tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Survival Experience Among Patients With AIDS Receiving Zidovudine
Authors: Terri Creagh-Kirk
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Through a compassionate plea program (Treatment Investigational New Drug), 4805 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who previously had experienced Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) received zidovudine (Retrovir, formerly azidothymidine). Overall survival at 44 weeks after initiation of therapy was 73% (+/- 2.1%). A positive association was found between survival and pretherapy clinical status as defined by hemoglobin level, functional ability, and stage of disease as measured by time since diagnosis of PCP. For patients with baseline hemoglobin levels of 120 g/L or greater, Karnofsky scores of 90 or greater, and PCP diagnosis within 90 days prior to initiation of therapy, 44-week survival was 88%. Adverse clinical experiences associated with zidovudine therapy were consistent with those from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Survival experience of this large and diverse cohort is consistent with, and extends data from, this clinical trial. Comparison with available natural history data suggests that zidovudine therapy is associated with increased 44-week survival of post-PCP patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
HAND-CHRISTIAN SYNDROME
Authors: E. B. Krumbhaar
Journal: JAMA (1933)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —If an eponym is to be used at all in naming a disease—and there are good reasons for doing so when the eventual nomenclature and status of the disease are still in doubt—it is, I suppose, generally admitted that the name or names used should be those most importantly connected with its emergence as a disease entity. In the present instance, this most striking combination of membranous bony defects, exophthalmos and diabetes insipidus escaped the attention of the medical world until the report of H. A. Christian (Contributions to Medical and Biological Research, New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., vol. 1, p. 390, 1919) in the Osler memorial volumes of a case not coming to autopsy, attributed to dyspituitarism. The report by Arthur Schüller (<i>Fortschr. a. d. Geb. d. Röntgenstrahlen</i><b>23</b>:12, 1915-1916) in 1915 of two cases, also without autopsy and also attributed to dyspituitarism, has
Le médecin et sa patiente érotomaniaque
Authors: A. Haynal
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1972)

On the basis of an observation of his own, the author discusses various ideas on the origin of erotomania and some practical conclusions for managing the erotomaniac and sub-érotomaniac patients often met within a non-psychiatric practice. The awakening of erotomania depends on the psychological make-up of the patient. Factors favouring this relationship depend on the medical circumstances themselves; a retiring attitude on the part of the doctor, a mysterious aloofness, increase the danger of the relationship slipping towards érotomania. The author then discusses the therapeutic attitude to adopt towards such patients.
Vinegar Improves Insulin Sensitivity to a High-Carbohydrate Meal in Subjects With Insulin Resistance or Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Carol S. Johnston, Cindy M. Kim, Amanda J. Buller
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

The number of Americans with type 2 diabetes is expected to increase by 50% in the next 25 years; hence, the prevention of type 2 diabetes is an important objective. Recent large-scale trials (the Diabetes Prevention Program and STOP-NIDDM) have demonstrated that therapeutic agents used to improve insulin sensitivity in diabetes, metformin and acarbose, may also delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in high-risk populations. Interestingly, an early report showed that vinegar attenuated the glucose and insulin responses to a sucrose or starch load (1). In the present report, we …
In Vivo Treatment of Hemophilia A and Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII Using Nonprimate Lentiviral Vectors
Authors: Colleen S. Stein, Yubin Kang, Sybille L. Sauter, Kay Townsend, Patrick Staber, Todd A. Derksen, Inês Martins, Jiahua Qian, Beverly L. Davidson, Paul B. McCray
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2001)

