tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidemic obesity in school and community: current issues on causes, consequences, prevention and management with an Asia Pacific perspective
Authors: Ming-kai Chin
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Increasing prevalence of obesity has been shown not only in the industrially developed countries, but also in the developing countries. Obesity is represented in all age categories and in male and female populations. In adults, it is mostly accompanied by various health problems – diabetes, diseases of the cardiovascular system, dyslipidaemia, ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, cholecystopathy, orthopaedic problems and limited motor ability, etc; morbidity and mortality are shown to be increased due to obesity. The health situation is worse when obesity starts during childhood. Unlike the western developed or developing economies, the situation in Asia is rather complex. The economies of countries and regions in Asia are at different phases of development. In a recent WHO report, six Asian countries – China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan and Bangladesh – are listed among the top 10 countries with the greatest prevalence of the disease. Transitions in diet and nutrition and changes in activity patterns fuel the obesity epidemic. Rapid economic development in Asia together with raised standards of living over the last three decades have resulted in increased nutrient availability to many countries in the region and also improved health facilities. There have also been marked changes in the sources of nutrients and the patterns and composition of diets. Building environments in large, urban agglomerations that reward and encourage masses of people to make lifestyle choices, may be a key factor of the current problem in Asia and the USA. Social and economic conditions influenced, mostly through nutrition and physical activity regimes, the prevalence of obesity in different ways. An effort for timely diagnosis of early stages of obesity and efficient multifaceted treatment approaches combining intervention with nutritional and physical activity regimes, along with behavioural and psychological intervention are mostly recommendable. The aim of this presentation is to document current global trends of obesity with special reference in Asian-Pacific countries from an international perspective. Current changes in physical education, diet and physical activity patterns and video clips on model school programme in physical education and health and the new direction of holistic health and physical education discussed in the recent Global Forum of Physical Education Pedagogy (GoFPEP 2010) will be used for illustration.
Significance of positive Stenotrophomonas maltophilia culture in acute respiratory tract infection
Authors: A. Pathmanathan, G. W. Waterer
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a common coloniser of the respiratory tract of patients with chronic lung disease, and, in the absence of pneumonia or bacteraemia, is often ignored by physicians at the Royal Perth Hospital (Perth, Australia). Experience at the Royal Perth Hospital was reviewed to determine whether ignoring S. maltophilia in this setting has any apparent effect on clinical outcome. All patients who presented with an acute respiratory illness and yielded a positive culture for S. maltophilia between 1995 and 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. All subjects had to yield a positive respiratory isolate of S. maltophilia and undergo chest radiography within 24 h of the isolate being obtained. Ninety-two episodes were identified in 89 individuals; 64 showed no evidence of consolidation. Of the study group, 51 (80.0%) received no anti- S. maltophilia antibiotic therapy and 21 (32.8%) had a nosocomially acquired isolate. The overall mortality rate was 20.3%. There was no impact of anti- S. maltophilia therapy on outcome. The only independent predictor of mortality was serum albumin level. As there was no measurable impact of antibiotic therapy, in the absence of consolidation, a positive respiratory tract isolate of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia probably represents colonisation of a severely impaired host rather than invasive disease.
FBL-reactive CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T lymphocytes recognize distinct Friend murine leukemia virus-encoded antigens.
Authors: J P Klarnet, D E Kern, K Okuno, C Holt, F Lilly, P D Greenberg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

Immunization of C57BL/6 (B6) mice with FBL, a Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV), induces both tumor-specific cytolytic CD8+ (CTL) and lymphokine-producing CD4+ Th that are effective in adoptive therapy of B6 mice bearing disseminated FBL leukemia. The current study evaluated the F-MuLV antigenic determinants expressed on FBL that are recognized by FBL-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. To identify the specificity of the FBL-reactive CD8+ CTL, Fisher rat embryo fibroblast (FRE) cells transfected with plasmids encoding F-MuLV gag or envelope (env) gene products plus the class I-restricting element Db were utilized. FBL-reactive CTL recognized FRE target cells transfected with the F-MuLV gag-encoded gene products, but failed to recognize targets expressing F-MuLV env. Attempts to generate env-specific CD8+ CTL by immunization with a recombinant vaccinia virus containing an inserted F-MuLV env gene were unsuccessful, despite the generation of a cytolytic response to vaccinia epitopes, implying that B6 mice fail to generate CD8+ CTL to env determinants. By contrast, CD4+ Th clones recognized FRE target cells transfected with env and not gag genes, and immunization with the recombinant vaccinia virus induced an env-specific CD4+ T cell response. These data show that in a Friend retrovirus-induced tumor model in which tumor rejection can be mediated by either CTL or Th, antigens derived from discrete retroviral proteins are predominantly responsible for activation of each T cell subset.
