tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The role of the amygdala in the appraising brain
Authors: David Sander
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Abstract Lindquist et al. convincingly argue that the brain implements psychological operations that are constitutive of emotion rather than modules subserving discrete emotions. However, the nature of such psychological operations is open to debate. I argue that considering appraisal theories may provide alternative interpretations of the neuroimaging data with respect to the psychological operations involved.
The Direct Medical Cost of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Michael Brandle, Honghong Zhou, Barbara R.K. Smith, Deanna Marriott, Ray Burke, Bahman P. Tabaei, Morton B. Brown, William H. Herman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

To describe the direct medical costs associated with type 2 diabetes, as well as its treatments, complications, and comorbidities.We studied a random sample of 1,364 subjects with type 2 diabetes who were members of a Michigan health maintenance organization. Demographic characteristics, duration of diabetes, diabetes treatments, glycemic control, complications, and comorbidities were assessed by surveys and medical chart reviews. Annual resource utilization and costs were assessed using health insurance claims. The log-transformed annual direct medical costs were fitted by multiple linear regression to indicator variables for demographics, treatments, glycemic control, complications, and comorbidities.The median annual direct medical costs for subjects with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes, BMI 30 kg/m(2), and no microvascular, neuropathic, or cardiovascular complications were 1,700 dollars for white men and 2,100 dollars for white women. A 10-kg/m(2) increase in BMI, treatment with oral antidiabetic or antihypertensive agents, diabetic kidney disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease were each associated with 10-30% increases in cost. Insulin treatment, angina, and MI were each associated with 60-90% increases in cost. Dialysis was associated with an 11-fold increase in cost.Insulin treatment and diabetes complications have a substantial impact on the direct medical costs of type 2 diabetes. The estimates presented in this model may be used to analyze the cost-effectiveness of interventions for type 2 diabetes.
OPTIMAL HEART RATE ADJUSTMENT CONTRIBUTES TO THE IMAGE QUALITY IN HALF SCAN RECONSTRUCTION WITH 320-DETECTOR ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: Fusako Sera, Masashi Fujita, Tetsuya Watanabe, Masaki Awata, Osamu iida, Shin Okamoto, Takayuki Ishihara, Tomoharu Dohi, tsuyoshi mishima, Kei Sato, Kiyonori Nanto, Yukika Mizukami, Masaaki Uematsu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, phase 2 study of a human monoclonal antibody to human αν integrins (intetumumab) in combination with docetaxel and prednisone for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: A. Heidenreich, S.K. Rawal, K. Szkarlat, N. Bogdanova, L. Dirix, A. Stenzl, M. Welslau, G. Wang, F. Dawkins, C.J. de Boer, D. Schrijvers
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2012)
Relationship Between Operator Volume and Adverse Outcome in Contemporary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Practice
Authors: Mauro Moscucci, David Share, Dean Smith, Michael J. O'Donnell, Arthur Riba, Richard McNamara, Thomas Lalonde, Anthony C. Defranco, Kirit Patel, Eva Kline Rogers, Chris D'Haem, Milind Karve, Kim A. Eagle
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
Lean body mass estimation by creatinine kinetics.
Authors: P R Keshaviah, K D Nolph, H L Moore, B Prowant, P F Emerson, M Meyer, Z J Twardowski, R Khanna, L Ponferrada, A Collins
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1994)

A new technique for estimating lean body mass (LBM) from creatinine kinetics has been developed. It is based on the principle that creatinine production is proportional to LBM and that, in the steady state, creatinine production is equal to the sum of creatinine excretion (urinary and dialytic) and metabolic degradation. This technique was applied to 17 normal subjects, 26 stable, chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients, and 71 stable, chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. In the HD group, LBM was also determined by bioimpedance in 11 patients and calculated from total body water, measured as the volume of urea distribution of a sterile urea infusion, in 15 patients. In normal subjects and in the PD group, LBM was assessed by creatinine kinetics as well as by bioimpedance, near infrared, and anthropometric techniques. In the HD patients, LBM by creatinine kinetics correlated significantly with LBM from total body water and the bioimpedance technique. There was no statistical difference between the total body water and creatinine kinetics techniques, but the bioimpedance values were systematically higher than those obtained by the kinetic technique. In the PD group and in normal volunteers, LBM values by creatinine kinetics correlated significantly with the other methods but were lower. Forty-seven percent of the HD patients and 66% of the PD patients had significantly lower LBM by creatinine kinetics than expected for their sex and age. Estimation of LBM by creatinine kinetics is proposed as a simple and convenient technique for the routine nutritional assessment of dialysis patients.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC INDICES OF EMOTIONAL STRESS
Authors: BERNARD WEISS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1956)

