tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Radiology at the Centennial and Beyond
Authors: B. Leonard Holman
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Within months of the first report of the x-ray, Harvey Cushing, an intern at Massachusetts General Hospital and the future surgeon in chief at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, recognized the impact of Roentgen's discovery on medical practice. As Evens points out in this issue ofTHE JOURNAL, radiology developed rapidly as an important diagnostic and therapeutic modality.<sup>2</sup>A century later, radiology has become a mainstay of medical diagnosis and patient management. Today, advanced technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, ultrasound, and radiotracer imaging are called on routinely to provide clinicians with information essential for efficient and effective treatment. The newest of these technologies, MRI, continues to be exploited for its vast potential. The development of high-speed MRI has led to quantitative methods for tissue characterization and for measuring tissue perfusion and blood flow. These methods promise not only to expand our diagnostic potential particularly in
The outcome of elderly patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma after platinum-based combination chemotherapy
Authors: A. Bamias, E. Efstathiou, L.A. Moulopoulos, D. Gika, G. Hamilos, M.P. Zorzou, C. Kakoyiannis, E. Kastritis, G. Bozas, C. Papadimitriou, M.A. Dimopoulos
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2005)
Definition of a specific interaction between the early T lymphocyte activation 1 (Eta-1) protein and murine macrophages in vitro and its effect upon macrophages in vivo.
Authors: R P Singh, R Patarca, J Schwartz, P Singh, H Cantor
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

The Eta-1 gene specifies a secreted product of activated T cells and is associated with genetic resistance to infection by an obligate intracellular bacterium. Previous studies have suggested that eta-1 might affect the ability of macrophages to migrate to the site of bacterial infection and/or to inhibit intracellular bacterial growth. We therefore examined the interaction of eta-1 with macrophages in vitro and in vivo. We find that macrophages express approximately 10(4) eta-1 receptors/cell and each receptor has a Kd of approximately 5 x 10(-10) M. The subsequence of eta-1 containing an RGD motif is required for binding because a synthetic peptide containing the eta-1 RGD domain inhibited protein attachment to macrophages. We also found that subcutaneous inoculation of mice with eta-1 resulted in a cellular infiltrate comprised primarily of macrophages. We propose that the interaction between eta-1 and its receptor on macrophages results in a change in macrophage physiology resulting in accumulation of these cells at extravascular sites.
Pulmonary Venous Varix
Authors: Atul Palkar, Rakesh Shah, Craig Greben, Arunabh Talwar
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)

Figure 1. (A) A 3.2-cm 3 3.9-cm vascular lesion (arrow) in the right lung on contrast-enhanced chest computed tomographic (CT) scan in sagittal view. (B) Vascular lesion (arrow) in right lower lobe of the lung seen on contrast-enhanced chest CT scan in transverse view. (C) Vascular lesion (arrow) in right lower lobe of the lung seen on contrast-enhanced chest CT scan in coronal view. (D) No major pulmonary arteriovenous malformations identified on pulmonary angiogram. Also seen are coil devices used for prior pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. A 58-year-old black woman was intubated for respiratory failure that complicated esophagoduodenoscopy done for evaluation of anemia. She had hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with multiple prior pulmonary arteriovenous malformations that were treated by endovascular coiling. She had no interval surveillance imaging. Physical examination revealed a prominent second heart sound and a parasternal heave. A contrast-enhanced chest computed tomogram showed a 3.2-cm3 3.9-cm vascular lesion (Figures 1A–1C, arrows) in the medial right lower lung lobe. An echocardiogram revealed severe left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial dilation. The mean pulmonary artery pressure on right heart catheterization was 45 mm Hg. A pulmonary angiogram, however, showed no major pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (Figure 1D). The dominant vascular lesion represented a large pulmonary venous varix (PVV). A PVV is an aneurysmal dilation of a pulmonary vein that may be congenital or acquired. An acquired PVV can occur in the setting of pulmonary venous hypertension due to mitral valve disease (1) or end-stage liver disease (2). Only one case (3) of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and PVV has previously been reported in the literature. A PVV is not amenable to transcatheter therapy. In our patient, the PVV was probably unrelated to her respiratory decompensation. She was subsequently extubated. n Author disclosures are available with the text of this article at www.atsjournals.org.
Increased Levels of Circulating Interleukin 6, Interleukin 8, C-Reactive Protein, and Risk of Lung Cancer
Authors: Sharon R. Pine, Leah E. Mechanic, Lindsey Enewold, Anil K. Chaturvedi, Hormuzd A. Katki, Yun-Ling Zheng, Elise D. Bowman, Eric A. Engels, Neil E. Caporaso, Curtis C. Harris
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

