tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Moral and Ethical Dilemmas in the Special-Care Nursery
Authors: Raymond S. Duff, A.G.M. Campbell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Abstract Of 299 consecutive deaths occurring in a special-care nursery, 43 (14 per cent) were related to withholding treatment. In this group were 15 with multiple anomalies, eight with trisomy, eight with cardiopulmonary disease, seven with meningomyelocele, three with other Central-nervous-system disorders, and two with short-bowel syndrome. After careful consideration of each of these 43 infants, parents and physicians in a group decision concluded that prognosis for meaningful life was extremely poor or hopeless, and therefore rejected further treatment. The awesome finality of these decisions, combined with a potential for error in prognosis, made the choice agonizing for families and health professionals. Nevertheless, the issue has to be faced, for not to decide is an arbitrary and potentially devastating decision of default. (N Engl J Med 289:890–894, 1973)
Ischaemic myocardial injury and ventricular remodelling
Authors: P. Anversa, P. Li, X. Zhang, G. Olivetti, J. M Capasso
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Journal Article Ischaemic myocardial injury and ventricular remodelling Get access Piero Anversa, Piero Anversa Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Vosburgh Pavilion – room 302, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA: P Anversa, P Li, X Zhang, G Olivetti, J M Capasso. Correspondence to Dr Anversa. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Peng Li, Peng Li Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Vosburgh Pavilion – room 302, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA: P Anversa, P Li, X Zhang, G Olivetti, J M Capasso. Correspondence to Dr Anversa. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Xun Zhang, Xun Zhang Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Vosburgh Pavilion – room 302, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA: P Anversa, P Li, X Zhang, G Olivetti, J M Capasso. Correspondence to Dr Anversa. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Giorgio Olivetti, Giorgio Olivetti Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Vosburgh Pavilion – room 302, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA: P Anversa, P Li, X Zhang, G Olivetti, J M Capasso. Correspondence to Dr Anversa. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Joseph M Capasso Joseph M Capasso Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Vosburgh Pavilion – room 302, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA: P Anversa, P Li, X Zhang, G Olivetti, J M Capasso. Correspondence to Dr Anversa. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 27, Issue 2, February 1993, Pages 145–157, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/27.2.145 Published: 01 February 1993 Article history Received: 11 May 1992 Accepted: 21 July 1992 Published: 01 February 1993
DOPING AND SUPPLEMENT: THE ATTITUDE OF IRANIAN NATIONAL TEAM COACHES
Authors: A Golshanraz, L Same-Siahkalroodi, L Poor-Kazemi
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Background Supplement use is common in sport. Burns (2004), reported that 88.0% of the questions athletes used at least one supplements and 58% admitted using more than one type. 1 Besides their cost, use of supplements may have side effects on general health and sports performance. Nobody cannot ignore role of coach in athletes sport achievement. Fung and Juan (2006) found there was a large discrepancy between coaches' perceived knowledge and actual knowledge. 2 Methods This studies utilized a cross-sectional survey design and cluster sampling. 95 validated questionnaires were distributed among national team coaches in 30 different fields of sports. A questionnaire designed to explore coaches' attitude to supplement consumption by athletes, beliefs and knowledge regarding dietary supplements. Mean age of participants was 36 years. Results The knowledge of coaches about supplements was good in 42.3%, fair in 51.2%, and poor in 6.5%; whilst 74.6% felt that they have little knowledge and 83.7% were eager to learn more about supplements' effects on general health, performance enhancing properties and potential negative side effects. 68.3% stated that supplements are unavoidable part of competitive sports. They thought over than 80% of elite athletes use supplements. They revealed 19% experience of inadvertent doping due to supplement contamination with prohibited substances. They expressed athletes like have a recommendation of sport supplements use by nutritionists (32.4%), medical doctors (26.1%), coaches (20%), fitness trainers (12.6%) and pharmacists (8.9%). They cited athletes using supplements based on recommendation (48.6%), brand (31.3%), advertising claims (21%), availability (18%) and price (12%). Discussion Our study revealed that many coaches mentioned that athletes should acquire information from nutritionists, medical doctors, coaches, fitness trainers and pharmacists. Consistent with our research, Malinauskas et al. in their study found that 71% of athletes considered coaches the best consultants regarding sports supplements. 3 It is evident that coaches can be a reliable information source if they improve their knowledge. So that, sport organizations can schedule educational sessions for coaches to develop their nutrition and supplement information. Subsequently they can transfer the information to athletes for best practice.
