tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE UNAVOIDABLE ERROR IN THE DIFFERENTIAL COUNT OF THE LEUKOCYTES OF THE BLOOD
Authors: C. W. Barnett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1933)

In differential blood counting, one attempts by careful observation of a limited number of leukocytes to obtain a picture of the actual dis- tribution of the various types of cells in the blood stream.Many physicians are inclined to accept a count done by a competent person as a very close approximation to this value.There are many statements in the literature which indicate an absolute confidence in the results of differ- ential counts, of which the following quotation from an article on surgical lesions of the abdomen is a typical example."Probably the blood count is of the greatest value in determining the severity of the lesion in acute appendicitis.When the polymorphonuclear percentage is 70, or below, a suppurative or gangrenous process may be ruled out and operation delayed or postponed with safety.It is difficult to be sure of the severity of the process when the percentage of polymorphonuclears is between 70 and 80.I have seen beginning peritonitis with percentages below 80 but above this point one may feel sure that he is dealing with a dangerous lesion which should have immediate treatment."Such confidence is unwarranted, since differential counting of the leukocytes is one of the most uncertain of the quantitative methods used in medicine.There are three types of error in this procedure.The first is the mechanical error, which includes all variations in taking the blood sample, making the smear and staining, and all irregularities in distri- bution of the cells depending upon the type of smear and the areas over which the count is made.The second type is the error of interpretation, the magnitude of which depends entirely upon the judgment of the observer.The third is the error due entirely to chance, which is the subject of the present paper.Many articles have been written on the errors of blood counting, but most of them are concerned with the mechanical errors.Thus, Napier (1), Meissner (2), Stephens et al. (3), Beacom (4) and Gyllensward (5) describe variations in differential counts on smears made in various ways, the counts being made over various areas of the smears.No two of these authors agree as to the most accurate method of making the count.The chance errors either are not mentioned or are discussed very briefly.All
Benign distal jejunal stricture treated by a partially covered esophageal stent with the use of spiral enteroscopy
Authors: Frances Onyimba, Vivek Kumbhari, Alan Tieu, Jennifer Cai, Ahmed Abdegelil, Aditi Reddy, Mouen Khashab, Patrick Okolo
Journal: Endoscopy (2015)

Corrected by: Benign distal jejunal stricture treated by a partially covered esophageal stent with the use of spiral enteroscopyEndoscopy 2015; 47(S 01): E172-E172DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1547070
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis
Authors: J. T. Annema, M. Veseliç, K. F. Rabe
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

The objective of the current study was to assess the yield of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis in a large patient group. Bronchoscopy with transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) is nondiagnostic in 30% of patients with suspected sarcoidosis and has a risk of pneumothorax and haemoptysis. In order to obtain a diagnosis, mediastinoscopy is often performed as the next diagnostic procedure. EUS-FNA provides a nonsurgical alternative for the demonstration of noncaseating granulomas by aspirating mediastinal lymph nodes from the oesophagus. In total, 51 patients with suspected sarcoidosis stage I and II underwent EUS-FNA. Thirty-six patients (71%) previously underwent a nondiagnostic bronchoscopy. All patients were clinically followed (median 18 months) and surgical-pathological verification occurred in those patients with EUS aspirates that contained unrepresentative material. EUS-FNA demonstrated noncaseating granulomas without necrosis in 41 of 50 patients (82%) with the final diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Specific ultrasound features of clustered, well-demarcated iso-echoic lymph nodes were observed in 64% of patients with sarcoidosis. No complications occurred. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration has a high yield in diagnosing sarcoidosis and qualifies as the next diagnostic step after a nondiagnostic bronchoscopy. The current authors expect that endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration will reduce the number of mediastinoscopies for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis dramatically.
PROPAGATION OF THE VIRUS OF HUMAN INFLUENZA IN THE GUINEA PIG FETUS
Authors: Oram C. Woolpert, Fred W. Gallagher, Leona Rubinstein, N. Paul Hudson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1938)

The PR8 strain of human influenza virus was found to proliferate and disseminate widely in the tissues of fetal guinea pigs inoculated in utero. Large quantities of virus free of bacteria were recovered from lung, liver, and placenta, and smaller quantities from blood and brain, after incubation periods ranging from 2 to 6 days. Although the fetuses proved to constitute an excellent medium for the propagation of influenza virus, they evinced little gross reaction to the infection. Several series of passages from fetus to fetus were accomplished; one consisted of 10 transfers, another of 16. For serial passage the virus was inoculated intracerebrally into half-grown fetuses and the fetal lungs were harvested 48 hours later as a source of virus for subinoculation. It is concluded that multiplication of the virus occurred particularly in the lungs, which may be considered a significant reaffirmation of the pneumotropic tendencies of this virus. Following passage in series the virus was found, on the basis of cross-immunity and cross-neutralization tests, to be immunologically identical with the mouse passage virus from which it was derived. Other properties also appeared to be unaltered by passage of the virus under these conditions.
Paediatrician in Baby P case will appear before GMC in October
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The paediatrician accused of missing Baby P’s injuries, who left Britain the day before she was due to face misconduct allegations before the General Medical Council last February, is now set to appear before the UK regulator on 11 October.

