tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Twenty years of haunting eidetic imagery: where's the ghost?
Authors: Ralph Norman Haber
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1979)

Abstract This paper is a theoretical analysis of eidetic imagery, based upon the author's ten-year study of elementary-school-aged children. The presence of eidetic imagery is inferred from reports of persisting visual images of stimuli when they are no longer in view. According to the criteria for differentiating eidetic images from afterimages, eidetic images should occur even when saccadic eye movements are made during exposure to the stimulus; it should be possible to make saccadic eye movements while one is reporting the image without the image also moving; the image should last long, and it should be positive. The criteria for differentiating eidetic images from nonvisual memorial representations include: reports of seeing an image projected onto a surface in space, the consistent use of present tense when reporting images as opposed to past tense when reporting from nonvisual memory, and the ability to superimpose two images and report the composite image. Eidetic images are only available to a small percentage of children 6–12 years old, and are virtually nonexistent in adults. However, extensive research has failed to demonstrate consistent correlates between the presence of eidetic imagery and any cognitive, intellectual, neurological, or emotional measure. The negative correlation between eidetic imagery and age has prompted hypotheses to explain eidetic imagery as a developmentally less mature memorial representation, which is gradually replaced by more abstract representations as the child acquires abstract thought, reading, and more advanced cognitive abilities. The evidence in the present review casts doubt on this hypothesis on numerous grounds: an extensive longitudinal study over the entire span of elementary school years found that eidetic abilities remain remarkably stable; there is no correlation between eidetic imagery and abstract thinking or reading performance; there is no higher incidence in preschool ages, among retarded or brain-injured subjects, or among illiterate subjects in crosscultural studies. It is concluded that we should not abandon work on eidetic imagery or simply force it into a preconceived mold of what memory must be, but rather, expand work on the phenomenological indicators of perception and memory.
Concurrent administration of rituximab and CHOP chemotherapeutic agents for outpatients with CD20+ lymphoma.
Authors: Y. Yakushijin, T. Tatsukawa, T. Yamaguchi, T. Egawa, N. Hidaka, K. Ido, K. Suemaru, H. Araki, M. Yasukawa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

e13115 Background: Rituximab (R)-CHOP chemotherapy is given to outpatients with CD20+ lymphoma as a standard treatment. However, long-term infusion is done in this regimen because of the necessity for monitoring the infusion reaction (IR) during R administration. Although usually IR is not found after the second R administration, sequential long-term medication during R-CHOP is quite common without any basis in scientific studies. One of the reasons for this long administration of R-CHOP is due to the fact that the pharmacological activity is not examined when R is combined with CHOP chemotherapeutic agents, especially doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) or cyclophosphamide. In this study, pharmacological changes in antitumor agents were examined after the joint use of R and CHOP, and the possibility of concurrent administration of R and CHOP for outpatients was discussed. Methods: After combining doxorubicin hydrochlorideor cyclosphosphamide with R, the binding capacity of R to the CD20 peptide was measured by the ELISA method. Also, molecular changes in doxorubicin hydrochloride and cyclophosphamide were analyzed after combination with R. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based analysis was employed for this analysis. Finally, a pilot study using concurrent administration of R and CHOP to patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was carried out after the second course of chemotherapy, and its clinical efficacy was examined. Results: After combining with either doxorubicin hydrochloride or cyclophosphamide, the binding capacity of R to the CD20 antigen was equivalent to nonmixture controls. Also, no molecular changes in doxorubicin hydrochloride and cyclophosphamide were detected after combination with R. Fifteen cases of DLBCL were treated with concurrent administration of R and CHOP. None of those patients showed infusion-related toxicities, and 14 patients out of 15 achieved complete remission after a full course of R-CHOP. Conclusions: Concurrent administration of R and CHOP could be possible for patients with CD20+ lymphoma, and this administration would not reduce the R-CHOP clinical efficacy. The results indicated that long-term medication might not be necessary for outpatients treated with R-CHOP. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Getting to the Surface: A Link Between Tumor Antigen Discovery and Natural Presentation of Peptide-MHC Complexes
Authors: Carolyn E. Clark, Robert H. Vonderheide
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Despite their origin from self-tissue, tumor cells can be immunogenic, triggering immune responses that can profoundly influence tumor biology. The clinical implications are obvious: It may be possible to amplify or induce antitumor immune responses to achieve tumor rejection in patients. Cytotoxic
Treatment of Air-raid Casualties
Authors: S. J. Hoffman
Journal: BMJ (1941)

