tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of a High-Carbohydrate Versus a High—<i>cis</i>-Monounsaturated Fat Diet on Blood Pressure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Meena Shah, Beverley Adams-Huet, John P. Bantle, Robert R. Henry, Kay A. Griver, Susan K. Raatz, Linda J. Brinkley, Gerald M. Reaven, Abhimanyu Garg
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

OBJECTIVE—To investigate whether blood pressure is different in type 2 diabetic patients on a diet rich in carbohydrates versus a diet rich in cis-monounsaturated fatty acids. Data on the dietary effects on these diets’ glucose and lipid metabolism have been previously published. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The study compared the effect of feeding 42 type 2 diabetic patients a carefully controlled isoenergic high-carbohydrate (high-carb; 55% energy as carbohydrate, 30% as fat, and 10% as monounsaturated fat) and high−monounsaturated fat (high-mono; 45% energy as fat, 25% as monounsaturated fat, and 40% as carbohydrate) diet for 6 weeks each in a four-center, randomized, cross-over study on blood pressure. Twenty-one patients continued the diet they received during the second phase for an additional 8 weeks. RESULTS—According to repeated-measures ANOVA, blood pressure during the last 3 days of each phase was similar after 6 weeks of the high-carb and high-mono diets (systolic blood pressure: 128 ± 16 vs. 127 ± 15 mmHg, P = 0.9; diastolic blood pressure: 75 ± 7 vs. 75 ± 8 mmHg, P = 0.7). However, after 14 weeks of the high-carb diet (n = 13), there was a significant increase in blood pressure compared with 6 weeks of the high-mono diet (systolic blood pressure: 132 ± 13 vs. 126 ± 11 mmHg, P = 0.04; diastolic blood pressure: 83 ± 6 vs. 76 ± 7 mmHg, P = 0.002). After 14 weeks of the high-mono diet (n = 8), the reduction in blood pressure was not significant compared with 6 weeks of the high-carb diet (systolic blood pressure: 118 ± 14 vs. 121 ± 16 mmHg, P = 0.4; diastolic blood pressure: 71 ± 8 vs. 75 ± 10 mmHg, P = 0.3). CONCLUSION—Although the exchange of carbohydrates with monounsaturated fats may not affect blood pressure in the short term, long-term consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet may modestly raise blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients.
The second person in “I”-“you”-“it” triadic interactions
Authors: Laurent Cleret de Langavant, Charlotte Jacquemot, Anne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi, Emmanuel Dupoux
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Second person social cognition cannot be restricted to dyadic interactions between two persons (the "I" and the "you"). Many instances of social communication are triadic, and involve a third person (the "him/her/it"), which is the object of the interaction. We discuss neuropsychological and brain imaging data showing that triadic interactions involve dedicated brain networks distinct from those of dyadic interactions.
Childhood Adversity and the Endogenous Versus Nonendogenous Distinction in Women With Major Depression
Authors: Kate L. Harkness, Scott M. Monroe
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: Previous research has reported an association between childhood adversity and the nonendogenous subtype of depression. The present study sought to address this association by 1) investigating the relationship between depression subtype and different levels of childhood adversity and 2) examining the relative contribution of different types of childhood adversity to depression subtypes. METHOD: The authors conducted an investigator-based assessment of childhood adversity in a community group of 76 depressed women, 31 of whom met Research Diagnostic Criteria for endogenous depression. RESULTS: In contrast to previous studies, severe physical abuse, sexual abuse, antipathy, and neglect were significantly and preferentially associated with endogenous depression, as were both high and lax levels of supervision and discipline. In multivariate analyses, severe sexual abuse and a composite variable comprising antipathy and neglect were most strongly associated with endogenous depression. CONCLUSIONS: Implications of these findings in the context of the existing literature are discussed, and potential mediators of the relationship between childhood adversity and endogenous depression are presented as avenues for future research.
Genetic control of the renal clearance of urate: a study of twins.
Authors: B T Emmerson, S L Nagel, D L Duffy, N G Martin
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

