tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of concussion in men's elite Rugby-7s (Sevens World Series) and Rugby-15s (Rugby World Cup, Junior World Championship and Rugby Trophy, Pacific Nations Cup and English Premiership)
Authors: Colin W Fuller, Aileen Taylor, Martin Raftery
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

To determine the incidence, nature and causes of concussions sustained during men's elite professional Rugby-7s and Rugby-15s.A prospective cohort study recording injuries classified as a time-loss concussion.Players competing in the following tournaments: Rugby 15s-English Premiership (2007/2008 to 2010/2011), Rugby World Cup (2007, 2011), Pacific Nations Cup (2012, 2013), Junior World Championship (2008, 2010-2013), Junior World Rugby Trophy (2008, 2010-2013); Rugby 7s-Sevens World Series (2008/2009, 2010/2011 to 2012/2013).The study was implemented according to the international consensus statement for epidemiological studies in rugby union; the main outcome measures included the number, incidence (number of concussions/1000 player-match-hours), mean and median severity (days absence) and cause of concussion.The incidence of concussion in Rugby-7s was significantly higher than that in Rugby-15s (risk ratio=1.84; p<0.001). The severity of concussions were significantly higher in Rugby-7s than Rugby-15s (mean-Rugby-7s: 19.2, Rugby-15s: 10.1; median-Rugby 7s: 20, Rugby-15s: 7; p<0.001). The main causes of concussion were tackling (44.1%) in Rugby-7s and collisions (43.6%) in Rugby-15s. Significantly more (risk ratio=1.49; p=0.004) concussed players were removed immediately from the game in Rugby-7s (69.7%) compared to Rugby-15s (46.7%).Six actions were identified to improve the management of concussion in rugby: implement a pitch-side concussion assessment protocol; improve compliance with return-to-play protocols; work with referees to review the nature and consequences of collisions; improve players' tackle technique; investigate the forces involved in tackles and collisions; and evaluate reasons for the higher incidence of concussions in Rugby-7s.
Increasing Access to Clinical Cancer Trials and Emerging Technologies for Minority Populations: The Native American Project
Authors: Daniel G. Petereit, Deborah Rogers, Frank Govern, Norman Coleman, Christen H. Osburn, Steve P. Howard, Judith Kaur, Linda Burhansstipanov, C. Jack F. Fowler, Richard Chappell, Minesh P. Mehta
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for fast and accurate identification of clinically relevant Aspergillus species
Authors: A. Alanio, J.‐L. Beretti, B. Dauphin, E. Mellado, G. Quesne, C. Lacroix, A. Amara, P. Berche, X. Nassif, M.‐E. Bougnoux
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2010)
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as multiple cavitating pulmonary nodules
Authors: J Van Schoor, G Joos, R Pauwels
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1993)

Intrathoracic involvement is common in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We present the case of a young woman with a secondary pulmonary lymphoma (SPL) of the centroblastic subtype, with B-cell characteristics. The chest radiograph at presentation revealed an extremely rare pattern of multiple cavitating pulmonary nodules. The radiographic patterns of intrathoracic NHL are discussed.
FETAL RESPONSE TO ANTIGENIC STIMULUS
Authors: Arthur M. Silverstein, Jonathan W. Uhr, Keith L. Kraner, Robert J. Lukes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1963)

The fetal lamb in utero is able to form large amounts of specific antibody in response to antigenic stimulus as early as the 66th to 70th day of the 150 day gestation period. Among the several antigens employed, the fetal lamb responded earliest, and with the highest titers, to bacteriophage varphiX. Slightly less effective as an antigen was horse ferritin, while ovalbumin proved to be a weak antigen, especially in younger fetuses. Ineffective in stimulating an antibody response at any time during fetal or early neonatal life were diphtheria toxoid, Salmonella typhosa, and BCG. Thus, it may not be feasible to fix precisely the time of onset of immunologic responsiveness in a species, inasmuch as it appears to differ so greatly from one antigen to another. The quantity of antibody found 10 days after varphiX immunization was not significantly different in fetuses injected at 60 to 120 days of gestation. The earliest anti-phage antibody produced by the lamb fetus is a macroglobulin sensitive to the action of 2-mercaptoethanol. Only in older fetuses with longer lasting stimuli were appreciable amounts of 7S gamma-globulin antibodies formed. The conformity of these observations to theories on the ontogenesis of the immune response is discussed.
Early detection: introduction
Authors: M. Decramer, C. Roussos
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2003)