It is not proposed to advance an excuse for adding to the literature that has accumulated on the treatment of air-raid casualties.The subject is one of importance, and some benefit may accrue from the consideration of a routine technique that was gradually evolved during a year's experience of numerous raids while R.S.O. at a hospital in the south of England and later consolidated elsewhere.The total number of casualties thus far treated exceeds 700.
Effect of High Dose Folic Acid Therapy on Hyperhomocysteinemia in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: GERE SUNDER-PLASSMANN, MANUELA FO[Combining Diaeresis]DINGER, HEIDI BUCHMAYER, MENELAOS PAPAGIANNOPOULOS, JADWIGA WOJCIK, JOSEF KLETZMAYR, BRIGITTE ENZENBERGER, OSKAR JANATA, WOLFGANG C. WINKELMAYER, GERNOT PAUL, MARTIN AUINGER, URSULA BARNAS, WALTER H. HO[Combining Diaeresis]RL
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2000)

Abstract. Homocysteine is associated with atherosclerosis and enhanced cardiovascular risk. In previous studies, treatment with folic acid up to 15 mg/d failed to correct hyperhomocysteinemia in the majority of end-stage renal disease patients. A dose of 30 or 60 mg of folic acid per day was compared with 15 mg/d in an attempt to normalize hyperhomocysteinemia in 150 hemodialysis patients. In a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study, 144 patients completed the 4-wk treatment period and 121 patients completed the 6-mo follow-up. Total homocysteine plasma levels were reduced by 32.1% (15 mg/d), 29.9% (30 mg/d), or 37.8% (60 mg/d) with no significant differences found between the three treatment groups. Baseline total homocysteine plasma concentration was an independent predictor of the response to folic acid therapy ( P = 0.0001), whereas the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms ( MTHFR 677C → T and 1298A → C) had no influence. Nevertheless, patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype more frequently attained normal total homocysteine plasma levels than patients with the CC or CT genotype ( P = 0.025). In response to 60 mg of folic acid per day, TT genotype patients had lower folate plasma levels compared to CC or CT genotype patients ( P = 0.016). After completion of the 4-wk treatment period with 30 or 60 mg of folic acid per day, there was a marked rebound of total homocysteine plasma levels at the end of the follow-up in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype, which even exceeded baseline values in several patients ( P = 0.0001). This study clearly demonstrates that doses of 30 or 60 mg of folic acid per day are not more effective than 15 mg/d in reducing hyperhomocysteinemia in regular hemodialysis patients. Patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype are more likely to realize normal total homocysteine plasma levels. Folic acid at 30 or 60 mg/d but not 15 mg/d results in a rebound of total homocysteine plasma concentrations when treatment is stopped.
Inhibition of the Vasodilator Effect of Hypercapnic Acidosis by Hypercalcemia in Dogs and Rats
Authors: ENOCH P. WEI, MARC D. THAMES, HERMES A. KONTOS, JOHN L. PATTERSON.
Journal: Circulation Research (1974)

