tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Bowel innervation in Hirschsprung's disease.
Authors: J. R. Garrett, E. R. Howard, H. H. Nixon
Journal: BMJ (1969)

CBICorrspoUnAL dent body in case doctors run the risk of practising " State-controlled medicine."The examples of judiciary and many Government subsidized universities can be cited where interference of the State is not tolerated, and they discharge their function admirably.Lastly, when all is said and done, I see the inevitability of the situation.It is a question of earning one's livelihood.After all those years in medical schools and then in hospital service, the doctor has to practise his or her trade, and it seems there will soon be a day when one practically pays all one earns to loudly announce once again to the whole world, " It is a sacrifice which I promise unto death."-Iam, etc.,
Sodium excretion in normal conscious dogs
Authors: W. J. O'CONNOR, R. A. SUMMERILL
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1979)

Bitches maintained on a low Na intake, were given doses of saline (0.125 mol.litre(-1) NaCl, 0.025 mol.litre(-1) NaHCO3, 0.004 mol.litre(-1) KCl) by stomach tube. Doses of 100 and 200 cm3 produced only minor increases in Na excretion; after 300 cm3, Na excretion rose from about 2 to about 60 micromol.min(-1). Plasma protein fell by 1.8 litre(-1) for each 100 cm3 of saline retained. Within normal ranges of Na excretion there is a threshold of plasma protein concentration above which Na is retained and below which Na is excreted. Changes in exogenous creatinine clearance were measured allowing calculation of the filtered load of Na, which shows that the absolute tubular reabsorption of Na and water is increased in volume expansion by isotonic saline. Meat produced large increase in glomerular filtration rate without much increase in Na excretion and mechanisms are discussed by which Na reabsorptin is more effective after meat than after doses of saline. Creatinine cleaerance increased by 0.67 cm3.min(-1) for each fall of 1 g.litre(-1) in plasma protein; this is predicted by a theory that the glomerular capillary blood pressure is 9.3 kPa (70 mmHg) rather than 6.7 kPa (50 mmHg).
Ventral Striatum, but Not Cortical Volume Loss, Is Related to Cognitive Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetic Patients With and Without Microangiopathy
Authors: Eelco van Duinkerken, Menno M. Schoonheim, Martijn D. Steenwijk, Martin Klein, Richard G. IJzerman, Annette C. Moll, Martijn W. Heymans, Frank J. Snoek, Frederik Barkhof, Michaela Diamant
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

Patients with longstanding type 1 diabetes may develop microangiopathy due to high cumulative glucose exposure. Also, chronic hyperglycemia is related to cerebral alterations and cognitive dysfunction. Whether the presence of microangiopathy is conditional to the development of hyperglycemia-related cerebral compromise is unclear. Since subcortical, rather than cortical, volume loss was previously related to cognitive dysfunction in other populations, we measured these brain correlates and cognitive functions in patients with longstanding type 1 diabetes with and without microangiopathy.We evaluated differences in subcortical volume and cortical thickness and volume in type 1 diabetic patients with (n = 51) and without (n = 53) proliferative retinopathy and 49 control subjects and related volume differences to cognitive dysfunction. Analyses were corrected for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, and A1C.Putamen and right thalamic volume loss was noted in both patients with and without proliferative retinopathy compared with control subjects (all P < 0.05). Additionally, in patients with proliferative retinopathy relative to control subjects, volume loss of the bilateral nucleus accumbens was found (all P < 0.05). No differences were observed between the two patient groups. Cortical thickness and volume were not different between groups. In pooled analyses, lower left nucleus accumbens volume was associated with cognitive dysfunction (P < 0.035).This study shows subcortical, but not cortical, volume loss in relation to cognitive dysfunction in patients with longstanding type 1 diabetes, irrespective of microangiopathy. The time course, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance of these findings need to be established in longitudinal and mechanistic studies.
Animal cell mutants represent two complementation groups of peroxisome-defective Zellweger syndrome.
Authors: N Shimozawa, T Tsukamoto, Y Suzuki, T Orii, Y Fujiki
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Generalized peroxisome-deficient disorders including cerebro-hepato-renal Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and infantile Refsum disease are autosomal recessive diseases, where catalase-containing particles (peroxisomes) are morphologically absent. We previously isolated two Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants (Z24 and Z65) that resemble the fibroblasts from patients with such diseases, in their defective peroxisome assembly (Tsukamoto, T., S. Yokota, and Y. Fujiki. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 110:651-660). Here we report isolation by the P9OH/UV method of a peroxisome-deficient CHO mutant, ZP92, of the third complementation group distinct from those of Z24 and Z65. Peroxisomal membrane ghosts were noted by immunochemical staining in all of the CHO mutants. Complementation analysis by cell fusion of the CHO mutants with cultured fibroblasts from patients with generalized peroxisomal disorders revealed that two CHO mutants (Z24 and ZP92) represent the human complementation groups, E (the same as group 1 in the U.S.) and C (the same as group 4), respectively. These CHO cell mutants are an apparently relevant animal cell model for studies on the molecular bases and primary defects of human peroxisome-deficient diseases.
Diethylpropion in the Treatment of "Refractory" Obesity
Authors: D. A. Seaton, L. J. P. Duncan, K. Rose, A. M. Scott
Journal: BMJ (1961)

