tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recommendations for the management of cough in adults
Authors: A.H. Morice, Lorcan McGarvey, I. Pavord
Journal: Thorax (2006)

### 1.1 Background Patients with cough frequently present to clinicians working in both primary and secondary care.1,2 Acute cough, which often follows an upper respiratory tract infection, may be initially disruptive but is usually self-limiting and rarely needs significant medical intervention. Chronic cough is often the key symptom of many important chronic respiratory diseases but may be the sole presenting feature of a number of extrapulmonary conditions, in particular upper airway and gastrointestinal disease. Even with a clear diagnosis, cough can be difficult to control and, for the patient, can be associated with impaired quality of life.3,4 Sessions dedicated to cough at respiratory meetings are popular, suggesting that the pathophysiology, evaluation, and successful treatment of cough remain topics of keen interest to many medical practitioners. ### 1.2 Need and purpose of BTS recommendations on the management of cough The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS)5,6 have each endorsed their own set of guidelines on the management of cough; however, criticism7 of their content and breadth suggest the need for further concise recommendations. The British Thoracic Society guidelines cover not only chronic cough but also acute cough and the organisational issues of cough clinics. International differences in delivery of respiratory health care and management strategies support the notion that such guidelines would be desirable. The British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee agreed to the development of a Working Group tasked with the job of producing a set of guidelines for the management of cough with the following key objectives:
Anti-relaxation therapy in GORD
Authors: J Tack, D Sifrim
Journal: Gut (2002)

Reducing transient LOS relaxations in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), defined as the presence of symptoms or lesions that can be attributed to the reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus, is one of the most common disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric acid is essential in the development of GORD and the duration of oesophageal acid exposure is a major determinant of the severity of reflux oesophagitis.1 This is the reason why proton pump inhibitors, with their strong acid suppressing action, have brought relief to the majority of these patients, although most GORD patients do not have increased gastric acid secretion.2

The pathophysiology of GORD is multifactorial, including alterations in the volume, composition, or distribution of gastric contents, anatomical and/or motor dysfunction of the antireflux barrier at the gastro-oesophageal junction, impaired clearance mechanisms, and defective resistance to injury at the mucosal level. Acid suppressive therapy addresses one of the pathophysiological mechanisms—that is, gastric acid volume—without affecting others such as the non-acid component of the gastric contents or the function of the antireflux barrier. In spite of the efficacy of acid suppressive therapy, there have been many attempts to target other aspects of GORD pathophysiology, such as basal lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure, oesophageal body motility, or gastric emptying. Unfortunately, most of these approaches have been clinically disappointing.

The prerequisite …
Responses to Human CD40 Ligand/Human Interleukin-2 Autologous Cell Vaccine in Patients with B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Ettore Biagi, Raphael Rousseau, Eric Yvon, Mary Schwartz, Gianpietro Dotti, Aaron Foster, Diana Havlik-Cooper, Bambi Grilley, Adrian Gee, Kelty Baker, George Carrum, Lawrence Rice, Michael Andreeff, Uday Popat, Malcolm Brenner
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: Human CD40 ligand activates the malignant B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and enhances their capacity to present tumor antigens. Human interleukin-2 further potentiates the immunogenicity of human CD40 ligand in preclinical murine models. Experimental Design: We prepared autologous B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells that expressed both human CD40 ligand (&amp;gt;90% positive) and human interleukin-2 (median secretion, 1,822 pg/mL/106 cells; range, 174-3,604 pg). Nine patients were enrolled in a phase I trial, receiving three to eight s.c. vaccinations. Results: Vaccinations were administered without evidence of significant local or systemic toxicity. A B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia–specific T-cell response was detected in seven patients. The mean frequencies of IFN-γ, granzyme-B, and IL-5 spot-forming cells were 1/1,230, 1/1,450, and 1/4,500, respectively, representing a 43- to 164-fold increase over the frequency before vaccine administration. Three patients produced leukemia-specific immunoglobulins. Three patients had &amp;gt;50% reduction in the size of affected lymph nodes. Nonetheless, the antitumor immune responses were observed only transiently once immunization ceased. High levels of circulating CD4+/CD25+/LAG-3+/FoxP-3+ immunoregulatory T cells were present before, during and after treatment and in vitro removal of these cells increased the antileukemic T-cell reactivity. Conclusions: These results suggest that immune responses to B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia can be obtained with human CD40 ligand/human interleukin-2–expressing s.c. vaccines but that these responses are transient. High levels of circulating regulatory T cells are present, and it will be of interest to see if their removal in vivo augments and prolongs the antitumor immune response.
Segmentation and Segmental Differentiation in the Development of the Central Nervous Systems of Leeches and Flies
Authors: M Levine, E Macagno
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1990)