The present Supplement of the European Respiratory Journal assembles a number of reviews on “Early detection” and it is the product of a symposium held in Barcelona on June 22 2002. The symposium was organised by the European Institute of Healthcare, which was set up by AstraZeneca. It was the fourth symposium of this kind organised by this Institute. The goals of the Institute were extensively discussed inSupplement nos. 34, 35 and 36 1–3.

The programme of this symposium was designed byan independent programme committee. The core ofthis committee comprises the two editors of the present Supplement and other members of the committee include: C. Brambilla (Grenoble, France), R. Loddenkemper (Berlin, Germany), R. Rodriguez-Roisin (Barcelona, Spain), O. Van Schayck (Maastricht, the Netherlands) and M. Woodhead (Manchester, UK). The cornerstones of the commitment of AstraZeneca to these symposia are basically fourfold: 1) the symposia are not product related; 2)the company has no influence on the scientific programme; 3) scientific excellence is the goal; 4) the symposia consist of a mixture of basic …
Genetic polymorphisms associated with acute pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis
Authors: E. Nizankowska-Mogilnicka, L. Adamek, P. Grzanka, T.B. Domagala, M. Sanak, M. Krzanowski, A. Szczeklik
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2003)

Frequently an inherited predisposition to thrombosis remains clinically silent until an additional environmental factor intervenes. The present study aimed to assess distribution of inherited risk factors of venous thrombosis in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). The prevalences of factor V Leiden (FV Leiden), prothrombin factor II G20210A (FII G20210A), C677T and A1298C of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutations were studied in 149 VTE patients and 100 controls. The following key risks were established: previous deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (23.5%), bed rest (34.2%), immobilisation of lower limb (10.1%), hospitalisation (30.9%) and obesity (28.9%). In 29 (19%) patients and in three (3%) controls FV Leiden was found. A significant association between VTE and FV Leiden was established. There were six (4%) carriers of the FII G20210A among VTE patients and one in the controls. No associations between VTE and MTHFR polymorphisms (C677T, A1298C) were found. In three of 149 patients both FV Leiden and FII G20210A polymorphisms were observed. The mean protein C activity was slightly, though nonsignificantly, smaller in VTE patients. In conclusion, there was a positive association between venous thromboembolism and factor V Leiden. Only a weak trend favouring a relationship between prothrombin factor II G20210A and venous thrombolism was present. No associations between common polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and venous thromboembolism were found.
Role of the Veins in Venous Return
Authors: HERBERT J. BARTELSTONE
Journal: Circulation Research (1960)

The major vessel occlusion method applied to the supine, anesthetized dog with an open chest has proven useful in elucidating the role of the venous system in the complex phenomenon of venous return. This method momentarily isolates a large part of the venous system from the arterial system and from the action of the heart and the respiratory and muscle pumps. Simultaneous occlusion of the thoracic inferior vena cava and the descending aorta (MVO) divides the dog's circulation into a cephalad zone and a caudad zone. Experimentally induced changes in the status of the cephalad circulation during MVO can affect the caudad zone only through neuronal pathways. Therefore, MVO makes it possible to investigate the responses of the venous system to vascular reflex activity as well as direct and indirect actions of drugs. During the "resting" state, blood returns to the heart because of the existence of a venous pressure gradient of 3 to 4 mm. Hg, operant between the reactive venous reservoir and the central venous conduit ("intra-venous" gradient). Augmentation of sympathetic tone produces an increase in venous return, of venous origin, due to an increase in the effective "intra-venous" pressure gradient from 3 to 4 mm. Hg to 5 to 10 mm. Hg. The ability of the venous system to increase venous return independently, has been shown to be a significant factor in the arterial hypertensive response to carotid occlusion. The venous system can serve as a buffer against the effects of sudden, momentary changes in arterial flow by maintaining, reducing, or augmenting venous return.
Association of Temporal Trends in Risk Factors and Treatment Uptake With Coronary Heart Disease Mortality, 1994-2005
Authors: Harindra C. Wijeysundera
Journal: JAMA (2010)

