tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Insulin-Resistant Prediabetic Subjects Have More Atherogenic Risk Factors Than Insulin-Sensitive Prediabetic Subjects
Authors: Steven M. Haffner, Leena Mykkänen, Andreas Festa, James P. Burke, Michael P. Stern
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Subjects who convert to type 2 diabetes mellitus have increased cardiovascular risk factors relative to nonconverters. However, it is not known whether these atherogenic changes in the prediabetic state are predominantly due to insulin resistance, decreased insulin secretion, or both. Methods and Results —We examined this issue in the 7-year follow-up of the San Antonio Heart Study, in which 195 of 1734 subjects converted to type 2 diabetes. At baseline, converters had significantly higher body mass index, waist circumference, triglyceride concentration, and blood pressure and lower HDL cholesterol than nonconverters. Atherogenic changes in converters were markedly attenuated (and no longer significant) after adjustment for the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR, a surrogate for insulin resistance); in contrast, the differences in risk factors between converters and nonconverters increased after adjustment for the ratio of early insulin increment to early glucose increment (ΔI 30-0 /ΔG 30-0 ) during an oral glucose tolerance test (a surrogate for insulin secretion). We also compared converters who had a predominant insulin resistance (high HOMA IR and high ΔI 30-0 /ΔG 30-0 ) (n=56) and converters who had a predominant decrease in insulin secretion (low HOMA IR and low ΔI 30-0 /ΔG 30-0 ) (n=31) with nonconverters (n=1539). Only the converters who were insulin resistant had higher blood pressure and triglyceride levels and lower HDL cholesterol levels than nonconverters. Conclusions —Our data suggest that atherogenic changes in the prediabetic state are mainly seen in insulin-resistant subjects and that strategies to prevent type 2 diabetes might focus on insulin-sensitizing interventions rather than interventions that increase insulin secretion because of potential effects on cardiovascular risk.
Modulation of Oxidative and Antioxidative Status in Diabetes by Asphaltum Panjabinum
Authors: Nidhi Saxena, Upendra N. Dwivedi, Raj K. Singh, Arvind Kumar, Chhavi Saxena, Ram C. Saxena, Mona Saxena
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Oxidative stress in diabetes, a common metabolic disorder, damages organs, including the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans. In an ancient, traditional system of medicine, Asphaltum panjabinum (shilajit) (1) has been reported to possess an adaptogenic activity (2) (a rasayan), which reverts a pathological state to a physiological one with increased nonspecific resistance.

The present study was conducted in 61 diabetic subjects of either sex, aged 31–70 years, who were …
Prospective Study of <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> IgG Seropositivity and Risks of Future Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Paul M. Ridker, Ruth B. Kundsin, Meir J. Stampfer, Sharon Poulin, Charles H. Hennekens
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background — Chlamydia pneumoniae has been hypothesized to play a role in atherothrombosis. However, prospective data relating exposure to Chlamydia pneumoniae and risks of future myocardial infarction (MI) are sparse. Methods and Results —In a prospective cohort of nearly 15 000 healthy men, we measured IgG antibodies directed against Chlamydia pneumoniae in blood samples collected at baseline from 343 study participants who subsequently reported a first MI and from an equal number of age- and smoking-matched control subjects who did not report vascular disease during a 12-year follow-up period. The proportion of study subjects with IgG antibodies directed against Chlamydia increased with age and cigarette consumption. However, prevalence rates of Chlamydia IgG seropositivity were virtually identical at baseline among men who subsequently reported first MI compared with age- and smoking-matched control subjects. Specifically, the relative risks of future MI associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG titers ≥1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128, and 1:256 were 1.1, 1.0, 1.1, 1.0, and 0.8, respectively (all probability values not significant). There was no association in analyses adjusted for other risk factors, evaluating early as compared with late events, or among nonsmokers. Further, there was no association between seropositivity and concentration of C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation that predicts MI risk in this cohort. Conclusions —In a large-scale study of socioeconomically homogeneous men that controlled for age, smoking, and other cardiovascular risk factors, we found no evidence of association between Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG seropositivity and risks of future MI.
HIV in India — A Downsized Epidemic
Authors: Robert Steinbrook
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

