tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Travel-Related Venous Thrombosis: Results from a Large Population-Based Case Control Study (MEGA Study)
Authors: Suzanne C Cannegieter, Carine J. M Doggen, Hans C van Houwelingen, Frits R Rosendaal
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Background Recent studies have indicated an increased risk of venous thrombosis after air travel. Nevertheless, questions on the magnitude of risk, the underlying mechanism, and modifying factors remain unanswered. Methods and Findings We studied the effect of various modes and duration of travel on the risk of venous thrombosis in a large ongoing case-control study on risk factors for venous thrombosis in an unselected population (MEGA study). We also assessed the combined effect of travel and prothrombotic mutations, body mass index, height, and oral contraceptive use. Since March 1999, consecutive patients younger than 70 y with a first venous thrombosis have been invited to participate in the study, with their partners serving as matched control individuals. Information has been collected on acquired and genetic risk factors for venous thrombosis. Of 1,906 patients, 233 had traveled for more than 4 h in the 8 wk preceding the event. Traveling in general was found to increase the risk of venous thrombosis 2-fold (odds ratio [OR] 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5–3.0). The risk of flying was similar to the risks of traveling by car, bus, or train. The risk was highest in the first week after traveling. Travel by car, bus, or train led to a high relative risk of thrombosis in individuals with factor V Leiden (OR 8.1; 95% CI 2.7–24.7), in those who had a body mass index of more than 30 kg/m2 (OR 9.9; 95% CI 3.6–27.6), in those who were more than 1.90 m tall (OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.4–15.4), and in those who used oral contraceptives (estimated OR > 20). For air travel these synergistic findings were more apparent, while people shorter than 1.60 m had an increased risk of thrombosis after air travel (OR 4.9; 95% CI 0.9–25.6) as well. Conclusions The risk of venous thrombosis after travel is moderately increased for all modes of travel. Subgroups exist in which the risk is highly increased.
WOX1 Is Essential for UVB Irradiation–Induced Apoptosis and Down-Regulated via Translational Blockade in UVB-Induced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma <i>In vivo</i>
Authors: Feng-Jie Lai, Ching-Li Cheng, Shur-Tzu Chen, Chin-Han Wu, Li-Jin Hsu, J. Yu-Yun Lee, Sheau-Chiou Chao, Maw-Chang Sheen, Ching-Liang Shen, Nan-Shan Chang, Hamm-Ming Sheu
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: We investigated the role of candidate tumor suppressor and proapoptotic WOX1 (also named WWOX, FOR, or WWOXv1) in UVB-induced apoptosis and formation of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Experimental Design: Expression of WOX1 and family proteins (WWOX) in human primary cutaneous SCCs was examined by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and reverse transcription-PCR. UVB irradiation–induced WOX1 activation (Tyr33 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation), apoptosis, and cutaneous SCC formation were examined both in vitro and in vivo. Results: Up-regulation of human WOX1, isoform WOX2, and Tyr33 phosphorylation occurred during normal keratinocyte differentiation before cornification and death. Interestingly, significant reduction of these proteins and Tyr33 phosphorylation was observed in nonmetastatic and metastatic cutaneous SCCs (P &amp;lt; 0.001), but without down-regulation of WWOX mRNA (P &amp;gt; 0.05 versus normal controls), indicating a translational blockade of WWOX mRNA to protein. During acute exposure of hairless mice to UVB, WOX1 was up-regulated and activated in epidermal cells in 24 hours. In parallel with the clinical findings in humans, chronic UVB-treated mice developed cutaneous SCCs in 3 months, with significant reduction of WOX1 and Tyr33 phosphorylation and, again, without down-regulation of WWOX mRNA. Human SCC-25 and HaCaT cells were transfected with small interfering RNA–targeting WOX1 and shown to resist UVB-induced WOX1 expression, activation, and apoptosis. Conclusions: WOX1 is essential for UVB-induced apoptosis and likely to be involved in the terminal differentiation of normal keratinocytes. During UVB-induced cutaneous SCC, epidermal cells have apparently prevented the apoptotic pressure from overexpressed WOX1 by shutting down the translation machinery for WWOX mRNA.
