tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Looking Back on “Causal Thinking in the Health Sciences”
Authors: J. S. Kaufman, C. Poole
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2000)

▪ Abstract It has now been over a quarter of a century since the publication of Mervyn Susser's Causal Thinking in the Health Sciences (1973, Oxford University Press), the first book-length treatment of causal reasoning and inference in our field. Major contributions of this work were its holistic focus on the origins of health outcomes in the context of ecologic systems and its invigoration of the literature on causal criteria in epidemiology. Although a recent resurgence of interest in social context has revivified many points made by Susser, a formal basis for causal analysis consistent with this ecologic perspective has failed to emerge in public health research. Susser's discussion of causal criteria, on the other hand, helped spur a vigorous dialogue that has persisted unabated to the present day. Although the basic outline of the criteria has evolved little, their applications, interrelations, and relative contributions to causal judgments have been the subject of continued and sometimes contentious debate.
Advancing the understanding of physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in children: the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS)
Authors: Lars Bo Andersen, Karsten Froberg
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Research in physical activity (PA) and health in children began around 1980. Some of the studies were continued as longitudinal investigations; these included the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study, Young Finns Study, Leuven Longitudinal Study, the Danish Youth and Sports Study and Northern Ireland Young Hearts Study.1 The field still suffered from methodological problems related to the assessment of PA and lack of well-defined health status.

The EYHS was designed in the early 1990s as a multicenter study. We aimed to overcome some of the limitations by (1) getting sufficient statistical power to show biologically important associations between PA and health outcomes by pooling data, (2) analysing determinants of PA, (3) comparing PA and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor levels across cultures and (4) to improve the assessment of PA with objective methods and outcomes by constructing a composite risk factor score. Blood sample analysis, including genetic mapping and the study of new risk factors that were not recognised at the time EYHS, was designed.

We included dietary intake, aerobic fitness test, skinfold measurements and a comprehensive questionnaire for both children and parents as core measurements. All centres were encouraged to assess additional health parameters such as dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans for …
Ribavirin and interferon is effective for hepatitis C virus clearance in hepatitis B and C dually infected patients
Authors: Chun-Jen Liu, Pei-Jer Chen, Ming-Yang Lai, Jia-Horng Kao, Yung-Ming Jeng, Ding-Shinn Chen
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Ribavirin and interferon (IFN) are an effective treatment in 30% to 60% of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Whether they are also effective in dually infected patients with hepatitis B and C is unknown. Twenty–four patients with chronic hepatitis seropositive for both hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to HCV received ribavirin 1,200 mg daily for 6 months, together with 6 million units (MU) IFN–α 2a thrice weekly for 12 weeks and then 3 MU for another 12 weeks. Serum HCV RNA was positive in 21 patients (group I, serum HBV DNA positive in 17 patients) and negative in 3 patients (group II, all HBV DNA positive) by Amplicor (Cobas Amplicor Monitor, Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), HCV RNA, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA were monitored regularly for 12 months. Another 30 patients with chronic hepatitis C alone receiving the same regimen, served as controls. The serum HCV clearance rate in group I patients (43%) was comparable with that in controls (60%, P = .63) 24 weeks posttreatment. The serum ALT normalization rate in group I and group II patients was 43% and 0%, respectively, 24 weeks posttreatment. After treatment, resurgence of HBV and HCV was encountered in 4 group I patients and 1 group II patient, respectively. In conclusion, in hepatitis B and C dually infected patients, combination of IFN with ribavirin can achieve a sustained HCV clearance rate comparable with hepatitis C alone. In dually infected patients, the treatment may alter the dominant, ruling hepatitis virus.
Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α mediates the adaptive response to fasting
Authors: Sander Kersten, Josiane Seydoux, Jeffrey M. Peters, Frank J. Gonzalez, Béatrice Desvergne, Walter Wahli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Prolonged deprivation of food induces dramatic changes in mammalian metabolism, including the release of large amounts of fatty acids from the adipose tissue, followed by their oxidation in the liver. The nuclear receptor known as peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα) was found to play a role in regulating mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation, suggesting that PPARα may be involved in the transcriptional response to fasting. To investigate this possibility, PPARα-null mice were subjected to a high fat diet or to fasting, and their responses were compared with those of wild-type mice. PPARα-null mice chronically fed a high fat diet showed a massive accumulation of lipid in their livers. A similar phenotype was noted in PPARα-null mice fasted for 24 hours, who also displayed severe hypoglycemia, hypoketonemia, hypothermia, and elevated plasma free fatty acid levels, indicating a dramatic inhibition of fatty acid uptake and oxidation. It is shown that to accommodate the increased requirement for hepatic fatty acid oxidation, PPARα mRNA is induced during fasting in wild-type mice. The data indicate that PPARα plays a pivotal role in the management of energy stores during fasting. By modulating gene expression, PPARα stimulates hepatic fatty acid oxidation to supply substrates that can be metabolized by other tissues.
5 versus 10 days of treatment with ceftriaxone for bacterial meningitis in children: a double-blind randomised equivalence study
Authors: Elizabeth Molyneux, Shaikh Qamaruddin Nizami, Samir Saha, Khanh Truong Huu, Matloob Azam, Zulfiqar Ahmad Bhutta, Ramadan Zaki, Martin Willi Weber, Shamim Ahmad Qazi
Journal: The Lancet (2011)
Mortality Prediction in Pulmonary <i>Mycobacterium Kansasii</i> Infection and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Theodore K. Marras, Alison Morris, Leah C. Gonzalez, Charles L. Daley
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