The involvement of specific accessory/costimulatory molecules in differentiation to Th1 and Th2 phenotypes is controversial. Reports suggest that molecules such as CD4, CD28, and Ox-40 support Th2 differentiation and suppress Th1 differentiation, whereas others such as LFA-1 support Th1 responses and suppress Th2 responses. We have previously defined an in vitro model of differentiation that is absolutely dependent on the initial dose and affinity of peptide presented to a naive CD4 cell. The dose and affinity of Ag regulate autocrine production of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ, which in turn govern differentiation to Th1 and Th2 phenotypes. We have used this system to confirm that CD4, CD28, and Ox-40 interactions can promote, and LFA-1 interactions can suppress, differentiation of cells secreting the Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13. However, for CD4 and LFA-1, this is only seen over a certain range of peptide doses. In addition, CD28 and Ox-40 interactions also promote Th1 differentiation. In general, agonist Abs to accessory molecules shifted the response curves for IFN-γ, IL-5, and IL-13 to lower doses, whereas antagonist reagents resulted in similar curves shifted toward the higher doses. We conclude that ligation of cell surface accessory receptors enables low doses of Ag to promote responses normally induced only by higher doses. Individual receptors do not intrinsically regulate one cytokine phenotype or another, suggesting that differentiation is controlled by the level of expression of multiple accessory molecule pairs integrated with the number and affinity of peptide/MHC complexes.
Abstract 19627: Long-Term Epoprostenol Infusion Therapy Could Induce Hyperthyroidism in Patients With Idiopathic and Hereditary Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Moritoshi Funasako, Katsumasa Miyaji, Masahito Sakuma, Yaemi Takagi, Shingo Kyotani, Norifumi Nakanishi
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background: Epoprostenol is one of the most important drugs in the treatment for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Recently, it was suggested that epoprostenol could induce hyper...
A Conditionally Replicating Adenovirus for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Gene Therapy
Authors: Marie C Chia, Wei Shi, Jian-Hua Li, Otto Sanchez, Craig A Strathdee, Dolly Huang, Pierre Busson, Henry J Klamut, Fei-Fei Liu
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

Successful attainment of tumor-specific gene expression was achieved in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) by exploiting the exclusive presence of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) genome in the cancer cells. In the current study, we have utilized an EBV-dependent transcriptional targeting strategy to construct a novel conditionally replicating adenovirus, adv.oriP.E1A. After treatment with adv.oriP.E1A, we observed extensive cell death in the EBV-positive NPC cell line C666-1. In contrast, no cytotoxicity was observed in a panel of other human EBV-negative cell lines, including fibroblasts from the nasopharynx. In vitro adenoviral replication was confirmed by the time-dependent increase in the expression of adenoviral capsid fiber protein and adenoviral DNA after C666-1 cells were infected with adv.oriP.E1A. Tumor formation was inhibited for more than 100 days after ex vivo infection of C666-1 cells with adv.oriP.E1A. Combination of local tumor radiation and adv.oriP.E1A caused complete disappearance of established tumors for at least 2 weeks in two distinct EBV-positive NPC xenograft models. Safety of this treatment was determined through the systemic delivery of adv.oriP.E1A in vivo, whereby minimal temporary perturbation of liver function was observed. We have successfully established a conditionally replicating adenovirus for EBV-positive NPC, which is both safe and efficacious, indicating a strategy that may be therapeutically applicable.
A Minimalist Policy for Breast Cancer Surveillance
Authors: David V. Schapira
Journal: JAMA (1991)