Factors which influenced postoperative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease of the colon on corticosteroids
Authors: J. R. Allsop, E. C. G. Lee
Journal: Gut (1978)

A retrospective analysis was undertaken of the records of 107 patients with Crohn's disease of the colon or with ulcerative colitis who underwent 162 operations under steroid cover. The study revealed no correlation between steroid dosage and postoperative morbidity or mortality. The incidence of wound dehiscence and incisional hernia compared favourably with the reports of other unselected series of similar patients. Contamination did significantly influence results. Septic complications were more frequent when the operative field was contaminated and both delayed wound healing and mortality were related to this sepsis. A ;clean and dirty' technique was effective in controlling contamination during elective bowel division but preoperative bowel perforation and accidental entry into the lumen of the bowel during dissection were potentially avoidable sources of contamination. Primary healing of the perineal wound after proctocolectomy was seldom achieved in contaminated patients where a drain tube was brought out through the main perineal incision. When perineal sinuses or fistulae followed a proctocolectomy, patients with Crohn's disease had a significantly slower rate of healing than did patients with ulcerative colitis. However, there was no difference in the healing of abdominal wounds in relation to the primary pathology. Even abdominal incisions which were used on more than one occasion healed as well as those which were used for the first time. A prophylactic antibiotic regime of either ampicillin or tetracycline offered little protection against postoperative sepsis. The organisms which caused such infections were often insensitive to the two antibiotics.
Refractory ascites in cirrhosis: Roles of volume expansion and plasma atrial natriuretic factor level elevation
Authors: Florence Wong, Sheldon Tobe, Louis Legault, Alexander G. Logan, Karl Skorecki, Laurence M. Blendis
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Cirrhotic patients with ascites refractory to diuretics also have blunted response to marked elevations of plasma atrial natriuretic factor levels alone or to moderate intravascular volume expansion by head-out water immersion. However, these patients usually undergo natriuresis after peritoneovenous shunting. To dissect the factors responsible for this response, we studied the effects on separate days of moderate intravascular volume expansion and highly elevated plasma atrial natriuretic factor levels (head-out water immersion and atrial natriuretic factor infusion) or marked volume expansion and moderate plasma atrial natriuretic factor level elevation (head-out water immersion and albumin infusion) in 13 alcoholic cirrhotic patients with massive ascites. Three of these patients, who responded to initial head-out water immersion with a negative sodium balance, served as controls. Unresponsiveness to head-out water immersion was confirmed in the remaining 10 patients on both days on the basis of blunted natriuretic response (urinary sodium excretion < 0.8 mmol/hr after 2 hr). In contrast, these 10 refractory patients were able to achieve negative sodium balance with both combinations. Mean urinary sodium excretion increased from a baseline level of 0.13 +/- 0.10 mmol/hr to a peak level of 2.29 +/- 0.61 mmol/hr after head-out water immersion and atrial natriuretic factor infusion and from 0.10 +/- 0.3 mmol/hr to 1.61 +/- 0.62 mmol/hr after head-out water immersion and albumin infusion. Both maneuvers were associated with suppression of plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone levels. With head-out water immersion and atrial natriuretic factor infusion, we noted a significant increase in 5' cyclic GMP levels, a second messenger of atrial natriuretic factor, indicating possible activation of atrial natriuretic factor receptors at the inner medullary collecting ducts. In contrast, with head-out water immersion and albumin infusion no such increase in levels occurred, indicating that the increase in urinary sodium excretion was mainly due to increased delivery of sodium to the cortical distal nephron, as indicated by a disproportionate increase in urinary potassium excretion. In conclusion, massive (as opposed to moderate) volume expansion or greatly elevated levels of plasma atrial natriuretic factor associated with moderate volume expansion can improve blunted atrial natriuretic factor responsiveness in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. This appears to be achieved by way of a marked increase in distal delivery of filtrate in the kidney, with or without activation of distal atrial natriuretic factor receptors in the inner medullary collecting ducts.
