tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reply to J. Dekker et al
Authors: Anja Mehnert, Elmar Brähler, Hermann Faller, Martin Härter, Monika Keller, Holger Schulz, Karl Wegscheider, Joachim Weis, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Uwe Koch
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

We would like to thank Dekker et al for their letter, their interest in our study, and their careful considerations with regard to the prevalence of mental disorders in patients with cancer compared with the general populationandthequestionsofcareneedsandserviceplanning.Weagree with Dekker et al that recent studies, including our own research, suggestahigherprevalenceofmentaldisordersinpopulationswithcancer than in the general population or in comparison of patients with cancer withhealthycontrols.Howeverweshouldbesomewhatcarefulwiththis assumption.Thehigherprevalence inourstudywasmainlycausedbythe 11% prevalence of adjustment disorders, which were not included in the studies by Nakash et al, Suppli et al, or Hung et al. Results might also differdependingontheperiodconsidered,namely,4weeksor12months, for prevalence rates. Given the relevant divergence in the prevalence of mental disorders that we found between different cancer types, comparisons with the general population should, perhaps, be made for individual cancer entities rather than for the entire population with cancer. We partially agree with the argument of Dekker et al with regard to the need for professional psychosocial interventions. A discrepancy exists between the occurrence of a mental disorder, which implies the need for treatment from a health care professional’s point of view, and the perceived need for treatment from the patient’s perspective. The same is true for patients with mental disorders and no physical illness. Also, patients identifiedashavinglowlevelsofemotionaldistressmightexpresstheneed for information and professional psychosocial support. Reviews show high numbers of unmet supportive care needs in mixed cancer populations. This discrepancy between the different perspectives of patients,familycaregivers,healthcareprofessionals,andhealthcarepolicy makerswithregardtothedefinitionofneedforcarecannotbesolved,but should be taken into account when needs are discussed. However, our data provide sound estimates of staffing needs for psychosocial and psycho-oncological support services and the allocation of resources. Psycho-oncological interventions, including individual and group psychotherapy, psychoeducation, and relaxation training, are associated with significant, small-to-medium effects on the reduction of emotional distress and improvements in quality of life. Supportive psychotherapy in cancer care comprises a range of interventions, such as cognitivebehavioral and interpersonal therapy, mindfulness interventions, relaxation and image-based therapy, psychoeducational interventions, supportive-expressivegrouptherapy,meaning-centered interventions,as well as couples and family therapies. According to national and international guidelines, we recommend stepped-care models providing information, psychosocial counseling, and psychotherapy to meet the individualneedsofpatientswithemotionaldistressandmentaldisorders.
Processed Meat Consumption and Stomach Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Nicola Orsini, Alicja Wolk
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2006)

The relationship between processed meat consumption and the risk of stomach cancer is controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize available evidence from cohort and case-control studies on this issue.We searched Medline for studies of processed meat consumption and stomach cancer published from January 1966 through March 2006. Random-effects models were used to pool the relative risks from individual studies. All statistical tests were two-sided.Six prospective cohort studies (involving 2209 stomach cancer patients) and nine case-control studies (2495 case patients) were eligible for inclusion in the dose-response meta-analysis of processed meat consumption. The estimated summary relative risks of stomach cancer for an increase in processed meat consumption of 30 g/day, approximately half of an average serving, were 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04 to 1.27) for the cohort studies and 1.38 (95% CI = 1.19 to 1.60) for the case-control studies. There was no statistically significant heterogeneity among the cohort studies (P = .42) or among the case-control studies (P = .19). In three cohort and four case-control studies that examined the association between bacon consumption and stomach cancer, the summary relative risk was 1.37 (95% CI = 1.17 to 1.61) for the highest versus lowest intake categories of bacon, without heterogeneity among these studies (P = .66).Increased consumption of processed meat is associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer. However, the possibility that the association may be confounded or modified by other factors cannot be ruled out.
Structural Comparison of Allogeneic and Syngeneic T Cell Receptor–Peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex Complexes
Authors: John G. Luz, Mingdong Huang, K. Christopher Garcia, Markus G. Rudolph, Vasso Apostolopoulos, Luc Teyton, Ian A. Wilson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

