tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Insanity Defense
Authors: George E. Hall
Journal: JAMA (1968)

As early as the 13th century, it was felt that insane defendants should not be blamed for the consequences of their acts. The basic outline of the insanity defense excludes from the ranks of criminals all persons who are mentally diseased and who cannot reasonably be used to serve the purposes of the criminal law. The purposes of the criminal law seem to change from time to time, however. At first, its purposes were primarily retributive in nature. Then retribution was put aside in favor of deterrence. Lately the trend has been a shift from deterrence to rehabilitation. As the functions of the criminal law changed, so did the insanity defense. Today, in fact, it has become almost no defense at all. An acquittal in most instances brings no freedom, because the defendant is usually committed to a mental hospital. The purpose of the commitment is to determine whether he
Richard Claude Hamber
Authors: C. Glaysher
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Richard Claude Hamber (“Dick”) was born in Fordingbridge, the son of John Francis (“Frank”) Hamber, a local general practitioner (his obituary appeared in the BMJ on 31 October 1987).

He was educated at St George’s College, Weybridge, and called up for national service in March 1945. He attended the officer cadet training unit in Bangalore and was commissioned into the Hampshire regiment, seeing service in HQ Canal South at Fayaid in Egypt.

He returned to England in 1948 and the following year started his medical studies at King’s College, London. After qualifying, he completed three posts at King’s, including paediatrics under Sir Wilfred Sheldon (1901-57), paediatrician to HM the Queen.

Dick …
Regional blood flow correlates of ST segment depression in tachycardia-induced myocardial ischemia.
Authors: D M Mirvis, K B Ramanathan, J L Wilson
Journal: Circulation (1986)

Tachycardia produces subendocardial ischemia and ST segment abnormalities after coronary obstruction. To determine whether a quantitative relationship exists between these ST shifts and transmural blood flow, 19 dogs were studied. Coronary obstruction was produced by ameroid constriction of the left circumflex artery, and tachycardia was generated by atrial pacing at 90 to 210 beats/min. ST shifts were studied by body surface isopotential mapping with an 84-electrode torso grid, and blood flow was quantitated by serial radiolabeled microsphere injections. Isopotential maps at each paced rate, 40 msec into the ST segment, were classified as normal or ischemic based on spatial patterns of voltages. Pacing after 3 weeks of ameroid constriction reduced endocardial/epicardial flow ratios in 11 dogs from 1.16 +/- 0.22 at rest to 0.41 +/- 0.18 at 210 beats/min. Abnormal ST depression developed in these dogs at a rate of 184.0 +/- 16.5 beats/min. Endocardial/epicardial ratios with ST depression (0.45 +/- 0.15) were lower than at those without ST depression (1.05 +/- 0.19; p less than .01). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that ST depression corresponded to an endocardial/epicardial ratio of 0.67 or less (p less than .01). With this model, 95.5% of data sets were correctly classified. Neither heart rate nor perfusion bed size were significant independent predictors of an ischemic electrocardiographic response. The magnitude of abnormal ST segment shift was significantly correlated (r = .87) with the transmural flow ratio. Thus development of electrocardiographic changes indicative of ischemia corresponds to a predictable degree of flow redistribution and the magnitude of the ST shift is correlated with the intensity of the flow abnormality.
Intravenous Infusion of Amino Acids Stimulates Gastric Acid Secretion in Man
Authors: Jon I. Isenberg, Vernon Maxwell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