Role of the Urologist in Metastatic Testicular Cancer
Authors: Lawrence H. Einhorn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Testicular cancer is the quintessential disease for a multidisciplinary approach. Skilled radiologic assessment and pathologic diagnosis are necessary before initiation of any therapeutic strategy. Therapeutically, there are three excellent options for clinical stage I nonseminomatous disease: surveillance; retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), usually nerve sparing; and primary chemotherapy. Stage II disease, with normal postorchiectomy tumor markers (serum human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein) and a less than 3-cm maximal dimension of a nodal metastasis, is usually managed with RPLND. The cure rate for node-positive testis cancer with surgery alone is higher than with surgical treatment of nodal metastases from any other type of cancer. Other stage II, and all stage III, patients are treated initially withcisplatin-basedcombinationchemotherapy.Thereareclearly patients who would be incurable with chemotherapy or surgery alone, but who are cured with chemotherapy followed by RPLND or thoracotomy. The very experienced investigators from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC; New York, NY) report on 210 such patients in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1 All patients received chemotherapy followed by postchemotherapyRPLNDforresectionofteratoma.Thisgroupof210 teratoma patients was obtained from a larger group of 532 men who underwent postchemotherapy (PC) RPLND at MSKCC from 1989 to 2003. The presence of teratoma in the orchiectomy specimen is a strong determinant of teratoma in a persistent PC retroperitoneal nodalmass.InaretrospectivereviewfromIndianaUniversityfrom 1987 to 2000, 644 patients were identified who had been treated with induction chemotherapy and PC RPLND. Three hundred seventy-five (58.2%) of 644 had teratomas in the orchiectomy specimen. Of those 375 patients, 321 (85.6%) had teratomas in the PC RPLND. In contrast, of the 269 patients without teratomas in the orchiectomy specimen, 130 patients (48%) had teratomas in the PC RPLND specimen. 2 One hundred eleven of these 375 patientshadPCretroperitonealmasses10cmorlargeronabdominal
More Questions About the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 22881-10882 Boost Trial
Authors: Jose Luis Guinot
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

TO THE EDITOR: We are waiting for news about the European OrganisationforResearchandTreatmentofCancer(EORTC)2288110882 boost trial. Such a large study, with more than 5,000 patients with early breast cancer treated with 50 Gy to the whole breast and randomlyassignedtoreceiveaboostof16Gyornoboost,willbeable to answer a lot of questions. We clearly know now that young age is related to a higher risk of local failure and that the boost can reduce that risk in patients of all ages. 1 We know that local failure is dose dependent and that a higher dose to the tumor bed decreases the failurerateregardlessofage. 2 Jonesetal 3 presentanadditionalfinding showing that high grade of invasive carcinoma is, by itself, a high-risk factor for local failure. The figures in the report by Jones et al are presented side by side with the figures related with the factor of age younger than or older than 50 years, and the curves are absolutely similar between the figures. Therefore, we can conclude that, presently, no patient younger than age 50 years and no patient with high-grade(grade3)diseaseshouldreceivelessthan66Gy(orbiologic
Primary Sjögren's syndrome and malignancy risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yan Liang, Zaixing Yang, Baodong Qin, Renqian Zhong
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2013)

<h3>Objective</h3> To investigate the association between primary Sjögren9s syndrome (pSS) and the risks of malignancy including overall malignancy and site-specific malignancies through a systematic review and meta-analysis. <h3>Methods</h3> We searched Pubmed before January 2013, with a restriction to English language publications. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) a cohort or observational study; (2) pSS as one of the exposure interests; (3) cancer as an outcome of interest; (4) relative risk (RR) or standardised incidence rate (SIR) with 95% CIs. We used a random or fixed effects model to calculate the pooled RR according to the heterogeneity test. <h3>Results</h3> Fourteen studies involving more than 14 523 patients with pSS were included. Compared with the general population, patients with pSS had significantly increased risks of overall cancer (pooled RR 1.53; 95% CI 1.17 to 1.88), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (pooled RR 13.76; 95% CI 8.53 to 18.99) and thyroid cancer (pooled RR 2.58; 95% CI 1.14 to 4.03). A significant association was found in various subgroup meta-analyses for NHL but, for overall malignancy, a significant association was only found in some groups. Additionally, the number of studies exploring the association of pSS with the risk of solid malignancies was so small that we could not carry out subgroup meta-analyses. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This meta-analysis indicates that pSS is significantly associated with increased risks of overall malignancy, NHL and thyroid cancer. However, it is not yet known whether the apparent increased risk of overall malignancy in patients with pSS is due to the relatively high prevalence of NHL in that group.