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Subclinical Atherosclerosis Among Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Mercedes R. Carnethon, Alain G. Bertoni, Steven Shea, Philip Greenland, Hanyu Ni, David R. Jacobs, Mohammed Saad, Kiang Liu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

Recent findings from the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) (1) are consistent with previous reports that non-Hispanic white (white) adults have a greater presence and quantity of coronary artery calcium (CAC) than non-Hispanic black (black), Hispanic, and Chinese-American (Chinese) adults (2,3,4,5). It is not known whether previously reported racial/ethnic differences in atherosclerosis persist in the presence of type 1 or type 2 diabetes, an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Further, it is not known whether previously reported racial/ethnic differences in markers of atherosclerosis in the carotid and peripheral arteries (6,7) are also present among persons with diabetes. We assessed whether racial/ethnic differences in CAC, common and internal carotid intimal medial thickness (IMT), and the ankle brachial index (ABI) were evident in persons with diabetes in the MESA cohort and whether these differences persisted following adjustment for measured cardiovascular disease risk factors.

MESA is a multicenter study of 6,814 men and women aged 45–84 who were free from clinical CVD in 2000–2002 (8). From the cohort of 6,814 participants, we excluded 25 participants without glucose measurements and 5,761 without diabetes. Our final analysis sample included 204 whites, 387 blacks, 311 Hispanics, and 126 Chinese with diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes in the cohort by race/ethnicity is comparable to …
C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly Women
Authors: Maija Hassinen, Timo A. Lakka, Pirjo Komulainen, Helena Gylling, Aulikki Nissinen, Rainer Rauramaa
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

Aging is associated with increased inflammatory activity (1,2). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker of systemic low-grade inflammation and is an important predictor of type 2 diabetes (3,4) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (5). Cross-sectional studies have found associations of CRP with metabolic syndrome (6–9) and its components, including obesity (10), insulin resistance (6,7,10), dyslipidemia (10), elevated blood pressure (11), and endothelial dysfunction (10). Prospective studies (3,4) in middle-aged individuals have observed that increased serum CRP levels predict the development of metabolic syndrome. No such data are available in the elderly. We tested the hypothesis that changes in serum CRP levels predict the development of metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of elderly women followed-up for 12 years.

The subjects were examined as a part of the large population-based risk factor survey in 1982 (12). The women, aged 60–70 years, were invited for the baseline examinations of the present study in 1991–1992. None of them had diabetes. In 2003, all eligible women were invited for the 12-year follow-up study, and 113 of them participated. After excluding …
Visceral abdominal obesity measured by CT scan is associated with an increased risk of Barrett's oesophagus: a case-control study
Authors: Hashem B El-Serag, Ali Hashmi, Jose Garcia, Peter Richardson, Abeer Alsarraj, Stephanie Fitzgerald, Marcelo Vela, Yasser Shaib, Neena S Abraham, Maria Velez, Rhonda Cole, Margot B Rodriguez, Bhupinderjit Anand, David Y Graham, Jennifer R Kramer
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Objective</h3> Abdominal obesity has been associated with increased risk of Barrett9s oesophagus (BE) but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We examined the association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and the risk of BE. <h3>Design</h3> A case-control study among eligible patients scheduled for elective oesophagastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and in a sample of patients eligible for screening colonoscopy recruited at the primary care clinic. All cases with definitive BE and a random sample of controls without BE were invited to undergo standardised mid-abdomen non-contrast computerised axial tomography images, which were analysed by semiautomated image segmentation software. The effect of VAT and SAT surface areas and their ratio (VAT to SAT) on BE were analysed in logistic regression models. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 173 BE cases, 343 colonoscopy controls and 172 endoscopy controls underwent study EGD and CT scan. Participants with BE were more than twice as likely to be in the highest tertile of VAT to SAT ratio (OR: 2.42 (1.51 to 3.88) and adjusted OR 1.47 (0.88 to 2.45)) than colonoscopy controls, especially for those long (≥3 cm) segment BE (3.42 (1.67 to 7.01) and adjusted OR 1.93 (0.92 to 4.09)) and for white men (adjusted OR 2.12 (1.15 to 3.90)). Adjustment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) use attenuated this association, but there was a significant increase in BE risk even in the absence of GERD or PPI use. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Large amount of visceral abdominal fat relative to subcutaneous fat is associated with a significant increase in the risk of BE. GERD may mediate some but not all of this association.
Effect of Abdominal Insufflation for Laparoscopy on Intracranial Pressure
Authors: Tovy Haber Kamine, Efstathios Papavassiliou, Benjamin E. Schneider
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

