tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A comparison of Boots and GIH secretin as stimuli of pancreatic secretion in human subjects with or without chronic pancreatitis
Authors: L. V. Gutierrez, J. H. Baron
Journal: Gut (1972)

The effects of single intravenous injections of 1 u/kg body weight Boots and 1 u/kg GIH secretin were compared in 10 male control subjects and five men with chronic pancreatitis. The duodenum was aspirated for the next hour in 4 x 10 minute and 1 x 20 minute fractions, and the volume, bicarbonate concentration, and tryptic activity were measured. The duodenal juice volume and peak bicarbonate output in response to GIH secretin 1 u/kg iv were double the responses to Boots secretin 1 u/kg, but tryptic activity was significantly less. The coefficients of variation of these measurements were not appreciably improved by expression of the results in terms of body weight. Measurements of bicarbonate concentration or enzyme output in the submaximal pancreatic function tests using Boots secretin 1 u/kg were of some use as diagnostic discriminants between normal subjects and patients with chronic pancreatitis. However, these measurements were of little value with the test using a near-maximal stimulus of 1 u/kg GIH secretin. Measurement of peak bicarbonate output is probably the best diagnostic discriminant, and discrimination is not improved by expression of the results on a body weight basis.
Risk for ESRD in Type 1 Diabetes Remains High Despite Renoprotection
Authors: Elizabeth T. Rosolowsky, Jan Skupien, Adam M. Smiles, Monika Niewczas, Bijan Roshan, Robert Stanton, John H. Eckfeldt, James H. Warram, Andrzej S. Krolewski
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

Historically, patients with type 1 diabetes and macroalbuminuria had high competing risks: cardiovascular death or renal failure. Here, we assessed these risks in patients receiving therapies implemented during the last 30 years. Between 1991 and 2004, we enrolled 423 white patients with type 1 diabetes who developed macroalbuminuria (albumin excretion rate, ≥300 μg/min). With follow-up for 98% through 2008, ESRD developed in 172 patients (incidence rate, 5.8/100 person-years), and 29 died without ESRD (mortality rate, 1/100 person-years). The majority of these outcomes occurred between ages 36 and 52 years with durations of diabetes of 21 to 37 years. The 15-year cumulative risks were 52% for ESRD and 11% for pre-ESRD death. During the 15 years of follow-up, the use of renoprotective treatment increased from 56 to 82%, and BP and lipid levels improved significantly; however, the risks for both ESRD and pre-ESRD death did not change over the years analyzed. There were 70 post-ESRD deaths, and the mortality rate was very similar during the 1990s and the 2000s (11/100 person-years versus 12/100 person-years, respectively). Mortality was low in patients who received a pre-emptive kidney transplant (1/100 person-years), although these patients did not differ from dialyzed patients with regard to predialysis eGFR, sex, age at onset of ESRD, or duration of diabetes. In conclusion, despite the widespread adoption of renoprotective treatment, patients with type 1 diabetes and macroalbuminuria remain at high risk for ESRD, suggesting that more effective therapies are desperately needed.
The Effect of Fruit and Vegetable Intake on Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Kaumudi J. Joshipura, Frank B. Hu, JoAnn E. Manson, Meir J. Stampfer, Eric B. Rimm, Frank E. Speizer, Graham Colditz, Alberto Ascherio, Bernard Rosner, Donna Spiegelman, Walter C. Willett
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Background: Many constituents of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk for coronary heart disease, but data on the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk for coronary heart disease are sparse. Objective: To evaluate the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with risk for coronary heart disease. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: The Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study. Participants: 84 251 women 34 to 59 years of age who were followed for 14 years and 42 148 men 40 to 75 years who were followed for 8 years. All were free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at baseline. Measurements: The main outcome measure was incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal coronary heart disease (1127 cases in women and 1063 cases in men). Diet was assessed by using food-frequency questionnaires. Results: After adjustment for standard cardiovascular risk factors, persons in the highest quintile of fruit and vegetable intake had a relative risk for coronary heart disease of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93) compared with those in the lowest quintile of intake. Each 1-serving/d increase in intake of fruits or vegetables was associated with a 4% lower risk for coronary heart disease (relative risk, 0.96 [CI, 0.94 to 0.99]; P = 0.01, test for trend). Green leafy vegetables (relative risk with 1-serving/d increase, 0.77 [CI, 0.64 to 0.93]), and vitamin C–rich fruits and vegetables (relative risk with 1-serving/d increase, 0.94 [CI, 0.88 to 0.99]) contributed most to the apparent protective effect of total fruit and vegetable intake. Conclusions: Consumption of fruits and vegetables, particularly green leafy vegetables and vitamin C–rich fruits and vegetables, appears to have a protective effect against coronary heart disease.
Diabetic Retinopathy and Microalbuminuria Can Predict Macroalbuminuria and Renal Function Decline in Japanese Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Tatsumi Moriya, Shiro Tanaka, Ryo Kawasaki, Yasuo Ohashi, Yasuo Akanuma, Nobuhiro Yamada, Hirohito Sone, Hidetoshi Yamashita, Shigehiro Katayama
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