In 2006, the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 5.7 million people in India were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a figure that captured wide attention and raised the possibility that India had more infected people than any other country.1 In 2007, however, the estimate was revised downward to 2.5 million (range, 2.0 million to 3.1 million) — a revision so large that it reduced by nearly 10% the estimated number of people living with HIV globally and reinforced ongoing concerns about the validity of methods for producing such . . .
The benefits of steroids versus steroids plus antivirals for treatment of Bell's palsy: a meta-analysis
Authors: E. C Quant, S. S Jeste, R. H Muni, A. V Cape, M. K Bhussar, A. Y Peleg
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objective</b> To determine whether steroids plus antivirals provide a better degree of facial muscle recovery in patients with Bell's palsy than steroids alone. <b>Design</b> Meta-analysis. <b>Data sources</b> PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for studies published in all languages from 1984 to January 2009. Additional studies were identified from cited references. <b>Selection criteria</b> Randomised controlled trials that compared steroids with the combination of steroids and antivirals for the treatment of Bell's palsy were included in this study. At least one month of follow-up and a primary end point of at least partial facial muscle recovery, as defined by a House-Brackmann grade of at least 2 (complete palsy is designated a grade of 6) or an equivalent score on an alternative recognised scoring system, were required. <b>Review methods </b>Two authors independently reviewed studies for methodological quality, treatment regimens, duration of symptoms before treatment, length of follow-up, and outcomes. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated and pooled using a random effects model. <b>Results</b> Six trials were included, a total of 1145 patients; 574 patients received steroids alone and 571 patients received steroids and antivirals. The pooled odds ratio for facial muscle recovery showed no benefit of steroids plus antivirals compared with steroids alone (odds ratio 1.50, 95% confidence interval 0.83 to 2.69; P=0.18). A one study removed analysis showed that the highest quality studies had the greatest effect on the lack of difference between study arms shown by the odds ratio. Subgroup analyses assessing causes of heterogeneity defined a priori (time from symptom onset to treatment, length of follow-up, and type of antiviral studied) showed no benefit of antivirals in addition to that provided by steroids. <b>Conclusions</b> Antivirals did not provide an added benefit in achieving at least partial facial muscle recovery compared with steroids alone in patients with Bell's palsy. This study does not, therefore, support the routine use of antivirals in Bell's palsy. Future studies should use improved herpes virus diagnostics and newer antivirals to assess whether combination therapy benefits patients with more severe facial paralysis at study entry.
CDC promotes pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued guidance for the broad use of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention—better known by the shorthand PrEP—which builds on interim guidance issued in 2012. Truvada is a single pill containing two commonly used HIV drugs, tenofovir and emtricitabine, and it is the only product that currently carries a label indication for PrEP, although studies of other drugs for PrEP are under way. When taken daily it provides greater than 90% protection against HIV infection. The new guidance recommended PrEP as an option for four groups of people:
Bone Scan Findings in Metastatic Calcification From Calciphylaxis
Authors: Sushane Soni, William D. Leslie
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

A 51-year-old woman on peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure secondary to diabetic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug nephropathy was referred for a Tc-99m MDP bone scan to assess firm subcutaneous plaques in the sacral and gluteal regions. This showed extensive superficial tracer localization in the subcutaneous tissues as well as visceral tracer activity in the myocardium, lungs, stomach, and kidneys. These findings were typical for calciphylaxis (calcific uremic arteriolopathy), a form of metastatic calcification encountered in patients with chronic renal failure that is characterized by subcutaneous soft tissue calcification, painful ulcerations, high morbidity, and mortality. Treatment with sodium thiosulfate resulted in dramatic scintigraphic improvement.
Generation of Cytotoxic Factor by Human Large Granular Lymphocytes During Interaction With Autologous Tumor Cells: Lysis of Fresh Human Tumor Cells
Authors: A. Uchida, E. Klei
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1988)

Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) obtained by centrifugation (Percoll gradient) of blood from patients with carcinomatous pleural effusions and solid tumors lysed autologous, freshly isolated tumor cells in a 4-hour 51Cr-release assay. When cocultured with autologous tumor cells, LGL released soluble cytotoxic factor(s), large granular lymphocyte-derived cytotoxic factor (LGL-CF). In contrast, small T lymphocytes were unable to kill autologous tumor cells or to produce a cytotoxic factor. The LGL-CF demonstrated cytotoxicity against autologous fresh tumor cells but also against allogeneic fresh tumor cells in a 48-hour microcytotoxicity assay and in an 18-hour 51Cr-release assay in the presence of dactinomycin. Binding of LGL-CF to autologous tumor cells occurred within 2 hours and reached the maximum by 6 hours; this binding was sufficient to cause subsequent lysis of the target cells without the continued presence of LGL-CF. Neither the supernatants produced by culture of LGL alone nor the lysates of LGL had detectable cytolytic activity. In addition, treatment of LGL with cytochalasin A inhibited both direct cell-mediated autologous tumor lysis and generation of LGL-CF. Production of LGL-CF required active cell metabolism and protein and RNA syntheses in LGL, but not DNA synthesis. Addition of dactinomycin to LGL-CF in assays augmented the lysis. LGL-CF was stable at 56 degrees C, but it was reduced at 70 degrees C and destroyed at 100 degrees C. Treatment of LGL-CF with trypsin or proteinase K reduced or abrogated the lytic effect, respectively, while the lytic effect was not affected by papain, catalase, or superoxide dismutase. These results indicate that during interaction with autologous tumor cells, LGL release a soluble cytotoxic factor that mediates lysis of fresh human tumor cells.
Leaving No (Renal) Stone Unturned
Authors: Lawrence G. Raisz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Careful metabolic studies in patients with recurrent stone formation can yield useful data on pathogenetic factors in many cases and an etiologic diagnosis in a few. In this issue of the Journal, Pak and his associates describe a simple test for assessing such factors. The patients tested were divided into four groups on the basis of previous more detailed studies.1 In those with hypercalciuria associated with increased intestinal absorption of calcium, termed "absorptive hypercalciuria," fasting urinary calcium was normal, but excretion increased markedly after ingesting 1 gram of calcium. Excretion of cyclic 3′, 5′ adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was normal. . . .
Diagnosis and Treatment of Abnormal Breast Secretions
Authors: Ann B. Barnes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

THE etiology and treatment of abnormal breast secretions are perplexing to those in practice and research alike. Abnormal function of the female breast may appear at any time of life from infancy to old age as indicated by the "witch's milk" of the newborn and postmenopausal discharges. Breast secretions are also observed in men, young and old. In diagnosis both intramammary and neurohumoral mechanisms must be considered. The investigation needed may range from a simple review of the history and physical examination to costly radiologic and laboratory tests and possibly extensive surgical procedures.The incidence of unilateral in contrast to . . .
PGE<sub>2</sub> suppresses excessive anti‐IgE induced cysteinyl leucotrienes production in mast cells of patients with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease
Authors: X. S. Wang, A. Y‐Y. Wu, P. S. Leung, H. Y. A. Lau
Journal: Allergy (2007)