<h3>Context</h3>Coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality has declined substantially in Canada since 1994.<h3>Objective</h3>To determine what proportion of this decline was associated with temporal trends in CHD risk factors and advancements in medical treatments.<h3>Design, Setting, and Patients</h3>Prospective analytic study of the Ontario, Canada, population aged 25 to 84 years between 1994 and 2005, using an updated version of the validated IMPACT model, which integrates data on population size, CHD mortality, risk factors, and treatment uptake changes. Relative risks and regression coefficients from the published literature quantified the relationship between CHD mortality and (1) evidence-based therapies in 8 distinct CHD subpopulations (acute myocardial infarction [AMI], acute coronary syndromes, secondary prevention post-AMI, chronic coronary artery disease, heart failure in the hospital vs in the community, and primary prevention for hyperlipidemia or hypertension) and (2) population trends in 6 risk factors (smoking, diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol level, exercise, and obesity).<h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3>The number of deaths prevented or delayed in 2005; secondary outcome measures were improvements in medical treatments and trends in risk factors.<h3>Results</h3>Between 1994 and 2005, the age-adjusted CHD mortality rate in Ontario decreased by 35% from 191 to 125 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, translating to an estimated 7585 fewer CHD deaths in 2005. Improvements in medical and surgical treatments were associated with 43% (range, 11% to 124%) of the total mortality decrease, most notably in AMI (8%; range, −5% to 40%), chronic stable coronary artery disease (17%; range, 7% to 35%), and heart failure occurring while in the community (10%; range, 6% to 31%). Trends in risk factors accounted for 3660 fewer CHD deaths prevented or delayed (48% of total; range, 28% to 64%), specifically, reductions in total cholesterol (23%; range, 10% to 33%) and systolic blood pressure (20%; range, 13% to 26%). Increasing diabetes prevalence and body mass index had an inverse relationship associated with higher CHD mortality of 6% (range, 4% to 8%) and 2% (range, 1% to 4%), respectively.<h3>Conclusion</h3>Between 1994 and 2005, there was a decrease in CHD mortality rates in Ontario that was associated primarily with trends in risk factors and improvements in medical treatments, each explaining about half of the decrease.
Spectrum of child psychiatric disorders and ritualized behavior: Where is the link?
Authors: Roumen Kirov
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

There is a spectrum of child psychiatric and neurological disorders, in all of which a comorbidity with obsessive-compulsive disorder and ritualized behavior is very common. Therefore, they may appear as a basis for the rituals in children that cross into adolescence and adulthood. Resolving the nature of these disorders may help us to better understand “Why ritualized behavior?”
Carbon ion beam combined with cisplatin effectively disrupts triple negative breast cancer stem-like cells in vitro
Authors: Sei Sai, Guillaume Vares, Eun Ho Kim, Kumiko Karasawa, Bing Wang, Mitsuru Nenoi, Yoshiya Horimoto, Mitsuhiro Hayashi
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2015)