The crystal structures of the 2C/H-2Kbm3–dEV8 allogeneic complex at 2.4 Å and H-2Kbm3–dEV8 at 2.15 Å, when compared with their syngeneic counterparts, elucidate structural changes that induce an alloresponse. The Asp77Ser mutation that imbues H-2Kbm3–dEV8 with its alloreactive properties is located beneath the peptide and does not directly contact the T cell receptor (TCR). However, the buried mutation induces local rearrangement of the peptide itself to preserve hydrogen bonding interactions between the peptide and the α1 77 residue. The COOH terminus of the peptide main chain is tugged toward the α1-helix such that its presentation to the TCR is altered. These changes increase the stability of the allogeneic peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) complex and increase complementarity in the TCR–pMHC interface, placing greater emphasis on recognition of the pMHC by the TCR β-chain, evinced by an increase in shape complementarity, buried surface area, and number of TCR–pMHC contacting residues. A nearly fourfold increase in the number of β-chain–pMHC contacts is accompanied by a concomitant 64% increase in β-chain–pMHC shape complementarity. Thus, the allogeneic mutation causes the same peptide to be presented differently, temporally and spatially, by the allogeneic and syngeneic MHCs.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression in children at Cape Town allergy units - Prevalence and predictive factors
Authors: Ekkehard Zoellner, Carl J. Lombard, Ushma Galal, Stephen Hough, Elvis Irusen, Eugene Weinberg
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background : Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression (HPAS) is generally thought to be rare in children treated with corticosteroids (CS), since HPAS may be partially masked by recovering HPA function.   Objective : To determine the prevalence & predictive factors for HPAS in children treated with CS at the allergy clinics in Cape Town.   Methods:  143 asthmatic children, 5-18 years old, on inhaled CS (ICS) with additional CS were recruited. Clinical features compatible with HPAS were documented. Daily and cumulative CS dose, adherence, asthma score and lung functions were recorded. A metyrapone test was performed if the 08:00 hr cortisol (C) was >83nmol/l. Spearman correlation coefficients (r) were calculated between the post-metyrapone (PMTP) ACTH, 11-deoxycortisol (11DOC), 11DOC+C, and each variable. A multiple linear regression model of √ACTH & a logistic regression model for HPAS were developed.   Results:  Prevalence: All HPAS 65.1(56.5-72.9)%; low (PMTP 11DOC, 11DOC+cortisol)32.3(23.7-40.9)%; low (PMTP ACTH, 11DOC, 11DOC+cortisol)16.3(9.3-23.3)%; hypocortisolaemia 6.1(1.8-10.5)%. GIT symptoms in hypocortisolaemic children were associated with HPAS in 2/8 (p=0.016). Log daily NS/m 2  was associated with HPAS [OR=3.7(1.1-13.6)]. Daily ICS+nasal steroid dose (NS)/m 2  correlated with ACTH (r=-0.29, p   Conclusions : About 2/3 of asthmatic children on CS may have a degree of HPAS. In one third the adrenals may still be suppressed while hypothalamic-pituitary function may have recovered. Predictive factors for HPAS are concomitant NS use, BMI, adherence to ICS and NS.
Relations Between Circulatory and Metabolic Changes in Sepsis
Authors: J H Siegel
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1981)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. ...Read More
Bronchodilating effect of ipratropium bromide in heart failure
Authors: G Rolla, C Bucca, L Brussino, W Gallo, D Malara
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1993)

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that lung oedema causes an obstructive airway impairment, due to an increase in cholinergic bronchial tone in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Ten patients with CHF were tested by inhalation of ipratropium bromide and placebo, given in sequential randomized order, in double-blind fashion, after assessment of baseline lung function, both during acute cardiac decompensation and after 8-10 days of adequate treatment. The decrease in lung oedema was associated with a significant increase in vital capacity (VC) (from 70 +/- 4.4 to 83 +/- 5.4% pred), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (from 59 +/- 3.6 to 72 +/- 4.6% pred), FEV1/VC (from 61 +/- 2.8 to 64 +/- 2.3%) and residual volume (RV) (from 94 +/- 7.9 to 99 +/- 6.8% pred). Ipratropium bromide produced a far better bronchodilatation during acute decompensation when FEV1 increased from 59 +/- 3.6 to 70 +/- 3.7% pred, than after intensive treatment for heart failure, when FEV1 increased from 72 +/- 4.6 to 76 +/- 4.8% pred. The maximum absolute increase in FEV1 induced by ipratropium bromide was 286 +/- 32 ml at admission and only 111 +/- 15 ml after treatment. In conclusion, in chronic heart failure, airway obstruction is partially reversible after inhalation of an anti-muscarinic drug, when lung oedema is present, supporting the hypothesis that lung oedema increases cholinergic bronchial tone.
Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lisa J. Moran, Marie L. Misso, Robert A. Wild, Robert J. Norman
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2010)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition in reproductive-aged women associated with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and the metabolic syndrome. A literature search was conducted (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, clinical trial registries and hand-searching) identifying studies reporting prevalence or incidence of IGT, DM2 or metabolic syndrome in women with and without PCOS. Data were presented as odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] with fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis by Mantel–Haenszel methods. Quality testing was based on Newcastle–Ottawa Scaling and The Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias assessment tool. Literature searching, data abstraction and quality appraisal were performed by two investigators. A total of 2192 studies were reviewed and 35 were selected for final analysis. Women with PCOS had increased prevalence of IGT (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.63, 3.77; BMI-matched studies OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.44, 4.47), DM2 (OR 4.43, 95% CI 4.06, 4.82; BMI-matched studies OR 4.00, 95% CI 1.97, 8.10) and metabolic syndrome (OR 2.88, 95% CI 2.40, 3.45; BMI-matched studies OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.36, 3.56). One study assessed IGT/DM2 incidence and reported no significant differences in DM2 incidence (OR 2.07, 95% CI 0.68, 6.30). One study assessed conversion from normal glucose tolerance to IGT/DM2 (OR 2.4, 95% CI 0.7, 8.0). No studies reported metabolic syndrome incidence. Women with PCOS had an elevated prevalence of IGT, DM2 and metabolic syndrome in both BMI and non-BMI-matched studies. Few studies have determined IGT/DM2 or metabolic syndrome incidence in women with and without PCOS and further research is required.
Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Henry Buchwald, Yoav Avidor, Eugene Braunwald, Michael D. Jensen, Walter Pories, Kyle Fahrbach, Karen Schoelles
Journal: JAMA (2004)