Many investigators have reported that persons under emotional stress display characteristic electrocardiographic changes. Some of these reports are reviewed to determine whether any generalizations are evident. From the published data, it appears that case and population studies overlap considerably with respect to the effects on the ECG of transient and prolonged emotional stress. In the majority of the studies, the following changes were correlated with a state of emotional tension: (1) Increased P wave amplitude; (2) depression, inversion, or distortion of the T wave; (3) ST segment deviation. These changes are associated with increased sympathetic tone, although several reports suggest that parasympathetic influences are also active(23, 10). At least two cautions should be observed in connection with these statements which give them the status of hypotheses rather than conclusions. First, case studies tend to deal with atypical individuals, and there is little assurance that their records do not merely represent rarer but still normal ECG patterns. Second, in the population studies, the effects of the institutional regimen (diet, exercise, therapeutic procedures, etc.) are surely confounded with the emotional factors. The experimental studies, largely because of the insufficient analyses that were performed, reveal no definite trends. However, a method for experimentally testing the hypotheses stated above should not be difficult to design. A conditioning paradigm, such as used, for example, by Schoenfeld and his associates(26, 27) and by Zeaman and Wegner (43) offers one means for doing so. In such an experimental design, the conditioned stimulus may be a light, a buzzer, etc., and the unconditioned stimulus a painful electric shock or other noxious stimulus. ECG changes may be particularly useful in comparing the course of extinction in Pavlovian and instrumental avoidance conditioning. In Pavlovian (classical) conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus invariably follows the conditioned stimulus. In avoidance conditioning, the noxious stimulus is prevented if the subject makes the appropriate response. As a result, the extinction of an avoidance response is usually a quite prolonged process, since the subject has no way of knowing that the painful stimulus no longer follows the warning signal if he continues to respond correctly. One may look upon this as a simple experimental analogue of what is generally defined as anxiety—the anticipation of pain—and conceive the reinforcement for responding to be a reduction of fear or anxiety. Indeed, such a set of experimental conditions produces anxiety so severe that even with occasional failures to respond it may require hundreds of trials—sometimes thousand—to extinguish the overt response; and, even then, the autonomic activation may still persist. It is therefore quite possible that such an approach may yield data of considerable clinical value.
Failure of reflux inhibitors in clinical trials:<i>bad</i>drugs or wrong patients?
Authors: Peter J Kahrilas, Guy Boeckxstaens
Journal: Gut (2012)

Treatment modalities for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) mirror the pathophysiology of the disease. Since acid plays a key role in GORD-associated mucosal lesions, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the dominant GORD treatment, being the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available. However, the clinical effectiveness of PPIs varies with the specific symptoms being treated; they are more effective for heartburn than for regurgitation than for extra-oesophageal symptoms. An alternative therapeutic approach to GORD is to prevent the most fundamental cause of reflux symptoms, reflux itself, which most commonly occurs by transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation (TLOSR). Among potential pharmaceutical agents developed to target TLOSRs, the most advanced are GABA<sub>B</sub> (γ-aminobutyric acid) agonists, which experimentally reduce the occurrence of TLOSRs by about 40% in both animal and human studies. However, the effectiveness of GABA<sub>B</sub> agonists in clinical trials of patients with GORD with an incomplete response to PPI treatment has been modest. In part, this is probably attributable to the difficult problem of patient selection in these trials. Identifying patients by partial response to PPI treatment results in a heterogeneous population, including those with persistent weakly acidic reflux, patients with visceral hypersensitivity and those with functional heartburn, dyspepsia, or chest pain. From the clinical data available, the best treatment results and, hence, the patients most likely to benefit from reflux inhibitors, are those with persistent reflux, most commonly manifest as persistent regurgitation despite PPI treatment.
Apoptosis in Neural Development and Disease
Authors: Deepak Nijhawan, Narimon Honarpour, Xiaodong Wang
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2000)