Although a genetic predisposition to gout has been recognised for centuries, its mechanism has never been defined. This study was designed to determine whether this factor might be the renal clearance of urate, which is an important determinant of the concentration of urate in serum. In this study the renal clearance of urate was examined in 37 pairs of normouricaemic twins to determine whether this resemblance was genetically mediated. Monozygotic twins had more similar values of urate clearance and fractional excretion of urate than dizygotic twins. The heritability of the renal clearance of urate was estimated as about 60% (95% confidence limits 40 to 100%), whereas the heritability of the fractional excretion of urate was 87% (confidence limits 45 to 100%). This study supports the hypothesis that genetic factors exert an important control on the renal clearance of urate, which determines some of the familiarity of hyperuricaemia and gout.
Nitric oxide in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: R Schulz
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Administration of nitric oxide (NO), NO donors or drugs that enhance NO realease (statins, calcium antagonists, ACE-inhibitors, dexamethasone) prior to ischemia protects the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury. While this exogenous administration of NO prior to ischemia can initiate a preconditioning-like phenomenon, endogenous NO-synthase (NOS)-derived NO is not involved in triggering or mediating the early phase of ischemic preconditioning's protection, but does play a pivotal role for initiating and mediating the delayed phase of ischemic preconditioning's protection.
HER-2 and Topoisomerase II As Predictors of Response to Chemotherapy
Authors: Kathleen I. Pritchard, Hans Messersmith, Leela Elavathil, Maureen Trudeau, Frances O’Malley, Bindi Dhesy-Thind
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

HER2 overexpression or amplification has been shown to be associated with a poor prognostic effect in women with breast cancer. At least eight analyses based on randomized trials have examined the relationship between HER2 and the differential effect of anthracycline compared with non-anthracycline-containing regimens. Only three of these studies were sufficiently powered to show a significant interaction between HER2 and anthracycline- versus non-anthracycline-containing treatments, but because all of the study results tended to be in the same direction, it is not surprising that three recent meta-analyses of published data have suggested that anthracycline-containing regimens provide more benefit than non-anthracycline-containing regimens in women whose tumors are overexpressed or amplified (positive) for HER2. Since topoisomerase II is a known target of the anthracyclines, it has been postulated that this relationship is actually based on the proximity of HER2 to the topoisomerase II alpha gene (TOP2A) in the 17q chromosome. At least four recent studies have suggested that deletion and amplification of the TOP2A gene are associated with poor prognosis and are predictive of greater response to anthracycline-containing than to non-anthracycline-containing regimens. However, in at least one of those studies, HER2 positivity was as or more predictive. Although it has been suggested that HER2 positivity is predictive of better response to higher-dose anthracycline-containing regimens compared with standard anthracycline-containing regimens and to taxane- compared with non-taxane-containing regimens, these relationships have not been robust or consistent. Additional studies will be required to clarify these relationships.
The weirdest brains in the world
Authors: Joan Y. Chiao, Bobby K. Cheon
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Henrich et al. provide a compelling argument about a bias in the behavioral sciences to study human behavior primarily in WEIRD populations. Here we argue that brain scientists are susceptible to similar biases, sampling primarily from WEIRD populations; and we discuss recent evidence from cultural neuroscience demonstrating the importance and viability of investigating culture across multiple levels of analysis.
Leaders Worry That U.S. Is Losing Edge on Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: R. Twombly
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2008)

In today’s global research climate, it is increasingly true that cancer drugs are being tested around the world, reaching more and more of the populations who might benefit from their use. But whereas many see this as good news, researchers in the U.S. are also beginning to feel a downside to this trend. The bad news, many say, is that American scientists are less engaged in this effort than they would like to be. Because of clinical trial costs and regulations, among other variables, NIHfunded trials don’t often include international patients, and these same factors also mean that it is increasingly unlikely that U.S. patients are included in international studies that originate in other countries, whether they are conducted by academic or pharmaceutical industry researchers. That lament was prominent at this year’s American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting. In the fi rst press briefi ng, outgoing ASCO president Nancy Davidson, M.D., director of the breast cancer program at the Sidney
Overcoming a stigma: the lung cancer patient in the intensive care unit
Authors: N. Schönfeld, J-F. Timsit
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

