tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Webster's Medical Desk Dictionary
Authors: Paul G. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1987)

The history of medical dictionaries can be traced back to the<i>Etymologiae</i>of Isidore of Seville in the seventh century. The first to be printed was a 1471 edition of a work by an Italian, Simone Cordo, who had lived two centuries earlier. The earliest original compilation of medical terminology in English was A<i>Medicinal Dictionary</i>by Robert James (1743-1745), prefaced, fittingly enough, by Samuel Johnson. Successive editions of three unabridged dictionaries have long been standards for use in the United States, namely,<i>Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Stedman's Medical Dictionary, and Blakiston's New Gould Medical Dictionary</i>. More recently, in response to needs of allied health professionals and students, among others, some useful reference alternatives have appeared, notably the<i>Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health</i>and<i>Melloni's Illustrated Medical Dictionary</i>. A new entry into this arena comes from the distinguished house of Merriam-Webster Inc.<i>Webster's Medical Desk Dictionary</i>
Serendipity in St. Helena: A Genetical and Medical Study of an Isolated Community
Authors: Victor A. McKusick
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Walpole's three princes of Serendip (as the island of Ceylon was formerly called)  always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things they were not in quest of. Dr. Ian Shine went as a medical officer to the island of St. Helena and by the same combination of accident and sagacity made interesting discoveries which he presents in a fascinating manner in this monograph.  For those who may have known that Napoleon died in captivity on St. Helena but who may be as uninformed otherwise about the island as Shine had been (he thought St. Helena was in the south Pacific), a succinct account of the geography, history, demography, sociology, and other aspects of the island is given.  Working in isolation on this south Atlantic island, Shine made observations on the etiology of hallux valgus (and its relation to shoewearing), on ischemic heart disease, and on a variety of
Cell encapsulation technology as a therapeutic strategy for CNS malignancies
Authors: Therese Visted, Rolf Bjerkvig, Per Øyvind Enger
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2001)

Gene therapy using viral vectors has to date failed to reveal its definitive clinical usefulness. Cell encapsulation technology represents an alternative, nonviral approach for the delivery of biologically active compounds to tumors. This strategy involves the use of genetically engineered producer cells that secrete a protein with therapeutic potential. The cells are encapsulated in an immunoisolating material that makes them suitable for transplantation. The capsules, or bioreactors, permit the release of recombinant proteins that may assert their effects in the tumor microenvironment. During the last decades, there has been significant progress in the development of encapsulation technologies that comprise devices for both macro- and microencapsulation. The polysaccharide alginate is the most commonly used material for cell encapsulation and is well tolerated by various tissues. A wide spectrum of cells and tissues has been encapsulated and implanted, both in animals and humans, indicating the general applicability of this approach for both research and medical purposes, including CNS malignancies. Gliomas most frequently recur at the resection site. To provide local and sustained drug delivery, the bioreactors can be implanted in the brain parenchyma or in the ventricular system. The development of comprehensive analyses of geno- and phenotypic profiles of a tumor (genomics and proteomics) may provide new and important guidelines for choosing the optimal combination of bioreactors and recombinant proteins for therapeutic use.
Clinical Research -- What Should the Public Believe?
Authors: Marcia Angell, Jerome P. Kassirer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Americans have become increasingly avid for news of clinical research that they feel will improve their health or extend their lives. This is particularly true of research about diet or lifestyle. To many Americans, as Fitzgerald points out elsewhere in this issue of the Journal, good health is largely a matter of living right1. They believe that they can ward off many if not most diseases and disability simply by knowing what foods to eat, what supplements to consume, and what leisure activities to pursue. This belief is fed by the new emphasis on preventive medicine as a solution . . .
Hypertension and Angiographic Findings in Necrotizing Vasculitis
Authors: RICHARD H. WHITE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