INTRAVENOUS alimentation with amino acids in combination with glucose, vitamins and minerals is commonly used in the treatment of patients who are unable to maintain adequate nutrition by feeding.1 Recent studies in man indicate that perfusion of the proximal small intestine with protein stimulates gastric acid secretion to approximately one third of maximal pentagastrin-stimulated acid output.2 Since the acid secretory effect of intestinal protein perfusion may in part be due to the absorption of amino acids and small peptides from the gut, we conducted experiments to determine whether intravenous infusion of amino acids stimulates gastric acid secretion in man.Methods . . .
Curettage treatment for molluscum contagiosum: a follow-up survey study
Authors: T. Simonart, V. De Maertelaer
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Although curettage is commonly used to treat molluscum contagiosum, prospective studies on its effectiveness are lacking.To evaluate prospectively the efficacy of curettage in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum and to identify the risk factors associated with treatment failure.A systematic 2-month follow-up survey study was carried out on 73 patients treated by curettage for molluscum contagiosum.Treatment of molluscum contagiosum by curettage was associated with a high risk of treatment failure at week 4 (42/64, 66%) and at week 8 (25/55, 45%). Risk factors for treatment failure at week 4 and 8 were the number of lesions at day 0 (P < 0.001), the number of involved anatomical sites (P < 0.001) and concomitant atopic dermatitis (P = 0.038 and P < 0.001, at weeks 4 and 8, respectively).The main risk factor for treatment failure is lesion number, underlining the importance of the early detection of the lesions or, alternatively, emphasizing the need for therapeutic options other than curettage in patients with numerous lesions.
M21 Space to breathe: A new hospice based palliative care, respiratory and psychology programme for patients with severe COPD and their carers
Authors: SF Hudson, R Colclough, F Campbell, B Pereira, J Leek, A Sullivan, C Davies, C Weir
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Background</h3> People with severe COPD have a burden of symptoms, often greater than those with lung cancer and have unmet need (Gore and Brophy 2000). A local palliative care needs analysis was conducted across primary and secondary care. Gaps were identified in the management of anxiety, breathlessness, social isolation, advance planning and carer support. Patients had high comparative admission rate and length of stay. A team, including a psychologist, OT, palliative and respiratory medicine and physiotherapy and a palliative care CNS, developed and delivered the programme.. The programmes focus was behavioural change through psycho-education, exercise and relaxation, underpinned by CBT. <h3>Method</h3> Referral was from acute respiratory service for those with at least 2 acute admissions in the previous 6 months, FEV1 of &lt;50% predicted and optimised medical management. They attended the hospice programme for 5 weeks with transport provided. Two programmes were completed with a total of 12 patients and 3 carers HADS and CATS were taken at week 1 and week 6. 6 month pre and post course admission data was collected. <h3>Results</h3> Patients described; improvement in confidence and quality of life and improved management of their exacerbations. HADS and CATS remained unchanged. Initial data from programme 1 demonstrated reduction in total admissions from 7 to 4 and reduction in total bed days from 47 to 20, over a 6 month period. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Patient evaluated improvement in function and quality of life and reduction in hospital bed days would suggested continuation of the programme with a change in quality of life measurement. <h3>Reference</h3> Gore JM, Brophy CJ, Greenstone MA. How well do we care for patients with end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? <i>Thorax</i> 2000; 55:1000
Bolus Corticosteroids and Cyclophosphamide for Initial Treatment of Wegener's Granulomatosis
Authors: Harold L. Harrison
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Wegener's granulomatosis, a necrotizing vasculitis involving primarily the upper and lower respiratory tract and the kidney, may be rapidly fatal. We describe two children with Wegener's granulomatosis in whom we observed dramatic improvement within 72 hours following bolus corticosteroid therapy combined with cyclophosphamide. (<i>JAMA</i>244:1599-1600, 1980)
Measurement of Hypoxia-related Parameters in Bronchial Mucosa by Use of Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Martin P. L. Bard, Arjen Amelink, Vincent Noordhoek Hegt, Wilfried J. Graveland, Henricus J. C. M. Sterenborg, Henk C. Hoogsteden, Joachim G. J. V. Aerts
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Tumor hypoxia has both prognostic and therapeutic consequences for solid tumors. We developed a novel noninvasive technique, differential path-length spectroscopy (DPS), which allows the measurement of hypoxia-related parameters in the superficial microvasculature of tissue.The aim of this study was to measure the microvascular oxygenation of histologically normal endobronchial mucosa and of neoplastic lesions during bronchoscopy using DPS.Sixty-four patients with known or suspected malignancies of the lung were studied. One hundred and five endobronchial lesions (38 histologically normal, 37 metaplastic/mild dysplastic lesions, and 30 invasive carcinomas) were detected by white and/or autofluorescence bronchoscopy and measured using DPS.We observed that bronchial tumors are characterized by a lower blood oxygen saturation and a higher blood content than normal mucosa. No differences were observed between normal and metaplastic/mild dysplastic mucosa.DPS is a new optical technique allowing the noninvasive study of endobronchial tumor hypoxia.
Book Review Diagnostic Microbiology of the Immunocompromised Host Edited by Randall T. Hayden, Karen C. Carroll, Yi-Wei Tang, and Donna M. Wolk. 479 pp., illustrated. Washington, DC, ASM Press, 2009. $139.95. 978-1-55581-397-0
Authors: David R. Hillyard
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)
Abstract 2165: Parents' ages at birth and risk of hormone-related cancer among women in the California Teachers Study
Authors: Yani Lu, Jianning Luo, Sophia Wang, Huiyan Ma, Jane Sullivan-Halley, Peggy Reynolds, Leslie Bernstein
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Childbearing age has increased in Western countries over the last several decades. The immediate effects of advanced parental age on the health of offspring have been extensively studied. However, few studies have examined the effect of parental age at birth on the risk of adult-onset cancer. We explored the association between parental age at birth and the risk of adult-onset hormone-related cancers (i.e., breast cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer) in the prospective California Teachers Study cohort of 133,479 female teachers and administrators. Between 1995 and 2010, 5359 women were diagnosed with breast cancer, 515 women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer, and 1110 women were diagnosed with endometrial cancer. Multivariate adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by fitting Cox proportional hazards models. After mutual adjustment for paternal age/maternal age at birth, no association was observed for maternal age at birth for any of the three types of cancer. However, compared to those born to a father whose age at his daughter's birth was 25-29 years, women born to a father under age 20 years had 35% greater risk of breast cancer (RR=1.35, 95% CI=1.03-1.76) and more than 2 times greater risk of ovarian cancer (RR=2.26, 95% CI=1.14-4.50); women born to a father whose age at childbirth was 30-34 years had 25% greater risk of endometrial cancer (RR=1.25, 95% CI=1.05-1.48) than women whose father was 25-29 years. In an interaction model, relative to daughters born to a mother younger than 25 year and a father between 25-29 years, relative risk was elevated for those born to a mother younger than 25 and a father younger than 20 years (RR=1.37, 95% CI=1.07-1.76), or to a father older than 34 years old regardless of mother's age (mother &amp;lt;25 or ≥25 years old; RR=1.31 and 1.12 respectively). Lower ovarian cancer risk was observed among women born to a mother ≥25 years and a father between 25-29 years (RR=0.66, 95% CI=0.48-0.90); no association was observed for endometrial cancer. These findings indicate that parental age at birth, especially paternal age at birth, may affect the adult-onset cancer risk of daughters, especially breast cancer. Citation Format: Yani Lu, Jianning Luo, Sophia Wang, Huiyan Ma, Jane Sullivan-Halley, Peggy Reynolds, Leslie Bernstein. Parents' ages at birth and risk of hormone-related cancer among women in the California Teachers Study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2165. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2165
Push me–pull you: The challenge of endocytic sorting
Authors: James J. Crawford
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