efore embarking on a discussion of the lung cancer patient in intensive care, it is important to clarify that this editorial will not be referring to the group of patients with a good prognosis having undergone surgery with a curative intent, but to patients whose malignancies more or less determine the outcome in terms of survival time, and who are suffering from acute or subacute deterioration in the form of a complication resulting either from the underlying disease or tumour or from treatment-related sequelae.In such cases, most doctors' knowledge and experience will be confounded with those dark emotions that serve to sustain a misconception that is still associated with lung cancer patients, despite certain advances in treatment achieved through multimodal regimes and ''new drugs''.
Bacterial and viral microbiomes in COPD exacerbations of unidentified cause
Authors: Marian Garcia-Nuñez, Vicente Perez-Brocal, Xavier Pomares, Mateu Espasa, Laura Millares, Miguel Gallego, Rafaella Ferrari, Silvia Capilla, Concepción Monton, Andres Moya, Eduard Monso
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

BACKGROUND: In a quarter of COPD exacerbations etiology remains unknown after standard microbiology, but culture-independent techniques allow for the identification of undetected causes.  AIM: To analyse bacterial and viral microbiomes in bronchial secretions from severe COPD patients during exacerbations considered as non-infectious according to bacterial cultures and PCR for respiratory viruses.  METHOD: Sputum samples negative for bacteria and virus obtained at 5 exacerbations in 4 severe COPD patients were compared with stability samples, analyzing bacterial and viral microbiomes by metagenomics. An exacerbation-related increase >20% in bacterial or viral relative abundance over stability values, and/or a predominance >50%, were considered as significant for etiologic diagnosis.  RESULTS: In exacerbations most of the 16sRNA bacterial sequences were assigned to phyla  Firmicutes  (47%) and  Proteobacteria  (38%), and viral reads to eukaryotic viruses (94%), with 4 families accounting for 95% of the observations ( Retroviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae  and  Anelloviridae ). Bacterial 16sRNA was significantly increased from stability in all exacerbations, for the genera  Xanthamonadaceae-g  (1),  Pseudomonas  (1),  Moraxella  (1),  Corynebacterium  (1) and  Streptococcus  (1). Viral increase of the same magnitude was found in 1 exacerbation by  Cytomegalovirus . Change in bacterial abundance was paralleled by increases in related bacteriophages and prophages ( Pseudomonas  and  Streptococcus ) in 2 cases.  CONCLUSIONS: COPD exacerbations of unknown cause after standard microbiology techniques are mainly attributable to bacterial infections, and paralleled by the presence of bacteriophage/prophage counterparts.
Incidence and estimated need of caesarean section, inguinal hernia repair, and operation for strangulated hernia in rural Africa.
Authors: E M Nordberg
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Numbers of caesarean sections, inguinal hernia repairs, and operations for strangulated hernia performed in 1979-81 at 10 rural hospitals in eastern Africa were matched against estimated populations in the respective catchment areas. Annual rates of each operation varied considerably between hospitals, the averages being: for caesarean sections 25 per 100 000 per year; for inguinal hernia repairs 25 per 100 000 per year; and for operations for strangulated hernia four per 100 000 per year. The estimated minimum needs for these operations, based on available data for morbidity were 225, 175, and 30 per 100 000 per year, respectively. Numerous deaths and cases of permanent disability occur in remote rural villages because common conditions requiring urgent surgery are neither prevented nor properly cared for. A balanced improvement of both primary and secondary care in rural Africa is needed.
Lung <sup>18</sup>F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Glenn Marsboom, Christian Wietholt, Chad R. Haney, Peter T. Toth, John J. Ryan, Erik Morrow, Thenappan Thenappan, Peter Bache-Wiig, Lin Piao, Jonathan Paul, Chin-Tu Chen, Stephen L. Archer
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a proliferative arteriopathy associated with glucose transporter-1 (Glut1) up-regulation and a glycolytic shift in lung metabolism. Glycolytic metabolism can be detected with the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG).The precise cell type in which glycolytic abnormalities occur in PAH is unknown. Moreover, whether FDG-PET is sufficiently sensitive to monitor PAH progression and detect therapeutic regression is untested. We hypothesized that increased lung FDG-PET reflects enhanced glycolysis in vascular cells and is reversible in response to effective therapies.PAH was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by monocrotaline or chronic hypoxia (10% oxygen) in combination with Sugen 5416. Monocrotaline rats were treated with oral dichloroacetate or daily imatinib injections. FDG-PET scans and pulmonary artery acceleration times were obtained weekly. The origin of the PET signal was assessed by laser capture microdissection of airway versus vascular tissue. Metabolism was measured in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) cultures, using a Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer.Lung FDG increases 1-2 weeks after monocrotaline (when PAH is mild) and is normalized by dichloroacetate and imatinib, which both also regress medial hypertrophy. Glut1 mRNA is up-regulated in both endothelium and PASMCs, but not airway cells or macrophages. PASMCs from monocrotaline rats are hyperproliferative and display normoxic activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which underlies their glycolytic phenotype.HIF-1α-mediated Glut1 up-regulation in proliferating vascular cells in PAH accounts for increased lung FDG-PET uptake. FDG-PET is sensitive to mild PAH and can monitor therapeutic changes in the vasculature.
A 5-year experience of lipiodolization: Selective regional chemotherapy for 200 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Takashi Kanematsu, Toshiya Furuta, Kenji Takenaka, Takashi Matsumata, Yasuhiro Yoshida, Takashi Nishizaki, Kanehiro Hasuo, Keizo Sugimachi
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