Clinical Activity of Crizotinib in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Harboring Ros1 Gene Rearrangement
Authors: S.I. Ou, D.R. Camidge, J. Engelman, J. Clark, L. Tye, K. Wilner, P. Stephenson, M. Varella-Garcia, A. Iafrate, A.T. Shaw, P. Hainaut, X. Ma, B. Lacas, M. Tsao, J. Douillard, V. Rousseau, A. Dunant, L. Seymour, M. Filipits, S. Graziano, J. He, H. Yang, Q. Deng, P. He, J. Jiang, M. Zhao, X. Gu, L. Zheng, H. Pang, J.X. Zhou, N. Reinmuth, S.J. Scherer, R. Penzel, P. Schnabel, M. Meister, J. Kiemle-Kallee, A. Reuss, J.R. Fischer, M. Wolf, M. Thomas, M. von Laffert, E. Berg, D. Lenze, P. Lohneis, M. Hummel, M. Dietel, X. Han, L. Ma, Y. Liu, N.N. Zhang, D. Li, Y. Shi, K. Furugaki, T. Iwai, Y. Moriya, K. Fujimoto-Ouchi, T.S.K. Mok, K. Park, S.L. Geater, S. Agarwal, M. Han, M. Credi, K. McKee, N. Kuriyama, W. Slichenmyer, E.H. Tan, L. Greillier, I. Martel-Lafay, D. Arpin, N. Pourel, S. Chabaud, R. Lamy, A. Madroszyk, P. Fournel, H.H. Strøm, S. Sundstrøm, N. Helbekkmo, R. Bremnes, U. Aasebø, W. van Elmpt, M. Öllers, A.C. Dingemans, P. Lambin, D. De Ruysscher, E. Topkan, C. Parlak, S. Topuk, O. Ozyilkan, W. Uyterlinde, A.D. Vincent, J. Belderbos, T. Korse, P. Baas, M. van den Heuvel, M. Satouchi, Y. Chiba, N. Yamamoto, Y. Nishimura, K. Tsujino, Y. Fujisaka, S. Kudoh, T. Hida, S. Atagi, K. Nakagawa, N. Ianotti, S. Thongprasert, A. Spira, D. Smith, V. Lee, W-T. Lim, P. Gopalakrishna, C. Reynolds, N. Nogami, R. Sekiguchi, S. Enatsu, T. Tamura, I. Alsan Cetin, Z. Akgün Cetinkaya, P.F. Yumuk, F. Dane, G. Karaüç, N. Sunnetci, N.S. Turhal, B.M. Atasoy, P. Schirmacher, H. Kreipe, R. Büttner, I. Petersen, W. Jochum, S. Wang, J. Li, X. Hu, X. Wang, L. Gui, L. Zhao, Y. Sun, C. Butts, R.N. Murray, C.J. Smith, P.M. Ellis, K. Jasas, A. Maksymiuk, G. Goss, M. Falk, A.H. Loos, D. Soulières, M. Chabowski, R. Ramlau, W. Dyszkiewicz, N. Chouaki, V. Soldatenkova, R. Varea, S. Barriga, C.M. Visseren-Grul, T. Orlowski, J. Casal Rubio, B. Taboada, M. Lazaro, S. Vazquez, X.L. Firvida, M. Vieito Villar, E. Hernández, J.E. Castro, F. Barón, C. Pena, R. Wanders, A. van Baardwijk, B. Reymen, G. Bootsma, J. Sonke, M. Pless, D. Betticher, C. Droege, M. Salzberg, R. von Moos, S. Niho, H. Nokihara, K. Nihei, T. Akimoto, M. Sumi, Y. Ito, I. Sekine, K. Kubota, Y. Ohe, H. Sharifi, R. Vandendries, M. Das, G. Nalbantov, M. Oellers, B.L.T. Ramaekers, M.A. Joore, B. Lueza, J. Bonastre, A. Mauguen, J. Pignon, C. Le Pechoux, J.P. Grutters, K. Hotta, K. Kiura, H. Yoshizawa, I. Borget, M. Perol, D. Perol, A. Lavole, R. Gervais, G. Zalcman, A. Vergnenegre, C. Chouaid, W. Qi, Y. Yao, Z. Shen, A. He, F. Lin, I. Abdel Halim, M. El-Ashry, W. El-Sadda, S. Temraz, A. Grigorescu, I. Turtoi, S.E. Boeru, M.V. Kopp, I.A. Koroleva, S.V. Kozlov, L.V. Shaplygin, M.E. Popova, J.G. Kutyreva
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2012)
Reversal of metabolic shift in post-infarct-remodelled hearts: possible novel therapeutic approach
Authors: M. Tanno, A. Kuno
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

This editorial refers to ‘Infarct-remodelled hearts with limited oxidative capacity boost fatty acid oxidation after conditioning against ischaemia/reperfusion injury’ by P.-H. Lou et al ., doi:10.1093/cvr/cvs323. 