Reproductive Decisions by Women With Bipolar Disorder After Prepregnancy Psychiatric Consultation
Authors: Adele C. Viguera, Lee S. Cohen, Suzanne Bouffard, T. Hatch Whitfield, Ross J. Baldessarini
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: This study ascertained family planning decisions by women with bipolar disorder after psychiatric consultation. METHOD: The authors surveyed 116 women with DSM-IV bipolar disorder after specialized consultation about treatment options and risks regarding pregnancy. RESULTS: Of 70 respondents, 45% had been advised to avoid pregnancy by a health care professional before consultation. After consultation, 63% decided to pursue pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Women with bipolar disorder often encounter obstacles from health care professionals regarding pregnancy. Individualized comprehensive review of risks and benefits of treatment options during specialized preconception consultation can support thoughtful clinical planning.
RANITIDINE 150 mg TWICE DAILY VS 300 mg NIGHTLY IN TREATMENT OF DUODENAL ULCERS
Authors: A. Ireland, P. Gear, D.G.Colin Jones, P.L. Golding, J.K. Ramage, J.G. Williams, R.J. Leicester, C.L. Smith, G. Ross, J. Bamforth, C.J. Degara, T. Gledhill, R.H. Hunt
Journal: The Lancet (1984)
Interferon- release assays for the diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: R. Diel, D. Goletti, G. Ferrara, G. Bothamley, D. Cirillo, B. Kampmann, C. Lange, M. Losi, R. Markova, G.B. Migliori, A. Nienhaus, M. Ruhwald, D. Wagner, J.P. Zellweger, E. Huitric, A. Sandgren, D. Manissero
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the accuracy of the QuantiFERON-TB® Gold In-Tube (QFT-G-IT) and the T-SPOT®. TB assays with the tuberculin skin test (TST) for the diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were explored for relevant articles in November 2009. Specificities, and negative (NPV) and positive (PPV) predictive values of interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) and the TST, and the exposure gradient influences on test results among bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccinees were evaluated. Specificity of IGRAs varied 98–100%. In immunocompetent adults, NPV for progression to tuberculosis within 2 yrs were 97.8% for T-SPOT®. TB and 99.8% for QFT-G-IT. When test performance of an immunodiagnostic test was not restricted to prior positivity of another test, progression rates to tuberculosis among IGRA-positive individuals followed for 19–24 months varied 8–15%, exceeding those reported for the TST (2–3%). In multivariate analyses, the odd ratios for TST positivity following BCG vaccination varied 3–25, whereas IGRA results remained uninfluenced and IGRA positivity was clearly associated with exposure to contagious tuberculosis cases. IGRAs may have a relative advantage over the TST in detecting LTBI and allow the exclusion of M. tuberculosis infection with higher reliability.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor or Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Transfer Maximizes Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Based Myocardial Salvage After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Tobias Deuse, Christoph Peter, Paul W.M. Fedak, Tim Doyle, Hermann Reichenspurner, Wolfram H. Zimmermann, Thomas Eschenhagen, William Stein, Joseph C. Wu, Robert C. Robbins, Sonja Schrepfer
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based regenerative strategies were investigated to treat acute myocardial infarction and improve left ventricular function.Murine AMI was induced by coronary ligation with subsequent injection of MSCs, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), or MSCs +HGF/VEGF into the border zone. Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated using micro-computed tomography imaging after 6 months. HGF and VEGF protein injection (with or without concomitant MSC injection) significantly and similarly improved the left ventricular ejection fraction and reduced scar size compared with the MSC group, suggesting that myocardial recovery was due to the cytokines rather than myocardial regeneration. To provide sustained paracrine effects, HGF or VEGF overexpressing MSCs were generated (MSC-HGF, MSC-VEGF). MSC-HGF and MSC-VEGF showed significantly increased in vitro proliferation and increased in vivo proliferation within the border zone. Cytokine production correlated with MSC survival. MSC-HGF- and MSC-VEGF-treated animals showed smaller scar sizes, increased peri-infarct vessel densities, and better preserved left ventricular function when compared with MSCs transfected with empty vector. Murine cardiomyocytes were exposed to hypoxic in vitro conditions. The LDH release was reduced, fewer cardiomyocytes were apoptotic, and Akt activity was increased if cardiomyocytes were maintained in conditioned medium obtained from MSC-HGF or MSC-VEGF cultures.This study showed that (1) elevating the tissue levels of HGF and VEGF after acute myocardial infarction seems to be a promising reparative therapeutic approach, (2) HGF and VEGF are cardioprotective by increasing the tolerance of cardiomyocytes to ischemia, reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increasing prosurvival Akt activation, and (3) MSC-HGF and MSC-VEGF are a valuable source for increased cytokine production and maximize the beneficial effect of MSC-based repair strategies.
The Importance of CD11b+ Dendritic Cells in CD4+ T Cell Activation In Vivo
Authors: Akiko Iwasaki
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

A murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis, using needle inoculation of Leishmania major, represents perhaps the most widely used system to study the contrasting effects of Th1 versus Th2 immunity in disease control. One of the intriguing aspects of this disease model is that certain strains of mice
A Pilot Study of Volume Measurement as a Method of Tumor Response Evaluation to Aid Biomarker Development
Authors: Binsheng Zhao, Geoffrey R. Oxnard, Chaya S. Moskowitz, Mark G. Kris, William Pao, Pingzhen Guo, Valerie M. Rusch, Marc Ladanyi, Naiyer A. Rizvi, Lawrence H. Schwartz
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Purpose: Tissue biomarker discovery is potentially limited by conventional tumor measurement techniques, which have an uncertain ability to accurately distinguish sensitive and resistant tumors. Semiautomated volumetric measurement of computed tomography imaging has the potential to more accurately capture tumor growth dynamics, allowing for more exact separation of sensitive and resistant tumors and a more accurate comparison of tissue characteristics. Experimental Design: Forty-eight patients with early stage non–small cell lung cancer and clinical characteristics of sensitivity to gefitinib were studied. High-resolution computed tomography was done at baseline and after 3 weeks of gefitinib. Tumors were then resected and molecularly profiled. Unidimensional and volumetric measurements were done using a semiautomated algorithm. Measurement changes were evaluated for their ability to differentiate tumors with and without sensitizing mutations. Results: Forty-four percent of tumors had epidermal growth factor receptor–sensitizing mutations. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that volumetric measurement had a higher area under the curve than unidimensional measurement for identifying tumors harboring sensitizing mutations (P = 0.009). Tumor volume decrease of &amp;gt;24.9% was the imaging criteria best able to classify tumors with and without sensitizing mutations (sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 89%). Conclusions: Volumetric tumor measurement was better than unidimensional tumor measurement at distinguishing tumors based on presence or absence of a sensitizing mutation. Use of volume-based response assessment for the development of tissue biomarkers could reduce contamination between sensitive and resistant tumor populations, improving our ability to identify meaningful predictors of sensitivity. Clin Cancer Res; 16(18); 4647–53. ©2010 AACR.