Between 1982 and 1987, selective regional cancer chemotherapy using Lipiodol plus an anticancer drug (lipiodolization) was prescribed for 200 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. One hundred forty-nine patients were given lipiodolization alone, and the remaining 51 underwent hepatic resection following lipiodolization. The grades of deposits of the oily contrast medium in the neoplastic tissue seen on the plain X-ray correlated well with the antitumor effect. In the resected specimens of 17 patients treated with lipiodolization prior to surgery, concentrations of adriamycin in the malignant liver tissues were 13.2 ± 18.2 μg per gm, whereas the adjacent liver parenchyma contained 1.4 ± 2.0 μg per gm of adriamycin; the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In the 149 patients treated with lipiodolization, 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-year survival rates were 56.1, 28.9, 17.3 and 7.4%, respectively. Thus, lipiodolization was considerably more effective, compared to the results achieved by hepatic artery ligation and cannulation into the hepatic artery for patients in Stages I and II. In this sequential nonrandomized study, the survival rates for patients undergoing hepatic resection were superior to those for patients in Stage I and treated with lipiodolization. The significant difference appeared to depend on incomplete killing of tumor cells, which are most often present in the fibrous capsule, by lipiodolization. We conclude from these data that lipiodolization is an effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma when the tumor is not curatively resectable. When the clinical status is good, then surgery is warranted.
Pros and cons of current brain tumor imaging
Authors: B. M. Ellingson, P. Y. Wen, M. J. van den Bent, T. F. Cloughesy
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

Over the past 20 years, very few agents have been approved for the treatment of brain tumors. Recent studies have highlighted some of the challenges in assessing activity in novel agents for the treatment of brain tumors. This paper reviews some of the key challenges related to assessment of tumor response to therapy in adult high-grade gliomas and discusses the strengths and limitations of imaging-based endpoints. Although overall survival is considered the "gold standard" endpoint in the field of oncology, progression-free survival and response rate are endpoints that hold great value in neuro-oncology. Particular focus is given to advancements made since the January 2006 Brain Tumor Endpoints Workshop, including the development of Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology criteria, the value of T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, use of objective response rates and progression-free survival in clinical trials, and the evaluation of pseudoprogression, pseudoresponse, and inflammatory response in radiographic images.
Many asthma deaths may be preventable
Authors: C Prys-Picard
Journal: Thorax (2006)

▴ Harrison B, Stephenson P, Mohan G, et al . An on-going confidential enquiry into asthma deaths in the Eastern region of the UK, 2001–2003. Primary Care Respir J2005;14:303–13





