tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Monitoring progress toward measles elimination by genetic diversity analysis of measles viruses in China 2009–2010
Authors: Y. Zhang, H. Wang, S. Xu, N. Mao, Z. Zhu, J. Shi, G. Huang, C. Liu, F. Bo, D. Feng, P. Lu, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, Y. Lei, M. Chen, H. Chen, C. Wang, H. Fu, C. Li, J. He, H. Gao, S. Gu, S. Wang, H. Ling, Y. Liu, Z. Ding, Z. Ba, Y. Feng, H. Zheng, X. Tang, Y. Lei, Y. Xiong, W.J. Bellini, P.A. Rota, Y. Jee, W. Xu
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2014)
The Treatment of Diphtheria and Tonsillitis
Authors: T. F. Raven
Journal: BMJ (1888)

another condition to which dryness and furring have been attri- buted, namely, habitual openness of the mouth, especially during sleep; I find but three instances in which this attracted notice, and I am persuaded that other causes of drying and furring are far more important.In short, the dry, furred tongue is essentially due to two causes which are connected together-want of saliva and want of wear.Among the causes of want of saliva, the most important is a state of system which cannot be otherwise defined than as failure of nutrition and 'vital power.With how great a variety of disorders this failure is associated I need not recapitulate; I have expressed the greater degrees of it by the term " prostration."7. Fuirred or shagqy; not dry.
Hypoxaemia enhanced peripheral muscle oxidative stress in COPD
Authors: M Fluck
Journal: Thorax (2005)

New findings on the biological defects underlying oxidative damage in patients with COPD

Chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema, also know as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is the only leading cause of death with a rising prevalence.1 Typically, the reduced lung function of COPD patients is associated with a general deconditioning of muscle function and the consequent development of a sedentary lifestyle.2 There is clear evidence that pulmonary rehabilitation programmes that involve generic physical exercise training can improve exercise capacity and state of health in patients with COPD,3 so outpatient and home based exercise training are part of the rehabilitation programme for these subjects in Western countries.4

The role of co-factors such as hypoxia and inflammation on the health of COPD patients and the resulting improvements of exercise performance with training are poorly understood, but the paper by Koechlin and colleagues5 in this issue of Thorax shows that exercise performance and peripheral muscle defects in patients with COPD relate to the level of arterial oxygenation. Using biochemical measures, the authors found that COPD patients with hypoxaemia had higher basal and resistance exercise induced levels of oxidatively damaged lipids and proteins in the vastus lateralis muscle than non-hypoxaemic patients. At baseline, the muscles of hypoxaemic COPD patients also had more lipofuscin inclusions in the muscle fibres and higher neutrophil numbers in the quadriceps muscle. These results suggest that adequate muscle oxygenation is critical to preventing the accumulation of wasteful oxidised lipid products and the harmful downstream reactions that are potentially associated with muscle wasting.6–8 Correlation analysis of endurance and arterial oxygen …
New renal scarring in children who at age 3 and 4 years had had normal scans with dimercaptosuccinic acid: follow up study
Authors: S. J Vernon, M. G Coulthard, H. J Lambert, M. J Keir, J. N S Matthews
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To determine up to what age children remain at risk of developing a new renal scar from a urinary tract infection. <b>Design:</b> Follow up study. Families of children who had normal ultrasound scans and scanning with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) after referral with a urinary tract infection when aged 3 (209) or 4 (220) were invited to bring the children for repeat scans 2-11 years later. A history of infections since the original scan was obtained for children not having a repeat scan. <b>Setting:</b> Teaching hospital. <b>Subjects:</b> Children from three health districts in whom a normal scan had been obtained at age 3-4 years in 1985-1992 because of a urinary tract infection. <b>Main outcome measure:</b> Frequency of new renal scars in each age group. <b>Results:</b> In each group, about 97% of children either had repeat scanning (over 80%) or were confidently believed by their general practitioner or parent not to have had another urinary infection. The rate of further infections since the original scan was similar in the 3 and 4 year old groups (48/176 (27%) and 55/179 (31%)). Few children in either group known to have had further urinary infections did not have repeat scanning (3/209 (1.4%) and 4/220 (1.8%)). In the 3 year old group, 2.4% (5/209) had one or more new kidney scars at repeat scanning (one sided 95% confidence interval up to 5.0%), whereas none of the 4 year olds did (one sided 95% confidence interval up to 1.4%). The children who developed scars were all aged under 3.4 years when scanned originally. <b>Conclusions:</b> Children with a urinary tract infection but unscarred kidneys after the third birthday have about a 1 in 40 risk of developing a scar subsequently, but after the fourth birthday the risk is either very low or zero. Thus the need for urinary surveillance is much reduced in a large number of children. <h3>Key messages</h3> Urinary tract infections can cause renal scars in young children that may lead to hypertension or renal failure, often years later Scars can be detected immediately on scanning with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) but may not be apparent for years if only intravenous urography is used Previous studies based on intravenous urography have suggested that new scars may develop in children up to the age of 10 years This study, which used DMSA scanning, shows that there is little or no risk of new renal scars developing in children aged 4 and older
Mechanisms of Stretch-Induced Changes in [Ca <sup>2+</sup> ] <sub>i</sub> in Rat Atrial Myocytes
Authors: Pasi Tavi, Chunlei Han, Matti Weckström
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

