tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Early Interventions for Schizophrenia Aim to Improve Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Role of branched-chain ketoacids in protein metabolism
Authors: Mackenzie Walser
Journal: Kidney International (1990)

Ketoanalogues of three branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are the principal constituents of ketoacid-amino acid mixtures currently under clinical trial in the United States [1], Canada, and France [2] as dietary supplements for patients with chronic renal failure. They have also been studied as agents of possible therapeutic value in portal-systemic encephalopathy [3], congenital hyperammonemia [4], post-operative N wasting [5], muscular dystrophy [6], McArdle's disease [7], and as feed additives for farm animals [8–11].  In addition to their possible uses, these branched-chain ketoacids (BCKA) play a role in normal amino acid metabolism, owing to their rapid interconvertibility (by transamination) with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). Most of their potential therapeutic uses stem from effects of these compounds on protein turnover.  The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge concerning the role of endogenous BCKA in protein metabolism and the effect of exogenous BCKA on N balance, with particular reference to renal failure. Other aspects of BCKA metabolism have been reviewed recently [12–15].
Points: Controlled trial of a new cervical spatula
Authors: C D Side
Journal: BMJ (1987)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Overview of:</b> Black DM, Geiger EJ, Eastell MD, <i>et al</i>. Atypical femur fracture risk versus fragility fracture prevention with bisphosphonates. <i>New Engl J Med</i>. 2020;383:743–753.
Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy after cardiopulmonary resuscitation with cardioversion.
Authors: R Davison, S M Spies, J Przybylek, H Hai, M Lesch
Journal: Circulation (1979)

Thirty consecutive patients underwent technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy 48--72 hours after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation and direct current cardioversion. Five patients with transmural myocardial infarctions by ECG and enzyme determinations were correctly identified by scintigraphy. Myocardial scans were positive in five of nine patients with nontransmural infarction. Of 16 patients without evidence of myocardial infarction, only two (13%) had false-positive myocardial scans. The overall accuracy of imaging in this series was 80%. We conclude that false-positive scans after cardiopulmonary resuscitation with electrical cardioversion are infrequent, and do not significantly detract from the value of myocardial scintigraphy in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
P133 Guideline adherent therapy and reduced mortality and length of stay in adults hospitalised with exacerbations of COPD.
Authors: PM Short, PA Williamson, A Singanayagam, A Akram, JD Chalmers, S Schembri
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) frequently cause hospitalisation and death in COPD patients. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) issued recent guidelines for the treatment of COPD including that of exacerbations. GOLD guidance included the use of corticosteroids, bronchodilators, controlled oxygen therapy and appropriate use of antibiotics and non-invasive ventilation (NIV). We present an analysis of a prospective cohort of patients hospitalised with AECOPD evaluating whether compliance with GOLD COPD guidelines was associated with improved survival and reduced length of hospital stay (LoS) <h3>Methods</h3> A prospective observational cohort study of patients admitted with AECOPD. Patients were &gt;40 years of age, with spirometrically confirmed COPD and admitted to one of 12 UK centres between 2009–2012. We evaluated adherence to guidelines on steroid, antibiotic, bronchodilator, oxygen and NIV use. Patients’ care was classified by the number of adherent guideline domains creating 5 groups; i.e. those whose care was compliant with only one guideline to those who care was compliant with all. The primary outcome was 30 day in-hospital mortality, LoS was the secondary outcome. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for analyses of guideline adherence. <h3>Results</h3> 1343 patients were included in our study. There were no patients whose treatment was not compliant with any guidelines while the management of 349 individuals was fully complaint. Inpatient mortality was 6.2%. Patients whose care was compliant with one or 2 guidelines were used as the reference group for mortality analysis as only 13 patients had care compliant with a single domain. The HR for patients compliant in 3, 4 and 5 guideline domains were 0.81 (0.41–1.61) p = 0.4, 0.58 (0.30–1.13) p = 0.1, and 0.40 (0.19–0.87) p = 0.01 respectively. Figure 1 shows the relationship between survival and guideline adherence. Concordance with individual guideline domains was not associated with improved mortality. The median LoS decreased from 11 (interquartile range 6 - 15) in those who care had only one compliance to 5 (2- 10) in fully compliant care (p &lt; 0.0001). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Management of AECOPD that was fully concordant with GOLD guidelines was associated with significantly improved mortality and shorter hospital stays.
Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for stroke in a Japanese sample—the Funagata study
Authors: Toshihide Oizumi, Makoto Daimon, Yumi Jimbu, Kiriko Wada, Wataru Kameda, Shinji Susa, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Hiroshi Ohnuma, Makoto Tominaga, Takeo Kato
Journal: Metabolism (2008)
Legalising assisted dying does not affect palliative care, says US expert
Authors: Balaji Ravichandran
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The US state of Oregon's legalisation on assisted dying has in no way affected the high standards of palliative care in the state, according to Ann Jackson, visiting head of the Oregon Hospice Association.