In the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the clinical implications of American Thoracic Society (ATS) diagnostic criteria and the significance of a single positive respiratory culture for Mycobacterium kansasii are unknown. We retrospectively studied HIV-infected patients with pulmonary M. kansasii isolated between 1989 and 2002 at one institution. Of 127 patients, 33% fulfilled ATS disease criteria. Twenty-nine percent received at least three active drugs for at least 3 months, and 53% died. In survival analysis, a lower CD4 count (hazard ratio [HR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.3) and positive smear microscopy (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-6.1) were associated with mortality, whereas antiretroviral therapy (HR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.8) and M. kansasii treatment (HR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9) were associated with survival. ATS criteria did not predict mortality (HR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.4-1.9). Fifteen patients (12%) apparently had indolent infection, not requiring immediate therapy. They had fewer positive cultures and lower rates of positive smear microscopy and ATS-defined disease. In HIV-infected patients with pulmonary M. kansasii infection, predictors of survival include higher CD4 counts, antiretroviral therapy, negative smear microscopy, and adequate treatment for M. kansasii infection, but not ATS diagnostic criteria. Withholding treatment in HIV-infected patients with respiratory M. kansasii isolates should only be considered with negative smear microscopy, few positive cultures, and mild immunosuppression.
Hyperplastic Lesions of Sprague-Dawley Rat Mammary Glands After X Irradiation&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Leslie J. Faulkin, Claire J. Shellabarger, Kenneth B. DeOme
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1967)

This study reports that X irradiation, which produced mammary tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats, also produced hyperplastic lesions of the mammary gland. These lesions were similar morphologically to the preneoplastic lesions of the mouse mammary gland and were more numerous in X-irradiated rats than in animals of comparable age that were not exposed to irradiation. The lesions were more frequent as the time after irradiation increased in both irradiated and nonirradiated rats; however, the rate of increase was greater in the irradiated animals. The hyperplastic lesions induced in the rat mammary glands were not shown to be preneoplastic. However, the greater number of lesions encountered under conditions which increased the incidence of tumors is suggestive information.
Fewer ligament injuries but no preventive effect on muscle injuries and severe injuries: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study
Authors: Jan Ekstrand, Martin Hägglund, Karolina Kristenson, Henrik Magnusson, Markus Waldén
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Limited information is available on the variation in injury rates over multiple seasons of professional football.To analyse time-trends in injury characteristics of male professional football players over 11 consecutive seasons.A total of 1743 players comprising 27 teams from 10 countries were followed prospectively between 2001 and 2012. Team medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time loss injuries.A total of 8029 time loss injuries were recorded. The match unavailability due to injury was 14% and constant over the study period. On average, a player sustained two injuries per season, resulting in approximately 50 injuries per team and season. The ligament injury rate decreased during the study period (R(2)=0.608, b=-0.040, 95% CI -0.065 to -0.016, p=0.005), whereas the rate of muscle injury (R(2)=0.228, b=-0.013, 95% CI -0.032 to 0.005, p=0.138) and severe injury (R(2)=0.141, b=0.015, 95% CI -0.013 to 0.043, p=0.255) did not change over the study period. In addition, no changes in injury rates over the 11-year period were found for either training (R(2)=0.000, b=0.000, 95% CI -0.035 to 0.034, p=0.988) or match play (R(2)=0.282, b=-0.015, 95% CI -0.032 to 0.003, p=0.093).The injury rate has decreased for ligament injuries over the last 11 years, but overall training, match injury rates and the rates of muscle injury and severe injury remain high.
Augmented HER-2–Specific Immunity during Treatment with Trastuzumab and Chemotherapy
Authors: Clare Taylor, Dawn Hershman, Nina Shah, Nicole Suciu-Foca, Dan P. Petrylak, Robert Taub, Linda Vahdat, Bin Cheng, Mark Pegram, Keith L. Knutson, Raphael Clynes
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Passive immunotherapy with antitumor antibodies has the potential to induce active tumor immunity via the opsonic enhancement of immunogenicity of tumor antigen. We have assessed whether immune sensitization to the HER-2/neu tumor antigen occurs during treatment with the anti-HER-2/neu monoclonal antibody trastuzumab.Twenty-seven patients treated with trastuzumab and chemotherapy were assessed for the induction of HER-2/neu-specific immunity. Sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained before and after trastuzumab therapy were compared for the presence of anti-HER-2/neu endogenous Iglambda antibodies and HER-2/neu-specific CD4 responses by ELISA and enzyme-linked immunospot, respectively.Anti-HER-2/neu antibodies were detectable in 8 of 27 (29%) patients before trastuzumab treatment and in 15 of 27 (56%) patients during trastuzumab treatment. In the overall study population, anti-HER-2/neu humoral responses significantly increased during therapy (P < 0.001) and were not associated with development of an anti-idiotypic response. In 10 evaluable individuals, 6 showed augmented HER-2/neu-specific CD4 T-cell responses during therapy. Of the 22 individuals treated for metastatic disease, those patients showing objective clinical responses exhibited more frequent (P = 0.004) and larger (P = 0.006) treatment-associated anti-HER-2/neu humoral responses.Humoral immune sensitization occurs during treatment with chemotherapy and trastuzumab. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether augmented anti-HER-2/neu humoral and cellular immunity contributes mechanistically to clinical outcome.
Human T <sub>H</sub> 17 Cells Are Long-Lived Effector Memory Cells
Authors: Ilona Kryczek, Ende Zhao, Yan Liu, Yin Wang, Linhua Vatan, Wojciech Szeliga, Jeffrey Moyer, Aleksandra Klimczak, Andrzej Lange, Weiping Zou
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2011)