The vectorial nature of hepatocyte receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) and its susceptibility to cytoskeletal disruptors has suggested that a polarized network of microtubules plays a vital role in directed movement during sorting. Using as markers a wellknown ligand, asialoorosomucoid, and its receptor, we have isolated endocytic vesicles that bind directly to and interact with stabilized endogenous hepatocyte microtubules at specific times during a synchronous, experimentally initiated, single wave of RME. Both ligand- and receptor-containing vesicles copelleted with microtubules in the absence of ATP but did not pellet under similar conditions when microtubules were not polymerized. When 5 mM ATP was added to preparations of microtubule-bound vesicles, ligand-containing vesicles were released into the supernatant, while receptor-containing vesicles remained immobilized on the microtubules. Release of ligand-containing vesicles from microtubules was prevented by monensin treatment during the endocytic wave. Several proteins, including the microtubule motor protein cytoplasmic dynein, were present in these preparations and were released from microtubule pellets by ATP addition concomitantly with ligand. These results suggest that receptor domains within the endosome can be immobilized by attachment to microtubules so that, following monensin-sensitive dissociation of ligand from receptor, ligand-containing vesicles can be pulled along microtubules away from the receptor domains by a motor molecule, such as cytoplasmic dynein, thereby delineating sorting.
18F-FDG Imaging of the Primary Breast Leiomyosarcoma and Follow-Up Lung Metastasis
Authors: Moonsun Pai, Seok-Nam Yoon
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