She was speaking at a press conference in London held by the campaigning organisation Dignity in Dying, before a House of Lords debate on 12 May on the Joffe …
Elderly people face extra prescription charge
Authors: R. MacDonald
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Patients in some of the poorest parts of the UK may be forced to pay an extra charge for their prescriptions, after plans by pharmacy chain Boots to introduce an administration charge of £3 a week for dispensing drugs using a monitored dose system, such as Nomad or Manerex.

The decision could mean the introduction of a new form of postcode prescribing, one local medical committee has warned.

Monitored dose systems are commonly used by elderly patients who often have to take four or more …
Heme oxygenase in liver transplantation: Heme catabolism and metabolites in the search of function
Authors: Michael Bauer
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

HepatologyVolume 38, Issue 2 p. 286-288 EditorialFree Access Heme oxygenase in liver transplantation: Heme catabolism and metabolites in the search of function Associate Professor Michael Bauer M.D., Corresponding Author Associate Professor Michael Bauer M.D. aimbau@uniklinik-saarland.de Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, GermanyDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of the Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany. fax: (49) 6841-162-2833===Search for more papers by this author Associate Professor Michael Bauer M.D., Corresponding Author Associate Professor Michael Bauer M.D. aimbau@uniklinik-saarland.de Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, GermanyDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of the Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany. fax: (49) 6841-162-2833===Search for more papers by this author First published: 30 December 2003 https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2003.50360Citations: 12AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume38, Issue2August 2003Pages 286-288 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Safer drinking water and better sanitation could lower disease burden by 9%, says WHO
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Better access to safe drinking water and improvements in sanitation and hygiene could prevent about 9.1% of the total burden of disease worldwide, or 6.3 % of all deaths, a report from the World Health Organization estimates.

The report, which provides country by country estimates of the prevalence of disease in 192 nations, concludes that 80% of the world’s cases of diarrhoea are attributable to “unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and insufficient hygiene.”

“These result in 1.5 million deaths each year, most being children,” it says.

Moreover, the …
Typhoid Peculiarities Following Sunstroke.
Authors: Geo. J. Brown
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Point Arena, Cal., Feb. 9, 1900. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> During a general country practice of over twenty-three years, I have treated about two hundred and fifty patients with typhoid fever, and in three, all men in the prime of life, a decided peculiarity has been shown in the duration and character of the delirium. The usual symptoms and general characteristics in all, except the three to which I allude, were present, and there was no marked deviation from the symptoms we would expect to see in that disease. But in the three the delirium was extraordinarily prolonged, neither of them being free from that condition for a period less than three weeks, and two of them for about four weeks. A peculiar type of the delirium was that the patients were quite rational so long as they were being talked to, but would relapse into hallucinations and various manifestations of
From head to toe an airborne soldier
Authors: Jeremy Sharp
Journal: BMJ (2004)

As a medical student, I served in a Territorial Airborne unit as an infantry soldier. While on my parachute course, I banged my head on landing and developed a simple headache. At the end of the day's training, back at the RAF base, I reported to the medical reception station and requested some simple analgesia.

I was told that I …
An inducible autocrine cascade regulates rat hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis responses to tumor necrosis factor-α
Authors: Benjamin D. Cosgrove, Connie Cheng, Justin R. Pritchard, Donna B. Stolz, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, Linda G. Griffith
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine that induces context-dependent proliferation, survival, and apoptosis responses in hepatocytes. TNF stimulates and enhances growth factor-mediated hepatocyte proliferation and survival following partial hepatectomy, but also acts in concert with other inflammatory cytokines of the innate immune response during viral infection to induce apoptosis in hepatocytes. In other epithelial cell types, TNF has recently been shown to stimulate autocrine release of transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) family ligands. Here, we examine the role of these autocrine ligands in modulating TNF-induced proliferation and apoptosis in primary hepatocytes. We show that TNF-induced hepatocyte proliferation is regulated by an inducible, coupled, and self-antagonizing autocrine cascade involving the pro-proliferative TGF-α and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) ligands and antiproliferative IL-1α/β ligands. Moreover, cooperative stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation by combined TNF and TGF-α treatment is self-limited through antiproliferative autocrine IL-1α/β feedback. We show that TNF potently induces apoptosis of adenovirus-infected hepatocytes in a manner similarly determined through the integrated activity of a coupled TGF-α–IL-1α/β–IL-1ra autocrine cascade. Exogenous TGF-α can either enhance or diminish apoptosis in adenoviral vector-treated and TNF-treated hepatocytes, in a biphasic relationship also mediated by autocrine IL-1α/β feedback. Conclusion: We demonstrate that TNF-induced hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis are both governed by a self-antagonizing TGF-α–IL-1α/β–IL-1ra autocrine cascade in vitro, and thus identify multiple molecular targets for control of TNF-regulated hepatocyte phenotypic responses related to liver regeneration and adenoviral gene therapy. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
The Fate of Taspoglutide, a Weekly GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Versus Twice-Daily Exenatide for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Julio Rosenstock, Bogdan Balas, Bernard Charbonnel, Geremia B. Bolli, Mark Boldrin, Robert Ratner, Raffaella Balena
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

Taspoglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist developed for treatment of type 2 diabetes. The efficacy and safety of once-weekly taspoglutide was compared with twice-daily exenatide.Overweight adults with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes on metformin ± a thiazolidinedione were randomized to subcutaneous taspoglutide 10 mg weekly (n = 399), taspoglutide 20 mg weekly (n = 398), or exenatide 10 µg twice daily (n = 392) in an open-label, multicenter trial. The primary end point was change in HbA(1c) after 24 weeks.Mean baseline HbA(1c) was 8.1%. Both doses of taspoglutide reduced HbA(1c) significantly more than exenatide (taspoglutide 10 mg: -1.24% [SE 0.09], difference -0.26, 95% CI -0.37 to -0.15, P < 0.0001; taspoglutide 20 mg: -1.31% [0.08], difference -0.33, -0.44 to -0.22, P < 0.0001; exenatide: -0.98% [0.08]). Both taspoglutide doses reduced fasting plasma glucose significantly more than exenatide. Taspoglutide reduced body weight (taspoglutide 10 mg, -1.6 kg; taspoglutide 20 mg, -2.3 kg) as did exenatide (-2.3 kg), which was greater than with taspoglutide 10 mg (P < 0.05). HbA(1c) and weight effects were maintained after 52 weeks. More adverse events with taspoglutide 10 and 20 mg than exenatide developed over time (nausea in 53, 59, and 35% and vomiting in 33, 37, and 16%, respectively). Allergic and injection-site reactions were more common with taspoglutide. Discontinuations were greater with taspoglutide. Antitaspoglutide antibodies were detected in 49% of patients.Once-weekly taspoglutide demonstrated greater glycemic control than twice-daily exenatide with comparable weight loss, but with unacceptable levels of nausea/vomiting, injection-site reactions, and systemic allergic reactions.
Regulation of endothelin-A receptor sensitivity by cyclic adenosine monophosphate in rat hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Roland Reinehr, Richard Fischer, Dieter Häussinger
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Sensitization of the endothelin-A receptor (ET A ) occurs during HSC transdifferentiation, but the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. Sensitization of ET A was studied in quiescent and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) at the levels of receptor phosphorylation, localization, endothelin (ET)-1-induced Ca 2+ signals, and cell contraction. The endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentrations required to obtain an ET A -mediated Ca 2+ signal in 50% of HSC cultured for 1 to 2 or 10 days were approximately 1.2 and 0.012 nmol/L, respectively. This transdifferentiation-dependent sensitization of ET A was accompanied by receptor translocation to the plasma membrane. Cyclic AMP rapidly desensitized ET A in activated HSC and shifted their ET-1 responsiveness from picomolar to nanomolar concentrations with respect to Ca 2+ signals and HSC contraction. ET A desensitization also occurred in response to prostaglandin E 2 , adenosine, or ET B stimulation. Desensitization by cAMP in activated HSC was accompanied by an increased Ser/Thr phosphorylation of ET A and their rapid internalization. Quiescent HSC exhibited Ser/Thr phosphorylation of the ET A protein, which was not affected by cAMP. In conclusion, the ET A response in HSC is regulated by protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent receptor phosphorylation and internalization. This may explain the transdifferentiation-dependent sensitization of HSC towards ET-1 and its reversal by cAMP and ET B activation.
A Mouse Model of the Most Aggressive Subgroup of Human Medulloblastoma
Authors: Daisuke Kawauchi, Giles Robinson, Tamar Uziel, Paul Gibson, Jerold Rehg, Cuilan Gao, David Finkelstein, Chunxu Qu, Stanley Pounds, David W. Ellison, Richard J. Gilbertson, Martine F. Roussel
Journal: Cancer Cell (2012)
The Infant Health and Development Program: Results at 8 Years
Authors: Verne R. Bacharach
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The Infant Health and Development Program<sup>1-3</sup>(IHDP) was designed to avert developmental problems associated with premature, low-birth-weight (LBW) infants. Included were 985 infants—one third randomly assigned to intervention, the others to follow-up. Interventions were home visitation following discharge and, at 12 months, parent meetings and center-based education for 2 years. When the children were 36 months old, substantial effects were reported: an advantage of 13.2 IQ points for heavier (2001-2500 g) and 6.6 for lighter infants (&lt;2000 g).<sup>1</sup>The authors claimed "substantial promise of decreasing the number of LBW premature infants at risk for later developmental disability."<sup>1</sup> Reevaluation conducted at 5 years showed initial differences had vanished.<sup>2</sup>The exception was that heavier LBW children apparently maintained a 3.7-point IQ advantage (<i>P</i>=.03). But summary data deposited with the National Auxiliary Publication Service (NAPS) indicated this difference was 3.0 points (<i>P</i>=.09), not statistically
Phenobarbital for epilepsy: much is still to be learnt
Authors: Edward H Reynolds
Journal: BMJ (2005)