With sophistication and improvement in coronary revascularization therapy, the chances of patients surviving acute myocardial infarction have been increasing. Though the procedure is life-saving, it also predisposes the patients to post-infarction ventricular remodelling and consequent heart failure. Since those patients usually have atherosclerotic lesions not only in the culprit vessel in the infarction but also in some part of the coronary artery, the likelihood of them having re-infarction is substantial. The mortality of patients with re-infarction has been reported to be more than twice as high as that by the first attack,1 probably due, at least in part, to disrupted intrinsic cardioprotective signalling in post-infarct-remodelled hearts.2 In addition to the change in intracellular signal transduction, it has been well established that a so-called metabolic shift takes place as cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure develop. In healthy hearts, oxidation of fatty acids (FAs) covers >70% of the cardiac energy need, with most of the remainder being accounted for by glucose oxidation.3 On the other hand, hearts change their substrate preference from FAs towards glucose as remodelling develops in response to diverse stresses.3 The oxidation of one molecule of FAs yields far more ATP (∼129 ATP in the case of palmitate) than glucose (∼36 ATP). Therefore, glucose oxidation can hardly compensate for the decrease in ATP synthesis when the oxidation of FAs …
Limitations of Axis II in Diagnosing Personality Pathology in Clinical Practice
Authors: Drew Westen, Laura Arkowitz-Westen
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

DSM-IV's axis II is limited to severe personality disturbances, posing difficulty for diagnosing less severe but nonetheless clinically significant personality pathology. The authors examined the percentage of patients treated in clinical practice for personality pathology who are diagnosable with DSM-IV.Psychiatrists and psychologists from a random national sample provided diagnostic data on 714 patients treated for enduring, maladaptive personality patterns.Only 39.4% of the patients had diagnosable axis II disorders. This percentage was relatively stable across clinicians' theoretical orientations and did not vary substantially when axis I diagnosis was controlled for.DSM-IV cannot be used to diagnose most patients being treated for personality problems. The range of axis II should be broadened to encompass the range of personality pathology seen in clinical practice.
ELISA READERS AND HIV ANTIBODY TESTING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: JonathanM. Mann, Henry Francis, Kashemuka Mwandagalirwa, Lubaki Ndongala, Duma Mavunza-Paka, Gilles Baekert, Miatudila Malonga, Ngaly Bosenge, Nzila Nzilambi, RobertC. Colebunders, Peter Piot, ThomasC. Quinn, JamesW. Curran
Journal: The Lancet (1986)
Self reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: historical cohort study
Authors: S. Zammit
Journal: BMJ (2002)

An association between use of cannabis in adolescence and subsequent risk of schizophrenia was previously reported in a follow up of Swedish conscripts. Arguments were raised that this association may be due to use of drugs other than cannabis and that personality traits may have confounded results. We performed a further analysis of this cohort to address these uncertainties while extending the follow up period to identify additional cases.Historical cohort study.1969-70 survey of Swedish conscripts (>97% of the country's male population aged 18-20).50 087 subjects: data were available on self reported use of cannabis and other drugs, and on several social and psychological characteristics.Admissions to hospital for ICD-8/9 schizophrenia and other psychoses, as determined by record linkage.Cannabis was associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia in a dose dependent fashion both for subjects who had ever used cannabis (adjusted odds ratio for linear trend of increasing frequency 1.2, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 1.4, P<0.001), and for subjects who had used only cannabis and no other drugs (adjusted odds ratio for linear trend 1.3, 1.1 to 1.5, P<0.015). The adjusted odds ratio for using cannabis >50 times was 6.7 (2.1 to 21.7) in the cannabis only group. Similar results were obtained when analysis was restricted to subjects developing schizophrenia after five years after conscription, to exclude prodromal cases.Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, consistent with a causal relation. This association is not explained by use of other psychoactive drugs or personality traits relating to social integration.