Letters and Corrections1 March 1981Hypertension and Angiographic Findings in Necrotizing VasculitisRICHARD H. WHITE, M.D., MORRIS SCHAMBELAN, M.D.RICHARD H. WHITE, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, MORRIS SCHAMBELAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-94-3-410_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In their recent letter, Lejonc and colleagues (1) described a patient with systemic necrotizing vasculitis who had normal blood pressure at initial presentation despite active vasculitis on renal arteriogram but in whom hypertension developed subsequently when the systemic manifestations of the disease were improving on therapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisolone. The case raises important questions on the relations among renal vascular involvement, hypertension, and the effects of corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy in patients with systemic necrotizing vasculitis.Although no study to date has correlated the presence or absence of active vasculitis on renal arteriography with the presence...References1. LEJONCMACQUINBROCHARDSCHAEFFER JIPA. Hypertension in systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Ann Intern Med. 1980;93(Part 1):150. Letter. LinkGoogle Scholar2. TRAVERSALLISONBRETTLEHUGHES RDRG. Polyarteritis nodosa: a clinical and angiographic analysis of 17 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1979;8:184-99. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. SACKCASSIDYBOLE MJG. Prognistic factors in polyarteritis. J Rheumatol. 1975;2:411-20. MedlineGoogle Scholar4. FAUCIKATZHAYNESWOLFF APBS. Cyclophosphamide therapy of severe systemic necrotizing vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 1979;301:235-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. POPOVTZERPINNGGERAKATZ MWF. Variations in arterial blood pressure after kidney transplantation: relation to renal function, plasma renin activity, and the dose of prednisone. Circulation. 1973;47:1297-1305. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: San Francisco General Hospital and Medical Center San Francisco, CA 94110 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 March 1981Volume 94, Issue 3Page: 410-411KeywordsAngiographyBlood pressureCorticosteroid therapyCyclophosphamideHypertensionImmunosuppressivesRenal diseasesSystemic diseasesVasculitis Issue Published: 1 March 1981 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Hypocalcemia Resulting from Infarction of a Parathyroid Adenoma
Authors: ROBERT C. NORTHCUTT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Profound acute hypocalcemia was associated with a histologically proved infarcted parathyroid adenoma in the patient reported. The hypocalcemia was presumed to be the result of rapid skeletal recalcification after the sudden fall of the circulating parathyroid hormone level accompanying the infarction of the parathyroid adenoma and the inability of the remaining parathyroid glands to secrete adequate hormone. Improvement of the severe skeletal demineralization was documented. This is the fourth reported case in which the course of primary hyperparathyroidism was reversed by spontaneous infarction of a parathyroid adenoma.
Images of Early Rectal Cancer
Authors: B. Rembacken, A. Cairns, S. Kudo, E. Kogure
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

Early rectal cancer is enigmatic. The rectum is a hotspot for colonic neoplasia, and in Leeds, United Kingdom, the prevalence of rectal neoplasia is second only to that of neoplasia in the sigmoid colon (Table [1]). Despite this, the rectum is a site at which many early cancers are missed. What is the explanation for this?
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits stem cell factor-induced proliferation of human bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro. Role of p55 and p75 tumor necrosis factor receptors.
Authors: L S Rusten, E B Smeland, F W Jacobsen, E Lien, W Lesslauer, H Loetscher, C M Dubois, S E Jacobsen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Stem cell factor (SCF), a key regulator of hematopoiesis, potently synergizes with a number of hematopoietic growth factors. However, little is known about growth factors capable of inhibiting the actions of SCF. TNF-alpha has been shown to act as a bidirectional regulator of myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation. This study was designed to examine interactions between TNF-alpha and SCF. Here, we demonstrate that TNF-alpha potently and directly inhibits SCF-stimulated proliferation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Furthermore, TNF-alpha blocked all colony formation stimulated by SCF in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF) or CSF-1. The synergistic effect of SCF observed in combination with GM-CSF or IL-3 was also inhibited by TNF-alpha, resulting in colony numbers similar to those obtained in the absence of SCF. These effects of TNF-alpha were mediated through the p55 TNF receptor, whereas little or no inhibition was signaled through the p75 TNF receptor. Finally, TNF-alpha downregulated c-kit cell-surface expression on CD34+ bone marrow cells, and this was predominantly a p55 TNF receptor-mediated event as well.
Mediator release is altered in immunotherapy‐treated patients: a 4‐ear study
Authors: D. Dokic, A. Nethe, J. Kleine‐Tebbe, G. Kunkel, C. R. Baumgarten
Journal: Allergy (1996)