PATIENTS who are diagnosed as having breast cancer are routinely followed up to detect recurrences at an early stage and to institute immediate therapy. There is a belief among patients and physicians that if the recurrence is detected early—when the tumor load is smaller—there is a higher likelihood of disease control, complete remission, or at least extended survival. This approach to the early detection and treatment of metastases has led to routine surveillance of patients. No established guidelines exist for postoperative follow-up of patients with stage I and II breast cancer. Clearly, patients receiving adjuvant therapy require observation during therapy, but the value of follow-up of patients after therapy and of patients who have never received adjuvant therapy has not been established. Most surveillance programs for recurrence of breast cancer include a patient history and physical examination, complete blood cell count, chemistry profile, and tumor marker (either carcinoembryonic antigen or
Increased Sensitivity of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells From Atherosclerotic Plaques to p53-Mediated Apoptosis
Authors: Martin R. Bennett, Trevor D. Littlewood, Stephen M. Schwartz, Peter L. Weissberg
Journal: Circulation Research (1997)

Abstract The recent demonstration that apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) occurs in human atherosclerotic plaques suggests that VSMC apoptosis may promote plaque rupture and subsequent myocardial infarction. In culture, human plaque VSMCs show higher rates of apoptosis than VSMCs from normal vessels, although the mechanism of this effect is unknown. In earlier studies, we have shown that the tumor suppressor gene p53 regulates apoptosis of rat VSMCs after deregulated cell cycle control. We therefore analyzed p53 function in cultured VSMCs derived from human coronary plaques or the media of normal coronary arteries. VSMCs with reduced or increased p53 activity were created by infecting VSMCs with retroviruses containing a dominant-negative p53 minigene or a chimeric p53 protein (p53TMER), which could be activated pharmacologically. Basal p53 protein expression and transcriptional activity were similar in plaque and normal VSMCs, and suppression of p53 activity blocked growth arrest in response to DNA damage in both VSMC types. In contrast, suppression of p53 activity failed to block apoptosis of plaque or normal VSMCs in low- or high-serum conditions or after DNA damage. Furthermore, in plaque VSMCs, p53 overexpression induced apoptosis in all conditions tested and also induced growth arrest. p53-mediated apoptosis was independent of new gene transcription or protein synthesis but was suppressed by prior growth arrest of cells, indicating that growth status can regulate sensitivity to p53-mediated apoptosis. No effect of increased p53 activity was seen in normal VSMCs. We conclude that VSMCs from human plaques have an increased sensitivity to p53-mediated apoptosis compared with normal VSMCs. Our data also suggest that the mechanism of p53-mediated apoptosis of plaque VSMCs may be distinct from that inducing growth arrest.
THE EFFECT OF ORAL BERAPROST SODIUM, A PROSTAGLANDIN I(2) ANALOGUE, ON MICROVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN HIGH-RISK DIABETIC PATIENTS: A DOUBLE-BLIND, RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Sanghoon Shin, Hyuk-Jae Chang, Ho-Jin Han, Kwang-Joon Kim, Jae-Hoon Moon, Bong-Soo Cha, Woo-In Yang, Donghoon Choi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Impact of Immigration on Tuberculosis Infection Among Canadian-born Schoolchildren and Young Adults in Montreal
Authors: DICK MENZIES, CHUN HO CHAN, BILKIS VISSANDJÉE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