Long-Term Effects of Neonatal Steroid Exposure on Mammary Gland Development and Tumorigenesis in Mice2
Authors: Takao Mori, Howard A. Bern, Karen T. Mills, Patricia N. Young
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1976)

Newborn female mice of three strains—BALB/cfC3H [mammary tumor virus (MuMTV)-infected], BALB/c, and C57BL (both virus-free)—were given injections of 17β-estradiol or testosterone, alone or in combination with ovine prolactin, for the first 5 days of life. Half of each group of mice were ovariectomized at 40 days of age, and all mice were killed between 6 and 16 months of age. Mammary glands of BALB/cfC3H mice receiving steroid hormones were better developed than those of mice not receiving steroids. Androgen induced a higher incidence of grossly dilated ducts and secretion-filled alveoli. Mammary nodule and tumor incidences were higher in steroid-treated mice than in controls; androgen resulted in higher incidences than did estrogen. The age of onset of mammary tumors was also earlier after neonatal steroid treatment. In BALB/c mice, neonatal injections of estrogen induced some alveolar development of the mammary gland; neonatal injections of ovine prolactin had a greater effect. The mammary glands of C57BL mice did not show any evidence of stimulation by neonatal hormone treatment, which indicated the probability of strain differences. However, no nodules or tumors occurred in these MuMTV-free strains. Therefore, MuMTV was essential for neoplastic mammary responses to neonatal hormone treatment. Ovariectomy prevented alveolar development and abnormal changes in the mammary glands of all groups, thus indicating that ovary-independent alterations in the mammary gland were not induced by neonatal steroid treatment. We concluded that neonatal steroid exposure resulted in increased mammary tumor risk in mice, but only in the presence of both MuMTV and ovaries.
A CASE OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA TREATED SUCCESSFULLY BY LEUCOTOMY
Authors: PETER E. SIFNEOS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1952)

An attempt has been made to present the successful treatment of one case of anorexia nervosa and to bring together some of the psychiatric, physiological, and surgical aspects of that case. After 7 years' duration of the illness, the patient was in danger of death from starvation. She had been treated previously by electric shock, insulin, and psychoanalysis (incomplete). A unilateral lower quadrant leucotomy was performed with direct visualization of the brain. By 9 months after the operation the patient was maintaining her weight at a 40-pound gain. Tension had disappeared. Her interpersonal relations had improved markedly, and her IQ had risen 16 points. Ungraceful gestures and clothes improved. No physical complications or evidence of apathy, impulsivity, or irresponsibility were observed. Physiologically there was evidence of hyperactivity of the adrenal sugar-regulating hormone before the operation. After the operation this physiological abnormality was corrected. In spite of the fact that the leucotomy was successful in this case, it is believed that such an operation should be considered only after other forms of treatment have failed and should be as conservative as possible. ADDITIONAL NOTE (One year after the operation) At this time the patient is doing well. She has no phobias that interfere with her daily life. She continues her studies at the university. Her eating, although not adequate at times, has not interfered with her daily activities. She maintains a weight of 108 pounds.
An experimental animal model of granulomatous bowel disease.
Authors: I C Mitchell, J L Turk
Journal: Gut (1989)

A study has been undertaken of the granulomatous response induced in the ascending colon and terminal ileum of the guinea pig by the direct inoculation of mycobacterial antigens. Live BCG (Pasteur) 2 x 10(7) at two weeks induced epithelioid cell granulomas in both large and small bowel and in the draining lymph nodes. The area of infiltration was significantly greater for a given inoculum in the large bowel. Acid fast bacilli were present on Ziehl Neelson stained sections of the large bowel infiltrate, but only rarely in sections from the small bowel lesions. The response to skin testing with a standardised amount of purified protein derivative was less in animals inoculated in the small bowel. Inoculation with 2 x 10(9) cobalt irradiated BCG gave rise, at five weeks, to granulomas containing lesser numbers of epithelioid cells and caseation was sometimes evident. There was a similar but smaller difference in the degree of infiltration at the two inoculation sites. Ziehl Neelson staining failed to reveal the presence of acid fast bacilli in any sections of the bowel infiltrates. Skin testing with purified protein derivative gave a response which was greater in animals inoculated in the small bowel. An identical dose of Cobalt irradiated M leprae induced at five weeks a predominantly macrophage granuloma in both the large and small bowel, with no significant difference in the degree of infiltration at the two sites. No acid fast bacilli were seen in Ziehl Neelson stained sections of the bowel and skin testing with purified protein derivative was reduced. These findings and their relevance to studies of the aetiology of Crohn9s disease are discussed.