OBJECTIVE To examine the interactive relationship between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 2 diabetic patients and to elucidate the role of DR and microalbuminuria on the onset of macroalbuminuria and renal function decline. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We explored the effects of DR and microalbuminuria on the progression of DN from normoalbuminuria and low microalbuminuria (&amp;lt;150 mg/gCr) to macroalbuminuria or renal function decline in the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS), which is a nationwide randomized controlled study of type 2 diabetic patients focusing on lifestyle modification. Patients were divided into four groups according to presence or absence of DR and MA: normoalbuminuria without DR [NA(DR−)] (n = 773), normoalbuminuria with DR [NA(DR+)] (n = 279), microalbuminuria without DR [MA(DR−)] (n = 277), and microalbuminuria with DR [MA(DR+)] (n = 146). Basal urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and DR status were determined at baseline and followed for a median of 8.0 years. RESULTS Annual incidence rates of macroalbuminuria were 1.6/1,000 person-years (9 incidences), 3.9/1,000 person-years (8 incidences), 18.4/1,000 person-years (34 incidences), and 22.1/1,000 person-years (22 incidences) in the four groups, respectively. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios of the progression to macroalbuminuria were 2.48 (95% CI 0.94–6.50; P = 0.07), 10.40 (4.91–22.03; P &amp;lt; 0.01), and 11.55 (5.24–25.45; P &amp;lt; 0.01) in NA(DR+), MA(DR−), and MA(DR+), respectively, in comparison with NA(DR−). Decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) per year was two to three times faster in MA(DR+) (−1.92 mL/min/1.73 m2/year) than in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS In normo- and low microalbuminuric Japanese type 2 diabetic patients, presence of microalbuminuria at baseline was associated with higher risk of macroalbuminuria in 8 years. Patients with microalbuminuria and DR showed the fastest GFR decline. Albuminuria and DR should be considered as risk factors of renal prognosis in type 2 diabetic patients. An open sharing of information will benefit both ophthalmologists and diabetologists.
Interleukin-10 polymorphism in position -1082 and acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: M. N. Gong, B. T. Thompson, P. L. Williams, W. Zhou, M. Z. Wang, L. Pothier, D. C. Christiani
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

The GG genotype of the interleukin (IL)-10 promoter polymorphism in position -1082 (-1082GG) has been associated with increased IL-10 production. The current authors hypothesised that the -1082GG genotype is associated with the development of, and outcomes in, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A nested case-control study was conducted in 211 Caucasian cases of ARDS and 429 controls who were admitted to an intensive care unit with sepsis, trauma, aspiration or massive transfusions. Cases were followed for organ failure and 60-day mortality. The -1082GG genotype was associated with the development of ARDS, but only in the presence of a significant interaction between the -1082GG genotype and age. Among patients with ARDS, the -1082GG genotype was associated with decreased severity of illness on admission, lower daily organ dysfunction scores and lower 60-day mortality. In conclusion, the high interleukin-10-producing -1082GG genotype may be associated with variable odds for acute respiratory distress syndrome development depending on age. Among those with acute respiratory distress syndrome, the -1082GG genotype is associated with lower mortality and organ failure. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
In memoriam Michael Goldman (1936-2010)
Authors: P. Paredi, O.S. Usmani, S.A. Kharitonov, N.M. Siafakas, N.B. Pride, P.J. Barnes
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

In this period, under the guidance of Jere Mead, he rapidly established himself as an investigator with pioneering studies of the physiology of the normal human diaphragm.Jere Mead profoundly influenced his future career and left a lasting mark on
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: P. Lecomte du Noüy, Lillian E. Baker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

The nature of the relation between the time-drop and antibody formation cannot be stated as yet. It is certain that the physicochemical change in the serum, detected by means of surface tension measurements, is not due directly to the antibody itself. Neither is it due to the direct action of the antigen on the serum, or to a change in the albumin-globulin ratio in this latter. Rather does it appear like antibody formation itself to be due to a tissue activity. Further experiments are being carried out on this subject.
Aetiology of paediatric pneumonia after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
Authors: Mohamed A. Elemraid, Andrew D. Sails, Gary J.A. Eltringham, John D. Perry, Stephen P. Rushton, David A. Spencer, Matthew F. Thomas, Katherine M. Eastham, Fiona Hampton, Andrew R. Gennery, Julia E. Clark
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