Background: Aspirin causes bronchospasm in patients with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). The contribution of mast cells to the increased cysteinyl‐leucotrienes (cys‐LTs) detected in AERD patients is however not defined. Aims of the study: Effects of prostaglandin (PG) E 2 and inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LO) pathways on mediator release from cultured mast cells of normal subjects, aspirin tolerant asthma (ATA) and AERD patients were compared to better define the role of mast cells in AERD. Methods: Mast cells were cultured from peripheral blood progenitors and were activated by anti‐IgE. Histamine, PGD 2 and cys‐LTs released were then determined. Results: Basal release of all three mediators was similar in all subjects. Although the release of all three mediators was increased by anti‐IgE, mast cells from AERD patients produced significantly more cys‐LTs (6.9 ± 2.0 ng/10 6 cells) than normal and ATA subjects (2.3 ± 0.8 and 1.7 ± 0.5 ng/10 6 cells, respectively). While COX and LO pathway inhibitors did not affect anti‐IgE induced histamine release, they significantly suppressed the production of PGD 2 and cys‐LTs, respectively, in all patients. PGE 2 significantly enhanced anti‐IgE induced histamine and PGD 2 release from mast cells of normal subjects but not those of ATA and AERD patients. In contrast, PGE 2 suppressed only anti‐IgE induced cys‐LTs release from mast cells of AERD patients. Conclusion: We speculate that overproduction of cys‐LTs is unique to mast cells of AERD patients and is particularly sensitive to suppression by PGE 2 . Consequently reduction of PGE 2 production by aspirin removes this endogenous control of cys‐LTs overproduction, resulting in asthma attack.
CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKÆMIA AND ACUTE LEUKAÆMIA ASSOCIATED WITH MONGOLISM
Authors: IshbelM. Tough, A.G. Baikie, D.G. Harnden, MargaretJ. King, W.M. Court Brown, KarinE. Buckton, PatriciaA. Jacobs, J.A. Mcbride
Journal: The Lancet (1961)
THE INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE COMPOSITION ON THE VASOCONSTRICTOR ACTIVITY OF BETAMETHASONE IT-BENZOATE
Authors: A. F. PEPLER, R. WOODFORD, J. C. MORRISON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1971)

Journal Article THE INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE COMPOSITION ON THE VASOCONSTRICTOR ACTIVITY OF BETAMETHASONE IT‐BENZOATE Get access A. F. PEPLER, A. F. PEPLER School of Pharmacy, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth, Hants., and William R. Warner & Co. Ltd., Eastleigh, Hants Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. WOODFORD, R. WOODFORD School of Pharmacy, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth, Hants., and William R. Warner & Co. Ltd., Eastleigh, Hants Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. C. MORRISON J. C. MORRISON School of Pharmacy, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth, Hants., and William R. Warner & Co. Ltd., Eastleigh, Hants Requests for reprints should be addressed to Dr Morrison. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 85, Issue 2, 1 August 1971, Pages 171–176, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1971.tb07205.x Published: 01 August 1971 Article history Accepted: 01 May 1971 Published: 01 August 1971
MediClip: Three Volume Medical Clip Art Images on Floppy Disks
Authors: Saty Satya-Murti
Journal: JAMA (1992)

"Publish or perish": this admonition, if heeded, procured tenure for many of us in academe. In clinical practice, however, the watchword is different: "Document or die," at the hands of your favorite regulator, trial attorney, or third-party payer. We are all documenting better these days with the help of appropriate electronic gadgetry. Onto the scene comes a fresh but friendly figure that helps documentation:<i>MediClip</i>medical art software. It is billed as "the first complete medical art... library" for the Mac or the IBM PC. It contains a few hundred line drawings of medical images that can be used to enhance your text, letter, paper, proposal, or teaching material. <i>MediClip</i>is available as a three-volume set. Each volume comprises several disks. The first two have anatomic images, and the third contains drawings of medical art and instruments. A word about "clip art": it often consists of line drawings, and the
Joint Pain or Arthritis
Authors: James F. Fries
Journal: JAMA (1976)

ONE OF six patient visits to a primary care physician is for a musculoskeletal complaint. Usually, the complaint is pain near joints or is attributed to "arthritis." In the terminology of many patients, "arthritis" is a synonym for musculoskeletal pain, rather than the medically understood synovial inflammation. We will attempt to provide guidelines for investigation of these complaints and for clinical formulation and decisions. The American Rheumatism Association recognizes more than 100 musculoskeletal and articular conditions.<sup>1</sup>Many of these conditions closely resemble others, and precise diagnosis is, at times, extremely difficult.<sup>2</sup>We will deal only with the most common problems. The guidelines presented will be useful in the majority of cases and will provide a logical framework within which to categorize the problems. We have considered three questions, each developed with a flow sheet, or algorithm: (1) Is laboratory evaluation required? (2) If required, which investigations are indicated?
CALOMEL AS A DIURETIC.Read in the Section of Practice of Medicine, Materia Medica and Physiology at the Forty first Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, at Nashville, Tenn., June, 1890.
Authors: GEO. A. FACKLER
Journal: JAMA (1890)

