tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mutual Fund Investors Advised to Sniff Out Tobacco
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1996)

PUT YOUR MONEY where your mouth is, those who talk rather than act are often advised. Now they're being told what amounts to "Don't put your money where your mouth isn't"—to wit, anywhere near a product that is made of tobacco. Many people who fervently desire the demise of the tobacco trade unwittingly contribute to its continuation through their investment in securities that depend on its success. Scott Ballin of the Coalition on Smoking OR Health says, "Americans should be concerned that the biggest mutual funds in this country have tobacco stock among their top 10 holdings. Investing in tobacco companies is investing in what medical evidence tells us is further disease, death, and addiction in this nation. Any American who is concerned about making profits at the expense. of disease, death, and addiction should actively work to end this public health tragedy." Co-op America, a Washington, DC-based nonprofit group
PAI‐1 gene 4G/5G genotype: A risk factor for thrombosis in vessels of internal organs
Authors: Gunay Balta, Cigdem Altay, Aytemiz Gurgey
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Abstract Although the common 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter of the PAI‐1 gene was suggested to be a risk factor for some of the thrombotic disorders, its significance in the development of thrombosis is still controversial. This study presents the data on a total of 357 patients with different types of thrombosis and 281 unrelated healthy controls. It was found that the 4G/4G genotype is associated with a higher risk of thrombosis (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.5). Patients were divided into five distinct groups according to the site of thrombosis. Both 4G/4G and 4G/5G genotypes were associated with a higher risk of thrombosis development in a group of 69 patients with internal organ thrombosis (OR, 6.35; 95% CI, 2.5–16.1 and OR, 4.85; 95% CI, 2.0–12.1, respectively). Interestingly, this association was even stronger in a subgroup of 33 patients with portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and 4G/4G and 4G/5G genotypes conferred more than 10‐ and 6‐fold increases in the risk of developing PVT (95% CI: 2.3–47.1 and 1.4–28.8), respectively. No statistically significant association was found between 4G/4G genotype and the groups of deep vein thrombosis (126 patients), cerebral thrombosis (80 patients), retinal thrombosis (72 patients), and purpura fulminans (16 patients). Factor V Leiden or prothrombin G20210A mutations did not emerge as additional risk factors for thrombosis in any of the groups studied. To conclude, this study suggests that there may be an association between 4G/4G and 4G/5G genotypes and the thrombosis in vessels of internal organs especially in the portal veins. Am. J. Hematol. 71:89–93, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drug workers emphasise that water is not an antidote to drug
Authors: E. Finch, L. Sell, D. Arnold
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The management of severe hyponatraemia remains controversial,4 5 especially the use of hypertonic saline as advocated in one of the other previous reports.'Modern intensive care principles advocate very slow correction of hyponatraemia with a low water input (even if the patient is dehydrated), so I agree with this and other reports' that it is unrestricted intake of oral or intravenous water that is inappropriate.
Amplification of <i>PVT1</i> Contributes to the Pathophysiology of Ovarian and Breast Cancer
Authors: Yinghui Guan, Wen-Lin Kuo, Jackie L. Stilwell, Hirokuni Takano, Anna V. Lapuk, Jane Fridlyand, Jian-Hua Mao, Mamie Yu, Melinda A. Miller, Jennifer L. Santos, Steve E. Kalloger, Joseph W. Carlson, David G. Ginzinger, Susan E. Celniker, Gordon B. Mills, David G. Huntsman, Joe W. Gray
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: This study was designed to elucidate the role of amplification at 8q24 in the pathophysiology of ovarian and breast cancer because increased copy number at this locus is one of the most frequent genomic abnormalities in these cancers. Experimental Design: To accomplish this, we assessed the association of amplification at 8q24 with outcome in ovarian cancers using fluorescence in situ hybridization to tissue microarrays and measured responses of ovarian and breast cancer cell lines to specific small interfering RNAs against the oncogene MYC and a putative noncoding RNA, PVT1, both of which map to 8q24. Results: Amplification of 8q24 was associated with significantly reduced survival duration. In addition, small interfering RNA–mediated reduction in either PVT1 or MYC expression inhibited proliferation in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines in which they were both amplified and overexpressed but not in lines in which they were not amplified/overexpressed. Inhibition of PVT1 expression also induced a strong apoptotic response in cell lines in which it was overexpressed but not in lines in which it was not amplified/overexpressed. Inhibition of MYC, on the other hand, did not induce an apoptotic response in cell lines in which MYC was amplified and overexpressed. Conclusions: These results suggest that MYC and PVT1 contribute independently to ovarian and breast pathogenesis when overexpressed because of genomic abnormalities. They also suggest that PVT1-mediated inhibition of apoptosis may explain why amplification of 8q24 is associated with reduced survival duration in patients treated with agents that act through apoptotic mechanisms.
L-selectin-deficient mice have impaired leukocyte recruitment into inflammatory sites.
Authors: T F Tedder, D A Steeber, P Pizcueta
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

