tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
<i>N</i>-Acetylcysteine and Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Primary Angioplasty
Authors: Giancarlo Marenzi, Emilio Assanelli, Ivana Marana, Gianfranco Lauri, Jeness Campodonico, Marco Grazi, Monica De Metrio, Stefano Galli, Franco Fabbiocchi, Piero Montorsi, Fabrizio Veglia, Antonio L. Bartorelli
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty are at high risk for contrast-medium-induced nephropathy because of hemodynamic instability, the need for a high volume of contrast medium, and the lack of effective prophylaxis. We investigated the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-medium-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty.We randomly assigned 354 consecutive patients undergoing primary angioplasty to one of three groups: 116 patients were assigned to a standard dose of N-acetylcysteine (a 600-mg intravenous bolus before primary angioplasty and 600 mg orally twice daily for the 48 hours after angioplasty), 119 patients to a double dose of N-acetylcysteine (a 1200-mg intravenous bolus and 1200 mg orally twice daily for the 48 hours after intervention), and 119 patients to placebo.The serum creatinine concentration increased 25 percent or more from baseline after primary angioplasty in 39 of the control patients (33 percent), 17 of the patients receiving standard-dose N-acetylcysteine (15 percent), and 10 patients receiving high-dose N-acetylcysteine (8 percent, P<0.001). Overall in-hospital mortality was higher in patients with contrast-medium-induced nephropathy than in those without such nephropathy (26 percent vs. 1 percent, P<0.001). Thirteen patients (11 percent) in the control group died, as did five (4 percent) in the standard-dose N-acetylcysteine group and three (3 percent) in the high-dose N-acetylcysteine group (P=0.02). The rate for the composite end point of death, acute renal failure requiring temporary renal-replacement therapy, or the need for mechanical ventilation was 21 (18 percent), 8 (7 percent), and 6 (5 percent) in the three groups, respectively (P=0.002).Intravenous and oral N-acetylcysteine may prevent contrast-medium-induced nephropathy with a dose-dependent effect in patients treated with primary angioplasty and may improve hospital outcome. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00237614[ClinicalTrials.gov]).
Inhibition of phenolsulphotransferase by salicylic acid: a possible mechanism by which aspirin may reduce carcinogenesis
Authors: R M Harris, R J Hawker, M J S Langman, S Singh, R H Waring
Journal: Gut (1998)

Background —Recent epidemiological evidence has shown that chronic use of aspirin decreases susceptibility to bowel cancer. Animal studies have shown that sulphotransferase inhibitors coadministered with sulphation activated carcinogens dramatically reduce the incidence of cancer. Aims —To investigate the effect of the main aspirin breakdown product, salicylic acid, on the P and M isoforms of phenolsulphotransferase from human platelets and colonic mucosa. Methods —Platelets were obtained from healthy blood donors and isolated within 24 hours after donation. Samples of colonic mucosa were obtained at resection for non-malignant disease. Phenolsulphotransferase activity was measured in cellular homogenates using a standard radiolabelling assay. Results —Salicylic acid consistently and selectively inhibited the P form of phenolsulphotransferase at subtherapeutic concentrations in both tissue samples. A 50% inhibition of sulphation by the P phenolsulphotransferase occurred at salicylic acid concentrations of about 40 and 130 μM in platelets and bowel mucosa respectively. M phenolsulphotransferase was virtually unaffected by salicylic acid up to a concentration of 1.5 mM (the therapeutic plasma concentration for salicylates when treating rheumatoid arthritis is about 1–2 mM). Conclusion —The action of salicylic acid on P phenolsulphotransferase, by preventing the excessive activation of carcinogens, is a possible additional pathway by which aspirin can reduce cancer risk.
Prevalence and Control of Diabetes in Chinese Adults
Authors: Yu Xu, Limin Wang, Jiang He, Yufang Bi, Mian Li, Tiange Wang, Linhong Wang, Yong Jiang, Meng Dai, Jieli Lu, Min Xu, Yichong Li, Nan Hu, Jianhong Li, Shengquan Mi, Chung Shiuan Chen, Guangwei Li, Yiming Mu, Jiajun Zhao, Lingzhi Kong, Jialun Chen, Shenghan Lai, Weiqing Wang, Wenhua Zhao, Guang Ning
Journal: JAMA (2013)