Gene therapy holds great promise for the treatment of a variety of inherited diseases, including hemophilia A and mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII). In both these disorders, subnormal levels of replacement protein have therapeutic effects. Thus we hypothesized that transduction of a small proportion of cells by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-based lentiviral vectors might provide sufficient levels of transgene expression for phenotypic correction. We intravenously injected replication-deficient FIV-based vectors encoding either human factor VIII or human β-glucuronidase into factor VIII-deficient or β-glucuronidase-deficient mice, respectively. This route of delivery targeted multiple organs, with the liver as the primary transduction site. In the hemophilia A mice, factor VIII expression persisted for the duration of the experiments (approximately 5 months), and recipient mice survived an otherwise lethal bleeding episode (tail-clipping). In mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mice, substantial β-glucuronidase activity was detected in several tissues and corresponded with marked reduction of lysosomal storage in liver and spleen. These findings indicate that gene transfer with FIV-based lentiviral vectors can permanently introduce transgenes into a sufficient number of hepatocytes for long-term therapeutic effect and suggest potential clinical value of FIV-based lentiviral vectors for treatment of hemophilia A and MPS VII.
Effect of physiological variations in free fatty acid concentration on the binding of thyroxine in the serum of euthyroid and thyrotoxic subjects
Authors: Lewis E. Braverman, Ronald A. Arky, Angela E. Foster, Sidney H. Ingbar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

The effect of variations in the concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) on the binding of thyroid hormones in serum has been studied in 20 euthyroid subjects and 19 thyrotoxic patients. In the euthyroid group, neither the pronounced decreases in FFA induced by the oral administration of glucose or the intravenous administration of nicotinic acid, nor the marked increases in FFA which followed the administration of nicotinic acid or 2-deoxyglucose were accompanied by significant changes in the per cent of free thyroxine (T(4)), the protein-bound iodine (PBI), the per cent of endogenous T(4) bound by the T(4)-binding globulin (TBG) or T(4)-binding prealbumin (TBPA), or the resin sponge uptake of triiodothyronine (T(3)). In the thyrotoxic group, the decline in FFA concentration which followed glucose administration was accompanied by slight, but statistically significant, decreases in the PBI and both the per cent and absolute concentration of free T(4). Such changes might have been indicative of an increased intensity of T(4) binding secondary to the decrease in FFA. The serum PBI was decreased, however, a change contrary to that which would be expected to follow an increase in the intensity of T(4) binding. Furthermore, comparable changes in free T(4) and PBI did not accompany the decrease in FFA induced by the administration of insulin. Neither manipulation significantly affected the protein binding of endogenous T(4) or the resin sponge uptake of T(3). It is concluded that within a wide physiological range of concentration, FFA do not significantly influence the transport of T(4) in the serum of euthyroid subjects. In the serum of patients with thyrotoxicosis, FFA may have a slight effect on the binding of T(4), but the nature of any such effect is obscure, since parallel, rather than contrary changes in PBI and the proportion of free T(4) followed alterations in FFA concentration.
Successful Reversal of ECHOvirus Encephalitis in X-Linked Hypogammaglobulinemia by Intraventricular Administration of Immunoglobulin
Authors: Kristjan Erlendsson, Timothy Swartz, John M. Dwyer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

BECAUSE of the central role of immunoglobulins in protection from bacterial infections, hypogammaglobulinemic states frequently result in serious infections with these organisms.1 However, patients who do not produce normal amounts of immunoglobulin also have an increased incidence of certain viral infections. This is particularly true of infections with enteroviruses.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Vaccine-induced poliomyelitis13 , 14 and echovirus encephalitis have been particularly troublesome infections for patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Neurologic dysfunction progressing to death has been common in these patients. Since there is some evidence that cell-to-cell spread of enteroviruses may be minimized by specific antibody,15 therapy with high-titer specific immunoglobulin has been suggested and attempted. . . .
A Day Care—Based Study of the Efficacy of Haemophilus b Polysaccharide Vaccine
Authors: Lee H. Harrison
Journal: JAMA (1988)

To assess the efficacy of the Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine following licensure and to evaluate the risk of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the week following vaccination, we conducted a day care-based case-control efficacy study using cases of invasive Hib disease ascertained through active surveillance in areas with a total population of 34 million. For each patient 18 to 59 months old, up to three 18- to 59-month-old controls were chosen from the same day care classroom. Using conditional logistic regression, the vaccine efficacy was estimated to be 45% (95% confidence interval = -1% to 70%) and did not change significantly after accounting for potential biases. In addition, three (3%) of 104 patients vs five (2%) of 207 controls were vaccinated within seven days before the patients' dates of admission (odds ratio = 1.8, 95% confidence interval = 0.3 to 10.2), which does not suggest an increased risk of Hib disease in the week following immunization. This study suggests that the efficacy of the currently used HBPV is less than expected from previous studies and points out the usefulness of case-control studies for monitoring vaccine efficacy following licensure.
ABC of colorectal diseases. Anal fissures and fistulas.
Authors: B. D. Hancock
Journal: BMJ (1992)