To study the effects of stretch on the function of rat left atrium, we recorded contraction force, calcium transients, and intracellular action potentials (APs) during stretch manipulations. The stretch of the atrium was controlled by intra-atrial pressure. The Frank-Starling behavior of the atrium was manifested as a biphasic increase of the contraction force after increasing the stretch level. The development of the contraction force after step increase of the stretch (intra-atrial pressure from 1 to 3 mm Hg) was accompanied by the increase in the amplitude of the calcium transients (P<0.05, n=4) and decrease in the time constant of the Ca2+ transient decay. The APs of the individual myocytes were also affected by stretch; the duration of the AP was decreased at positive voltages (AP duration at 15% repolarization level, P<0.001; n=13) and increased at negative voltages (AP duration at 90% repolarization level, P<0. 01; n=13). To study the mechanisms causing these changes we developed a mathematical model describing [Ca2+]i and electrical behavior of single rat atrial myocytes. Stretch was simulated in the model by increasing the troponin (TnC) sensitivity and/or applying a stretch-activated (SA) calcium influx. We mimicked the Ca2+ influx by introducing a nonselective cationic conductance, the SA channels, into the membrane. Neither of the 2 plausible mechanosensors (TnC or SA channels) alone could produce similar changes in the Ca2+ transients or APs as seen in the experiments. The model simulated the effects of stretch seen in experiments best when both the TnC affinity and the SA conductance activation were applied simultaneously. The SA channel activation led to gradual augmentation of Ca2+ transients, which modulated the APs through increased Na+/Ca2+-exchanger inward current. The role of TnC affinity change was to modulate the Ca2+ transients, stabilize the diastolic [Ca2+]i, and presumably to produce the immediate increase of the contraction force after stretch seen in experiments. Furthermore, we found that the same mechanism that caused the normal physiological responses to stretch could also generate arrhythmogenic afterpotentials at high stretch levels in the model.
A memorable patient: Old remedy effective
Authors: B. Yule
Journal: BMJ (1998)

On a Shetland island, the home of hardy people, it was surprising to find that a runny nose and a cough meant that a visit to the doctor was required. And this was 40 years ago when life was less comfortable than today, when television was hardly known, and when people visited each other of an evening to talk and drink “a peerie glass o' the hame brew.”

I was covering the period between the departure of the island's only doctor and the arrival of his successor. It was a wonderful six weeks among wonderful people. Their attitude to the common cold, though, was a bore. Mr X came to the surgery requesting a bottle …
Antiangiogenic Agent Sunitinib Transiently Increases Tumor Oxygenation and Suppresses Cycling Hypoxia
Authors: Shingo Matsumoto, Sonny Batra, Keita Saito, Hironobu Yasui, Rajani Choudhuri, Chandramouli Gadisetti, Sankaran Subramanian, Nallathamby Devasahayam, Jeeva P. Munasinghe, James B. Mitchell, Murali C. Krishna
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Structural and functional abnormalities in tumor blood vessels impact the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to solid tumors, resulting in chronic and cycling hypoxia. Although chronically hypoxic regions exhibit treatment resistance, more recently it has been shown that cycling hypoxic regions acquire prosurvival pathways. Angiogenesis inhibitors have been shown to transiently normalize the tumor vasculatures and enhance tumor response to treatments. However, the effect of antiangiogenic therapy on cycling tumor hypoxia remains unknown. Using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging and MRI in tumor-bearing mice, we have examined the vascular renormalization process by longitudinally mapping tumor partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2)) and microvessel density during treatments with a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. Transient improvement in tumor oxygenation was visualized by electron paramagnetic resonance imaging 2 to 4 days following antiangiogenic treatments, accompanied by a 45% decrease in microvessel density. Radiation treatment during this time period of improved oxygenation by antiangiogenic therapy resulted in a synergistic delay in tumor growth. In addition, dynamic oxygen imaging obtained every 3 minutes was conducted to distinguish tumor regions with chronic and cycling hypoxia. Sunitinib treatment suppressed the extent of temporal fluctuations in tumor pO(2) during the vascular normalization window, resulting in the decrease of cycling tumor hypoxia. Overall, the findings suggest that longitudinal and noninvasive monitoring of tumor pO(2) makes it possible to identify a window of vascular renormalization to maximize the effects of combination therapy with antiangiogenic drugs.
Use of cultured epithelial cells, including keratinocytes, for the detection of antinuclear antibodies.
Authors: I Leigh, F Wojnarowska, S Burge, B Bhogal, T Zhu
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1987)