IMPORTANCE Noncommunicable chronic diseases have become the leading causes of mortality and disease burden worldwide.OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of diabetes and glycemic control in the Chinese adult population.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Using a complex, multistage, probability sampling design, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in a nationally representative sample of 98 658 Chinese adults in 2010.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A 1c levels were measured after at least a 10-hour overnight fast among all study participants, and a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted among participants without a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes.Diabetes and prediabetes were defined according to the 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria; whereas, a hemoglobin A 1c level of <7.0% was considered adequate glycemic control. RESULTSThe overall prevalence of diabetes was estimated to be 11.6% (95% CI, 11.3%-11.8%) in the Chinese adult population.The prevalence among men was 12.1% (95% CI, 11.7%-12.5%)and among women was 11.0% (95% CI, 10.7%-11.4%).The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes was estimated to be 3.5% (95% CI, 3.4%-3.6%)in the Chinese population: 3.6% (95% CI, 3.4%-3.8%)in men and 3.4% (95% CI, 3.2%-3.5%)in women.The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 8.1% (95% CI, 7.9%-8.3%) in the Chinese population: 8.5% (95% CI, 8.2%-8.8%) in men and 7.7% (95% CI, 7.4%-8.0%) in women.In addition, the prevalence of prediabetes was estimated to be 50.1% (95% CI, 49.7%-50.6%) in Chinese adults: 52.1% (95% CI, 51.5%-52.7%) in men and 48.1% (95% CI, 47.6%-48.7%) in women.The prevalence of diabetes was higher in older age groups, in urban residents, and in persons living in economically developed regions.Among patients with diabetes, only 25.8% (95% CI, 24.9%-26.8%)received treatment for diabetes, and only 39.7% (95% CI, 37.6%-41.8%) of those treated had adequate glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThe estimated prevalence of diabetes among a representative sample of Chinese adults was 11.6% and the prevalence of prediabetes was 50.1%.Projections based on sample weighting suggest this may represent up to 113.9 million Chinese adults with diabetes and 493.4 million with prediabetes.These findings indicate the importance of diabetes as a public health problem in China.
Treatment strategy and results in children treated on three Dutch Childhood Oncology Group acute myeloid leukemia trials
Authors: G Kardos, C M Zwaan, G J L Kaspers, S S N de-Graaf, E S J M de Bont, A Postma, J P M Bökkerink, R S Weening, A van der Does-van den Berg, E R van Wering, C Korbijn, K Hählen
Journal: Leukemia (2005)
The comparative psychology of intelligence
Authors: Euan M. Macphail
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1987)

Recent decades have seen a number of influential attacks on the comparative psychology of learning and intelligence. Two specific charges have been that the use of distantly related species has prevented us from making valid evolutionary inferences and that learning mechanisms are species-specific adaptations to ecological niches and hence not properly comparable between species. It is argued here that work using distantly related species may yield valuable insights into the structure of intelligence and that the question of whether or not learning mechanisms are niche-specific is one which can only be answered by comparative work in "nonnatural" situations. The problems involved in defining and assessing intelligence are discussed. Experimental work has not succeeded in demonstrating differences in intellect among nonhuman vertebrates. Hence the null hypothesis – that there are no differences in intellect among nonhuman vertebrates – should be adopted; the superiority of human intelligence stems from our possessing a species-specific language-acquisition device. One implication of the null hypothesis is that general problem-solving capacity is independent of niche-specific adaptations. A second implication is that problem-solving may involve relatively simple mechanisms; association formation in particular may play a central role in nonhuman intelligence, allowing the successful detection of causal links between events. Causality is a constraint common to all ecological niches.
Overweight: advancing our understanding of its impact on the knee and the hip
Authors: L. Sharma, A. Chang
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2006)