The vasodilator effect of local hypercapnic acidosis, produced by intra-arterial infusion of an acid buffer solution consisting of a mixture of glycine and hydrochloric acid, in the perfused hind limb and in the perfused gastrocnemius muscle of anesthetized dogs was examined at normal plasma calcium concentration and during elevation of the plasma calcium concentration produced by intra-arterial infusion of calcium chloride. Hypercalcemia inhibited the vasodilator action of hypercapnic acidosis so that the effect was not apparent until venous blood pH decreased below 7. The dilator effect of local application of acidified Ringer's solution on arterioles of the cremaster muscle of the rat was also inhibited by elevation of the plasma calcium concentration induced by intravenous administration of calcium chloride. The available evidence suggests that this inhibition of the dilator effect of hypercapnic acidosis by calcium ions is related to competition between calcium and hydrogen ions for binding at one or more cellular sites such as the sarcolemma, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, or the contractile proteins of vascular smooth muscle.
Microanatomy of Lymphoid Tissue During Humoral Immune Responses: Structure Function Relationships
Authors: A K Szakal, M H Kosco, J G Tew
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1989)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
The Biology of Epithelial Cell Tight Junctions in the Kidney
Authors: Bradley M. Denker, Ernesto Sabath
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

Nearly 50 years have lapsed since the tight junction between epithelial cells was first identified by electron microscopy. The tight junction was once viewed as a static structure providing a barrier to paracellular movement and restricting proteins to the apical or basolateral membrane. Recent insights into the molecular composition of tight junctions reveal surprising complexity and dynamic regulation. Epithelia along the nephron exemplify a diversity of tight junctions that contribute to more than a 100-fold difference in permeability from the proximal tubule to the collecting duct. Tight junctions along the nephron form during kidney development and must reassemble after tubular injury. Hereditary diseases, animal models, and cell culture studies provide a variety of new perspectives on the function of tight junctions in health and disease.
Defective mutations in the insulin promoter factor-1 (IPF-1) gene in late-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: El Habib Hani, Doris A. Stoffers, Jean-Claude Chèvre, Emmanuelle Durand, Violeta Stanojevic, Christian Dina, Joel F. Habener, Philippe Froguel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common disabling disease with onset in middle-aged individuals, caused by an imbalance between insulin production and action. Genetic studies point to major genetic components, but, with the exception of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), specific diabetes susceptibility genes remain to be identified. Recent studies showed that a dominant negative mutation in the insulin promoter factor-1 (IPF-1), a pancreatic β-cell specific transcription factor, causes pancreatic agenesis and MODY. Thus, we investigated 192 French, non-MODY type 2 diabetic families for mutations in IPF-1. We identified 3 novel IPF-1 mutations, including 2 substitutions (Q59L and D76N) and an in-frame proline insertion (InsCCG243). Functional transactivation assays of these IPF-1 mutant isoforms in a β-pancreatic tumor cell line transfected with a transcriptional reporter and IPF-1 expression plasmids demonstrate a significant inhibition of basal insulin promoter activity (stronger with the InsCCG243 mutant). We find that the InsCCG243 mutation is linked, in 2 families, to an autosomal dominant-like late-onset form of type 2 diabetes, in which insulin secretion becomes progressively impaired. The lower penetrance D76N and Q59L mutations were more prevalent and were associated with a relative risk of 12.6 for diabetes and with decreased glucose-stimulated insulin-secretion in nondiabetic subjects. We propose that IPF-1 mutations can cause MODY or apparently monogenic late-onset diabetes and that they represent a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes in humans.
Impaired bacterial flora in human excluded colon.
Authors: C Neut, J F Colombel, F Guillemot, A Cortot, P Gower, P Quandalle, M Ribet, C Romond, J C Paris
Journal: Gut (1989)