In recent years, it has been possible to demonstrate mediator release into the nasal secretion after nasal allergen challenge in patients with allergic rhinitis. Using the nasal provocation model, we determined whether the mediator release was altered in immunotherapy‐treated patients. Seventeen grass‐pollen‐allergic patients were examined under controlled, reproducible conditions. Serial challenges with increasing doses of grass pollen produced increasing numbers of clinical symptoms and release of mediators such as kinins, TAME‐esterase activity, and histamine. Ten patients received a semidepot perennial grass‐pollen extract for 4 years. Seven patients served as controls and did not receive immunotherapy during the observation period. Data from the group of patients receiving immunotherapy over the first year already showed a partially significant decline in the maximal mediator release after nasal allergen challenges compared to the results of pretreated challenges, whereas controls did not show any significant changes. Nasal allergen challenges after termination of 4 years' immunotherapy significantly modified the mediator release compared to pretreatment values (TAME‐esterase activity P&lt;0.05, kinins P&lt;0.01, and histamine P&lt;0.01). Decrease of mediator release paralleled the symptom‐medication scores and quantitative skin prick test. Finally, we could demonstrate a significant correlation between specific IgG increase and mediator decrease in the treated group.
Simultaneous Occurrence of “American Burkitt’s Lymphoma” in Neighbors
Authors: Paul H. Levine, S. Gerald Sandler, Diane M. Komp, Gregory T. O'Conor, Dennis M. O'Connor
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