Previous studies that were based primarily on small numbers of patients suggested that certain circulating proinflammatory cytokines may be associated with lung cancer; however, large independent studies are lacking. Associations between serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels and lung cancer were analyzed among 270 case patients and 296 control subjects participating in the National Cancer Institute-Maryland (NCI-MD) case–control study. Results were validated in 532 case patients and 595 control subjects in a nested case–control study within the prospective Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Association with C-reactive protein (CRP), a systemic inflammation biomarker, was also analyzed. Associations between biomarkers and lung cancer were estimated using logistic regression models adjusted for smoking, stage, histology, age, and sex. The 10-year standardized absolute risks of lung cancer were estimated using a weighted Cox regression model. Serum IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the highest quartile were associated with lung cancer in the NCI-MD study (IL-6, odds ratio [OR] = 3.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.88 to 5.77; IL-8, OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.19 to 3.57) and with lung cancer risk in the PLCO study (IL-6, OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.04 to 2.10; IL-8, OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 to 2.24), compared with the lowest quartile. In the PLCO study, increased IL-6 levels were only associated with lung cancer diagnosed within 2 years of blood collection, whereas increased IL-8 levels were associated with lung cancer diagnosed more than 2 years after blood collection (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.15 to 2.13). The 10-year standardized absolute risks of lung cancer in the PLCO study were highest among current smokers with high IL-8 and CRP levels (absolute risk = 8.01%, 95% CI = 5.77% to 11.05%). Although increased levels of both serum IL-6 and IL-8 are associated with lung cancer, only IL-8 levels are associated with lung cancer risk several years before diagnosis. Combination of IL-8 and CRP are more robust biomarkers than either marker alone in predicting subsequent lung cancer.
Effect of Rosiglitazone and Ramipril on β-Cell Function in People With Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Impaired Fasting Glucose
Authors: Anthony J. Hanley, Bernard Zinman, Patrick Sheridan, Salim Yusuf, Hertzel C. Gerstein
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the degree to which ramipril and/or rosiglitazone changed β-cell function over time among individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) who participated in the Diabetes Reduction Assessment With Ramipril and Rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) Trial, which evaluated whether ramipril and/or rosiglitazone could prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The present analysis included subjects (n = 982) from DREAM trial centers in Canada who had oral glucose tolerance tests at baseline, after 2 years, and at the end of the study. β-Cell function was assessed using the fasting proinsulin–to–C-peptide ratio (PI/C) and the insulinogenic index (defined as 30–0 min insulin/30–0 min glucose) divided by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (insulinogenic index [IGI]/insulin resistance [IR]). RESULTS Subjects receiving rosiglitazone had a significant increase in IGI/IR between baseline and end of study compared with the placebo group (25.59 vs. 1.94, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and a significant decrease in PI/C (−0.010 vs. −0.006, P &amp;lt; 0.0001). In contrast, there were no significant changes in IGI/IR or PI/C in subjects receiving ramipril compared with placebo (11.71 vs. 18.15, P = 0.89, and −0.007 vs. −0.008, P = 0.64, respectively). The impact of rosiglitazone on IGI/IR and PI/C was similar within subgroups of isolated IGT and IFG + IGT (all P &amp;lt; 0.001). Effects were more modest in those with isolated IFG (IGI/IR: 8.95 vs. 2.13, P = 0.03; PI/C: −0.003 vs. −0.001, P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with rosiglitazone, but not ramipril, resulted in significant improvements in measures of β-cell function over time in pre-diabetic subjects. Although the long-term sustainability of these improvements cannot be determined from the present study, these findings demonstrate that the diabetes preventive effect of rosiglitazone was in part a consequence of improved β-cell function.
THE PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF PRION DISEASES
Authors: Ermias D. Belay, Lawrence B. Schonberger
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2004)