A 46-year-old woman presented with a large left breast mass. FDG PET/CT demonstrated a large left breast mass (SUV = 28). Preoperative biopsy showed malignant sarcoma. Modified radical mastectomy was performed. Immunohistochemical analysis using h-caldesmon and smooth muscle actin staining established the diagnosis of primary breast leiomyosarcoma. Despite intensive chemotherapy, 3-month follow-up PET/CT revealed a large lung metastasis suggesting aggressiveness and poor response to chemotherapy. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the breast is extremely rare and difficult to diagnose before excisional surgery because of the need for immunohistochemical staining to confirm the diagnosis.
Asthma in Respiratory Therapists
Authors: Anthony Camilli
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Letters and Corrections1 October 1989Asthma in Respiratory TherapistsAnthony Camilli, MDAnthony Camilli, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-111-7-620_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor:In their paper, "Asthma in Respiratory Therapists," Kern and Frumkin (1) discuss the potential effects of bias and confounding on their results; however, they do not provide information on the most likely source of bias, that of persons with respiratory symptoms (undiagnosed asthmatics) entering the profession of respiratory therapy and then being diagnosed as asthmatics after they are in the profession. The high prevalence of respiratory symptoms in those who become respiratory therapists is suggested by the high prevalence of asthma among respiratory therapists who developed asthma before work onset, derived from Table 5 (11.4% compared with...Reference1. KernFrumkin DH. Asthma in respiratory therapists. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:767-73. LinkGoogle Scholar1. KernFrumkin DH. Asthma in respiratory therapists. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:767-73. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Ferris B. Epidemiology Standardization Project (American Thoracic Society). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978;118:7-53. MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center Tucson, AR 85724 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 October 1989Volume 111, Issue 7Page: 620-620KeywordsAsthma Issue Published: 1 October 1989 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Targeted Mutation Reveals Essential Functions of the Homeodomain Transcription Factor <i>Shox2</i> in Sinoatrial and Pacemaking Development
Authors: Rüdiger J. Blaschke, Nathan D. Hahurij, Sanne Kuijper, Steffen Just, Lambertus J. Wisse, Kirsten Deissler, Tina Maxelon, Konstantinos Anastassiadis, Jessica Spitzer, Stefan E. Hardt, Hans Schöler, Harma Feitsma, Wolfgang Rottbauer, Martin Blum, Frits Meijlink, Gudrun Rappold, Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Identifying molecular pathways regulating the development of pacemaking and coordinated heartbeat is crucial for a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of arrhythmia-related diseases. Elucidation of these pathways has been complicated mainly by an insufficient definition of the developmental structures involved in these processes and the unavailability of animal models specifically targeting the relevant tissues. Here, we report on a highly restricted expression pattern of the homeodomain transcription factor Shox2 in the sinus venosus myocardium, including the sinoatrial nodal region and the venous valves.To investigate its function in vivo, we have generated mouse lines carrying a targeted mutation of the Shox2 gene. Although heterozygous animals did not exhibit obvious defects, homozygosity of the targeted allele led to embryonic lethality at 11.5 to 13.5 dpc. Shox2-/- embryos exhibited severe hypoplasia of the sinus venosus myocardium in the posterior heart field, including the sinoatrial nodal region and venous valves. We furthermore demonstrate aberrant expression of connexin 40 and connexin 43 and the transcription factor Nkx2.5 in vivo specifically within the sinoatrial nodal region and show that Shox2 deficiency interferes with pacemaking function in zebrafish embryos.From these results, we postulate a critical function of Shox2 in the recruitment of sinus venosus myocardium comprising the sinoatrial nodal region.
Coronary steal in awake dogs: a real phenomenon
Authors: M. V COHEN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1982)