B D HancockAnal fissures most commonly affect patients aged between 30 and 50.They are equally common in men and women.A fissure is a split in the lower half of the anal canal extending from the anal verge towards the dentate line.Most fissures are posterior, but anterior ones are often seen in women.The cause is not clear, but a fissure often starts after an attack of either diarrhoea or constipation.Some heal spontaneously but many become chronic, <tcausing months of misery.-----X X ; ~~~Reflex spasm of the external sphincter occurs whenever the fissure is disturbed.There is also a background tightness of the internal sphincter, Anal fissure-a vertical split in the squamous lined which may well be the primary fault because correction of this abnormality lower half of the anal canal.almost always cures the fissure.The base of the fissure has somatic innervation, so pain can become intense after a bowel action and last as a dull pain for many hours.A chronic intersphincteric abscess can cause a Symptoms of anal fissure similar sort of pain, but pain severe enough to warrant emergency admission to hospital must be assumed to be due to a high anorectal abscess.* Anal pain during and after bowel action * Minor bleeding * Irritation * Constipation outset or if symptoms have been present for one * ~~~~~~~~~~~~month.Gentle dilatation of the anus and lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy are both effective *for correction of internal sphincter tightness as day case procedures.Both methods work by reducing resting anal pressure to normal.The 4 ~~~~sentinel pile should be excised if present.Z>r tl-r'e.S'W , k -v *In controlled trials anal dilatation has been shown to be slightly inferior to lateral subcutaneous jji: 0~K;d4.sphincterotomy with respect to recurrence rate and the incidence of minor complications such as lack of control of flatus.Permanent cure can be Anal pressures before and after procedures for fissure.The high pretreatment expected, but a long term high fibre diet is values may induce local ischaemia sufficient to prevent spontaneous healing.advisable.
Forty years of sports performance research and little insight gained
Authors: C. Heneghan, R. Perera, D. Nunan, K. Mahtani, P. Gill
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Carl Heneghan and colleagues take a critical look at the evidence used to back up claims that Lucozade enhances sporting performance

Sports drinks manufacturers are keen to emphasise that their products are supported by science, although they are more reticent about the details. As part of the BMJ’ s analysis of the evidence underpinning sports performance products, it asked manufacturers to supply details of the studies. Only one manufacturer, GlaxoSmithKline, complied. It provided us with a comprehensive bibliography of the trials used to underpin its product claims for Lucozade—a carbohydrate containing sports drink.1 Other manufacturers of leading sports drinks did not supply us with comprehensive bibliographies, and in the absence of systematic reviews we surmise that the methodological issues raised in this article could apply to all other sports drinks. 

Of this list of 176 studies, we were able to critically review 106 studies (101 clinical trials) dating from 1971 through to 2012. We did not review posters, supplements, theses, or unavailable articles (see the linked data supplement).

Clinical trials are the best study design we have to evaluate what effect a “treatment”—in this case Lucozade sports drinks—will have on performance. However, not all trials are created equal,2 and the label of randomised controlled trial is no guarantee that a study will provide adequate or useful evidence. As it turns out, if you apply evidence based methods, 40 years of sports drinks research does not seemingly add up to much, particularly when applying the results to the general public. Below we set out the main problems we identified together with some examples.

