tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Leucocyte telomere length and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: P. C. Haycock, E. E. Heydon, S. Kaptoge, A. S. Butterworth, A. Thompson, P. Willeit
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<b>Objective</b> To assess the association between leucocyte telomere length and risk of cardiovascular disease. <b>Design</b> Systematic review and meta-analysis. <b>Data sources</b> Studies published up to March 2014 identified through searches of Medline, Web of Science, and Embase. <b>Eligibility criteria</b> Prospective and retrospective studies that reported on associations between leucocyte telomere length and coronary heart disease (defined as non-fatal myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, or coronary revascularisation) or cerebrovascular disease (defined as non-fatal stroke or death from cerebrovascular disease) and were broadly representative of general populations—that is, they did not select cohort or control participants on the basis of pre-existing cardiovascular disease or diabetes. <b>Results</b> Twenty four studies involving 43 725 participants and 8400 patients with cardiovascular disease (5566 with coronary heart disease and 2834 with cerebrovascular disease) were found to be eligible. In a comparison of the shortest versus longest third of leucocyte telomere length, the pooled relative risk for coronary heart disease was 1.54 (95% confidence interval 1.30 to 1.83) in all studies, 1.40 (1.15 to 1.70) in prospective studies, and 1.80 (1.32 to 2.44) in retrospective studies. Heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I<sup>2</sup>=64%, 41% to 77%, P<sub>het</sub>&lt;0.001) and was not significantly explained by mean age of participants (P=0.23), the proportion of male participants (P=0.45), or distinction between retrospective versus prospective studies (P=0.32). Findings for coronary heart disease were similar in meta-analyses restricted to studies that adjusted for conventional vascular risk factors (relative risk 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.73); studies with ≥200 cases (1.44, 1.20 to 1.74); studies with a high quality score (1.53, 1.22 to 1.92); and in analyses that corrected for publication bias (1.34, 1.12 to 1.60). The pooled relative risk for cerebrovascular disease was 1.42 (1.11 to 1.81), with no significant heterogeneity between studies (I<sup>2</sup>=41%, 0% to 72%, P<sub>het</sub>=0.08). Shorter telomeres were not significantly associated with cerebrovascular disease risk in prospective studies (1.14, 0.85 to 1.54) or in studies with a high quality score (1.21, 0.83 to 1.76). <b>Conclusion</b> Available observational data show an inverse association between leucocyte telomere length and risk of coronary heart disease independent of conventional vascular risk factors. The association with cerebrovascular disease is less certain.
Effect of national guidelines on prescription of methadone: analysis of NHS prescription data, England 1990-2001
Authors: J. Strang
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Though there is strong evidence to support the use of methadone maintenance for opiate addiction1 it is often delivered poorly. Evidence based guidelines were developed in 1996 and 1999 (see www.doh.gov.uk/drugdep.htm and further details on bmj.com) and widely publicised in the United Kingdom.2 3 In 1998 we found scant evidence of any impact4 and concluded that “if planners are awaiting major change in methadone prescribing as a result of central exhortation, they should not hold their breath.” However, perhaps guidelines may have a slower cumulative effect.

We examined data on all NHS methadone prescriptions dispensed by community pharmacists in England. These account for 98% of methadone prescriptions in England.5 Unpublished commercial data indicate that 95% of methadone prescriptions from general practitioners are for addiction treatment (IMS Health).

To investigate the impact of the guidelines we used two specific …
Abstract 551: A potent and selective cFMS inhibitor regulates the tumor macrophage microenvironment leading to tumor growth inhibition
Authors: Albion D. Wright, Brandon S. Willis, Anna Gomez, Mark L. Boys, Robert K. DeLisle, Laurence E. Burgess, Mark C. Munson, April L. Kennedy, George T. Topalov, Qian Zhao, Martha E. Rodriguez, Bryson Rast, James P. Rizzi, Walter E. DeWolf, Christine Lemieux, Deborah Anderson, Jason R. Neale, Matthew Martinson, Stefan D. Gross, Michele Callejo, Tyler Risom, Patrice A. Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that interactions between tumor cells, stromal cells, macrophages and the extracellular matrix are pivotal to the processes of tumorigenesis, metastasis, and neovascularization. Macrophages within the tumor microenvironment are thought to facilitate cancer progression, making them intriguing targets for therapy. Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) and its receptor, cFMS, play a central role in the development of mononuclear phagocytes, recruitment of macrophages to tumors, and differentiation and function of osteoclasts. We have developed an orally active, selective small-molecule cFMS inhibitor for cFMS. This molecule inhibits cFMS cellular activity (IC50 = 9 nM) in vitro and inhibits cFMS phosphorylation in a transfected cell line grown in nude mice (ED50 = 3 mg/kg). Our compound also inhibits CSF-1-mediated osteoclast differentiation and function (IC50 values of = 4 nM and 58 nM, respectively). To further explore the potential of our selective inhibitor for the treatment of cancer, we evaluated anti-tumor activity in several preclinical models. We first explored the effect on the murine ovarian cancer cell line, ID8. ID8 cells injected intraperitoneally into nude mice form multiple peritoneal tumor deposits and abundant ascites. Macrophage infiltration in the ID8 ascites was markedly lowered in mice treated with a cFMS inhibitor. Using MCF-7, a human breast adenocarcinoma cell line that has been shown to produce M-CSF, a daily oral dose with 100 mg/kg of our inhibitor for 21 days significantly reduced tumor growth and was accompanied by a marked reduction in tumor-associated macrophages. These findings support the potential of a selective inhibitor of cFMS to favorably impact human cancers by modulating tumor-associated macrophage functions. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 551. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-551
