tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Marfan Syndrome
Authors: Rebecca Finkbohner, Dennis Johnston, E. Stanley Crawford, Joseph Coselli, Dianna M. Milewicz
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Development of surgical therapy for aortic aneurysms and dissections has led to treatment of the life-threatening cardiovascular complications associated with Marfan syndrome. The present study determines the effect of surgical therapy on the life expectancy of patients with Marfan syndrome and the clinical course of these patients after aortic aneurysm repair. Methods and Results Medical records were reviewed on 192 patients with Marfan syndrome who underwent aortic aneurysm repair during the past 26 years; 103 patients were interviewed, and complete preoperative and postoperative medical information was obtained. Survival curves were generated, and data were analyzed. The median cumulative probability of survival was 61 years, significantly increased compared with the median survival of 47 years for patients with Marfan syndrome determined 30 years ago ( P &lt;.0006). The majority of patients (53%) had second surgeries to repair subsequent aneurysms or dissections at other sites, the vast majority of which involved the aorta. The most common pattern of aneurysm repair was proximal ascending aortic aneurysm repair, followed by descending thoracic aneurysm surgery. The following variables predicted patients requiring second vascular surgeries: presence of acute or chronic dissection at the time of the first surgery, hypertension after the first surgery, and a history of smoking. Conclusions The life expectancy of patients with Marfan syndrome undergoing surgical repair of aortic aneurysms has improved and is consistent with increased survival. After initial repair of an ascending aortic aneurysm, a significant number of patients have subsequent surgeries at other sites throughout the aorta, indicating Marfan syndrome is a disease involving the entire aorta. Patients who had a dissection at the time of the first aortic surgery were more likely to require subsequent aortic surgery than were patients who underwent prophylactic composite graft repair of an aortic aneurysm.
Generic vs. Trade Names
Authors: John Autian
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In recent years the growing controversy over generic versus trade names has focused attention, directly or indirectly, on the practicing pharmacist. The strong wishes of the pharmaceutical industry to use trade names rather than generic names has resulted in curtailing an important function of the pharmacist, who by training and education is logically suited to make decisions about the value of a drug product. Much criticism of the use of generic names is based on the supposition that the patient will suffer, since "inferior" or "substandard" dosage forms will be given. The implication is, of course, quite clear. The pharmacist does not have the background or the ability to make a decision about a drug product whereas the physician has. I believe it is well recognized by both medical practitioners and pharmacists that, in many instances, the physician knows less about the drug products than the pharmacist,
Basics of Dermatologic Surgery
Authors: Christopher Crotty
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Drs Stegman, Tromovitch, and Glogau have written a complete and informative manual of dermatologic surgery. As the authors state in their preface, this manual is written for the physician who performs minor office cutaneous surgery who has not had extensive training through a surgery residency. As such, it is an excellent text covering the basics of cutaneous surgery not only for the beginning resident, but for the practicing physician as well. The manual is loose leafed and soft covered with plastic ringed binding for convenient handling. It is divided into 16 chapters covering the wide range of dermatologic surgery. The introductory chapters cover facilities and equipment, sterilization and preoperative preparation, anesthesia, and hemostasis. Here the authors' personal preferences in regard to equipment selection and use of instruments are useful. Comparative benefits of various instruments are also discussed. The chapter on anesthesia is well done, with discussions of technique, comparative benefits
Marked Epithelial Cell Pathology and Leukocyte Paucity in Persistently Symptomatic Severe Asthma
Authors: Anders Bergqvist, Cecilia K. Andersson, Hans-Jürgen Hoffmann, Michiko Mori, Medya Shikhagaie, Inge Kortekaas Krohn, Ronald Dahl, Leif Bjermer, Jonas S. Erjefält
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)
Excretion of formimino-glutamic acid in steatorrhoea
Authors: J. P. Knowles
Journal: Gut (1962)