Several prion disease-related human health risks from an exogenous source can be identified in the United States, including the iatrogenic transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the possible occurrence of variant CJD (vCJD), and potential zoonotic transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD). Although cross-species transmission of prion diseases seems to be limited by an apparent "species barrier," the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its transmission to humans indicate that animal prion diseases can pose a significant public health risk. Recent reports of secondary person-to-person spread of vCJD via blood products and detection of vCJD transmission in a patient heterozygous at codon 129 further illustrate the potential public health impacts of BSE.
Interaction Between MAO-A Genotype and Maltreatment in the Risk for Conduct Disorder: Failure to Confirm in Adolescent Patients
Authors: Susan E. Young, Andrew Smolen, John K. Hewitt, Brett C. Haberstick, Michael C. Stallings, Robin P. Corley, Thomas J. Crowley
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2006)

Objective: Childhood maltreatment is a potent risk factor for subsequent aggressive and criminal behavior. A recent study suggested that the relationship between maltreatment and antisocial behavior may be moderated by a genetic vulnerability conferred by a functional polymorphism in the MAO-A gene. The authors investigated whether these findings would generalize to a clinical cohort of adolescents, examining whether there was a stronger association between maltreatment and conduct disorder severity in patients carrying the low MAO-A activity allele. Method: Male adolescent patients (N=247) entering residential or intensive day treatment for persistent conduct and substance use problems were examined. Conduct disorder severity was indexed by a lifetime count of DSM–IV criteria obtained through structured psychiatric interviews. Maltreatment scores were derived from summing neglect and abuse events reported to have occurred before age 11. Results: Neglect, verbal/psychological abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse were prevalent among patients. Although level of maltreatment and lifetime conduct disorder symptoms were significantly correlated, no genetic-environmental interaction with genotype for maltreatment was found. Conclusion: The results of the current study do not support the hypothesis that a polymorphism in the gene encoding MAO-A contributes to the genetic risk for conduct disorder.
Tumor-Released Microvesicles as Vehicles of Immunosuppression
Authors: Roberta Valenti, Veronica Huber, Manuela Iero, Paola Filipazzi, Giorgio Parmiani, Licia Rivoltini
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Tumor-released microvesicles, or exosomes, which are abundant in the body fluids of patients with cancer, are likely to be involved in tumor progression. We recently showed that microvesicles released by human melanoma and colorectal carcinoma cells can promote the differentiation of monocytes to myeloid-derived suppressor cells which support tumoral growth and immune escape. These findings underscore an important role for these extracellular organelles in remodeling tumor-stromal interactions to promote malignancy. [Cancer Res 2007;67(7):2912–5]
A Note of Appreciation
Authors: Marie J. Cowan, M. Walpoth, C. Hoertnagl, B. Mangweth-Matzek, Erkki Kronholm, Timo Partonen, Jouko K. Salminen, Aino K. Mattila, Matti Joukamaa, Giovanni A. Fava, Nicoletta Sonino, Kenneth E. Freedland, Matthew M. Burg, Gideon E. Anholt, Pieter Kempe, Else de Haan, Patricia van Oppen, Danielle C. Cath, Johannes H. Smit, Anton J.L.M. van Balkom, Cinzia Bressi, Stefano Manenti, Patrizia Frongia, Matteo Porcellana, Giordano Invernizzi, Patrice G. Saab, Marston E. Youngblood, Carol E. Cornell, Lynda H. Powell, Susan M. Czajkowski, Michael Linden, Kai Baumann, Max Rotter, Barbara Schippan, C.G. Kooiman, M.E. Raats, P. Spinhoven, Jan Scott, Francesc Colom, Glen I. Spielmans, Claudi L.H. Bockting, Mascha C. ten Doesschate, Jan Spijker, Philip Spinhoven, Maarten W.J. Koeter, Aart H. Schene, G. Kemmler, J. Hinterhölzl, A. Conca, A. Hausmann
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2007)
Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in childhood: a PRACTALL consensus report
Authors: L. B. Bacharier, A. Boner, K.‐H. Carlsen, P. A. Eigenmann, T. Frischer, M. Götz, P. J. Helms, J. Hunt, A. Liu, N. Papadopoulos, T. Platts‐Mills, P. Pohunek, F. E. R. Simons, E. Valovirta, U. Wahn, J. Wildhaber
Journal: Allergy (2007)