Human α-Lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor Cells (HAMLET) Kills Human Glioblastoma Cells in Brain Xenografts by an Apoptosis-Like Mechanism and Prolongs Survival
Authors: Walter Fischer, Lotta Gustafsson, Ann-Kristin Mossberg, Janne Gronli, Sverre Mork, Rolf Bjerkvig, Catharina Svanborg
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Malignant brain tumors present a major therapeutic challenge because no selective or efficient treatment is available. Here, we demonstrate that intratumoral administration of human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (HAMLET) prolongs survival in a human glioblastoma (GBM) xenograft model, by selective induction of tumor cell apoptosis. HAMLET is a protein-lipid complex that is formed from α-lactalbumin when the protein changes its tertiary conformation and binds oleic acid as a cofactor. HAMLET induces apoptosis in a wide range of tumor cells in vitro, but the therapeutic effect in vivo has not been examined. In this study, invasively growing human GBM tumors were established in nude rats (Han:rnu/rnu Rowett, n = 20) by transplantation of human GBM biopsy spheroids. After 7 days, HAMLET was administered by intracerebral convection-enhanced delivery for 24 h into the tumor area; and α-lactalbumin, the native, folded variant of the same protein, was used as a control. HAMLET reduced the intracranial tumor volume and delayed the onset of pressure symptoms in the tumor-bearing rats. After 8 weeks, all α-lactalbumin-treated rats had developed pressure symptoms, but the HAMLET-treated rats remained asymptomatic. Magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed large differences in tumor volume (456 versus 63 mm3). HAMLET caused apoptosis in vivo in the tumor but not in adjacent intact brain tissue or in nontransformed human astrocytes, and no toxic side effects were observed. The results identify HAMLET as a new candidate in cancer therapy and suggest that HAMLET should be additionally explored as a novel approach to controlling GBM progression.
The role of frontocingulate pathways in the emotion-cognition interface: Emerging clues from depression
Authors: Diego A. Pizzagalli
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

By emphasizing nonlinear dynamics between appraisal and emotions, Lewis's model provides a valuable platform for integrating psychological and neural perspectives on the emotion-cognition interface. In this commentary, I discuss the role of neuroscience in shaping new conceptualizations of emotion and the putative role of theta oscillation within frontocingulate pathways in depression, a syndrome in which emotion-cognition relations are dysfunctional.
Using Data-Display Networks for Exploratory Data Analysis in Phylogenetic Studies
Authors: D. A. Morrison
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is a frequently undervalued part of data analysis in biology. It involves evaluating the characteristics of the data "before" proceeding to the definitive analysis in relation to the scientific question at hand. For phylogenetic analyses, a useful tool for EDA is a data-display network. This type of network is designed to display any character (or tree) conflict in a data set, without prior assumptions about the causes of those conflicts. The conflicts might be caused by 1) methodological issues in data collection or analysis, 2) homoplasy, or 3) horizontal gene flow of some sort. Here, I explore 13 published data sets using splits networks, as examples of using data-display networks for EDA. In each case, I performed an original EDA on the data provided, to highlight the aspects of the resulting network that will be important for an interpretation of the phylogeny. In each case, there is at least one important point (possibly missed by the original authors) that might affect the phylogenetic analysis. I conclude that EDA should play a greater role in phylogenetic analyses than it has done.