Minor degrees of folic acid deficiency are very common in idiopathic steatorrhoea. The urinary excretion of formimino-glutamic acid (Figlu) after a histadine load is a satisfactory means of detecting this deficiency and may be used as a screening test for idiopathic steatorrhoea.
ASTIGMATISM, ITS DETECTION AND CORRECTION.
Authors: H. BERT. ELLIS
Journal: JAMA (1901)

From the standpoint of an oculist, astigmatism is that difference in the curvature of the meridians of the refracting media of an eye which causes rays of light from a point after being refracted to be focused in a line, oval or circle, but never in a point. In examining the refraction of such eyes, it is seldom necessary to study more than the meridians of greatest and least curvature, the so-called principal meridians, which are, as a rule, at right angles to one another. When the error of refraction for these has been corrected, it is corrected for all meridians excepting in cases of irregular astigmatism. Astigmatism may exist in the cornea alone, in the lens alone, or in both, while that of the cornea may be augmented or neutralized by that of the lens. We are, consequently, obliged to take under consideration the radii of curvature of the
Health Research Authority's great leap forward on UK trial registration
Authors: I. Chalmers
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Trial registration is now required as a condition of ethical approval. The recently published report of the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee is the latest of numerous calls for the registration of clinical trials.1 Nearly three decades ago, oncologist John Simes showed how prospective trial registration could help to detect and take account of biased under-reporting of clinical trials.2 Other academics then showed how under-reporting of clinical research can harm patients,3 characterising it as a form of scientific misconduct.4

In the mid-1990s, the publisher Current Controlled Trials offered trial registration in its international randomised controlled trial register (ISRCTN; www.controlled-trials.com). Some research funders in the United Kingdom, such as the Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, and NHS Research and Development Programme, required the trials that they were supporting to be registered. In the United States, the FDA (Modernization) Act 1997 required registration of clinical trials of treatments for serious or life threatening diseases, and a US national register (www.clinicaltrials.gov) was established as a result. In some other countries, Spain for example, registration of all clinical trials became required by law. 

Despite these developments, trial registration remained patchy. It was not …
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORONARY CALCIUM SCORE BY CARDIAC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY AND PLAQUE COMPONENTS BY VIRTUAL HISTOLOGY-INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND
Authors: Young Joon Hong, Yun Ha Choi, Myung Ho Jeong, Eun Hye Ma, Keun Ho Park, Doo Sun Sim, Jum Suk Ko, Min Goo Lee, Ju Han Kim, Youngkeun Ahn, Jung Chaee Kang
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Overexpression of Soluble TRAIL Induces Apoptosis in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma and Inhibits Growth of Tumor Xenografts in Nude Mice
Authors: Juan Shi, Dexian Zheng, Yanxin Liu, Mai Har Sham, Paul Tam, Farzin Farzaneh, Ruian Xu
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Recombinant adeno-associated virus 2/5 (rAAV2/5), a hybrid rAAV-2 with AAV-5 capsid, seems to be a very efficient delivery vector for the transduction of the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Infection of the A549 cell line with a rAAV2/5 vector encoding the extracellular domain of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL, amino acids 114-281) resulted in secretion of soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL) and induction of apoptosis in these cells. rAAV2/5-sTRAIL mediated delivery and stable expression of sTRAIL resulted in the presence of the trimeric form of sTRAIL in sera of nude mice that were implanted with s.c. or orthotopic A549 tumors. The rAAV2/5-sTRAIL transduction of the tumors resulted in a statistically significant reduction in tumor growth and prolonged survival of the tumor-bearing animals. Primary cell culture, histologic examination of the tumors, and serum analyses showed the absence of detectable TRAIL-induced toxicity in normal tissues including the liver. The successful inhibition of lung cancer growth and the absence of detectable toxicity suggest a putative role for rAAV2/5-sTRAIL114-281 in the therapy of lung cancer.
Prevention of experimental cerebral malaria by anticytokine antibodies. Interleukin 3 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor are intermediates in increased tumor necrosis factor production and macrophage accumulation.
Authors: G E Grau, V Kindler, P F Piguet, P H Lambert, P Vassalli
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