Sabah Al-Zayyat was working as a locum community paediatrician when she saw the 17 month old boy, later named as Peter Connolly, at St Ann’s Hospital in north London two days before his death at the hands of his mother, her boyfriend, and his brother. She is accused of not carrying …
Oral Maintenance Therapy for Cholera in Adults.
Authors: David R. Nalin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

s1 May 1969Oral Maintenance Therapy for Cholera in Adults.David R. Nalin, M.D., Richard A. Cash, M.D., Robert A. Phillips, M.D.David R. Nalin, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Richard A. Cash, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Robert A. Phillips, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-70-5-1091_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThis study was designed to develop an oral solution that could reduce the need for intravenous fluids for replacement of stool water and electrolyte losses in cholera.Cholera patients in shock were given intravenous fluid until blood pressure was normal. Subsequent losses of stool and vomitus were replaced by an oral solution of electrolytes with either glucose or glycine as a substrate for sodium absorption. Fluid losses were subtracted from oral input, and the result was used as an index of oral hydration. Overall hydration was correlated with serial vital signs, weights, plasma electrolytes, and plasma specific gravities.Detailed balance... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: David R. Nalin, M.D.; Richard A. Cash, M.D.; Robert A. Phillips, M.D.Affiliations: Dacca East Pakistan PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1969Volume 70, Issue 5Page: 1091-1091KeywordsBlood plasmaBlood pressureCholeraGlucoseGlycineSaltsShockSodiumVital signs ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1969 PDF downloadLoading ...
Abstract B52: Design and synthesis of GADD45β agonists for sorefenib-resistance hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Da-Liang Ou, Hsiang-Hsuan Fan, Chiun Hsu, Ann-Lii Cheng, Cheng-Yi Hsu, Chung-Wai Shiau
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 45β (GADD45β) have been reported in regulating cellular stress response, survival, senescence, and apoptosis in cancer cells. Our previous data showed that GADD45β was induced in sorafenib-treated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line and xenograft models. Sorafenib induction was not induced after the treatment ERK kinase inhibitor (U1206) and Raf inhibitor (ZM336372), suggesting that Raf/MEK/ERK kinase signaling pathway did not involve in induction of GADD45β by sorafenib. Methods: We have designed and synthesized a series of SC-compounds. These compounds were treated with and analyzed in terms of GADD45β expression in HCC cell lines (Huh-7, Huh7R). Also, Effects of SC-compounds and sorafenib induced cell apoptosis were evaluated. Results: In seeking new GADD45β agonists, we have screened a series of compounds with GADD45β expression assay. SC-20, a small molecule with N-(4-(quinolin-4-yloxy)phenyl)benzamide skeleton, has shown significantly in induction of GADD45β expression. Interestingly, SC-20 has no inhibition in phosphorylation of ERK, indicating that GADD45β induction by SC-20 is independent of ERK signaling pathway. In addition, SC-20 is able to inhibit HCC cell growth with MTT assay and further induce cell apoptosis. Moreover, SC-20 is able to overcome sorafenib resistance cell line by activating GADD45β expression. Conclusions: SC-20 provides a new concept that increasing GADD45β along will be applicable in sorafenib-sensitive and resistant HCC therapy. Grant support: NSC-100-2325-B-002-042, DOH100-TD-B-111-001, NSC-100-2325-B-010-007
Effect of Chlorpromazine on Cerebral Hemodynamics and Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism in Man
Authors: JOHN H. MOYER, GEORGE MORRIS, ROBERT PONTIUS, ROBERT HERSHBERGER, C. Polk Smith
Journal: Circulation (1956)