BURKITT'S lymphoma is suspected of having a viral origin because of its geographic distribution and time-space clustering1,2 although plasmodial infection appears to be an important cofactor.3,4 Identification of patients in the Western Hemisphere with clinical and pathological features indistinguishable from African Burkitt's tumor is of particular interest since such cases provide an opportunity to investigate etiologic factors other than malaria that might be common to African, as well as non-African, patients.In the two children from northwestern Virginia living only three houses apart, who are described below, Burkitt's lymphomas developed at the same time.Case ReportsCase 1. A 15-year-old . . .
Ordinary people do not ignore base rates
Authors: Donald Laming
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Human responses to probabilities can be studied through gambling and through experiments presenting biased sequences of stimuli. In both cases, participants are sensitive to base rates. They adjust automatically to changes in base rate; such adjustment is incompatible with conformity to Bayes' Theorem. ”Base-rate neglect” is therefore specific to the exercises in mental arithmetic reviewed in the target article.
New Drugs: Respiratory and allergic disease. II. Chronic obstructive airways disease and respiratory infections
Authors: K F. Chung, P. J Barnes
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Chronic hypoxaemia in chronic bronchitis and emphysema may lead to the development of pulmonary hypertension, and the occurrence of cor pulmonale remains a bad prognostic sign. This stage of the disease may be associated with a reduced respiratory drive, leading to hypercapnia and hypoxaemia. Long term oxygen treatment improves tissue oxyg?nation, reduces pulmonary hypertension, and prolongs survival in hypoxic cor pulmonale. Thus a controlled clinical trial of the Medical Research Council showed that 15 hours of continuous oxygen treatment a day was necessary and that an improvement was observed only after 500 days of treatment.l The use of chronic supplementary oxygen in this condition has been discussed previously.2 The introduction of oxygen concentrators has made home treatment with oxygen cheaper and more convenient,3 but it is essential that patients are adequately evaluated before this treatment is started and that they are supervised during treatment.4 Treatment of hypoxaemia solely with drugs, or in combination with oxygen treatment, remains a possibility. Interest has been shown in drugs that stimulate respiration and improve oxyg?nation in these patients, one particular drug being the peripheral chemo receptor stimulant almitrine. The use of pulmonary vasodilators to reduce the pulmonary hypertension of chronic obstructive airways disease is also being investigated.
High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell support versus standard-dose chemotherapy: meta-analysis of individual patient data from 6 randomized metastatic breast cancer trials.
Authors: DA Berry, NT Ueno, MM Johnson, X Lei, DA Smith, J Caputo, LJ Yancey, M Bregni, T Demirer
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #6113 Background: The role of high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for metastatic breast cancer has not been well defined. The statistical power of the available trials has limited precision for determining whether HDC has any benefit for this indication, or for any subset of patients.&amp;#x2028; Methods: Individual patient data from the 6 known randomized trials were merged into a single database. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS): time from randomization to death. The secondary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Cox proportional hazards regression compared the effect of HDC vs standard-dose chemotherapy (SDC) on PFS and OS adjusted for age, trial and hormone receptor (HmR) status (positive if either estrogen (ER) or progesterone (PgR) receptor positive), and other variables. Among the subset analyses considered were by age, HmR status, number metastatic sites, and soft tissue metastases.&amp;#x2028; Results: A total of 846 patients (433 HDC, 413 SDC) had median follow-up of 1.9 years. Median age was 47 years (range 23 to 65). Preliminary analyses show that after adjusting for age and trial, HDC significantly prolonged OS (hazard ratio (HR) 0.86; 95%CI 0.73-1.00; p=0.05) and PFS (HR 0.73; 95%CI 0.63-0.84; p&amp;lt;0.0001). Mean improvement (out to 8 yrs) was 4 months for both OS and PFS. Both age (p=0.023) and soft tissue disease (p=0.0025) had statistically significant interactions with treatment for OS, but neither remain significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons.&amp;#x2028; Conclusions: HDC may have a modest benefit on OS that may be greater in patients younger than 50 years. However, we were not able to draw firm conclusions about age or other subset analyses.&amp;#x2028; &amp;#x2028; Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6113.
Suppression of Acute Lung Inflammation by Intracellular Peptide Delivery of a Nuclear Import Inhibitor
Authors: Danya Liu, Jozef Zienkiewicz, Antonio DiGiandomenico, Jacek Hawiger
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2009)

Acute lung inflammation is a potentially life-threatening complication of infections due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), a worldwide emerging pathogen, which causes necrotizing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). MRSA virulence factors encompass immunotoxins termed superantigens that contribute to lung inflammation. In this study, we demonstrate that staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced lung inflammation is attenuated by a cell-penetrating peptide nuclear import inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and other stress-responsive transcription factors (SRTFs). This inhibitor suppressed production of a wide spectrum of cytokines and chemokines induced by direct SEB airway exposure. Consequently, trafficking of neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes to the bronchoalveolar space was significantly reduced while vascular injury, manifested by increased permeability and protein leakage, was attenuated. Moreover, induction of systemic proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to direct SEB airway exposure was reduced. Thus, intracellular delivery of a nuclear import inhibitory peptide suppresses respiratory and systemic expression of key mediators of lung inflammation evoked by SEB.
Understanding the Liver: A History
Authors: Frank L. Iber
Journal: JAMA (1985)