IL-3 and granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are two cytokines released by activated T lymphocytes that stimulate the growth and differentiation of various hematopoietic cell lines, among which are macrophages. It has been shown that TNF/cachectin, another cytokine that is released mostly by activated macrophages, plays a central role in experimental cerebral malaria (CM), an acute and lethal neurological syndrome induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in CBA mice. Since CM requires functional CD4+ T lymphocytes to occur, we explored, by injecting rabbit antibodies to murine rIL-3 and/or GM-CSF, whether these cytokines are intermediates in the marked TNF release leading to CM. Treatment of infected mice with each antibody separately had no protective effect. In contrast, when both anti-rGM-CSF and anti-rIL-3 antibodies were injected together; (a) the occurrence of neurological syndrome was prevented in 90% of the cases; (b) the rise in serum TNF was prevented; and (c) macrophage accumulation in the spleen was significantly reduced. Murine CM appears to involve a cytokine cascade in which IL-3 and GM-CSF lead to the accumulation of TNF-releasing macrophages in vivo.
Sympathetic Activation and Loss of Reflex Sympathetic Control in Mild Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Guido Grassi, Gino Seravalle, Bianca M. Cattaneo, Antonio Lanfranchi, Sabrina Vailati, Cristina Giannattasio, Alberto Del Bo, Carla Sala, Giovanni B. Bolla, Massimo Pozzi, Giuseppe Mancia
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Baroreflex control of sympathetic activity is impaired in severe congestive heart failure (CHF), probably causing the marked sympathetic activation typical of this condition. Little information exists, however, as to whether baroreflex impairment and related sympathetic activation also occur in mild CHF.We studied 19 patients (age, 57.5 +/- 2.2 years, mean +/- SEM) with CHF in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV and with a marked reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, 30.1 +/- 1.5% from echocardiography) and 17 age-matched patients with CHF in NYHA class I or II and with an only slightly reduced LVEF (44.9 +/- 3.3%) that never was < 40%. Seventeen age-matched healthy subjects served as control subjects. Primary measurements included beat-to-beat arterial blood pressure (with the Finapres technique), heart rate (from ECG), and postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, from microneurography at the peroneal nerve). Measurements were performed at baseline and during baroreceptor stimulation (intravenous phenylephrine infusion), baroreceptor deactivation (intravenous nitroprusside infusion), and cold-pressor test. Baseline blood pressure was similar in the three groups, whereas heart rate was progressively greater from control subjects to patients with mild and severe CHF, MSNA (bursts per 100 heart beats) increased significantly and markedly from control subjects to patients with mild and severe CHF (47.1 +/- 2.9 versus 64.4 +/- 6.2 and 82.1 +/- 3.4, P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). Heart rate and MSNA were progressively reduced by phenylephrine infusion and progressively increased by nitroprusside infusion. Compared with control subjects, the responses were strikingly impaired in severe CHF patients, but a marked impairment also was seen in mild CHF patients. On average, baroreflex sensitivity in mild CHF patients was reduced by 59.1 +/- 5.5% (MSNA) and 64.8 +/- 4.8% (heart rate). In contrast, reflex responses to the cold-pressor test were similar in the three groups.These results demonstrate that in mild CHF patients the baroreceptor inhibitor influence on heart rate and MSNA is already markedly impaired. This impairment may be responsible for the early sympathetic activation that occurs in the course of CHF.
Epidemiology of HIV in China
Authors: K.-l. Zhang
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The first case of AIDS in China was diagnosed in 1985, heralding the HIV epidemic in mainland China. As of 30 September 2001 the Chinese Ministry of Health reported a total of 28 133 people infected with HIV, of whom 1208 had developed AIDS and 641 died. The actual number of HIV infected people in the mainland, however, is perhaps more than 600 000. UNAIDS says that China could have 10 million people with HIV or AIDS by 2010. China has been pushed into action after the number of people with HIV surged by 67.4% to 3541 in the first half of 2001.

The subtypes of HIV-1 found in China include B, Thai B, A, C, D, E, F, G, and BC and BB recombinants.1–3 However, the epidemiological distribution and relative importance of these subtypes need further study.

