angle or superior retrocardiac pericardial recess.Plain radiographs may reveal a rounded mass, generally (70%) adjacent to the right heart border.The appearance is non-specific, reflecting the gross anatomic morphology of any unilocular cystic mass.On CT, the walls of the cyst are smooth and thin (or imperceptible) and the content has attenuation equal to that of water.There is no enhancement with intravenous contrast.Owing to their fluid content, pericardial cysts will be low-intensity on T-1 weighted images MR images and high-intensity on T-2 weighting.Radiologically, differential considerations include bronchogenic cysts, foregut cysts, lymphangiomas and cystic hydatid disease.Symptomatic pericardial cysts are rare; however, chest pain (22%) and dyspnoea (10%) can result from rapid increase in size, haemorrhage or torsion.In the past, symptomatic cysts were often removed surgically, but image-guided aspiration is now popular. 3When they do not recur after aspiration, a possible reason is that the lesion in the cyst wall remains open, allowing the fluid to recirculate.Percutaneous ethanol induced sclerotherapy has been successful in limited applications.
Targeted Deletion of the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase 5 Attenuates Hypertrophic Response and Promotes Pressure Overload–Induced Apoptosis in the Heart
Authors: Tomomi E. Kimura, Jiawei Jin, Min Zi, Sukhpal Prehar, Wei Liu, Delvac Oceandy, Jun-ichi Abe, Ludwig Neyses, Arthur H. Weston, Elizabeth J. Cartwright, Xin Wang
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways provide a critical connection between extrinsic and intrinsic signals to cardiac hypertrophy. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)5, an atypical MAPK is activated in the heart by pressure overload. However, the role of ERK5 plays in regulating hypertrophic growth and hypertrophy-induced apoptosis is not completely understood.Herein, we investigate the in vivo role and signaling mechanism whereby ERK5 regulates cardiac hypertrophy and hypertrophy-induced apoptosis.We generated and examined the phenotypes of mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of the erk5 gene (ERK5(cko)). In response to hypertrophic stress, ERK5(cko) mice developed less hypertrophic growth and fibrosis than controls. However, increased apoptosis together with upregulated expression levels of p53 and Bad were observed in the mutant hearts. Consistently, we found that silencing ERK5 expression or specific inhibition of its kinase activity using BIX02189 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) reduced myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)2 transcriptional activity and blunted hypertrophic responses. Furthermore, the inhibition of MEF2 activity in NRCMs using a non-DNA binding mutant form of MEF2 was found to attenuate the ERK5-regulated hypertrophic response.These results reveal an important function of ERK5 in cardiac hypertrophic remodeling and cardiomyocyte survival. The role of ERK5 in hypertrophic remodeling is likely to be mediated via the regulation of MEF2 activity.
Immunohistochemistry Identifies Carriers of Mismatch Repair Gene Defects Causing Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Astrid T. Stormorken, Inger Marie Bowitz-Lothe, Tove Norèn, Elin Kure, Steinar Aase, Juul Wijnen, Jaran Apold, Ketil Heimdal, Pål Møller
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Purpose Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) may be caused by mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. The aim of this study was to validate immunohistochemistry and family history as prescreening tools to predict germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6. Patients and Methods Pedigrees from 250 families were extended, cancer diagnoses were verified, and families were classified according to the Amsterdam and the Bethesda criteria. Tumor specimens were examined with immunohistochemistry for the presence of MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 proteins. Mutation analyses were performed in blood samples from the same patients. Results Blood samples from affected index persons in 181 families and tumor specimens from 127 of the affected index persons were obtained. Thirty tumors lacked one or more gene products. Sensitivity of immunohistochemistry to detect mutation carriers was 100%, specificity was 82%, and positive predictive value was 85%. Sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive values for the Amsterdam criteria were 82%, 8%, and 45%, respectively, and for the Bethesda criteria were 100%, 0%, and 48%, respectively. Distribution of mutations was MLH1 = 4, MSH2 = 11, and MSH6 = 4. Conclusion Wide clinical criteria to select HNPCC kindreds, followed by immunohistochemistry of tumor material from one affected person in each family, had high sensitivity and specificity to predict MMR mutations.
PREVALENCE OF PERI-PROCEDURAL PULMONARY EDEMA IN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT HEART FAILURE UNDERGOING ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE OPTIVOL INDEX IN PREDICTING PERI-PROCEDURAL EVENTS
Authors: Luigi Di Biase, Pasquale Santangeli, Rong Bai, Robert Canby, Jason Zagrodzky, Prasant Mohanty, Javier Sanchez, Rodney Horton, G. Joseph Gallinghouse, Sanghamitra Mohanty, Agnes Pump, Larry Price, Tami Metz, Barbara Thomas, Shane Bailey, Richard Hongo, Salwa Beheiry, Subba Reddy Vanga, Dhanunjaya Lakkireddy, J. David Burkhardt, Claude S. Elayi, Michela Casella, Antonio Dello Russo, Claudio Tondo, Andrea Natale
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)