We conducted a cross-sectional tuberculin survey among non-BCG-vaccinated Canadian-born schoolchildren in grades 6 and 10, health professional students, and young adult workers, to estimate the association of tuberculin reactions with indices of contact with tuberculosis. Participants underwent simultaneous tuberculin testing with PPD-T (standard) and PPD-B (from M. intracellulare). Exposure was estimated from questionnaire responses, group, aggregate census, and tuberculosis incidence data. Of 3,710 participants, 88 (2.4%) had positive tuberculin reactions, i.e., of 10 + mm. Positive tuberculin reactions were rarely associated with larger reactions to PPD-B, but were associated with older age (adjusted odds ratio for each 5 years: 1.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.3, 1.8]), household contact (4.2 [1.4, 12.7]), and population group (health professional versus all others: 0.6 [0.3, 1.0]). Estimated annual risk of infection declined by 3% per year. Tuberculin reactions were not associated with any indices of contact in school, work or neighborhood settings with foreign-born from tuberculosis endemic areas, nor with tuberculosis in Canadian-born. There was no evidence of transmission of tuberculosis from affected high risk sub-groups in Montreal to the general population working or attending school.
Abstract 2498: Differential rapamycin sensitivity distinguishes two distinct populations of tumor cells in murine glioma
Authors: Aparna Kaul, Anne Solga, Da Yong Lee, Scott M. Gianino, David H. Gutmann
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Solid tumors are complex ecosystems, composed of a heterogeneous ensemble of cells that comprise the tumor mass (neoplastic compartment) and the surrounding stroma (non-neoplastic compartment). Currently, research efforts are aimed at defining the individual contributions of each cell type to tumor development and maintenance. Previous studies using a genetically-engineered mouse model of Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated optic glioma have underscored the critical role of one stromal cell type (microglia) in the growth of these tumors. In the current study, we analyze neoplastic cell heterogeneity and demonstrate that two distinct proliferating populations of neoplastic cells exist in the tumor. These distinct cell types, neuroglial progenitors and differentiated astrocytes, are distinguished by their sensitivity to rapamycin. The molecular basis for this differential sensitivity to rapamycin reflects dramatic differences in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex protein expression and basal mTOR activation. We leverage this cell type-specific sensitivity to target neuroglial progenitor cells in the tumor and inhibit optic glioma formation in vivo. Collectively, these findings emphasize the importance of cellular diversity in glioma formation and growth, and highlight the importance of developing novel treatment strategies that co-target multiple cell populations for maximal therapeutic benefit. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2498. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2498
Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome) associated with multiple giant papillomas
Authors: S. KORE-EDA, K. YONEDA, T. OHTANI, T. TACHIBANA, F. FURUKAWA, S. IMAMURA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1995)

We report a case of focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) with multiple giant papillomas on nonperimucosal areas. The patient had had cribriform hyperpigmented and depigmented plaques on the trunk and extremities since birth. There were also hypoplastic skin lesions on the right arm, left elbow and right thigh. The multiple giant papillomas began to appear. when she was 22 years old, on the trunk and extremities. Cryotherapy was effective in controlling them.
Suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness to stress in a rat model of acute cholestasis.
Authors: M G Swain, V Patchev, J Vergalla, G Chrousos, E A Jones
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Cholestatic patients undergoing surgery have increased mortality and demonstrate clinical features suggestive of adrenal insufficiency. To examine whether cholestasis influences the status of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, we evaluated rats with acute cholestasis caused by bile duct resection (BDR) and sham-operated and unoperated controls. Basal unstressed plasma concentrations of ACTH and corticosterone were similar in BDR and sham-operated and unoperated control rats. However, exposure of BDR rats to saturated ether vapor resulted in significantly less ACTH and corticosterone release in plasma than in the control animals. To understand the mechanism(s) of decreased HPA axis responsiveness to ether stress in cholestasis, we administered corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and measured hypothalamic content, mRNA levels and in vitro secretion of CRF and arginine vasopressin (AVP), the two principal secretagogues of ACTH. In BDR animals, ACTH responses to CRF were decreased and hypothalamic content of CRF and CRF mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus were decreased by 25 and 37%, respectively. Furthermore, CRF release from hypothalamic explants of BDR rats was 23% less than that of controls. In contrast to CRF, hypothalamic content of AVP was 35% higher, AVP mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus was increased by 6.6-fold, and hypothalamic explant release of AVP was 24% higher in BDR rats than in control animals. Pituitary ACTH contents were similar in BDR and sham resected rats, but higher than unoperated controls. These findings demonstrate that acute cholestasis in the rat is associated with suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness to stress and demonstrate a dissociation between mechanisms of ACTH regulation mediated by CRF and AVP.
MATERIALISM VERSUS SENTIMENT IN THE STUDY OF THE CAUSES AND CORRECTION OF CRIME.Read in the Section of Medical Jurisprudence, at the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Nashville, Tenn., May, 1890.
Authors: G. FRANK LYDSTON
Journal: JAMA (1890)