EDITOR—Kale and Perucca contrast the widespread use of phenobarbital for epilepsy in the developing world with its disfavour in the developed world.1

In the developing world up to two thirds or more of people with epilepsy receive no treatment at all.2 With limited resources and infrastructure health authorities' promotion of a cheap but effective drug, phenobarbital, is understandable and desirable. In developed countries the problem is often overtreatment. In the …
Nonsurgical Septal Reduction for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Charles Knight, Arvinder S. Kurbaan, Hubert Seggewiss, Michael Henein, Mark Gunning, Derek Harrington, Dieter Fassbender, Ulrich Gleichmann, Ulrich Sigwart
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Some patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy may gain symptomatic relief from a reduction in the extent of obstruction to left ventricular outflow. We present the outcome of the first series of patients treated with an alternative method of gradient reduction using catheter techniques.Eighteen patients were treated with selective intracoronary alcohol injection to induce localized septal infarction. Patients underwent echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular dimensions and Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular outflow tract gradients before the procedure, on the first postoperative day, and at a median follow-up of 3 months after the procedure. In addition, patients underwent exercise testing and symptom evaluation before and 3 months after nonsurgical septal reduction. There was a significant reduction in left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after the procedure (preprocedure, 67 mm Hg [95% CI, 48 to 87 mm Hg]; postprocedure, 25 mm Hg [95% CI, 16 to 34 mm Hg]; P=.0006), which persisted at 3-month follow-up (22 mm Hg [95% CI, 12 to 32 mm Hg]; P=.001). This was associated with a significant improvement in symptoms. There was a small but not significant increase in exercise capacity (n=10; preprocedure, 418 seconds [95% CI, 273 to 563 seconds]; postprocedure, 452 seconds [95% CI, 283 to 621 seconds). Left ventricular dimensions were not significantly altered by nonsurgical septal reduction.Nonsurgical septal reduction significantly reduces left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and improves symptoms in some patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The technique may provide an alternative to surgical myomectomy in selected patients.
Absence of adipose triglyceride lipase protects from hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice
Authors: Claudia D. Fuchs, Thierry Claudel, Pooja Kumari, Guenter Haemmerle, Marion J. Pollheimer, Tatjana Stojakovic, Hubert Scharnagl, Emina Halilbasic, Judith Gumhold, Dagmar Silbert, Harald Koefeler, Michael Trauner
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by triglyceride (TG) accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Because fatty acids (FAs) may trigger ER stress, we hypothesized that the absence of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2)-the main enzyme for intracellular lipolysis, releasing FAs, and closest homolog to adiponutrin (PNPLA3) recently implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD-protects against hepatic ER stress. Wild-type (WT) and ATGL knockout (KO) mice were challenged with tunicamycin (TM) to induce ER stress. Serum biochemistry, hepatic TG and FA profiles, liver histology, and gene expression for markers of hepatic lipid metabolism, ER stress, and inflammation were explored. Moreover, cell-culture experiments were performed in Hepa1.6 cells after the knockdown of ATGL before FA and TM treatment. TM increased hepatic TG accumulation in ATGL KO, but not in WT, mice. Lipogenesis and β-oxidation were repressed at the gene-expression level (sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c, fatty acid synthase, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 2, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 alpha) in both WT and ATGL KO mice. Genes for very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesis (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and apolipoprotein B) were down-regulated by TM in WT and even more in ATGL KO mice, which displayed strongly reduced serum VLDL cholesterol levels. Notably, ER stress markers glucose-regulated protein, C/EBP homolog protein, spliced X-box-binding protein, endoplasmic-reticulum-localized DnaJ homolog 4, and inflammatory markers Tnfα and iNos were induced exclusively in TM-treated WT, but not ATGL KO, mice. Total hepatic FA profiling revealed a higher palmitic acid/oleic acid (PA/OA) ratio in WT mice, compared to ATGL KO mice, at baseline. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibitor-known to be involved in FA-derived ER stress and blocked by OA-was increased in TM-treated WT mice only. In line with this, in vitro OA protected hepatocytes from TM-induced ER stress.Lack of ATGL may protect from hepatic ER stress through alterations in FA composition. ATGL could constitute a new therapeutic strategy to target ER stress in NAFLD.