Cerebral blood flow frequently decreases following the intravenous administration of chlorpromazine, apparently a result of the reduction in arterial blood pressure. If arterial blood pressure does not decrease, cerebral blood flow is not altered. Chlorpromazine does not exert a depressant effect on cerebral oxygen consumption as morphine does.
Additional Lead Improves Defibrillation Efficacy With an Abdominal ‘Hot Can’ Electrode System
Authors: Yoshio Yamanouchi, Kent A. Mowrey, Mark J. Niebauer, Patrick J. Tchou, Bruce L. Wilkoff
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Although the left prepectoral site is preferred for “hot can” placement, this site is unavailable in some patients. We evaluated the influence of electrode location on defibrillation thresholds with alternative hot can and transvenous lead configurations. Methods and Results Three interrelated studies were performed. In group 1, the importance of hot can location was investigated by pairing a right ventricular lead to five different hot can placement sites in seven pigs. The defibrillation energies for right pectoral, left pectoral, left subaxillary, and right and left abdominal hot can sites were 20.3±2.7,* 15.9±3.8, 14.9±2.5, 32.0±3.4,* and 30.0±3.4 J,* respectively (* P &lt;.005 versus left pectoral and left subaxillary sites). In group 2, the value of a three-electrode configuration with an abdominal hot can placement was investigated by adding a subclavian vein lead to the pectoral or abdominal hot can configurations in seven pigs. The defibrillation energies for left pectoral and abdominal sites were 18.6±4.2 and 29.0±5.8 J ( P =.0001), respectively. The addition of a right or left subclavian vein lead with an abdominal hot can reduced the threshold to 19.3±4.2* or 18.8±3.2,* respectively (* P =.0001 versus abdominal site). In group 3, the contribution of the abdominal hot can electrode to the three-electrode configuration was tested by a comparison with two purely transvenous two-electrode configurations in six pigs. The defibrillation energy (19.9±3.2 J) for the abdominal hot can with a subclavian vein lead was lower than the transvenous lead configurations with a subclavian vein (29.0±2.5 J, P =.0001) or a superior vena cava lead (30.7±3.7 J, P =.0001). The right ventricular lead was the sole cathode during the first phase of the biphasic shock in all experiments. Conclusions Defibrillation energy depends on the hot can placement site. The addition of a subclavian vein lead with an abdominal hot can improves defibrillation efficacy to the level of the pectoral placement and is better than a purely transvenous lead configuration.
Visual Hallucinations: More Diagnoses
Authors: Andrew L. Carney
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  In the discussion of visual disorientation of short duration in a patient with right-sided hemiplegia and hemianopsia,1consideration of hemodynamics at the level of the circle of Willis was omitted. If the patient had occlusion of the left internal carotid artery with a patent left posterior communicating artery, transient occipital lobe ischemia may have been produced by a transient reduction of blood flow in the dominant vertebral artery. This may have been due either to mechanical obstruction of the vertebral artery (eg, as a function of head position) or to a reduction in cardiac output (eg, as a result of the upright position, Valsalva's maneuver, or cardiac dysrhythmia).  If the internal carotid artery is occluded and if vertebral angiography shows filling of both the anterior and posterior circulation, brain ischemia with functional impairment is common. Blood flow in the vertebral artery can be maximized by a
Sex Bias in Cardiovascular Care
Authors: Daniel B. Mark
Journal: JAMA (2000)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Factors influencing the quality of food extracts for <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in viio</i> diagnosis
Authors: S. Vieths, A. Hoffmann, T. Holzhauser, U. Müller, J. Reindl, D. Haustein
Journal: Allergy (1998)

Food extracts for diagnostic purposes often lack sufficient activity and consistency. Biologically standardized food extracts are not available on the market. Using extracts from plant‐derived foods as examples, we investigated factors which may be important for the quality of such extracts. Divergent allergenic activities were found between strains of apples, but not within varieties of celery tuber (celeriac), hazelnut, and peanut, respectively. Heating of the food remarkably reduced the activity of apple, hazelnut, and celeriac, but had little effect on peanut. By contrast, heating of semipurified protein extracts from celery tuber and apple for 30 min at 100°C did not deplete the immunoreactivity of the major allergens, indicating that this is an inappropriate test for identifying labile food allergens. Due to their high endogenous enzyme activities, apples and other fruits require special extraction procedures applying either low temperature or enzyme inhibitors. Variation of extraction conditions had little effect on the composition and activity of extracts from hazelnut. The storage stability of skin test solutions from plant foods can be improved by avoiding phenol as an additive and by including 50% of glycerol. For model studies considering neoallergens, IgE was raised in mice against native and heated celery tuber, respectively. When extracts from nonthermally and thermally processed celeriac were subjected to an RBL‐cell mediator release assay with these sera, an inverse ranking was obtained with anti‐heated celeriac IgE and anti‐native celeriac IgE, respectively. These data indicated that new epitopes had been formed by the heating process. Since all parameters were tested in model experiments with either human or murine IgE, their relevance has to be proven in further clinical investigations.
Specific detection of minus-strand hepatitis C virus RNA by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction on polyA+-purified RNA
Authors: Seyed Taghi Takyar, Dong-sheng Li, Yong-hong Wang, Rachel Trowbridge, Eric J. Gowans
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