Why the effect of excess body weight is greater at the knee

In their study, Reijman et al 1 (see page 158) report findings that show an association between an increased body mass index (BMI) and greater risk of both incident knee osteoarthritis and knee osteoarthritis progression, but no association between an increased BMI and risk of either incident or progressive hip osteoarthritis. These results confirm what previous studies—that is, studies that were not specifically designed to look at the effect of BMI on the knee and the hip—had hinted at, that BMI has no effect or a smaller effect at the hip than at the knee. As the first study in which BMI effects on the knee and hip were examined in the same population, the study by Reijman et al is a landmark study.

In the literature, summarised by Reijman et al 1 in this issue of the journal, the evidence supporting a BMI effect on risk of incident knee osteoarthritis is strong, particularly in women. For example, in a longitudinal study of the Chingford population (women, mean age 54 years), belonging to the top BMI tertile was associated with an increased risk of knee osteoarthritis (odds ratio (OR) 2.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29 to 4.39) in adjusted analyses.2 In Framingham participants, higher BMI increased the risk of knee osteoarthritis (OR 1.6/5 unit increase, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.2), as did increase in weight (OR 1.4/10 lb increase in weight).3 Findings were confirmed in women but not men perhaps because of the smaller number of incident cases in men.

By contrast, several studies, as noted by Reijman et al ,1 have not detected any influence or only a modest effect of BMI on knee osteoarthritis progression, whereas they did disclose other risk factors for …
The Science of Improvement
Authors: Donald M. Berwick
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Inhibition of p38 by Vitamin D Reduces Interleukin-6 Production in Normal Prostate Cells via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 5: Implications for Prostate Cancer Prevention by Vitamin D
Authors: Larisa Nonn, Lihong Peng, David Feldman, Donna M. Peehl
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Although numerous studies have implicated vitamin D in preventing prostate cancer, the underlying mechanism(s) remains unclear. Using normal human prostatic epithelial cells, we examined the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 5 (MKP5) in mediating cancer preventive activities of vitamin D. Up-regulation of MKP5 mRNA by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (1,25D) was dependent on the vitamin D receptor. We also identified a putative positive vitamin D response element within the MKP5 promoter that associated with the vitamin D receptor following 1,25D treatment. MKP5 dephosphorylates/inactivates the stress-activated protein kinase p38. Treatment of prostate cells with 1,25D inhibited p38 phosphorylation, and MKP5 small interfering RNA blocked this effect. Activation of p38 and downstream production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) are proinflammatory. Inflammation and IL-6 overexpression have been implicated in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. 1,25D pretreatment inhibited both UV- and tumor necrosis factor α–stimulated IL-6 production in normal cells via p38 inhibition. Consistent with inhibition of p38, 1,25D decreased UV-stimulated IL-6 mRNA stabilization. The ability of 1,25D to up-regulate MKP5 was maintained in primary prostatic adenocarcinoma cells but was absent in metastases-derived prostate cancer cell lines. The inability of 1,25D to regulate MKP5 in the metastasis-derived cancer cells suggests there may be selective pressure to eliminate key tumor suppressor functions of vitamin D during cancer progression. These studies reveal MKP5 as a mediator of p38 inactivation and decreased IL-6 expression by 1,25D in primary prostatic cultures of normal and adenocarcinoma cells, implicating decreased prostatic inflammation as a potential mechanism for prostate cancer prevention by 1,25D. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(8): 4516-24)
Urinary calcium excretion in treated and untreated essential hypertension.
Authors: C Quereda, L Orte, J Sabater, J Navarro-Antolin, J J Villafruela, J Ortuño
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1996)