Human T H 17 cells function as long-lived effector memory cells in the context of chronic disease.
Performance of the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review
Authors: Helga Radner, Tuhina Neogi, Josef S Smolen, Daniel Aletaha
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2013)

The 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were developed to improve the identification of individuals for studies of RA. We aimed to summarise the performance of the criteria based on the published literature.We performed a systematic literature search to identify all studies investigating the 2010 criteria and reporting data allowing to calculate sensitivity (SENS), specificity (SPEC), and positive and negative predictive values. Where possible, meta-analysis was performed.Seventeen full articles (total 6816 patients) and 17 meeting abstracts (total 4004 patients) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for RA (defined by different reference standards) were 0.82 (95% CI 0.79-0.84) and 0.61 (0.59-0.64). Results were comparable for different reference standards: for initiation of methotrexate pooled sensitivity was 0.85 (0.83-0.86) and specificity was 0.52 (0.49-0.54); for initiation of any disease modifying antirheumatic drug they were 0.80 (0.79-0.82) and 0.65 (0.61-0.68), respectively; and for expert opinion 0.88 (0.86-0.90) and 0.48 (0.35-0.52). No differences were observed for use of different types of joint counts. Eight studies and five meeting abstracts directly compared 1987 and 2010 criteria using different reference standards within different target populations showing higher overall sensitivity (+0.11 compared with 1987 criteria) at the cost of lower overall specificity (-0.04).Two years after their publication, the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria have been widely tested in the community. They are sensitive to detect cases of RA among various target populations, independent of how the latter is referenced.
Expression of the c-met protooncogene in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kunio Suzuki, Norio Hayashi, Yukinori Yamada, Harumasa Yoshihara, Yasuhide Miyamoto, Yoshiki Ito, Toshihumi Ito, Kazuhiro Katayama, Yutaka Sasaki, Akihiko Ito, Yutaka Kisida, Toru Kashiwagi, Hideyuki Fusamoto, Takenobu Kamada
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

The c-met protooncogene is a growth factor receptor with tyrosine kinase activity. Recently the hepatocyte growth factor was identified as the ligand for this receptor. Because the hepatocyte growth factor is a most potent mitogen in hepatocytes, possible involvement of c-met expression in hepatocarcinogenesis is suspected. In this study, we examined c-met expression in 23 hepatocellular carcinoma cases by means of Northern-blot analysis and an immunohistochemical study. Northern-blot analysis revealed c-met mRNA expression in the tumors of 6 of 19 patients (31.6%); in the immunohistochemical study, c-met protein was detected in 16 of 23 patients (69.6%). With both methods, c-met was found to be overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma compared with the surrounding normal liver. Comprehensive analysis showed that c-met protein expression was correlated with poor-to-moderate differentiation of cancer cells (p < 0.05). Tumor proliferative activity of hepatocellular carcinoma was evaluated by means of Ki-67 labeling index. All cases with increased tumor proliferative activity showed c-met protein expression, although the elevation of proliferative activity in the c-met-positive group was not statistically significant. These data suggest that the overexpression of c-met plays an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Improving Safety with Information Technology
Authors: David W. Bates, Atul A. Gawande
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

