tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Viral Fitness: The Next SARS and West Nile in the Making
Authors: A J Beale
Journal: BMJ (2005)

★★★★ Ever wondered what it's like to be detained in Guantanamo Bay? Seven British volunteers, including several Muslims, were given the chance to find out, courtesy of Channel 4, as part of a week-long series of programmes on torture.Reporting to a specially equipped warehouse, they were ambushed, hooded, kidnapped, shackled, caged, and subjected to a range of Pentagon approved interrogation techniques that included sensory deprivation, "sleep adjustment," religious and sexual humiliation, and severe physical pain.But Torture: The Guantanamo Guidebook was no Big Brother-style reality show.This was a serious attempt to examine the effects of torture on the body and the psyche, and to bring home to viewers the kind of interrogation techniques that are being employed in the US-led so called "war on terror.""Tonight we recreate 48 hours in Guantanamo Bay," announced presenter Jon Snow, better known as the face of Channel 4 News."All the interrogation methods you see have been officially sanctioned by the US government and used to fight the war on terror."Using military manuals and declassified US government documents, Channel 4 had installed cages, interrogation rooms, and surveillance equipment to simulate Guantanamo's conditions and methods.But the volunteers, who had their own clothes torn and cut off and replaced with the trade-
Activation of RhoA in Podocytes Induces Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Lei Zhu, Ruihua Jiang, Lamine Aoudjit, Nina Jones, Tomoko Takano
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

Proper organization of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for the normal structure and function of podocytes. RhoA modulates actin dynamics but its role in podocyte biology is controversial. Here, we generated transgenic mice that express a constitutively active form of RhoA in a podocyte-specific and doxycycline-inducible manner. Induction of activated RhoA with doxycycline resulted in significant albuminuria. Furthermore, both the degree of albuminuria and the histologic changes in the glomerulus positively correlated with the level of constitutively active RhoA expression: low levels of expression associated with segmental foot-process effacement without changes observable by light microscopy, whereas higher levels of expression associated with both extensive foot-process effacement and histologic features of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). In addition, induction of activated RhoA markedly upregulated glomerular mRNA expression of fibronectin and collagen IA1, and the degree of upregulation positively correlated with the level of albuminuria. Withdrawal of doxycycline led to a decline in albuminuria toward basal levels in most mice, but heavy albuminuria persisted in some mice. Taken together, these data suggest that activation of RhoA in podocytes leads to albuminuria accompanied by a range of histologic changes characteristic of minimal change disease and FSGS in humans. Although most changes are reversible, severe and prolonged activation of RhoA may cause irreversible glomerulosclerosis.
High prevalence of osteoarthritis 14 years after an anterior cruciate ligament tear in male soccer players: a study of radiographic and patient relevant outcomes
Authors: A von Porat, Ewa M. Roos, H Roos
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