We describe the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) programme in 2006. Prospective studies were conducted in 2001–2002 (pre-vaccine) and 2009–2011 (post-vaccine) of children aged 0–16 years with radiologically confirmed pneumonia seen in hospital. Investigations included culture, serology, immunofluorescence antibody and urine antigen testing, with an increased use of PCR assays and expanded panels of pathogens in the post-vaccine study. 241 and 160 children were enrolled in the pre- and post-vaccine studies, respectively (73% aged &lt;5 years). Identification of a causative pathogen was higher post-vaccination (61%) than pre-vaccination (48.5%) (p=0.019). Rates of bacterial infections were not different between post- and pre-vaccine studies (17.5% versus 24%, p=0.258). Viral (31%) and mixed (12.5%) infections were found more often post-vaccination (19.5%, p=0.021) than pre-vaccination (5%, p=0.015). Rates of identified pneumococcal infections were comparable between pre- and post-vaccine studies (14.7% versus 17.4%, p=0.557). Diagnosis of pneumococcal infection post-vaccination improved when PCR was used compared to culture (21.6% versus 6%, p=0.0004). Serotypes included in PCV13 but not PCV7 were identified in 75% (18 out of 24) post-vaccination. Infection with nonvaccine pneumococcal serotypes continues to be a significant cause of pneumonia in children in the UK.
IN VITRO ADHERENCE OF SOLUBLE IMMUNE COMPLEXES TO MACROPHAGES
Authors: William P. Arend, Mart Mannik
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1972)

The adherence of soluble immune complexes to stimulated alveolar macrophages was studied in vitro using HSA-anti-HSA complexes prepared in antigen excess. Those complexes containing more than two molecules of antibody preferentially adhered to macrophages in the absence of complement. Free γG in less than physiological concentrations inhibited the adherence of complexes, and the presence of complement did not significantly alter this inhibition. Complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies showed a decreased adherence. The strength of binding of soluble complexes to macrophages and their efficiency in fixing complement were greater than seen with small aggregates of homologous γG. These differences in biological properties were observed even though the immune complexes and aggregates contained comparable numbers of γG molecules. The γG receptor on rabbit macrophages exhibited species specificity. Pretreatment of macrophages with proteolytic enzymes led to adherence of larger amounts of soluble complexes. These observations suggest that the strength of binding of soluble immune complexes to macrophages and their efficiency in fixing complement are not determined solely by a random summation of individual binding sites. It is proposed that conformational changes in the γG antibodies or a specific molecular arrangement in the lattice work of complexes containing large protein antigens may influence the biological properties of the soluble complexes.
Brief Report: Impaired In Vivo Neovascularization Capacity of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Masataka Kuwana, Yuka Okazaki
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2013)

Defective vasculogenesis is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). We undertook this study to explore the in vivo functional capacity of CD34+CD133+CD309+ endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in SSc patients.CD133+ cells and EPCs were enumerated by flow cytometry. Immunomagnetically sorted circulating CD133+ cells from 16 patients with SSc and 12 healthy subjects, as well as murine colon carcinoma CT-26 cells, were transplanted beneath the skin of SCID mice. Tumor volume and blood vessel density were measured 10 days later. Human EPC incorporation into the vascular wall was evaluated using tumor sections double stained for mouse CD31 and human CD31.The number of CD133+ cells and EPCs was significantly decreased in SSc patients as compared to healthy controls (P = 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively), while the proportion of EPCs in CD133+ cells was similar between the 2 groups. CT-26 cells produced markedly stronger tumor growth and neovessel formation when transplanted with CD133+ cells from healthy subjects than when transplanted with CD133+ cells from SSc patients (P = 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). Tumors from mice that received transplants of CT-26 cells and SSc-derived CD133+ cells formed fewer vessels incorporating human EPC-derived mature endothelial cells than did tumors from mice that received transplants of CT-26 cells and CD133+ cells from healthy control subjects (P = 0.0002).We established a system that can be used to evaluate the in vivo neovascularization capacity of freshly isolated EPCs. EPCs contribute to vascularization by incorporating into vessel walls and by differentiating into endothelial cells. These EPC functions are impaired in SSc.
Colonic adenomas--a colonoscopy survey.
Authors: P E Gillespie, T J Chambers, K W Chan, F Doronzo, B C Morson, C B Williams
Journal: Gut (1979)