Increased abdominal pressure may have a negative effect on intracranial pressure (ICP). Human data on the effects of laparoscopy on ICP are lacking. We retrospectively reviewed laparoscopic operations for ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement to determine the effect of insufflation on ICP.Nine patients underwent insufflation with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) at pressures ranging from 8 to 15 mm Hg and ICP measured through a ventricular catheter. We used a paired t test to compare ICP with insufflation and desufflation. Linear regression correlated insufflation pressure with ICP. The mean ICP increase with 15-mm Hg insufflation is 7.2 (95% CI, 5.4-9.1 [P < .001]) cm H(2)O. The increase in ICP correlated with increasing insufflation pressure (P = .04). Maximum ICP recorded was 25 cm H(2)O.Intracranial pressure significantly increases with abdominal insufflation and correlates with laparoscopic insufflation pressure. The maximum ICP measured was a potentially dangerous 25 cm H(2)O. Laparoscopy should be used cautiously in patients with a baseline elevated ICP or head trauma.
Lung Cancer in Elderly Patients: An Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database
Authors: Taofeek K. Owonikoko, Camille C. Ragin, Chandra P. Belani, Ana B. Oton, William E. Gooding, Emanuela Taioli, Suresh S. Ramalingam
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

To study the burden and outcome of lung cancer in the elderly, particularly for patients aged 80 years and older.The national Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was analyzed for lung cancer outcomes during the period 1988 to 2003. A comparison was carried out between patients with lung cancer 80 years and older, 70 to 79 years, and younger than 70 years for demographics; stage distribution; 5-year relative survival; and survival based on histology, sex, race, stage, and treatment. The temporal trends in survival during the years 1988 to 1997 and 1998 to 2003 were also analyzed.Of 316,682 patients eligible for the analysis, 45,912 (14%) were 80 years or older (ie, very elderly); 103,963 (33%) were 70 to 79 years; and 166,807 (53%) were younger than 70 years. The distribution by stage and histology was comparable for all the three groups. Overall survival rate at 5 years was lower in the very elderly (7.4% v 12.3% v 15.5%; P < .0001) across sex, histologic subtypes, stages, and racial categories. Patients aged 80 years or older were less likely to receive local therapy (no surgery or radiation) than younger patients (47% v 28% and 19% for the age subgroups >/= 80 years, 70 to 79 years, and < 70 years, respectively). Overall outcomes for patients who underwent surgical therapy or radiation were comparable across the three age groups. In general, survival outcomes for the subgroup aged 70 to 79 years were similar to those of the subgroup aged 80 years and older who received single modality local therapy.Patients 80 years or older account for 14% (70 years or older accounted for 47%) of all lung cancers, are less likely to be subjected to surgery or radiation, and have inferior outcomes when compared with younger patients.
Are There Genetic Paths Common to Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors?
Authors: Tuomo Rankinen, Mark A. Sarzynski, Sujoy Ghosh, Claude Bouchard
Journal: Circulation Research (2015)

Clustering of obesity, coronary artery disease, and cardiovascular disease risk factors is observed in epidemiological studies and clinical settings. Twin and family studies have provided some supporting evidence for the clustering hypothesis. Loci nearest a lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) showing genome-wide significant associations with coronary artery disease, body mass index, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, lipids, and type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected for pathway and network analyses. Eighty-seven autosomal regions (181 SNPs), mapping to 56 genes, were found to be pleiotropic. Most pleiotropic regions contained genes associated with coronary artery disease and plasma lipids, whereas some exhibited coaggregation between obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors. We observed enrichment for liver X receptor (LXR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) and farnesoid X receptor/RXR nuclear receptor signaling among pleiotropic genes and for signatures of coronary artery disease and hepatic steatosis. In the search for functionally interacting networks, we found that 43 pleiotropic genes were interacting in a network with an additional 24 linker genes. ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) data were queried for distribution of pleiotropic SNPs among regulatory elements and coding sequence variations. Of the 181 SNPs, 136 were annotated to ≥1 regulatory feature. An enrichment analysis found over-representation of enhancers and DNAse hypersensitive regions when compared against all SNPs of the 1000 Genomes pilot project. In summary, there are genomic regions exerting pleiotropic effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors, although only a few included obesity. Further studies are needed to resolve the clustering in terms of DNA variants, genes, pathways, and actionable targets.
A FILTRABLE VIRUS, THE CAUSE OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS OF CHICKENS
Authors: J. R. Beach
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

1. Experiments have shown that tracheal exudate from two strains of laryngotracheitis of chickens from New Jersey and two from California when suspended in bouillon and passed through Berkefeld V filters will produce the disease. Two of six Berkefeld N filters allowed the etiological agent to pass, whereas four did not. Attempts to produce the disease with Seitz filtrates were unsuccessful. These results demonstrate that laryngotracheitis is caused by a filtrable virus that because of its size or some other property does not pass readily through the finer filters. 2. It has been shown that the sera from fowls that have recovered from an infection with one of the New Jersey viruses will neutralize the same strain and also the one California strain tested. In order to demonstrate neutralization conclusively it was necessary to titrate samples of dried virus and in the tests to use approximately ten infecting doses. 3. The virus dried over calcium chloride for 10 days and then stored in the refrigerator for 60 days produced disease. Kept over calcium chloride for a month it was still active and when dried by Swift's method it remained alive for 5 months.
Language and life history: <i>Not</i> a new perspective
Authors: Sonia Ragir, Patricia J. Brooks
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