A high prevalence of hypercalciuria has been reported in patients with essential hypertension. Nevertheless, the clinical and therapeutic implications of this finding have scarcely been studied. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of hypercalciuria in an unselected population with essential hypertension and to analyze the relationship between the urinary calcium and the clinical and therapeutic status of these patients. This article presents a prospective study of 112 patients with essential hypertension and 49 healthy normotensive control subjects. Urinary excretion rates of calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium, urinary calcium/creatinine index, the fractional excretion of sodium, potassium and uric acid, the creatinine clearance and serum values of creatinine, urea, uric acid, electrolytes, total proteins, parathormone (intact molecule), plasma renin activity, aldosterone, glucose, and insulin (fasting and after an oral glucose load) were performed in every patient and control subject. Untreated hypertensive patients had a higher prevalence of hypercalciuria (35% had a urinary calcium/creatinine ratio > 0.20 versus 20% of treated hypertensives and 2% of control subjects; P < 0.001). Patients on thiazide or beta-blocker monotherapy had lower urinary excretion rates of calcium and urate than patients on calcium-antagonist monotherapy or untreated patients. Urinary calcium, sodium, and urate correlated positively both in treated and untreated essential hypertension patients. Patients with the higher urinary calcium levels also had higher excretion rates of sodium and urate, higher creatinine clearance rates, and lower serum creatinine and serum uric acid levels. It was concluded that hypercalciuria is a frequent finding of untreated essential hypertension. The association of high urinary calcium levels with high urinary urate excretion rates in the same patient may predispose to development of lithiasis in patients with essential hypertension. Antihypertensive drugs have a variable effect on calciuria-uricosuria, which may constitute an additional criterion in the selection and individualization of therapy. Thiazides and beta-blockers can decrease calciuria and uricosuria and, therefore, the lithogenic risk in these patients.
LOSS OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF SKIN AFTER TOPICAL NEOMYCIN
Authors: R. W. LACEY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1969)

Journal Article LOSS OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF SKIN AFTER TOPICAL NEOMYCIN Get access R. W. LACEY R. W. LACEY Department of Bacteriology, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol 2 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 81, Issue 6, 1 June 1969, Pages 435–439, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1969.tb14013.x Published: 01 June 1969 Article history Accepted: 30 October 1968 Published: 01 June 1969
Whole-exome sequencing identifies novel autosomal recessive <i>DSG1</i> mutations associated with mild SAM syndrome
Authors: N.A. Schlipf, A. Vahlquist, N. Teigen, M. Virtanen, A. Dragomir, S. Fismen, M. Barenboim, T. Manke, B. Rösler, A. Zimmer, J. Fischer
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Whole-exome sequencing identifies novel autosomal recessive DSG1 mutations associated with mild SAM syndrome
Optimum BMI Cut Points to Screen Asian Americans for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Maria Rosario G. Araneta, Alka M. Kanaya, William C. Hsu, Healani K. Chang, Andrew Grandinetti, Edward J. Boyko, Tomoshige Hayashi, Steven E. Kahn, Donna L. Leonetti, Marguerite J. McNeely, Yukiko Onishi, Kyoko K. Sato, Wilfred Y. Fujimoto
Journal: Diabetes Care (2015)

Asian Americans manifest type 2 diabetes at low BMI levels but may not undergo diagnostic testing for diabetes if the currently recommended BMI screening cut point of ≥25 kg/m(2) is followed. We aimed to ascertain an appropriate lower BMI cut point among Asian-American adults without a prior diabetes diagnosis.We consolidated data from 1,663 participants, ages ≥45 years, without a prior diabetes diagnosis, from population- and community-based studies, including the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America study, the North Kohala Study, the Seattle Japanese American Community Diabetes Study, and the University of California San Diego Filipino Health Study. Clinical measures included a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, BMI, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c).Mean age was 59.7 years, mean BMI was 25.4 kg/m(2), 58% were women, and type 2 diabetes prevalence (American Diabetes Association 2010 criteria) was 16.9%. At BMI ≥25 kg/m(2), sensitivity (63.7%), specificity (52.8%), and Youden index (0.16) values were low; limiting screening to BMI ≥25 kg/m(2) would miss 36% of Asian Americans with type 2 diabetes. For screening purposes, higher sensitivity is desirable to minimize missing cases, especially if the diagnostic test is relatively simple and inexpensive. At BMI ≥23 kg/m(2), sensitivity (84.7%) was high in the total sample and by sex and Asian-American subgroup and would miss only ∼15% of Asian Americans with diabetes.The BMI cut point for identifying Asian Americans who should be screened for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes should be <25 kg/m(2), and ≥23 kg/m(2) may be the most practical.
Plasma membrane localization and metabolism of alkaline phosphodiesterase I in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
Authors: P J Edelson, C Erbs
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