L-selectin, a cell surface adhesion molecule that is expressed by most leukocytes, mediates leukocyte rolling along vascular endothelium at sites of inflammation. The contribution of L-selectin to leukocyte migration in models of chronic inflammation was assessed by using mice that lack cell surface L-selectin expression. Significant inhibition of neutrophil (56-62%), lymphocyte (70-75%), and monocyte (72-78%) migration into an inflamed peritoneum was observed 24 and 48 h after administration of thioglycollate, an inflammatory stimulus. L-selectin-deficient mice were also significantly impaired in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Footpad swelling in response to sheep red blood cell challenge was reduced 75% in L-selectin-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Ear swelling in a model of contact hypersensitivity induced by oxazolone challenge was also reduced by 69% compared to wild-type mice. Consistent with L-selectin-mediating leukocyte migration into diverse vascular beds during inflammation, L-selectin-deficient mice were significantly resistant to death resulting from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced toxic shock. LPS administration resulted in a 90% mortality rate in control mice after 24 h, while there was a 90% survival rate in L-selectin-deficient mice. These results demonstrate that L-selectin plays a prominent role in leukocyte homing to nonlymphoid tissues during inflammation and that blocking this process can be beneficial during pathological inflammatory responses.
DIAGNOSIS BETWEEN DUODENAL ULCER AND GALLSTONE DISEASE.
Authors: CHRISTOPHER GRAHAM
Journal: JAMA (1907)

In gallstone disease and ulcer of the duodenum we have two of the principal lesions of the upper abdomen. Because of their frequent occurrence, intimate relation and similar type of symptoms, they often lead into great difficulties in differentiation. In our clinic 163 cases of duodenal ulcer have come to operation. I here consider 141 which have tabulated histories. Two-thirds of this number (67.4 per cent.) were fairly diagnosticated. One-tenth (10 per cent.) were called gallstones; one-seventh (14.3 per cent.) were thought to be either gallstones or duodenal ulcer. Of those remaining the diagnosis was not stated or they were variously diagnosed as one of three or four different ailments. The gall-bladder cases have run a higher percentage of correct diagnoses; four-fifths (86.5 per cent.) we have met satisfactorily; about one-sixteenth (6.9 per cent.) were called either ulcer or gallstones, while the remainder were called gallstones or appendicitis (5.6 per
The rationing debate: Rationing within the NHS should be explicit: The case for
Authors: L. Doyal
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Is the demand for informed consent absolute?In the first of this pair of articles a professor of medical ethics argues that the principle of informed consent to participate in medical research is fundamental if patients are competent volunteers.Consent is not needed when patients are incompetent to give it (young children, unconscious patients, etc); when research uses only medical records; and when stored human tissue is used.Before publishing the results of such research, however, journals must ensure that certain minimal conditions are complied with.In the second article an oncologist argues that journals should be free sometimes to publish research in which patients have not given fully informed consent.He points to the practical difficulties of obtaining fully informed consent from all patients and, because of this, poor recruitment into trials.He suggests that a helpful approach would be to obtain "blanket" approval at the outset of treatment for inclusion in studies that might be in progress during the patient's illness-accepting that the doctor would always act in good faith and be prepared to explain treatments at any time.
Randomized Phase II Study of Neoadjuvant Combined-Modality Chemoradiation for Distal Rectal Cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 0012
Authors: Mohammed Mohiuddin, Kathryn Winter, Edith Mitchell, Nader Hanna, Albert Yuen, Charles Nichols, Robert Shane, Cherie Hayostek, Christopher Willett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