Only four studies included a power calculation at the outset,3 4 5 6 and very few studies discussed the importance of statistical power: we identified only one study, in seven moderately trained subjects, that reported …
The Effect of Exercise on the Absorption of Inhaled Human Insulin via the AERx Insulin Diabetes Management System in People With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Astrid H. Petersen, Gerd Köhler, Stefan Korsatko, Andrea Wutte, Manfred Wonisch, Ole K. Jeppesen, Thomas Sparre, Per Clauson, Torben Laursen, Per Wollmer, Thomas R. Pieber
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

OBJECTIVE—This study investigated the effect of moderate exercise on the absorption of inhaled insulin via the AERx insulin diabetes management system (iDMS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this randomized, open-label, four-period, crossover, glucose clamp study 23 nonsmoking subjects with type 1 diabetes received a dose of 0.19 units/kg inhaled human insulin followed in random order by either 1) no exercise (NOEX group) or 30 min exercise starting, 2) 30 min after dosing (EX30), 3) 120 min after dosing (EX120), or 4) 240 min after dosing (EX240). RESULTS—Exercise changed the shape of the free plasma insulin curves, but compared with the NOEX group the area under the curve for free plasma insulin (AUCins) for the first 2 h after the start of exercise was unchanged for EX30 and EX240, while it was 15% decreased for EX120 (P &amp;lt; 0.01). The overall insulin absorption during 6 and 10 h after dosing was 13% decreased for EX30 (P &amp;lt; 0.005), 11% decreased for EX120 (P &amp;lt; 0.01), and unchanged for EX240. Exercise did not influence the maximum insulin concentration (Cmax), while the time to Cmax was 22 min earlier for EX30 (P = 0.04). The AUC for the glucose infusion rate (AUCGIR) for 2 h after the start of exercise increased by 58% for EX30, 45% for EX120, and 71% for EX240 (all P &amp;lt; 0.02) compared with the NOEX group. CONCLUSIONS—Thirty minutes of moderate exercise led to unchanged or decreased absorption of inhaled insulin via AERx iDMS and faster Cmax for early exercise. Thus, patients using AERx iDMS can adjust insulin dose as usual independent of time of exercise, but they should be aware of the faster effect if exercising early after dosing.
Effect of lactulose on the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids
Authors: Misael Uribe, Octavio Campollo, Christiane Cote
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

Short-chain (C 2 ·C 5 ) fatty acids account for 60%-70% of the anions in the colon. Acetate (C 2 ) is nontoxic in contrast to C (3)4 ·C 5 fatty acids (propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate), which induce coma in animals and may be important in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma in humans. An in-vitro fecal incubation system was used to map out short-chain fatty acid production in the presence of lactulose, amino acids, albumin, or blood. Albumin and blood increased production of all C 2 ·C 5 fatty acids. In contrast, lactulose was converted to acetate only and increased fecal acidity. The degradation of amino acids, albumin, and blood to short-chain fatty acids was completely inhibited by 10-25 mM lactulose. This was caused mainly by the acidifying effect of lactulose. pH-independent inhibition of blood and amino acid degradation to short-chain fatty acids required concentrations of lactulose exceeding 50-100 mM. Thus, the effect of lactulose in the treatment of hepatic coma may be related to its rapid fermentation into organic acids at rates exceeding colonic buffering capacity. This probably reduces formation of toxic fatty acids and ammonia from amino acids, polypeptides, and blood in the colon.
Abstract 4192: Global gene expression profiling confirms the molecular fidelity of primary tumor-based orthotopic xenograft mouse models of medulloblastoma
Authors: Xiumei Zhao, Yujing Zhang, Patricia Baxter, Litian Yu, Horatiu Voicu, Sivashankarappa Gurusiddappa, Ching C. Lau, Hon-chiu Eastwood Leung, Xiao-Nan Li
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Clinically relevant animal models are needed for understanding biology and testing novel therapies in medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumor that occurs in children. We have recently established a panel of orthotopic xenograft mouse models of MB through direct injection of fresh surgical specimens into the cerebella of Rag2/SCID mice. The xenograft tumors were previously shown to have replicated key histopathological phenotypes and invasive growth characteristics of the original patient tumors. The objective of the current study is to complete the molecular characterization of 11 MB models that have been serially passaged in vivo in mouse brains for at least three generations. Whole genome gene expression profiling was performed in duplicate with Illumina HumanWG6 v3 gene expression profiling beadchip that contains more than 48,000 probes. Our results showed that the xenograft tumors are molecularly accurate. When the nine passage I xenograft tumors were compared with their original patient tumors, high correlation coefficiency were observed (r2 &amp;gt;0.95 in five models, &amp;gt;0.9 in three models, and &amp;gt;0.85 in one model). Serial subtransplantation up to five times did not cause significant changes of gene expression pattern (r2&amp;gt;0.9 in eight models, &amp;gt;0.8 in three models). Using RNAs from 4 normal fetal brains, one child cerebellum, and 5 adult cerebella as control, we further showed that these xenograft models, although molecularly independent displaying distinct gene expression profiles, can be classified into five different subcategories. A selected set of the differentially expressed genes were validated using real-time RT-PCR and Immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, this study provided strong experimental evidence to demonstrate that primary tumor-based orthotopic xenograft mouse models of MBs are molecularly accurate, and our findings of genetic abnormalities should significantly facilitate the rationally designed preclinical drug screenings in the near future. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4192.
Carcinoma of the Prostate Presenting as a Mass in the Neck
Authors: Michael M. Warren, William L. Furlow
Journal: JAMA (1970)