Although a relatively small proportion of all breast cancer (BC), triple negative (TN) BC is responsible for a relatively large proportion of BC deaths because of its worse clinical outcome. To investigate whether a carbon ion beam alone or in combination with cisplatin (CDDP) has a beneficial effect compared to X-rays, we target triple negative (TN) breast cancer stem-like cells (CSCs).Human breast CSCs sorted from MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 cells were treated with a carbon ion beam or X-ray irradiation alone or in combination with CDDP, and then colony, spheroid and tumor formation assays, RT-PCR Array analysis, and immunofluorescence γH2AX foci assay were performed.The colony, spheroid formation, and tumorigenicity assays confirmed that CD44+/CD24- and ESA+/CD24- cells have CSC properties in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 cells, respectively. The proportion of CSCs was more enriched after CDDP combination with either X-ray or carbon ion beam, however carbon ion beam combined with CDDP significantly suppressed colony and spheroid formation and more significantly inhibited cell cycle progression (sub-G1 arrest) compared to X-ray combined with CDDP or carbon ion beam alone. RT-PCR Array analysis showed that carbon ion beam combined with CDDP significantly induced apoptosis-related Cytochrome c, almost completely eliminated expression of the CSC markers CD44 and ESA, and significantly inhibited angiogenesis, and metastasis-related HIF1α and CD26 compared to carbon ion beam alone, X-ray alone, or X-ray combined with CDDP. The immunofluorescence assay showed that not only the number but also the size of γH2AX foci in CSCs were larger 24 h after carbon ion beam combined with CDDP compared to those of X-ray alone and X-ray combined with CDDP.Carbon ion beam combined with CDDP has superior potential to kill TN breast CSCs with irreparable severe DNA damage and enhanced apoptosis.
Activation and Regulation of Caspase-6 and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Xiao-Jun Wang, Qin Cao, Yan Zhang, Xiao-Dong Su
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2014)

Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases, are major mediators of apoptosis and inflammation. Caspase-6 is classified as an apoptotic effector, and it mediates nuclear shrinkage during apoptosis, but it possesses unique activation and regulation mechanisms that differ from those of other effector caspases. Furthermore, increasing evidence has shown that caspase-6 is highly involved in axon degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Cleavage at the caspase-6 site in mutated huntingtin protein is a prerequisite for the development of the characteristic behavioral and neuropathological features of Huntington's disease. Active caspase-6 is present in early stages of Alzheimer's disease, and caspase-6 activity is associated with the disease's pathological lesions. In this review, we discuss the evidence relevant to the role of caspase-6 in neurodegenerative diseases and summarize its activation and regulation mechanisms. In doing so, we provide new insight about potential therapeutic approaches that incorporate the modulation of caspase-6 function for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Health Outcomes After Stopping Conjugated Equine Estrogens Among Postmenopausal Women With Prior Hysterectomy
Authors: Andrea Z. LaCroix, Rowan T. Chlebowski, JoAnn E. Manson, Aaron K. Aragaki, Karen C. Johnson, Lisa Martin, Karen L. Margolis, Marcia L. Stefanick, Robert Brzyski, J. David Curb, Barbara V. Howard, Cora E. Lewis
Journal: JAMA (2011)

The Women's Health Initiative Estrogen-Alone Trial was stopped early after a mean of 7.1 years of follow-up because of an increased risk of stroke and little likelihood of altering the balance of risk to benefit by the planned trial termination date. Postintervention health outcomes have not been reported.
Effects of Dietary Proteins, Methionine and Vitamins on Plasma Lipids and Atherogenesis in Cholesterol-Fed Cockerels
Authors: JEREMIAH STAMLER, RUTH PICK, LOUIS N. KATZ
Journal: Circulation Research (1958)

Methionine deficiency in the presence of a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet aggravates atherogenesis in the cockerel. High-protein, high-vitamin supplementation suppresses the atherogenic effect of a cholesterol-fat-containing diet. High-protein supplementation alone had a suppressive effect; high-vitamin supplementation had no effect. However, the combined protein and vitamin supplement was the most effective.
Occupationally related angiosarcoma of the liver in the United Kingdom 1972-1994.
Authors: F I Lee, P M Smith, B Bennett, D M Williams
Journal: Gut (1996)