This short book is an in-depth history of the evolution of ideas about the liver from earlier recorded history and covers in separate sections the anatomic, physiological, and metabolic functions of the liver, diseases of the liver, and, finally, therapy for liver diseases. There are a variety of appendixes, an extensive annotated bibliography, and an index of both names and subjects. The writing is fun to follow, and, as a hepatologist, I found the account fascinating reading with sufficient material in each essay to last some 30 minutes. As in any history there are disagreements as to the correct perspective of modern events. I found the authors gave appropriate emphasis to the contributions of Hans Popper but, at the same time, ignored many other American and European contributors. I found the effort a valuable one, however. My only criticism of the book is the quality of reproduction of the photographs;
Round Pneumonia Mimicking Pulmonary Malignancy on F-18 FDG PET/CT
Authors: Philip Shie, Irfan Farukhi, Randall S. Hughes, Orhan K. Öz
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Round pneumonia is well known in the pediatric population; however, it is relatively uncommon in adults. The appearance of round pneumonia may be difficult to distinguish from lung carcinoma on anatomic images. This case illustrates a round pneumonia mimicking a pulmonary malignancy on PET/CT. In patients found to have rapid development of a round pulmonary lesion and clinical manifestations of pneumonia, it may be prudent to treat with empiric antibiotics before invasive diagnostic procedures for malignancy.
Abstract 1535: Increasing integrin function from within the cell sensitizes melanomas to chemotherapy
Authors: Elke S. Nelson, Andrew Folkmann, Kris DeMali
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive skin disease for which there are no effective therapies. Emerging evidence indicates that melanomas can be sensitized to chemotherapy by increasing integrin function. Current therapies work by targeting integrins from outside the cell, resulting in complete gains or losses of integrin function that lead to mechanism-based toxicities. An attractive alternative approach would be to target proteins, such as vinculin, that associate with the integrin cytoplasmic domains and regulate its ligand binding properties. Here we report that a novel reagent, denoted vinculin activating peptide or VAP, increases integrin activity from within the cell, as measured by elevated: (1) active integrins on the cell surface, (2) adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix ligands, (3) numbers of cell-matrix adhesions, and (4) downstream signaling. These effects are dependent on both integrins and a key regulatory residue A50 in the vinculin head. We further show that VAP enhances integrin function independent of both its mode of delivery and the melanoma cell type tested. Furthermore, VAP dramatically increases the sensitivity of melanomas to chemotherapy in clonal growth assays and in vivo mouse models of melanoma. Finally, we demonstrate that the increase in chemosensitivity results from increases in p53-dependent DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Collectively these findings demonstrate for the first time that integrin function can be manipulated from within the cell and validate integrins as a new strategy for the treatment of chemoresistant melanomas. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1535. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1535
Life threatening haemoptysis in cystic fibrosis: an alternative therapeutic approach.
Authors: E R Chilvers, R J Fergusson, M L Turner
Journal: Thorax (1991)

Relation of urinary cotinine concentrations to cigarette smoking and to exposure to other people's smoke Dr Simon Thompson and his colleagues measured urinary cotinine in 184 self repor- ted non-smokers (May 1990;45:356-61).Taking 10-30% of average smokers' concen- trations to indicate occasional smoking and over 30% to indicate regular smoking, they found two (1-1%) occasional smokers and no regular smokers among their non-smokers.
Efficient induction of a Her2-specific anti-tumor response by dendritic cells pulsed with a Hsp70L1–Her2341–456 fusion protein
Authors: Qiang Fu, Yanfeng Wu, Fang Yan, Ning Wang, Wenying Wang, Xuetao Cao, Yajie Wang, Tao Wan
Journal: Cellular and Molecular Immunology (2011)
Adrenal function during topical oral corticosteroid treatment
Authors: T. Lehner, C. Lyne
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Plasma cortisol (hydrocortisone) levels were measured in 42 subjects before and during administration of topical oral corticosteroids. Topical administration of 0·3–0·4 mg. of betamethasone disodium phosphate daily caused partial suppression of adrenal function in 8 out of 10 subjects tested. The adrenal function remained normal in 14 patients treated with 10 mg. of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate daily for periods of up to three years. Betamethasone 17-valerate also failed to cause adrenal suppression in doses of 0·4 mg. per day in 17 patients. The adrenal glands failed to respond normally to stimulation with Synacthen (tetracosactrin) in selected subjects with depressed plasma cortisol levels. Therapeutic doses of topical oral hydrocortisone hemisuccinate and betamethasone 17-valerate may be used in adults with oral lesions without fear of affecting adrenal function. Betamethasone disodium phosphate, however, should be avoided, as it may cause adrenal suppression.