The use of cultured human epithelial cells as a substrate for the detection of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) improves the sensitivity of detection above the standard substrates used. Standard antisera have been screened against a series of epithelial cell lines, including keratinocytes. Selected cells have then been used to detect ANAs in 78 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus.
Exercise tolerance in children with cystic fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation assessment
Authors: P. Aurora, S.A. Prasad, I.M. Balfour-Lynn, G. Slade, B. Whitehead, R. Dinwiddie
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

The aim of this study was to compare the 6-min walk test against the recently developed 3-min step test, as measures of exercise tolerance in children with moderate to severe cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease referred for lung transplantation assessment. Twenty-eight children with CF (16 girls, 12 boys), with a mean age of 13.7 yrs (range 7.2–17.8 yrs) and mean forced expiratory volume in one second of 34% predicted (range 17%–67%) were recruited. All subjects performed both the 6-min walk and 3-min step-tests. Outcome measures were maximum rise in heart rate (HR), and maximum fall in arterial oxygen saturation ( S a,O 2 ). There was no significant difference in resting HR or S a,O 2 prior to starting the two tests. Both step and walk tests produced significant rises in median HR (from 114–149 min −1 , p&lt;0.0005, and 119–138 min −1 , p&lt;0.0005, respectively) and significant falls in S a,O 2 (both from 94–92%, p&lt;0.0005). The step test produced a significantly greater percentage rise in HR (30% versus 18%, p&lt;0.0005) and a significantly greater percentage fall in S a,O 2 (4% versus 2%, p=0.002). Bland-Altman analysis gave wide 95% limits of agreement (10.7–29.3% for rise in HR, −2.1–4.6% for fall in S a,O 2 ). The step test was well tolerated. The 3-min step test produced a greater fall in S a,O 2 and a greater rise in HR than the 6-min walk test in children with moderate to severe CF lung disease. It may be of value when assessing a child's suitability for lung transplantation.
Paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with follicular dendritic cell sarcoma and Castleman disease
Authors: A.V. Marzano, P. Vezzoli, F. Mariotti, V. Boneschi, R. Caputo, E. Berti
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Journal Article Paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with follicular dendritic cell sarcoma and Castleman disease Get access A.V. Marzano, A.V. Marzano Institute of Dermatological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore of Milan, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy *Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI‐IRCCS, Rome 00167, Italy †University of Milan ‘Bicocca’, Milan, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. Vezzoli, P. Vezzoli Institute of Dermatological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore of Milan, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy *Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI‐IRCCS, Rome 00167, Italy †University of Milan ‘Bicocca’, Milan, Italy Pamela Vezzoli E‐mail: pamela.vezzoli@libero.it Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F. Mariotti, F. Mariotti Institute of Dermatological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore of Milan, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy *Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI‐IRCCS, Rome 00167, Italy †University of Milan ‘Bicocca’, Milan, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar V. Boneschi, V. Boneschi Institute of Dermatological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore of Milan, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy *Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI‐IRCCS, Rome 00167, Italy †University of Milan ‘Bicocca’, Milan, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. Caputo, R. Caputo Institute of Dermatological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore of Milan, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy *Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI‐IRCCS, Rome 00167, Italy †University of Milan ‘Bicocca’, Milan, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E. Berti E. Berti Institute of Dermatological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore of Milan, via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy *Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI‐IRCCS, Rome 00167, Italy †University of Milan ‘Bicocca’, Milan, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 153, Issue 1, 1 July 2005, Pages 214–215, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06695.x Published: 01 July 2005
Metabolic Tumor Volume of [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Predicts Short-Term Outcome to Radiotherapy With or Without Chemotherapy in Pharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Man Ki Chung, Han-Sin Jeong, Sang Gyu Park, Jeon Yeob Jang, Young-Ik Son, Joon Young Choi, Seung Hyup Hyun, Keunchil Park, Myung-Ju Ahn, Yong Chan Ahn, Hyung-Jin Kim, Young-Hyeh Ko, Chung-Hwan Baek
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to investigate whether metabolic tumor volume (MTV) measured from [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) predicts short-term outcome to radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with pharyngeal cancers. Experimental Design: The MTVs of primary sites with or without neck nodes were measured in 82 patients. Short-term outcome was assessed using the treatment response evaluation by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors and recurrence events during follow-up (complete response/no recurrence or residual disease/recurrence). Results: A total of 64 patients had complete response/no recurrence as of the last follow-up. A cutoff of 40 mL for the MTV was the best discriminative value for predicting treatment response. By univariate analyses, patients with MTV &amp;gt;40 mL showed a significantly lower number of complete response/no recurrence than did patients with MTV ≤40 mL [68.2% versus 87.8%; hazard ratio (HR), 3.34; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.09-10.08; P = 0.03], as is the same in tumor-node-metastasis stage (87.5% for I-II versus 90% for III versus 63.8% for IV; P = 0.02). However, MTV was only a significant predictor of short-term outcome by multivariate analyses (HR, 4.09; 95% CI, 1.02-16.43; P = 0.04). MTV &amp;gt;40 mL indicated a significantly worse DFS than MTV ≤40 mL (HR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.04-11.26;P = 0.04). The standardized uptake value for the primary tumor did not show any correlation with treatment outcome or DFS. Conclusion: MTV has a potential value in predicting short-term outcome and DFS in patients with pharyngeal cancers. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(18):5861–8)
Guanylyl Cyclases and Signaling by Cyclic GMP
Authors: Kimberly A. Lucas, Giovanni M. Pitari, Shiva Kazerounian, Inez Ruiz-Stewart, Jason Park, Stephanie Schulz, Kenneth P. Chepenik, Scott A. Waldman
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2000)