Asthma is the leading chronic disease among children in most industrialized countries. However, the evidence base on specific aspects of pediatric asthma, including therapeutic strategies, is limited and no recent international guidelines have focused exclusively on pediatric asthma. As a result, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology nominated expert teams to find a consensus to serve as a guideline for clinical practice in Europe as well as in North America. This consensus report recommends strategies that include pharmacological treatment, allergen and trigger avoidance and asthma education. The report is part of the PRACTALL initiative ** , which is endorsed by both academies.
The action of secretin and pancreozymin on small-intestinal alkaline phosphatase
Authors: T. W. Warnes, P. Hine, G. Kay
Journal: Gut (1974)

The hormones secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) have been shown to release brush-border alkaline phosphatase into the small-intestinal lumen in the human subject. In contrast to the disaccharidases, large amounts of alkaline phosphatase are present in human duodenal juice. The range has been established in normal subjects. Following the intravenous administration of both secretin and CCK-pancreozymin there is a large rise in the output of alkaline phosphatase in human duodenal juice. These rises are also present in patients with complete obstruction of the common bile and pancreatic ducts, and since the pancreatic juice of man contains negligible amounts of alkaline phosphatase, it is clear that both hormones must cause small-intestinal alkaline phosphatase to be released into duodenal juice. The isoenzyme characteristics of bile, small-intestinal, and pancreatic alkaline phosphatase have been established, and isoenzyme studies used to confirm this new action of secretin and CCK-pancreozymin.
Gene Expression Profiles Classify Human Osteosarcoma Xenografts According to Sensitivity to Doxorubicin, Cisplatin, and Ifosfamide
Authors: Skjalg Bruheim, Yaguang Xi, Jingfang Ju, Oystein Fodstad
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

In osteosarcoma, aggressive preoperative and postoperative multidrug chemotherapy given to all patients has improved patient survival rate to the present level of approximately 60%. However, no tumor marker is available that reliably can identify those patients who will or will not respond to chemotherapy.In an attempt to find leads to such markers, we have obtained microarray gene expression profiles from a panel of 10 different human osteosarcoma xenografts and related the results to their sensitivity to ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin.The expression data identified genes with highly significant differential expression between poor and good responder xenografts to the three different drugs: 85 genes for doxorubicin, 74 genes for cisplatin, and 118 genes for ifosfamide. Technical validation with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed good correlation with the microarray expression data. Gene Ontology-guided analysis suggested that properties of the poorly responsive xenografts were resistance to undergo programmed cell death and, particularly for ifosfamide, a drive toward dedifferentiation and increased tumor aggressiveness. Leads toward metabolic alterations and involvement of mitochondrial pathways for apoptosis and stress response were more prominent for doxorubicin and cisplatin. Finally, small interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing of IER3 and S100A2 sensitized the human osteosarcoma cell line OHS to treatment with 4-hydroperoxyifosfamide.The expression profiles contained several novel biomarker candidates that may help predict the responsiveness of osteosarcoma to doxorubicin, cisplatin, and ifosfamide. The potential of selected candidates will be further validated on clinical specimens from osteosarcoma patients.
Global Order and Local Disorder in Brain Maps
Authors: Gideon Rothschild, Adi Mizrahi
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2015)