<b>Objective:</b> To identify the consequences of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear in a cohort of male soccer players 14 years after the initial injury with respect to radiographic knee osteoarthritis and patient relevant outcomes. <b>Methods:</b> Of 219 male soccer players with an ACL injury in 1986, 205 (94%) were available for follow up after 14 years; 75% of the cohort (154/205) answered mailed questionnaires (KOOS, SF-36, and Lysholm knee scoring scale) and 122 of these consented to weight bearing radiographs. <b>Results:</b> Radiographic changes were found in 95 (78%) of the injured knees, while more advanced changes, comparable with Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2 or higher, were seen in 50 (41%). In the uninjured knees more advanced changes, comparable with Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2 or higher, were seen in five knees (4%). No differences were seen between surgically and conservatively treated players. The patient relevant outcome was affected and did not differ between subjects with and without radiographic changes. Eighty per cent reported reduced activity level. <b>Conclusions:</b> A high prevalence of radiographic knee osteoarthritis was seen in male soccer players 14 years after an ACL disruption. The injury and the osteoarthritis, irrespective of the treatment provided to these patients, often result in knee related symptoms that severely affect the knee related quality of life by middle age.
The Direct Antiatherogenic Effect of Estrogen Is Present, Absent, or Reversed, Depending on the State of the Arterial Endothelium
Authors: Pernille Holm, Heidi L. Andersen, Malene R. Andersen, Elisabeth Erhardtsen, Steen Stender
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —This study further investigated the relationship between estrogen, arterial endothelium, and nitric oxide (NO) in cholesterol-clamped rabbits. Methods and Results —Rabbits were ovariectomized, balloon-injured in the thoracic aorta, and grouped to receive cholesterol-enriched chow together with either 17β-estradiol or vehicle for 1, 2, 4, or 8 weeks. In the undamaged aorta, cholesterol accumulation of the placebo rabbits was significantly increased from week 4 to 8 ( P &lt;0.001). This increase was almost completely inhibited by estrogen ( P &lt;0.001). In the balloon-injured aorta, the estrogen and placebo rabbits accumulated similar amounts of cholesterol in the reendothelialized areas. In the deendothelialized areas, the estrogen group surprisingly accumulated significantly more cholesterol than the placebo group. This difference was apparent from week 2 and became significant at week 8 ( P &lt;0.01). Circulating nitrite/nitrate were significantly increased by estrogen at weeks 1, 2, and 4 but not at week 8. Similarly, in additional experiments, basal NO release was significantly higher in estrogen-treated than in placebo-treated rabbits after 4 ( P &lt;0.05) but not after 8 weeks. Stimulated NO release and endothelial NO synthase activity did not differ between groups. Mononuclear-endothelial cell binding was reduced by 50% by estrogen after 4 weeks ( P &lt;0.05). This difference, however, was abolished by coadministration of N G -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of NO production. Conclusions —The direct antiatherogenic effect of estrogen was present, absent, or reversed, depending on the state of the arterial endothelium, and preceded by a transient increase in NO production followed by a reduced mononuclear-endothelial cell binding.
Medical screening of young athletes in sports medicine and rehabilitation clinic of tartu university hospital in 2009
Authors: A Mägi, M Tali, M Kalda, M Ojamaa, N Ignatjeva, T Mandel, R Kuik, J Maaroos, E Unt
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

The medical screening of young athletes assures the early recognition of health problems and properly timed restriction from sports activities provides the safety of sporting. In 2009 the Estonian Health Insurance Fund prevention project ‘The medical screening of young athletes for prevention of sports-related health risks’ was started. The aim of the study was to establish the most common health problems occurring in young athletes, to determine the amount of athletes disqualified from participation in trainings and competition due to health problems, and to explore the main reasons for disqualification. Young athletes (n=1479) in age range from seven to 19 years (mean age 13±3 years, 70% boys), involved in 54 different sports, were screened during eight months period in 2009 in Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic of Tartu University Hospital. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) was used for classification of health problems. In 830 (56%) of young athletes diseases or related health problems were established. Most common organ systems involved were musculoskeletal (posture disturbances, lower extremity enthesopathies, and back problems), cardiovascular (cardiac conduction disorders, arrhythmias, and hypertension), and respiratory system (chronic tonsillitis and asthma) – 41%, 30% and 11% respectively. The health problems occurred more often in age range 13 to 17 years. Track and field, football and volleyball were the sports where athletes had more health problems. The participation restrictions were applied in 171 (11.6%) young athletes (68% boys), in one case the athlete was disqualified from certain sport. Cardiovascular (46%), musculoskeletal (29%), and respiratory (12%) conditions were most frequent reasons for participation restrictions. Although musculoskeletal symptoms and conditions are more common in young athletes, the conditions related to cardiovascular system led more often to participation restriction.
Relationship Between Statin Use and Colon Cancer Recurrence and Survival: Results From CALGB 89803
Authors: K. Ng, S. Ogino, J. A. Meyerhardt, J. A. Chan, A. T. Chan, D. Niedzwiecki, D. Hollis, L. B. Saltz, R. J. Mayer, A. B. Benson, P. L. Schaefer, R. Whittom, A. Hantel, R. M. Goldberg, M. M. Bertagnolli, A. P. Venook, C. S. Fuchs
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