The purpose of this paper is to briefly present to the notice of the Section a subject which may be of interest to the general practitioner. Its purpose is to call attention to a remedy for the relief of a condition which is frequently a source of annoyance to the medical adviser. Although they do not form the larger portion of cases, still every one has his fair quota of diseases of the heart to attend, and no complication of these affections is as unsatisfactory to treat as the œdema. Hence, any contribution to the literature of this subject, it seems to me at least, should not be allowed to pass unnoticed. Such contributions have appeared in our journals during the past three or four years and, hence, it may be profitable to bestow more than a passing glance at the observations of the original investigators of
The Importance Of Not Being Cited
Authors: Gerson Jacobs
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In 1964, an article on cybernetics and a model of disease was published in<i>Aerospace Medicine</i>.<sup>1</sup>Reprint requests numbered 87 and many came from various research institutes of Czechoslovakia. The article had a profound effect on that country, for shortly afterward a reform movement in the Czech Communist Party culminated in the destruction of the Dubcek government in 1968. Yet, despite such a relevant, meaningful, and valid study in cybernetics, my article has not appeared in the bibliography of any scientific publication and thus has never been cited in the<i>Science Citation Index</i>. What can all this mean? There are five possibilities. (1) The article is too profound and difficult to understand for the present generation of scientists. (2) The article is a threat to the Establishment. (3) It is not radical chic<sup>2</sup>to cite an article that has never been cited. (4) There is
Detection of gammopathy by serum protein electrophoresis for predicting and managing therapy of lymphoproliferative disorder in 911 recipients of liver transplants
Authors: Antoinette Lemoine, Patrick Pham, Daniel Azoulay, Faouzi Saliba, Jean-François Emile, Raphaël Saffroy, Philippe Broet, Henri Bismuth, Didier Samuel, Brigitte Debuire
Journal: Blood (2001)
Sinusitis and its management
Authors: Kim W Ah-See, Andrew S Evans
Journal: BMJ (2007)

<h3>Objectives</h3> In this study we examined which factors best predict return to work for workers away from work due to acute low back pain. Based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, we distinguish between factors related to LBP, to the worker, to the job and to the psychosocial environment that influence duration of an episode of being off work. We updated a previous review because of advances in the field. <h3>Methods</h3> PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched up to March 2011. Quality of the studies was assessed on 19 methodological items. Levels of evidence will be determined and results will be pooled if possible. <h3>Results</h3> 4947 titles and abstracts were retrieved and after screening of title abstract and papers for inclusion and exclusion criteria, 28 relevant publications from 25 studies were identified. Two studies that were selected in the previous review were excluded after contact with the authors and due to stricter criteria. Studies were from: Belgium: 2, The Netherlands: 7, USA: 10, Canada: 3, Norway: 2, and Greece: 1. After initial disagreement (overall ICC=0.63) consensus was reached on quality. The average quality of studies was 12.21 with a minimum score of 6 and a maximum score of 16. Approximately 220 factors were considered in these studies. Preliminary analysis shows that recovery expectations, radiating pain, disability and pain might be important factors. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The review raises the issue of more theory based/biological plausible studies. At the conference we will present pooled results and feedback from stakeholders on relevance.
[49] ENTECAVIR (ETV) RESULTS IN HIGHER HBV-DNA REDUCTION VS ADEFOVIR (ADV) IN CHRONICALLY INFECTED HBeAg(+) ANTIVIRAL-NAIVE ADULTS: 48 WK RESULTS (E.A.R.L. STUDY)
Authors: N. Leung, C.Y. Peng, J. Sollano, L. Lesmana, M.F. Yuen, L. Jeffers, H.W. Hann, M. Sherman, J. Zhu, K. Mencarini, R. Colonno, A. Cross, R. Wilber, J.C. Lopez-Talavera
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)