Cell death via apoptosis is a prominent feature in mammalian neural development. Recent studies into the basic mechanism of apoptosis have revealed biochemical pathways that control and execute apoptosis in mammalian cells. Protein factors in these pathways play important roles during development in regulating the balance between neuronal life and death. Additionally, mounting evidence indicates such pathways may also be activated during several neurodegenerative diseases, resulting in improper loss of neurons.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Stavudine plus Lamivudine in Treatment-Naive and Treatment-Experienced Patients with HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Christine Katlama
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Background: A combination of two nucleoside analogues is currently the core of any antiretroviral regimen for HIV-1 infection. Stavudine plus lamivudine has shown an additive effect in vitro, as well as an absence of overlapping toxicity and cross-resistance. Objective: To evaluate the antiviral efficacy of stavudine plus lamivudine in treatment-naive patients and in patients previously treated with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Design: Prospective, open-label pilot study. Setting: Three urban clinical centers in Paris. Patients: 83 patients with CD4+ cell counts between 50 and 400 cells/mm3 (42 treatment-naive and 41 treatment-experienced patients). Interventions: Stavudine, 40 mg twice daily (30 mg twice daily in patients with a body weight ≤ 60 kg), and lamivudine, 150 mg twice daily. Measurements: Primary end points for efficacy included changes in plasma viral load and CD4+ cell count at 24 weeks compared with baseline. Results: Therapy with stavudine plus lamivudine resulted in a median decrease of 1.66 log10 (101.66) (range, −3.04 to −0.79 log10) in plasma HIV-1 RNA; the median increase in CD4+ cell count was 108 cells/mm3 (range, −58 to 406 cells/mm3) at week 24 in treatment-naive patients. In treatment-experienced patients, the median reduction in plasma HIV-1 RNA was 0.55 log10 (range, −2.86 to 0.52 log10), and the median increase in CD4+ cell count was 46 cells/mm3 (range, −188 to 311 cells/mm3). The percentages of patients with less than 3000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL and less than 400 copies/mL at 24 weeks were, respectively, 57% (95% CI, 41% to 72%) and 26% (CI, 12% to 40%) among treatment-naive patients and 22% (CI, 10% to 38%) and 5% (CI, 1% to 17%) among treatment-experienced patients. Of 82 patients, 14 (17%) experienced grade 3 or 4 toxicity and 2 discontinued therapy because of intolerance toward treatment. Conclusion: Stavudine plus lamivudine seems to have a potent antiviral effect in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients. No major drug-limiting toxicity was found. This two-nucleoside combination should be considered in multidrug therapy for HIV.
Diabetes-induced osteoarthritis: from a new paradigm to a new phenotype
Authors: F. Berenbaum
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

Several epidemiological and experimental data support the hypothesis that diabetes could be an independent risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA), at least in some patients, leading to the concept of a diabetes-induced OA phenotype. If confirmed, this new paradigm will have a dramatic impact on prevention of OA initiation and progression.
Effect of Calcium on Acetylstrophanthidin-Induced Transient Depolarizations in Canine Purkinje Tissue
Authors: GREGORY R. FERRIER, GORDON K. MOE
Journal: Circulation Research (1973)