Activatable Fluorescent Molecular Imaging of Peritoneal Metastases following Pretargeting with a Biotinylated Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Yukihiro Hama, Yasuteru Urano, Yoshinori Koyama, Peter L. Choyke, Hisataka Kobayashi
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Optical probes that yield high target-to-background ratios are necessary to detect microfoci of cancer that would otherwise escape detection with white light imaging. Target-specific activation of the optical signal at tumor foci is one mechanism by which high target and low background signal can be achieved. Here, we describe a two-step activation process in which the tumors are first pretargeted with a nonfluorescent biotinylated monoclonal antibody [cetuximab (Erbitux) targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor type 1 (HER1)]. Following this, a second agent, neutravidin-BODIPY-FL fluorescent conjugate, is given and binds to the previously targeted antibody, resulting in an ∼10-fold amplification of the optical fluorescence signal, leading to high tumor-to-background ratios. Spectral fluorescence imaging was done in a mouse model of peritoneal metastasis using a HER1-overexpressing cell line (A431) after pretargeting with biotinylated cetuximab and 3 h after administration of neutravidin-conjugated BODIPY-FL. Both aggregated tumors as well as small cancer implants were clearly visualized in vivo. For lesions ∼0.8 mm or greater in diameter, the spectral fluorescence imaging had a sensitivity of 96% (178 of 185) and a specificity of 98% (188 of 191). This two-step activation paradigm (pretargeting followed by neutravidin-biotin binding with an attached activatable fluorophore) could be useful in tumor-specific molecular imaging of various targets to guide surgical resections. [Cancer Res 2007;67(8):3809–17]
HLA-DR Predicts the Prognosis in Scandinavian Patients with Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Authors: MARY BERLIN, ANNA FOGDELL-HAHN, OLLE OLERUP, ANDERS EKLUND, JOHAN GRUNEWALD
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Although most patients with sarcoidosis have a good prognosis, a significant proportion runs a more severe and prolonged disease course. There is no marker to distinguish these subpopulations of patients, however. To investigate the relationship between HLA haplotype and clinical course, 122 Scandinavian patients with sarcoidosis were genomically typed for HLA-DR, -DQA1 and -DQB1 alleles using PCR amplification with sequence-specific primers. Control subjects were 250 healthy Swedish volunteers. Patients were carefully clinically monitored for up to 10 yr. We found that HLA-DR17(3) was overrepresented among sarcoidosis patients (33%) compared with control subjects (17%, p < 0.001). Ninety-one patients were followed for more than 2 yr and classified into chronic or nonchronic patients, according to disease outcome. Among the 34 patients with a nonchronic form of sarcoidosis, 65% were DR17(3)-positive (p < 10(-5) versus control subjects). On the other hand, DR14(6) and DR15(2) were significantly associated with chronic disease. Even in patients with clinical manifestations that are normally associated with good prognosis, HLA typing enabled a subgrouping into two categories with significantly different clinical courses. Therefore, HLA class II typing is a valuable tool in predicting the outcome of the disease in Scandinavian sarcoidosis patients.
Systematic Review and Cumulative Analysis of Oncologic and Functional Outcomes After Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy
Authors: Bertram Yuh, Timothy Wilson, Bernie Bochner, Kevin Chan, Joan Palou, Arnulf Stenzl, Francesco Montorsi, George Thalmann, Khurshid Guru, James W.F. Catto, Peter N. Wiklund, Giacomo Novara
Journal: European Urology (2015)
A STUDY OF PYRUVIC ACID IN THE BLOOD AND SPINAL FLUID OF PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASE WITH AND WITHOUT HEPATIC COMA 1
Authors: Donald S. Amatuzio, Samuel Nesbitt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1950)

Acute failure of the liver as evidenced by hepatic coma may be ushered in by any combination of central nervous system manifestations.There is associated an oliguria or even complete anuria.Jaundice may appear or if already present may be- come more intense.There frequently is slight fever, leukocytosis, abdominal distention and pain.Although the picture of hepatic coma is well recognized and, in fact, was described by ancient writers, little or nothing is known of the actual mechanism which produces it.Thus far no con- stant chemical or anatomic aberration has been described which may be accepted as the basic de- fect.The importance of the liver in the intermedi- ary metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate is well known.It is quite possible that impaired in- termediary metabolism may be of fundamental significance in the appearance of acute hepatic fail- ure.To investigate this we decided to study py- ruvic acid which is a focal point in intermediary carbohydrate metabolism.