China's HIV/AIDS epidemic can be divided into three phases. The first phase, in 1985-8, involved a small number of imported cases in coastal cities—mostly foreigners and overseas Chinese. Four people with haemophilia from Zhejiang province also got infected with HIV after using imported factor VIII. The second phase, from 1989 to 1993, began with finding HIV infection in 146 drug users among minority communities in Yunnan province in the south west, adjacent to the “Golden …
Recent progress in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Kiran K. Turaga, Larry K. Kvols
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2011)

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are relatively rare tumors that arise from the diffuse neuroendocrine system. This heterogeneous group of tumors was often considered a single entity. This belied their biological diversity, and the biggest advance in understanding these tumors over the past decades has been in understanding this diversity. Diagnosis of these tumors has been aided by advances in pathological diagnosis and classification and tumor imaging with endoscopic ultrasound and somatostatin receptor fusion imaging. Genetic and molecular advances have identified molecular targets in the treatment of these tumors. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment, amply supported by interventional radiological techniques, including embolization. Treatment of metastatic disease has improved significantly with the addition of several new agents, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, and yttrium-90–DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) and lutetium-177–DOTA octreotate. Despite significant advances in the understanding and management of GEP-NETs, the survival of patients remains largely unchanged and there remains a need for the development of national and international research collaborations to spearhead future efforts. CA Cancer J Clin 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society, Inc.
Electrogenic sodium extrusion can stop triggered activity in the canine coronary sinus.
Authors: A L Wit, P F Cranefield, D C Gadsby
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

Soon after a burst of triggered activity in the canine coronary sinus begins, an initial fall in maximum diastolic potential and increase in rate gives way to an increase in maximum diastolic potential, reduction in rate, and eventual quiescence. This hyperpolarization, slowing, and subsequent quiescence might result from enhanced electrogenic sodium/potassium extrusion caused by the rise in intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) associated with the high rate of firing. Triggered bursts can be terminated prematurely by a sudden increase in the rate of sodium extrusion, Brief exposure to K+- free fluid is known to cause [Na+]i to rise; reactivating the pump by switching back to K+-containing fluid causes immediate hyperpolarization, and within a few seconds, quiescence. Brief periods of overdrive, also thought to increase [Na+]i, are followed by hyperpolarization, slowing and, often, by premature termination of the burst. Inhibiting the sodium/potassium pump by exposure to 2 micrometer acetylstrophanthidin or to K+-free fluid (1) prevents or delays the hyperpolarization, (2) increases the rate of triggered activity and (3) prolongs bursts of activity when bursts last less than 2.5 minutes under control conditions. In the presence of 2 micrometer acetylstrophanthidine, neither brief exposures to K+- free fluid not overdrive causes sudden, premature termination of triggered bursts. Bursts do eventually stop in the presence of pump inhibitors; however, that termination is associated with an increase in rate and a decline in maximum diastolic potential and in action potential amplitude. We conclude that electrogenic Na+ extrusion plays an important role in the spontaneous termination of triggered activity.
Starting back at the bottom
Authors: J. Lindeck
Journal: BMJ (1999)

I have lost count of the times that people have told me that I must have been upset to give up surgery. It seemed that everyone who interviewed me thought that the surgical bug would eventually pull me back. I think after four years in general practice I can safely say that the move was one of the best decisions I have made.