About 5% of the US population is morbidly obese. This disease remains largely refractory to diet and drug therapy, but generally responds well to bariatric surgery.To determine the impact of bariatric surgery on weight loss, operative mortality outcome, and 4 obesity comorbidities (diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea).Electronic literature search of MEDLINE, Current Contents, and the Cochrane Library databases plus manual reference checks of all articles on bariatric surgery published in the English language between 1990 and 2003. Two levels of screening were used on 2738 citations.A total of 136 fully extracted studies, which included 91 overlapping patient populations (kin studies), were included for a total of 22,094 patients. Nineteen percent of the patients were men and 72.6% were women, with a mean age of 39 years (range, 16-64 years). Sex was not reported for 1537 patients (8%). The baseline mean body mass index for 16 944 patients was 46.9 (range, 32.3-68.8).A random effects model was used in the meta-analysis. The mean (95% confidence interval) percentage of excess weight loss was 61.2% (58.1%-64.4%) for all patients; 47.5% (40.7%-54.2%) for patients who underwent gastric banding; 61.6% (56.7%-66.5%), gastric bypass; 68.2% (61.5%-74.8%), gastroplasty; and 70.1% (66.3%-73.9%), biliopancreatic diversion or duodenal switch. Operative mortality (< or =30 days) in the extracted studies was 0.1% for the purely restrictive procedures, 0.5% for gastric bypass, and 1.1% for biliopancreatic diversion or duodenal switch. Diabetes was completely resolved in 76.8% of patients and resolved or improved in 86.0%. Hyperlipidemia improved in 70% or more of patients. Hypertension was resolved in 61.7% of patients and resolved or improved in 78.5%. Obstructive sleep apnea was resolved in 85.7% of patients and was resolved or improved in 83.6% of patients.Effective weight loss was achieved in morbidly obese patients after undergoing bariatric surgery. A substantial majority of patients with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea experienced complete resolution or improvement.
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF ARM-TO-ARM BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Authors: E. F. Skinner
Journal: BMJ (1928)

A FORM O SENILE SEIZURE.T[ flTRISN suffer from the symptoms of a gastro-intestinal infection from time to time, over a period of several years.If it were possible to foresee the.ultimate development of the anaemic phase much might be done to prev-ent the later stages of the disease from occurring.The family history may give a clue.In two of these cases other members of the family had had perniciolus anacmia.-In the case of a fourth patient (put on liver diet too late in the last stages), who died, her mother had also died of the disease, after a ,emission lasting nine years.Attacks of gastro-intestinal symptoms, with perhaps glossitis, in anyone whose family history shows pernicious anaemia, are a portent of the gravest significance.Without the family history the triad " glossitis," " gastritis," '" enteritis " should warrant the examination of the gastric juice for achlorhydria.If this be found the case should be looked upon as one of potential pernicious anaemia.Liver treatment seems to be proving of real value in the acuit3 phases, and may be of assistance in preventing relapse.But many cases might be recognized in the pre- alaesiic phase, and a long and dangerous illness be perhaps prevented.
Cardiac role in exercise limitation in asthmatic subjects with special reference to disease severity
Authors: A Varray, J Mercier, AM Savy-Pacaux, C Prefaut
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1993)