Maps serve as a ubiquitous organizing principle in the mammalian brain. In several sensory systems, such as audition, vision, and somatosensation, topographic maps are evident throughout multiple levels of brain pathways. Topographic maps, like retinotopy and tonotopy, persist from the receptor surface up to the cortex. Other maps, such as those of orientation preference in the visual cortex, are first created in the cortex itself. Despite the prevalence of topographic maps, it is still not clear what function they subserve. Although maps are topographically smooth at the macroscale, they are often locally heterogeneous. Here, we review studies describing the anatomy and physiology of topographic maps across various spatial scales, from the smooth macroscale to the heterogeneous local microarchitecture, with emphasis on maps of the visual and auditory systems. We discuss the potential advantages of local heterogeneity in brain maps, how they reflect complex cortical connectivity, and how they may impact sensory coding and local computations.
Validation of the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Pooled Cohort Risk Equations
Authors: Paul Muntner, Lisandro D. Colantonio, Mary Cushman, David C. Goff, George Howard, Virginia J. Howard, Brett Kissela, Emily B. Levitan, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, Monika M. Safford
Journal: JAMA (2014)

The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Pooled Cohort risk equations were developed to estimate atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and guide statin initiation.OBJECTIVE To assess calibration and discrimination of the Pooled Cohort risk equations in a contemporary US population.
Long-Term Follow-Up for Locally Advanced and Inflammatory Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Multimodality Therapy
Authors: Jennifer A. Low, Arlene W. Berman, Seth M. Steinberg, David N. Danforth, Marc E. Lippman, Sandra M. Swain
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

To determine long-term event-free (EFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients with stage III breast cancer treated with combined-modality therapy.Between 1980 and 1988, 107 patients with stage III breast cancer were prospectively enrolled for study at the National Cancer Institute and stratified by whether or not they had features of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). Patients were treated to best response with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, methotrexate, fluorouracil, leucovorin, and hormonal synchronization with conjugated estrogens and tamoxifen. Patients with pathologic complete response received definitive radiotherapy to the breast and axilla, whereas patients with residual disease underwent mastectomy, lymph node dissection, and radiotherapy. All patients underwent six additional cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy.OS and EFS were obtained with a median live patient follow-up time of 16.8 years. The 46 IBC patients had a median OS of 3.8 years and EFS of 2.3 years, compared with 12.2 and 9.0 years, respectively, in stage IIIA breast cancer patients. Fifteen-year OS survival was 20% for IBC versus 50% for stage IIIA patients and 23% for stage IIIB non-IBC. Pathologic response was not associated with improved survival for stage IIIA or IBC patients. Presence of dermal lymphatic invasion did not change the probability of survival in clinical IBC patients.Fifteen-year follow-up of stage IIIA and inflammatory breast cancer is rarely reported; IBC patients have a poor long-term outlook.
Arsenic groundwater contamination in Middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: a future danger?
Authors: Dipankar Chakraborti, Subhash C Mukherjee, Shyamapada Pati, Mrinal K Sengupta, Mohammad M Rahman, Uttam K Chowdhury, Dilip Lodh, Chitta R Chanda, Anil K Chakraborti, Gautam K Basu
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

The pandemic of arsenic poisoning due to contaminated groundwater in West Bengal, India, and all of Bangladesh has been thought to be limited to the Ganges Delta (the Lower Ganga Plain), despite early survey reports of arsenic contamination in groundwater in the Union Territory of Chandigarh and its surroundings in the northwestern Upper Ganga Plain and recent findings in the Terai area of Nepal. Anecdotal reports of arsenical skin lesions in villagers led us to evaluate arsenic exposure and sequelae in the Semria Ojha Patti village in the Middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, where tube wells replaced dug wells about 20 years ago. Analyses of the arsenic content of 206 tube wells (95% of the total) showed that 56.8% exceeded arsenic concentrations of 50 micro g/L, with 19.9% > 300 micro g/L, the concentration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions. On medical examination of a self-selected sample of 550 (390 adults and 160 children), 13% of the adults and 6.3% of the children had typical skin lesions, an unusually high involvement for children, except in extreme exposures combined with malnutrition. The urine, hair, and nail concentrations of arsenic correlated significantly (r = 0.72-0.77) with drinking water arsenic concentrations up to 1,654 micro g/L. On neurologic examination, arsenic-typical neuropathy was diagnosed in 63% of the adults, a prevalence previously seen only in severe, subacute exposures. We also observed an apparent increase in fetal loss and premature delivery in the women with the highest concentrations of arsenic in their drinking water. The possibility of contaminated groundwater at other sites in the Middle and Upper Ganga Plain merits investigation.