BACKGROUND: Angiosarcoma of the liver (ASL) has been described in vinyl chloride workers worldwide. AIM: To describe the UK experience of occupationally related ASL. PATIENTS: Twenty patients who died from ASL after exposure to vinyl chloride. METHODS: The case records and pathological findings of these 20 patients were reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty men in the United Kingdom aged 37 to 71 years have developed ASL in association with occupational exposure to vinyl chloride monomer VCM in two factories. All had been exposed to VCM for three to 29 years, the tumour developing nine to 35 years after first exposure. Presenting clinical features included abdominal pain, malaise, jaundice, ascites, and massive hepatomegaly. In most cases the disease progressed rapidly, death occurring within a few weeks from hepatic coma. In 17 cases there was no spread outside the liver. In four cases there had been haemorrhage from oesophageal varices due to non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis diagnosed six to 18 years previously. At necropsy the livers of these men showed considerable, often massive, replacement by tumour, apparently multifocal, with necrosis and haemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the long latency between exposure and development of the tumour the full extent of ASL occurrence may not be known until 35 years after the introduction of the Code of Practice in 1975.
Molecular Pathways: Targeting Cellular Energy Metabolism in Cancer via Inhibition of SLC2A1 and LDHA
Authors: Aik T. Ooi, Brigitte N. Gomperts
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism is widely accepted to be one of the main hallmarks of cancer. The aberrant expression pattern of key regulators in the glycolysis pathway in cancer cells corroborates with the hypothesis that most cancer cells utilize aerobic glycolysis as their main ATP production method instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Overexpression of SLC2A1 and LDHA, both important regulators of the glycolysis pathway, was detected in the premalignant lesions and tumors of lung cancer patients, suggesting the involvement of these proteins in early carcinogenesis and tumor progression in cancer. Preclinical studies demonstrated that inhibiting SLC2A1 or LDHA led to diminished tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. SLC2A1 and LDHA inhibitors, when administered in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, showed synergistic antitumor effects by resensitizing chemoresistant cancer cells to the chemotherapies. These results indicate that disrupting SLC2A1, LDHA, or other regulators in cancer cell energetics is a very promising approach for new targeted therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 21(11); 2440–4. ©2015 AACR.
Tuning Properties of Avian and Frog Bitter Taste Receptors Dynamically Fit Gene Repertoire sizes
Authors: Maik Behrens, Sigrun I. Korsching, Wolfgang Meyerhof
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

Bitter taste perception in vertebrates relies on a variable number of bitter taste receptor (Tas2r) genes, ranging from only three functional genes in chicken to as many as approximately 50 in frogs. Humans possess a medium-sized Tas2r repertoire encoding three broadly and several narrowly tuned receptors plus receptors with intermediate tuning properties. Such tuning information is not available for bitter taste receptors of other vertebrate species. In particular it is not known, whether a small Tas2r repertoire may be compensated for by broad tuning of these receptors, and on the other side, whether a large repertoire might entail a preponderance of narrowly tuned receptors. To elucidate this question, we cloned all three chicken Tas2rs, the two turkey Tas2rs, three zebra finch Tas2rs, and six Tas2rs of the Western clawed frog representative of major branches of the phylogenetic tree, and screened them with 46 different bitter compounds. All chicken and turkey Tas2rs were broadly tuned, the zebra finch Tas2rs were narrowly tuned, and frog Tas2rs ranged from broadly to narrowly tuned receptors. We conclude that a low number of functional Tas2r genes does not imply a reduced importance of bitter taste per se, as it can be compensated by large tuning width. A high number of functional Tas2r genes appears to allow the evolution of specialized receptors, possibly for toxins with species-specific relevance. In sum, we show that variability in tuning breadth, overlapping agonist profiles, and staggered effective agonist concentration ranges are shared features of human and other vertebrate Tas2rs.