ealth care is growing increasingly complex, and most clinical research focuses on new approaches to diagnosis and treatment.In contrast, relatively little effort has been targeted at the perfection of operational systems, which are partly responsible for the well-documented problems with medical safety. 1 If medicine is to achieve major gains in quality, it must be transformed, and information technology will play a key part, 2 especially with respect to safety.In other industries, information technology has made possible what has been called "mass customization" -the efficient and reliable production of goods and services according to the highly personalized needs of individual customers. 2Computer retailers, for example, now use their Web sites to allow people to purchase computers built to their exact specifications, which can be shipped within two days.Medical care is, of course, orders of magnitude more complex than selling personal computers, and clinicians have always strived to provide carefully individualized care.However, safe care now requires a degree of individualization that is becoming unimaginable without computerized decision support.For example, computer systems can instantaneously identify interactions among a patient's medications.Even today, more than 600 drugs require adjustment of doses for multiple levels of renal dysfunction, a task that is poorly performed by human prescribers without assistance but can be done accurately by computers. 3][5][6] In the past decade, the risk of harm caused by medical care has received increasing scrutiny. 1The growing sophistication of computers and software should allow information technology to play a vital part in reducing that risk -by streamlining care, catching and correcting errors, assisting with decisions, and providing feedback on performance.Given the large potential risks and benefits as well as the costs involved, in this article we analyze what is known about the role and effect of information technology with respect to safety and consider the implications for medical care, research, and policy.Information technology can reduce the rate of errors in three ways: by preventing errors and adverse events, by facilitating a more rapid response after an adverse event has occurred, and by tracking and providing feedback about adverse events.][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The main classes of strategies for preventing errors and adverse events include tools that can improve communication, make knowledge more readily accessible, require key pieces of information (such as the dose of a drug), assist with calculations, perform checks in real time, assist with monitoring, and provide decision support.h ways that information technology can reduce errors
Chlorambucil/prednisone‐induced seizures in a patient with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: E. Jourdan, D. Topart, V. Pinzani, J. Jourdan
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2001)

With Non-Hodgkin's LymphomaTo the Editor: Chlorambucil is an oral alkylant agent that is widely used for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease.Myelosuppression is the most common adverse effect.Seizures are rarely reported as another form of acute toxicity.We report a case that highlights this potential complication when chlorambucil is associated with prednisone.
Excluding venous thromboembolism using point of care D-dimer tests in outpatients: a diagnostic meta-analysis
Authors: G J Geersing, K J M Janssen, R Oudega, L Bax, A W Hoes, J B Reitsma, K G M Moons
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objective</b> To review the evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of the currently available point of care D-dimer tests for excluding venous thromboembolism. <b>Design</b> Systematic review of research on the accuracy of point of care D-dimer tests, using bivariate regression to examine sources of variation and to estimate sensitivity and specificity. <b>Data sources</b> Studies on the diagnostic accuracy of point of care D-dimer tests published between January 1995 and September 2008 and available in either Medline or Embase. <b>Review methods</b> The analysis included studies that compared point of care D-dimer tests with predefined reference criteria for venous thromboembolism, enrolled consecutive outpatients, and allowed for construction of a 2×2 table. <b>Results</b> 23 studies (total number of patients 13 959, range in mean age 38-65 years, range of venous thromboembolism prevalence 4-51%) were included in the meta-analysis. The studies reported two qualitative point of care D-dimer tests (SimpliRED D-dimer (n=12) and Clearview Simplify D-dimer (n=7)) and two quantitative point of care D-dimer tests (Cardiac D-dimer (n=4) and Triage D-dimer (n=2)). Overall sensitivity ranged from 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.78 to 0.90) to 0.96 (0.91 to 0.98) and overall specificity from 0.48 (0.33 to 0.62) to 0.74 (0.69 to 0.78). The two quantitative tests Cardiac D-dimer and Triage D-dimer scored most favourably. <b>Conclusions</b> In outpatients suspected of venous thromboembolism, point of care D-dimer tests can contribute important information and guide patient management, notably in low risk patients (that is, those patients with a low score on a clinical decision rule).
Resuscitation After Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Myron L. Weisfeldt, Lance B. Becker
Journal: JAMA (2002)

suggests a lower incidencerate, about 184000 cardiac arrests per year, as well as a de-creasing proportion of cardiac arrests with ventricular fi-brillation (VF) as the first identified rhythm.Current International Liaison Committee on Resuscita-tion (ILCOR) guidelines promulgate rhythm-based thera-piesduringcardiacarrest.