A full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) clone of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome was used to prepare full-length plus- and minus-strand RNA. The minus-strand RNA, which contains a polyA + tract complementary to the polyU tract found in the plus strand (genomic) RNA, but not the plus strand RNA, was captured with a commercial polyA + -tract isolation system. After elution, the minus strand was amplified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The combination of this procedure and RT-PCR using rTth resulted in an unprecedented level of discrimination of 10 logs 10 . HCV minus-strand RNA isolation was unaffected by the addition of an excess of 10 4 of plus strands or by the addition of cellular RNA, and although the polyA + isolation step removed 99.99% of plus strands, there was no loss of minus-strand signal. Minus-strand RNA was detected in RNA extracted from 4/4 liver samples and 4/8 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) samples examined. Because the titer of plus-strand HCV RNA in any sample makes a significant contribution to false, random, and self-priming, removal of the plus strand in this manner results in the most accurate method yet devised to confirm the replication of HCV in a population of cells.
A new mechanism for atrioventricular nodal gap-vagal modulation of conduction.
Authors: T Mazgalev, L S Dreifus, E L Michelson
Journal: Circulation (1989)

The well-known paradoxic behavior of atrioventricular conduction, the so-called gap phenomenon, that occurs when impulses within a certain range of coupling intervals are blocked while impulses with shorter coupling intervals are conducted is attributed to differences in properties of refractoriness in neighboring regions of the conduction system. In contrast, in the present study a model was developed showing a similar phenomenon, dependent on different electrophysiologic mechanisms and localized within the atrioventricular node in an isolated rabbit heart tissue preparation (n = 11). The hearts were paced at cycle length of 400-500 msec, and atrioventricular nodal conduction times (A2H2) were measured versus atrial extrastimulus (A1A2) coupling intervals by standard extrastimulus techniques. Postganglionic vagal stimulation was applied in the atrioventricular node as short bursts of subthreshold (for myocardium) stimuli with duration of 50-150 msec, amplitude of 20-800 microA, and absolute phase (delay after A1) of 0-500 msec. Vagal bursts with appropriate parameters consistently produced bimodal conduction curves. Initially, gradual shortening of the A1A2 coupling interval was associated with an increasing A2H2, with an accentuated increase (or even atrioventricular block) within an intermediate A1A2 range. However, further shortening of the A1A2 coupling interval produced a decrease in A2H2, which subsequently was followed by a block at the effective refractory period. Microelectrode recordings indicated that this characteristic bimodal pattern of conduction curves, demonstrating a gap, reflected transient vagally induced hyperpolarization in the N region of the node. In those instances where conduction block occurred and gap was manifest, the most marked hyperpolarization coincided with the time of arrival of midcycle premature extrastimuli, whereas the conduction of extrastimuli with either more or less prematurity was under less-marked vagal influence. Thus, this study demonstrates a new electrophysiologic mechanism producing anomalous conduction curves and the gap phenomenon within the atrioventricular node based on vagal-induced nonuniform recovery of diastolic excitability.
Maternal and Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
Authors: Lawrence Corey, Anna Wald
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Whether it is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or type 2, neonatal HSV infection is a devastating disease if untreated, and more than 30% of pregnant women in the United States have genital infection with HSV. This review summarizes the current facts on this disease and its early identification and treatment, as well as the prospects for more effective prevention.
3-Dimensional Aortic Annular Assessment by Multidetector Computed Tomography Predicts Moderate or Severe Paravalvular Regurgitation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Alexander B. Willson, John G. Webb, Troy M. LaBounty, Stephan Achenbach, Robert Moss, Miriam Wheeler, Christopher Thompson, James K. Min, Ronen Gurvitch, Bjarne L. Norgaard, Cameron J. Hague, Stefan Toggweiler, Ronald Binder, Melanie Freeman, Rohan Poulter, Steen Poulsen, David A. Wood, Jonathon Leipsic
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Obama promises to defend health law and promote "precision medicine"
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2015)

In his State of the Union address before both chambers of the US Congress on 20 January, President Barack Obama said that the United States had recovered from the economic crisis precipitated by the 2008 recession but now needed to tackle the needs of middle class people, many of whom are not sharing in the nation’s prosperity.

He said, “It’s now up to us to choose who we want to be over the next 15 years, and for decades to come. Will we accept an economy where only a few of us do spectacularly well? Or …