We compared the rectal microflora of 16 patients with surgically excluded colorectum with 16 healthy controls. The cause of diversion was inflammatory bowel disease (n = 10), colon cancer (n = 3), miscellaneous (n = 3). Six patients had a diversion colitis. In the excluded colorectum, the total bacterial count was only slightly lower than controls but the variety of the flora was significantly reduced. This reduction was confined to strict anaerobes, mainly the genus Eubacterium and Bifidobacterium. Among aerobes, enterobacteria were more often isolated than in controls. This altered microflora of excluded colorectum could be involved in the mucosal damage observed in some cases.
Axon initial segment dysfunction in a mouse model of genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus
Authors: Verena C. Wimmer, Christopher A. Reid, Suzanne Mitchell, Kay L. Richards, Byron B. Scaf, Bryan T. Leaw, Elisa L. Hill, Michel Royeck, Marie-Therese Horstmann, Brett A. Cromer, Philip J. Davies, Ruwei Xu, Holger Lerche, Samuel F. Berkovic, Heinz Beck, Steven Petrou
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Febrile seizures are a common childhood seizure disorder and a defining feature of genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), a syndrome frequently associated with Na+ channel mutations. Here, we describe the creation of a knockin mouse heterozygous for the C121W mutation of the β1 Na+ channel accessory subunit seen in patients with GEFS+. Heterozygous mice with increased core temperature displayed behavioral arrest and were more susceptible to thermal challenge than wild-type mice. Wild-type β1 was most concentrated in the membrane of axon initial segments (AIS) of pyramidal neurons, while the β1(C121W) mutant subunit was excluded from AIS membranes. In addition, AIS function, an indicator of neuronal excitability, was substantially enhanced in hippocampal pyramidal neurons of the heterozygous mouse specifically at higher temperatures. Computational modeling predicted that this enhanced excitability was caused by hyperpolarized voltage activation of AIS Na+ channels. This heat-sensitive increased neuronal excitability presumably contributed to the heightened thermal seizure susceptibility and epileptiform discharges seen in patients and mice with β1(C121W) subunits. We therefore conclude that Na+ channel β1 subunits modulate AIS excitability and that epilepsy can arise if this modulation is impaired.
MECHANISM OF THE AUGMENTING ACTION OF MINERAL OIL ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: W. E. Ehrich, S. P. Halbert, E. Mertens, S. Mudd
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1945)

A comparative study was made in rabbits of antibody production and tissue changes following the injection into the foot pads, of saline in Falba and mineral oil emulsion, of killed cells of Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner in saline, and of killed cells of Shigella paradysenteriae in saline in Falba-mineral oil emulsion. It was found that antibody production was greatly prolonged by the emulsification in oil. While with antigen in saline the serum titers began to fall 9 days after injection and disappeared somewhere between the 3rd and 6th months, with antigen in paraffin oil they began to drop only after 14 days, and were still high after 10 months, when the experiment was ended. The toxic effects of the antigen were greatly reduced by the emulsification in oil. A subcutaneous dose of 1.5 mg. of antigen in saline caused mesenchymal reactions in lung, liver, and spleen as well as toxic degeneration and sometimes necrosis of the liver whereas eight times as much of the antigen in oil produced no systemic lesions. Oil drops remained detectable in the foot pad until the end of the experiment. Bacteria remained visible in the oil for 1 week or more, but with saline they disappeared within 1 day. The latter observation shows that retention of antigen at the site of injection is at least one of the mechanisms of prolongation of antibody formation by paraffin oil. The tissue reaction in the foot pad to antigen in oil was largely one of suppuration with the production of persisting mononuclear granulomata whereas after antigen in saline it was chiefly one of catarrhal inflammation, subsiding within a month. The changes in the regional lymph nodes were essentially those of lymphatic hyperplasia with the production of numerous lymphocytes and large active secondary nodules, the macrophages remaining subsidiary. The lymphocytic reaction in the lymph nodes closely paralleled the antibody response but the monocytic reaction at the site of injection was not correlated with this response; in fact, in the antigen in oil experiments the monocytic reaction reached its height after the peak of antibody production. The tissue changes observed in the various experiments were consistent with the finding previously reported from this laboratory, that the lymphocyte is concerned in antibody formation.
Abundant and species-specific DINE-1 transposable elements in 12 Drosophila genomes
Authors: Hsiao-Pei Yang, Daniel A Barbash
Journal: Genome biology (2008)

Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are non-autonomous DNA-mediated transposable elements (TEs) derived from autonomous TEs. Unlike in many plants or animals, MITEs and other types of DNA-mediated TEs were previously thought to be either rare or absent in Drosophila. Most other TE families in Drosophila exist at low or intermediate copy number (around < 100 per genome).We present evidence here that the dispersed repeat Drosophila interspersed element 1 (DINE-1; also named INE-1 and DNAREP1) is a highly abundant DNA-mediated TE containing inverted repeats found in all 12 sequenced Drosophila genomes. All DINE-1s share a similar sequence structure, but are more homogeneous within species than they are among species. The inferred phylogenetic relationship of the DINE-1 consensus sequence from each species is generally consistent with the known species phylogeny, suggesting vertical transmission as the major mechanism for DINE-1 propagation. Exceptions observed in D. willistoni and D. ananassae could be due to either horizontal transfer or reactivation of ancestral copies. Our analysis of pairwise percentage identity of DINE-1 copies within species suggests that the transpositional activity of DINE-1 is extremely dynamic, with some lineages showing evidence for recent transpositional bursts and other lineages appearing to have silenced their DINE-1s for long periods of time. We also find that all species have many DINE-1 insertions in introns and adjacent to protein-coding genes. Finally, we discuss our results in light of a recent proposal that DINE-1s belong to the Helitron family of TEs.We find that all 12 Drosophila species with whole-genome sequence contain the high copy element DINE-1. Although all DINE-1s share a similar structure, species-specific variation in the distribution of average pairwise divergence suggests that DINE-1 has gone through multiple independent cycles of activation and suppression. DINE-1 also has had a significant impact on gene structure evolution.
"We will know it when we see it;" bevacizumab and glioblastoma
Authors: M. D. Prados
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

At a recent joint meeting on January 30, 2014 between stakeholders in the Neuro-Oncology community (clinical scientists, imaging experts, representatives from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and philanthropy) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), discussing endpoints for clinical trials in recurrent glioblastoma, this phrase (“we will know it when we see it”) was used on several occasions. Either in a sense of hope or perhaps frustration with the lack of new agents in this disease, the comment reflected a sense by some in the meeting that imaging surrogates of tumor burden remain problematic, objective response remains elusive, landmark time to progression endpoints not validated, and neither of these endpoints are proven (yet) to be a true measure of efficacy for new therapies. There was general agreement that a sustained, durable, objective response could serve as a surrogate for preliminary approval of new agents, even in the context of a single arm study. This agreement assumed reliable, consistent and reproducible measures of “response” were standardized and could be used effectively in multi-institutional settings. Bevacizumab was given accelerated approval using an objective response measure, based upon a single, uncontrolled clinical trial (the BRAIN study), supported by results from a second independent study (1, 2). Confirmed and independently reviewed imaging responses, taking into account enhancing and T-2 /FLAIR sequences and steroid use, were seen in both studies at a much higher rate than historical controls. In full disclosure, I advocated for this indication at the FDA Oncology Drug Advisory Committee meeting, based upon the trial evidence, our own experience and that of others, and feeling that I really “knew it when I saw it.” Full approval by the FDA required confirmation in a larger randomized study.
PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION THERAPY
Authors: THOMAS A. C. RENNIE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1945)

The findings on 200 psychiatrically disabled veterans and the results of their treatment indicate the worthwhileness of such projects. In the main most of these men were ready for help. Over half of them including involved psychoneurotics and other psychiatric conditions report themselves as much improved or recovered. Their rapid response to therapy is striking. The therapeutic process need not be time-consuming. Indeed those who show improvement do so following a very few interviews. The total organization of the clinic is important since it provides additional supportive therapy in the form of intelligence and aptitude testing, recreation, work placement and interpretation to the family. Clinics of this type serve a function of proven value.