Physician and Scientist
Authors: G. Pickering
Journal: BMJ (1964)

We meet, as is our custom, as near as possible to St. Luke's Day to pay tribute to William Harvey, and we meet for the first time in this great new college.Having been accorded by you, Mr. President, the honour and privilege of being chosen to deliver the annual oration, I am bound to remind you of the donor's injunctions.The orator was asked to commemorate all the benefactors by name and to specify what they had done for the benefit of the College.He was asked to exhort the Fellows and Members of the College to search and study out the secrets of nature by way of experiment and to continue in mutual love and affection among themselves.He was to deliver his oration in a proper form and in the Latin tongue.The passage of three centuries has made it difficult to carry out these instructions literally.Perhaps if his orator tried he would orate to an empty hall.I shall therefore concentrate entirely on my duty to exhort you all to search and study out the secrets of nature by way of experiment.Thirty-four years ago, when I first became a member of the College, it would not, I think, have been unfair to note that nearly three centuries of such exhortation had left singularly little mark on Fellows and Members.Very few of them had seemingly felt the urge to study nature's secrets by way of experiment.In fact, in my youth I often noted a certain hostility between physicians and scientists-particularly those whose inquiries had led them to, or near to, a study of disease in man.I have often wondered whether there is an antipathy between the roles of physician and scientist; if so, what is the nature of this antipathy; and whether it is inherent in these two occupations.I owe a great deal of my interest and information to my former friends and teachers, Thomas Lewis and Wilfred Trotter, who each combined the roles of physician and scientist, though Trotter was, as Lord Moynihan is reported to have said of himself, "a physician doomed to the practice of surgery."In a small way I have tried to combine the two, though I have been fortunate always to be under the shelter of the Medical Research Council or a university.In fact, I have been a lucky man who has been paid a salary for indulging in my two hobbies.Let us now look into the reasons why it is so difficult to combine the roles of physician and experimental scientist.
Application of Immunofluorescent Antibody Technique in Rapid Diagnosis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Authors: P. S. Gardner, J. McQuillin
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Seventy-eight unselected children under the age of 2 years suffering from acute respiratory infections were investigated by the fluorescent antibody technique and a comparison was made with conventional isolation and serological methods. Sixty-nine per cent. of children with bronchiolitis were diagnosed as suffering from respiratory syncytial virus infection on the day of admission by examination of nasopharyngeal secretions. There were 44 children with respiratory syncytial virus infection diagnosed by conventional methods over a month, but by using fluorescent antibody techniques on tissue culture 53% were diagnosed by the second day, 71% by the fourth day, and 82% by the seventh day. The method of choice for a rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection is by examining nasopharyngeal secretions, when 90% of those with this infection can be diagnosed on the day of admission to hospital.
The Effect of a Quality Improvement Collaborative to Improve Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgical Patients
Authors: Stephen B. Kritchevsky, Barbara I. Braun, Andrew J. Bush, Michele R. Bozikis, Linda Kusek, John P. Burke, Edward S. Wong, John Jernigan, Cralen C. Davis, Bryan Simmons
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Background: Quality improvement collaboratives are used to improve health care quality, but their efficacy remains controversial. Objective: To assess the effects of a quality improvement collaborative on preoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis. Design: Longitudinal cluster randomized trial, with the quality improvement collaborative as the intervention. Setting: United States. Participants: 44 acute care hospitals, each of which randomly sampled approximately 100 selected surgical cases (cardiac, hip or knee replacement, and hysterectomy) at both the baseline and remeasurement phases. Intervention: All hospitals received a comparative feedback report. Hospitals randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 22) participated in a quality improvement collaborative comprising 2 in-person meetings led by experts, monthly teleconferences, and receipt of supplemental materials over 9 months. Measurements: Change in the proportion of patients receiving at least 1 antibiotic dose within 60 minutes of surgery (primary outcome) and change in the proportions of patients given any antibiotics, given antibiotics for 24 hours or less, given an appropriate drug, and given a single preoperative dose and receipt of any of the 5 measures (secondary outcome). Results: The groups did not differ in the change in proportion of patients who received a properly timed antimicrobial prophylaxis dose (−3.8 percentage points [95% CI, −13.9 to 6.2 percentage points]) after adjustment for region, hospital size, and surgery type. Similarly, the groups did not differ in individual measures of antibiotic duration; use of appropriate drug; receipt of a single preoperative dose; or an all-or-none measure combining timing, duration, and selection. Limitations: Hospitals volunteered for the effort, thereby resulting in selection for participants who were motivated to change. Implementation of the surgical infection prevention measure reporting requirements by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and The Joint Commission may have motivated improvement in prophylaxis performance. Conclusion: At a time of heightened national attention toward measures of antimicrobial prophylaxis performance, the trial did not demonstrate a benefit of participation in a quality improvement collaborative over performance feedback for improvement of these measures.