In five patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate involving the supraclavicular lymph nodes, the initial complaint was a mass in the neck. Rectal examination of the prostate in a patient with supraclavicular nodal involvement is important, even if pathologic examination of the nodal tissue is not clearly diagnostic of the lesion.
AN APPEAL TO THE FELLOWS OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION IN BEHALF OF DISABLED PHYSICIANS AND WIDOWS AND ORPHANS OF PHYSICIANS, MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION.
Authors: FREDERICK HORNER
Journal: JAMA (1896)

The total number of the fellows of theAmerican Medical Associationin 1884 according to theJournal, was 4,108. In 1890 the number was 3,779, and in 1894 it was 4,095. From the three groups of figures given embracing a period of ten years, we learn that the growth of this representative body of the American medical profession has been almost at a standstill, though the number of physicians in the United States is about seventy thousand. According to the figures above presented there was a decrease of theAssociation'smembership of 329, due perhaps, in part, that during this period have been created the Gynecological and Surgical, the Military Surgeons, and the American Public Health Associations, all of which, like the British Medical Association, with its sixty-one branches in England, Scotland, Ireland and abroad are offshoots or branches of the parent association. And yet, such a statement does not
Non-drug treatment of hypertension.
Authors: D Johnston, A Steptoe
Journal: BMJ (1982)

one-stage prothrombin time test) had remained within a therapeutic range of 2 0-3 0. In both cases the dosage of warfarin had been unchanged for several months.Case 1-A 55-year-old woman attended a routine postoperative follow-up appointment and complained that she had had a black tongue for three months.A fungal cause was suspected, and she was treated with a two-week course of miconazole gel 250 mg four times daily.She was also taking hydrochlorothiazide 100 mg daily, amiloride 10 mg daily, digoxin 250 4cg daily, and warfarin
Serum Retinol-Binding Protein Is More Highly Expressed in Visceral than in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Is a Marker of Intra-abdominal Fat Mass
Authors: Nora Klöting, Timothy E. Graham, Janin Berndt, Susan Kralisch, Peter Kovacs, Christopher J. Wason, Mathias Fasshauer, Michael R. Schön, Michael Stumvoll, Matthias Blüher, Barbara B. Kahn
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2007)
α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Authors: Charles C. Hunter
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Two brothers died in their thirties of chronic pulmonary insufficiency. Physiological studies of the proband suggested generalized destructive emphysema, although anatomical studies were not performed. An inherited deficiency of the serum globulin, α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin, was identified, and measurements of the serum trypsin inhibitor capacity were made on members of the family. The association between antitrypsin deficiency and pulmonary emphysema is firmly established. Deficient antienzyme activity may permit increased degradation of connective tissue fibers which yield on resynthesis under normal tensile stress, and cause enlargement of peripheral air sacs. Since emphysema is a deformity of lung connective tissue that appears with increasing frequency as age advances, it seems most likely that persons with α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency have a lung structure that is old before its time.