Systems analysis of circadian time-dependent neuronal epidermal growth factor receptor signaling.
Authors: Daniel E Zak, Haiping Hao, Rajanikanth Vadigepalli, Gregory M Miller, Babatunde A Ogunnaike, James S Schwaber
Journal: Genome biology (2006)

Abstract Background Identifying the gene regulatory networks governing physiological signal integration remains an important challenge in circadian biology. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in circadian function and is expressed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the core circadian pacemaker. The transcription networks downstream of EGFR in the SCN are unknown but, by analogy to other SCN inputs, we expect the response to EGFR activation to depend on circadian timing. Results We have undertaken a systems-level analysis of EGFR circadian time-dependent signaling in the SCN. We collected gene-expression profiles to study how the SCN response to EGFR activation depends on circadian timing. Mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to identify genes with circadian time-dependent EGFR regulation. The expression data were integrated with transcription-factor binding predictions through gene group enrichment analyses to generate robust hypotheses about transcription-factors responsible for the circadian phase-dependent EGFR responses. Conclusion The analysis results suggest that the transcriptional response to EGFR signaling in the SCN may be partly mediated by established transcription-factors regulated via EGFR transription-factors (AP1, Ets1, C/EBP), transcription-factors involved in circadian clock entrainment (CREB), and by core clock transcription-factors (Rorα). Quantitative real-time PCR measurements of several transcription-factor expression levels support a model in which circadian time-dependent EGFR responses are partly achieved by circadian regulation of upstream signaling components. Our study suggests an important role for EGFR signaling in SCN function and provides an example for gaining physiological insights through systems-level analysis.
Re: Second Cancers After Adjuvant Tamoxifen Therapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: L. S. COOK, N. S. WEISS, M. S. POTTS
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1997)

You Say Tomato and I Say Tomahto: Getting a Handle on Pronouncing ApoptosisI am writing about the item in the News section (1) in which Bob Kuska attempted to lay to rest the controversy over the pronunciation of ''apoptosis.''Although it is true that a proper name can be pronounced any way at all (e.g., Tagliaferro is often pronounced ''Tolliv-er''), there are rules for Greek pronunciation and they do not include silencing the ''p'' in ''pt'' when it occurs in the middle of the word.Following the author's recommendation, helicopter would be ''hel-i-cot-er,'' proptosis would be ''prot-osis,'' and lepidoptera would be ''lep-i-dot-era.''With all due respect to Kerr et al. ( 2), it would not seem necessary to change the rules of Greek pronunciation simply to accommodate the process they observed.By the way, pathologists have been recognizing this process for many years on light microscopic examination, but they called it ''karyorrhexis'' from karyon for nucleus or nut and rhexis, a breaking.A new word to describe the process may not have been necessary in the first place; making up new rules for pronouncing it seems even less justified.
Presentation of exogenous protein antigens by dendritic cells to T cell clones. Intact protein is presented best by immature, epidermal Langerhans cells.
Authors: N Romani, S Koide, M Crowley, M Witmer-Pack, A M Livingstone, C G Fathman, K Inaba, R M Steinman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

The capacity of dendritic cells to present protein antigens has been studied with two MHC class II-restricted, myoglobin-specific, T cell clones. Spleen dendritic cells and cultured epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) presented native myoglobin weakly and often not at all. These same populations were powerful stimulators of allogeneic T cells in the primary MLR. Freshly isolated LC were in contrast very active in presenting proteins to T cell clones but were weak stimulators of the MLR. Both fresh and cultured LC could present specific peptide fragments of myoglobin to the clones. These results suggest that dendritic cells in nonlymphoid tissues like skin can act as sentinels for presenting antigens in situ, their accessory function developing in two phases. First antigens are captured and appropriately presented. Further handling of antigen then is downregulated while the cells acquire strong sensitizing activity for the growth and function of resting T lymphocytes. The potent MLR stimulating activity of cultured epidermal LC and lymphoid dendritic cells probably reflects prior handling of antigens leading to the formation of allogeneic MHC-peptide complexes.