Dietary Diabetes Risk Reduction Score, Race and Ethnicity, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Jinnie J. Rhee, Josiemer Mattei, Michael D. Hughes, Frank B. Hu, Walter C. Willett
Journal: Diabetes Care (2015)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate racial and ethnic differences in the association between a dietary diabetes risk reduction score and incidence of type 2 diabetes in U.S. white and minority women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We followed 156,030 non-Hispanic white (NHW), 2,026 Asian, 2,053 Hispanic, and 2,307 black women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) (1980–2008) and NHS II (1991–2009). A time-updated dietary diabetes risk reduction score (range 8–32) was created by adding points corresponding with each quartile of intake of eight dietary factors (1 = highest risk; 4 = lowest risk). A higher score indicates a healthier overall diet. RESULTS We documented 10,922 incident type 2 diabetes cases in NHW, 157 in Asian, 193 in Hispanic, and 307 in black women. Multivariable-adjusted pooled hazard ratio across two cohorts for a 10th–90th percentile range difference in dietary diabetes risk reduction score was 0.49 (95% CI 0.46, 0.52) for NHW, 0.53 (0.31, 0.92) for Asian, 0.45 (0.29, 0.70) for Hispanic, 0.68 (0.47, 0.98) for black, and 0.58 (0.46, 0.74) for overall minority women (P for interaction between minority race/ethnicity and dietary score = 0.08). The absolute risk difference (cases per 1,000 person-years) for the same contrast in dietary score was −5.3 (−7.8, −2.7) for NHW, −7.2 (−22.9, 8.4) for Asian, −11.6 (−26.7, 3.5) for Hispanic, −6.8 (−19.5, 5.9) for black, and −8.0 (−15.6, −0.5) for overall minority women (P for interaction = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS A higher dietary diabetes risk reduction score was inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in all racial and ethnic groups, but the absolute risk difference was greater in minority women.
Prescription omega-3 fatty acids did not prevent recurrent, symptomatic, paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Brian Olshansky
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Source Citation Kowey PR, Reiffel JA, Ellenbogen KA, Naccarelli GV, Pratt CM. Efficacy and safety of prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304:2363-72. 21078810
Role of the sodium-calcium exchange in the Bowditch effect
Authors: R A CHAPMAN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1988)

Journal Article Role of the sodium-calcium exchange in the Bowditch effect Get access R A CHAPMAN R A CHAPMAN From the Laboratory of Cellular Cardiology, Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Science, Park Row, Bristol BS1 5LS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 22, Issue 8, August 1988, Pages 592–593, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/22.8.592 Published: 01 August 1988
Ankle/arm blood pressure index
Authors: S. I. Lerman
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —I was interested in the articles on ankle/arm blood pressure index (AAI), measured using a Doppler flow-meter, which most primary care physicians do not own. 1-3 The new types of oscillometric sphygmomanometers use no stethoscope but sense the pulse from the air line and give a digital reading. Some even work well on a finger, if it is warm, and would doubtless work on a toe. They are cheap and are sold in drugstores to patients who monitor their own blood pressure. I find they measure ankle blood pressure very accurately.  The main error in measuring the AAI is caused by the beat-to-beat and respiratory fluctuations on blood pressure. I attempted to measure both ankle and arm blood pressure simultaneously by connecting one inflation bulb to both instruments. This did not work because the pulsations interacted and gave the same measurement to both.  Some manufacturer should be
Detection of Esophageal Carcinoma Using Tc-99m MIBI SPECT Imaging
Authors: CHIA-HUNG KAO, SHYH-JEN WANG, CHIH-YI CHEN, SHIN-HWA YEH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Thirty male patients, ranging in age from 41-78 years, with esophageal carcinomas underwent Tc-99m MIBI SPECT of the chest to evaluate the value of Tc-99m MIBI in the detection of esophageal carcinoma. In addition, Tc-99m MIBI SPECT of the chest was performed, for comparative purposes, in 10 normal patients who were referred because of suspected ischemic heart disease. Of the 30 patients with esophageal carcinoma, 22 epidermoid carcinomas (73%) were detected using Tc-99m MIBI chest SPECT, while eight carcinomas (27%) were not detected. In comparison, 10 of the control patients (100%) were not detected on the Tc-99m MIBI chest SPECT. In addition, the diagnostic sensitivity was not related to cell differentiation, the location, or the size of the carcinomas. These results suggest that the Tc-99m MIBI chest SPECT could be a helpful test to detect esophageal carcinoma.