Nicotine Promotes Mammary Tumor Migration via a Signaling Cascade Involving Protein Kinase C and cdc42
Authors: Jinjin Guo, Soichiro Ibaragi, Tongbo Zhu, Ling-Yu Luo, Guo-Fu Hu, Petra S. Huppi, Chang Yan Chen
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Nicotine, one of the major components in tobacco, is at high concentrations in the bloodstream of cigarette smokers. However, the mechanisms of how nicotine affects tumor development and whether nicotine is a potential carcinogen for malignancies induced by secondhand smoking are not fully understood yet. Here, we investigate the signaling pathways by which nicotine potentiates tumorigenesis in human mammary epithelial-like MCF10A or cancerous MCF7 cells. We show that human MCF10A and MCF7 cells both express four subunits of nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). The treatment of these cells with nicotine enhances the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) α without altering the expression level of this kinase. Nicotine also stimulates [3H]thymidine incorporation into the genome of these cells as well as forces serum-starved cells to enter S phase of the cell cycle, resulting in growth promotion. Importantly, on nicotine treatment, the mobility of MCF10A and MCF7 cells is enhanced, which can be blocked by the addition of nAChR or PKC inhibitor. Experiments using small interfering RNA knockdown or ectopic expression of cdc42 showed that cdc42 functions as a downstream effector of PKC and is crucial in the regulation of nicotine-mediated migratory activity in the cells. Together, our findings suggest that nicotine, through interacting with its receptor, initiates a signaling cascade that involves PKC and cdc42 and consequently promotes migration in mammary epithelial or tumor cells. [Cancer Res 2008;68(20):8473–81]
Children's exposure to passive smoking in England since the 1980s: cotinine evidence from population surveys
Authors: M. J Jarvis
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To determine whether children9s exposure to passive smoking has changed since the late 1980s. <b>Design:</b> Cross sectional surveys of nationally representative samples of secondary school children carried out between 1988 and 1998 by Office for National Statistics. <b>Setting:</b> England. <b>Subjects:</b> Secondary school children aged 11-15. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Salivary cotinine concentrations in non-smoking children. <b>Results:</b> Cotinine concentrations in all non-smoking children almost halved between 1988 and 1998, from a geometric mean of 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.11) ng/ml in 1988 to 0.52 (0.43 to 0.62) ng/ml in 1998. This reduction was largely due to reductions in exposure in children from non-smoking households and to decreases in the percentage of parents who smoked. Children living with mothers or fathers who smoked experienced little reduction in exposure. <b>Conclusions:</b> Exposure to passive smoking among children in England has approximately halved since the late 1980s. This reduction is partly explained by the fall in the percentage of both mothers and fathers who smoke and is also likely to reflect reductions of smoking in public places. However, there is only limited evidence that children from smoking households have experienced a reduction in exposure through parents9 avoidance of smoking in their presence.
Inhibitory effect of bromazepam on basal and betazole-stimulated gastric acid secretion in man
Authors: G. Stacher, D. Starker
Journal: Gut (1974)

Basal, as well as betazole-stimulated gastric acid secretion in man is reduced after the intravenous administration of bromazepam. In subjects staying awake, this reduction is limited to the first two 15-minute periods. The reduction is highly significant in subjects who fall asleep after receiving the drug. Natural sleep causes the same depression. The low level of acid secretion is maintained until the subjects are awakened when there is a sharp and highly significant rise. Acid secretion in subjects who fall asleep after the simultaneous administration of betazole and bromazepam is significantly higher than after the administration of bromazepam alone. Sleep causes a much greater depression of basal and betazole-stimulated acid secretion than does the benzodiazepine itself. Acid secretion was measured by continuous intragastric titration and a pH-sensitive endoradiosonde.