BackgroundAlthough preclinical and epidemiological data suggest that statins may have antineoplastic properties, the impact of statin use on patient survival after a curative resection of stage III colon cancer is unknown.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: are we helping or harming?
Authors: R. Thomas, G. K. Mitchell, L. Batstra
Journal: BMJ (2013)

#### Summary box

Prevalence and prescribing rates for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have risen steeply over the past decade, partly in response to concerns about underdiagnosis and undertreatment.1 2 But although clinicians have become better …
IMPLICATIONS OF A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT FOR CHILD PSYCHIATRY
Authors: STELLA CHESS, ALEXANDER THOMAS, HERBERT G. BIRCH, MARGARET HERTZIG
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

The present paper has described the considerations that led to the formulation of a longitudinal study of child development. It has indicated that such study is necessary for: 1. The determination of the variables which contribute to personality formation, 2. The understanding of individuality in psychological functioning, 3. The relationship of behavioral disturbance to psychodynamic and non-psychodynamic etiologies, and 4. The importance of longitudinal study of a child for parental guidance. The data presented have demonstrated the existence of stable, primary patterns of reactivity in children. These data were derived from parental interview and a variety of independent direct observational and interview sources. The primary patterns defined have been considered with respect to their early appearance in infancy, their perisistence in childhood, and their pertinence for the emergence of adaptive patterns in children. It has been concluded that initial primary reactivity is a crucial variable together with environmental influences in shaping both personality structure and temperament.
Note on Uterine Haemostatics
Authors: J. B. Hicks
Journal: BMJ (1882)