allowed is phenomenal and everything that mili¬ tates with non-restraint is set far in the back¬ ground.Excellent reports come from this most modern of all treatments of the insane.Our citi¬ zens have never said no when asked for money to build and sustain asylums.We have im¬ mense sums now in these institutions, and are almost constantly enlarging them for this ever increasing class.Are there are yet things left undone in the best interests of the helpless insane?Yes.Let me tell some of them, The first and most important thing is to take from all county poorhouses these unfortunates and so-called incurables that are so generally persecuted by vicious and ignorant political thugs, who often get these positions as reward for party services, and have the State alone take entire charge of them.In my opinion there is not one county in the State that provides proper apartments and treatment for them.On the other hand the brutal crowding and endless confinement is shocking and destructive of all hope of recovery, for they have no occupation, improper treatment and no comforts.Mercy joins justice and conscience in saying, remove them all.Second, we must have and shall never cease until we do have all officers and attendants thoroughly examined, and only when a rigid test proves them peculiarly fitted for their positions can they occupy them.Then put them upon the civil list, as in New York and some other States, above political removal, intrigue and continued uncertainty.Third, we want a separation of the acute and chronic, far apart, that each may be treated, environed and employed in the way most conducive to recovery.Fourth, no more im¬ mense buildings to be erected where they shall be collected and kept, but colonies, especially for the chronic, be founded and made comfortable in small inexpensive structures.Fifth, in connec¬ tion with each asylum at least one-half acre of land for each patient, that everything pertaining to rural life may be cultivated.Lastly, we want the medical schools to dignify much more than has ever been done the study of all mental and nervous affections, and so instruct their graduates that they will recognize and treat these diseases in their earliest and most curable stages by hav¬ ing them speedily placed in these special hospitals.Medical Achievement in China.-It is said of Dr. Kerr, a medical missionary at Canton, that he has, in the past thirty-six years, treated over 520,000 patients, and has prepared twenty-seven medical and surgical books.He has trained one hundred medical assistants, chiefly Chinese.Chi¬ na now possesses one hundred and four hospitals and dispensaries, at which, in 1889, more than 348,000 patients received treatment.
Secretion and mRNA expression of TNF alpha and IL-6 in the lungs of pneumoconiosis patients.
Authors: D Vanhée, P Gosset, C H Marquette, B Wallaert, J J Lafitte, B Gosselin, C Voisin, A B Tonnel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Exposure to coal-mine dust leads to coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), characterized by the development of a perifocal and progressive fibrotic reaction. In order to confirm their in vivo participation in the pathogenesis of CWP, the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens collected from 12 patients with simple pneumoconiosis (SP) and six with progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), and in pulmonary tissue from one patient with SP and three with PMF. Expression of TNF and IL-6 was assessed using both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The number of positive cells found in BALF was significantly higher for patients with PMF (TNF = 55 +/- 6%; IL-6 = 46 +/- 12.8%) than for those with SP (TNF = 34 +/- 11.6%; IL-6 = 26 +/- 10.2%) or normal controls (TNF = 15 +/- 5.5%; IL-6 = 13.3 +/- 6%), and was correlated with cytokine concentrations in supernatants from alveolar macrophages (AM). In lung biopsies, the expression of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for TNF was associated with the presence of coal dust and was limited to lung macrophages; mRNA for IL-6 was detected in mononuclear phagocytes but also in other types of cells such as endothelial cells. Monokine synthesis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These data confirm that TNF and IL-6 production is increased in the lungs of pneumoconiotic patients. Moreover TNF and IL-6 expression was associated with the presence of coalmine dust particles, suggesting a direct role of mineral particles in the cytokine production and development of pneumoconiotic lesions in CWP.