I had always aimed at doing surgery, and three and a half years into senior house officer posts I was on a good rotation and had achieved the fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons. But osteogenesis was winning. In the days of open cholecystectomies we used to guess the patient's weight by how many fingers I broke holding the liver retractor. I was furious on one occasion during my accident and emergency job when my boss sent me home after I broke my toe, in my view a minor injury. The final straw was a fracture round my elbow early in a three day weekend on call. Over a cup of coffee with my …
Science and Secrets of Early Medicine: Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, Mexico, Peru
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Exposition of medical history can take many forms. It may range from treatises which interest only the narrow specialists to popularization that aims at the grammar school mentality. In between we have all gradations. The present book represents a splendid popularization which can appeal to a very wide audience, including both laymen and physicians. Superb illustrations and a readable informative text combine to make a volume that is esthetically satisfying, instructive, and stimulating. The illustrations form the core of the book. These for the most part are photographs of archeological monuments, paintings, sculptures and artifacts, all pertaining to the medical scene, together with various sketches, diagrams, maps, imaginative reconstructions, and drawings that contribute to the narration. Some beautiful colored plates are also included. The general scheme of exposition is, to start each section with a brief survey of historical and cultural background and then, building on this foundation, to discuss
THE IMPACT OF VASCULAR ACCESS SITE COMPLICATIONS ON ONE-YEAR OUTCOME IN THE SETTING OF PCI : A REAPPRAISAL
Authors: Erwin Schroeder, Dirck Faes, Jacques Jamart, Patrick Chenu, Vincent Dangoisse, Patrick Evrard, Laurence Gabriel, Antoine Guedes, Baudouin Marchandise, Emmanuel Morandini, Axel Muller, Jean-Louis Paquay, Godefroy Perot
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Austronesian-Speaking People in Papua New Guinea have Susceptibility to Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Motoyoshi Sakaue, Yoko Fuke, Toshie Katsuyama, Masato Kawabata, Hiroshi Taniguchi
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Obesity is a common phenomenon in Europe and North America. The increasing prevalence of obesity is, however, not confined merely to these areas. The most striking increase is seen in the pacific region. With the increment of the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes is also increasing across the world. Although the prevalence of diabetes in the Papua New Guinea (PNG) population was reported to be virtually 0% (1), recent surveys showed that type 2 diabetes has become a common disease in some urban Melanesians of PNG (2,3). To clarify the genetic background of this increase of type 2 diabetes in PNG, Pro12Ala substitution in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ2 and Trp64Arg substitution in β3-adrenergic receptor (AR) were analyzed by the PCR/restriction fragment-length polymorphism method …
Respiratory viruses and cot death.
Authors: D J Scott, P S Gardner, J McQuillin, A N Stanton, M A Downham
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Respiratory viruses and histological appearances of the lung were studied prospectively in an unselected series of 104 children who died between 1 week and 2 years of age. Thirty-one of the cases were cot deaths. Seven of these showed evidence of active virus infection in the lower respiratory tract. Similar evidence was found in two children who died from known causes and did not have a severe respiratory illness terminally. Although in some cases of cot death respiratory viruses may be responsible for a severe and rapidly overwhelming illness, the present results are compatible with an alternative hypothesis-namely, that minor respiratory illness may trigger sudden apnoea.
Partial purification and properties of a plasminogen activator from human erythrocytes
Authors: M. Semar, L. Skoza, A. J. Johnson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

The lysis time of euglobulin clots made with whole blood (plasma and red cells) was very much shorter than that of clots made with plasma alone, indicating a fibrinolytic component in red cells. A plasminogen activator was found in the stroma-free hemolysate, and proteolytic activity was found in the stromal fraction. The plasminogen activator, purified by using diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) in a batch procedure followed by column chromatography, was called erythrokinase (EK). On preliminary characterization, EK appears to activate human and bovine plasminogen in a manner similar to urokinase (UK), as determined by fibrinolytic and caseinolytic assays. The two enzymes can be separated by DEAE chromatography and acrylamide-gel electrophoresis, however, and they hydrolyze acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester and benzoyl arginine methyl ester at different rates.
Effets indésirables du dépistage organisé du cancer colorectal par recherche de sang occulte dans les selles
Authors: J Lacroute, I Gendre, JM Boyaval, P Perrin, B Denis
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Objectif: Les effets indésirables (EI) du dépistage organisé (DO) du cancer colorectal (CCR) n'ont pas été aussi bien évalués que pour le cancer du sein. Le but de ce travail était de tenter 1) un recensement exhaustif des EI du DO du CCR par recherche de sang occulte dans les selles et 2) de déterminer les modalités optimales de recensement des EI en routine.