smIll and weak.This was immediately followed by a considerable increase in the quantity of urine, which rose to 130 ounces on the 13th and 20th.The codeia was resumed on the 2ISt, in doses of four grains and a half, and on the 30th was increased to nine grains daily, with the same result as before-an immediate fall in the urine from 130 to go ounces.On July 5th, morphia (half a grain three times a day) was substi- tuted for the codeia, and a few days later in grain doses, whereupon he was made an out-patient, and ordered to continue the morphia and cod-liver oil steadily for a month.These three cases all exhibited marked improvement whilst taking codeia, which improvement ceased when the codeiawas withheld, and was renewed on its repetition.Morphia had a good effect in two of the cases; but the improvement was much less marked with it than with the other alkaloids.
The Marihuana Habit
Authors: Jordan Scher
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> As a continuous observer of the abused drug scene over the past 15 years, it has intrigued me to watch the continuously changing pattern of drug misuse.<sup>1-3</sup> Within the past year I have noted in patients in my private practice and elsewhere a significant shift in the use of marihuana among certain percentage of those involved with drugs. Although it has frequently been stated professionally and in the press that marihuana is not physically addicting, whatever that means, I have noted an increasing number of patients recently who have come to me strictly for relief of a<i>marihuana habit</i>. In their view, they have felt a compulsion. You may call it psychological if you wish, but as far as I am concerned, it is a considerably stronger and urgent force. It is my impression at this point that probably 10% to 20% of those who use
Faldaprevir combined with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C virus genotype-1 patients with prior nonresponse: SILEN-C2 trial
Authors: Mark S. Sulkowski, Marc Bourlière, Jean-Pierre Bronowicki, Tarik Asselah, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky, Stephen D. Shafran, Stanislas Pol, Stefan Mauss, Dominique Larrey, Yakov Datsenko, Jerry O. Stern, George Kukolj, Joseph Scherer, Gerhard Nehmiz, Gerhard G. Steinmann, Wulf O. Böcher
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Abstract Faldaprevir (BI 201335) is a potent, hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor. In all, 290 noncirrhotic HCV genotype (GT)-1 patients with prior null (&lt;1 log10 viral load [VL] drop at any time on treatment) or partial response (≥1 log10 VL drop but never undetectable on treatment) were randomized 2:1:1 to receive 48 weeks of peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV) in combination with faldaprevir 240 mg once daily (QD) with 3 days PegIFN/RBV lead-in (LI), 240 mg QD without LI, or 240 mg twice daily (BID) with LI. Patients in the 240 mg QD/LI group achieving maintained rapid virologic response (mRVR; VL &lt;25 IU/mL [Roche TaqMan] at week 4 and undetectable at weeks 8 to 20) were rerandomized to cease all treatment at week 24 or continue PegIFN/RBV up to week 48. Sustained virologic response (SVR) rates were 32%, 50%, and 42% in prior partial responders, and 21%, 35%, and 29% in prior null responders in the faldaprevir 240 mg QD/LI, 240 mg QD, and 240 mg BID/LI groups, respectively. In the 240 mg QD/LI group, a significantly higher proportion of mRVR patients rerandomized to 48 weeks' treatment achieved SVR compared with those assigned to 24 weeks treatment (72% versus 43%; P = 0.035). Rates of gastrointestinal disorders, jaundice, dry skin, and photosensitivity were increased at 240 mg BID compared with the 240 mg QD dose. Faldaprevir discontinuations owing to adverse events occurred in 6%, 4%, and 23% of patients in the 240 mg QD/LI, 240 mg QD, and 240 mg BID/LI groups, respectively. Conclusion : Faldaprevir 240 mg QD with PegIFN/RBV was safe and tolerable and produced substantial SVR rates in prior null and partial responders. The 240 mg QD dose is currently undergoing phase 3 evaluation.
Genetics of liver disease: immunogenetics and disease pathogenesis
Authors: P T Donaldson
Journal: Gut (2004)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Depression is characterized by a marked decrease in social interactions and blunted sensitivity to rewards. Surprisingly, despite the importance of social deficits in depression, non-social aspects have been disproportionally investigated. As a consequence, the cognitive mechanisms underlying atypical decision-making in social contexts in depression are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigate whether deficits in reward processing interact with the social context and how this interaction is affected by self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms. Two cohorts of subjects (discovery and replication sample: <i>N</i> = 50 each) took part in a task involving reward learning in a social context with different levels of social information (absent, partial and complete). Behavioral analyses revealed a specific detrimental effect of depressive symptoms – but not anxiety – on behavioral performance in the presence of social information, i.e. when participants were informed about the choices of another player. Model-based analyses further characterized the computational nature of this deficit as a negative audience effect, rather than a deficit in the way others' choices and rewards are integrated in decision making. To conclude, our results shed light on the cognitive and computational mechanisms underlying the interaction between social cognition, reward learning and decision-making in depressive disorders.
'Fragile' liver and massive hepatic haemorrhage due to hereditary amyloidosis.
Authors: R F Harrison, P N Hawkins, W R Roche, R F MacMahon, S G Hubscher, J A Buckels
Journal: Gut (1996)

The first case of amyloidosis is reported in which spontaneous massive hepatic haemorrhage necessitated emergency liver transplantation. Liver transplantation, as a treatment for a failing liver due to amyloidosis has not been previously reported. At transplantation, the liver tissue was uncharacteristically friable, although the subsequent vascular and biliary anastomoses were uncomplicated. Histological examination of the liver showed a surprisingly modest amount of amyloid, which was shown immunohistochemically to be derived from lysozyme, and a striking absence of reticulin staining. Both the patient's father and paternal grandfather had died from spontaneous hepatic haemorrhage, and histological review of their liver tissue showed similarly modest deposition of lysozyme-derived amyloid associated with loss of reticulin staining. In each case the quantity of amyloid was far less than would be expected to interfere with the mechanical integrity of the liver. This is the only report of hepatic disintegration associated with absence of reticulin staining, and it is probable that the mechanism represents a novel secondary effect of the amyloid deposits in the livers of this family.
NZB cytotoxic lymphocyte responses. Kinetic analyses.
Authors: D P Huston, A D Steinberg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1980)

Cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) responses of unprimed NZB spleen cells peaked on day 4 of culture as did cells from primed NZB or BALB/c mice. In contrast, primary BALB/c and DBA/2 responses peaked on day 6 of culture. Thus, NZB CTL generation was similar to the accelerated in vitro generation of CTL from the spleen cells of alloantigen-primed NZB and BALB/c mice. To evaluate the kinetics of these CTL responses, multiple-time-point analyses were performed during the initial 90 min of the 51Cr-release assays. Analyses were done on days 4 and 6. On day 4, NZB CTL had an initial velocity of lysis slightly greater than that of BALB/c or DBA/2 CTL; however, it was far less than that of secondary NZB and secondary BALB/c CTL. These studies indicate that NZB mice can generate primary CTL responses at an accelerated rate. Such augmented primary responses are unique and may explain recently described abnormal NZB T cell recognition as well as resistance of NZB CTL to suppressor signals.
The evolution of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene family by loss of introns in plants of the genus Leavenworthia (Brassicaceae)
Authors: D. Charlesworth, F. L. Liu, L. Zhang
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

We present results showing that several species in the plant genus Leavenworthia, in the Brassica family, have three alcohol dehydrogenase loci, unlike Arabidopsis thaliana, which has only a single classical (class P) alcohol dehydrogenase locus. Based on a portion of the sequence, the alcohol dehydrogenase loci of Leavenworthia show about 92%-93% amino acid sequence identity to that of the A. thaliana alcohol dehydrogenase. The great majority of the sequence differences from the A. thaliana Adh-coding sequence, and also between three different Leavenworthia species, are synonymous, suggesting that all are currently functional (or have been in the recent evolutionary past). The loci differ in the numbers of introns present, with one locus (Adh-3) having no introns present. RT-PCR tests detect expression of all three loci. Linkage data using variant alleles identified by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis show that the three Leavenworthia loci are not closely linked. The results therefore suggest that the Adh-3 locus may have arisen via an mRNA intermediate but, despite loss of the introns, is expressed.
Aldosterone blockade reduces vascular collagen turnover, improves heart rate variability and reduces early morning rise in heart rate in heart failure patients
Authors: R MacFadyen
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Background: Experimental data suggest that aldosterone has harmful effects promoting myocardial fibrosis and disturbing autonomic balance. There has been no evidence of these potential effects in intact man. Methods and Results: We report the findings in 31 patients with stable chronic heart failure (CHF) who were treated with spironolactone (50–100 mg/day) or placebo in addition to diuretics and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. In a controlled randomised double-blind study, we found that spironolactone treatment reduced circulating levels of procollagen type III N-terminal amino peptide, a marker of vascular collagen turnover, and in addition increased time-domain parameters of heart rate variability (n = 24). These latter parameters suggest a parasympathomimetic effect for additional spironolactone. Spironolactone significantly reduced heart rate (prolonged RR interval) particularly during the dawn hours (06.00–09.00 h). In this unbalanced study it was not possible to provide a detailed diurnal assessment of the impact of spironolactone on heart rate variability, but the preliminary data suggest that there may be an interaction with the autonomic nervous system which varies in time. Conclusions: These are the first human data to show that use of the aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, can positively improve time-domain heart rate variability and reduce myocardial collagen turnover, as reflected by further reductions in serum procollagen peptide, despite concurrent ACE inhibitor treatment. Residual aldosterone after ACE inhibitor treatment may therefore have a role promoting arrhythmia and cardiac death by two mechanisms. Effects of additional spironolactone on slowing heart rate (and potentially the detrimental effect of aldosterone) were most prominent between 6 a.m. and 10 a.m. when cardiac death is also known to be most prominent.