Purpose To evaluate the rate of pathologic complete response and toxicity of neoadjuvant chemoradiation for advanced T3/T4 distal rectal cancers in a randomized phase II study Patients and Methods Patients with clinical T3/T4 distal rectal cancers were randomly assigned in a phase II study to receive combined neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection. Patients were randomly assigned to receive continuous venous infusion (CVI) fluorouracil (FU) 225 mg/m 2 per day, 7 days per week, plus pelvic hyperfractionated radiation 55.2 to 60 Gy at 1.2 Gy bid (arm 1) or CVI FU 225 mg/m 2 per day Monday to Friday, 120 hours per week plus irinotecan 50 mg/m 2 once weekly for 4 weeks plus pelvic radiation therapy 50.4 to 54 Gy at 1.8 Gy per day (arm 2). Surgery was performed 4 to 10 weeks after completion of neoadjuvant therapy. The primary end point of this study was pathologic complete response (pCR). Secondary end points included acute and late normal tissue morbidity. Results A total of 106 patients were entered onto the study, with 103 assessable for response. The overall resectability rate was 93%. The median time to surgery was 7 weeks. Tumor downstaging was observed in 78% of patients in both arms. The pCR rate for all assessable patients was 26% in each arm. For patients who had surgery, the pCR rate was also the same (28%) in both arms. Acute and late toxicity was also similar. Grade 3 and 4 acute hematologic and nonhematologic toxicity occurred in 13% and 38% in arm 1 and 12% and 45% in arm 2, respectively. Conclusion Although the overall complete response rate and toxicity seems similar in both arms, this is the first multi-institutional study to establish a relatively high (28%) pCR rate after neoadjuvant therapy.
Cross-protective TH1 immunity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans
Authors: Claudia Stuehler, Nina Khanna, Silvia Bozza, Teresa Zelante, Silvia Moretti, Michaela Kruhm, Sarah Lurati, Barbara Conrad, Eike Worschech, Stefan Stevanović, Sven Krappmann, Hermann Einsele, Jean-Paul Latgé, Juergen Loeffler, Luigina Romani, Max S. Topp
Journal: Blood (2011)
Assessment of environmental carcinogen risks in terms of life shortening.
Authors: R E Albert, B Altshuler
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

An approach is presented to the assessment of carcinogen risks in which the dominant effect of carcinogen exposure is life shortening and the impact falls both on those individuals who would have gotten cancer without the carcinogen exposure as well as the new cancer cases. This analysis is based on the interaction of age-specific tumor incidence rates and population survival in terms of age-specific mortality rates without the induced risk from carcinogen exposure. The analysis yields estimates for lifetime probability of developing cancer, average lifespan lost by the entire population, the average age of cancer occurrence, and the average lifespan loss of cancer cases. The approach utilizes the animal response data to assign, to the existing human cancer occurrence, and equivalent dose of the same carcinogen which is under consideration in terms of risk evaluation. The approach has the advantages of keying the estimates of carcinogen risks to those which already exist in the environment, advoiding large extrapolations from animal data, and encompassing the variability in susceptibility and carcinogen exposure in humans.
Tailoring GIST Therapy—Biology Is Still King
Authors: Ajay V. Maker
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2015)

10. Gold JS, GonenM, Gutierrez A, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for recurrence-free survival after complete surgical resection of localised primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(11):1045-1052. 11. American Joint Committee on Cancer. Cancer Staging Atlas: A Companion to the Seventh Editions of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual and Handbook. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2012. 12. Merrill RM, Henson DE, Ries LA. Conditional survival estimates in 34,963 patients with invasive carcinoma of the colon. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998; 41(9):1097-1106. 13. Henson DE, Ries LA, Carriaga MT. Conditional survival of 56,268 patients with breast cancer. Cancer. 1995;76(2):237-242. 14. Nathan H, de JongMC, Pulitano C, et al. Conditional survival after surgical resection of colorectal liver metastasis: an international multi-institutional analysis of 949 patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210(5):755-764, 764-766. 15. Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958;53(282):457-481. 16. Cox DR. Regressionmodels and life-tables. J R Stat Soc B. 1972;34(2):187-220. 17. Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Mark DB. Multivariable prognosticmodels: issues indevelopingmodels, evaluating assumptions andadequacy, andmeasuring and reducing errors. StatMed. 1996;15(4):361-387. 18. Bouvier AM, Remontet L, Hedelin G, et al; Association of the French Cancer Registries (FRANCIM). Conditional relative survival of cancer patients and conditional probability of death: a French national database analysis. Cancer. 2009; 115(19):4616-4624.
Awards ceremony celebrates treatments to repair hearts, fill bones, and match drugs
Authors: M. Brettingham
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A stem cell therapy that repairs damaged cells after a heart attack, injectable bone that can be used to fill voids in bone, and a technique to determine which patients will respond to drugs in development were among the winners at an award ceremony for medical innovation held on 2 December in London by the Medical Futures group.

The stem cell therapy, developed by a team at the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London, aims to take stem or progenitor cells from a patient’s heart muscle, grow them in the laboratory, and then graft them back into the injured muscle. 