Increased 1-Year Healthcare Use in Survivors of Severe Sepsis
Authors: Hallie C. Prescott, Kenneth M. Langa, Vincent Liu, Gabriel J. Escobar, Theodore J. Iwashyna
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Rationale: Hospitalizations for severe sepsis are common, and a growing number of patients survive to hospital discharge. Nonetheless, little is known about survivors’ post-discharge healthcare use.Objectives: To measure inpatient healthcare use of severe sepsis survivors compared with patients’ own presepsis resource use and the resource use of survivors of otherwise similar nonsepsis hospitalizations.Methods: This is an observational cohort study of survivors of severe sepsis and nonsepsis hospitalizations identified from participants in the Health and Retirement Study with linked Medicare claims, 1998–2005. We matched severe sepsis and nonsepsis hospitalizations by demographics, comorbidity burden, premorbid disability, hospitalization length, and intensive care use.Measurements and Main Results: Using Medicare claims, we measured patients’ use of inpatient facilities (hospitals, long-term acute care hospitals, and skilled nursing facilities) in the 2 years surrounding hospitalization. Severe sepsis survivors spent more days (median, 16 [interquartile range, 3–45] vs. 7 [0–29]; P < 0.001) and a higher proportion of days alive (median, 9.6% [interquartile range, 1.4–33.8%] vs. 1.9% [0.0–7.9%]; P < 0.001) admitted to facilities in the year after hospitalization, compared with the year prior. The increase in facility-days was similar for nonsepsis hospitalizations. However, the severe sepsis cohort experienced greater post-discharge mortality (44.2% [95% confidence interval, 41.3–47.2%] vs. 31.4% [95% confidence interval, 28.6–34.2%] at 1 year), a steeper decline in days spent at home (difference-in-differences, −38.6 d [95% confidence interval, −50.9 to 26.3]; P < 0.001), and a greater increase in the proportion of days alive spent in a facility (difference-in-differences, 5.4% [95% confidence interval, 2.8–8.1%]; P < 0.001).Conclusions: Healthcare use is markedly elevated after severe sepsis, and post-discharge management may be an opportunity to reduce resource use.
Circulating cytokine levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results of a double blind trial with sulphasalazine.
Authors: V A Danis, G M Franic, D A Rathjen, R M Laurent, P M Brooks
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha are pleiotropic cytokines produced predominantly by macrophages which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Sulphasalazine has been shown to have disease modifying properties and to inhibit the production of cytokines in vitro. To evaluate the effect of sulphasalazine on cytokine production in vivo, serum cytokine levels were measured in a group of patients with RA entered into a randomised controlled trial. Serum levels of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF alpha were measured at baseline and at two monthly intervals for six months in 17 patients receiving sulphasalazine and in 22 patients treated with placebo. The two groups of patients had a similar age and sex distribution, had had RA for less than a year, had no joint erosions, and had not been treated previously with any other disease modifying drugs. In the 39 patients studied IL-1 alpha was detected (&gt; 0.1 ng/ml) at baseline in 14 patients (median 0.24 ng/ml), IL-1 beta in 25 patients (median 1.0 ng/ml), TNF alpha in 27 patients (median 1.2 ng/ml), and IL-6 in 33 patients (median 0.44 ng/ml). In the group treated with sulphasalazine there was a progressive and significant decline in serum IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and TNF alpha levels over the six month period (median levels at six months were &lt; 0.1, 0.12, and 0.44 ng/ml respectively). Interleukin 6 levels were significantly reduced only at the four month time point (median level of 0.23 ng/ml). These reductions were associated with improvements in clinical and laboratory measures of disease activity. In contrast patients receiving the placebo showed no changes in serum cytokine levels and no improvement in clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity. These results suggest that sulphasalazine may exert its disease modifying effect partly by suppressing cytokine production in vivo.