The uniqueness of human cognition and language has long been linked to systematic changes in developmental timing. Selection for postnatal skeletal ossification resulted in progressive prolongation of universal patterns of primate growth, lengthening infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Language emerged as communication increased in complexity within and between communities rather than from selection for some unique features of childhood or adolescence, or both.
Treating Hypertension in the Very Old
Authors: John B. Kostis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Hypertension is prevalent and accounts for a large proportion of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide.1 There is a continuous, approximately linear, increase in systolic blood pressure with increasing age in developed and developing nations in both men and women and in most races and ethnic groups.1,2 The level of blood pressure is related to the risk of stroke, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and death from cardiovascular causes (and death from any cause) in a continuous and consistent fashion for values as low as the optimal blood pressure of 115/75 mm Hg.3,4 For example, among 347,978 men screened . . .
Questions and Answers on Ovarian Cancer
Authors: H. R. K. Barber, E. A. Graber, T. H. Kwon
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1974)

What is the effect of â€˜¿ SJ)iIl dunng surÃ §t'rv for 1(!fllO%aIof an ovarian cancer!Accidental rupture of the smooth surfaced, freely movable cyst will proba bly have little unfavorable effect on prognosis.The exception may be the mu cinous cystadenoma or carcinoma whose fluid content varies from a stringy, sticky mucus to a secretion the consistency of wet glue.It is this adhesive property that creates pseudomyxoma peritonei following rupture or spillage from the cyst.Rupture of a soft vascular ovarian tumor which is densely ad herent and directly infiltrated suggests a poor prognosis.Obviously, prognosis represents the extent of disease and is not directly related to spillage.What role do radioactive substances play in the @naiiagenu'nt of patients ttith ovarian cancer!
Antigen-specific suppressor T cell interactions. II. Characterization of two different types of suppressor T cell factors specific for L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) and L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT).
Authors: J A Kapp, C M Sorensen, C W Pierce
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

We have previously reported that two types of suppressor T cell factors (TsF) specific for L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) or L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) can be distinguished based upon differences in their ability to suppress responses by allogeneic mice. Injection of GAT or GT induces a suppressor T cell subset that produces an antigen-binding, I-J+, genetically unrestricted, specific suppressor factor (TsF1). Injection of this factor plus small amounts of antigen induces a second-order suppressor T cell that produces an antigen-binding, I-J+, genetically restricted, specific suppressor factor (TsF2). In this report, we demonstrate that these two factors are also biochemically distinct. Monoclonal TsF1 molecules are composed of a single polypeptide chain that bears both the antigen-binding site and I-J determinant, whereas TsF2 molecules are composed of two disulfide-linked polypeptide chains, one of which is antigen-binding and I-J-, and the other, nonantigen-binding, I-J+. The antigen-binding chain must be added at culture initiation to achieve suppression, but the I-J+ chain can be added as late as day 3 with complete suppression observed. However, isolated chains from TsF2-producing hybridomas derived from three different haplotypes were unable to suppress immune responses when chains from heterologous TsF2 were mixed. Indirect evidence is presented that suggests that this restriction is because the chains fail to interact rather than the inability of the target cells to recognize both chains.
Influence of hip dysplasia on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip
Authors: A M Lievense, S M A Bierma-Zeinstra, A P Verhagen, J A N Verhaar, B W Koes
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

<b>Background:</b> It has been suggested that in some patients with primary hip osteoarthritis (OA), the disease occurs as a consequence of acetabular dysplasia or hip dysplasia (HD). <b>Objective:</b> To carry out a systematic review to investigate the association between acetabular dysplasia and hip OA. <b>Methods:</b> A database search of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane library was carried out, and articles that aimed at studying the relationship between HD and hip OA were identified. The methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed using a standardised set of criteria, and a best evidence synthesis was used to summarise the results from the individual studies. <b>Results:</b> Five cohort studies and four case-control studies were included in this review. One cohort study had the correct design to answer the question and was considered to be a high quality study. This study reported a positive association between HD and hip OA. Overall, limited evidence was found for a positive association between HD and hip OA. Most studies included older people. In younger age groups the relation between HD and OA or hip complaints may be much higher. <b>Conclusion:</b> The evidence for the influence of HD on the occurrence of hip OA, at age 50–60 or older, is limited.