The team, comprising Michael Schneider, Dorian Haskard, and Ranil de Silva, won the cardiovascular …
CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B Cells Exhibit Regulatory Capacity in Healthy Individuals but Are Functionally Impaired in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Authors: Paul A. Blair, Lina Yassin Noreña, Fabian Flores-Borja, David J. Rawlings, David A. Isenberg, Michael R. Ehrenstein, Claudia Mauri
Journal: Immunity (2010)
The Direction of Blood Flow in Anomalous Left Coronary Artery Arising from the Pulmonary Artery
Authors: DAVID C. SABISTON, CATHERINE A. NEILL, HELEN B. TAUSSIG
Journal: Circulation (1960)

An infant with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is presented, and the problem of the direction of blood flow in the anomalous vessel is discussed. Determinations of arterial pressure and oxygen saturation in the blood of the anomalous artery have demonstrated that the blood in this vessel flowed in a retrograde manner. It is concluded that in this condition oxygenated blood flows from the aorta into the normal right coronary artery and passes through collateral branches into the left coronary artery with ultimate drainage of the blood into the pulmonary artery. Ligation of the anomalous coronary artery with concomitant de-epicardialization appears to be a rational and effective method of therapy. For maximal effectiveness the operation should be performed prior to the onset of irreversible changes, and emphasis is placed upon the importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment.
A Controlled Clinical Study of the Effect of X-Ray Therapy in Certain Nonmalignant Dermatoses
Authors: John T. Crissey, Walter B. Shelley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1952)

ONE of the tasks of modern dermatology is the critical evaluation of all empiric remedies, old and new, particularly when their use involves significant risk to the patient.It is only recently that the appraisal of topical medicaments has been subjected to rigorous control, and it must be heartening to the busy practitioner to know that more and more the claims to the effectiveness of the multitude of local preparations furnished him will be based on scientific method, and not on the enthusiasm of the first user.Unfortunately, the problem of drugs orally and parenterally administered is not so easily . . .
Synthesis of IL-13 by human B lymphocytes: Regulation and role in IgE production
Authors: Oumnia Hajoui, Ramesh Janani, Meri Tulic, Philippe Joubert, Tova Ronis, Qutayba Hamid, Huaien Zheng, Bruce D. Mazer
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
G-CSF–mediated thrombopoietin release triggers neutrophil motility and mobilization from bone marrow via induction of Cxcr2 ligands
Authors: Anja Köhler, Katia De Filippo, Mike Hasenberg, Cindy van den Brandt, Emma Nye, Martin P. Hosking, Thomas E. Lane, Linda Männ, Richard M. Ransohoff, Anja E. Hauser, Oliver Winter, Burkhart Schraven, Hartmut Geiger, Nancy Hogg, Matthias Gunzer
Journal: Blood (2011)
"The Great Imposter"-Reply
Authors: Douglas H. Morgan
Journal: JAMA (1976)

"Diseases of the Temporomandibular Joint" is, I believe, an appropriate title, with the substitution of the word "apparatus" for the word "joint." This then, can include the joint, muscles, teeth, bony anatomy, structures of the middle and inner ear, and psyche. Anxiety is but one factor causing clenching and grinding of the teeth (bruxism). Dental malocclusion, skeletal malrelationships, and physical injury to the joint are other causes of this habit. Although not well understood in the past, arthritis and other organic diseases of the joint are most common. This has been substantiated by such experts as Thoma,<sup>1</sup>Carlsson et al,<sup>2</sup>Schwartz,<sup>3</sup>Mayne and Hatch,<sup>4</sup>and others.<sup>5</sup> Surgery for the myofascial paindysfunction syndrome is usually not necessary. However, reconstructive surgeries for organic diseases of the temporomandibular apparatus are most appropriate and will increase in the future. "The Great Imposter" is more than referred pain
Letter: Propranolol and the nephrotic syndrome.
Authors: M J Farr
Journal: BMJ (1976)

work-up before initiating treatment, defines the treatment goals, and improves control.The use of a problem-orientated summary card in addition seems to achieve most of the objectives attempted in the computer-held record system.For research perhaps manual handling of notes is still necessary, but recall of informa- tion is much simplified, as compared with unstructured notes.The problem-orientated record system has the advantage that it is very inexpensive and can be used by both general practices and hospitals which have no access to computers.
Physician-Assisted Suicide
Authors: Lawrence O. Gostin
Journal: JAMA (2006)

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Quality of Care in Rural Hospitals-Reply
Authors: Emmett B. Keeler
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We are happy to clarify our conclusions. Technical quality of care is one aspect of hospital performance, and small rural hospitals can provide basic services in a convenient, friendly setting. In addition, despite their lower occupancy, smaller hospitals provided care at lower cost than did larger urban hospitals.<sup>1</sup>One might also question how much should be spent on aggressive treatment for these very sick patients. However, our study showed that these potential benefits of rural hospitals have a cost in terms of both reduced technical quality and increased death rates for patients with severe disease. Mr Behringer's letter notes that these problems are being addressed. We hope so. Dr Rosenblatt's references document that without access to hospital care, people's health suffers. However, many small hospitals struggle on despite low occupancy caused by competition with other nearby hospitals. Some of these hospitals could be transformed into other health