The role of calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) in the generation of transient depolarizations (TDs) by acetylstrophanthidin was examined. Transmembrane activity was recorded from isolated canine false tendons exposed to acetylstrophanthidin; concentrations from 7.5 x 10 -8 to 2 x 10 -7 g/ml caused TDs coupled to driven action potentials and depressed slow diastolic depolarization. TDs could reach threshold and induce extrasystoles. Elevation of the Ca 2+ concentration increased the amplitude of TDs induced by acetylstrophanthidin. High Ca 2+ concentration (12.5 mM) caused TDs and depression of slow diastolic depolarization in the absence of acetylstrophanthidin. Elevation of potassium (K + ) concentration depressed and reduction of K + concentration potentiated TDs caused by either acetylstrophanthidin or high Ca 2+ concentration. The production of TDs and the depression of slow diastolic depolarization by acetylstrophanthidin were reversed by reduction of the Ca 2+ concentration or addition of manganese (2 mM) to the superfusing Tyrode's solution. The results suggest that TDs and arrhythmias produced by acetylstrophanthidin may be caused by a transient Ca 2+ influx.
Structural changes to airway smooth muscle in cystic fibrosis
Authors: S R Hays
Journal: Thorax (2005)

<b>Background:</b> Chronic airway obstruction is characteristic of cystic fibrosis (CF) but there are few studies of airway smooth muscle remodelling in CF. <b>Methods:</b> Airway smooth muscle content and mean airway smooth muscle cell size were measured by applying design-based stereology to bronchoscopic biopsy specimens obtained from seven subjects with CF and 15 healthy controls. <b>Results:</b> The smooth muscle content increased by 63% in subjects with CF (mean (SD) 0.173 (0.08) <i>v</i> 0.106 (0.042) mm<sup>3</sup> smooth muscle/mm<sup>3</sup> submucosa, mean difference −0.067; 95% CI −0.12 to −0.013, p = 0.017) but there was no increase in mean cell size (2705 (351) <i>v</i> 2654 (757) μm<sup>3</sup>, mean difference −51; 95% CI −687 to 585, p = 0.87). <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings indicate hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle cells without hypertrophy and suggest that accumulation of airway smooth muscle cells may contribute to airway narrowing and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in CF.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF IMPACTED CALCULUS IN THE URETER
Authors: C. A. Ball
Journal: BMJ (1908)

I am frequently asked the paths of infection in " col" baillurla.Dr. Box has recently insisted upon the upward infection from without in children, and there is no doubt that is very frequently the route, But as In adults it is a comnmon sequela of appendicitis, mucous colitis, and other intestinal troubles, even following pro-
Direct Targeting of the Mucin 1 Oncoprotein Blocks Survival and Tumorigenicity of Human Breast Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Deepak Raina, Rehan Ahmad, Maya Datt Joshi, Li Yin, Zekui Wu, Takeshi Kawano, Baldev Vasir, David Avigan, Surender Kharbanda, Donald Kufe
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

The mucin 1 (MUC1) oncoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed by approximately 90% of human breast cancers. However, there are no effective agents that directly inhibit MUC1 and induce death of breast cancer cells. We have synthesized a MUC1 inhibitor (called GO-201) that binds to the MUC1 cytoplasmic domain and blocks the formation of MUC1 oligomers in cells. GO-201, and not an altered version, attenuates targeting of MUC1 to the nucleus of human breast cancer cells, disrupts redox balance, and activates the DNA damage response. GO-201 also arrests growth and induces necrotic death. By contrast, the MUC1 inhibitor has no effect on cells null for MUC1 expression or nonmalignant mammary epithelial cells. Administration of GO-201 to nude mice bearing human breast tumor xenografts was associated with loss of tumorigenicity and extensive necrosis, which results in prolonged regression of tumor growth. These findings show that targeting the MUC1 oncoprotein is effective in inducing death of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in tumor models.
Preclinical Efficacy of the Camptothecin-Polymer Conjugate IT-101 in Multiple Cancer Models
Authors: Thomas Schluep, Jungyeong Hwang, Jianjun Cheng, Jeremy D. Heidel, Derek W. Bartlett, Beth Hollister, Mark E. Davis
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Preclinical efficacy of i.v. IT-101, a nanoparticulate conjugate of 20(S)-camptothecin and a cyclodextrin-based polymer, was investigated in several mouse xenografts. The effects of different multiple dosing schedules on tumor growth of LS174T colon carcinoma xenografts are elucidated. All multiple dosing schedules administered over 15 to 19 days resulted in enhanced efficacy compared with untreated or single-dose groups. Further improvements in antitumor efficacy were not observed when the dosing frequency was increased from three weekly doses to five doses at 4-day intervals or 5 days of daily dosing followed by 2 days without dosing repeated in three cycles using similar cumulative doses. This observation was attributed to the extended release characteristics of camptothecin from the polymer. Antitumor efficacy was further evaluated in mice bearing six different s.c. xenografts (LS174T and HT29 colorectal cancer, H1299 non-small-cell lung cancer, H69 small-cell lung cancer, Panc-1 pancreatic cancer, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer) and one disseminated xenograft (TC71-luc Ewing's sarcoma). In all cases, a single treatment cycle of three weekly doses of IT-101 resulted in a significant antitumor effect. Complete tumor regression was observed in all animals bearing H1299 tumors and in the majority of animals with disseminated Ewing's sarcoma tumors. Importantly, IT-101 is effective in a number of tumors that are resistant to treatment with irinotecan (MDA-MB-231, Panc-1, and HT29), consistent with the hypothesis that polymeric drug conjugates may be able to overcome certain kinds of multidrug resistance. Taken together, these results indicate that IT-101 has good tolerability and antitumor activity against a wide range of tumors.
DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE
Authors: Abbie I. Knowlton, Emily N. Loeb, Herbert C. Stoerk, Beatrice C. Seegal
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1947)

1. Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) and NaCl, in the dosage employed in normal rats, caused renal and cardiac hypertrophy, characteristic changes in the renal tubular epithelium, atrophic changes in the subcapsular zone of the adrenal cortex, and serum electrolyte changes characterized by a rise in sodium and fall in potassium. 2. In rats rendered nephritic with a rabbit anti-rat-kidney serum, the same regimen caused similar changes. In addition, DCA given concurrently with NaCl greatly intensified the nephritic process and gave rise to striking arterial hypertension. 3. A diet, virtually sodium-free, administered to normal and nephritic rats receiving daily injections of DCA abolished or reduced to a minimum the effects of this steroid; i.e., a liberal ingestion of NaCl was essential for the potentiation of the action of DCA. 4. The addition of KCl to the drinking water of rats receiving DCA and NaCl tended to correct the depression of the level of potassium in the serum, but had no effect upon the hypertension in nephritic animals nor upon the anatomical lesions. 5. The mechanism by which the sodium ion potentiates the activity of DCA has not been established.
Early Noninvasive Ventilation Averts Extubation Failure in Patients at Risk
Authors: Miquel Ferrer, Mauricio Valencia, Josep Maria Nicolas, Oscar Bernadich, Joan Ramon Badia, Antoni Torres
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Rationale: Respiratory failure after extubation and reintubation is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.Objectives: To assess the efficacy of noninvasive ventilation in averting respiratory failure after extubation in patients at increased risk.Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted in 162 mechanically ventilated patients who tolerated a spontaneous breathing trial after recovery from the acute episode but had increased risk for respiratory failure after extubation. Patients were randomly allocated after extubation to receive noninvasive ventilation for 24 h (n = 79), or conventional management with oxygen therapy (control group, n = 83).Measurements and Main Results: The primary end-point variable was the decrease in respiratory failure after extubation. In the noninvasive ventilation group, respiratory failure after extubation was less frequent (13, 16 vs. 27, 33%; p = 0.029) and the intensive care unit mortality was lower (2, 3 versus 12, 14%; p = 0.015). However, 90-d survival did not change significantly between groups. Separate analyses of patients without and with hypercapnia (arterial CO2 tension greater than 45 mm Hg) during the spontaneous breathing trial showed that noninvasive ventilation improved intensive care unit mortality (0 vs. 4, 18%; p = 0.035) and 90-d survival (p = 0.006) in hypercapnic patients only; of them, 98% had chronic respiratory disorders.Conclusions: The early use of noninvasive ventilation averted respiratory failure after extubation and decreased intensive care unit mortality among patients at increased risk. The beneficial effect of noninvasive ventilation in improving survival of hypercapnic patients with chronic respiratory disorders warrants a new prospective clinical trial.