All deaths under the age of 65 with asthma recorded in the first part of the death certificate were examined from a population of approximately 5.25 million people. Hospital and GP records were scrutinised and GPs were interviewed to ensure that asthma was the cause of death. Fifty seven of the original 95 reported deaths were due to asthma; the other 38 deaths …
High Absolute Risks and Predictors of Venous and Arterial Thromboembolic Events in Patients With Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Bakhtawar K. Mahmoodi, Min Ki ten Kate, Femke Waanders, Nic J.G.M. Veeger, Jan-Leendert P. Brouwer, Liffert Vogt, Gerjan Navis, Jan van der Meer
Journal: Circulation (2007)

No data are available on the absolute risk of either venous thromboembolism (VTE) or arterial thromboembolism (ATE) in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Reported risks are based on multiple case reports and small studies with mostly short-term follow-up. We assessed the absolute risk of VTE and ATE in a large, single-center, retrospective cohort study and attempted to identify predictive factors in these patients.A total of 298 consecutive patients with nephrotic syndrome (59% men; mean age, 42+/-18 years) were enrolled. Mean follow-up was 10+/-9 years. Nephrotic syndrome was defined by proteinuria > or =3.5 g/d, and patients were classified according to underlying histological lesions accounting for nephrotic syndrome. Objectively verified symptomatic thromboembolic events were the primary study outcome. Annual incidences of VTE and ATE were 1.02% (95% confidence interval, 0.68 to 1.46) and 1.48% (95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.99), respectively. Over the first 6 months of follow-up, these rates were 9.85% and 5.52%, respectively. Proteinuria and serum albumin levels tended to be related to VTE; however, only the predictive value of the ratio of proteinuria to serum albumin was significant (hazard ratio, 5.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 26.2; P=0.03). In contrast, neither the degree of proteinuria nor serum albumin levels were related to ATE. Sex, age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, prior ATE, and estimated glomerular filtration rate predicted ATE (P< or =0.02).This study verifies high absolute risks of symptomatic VTE and ATE that were remarkably elevated within the first 6 months. Whereas the ratio of proteinuria to serum albumin predicted VTE, estimated glomerular filtration rate and multiple classic risk factors for atherosclerosis were predictors of ATE.
Garcia da Orta in Goa: pioneering tropical medicine.
Authors: I A D'Cruz
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Cholera made an impressive reappearance this year in South America, continuing a pandemic that started 30 years ago in Indonesia and then passed through Asia, the Middle East, southern Europe, Africa, and Japan.'This dramatic comeback makes it appropriate to com- memorate the man who published the first "modem" description of severe "Asian" cholera.Four and a quarter centuries ago, in 1563, Garcia da Orta's Coloquios dos simples e drogas e cousas medicinais da India was printed in Goa, the Portuguese colony on the west coast of India.It was the third book ever printed in Asia, and the first on a non-religious subject.It was the earliest foundation for the science of tropical medicine and materia medica, as taught in European universities, where it continued to be used as an authoritative text for the next two or three centuries, and it long predated the important therapeutic advances made by illustrious members of the British and French colonial medical services.Da Orta practised medicine and studied pharma- cognosy in Goa continuously from 1534 until his death there in 1568.Portugal was then at the height of its sea power and colonial glory, and Goa was its eastern jewel, a splendid city basking in the centre of east-west trade (fig 1).Garcia da Orta's parents were "new Christians" of Jewish origin, who had fled the Spanish Inquisition to the town of Castelo de Vide in Portugal.Young Garcia studied arts, philosophy, and medicine at the Spanish universities of Salamanca and Alcala de Henares from 1515 to 1523.After spending the years 1526 to 1534 on the faculty of Lisbon University he made an adven- turous career move, sailing for Goa in March 1534 in a fleet commanded by Martin Affonso de Sousa, who later (1542-5) became governor general of Portuguese Asia.Among his patients da Orta had a succession of governors and viceroys of Goa, one of whom granted him a long lease on the island of Bombay, which was then a Portuguese possession amounting to little more than a fishing village.Da Orta developed and main- FIG 1 -Goa in the sixteenth century, a bustling trading city and outpost ofPortuguese power