Guanylyl cyclases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of GTP to cGMP. The family comprises both membrane-bound and soluble isoforms that are expressed in nearly all cell types. They are regulated by diverse extracellular agonists that include peptide hormones, bacterial toxins, and free radicals, as well as intracellular molecules, such as calcium and adenine nucleotides. Stimulation of guanylyl cyclases and the resultant accumulation of cGMP regulates complex signaling cascades through immediate downstream effectors, including cGMP-dependent protein kinases, cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases, and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. Guanylyl cyclases and cGMP-mediated signaling cascades play a central role in the regulation of diverse (patho)physiological processes, including vascular smooth muscle motility, intestinal fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, and retinal phototransduction. Topics addressed in this review include the structure and chromosomal localization of the genes for guanylyl cyclases, structure and function of the members of the guanylyl cyclase family, molecular mechanisms regulating enzymatic activity, and molecular sequences coupling ligand binding to catalytic activity. A brief overview is presented of the downstream events controlled by guanylyl cyclases, including the effectors that are regulated by cGMP and the role that guanylyl cyclases play in cell physiology and pathophysiology.
Physical Activity/Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ronald J. Sigal, Glen P. Kenny, David H. Wasserman, Carmen Castaneda-Sceppa
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

For decades, exercise has been considered a cornerstone of diabetes management, along with diet and medication. However, high-quality evidence on the importance of exercise and fitness in diabetes was lacking until recent years. The last American Diabetes Association (ADA) technical review of exercise and type 2 diabetes (formerly known as non–insulin dependent diabetes) was published in 1990. The present work emphasizes the advances that have occurred since the last technical review was published.

Major developments since the 1990 technical review include: 

Based on this new evidence, we have refined the recommendations on the desired types, amounts, and intensities of aerobic physical activity for people with diabetes. Resistance training will now be recommended in a broader group of patients and at a broader range of intensity than done previously. There are other areas in which new evidence is lacking, but we feel that previous recommendations may have been more conservative than necessary. These areas include indications for exercise stress test before beginning an exercise program and precautions regarding …
Against internet exceptionalism
Authors: S. Shepperd
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The sheer novelty of the internet continues to colour discussions of it. Attention paid to online health information invariably focuses on how it differs from what has gone before rather than how it has remained the same. Certainly, the internet provides swift access to large amounts of information that previously required determined tracking. Users can communicate rapidly through email, chat rooms, and other internet forums. And it is remarkably easy to publish and disseminate information, with little accountability.1 But are these enough to justify the belief that information retrieved via the internet differs radically from what has gone before, requiring an exceptional response?

The combination of rapid access and wide dissemination makes it easy to understand the appeal of initiatives aimed at limiting access to misleading or inaccurate information on health. Allowing users to judge at a glance the quality of such information by the use of labels has been widely …