Alkaline phosphodiesterase I activity is demonstrable in lysates of mouse resident peritoneal macrophages (1.43 mU/mg), endotoxin-stimulated macrophages (1.36 mU/mg), and thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages (3.91 mU/mg), as well as in the lysates of several mouse cell lines. The enzyme showed little variation in culture, although serum deprivation caused a 50% decrease in enzyme activity. In each of the three macrophage types about 80% of the enzyme is inactivated by the diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid, indicating that this enzyme is a component of the plasma membrane. In thioglycollate-stimulated cells about the same fraction of enzyme can be inactivated with papain corroborating this assignment. The enzyme is inactivated with a half-time of 14.1 h in resident cells, but this is decreased to 8.2 h in endotoxin cells, and to 5.7 h in thioglycollate cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the endogenous pinocytic rate is a major determinant of plasma membrane turnover. In addition, the different synthetic rates measured in resident and inflammatory cells support the concept that macrophage activation is a differentiative process leading to a qualitatively new cell type.
Factors influencing anthralin irritancy
Authors: T. KINGSTON, N.J. LOWE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1986)

Journal Article Factors influencing anthralin irritancy Get access T. KINGSTON, T. KINGSTON Division of Dermatology, U.C.L.A. School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N.J. LOWE N.J. LOWE Division of Dermatology, U.C.L.A. School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024, U.S.A. Professor N.J.Lowe. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 115, Issue s31, 1 August 1986, Pages 80–81, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02114.x Published: 01 August 1986
Correlation between blood pressure changes and AMS, sleeping quality and exercise upon high-altitude exposure in young Chinese men
Authors: Yang Liu, Ji-Hang Zhang, Xu-Bin Gao, Xiao-Jing Wu, Jie Yu, Jian-Fei Chen, Shi-Zhu Bian, Xiao-Han Ding, Lan Huang
Journal: Military Medical Research (2014)

Excessive elevation of arterial blood pressure (BP) at high altitude can be detrimental to our health due to acute mountain sickness (AMS) or some AMS symptoms. This prospective and observational study aimed to elucidate blood pressure changes induced by exposure to high-altitude hypoxia and the relationships of these changes with AMS prevalence, AMS severity, sleep quality and exercise condition in healthy young men.A prospective observational study was performed in 931 male young adults exposed to high altitude at 3,700 m (Lhasa) from low altitude (LA, 500 m). Blood pressure measurement and AMS symptom questionnaires were performed at LA and on day 1, 3, 5, and 7 of exposure to high altitude. Lake Louise criteria were used to diagnose AMS. Likewise, the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were filled out at LA and on day 1, 3, and 7 of exposure to high altitude.After acute exposure to 3,700 m, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) rose gradually and continually (P < 0.05). Analysis showed a relationship with AMS for only MABP (P < 0.05) but not for SBP and DBP (P > 0.05). Poor sleeping quality was generally associated with higher SBP or DBP at high altitude, although inconsistent results were obtained at different time (P < 0.05). SBP and Pulse BP increased noticeably after high-altitude exercise (P < 0.05).Our data demonstrate notable blood pressure changes under exposure to different high-altitude conditions: 1) BP increased over time. 2) Higher BP generally accompanied poor sleeping quality and higher incidence of AMS. 3) SBP and Pulse BP were higher after high-altitude exercise. Therefore, we should put more effort into monitoring BP after exposure to high altitude in order to guard against excessive increases in BP.