Nine mongrel dogs were instrumented with left circumflex coronary artery (LCf) flow probes and balloon occluders and the LCf narrowed so that peak hyperaemia following release of a 15 s coronary occlusion was diminished by 40.4±5.9%. Following insertion of a 16-gauge catheter through an LCf branch immediately distal to the stenosis and advancement to the branch's junction with the main vessel, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was ligated in its middle third. The dogs were studied 7 to 14 days following recovery from surgery. Haemodynamics and myocardial blood flow were measured under control conditions and again during adenosine infusion, 280 to 320 μg·min−1, through the LCf catheter. After the start of treadmill running measurements before and during adenosine infusion were repeated. At rest the gradient across the LCf stenosis averaged 2.4 kPa. During adenosine infusion there were no detectable systemic haemodynamic effects, but average distal LCf pressure fell from 11.4 to 7.3 kPa in the eight dogs responding to the vasodilator. This decrease in coronary perfusion pressure was associated with a significant decrease in collateral flow. Under control conditions ischaemic LAD flow averaged 60% of normal flow. Adenosine doubled coronary flow to the LCf areas directly perfused with this agent, while the average flow to the collateral-dependent area beyond the LAD stenosis decreased by 20%. The single dog with no increase in LCf flow or fall in distal LCf pressure induced by adenosine also had no change in collateral flow. During exercise LCf flow again double and distal LCf pressure diminished. Ischaemic LAD flow did not change in 3 of 6 exercising animals despite two- to three-fold increases in flow to other left ventricular areas. The fall in ischaemic LAD flow was obscured in three other animals by changes accompanying the exercise state, eg, increased aortic pressure and increased perfusion of collaterals not affected by the coronary steal occurring in the distal LCf vascular bed. Thus, the arteriolar dilating agent adenosine increases coronary flow and decreases perfusion pressure resulting in a coronary flow redistribution, or coronary steal. The metabolic vasodilatation of exercise also creates the haemodynamic milieu for a coronary steal, but other factors accompanying the exercise state may hide the expected decrease in ischaemic flow.
THE ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION (COMMON COLD)
Authors: Perrin H. Long, James A. Doull, Janet M. Bourn, Emily McComb
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

Experimental upper respiratory infections similar to "common colds" were transmitted singly and in series through two and four passages in nine out of fifteen persons, by intransal inoculations with bacteria-free filtrates of nasopharyngeal washings obtained from individuals ill with natural "colds." These observations conform with those reported by previous workers and lend further support to the view that the incitant of the "common cold" is a filtrable virus.
IN VITRO INTERCONVERSION OF 16-C14-ESTRONE AND 16-C14-ESTRADIOL-17β BY ERYTHROCYTES FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS AND FROM SUBJECTS WITH A DEFICIENCY OF RED CELL GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY*
Authors: Claude J. Migeon, Ono L. Lescure, William H. Zinkham, James B. Sidbury
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1962)

Werthessen and his collaborators (2-4) reported that incubation of estrone in blood produced the destruction of the 17-ketone function of the steroid, accompanied by a loss of biological activity.On the other hand, Bischoff and associates (5, 6) in- cubated the red blood cells of rabbit or man with estrone and observed a marked increase of the biological activity of the added steroid.The dis- crepancy in the two sets of data was ascribed at the time to differences either in assay techniques or in experimental conditions.A similar increase in biological activity was reported by Repke and Markwardt (7), who used red cells of the guinea pig, rabbit, and man.It now appears that spe- cies differences were the cause of this discrepancy.In most of these experiments, Werthessen and co-workers (3, 4) used bovine blood, and Axelrod and Werthessen (8) have found that in this spe- cies estrone is converted to the extent of 88 per cent into estradiol-17a.The investigations of Bischoff and associates (5, 6) were carried out with rabbit and human red cells, and these au- thors (9) have shown that the main reaction product resulting from estrone incubation in their system was estradiol; the latter report, however, failed to mention whether the steroid detected was the a-or 8-isomer, but there are reasons to be- lieve that reaction product was estradiol-17/3.This isomer is biologically more active than estrone or estradiol-17a; hence the difference in the re- sults reported by Werthessen and co-workers (3, 4) and Bischoff and associates (5, 6).In a