The altered tumoricidal capacity of macrophages isolated from tumor-bearing mice is related to reduce expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene.
Authors: M R Dinapoli, C L Calderon, D M Lopez
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a major effector molecule in the destruction of tumor cells by activated macrophages. However, in many cases, developing neoplasms appear to be capable of impairing steps in the complex process leading to NO production as a means of avoiding immune destruction. After activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peritoneal-elicited macrophages (PEM) from mice bearing mammary tumors display alterations in their ability to lyse tumor cells due to reduced production of NO. In contrast, when these same cells are stimulated with LPS in combination with interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), they are able to produce NO and lyse targets at normal levels. Since tumor-associated macrophages are intimately associated with the cells of the developing tumor, their ability to produce NO and lyse tumor targets is likely to be more relevant to controlling tumor growth. This population of macrophages exhibited a more profound inability to produce NO and lyse targets and, unlike the PEM, was not able to upregulate these functions even when treated with combinations of LPS and IFN-gamma. Northern and Western blots revealed that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein levels correlated directly with the ability of each macrophage population to produce NO, and the levels of these macromolecules were altered sufficiently in tumor bearers' macrophages to account for the diminished NO production described. These results indicate that a spatial gradient of suppression of macrophage cytolytic activity and iNOS expression exists in mammary tumor-bearing mice, whereby macrophages from within the tumor exhibit a more pronounced suppression than the more distally located PEM. This suppression may be due to proximity of the macrophages to the developing tumor, macrophage maturational state, or both.
The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals
Authors: Martha Windholz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

The Merck Index is a one-volume encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals that contains more than 10,000 monographs. Each monograph in this authoritative reference source is a concise description of a single substance or a small group of closely related compounds. Compounds included: * human and veterinary drugs * biotech drugs and monoclonal antibodies * substances used for medical imaging * biologicals and natural products * plants and traditional medicines * nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals * agriculturals, pesticides and herbicides * Organic chemicals used in research * Food additives and supplements * dyes, colors and indicators * environmentally significant substances Information provided: * chemical, common and generic names * Over 15,000 trademarks and associated companies * CAS Registry Numbers for over 12,000 compounds * Over 8,500 chemical structures * molecular formulae, weights and percentage composition * capsule statements identifying compound classes and scientific significance * scientific and patent literature references * physical and toxicity data * therapeutic and commercial uses * caution and hazard information In addition, there are more than 700 new and completely revised monographs, thousands of new references, trademarks and uses added to existing monographs. Now includes a companion CD-ROM which features 989 monographs no longer available in print, organic name reactions, supplemental tables and a new user interface for user-friendly searching. Features of the CD: * Searchable by keywords, references, and numerical properties * Search the complete contents of the 14th edition, plus nearly a thousand monographs archived from previous editions * Comes with a free one-year subscription to the Merck Index Internet Edition * Windows-compatible CD powered by CambridgeSoft's ChemFinder * Extensively revised supplemental tables now including acronyms, vaccines, and physical constants * More than 70 pages of hard to find information in one easy-to-use place
Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Authors: Robert Auerbach
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  I would like to agree wholeheartedly with early operative treatment. However, I do not think grafting is indicated except in rare circumstances. If one excises abscesses and cysts, as they appear, going deep into the fat and making certain that all apocrine gland tissue is removed, then grafting will be unnecessary. The wounds can either be left to heal by secondary intention or can be primarily sutured. With proper placement of incision, and with time, surprisingly little or no limitation of movement is encountered. This treatment is simpler than grafting, yields the same results, and does not result in the emotional trauma to the patient in having a recurrence beneath or at the edge of a graft, which we have seen all too often in patients who have had grafts.  I would like to repeat, however, that definitive treatment should never consist of merely incision and drainage
Design and Validation of a New Screening Instrument for Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: The Bladder Control Self-Assessment Questionnaire (B-SAQ)
Authors: Ramandeep Basra, Walter Artibani, Linda Cardozo, David Castro-Diaz, Christopher Chapple, Eduardo Cortes, Dirk De Ridder, Montse Espuna Pons, Francois Haab, Markus Hohenfellner, Michael Kirby, Ian Milsom, Philip Van Kerrebroeck, Mark Vierhout, Adrian Wagg, Cornelius Kelleher
Journal: European Urology (2006)