A colonoscopy survey of 620 patients with 1049 colon adenomas showed a predominantly left-sided distribution (77%). Of these lesions 97% were amenable to endoscopic removal or ablation. Sixty per cent of patients presented with rectal bleeding as their major symptom. There was agreement between radiology and colonoscopy in only 62% of patients, as many of the studies were single contrast barium enemas, performed before referral. Forty-eight per cent of adenomas in our series were less than 1.0 cm in diameter. Of the larger adenomas (greater than 2.0 cm in diameter) 66% were situated in the sigmoid colon, and of those containing invasive carcinoma (4.8% of the total) an even higher percentage (94%) were in the sigmoid and low descending colon. With increasing polyp size, there was a greater predominance of villous elements and this was associated with a higher risk of malignant change than the more frequent and generally smaller tubular adenoma. Local colonoscopic excision alone is sufficient treatment for adenomas with malignant change unless they are poorly differentiated histologically and providing adequate resection is demonstrated. Twenty-eight patients treated in this way are alive without recurrence at periods from six to 62 months. Although 65% of patients had only one adenoma, and 90% three or less, there is a risk of developing other benign and malignant colon neoplasms and careful follow-up is required.
THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROPAGATION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS BY THE H<scp>E</scp>L<scp>A</scp> CELL
Authors: Harry Eagle, Karl Habel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1956)

Only minimal amounts of poliomyelitis virus were formed by HeLa cells placed in a medium free from glucose and glutamine, even if the medium contained an otherwise full complement of essential and non-essential amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, NB(4) (+), and serum protein. Conversely, within one log of the optimal yield of virus was formed by HeLa cells in a medium containing only glucose, glutamine, and salts, even if the cells had been starved in this medium for 12 hours prior to their inoculation. The presence of glucose alone caused an average 170-fold increase in viral output beyond the amounts formed by the glucose- and glutamine-depleted cells. The addition of glutamine alone caused an average 2000-fold increase; and the addition of both increased the viral formation 40,000-fold. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with unstarved cells, not previously depleted of glucose and glutamine. It follows that only a small proportion of HeLa cells are capable of forming virus unless either glucose or glutamine, or both, are present in the medium. The elaboration of virus was significantly delayed in media containing glucose but no glutamine. The absence of glucose and glutamine did not prevent the fixation of poliomyelitis virus by the cell. When these compounds were added to previously depleted cells even 6 hours after inoculation, and after the excess free virus had been removed by washing and by the addition of specific antiserum, normal amounts of virus were formed despite the degenerative changes caused by the previous glucose and glutamine deprivation. Possible functions of glucose and glutamine in the elaboration of virus are discussed in the text. Such factors other than glucose, glutamine, or salts (e.g. amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins, protein, or NH(4) (+)) as may be needed by HeLa cells for the propagation of poliomyelitis virus, need not be present in the medium and cannot be easily washed out of the cell. Even 12 hours' total deprivation of the cells in salt solution prior to inoculation only slightly decreased their virus-synthesizing capacity in a similarly deficient medium, provided only that adequate amounts of glucose and glutamine were retained.
Evidence for Positive Selection at the Pantophysin (Pan I) Locus in Walleye Pollock, Theragra chalcogramma
Authors: M. F. Canino, P. Bentzen
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

Nucleotide polymorphism at the pantophysin (Pan I) locus in walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, was examined using DNA sequence data. Two distinct allelic lineages were detected in pollock, resulting from three amino acid replacement mutations in the first intravesicular domain of the protein. The common Pan I allelic group, comprising 94% of the samples, was less polymorphic (pi = 0.005) than the uncommon group (pi = 0.008), and nucleotide diversity in both was higher than for two allelic lineages in the related Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Phylogenetic analyses of Pan I sequences from these two species did not clearly resolve orthology among allelic groups, in part because of recombination that has occurred between the two pollock lineages. Conventional tests of neutrality comparing polymorphisms within and between homologous regions of the Pan I locus in walleye pollock and Atlantic cod did not detect the effects of selection. This result is likely attributed to low levels of synonymous divergence among allelic lineages and a lack of mutation-drift equilibrium inferred from nucleotide mismatch frequency distributions. However, the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions per site (dN/dS) exceeded unity in two intravesicular domains of the protein and the influence of positive selection at multiple codon sites was strongly inferred through the use of maximum-likelihood analyses. In addition, the frequency spectrum of linked neutral variation showed indirect effects of adaptive hitchhiking in pollock resulting from a selective sweep of the common allelic lineage. Recombination between the two allelic classes may have prevented complete loss of the older, more polymorphic lineage. The results suggest that recurrent sweeps driven by positive selection is the principle mode of evolution at the Pan I locus in gadid fishes.