We wanted to assess limitations in cardiorespiratory fitness of asthmatic subjects, acclimatized to 1,300 m altitude and in a clinically stable state. We therefore studied 16 young asthmatic and 8 normal young subjects during an incremental bicycle exercise test. The asthmatics were divided into two groups, according to the Aas classification: a moderate asthma group (degree 2 and 3, no pulmonary impairment during symptom-free intervals), and a severe asthma group (degree 4 and 5, with persistent airway obstruction). The results showed that cardiorespiratory fitness is limited in severe asthmatic subjects acclimatized to an altitude of 1,300 m, due to decreased cardiac output and stroke volume. At submaximal exercise, the lower stroke volume is compensated by an increased arteriovenous oxygen content difference, but this compensation no longer exists at maximal exercise, which explains the lower maximal oxygen uptake in the severe asthma group. The hypothesis that the high tidal volume in the severe asthma group could lead to a decrease in left ventricular performance is considered. In conclusion, with respect to cardiorespiratory response to exercise, asthmatics should not be considered as a homogeneous group. Furthermore, relationship between ventilatory requirement and its consequences upon cardiac stroke volume provides a strong argument for the physical rehabilitation of asthmatics. Indeed, aerobic training can decrease the ventilation level for a given workload, and thus reduce inappropriate adaptations to exercise.
PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS: How Their Effects on Macrophages Can Lead to the Development of a New Drug Therapy Against Atherosclerosis
Authors: Andrew C. Li, Wulf Palinski
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2005)

▪ Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha (α), beta/delta (β/δ), and gamma (γ) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which also includes the estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors. Recent evidence suggests that PPARs regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation in various tissues; however, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. Anti-diabetic drugs, called glitazones, can selectively activate PPARγ, and hypolipidemic drugs, called fibrates, can weakly activate PPARα. Both classes of drugs can decrease insulin resistance and dyslipidemias, which also makes them attractive for treating the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome exhibits a constellation of risk factors for atherosclerosis that include obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and hypertension. Interestingly, all three PPARs are present in macrophages and can therefore have a profound effect on several disease processes, including atherosclerosis. Macrophages are key players in atherosclerotic lesion development. Currently, the first line of defense in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis is aimed at lowering low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and raising high-density lipoproteins (HDL), but a large percentage of patients on statins still succumb to coronary artery disease. However, with the development of drugs selectively activating PPARs, a new arsenal of drugs specifically targeting to the macrophage/foam cell may potentially have a profound impact on how we treat cardiovascular disease.
Strategic Programming of Detection and Therapy Parameters in Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Reduces Shocks in Primary Prevention Patients
Authors: Bruce L. Wilkoff, Brian D. Williamson, Richard S. Stern, Stephen L. Moore, Fei Lu, Sung W. Lee, Ulrika M. Birgersdotter-Green, Mark S. Wathen, Isabelle C. Van Gelder, Brooke M. Heubner, Mark L. Brown, Keith K. Holloman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008)
PTEN/Akt Signaling through Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Is Prerequisite for Angiogenesis by Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells That Is Susceptible to Inhibition by Gefitinib
Authors: Shu-ichi Ueda, Yuji Basaki, Masumi Yoshie, Katsuhiro Ogawa, Shotaro Sakisaka, Michihiko Kuwano, Mayumi Ono
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumor-related causes of death worldwide for which there is still no satisfactory treatment. We previously reported the antiangiogenic effect of gefitinib, a selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been used successfully to treat lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of gefitinib on tumor-induced angiogenesis by using HCC cell lines (HCC3, CBO12C3, and AD3) in vitro as well as in vivo. Oral administration of gefitinib inhibited angiogenesis induced by HCC3 and CBO12C3, but not by AD3 in the mouse dorsal air sac model. Production of both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) by EGF-stimulated HCC was more markedly inhibited by gefitinib in HCC3 and CBO12C3 cells than in AD3 cells. EGF stimulated the phosphorylation of EGFR, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in HCC3 and CBO12C3 cells, whereas EGF stimulated phosphorylation of EGFR and ERK1/2, but not Akt in AD3 cells. In fact, Akt was constitutively activated in the absence of EGF in AD3 cells. Gefitinib inhibited Akt phosphorylation in all three cell lines, but it was about five times less effective in AD3 cells. The concentration of PTEN in AD3 cells was about a half that in HCC3 and CBO12C3 cells. Transfection of HCC3 cells with PTEN small interfering RNA reduced their sensitivity to gefitinib in terms of its inhibitory effect on both Akt phosphorylation and the production of VEGF and CXCL1. In conclusion, effect of gefitinib on HCC-induced angiogenesis depends on its inhibition of the production of angiogenic factors, probably involving a PTEN/Akt signaling pathway.
MOTIVATION OF THE CHRONIC MENTAL PATIENT
Authors: PETER A. PEFFER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1956)

1. Preliminary findings suggest that the member-employee program is of value as a method of rehabilitation. It is of special value in motivating chronic institutional patients to work toward their own rehabilitation. 2. In certain instances it makes a significant contribution to the rehabilitation of acute patients. 3. As a logical extension of present rehabilitation programs in hospitals it serves as a link between those programs and the community, tying the two together. 4. A wide variety of occupational activities can be utilized in this program thus broadening the scope of rehabilitation measures. Moreover, the types of positions filled by member-employees bear much closer resemblance to jobs in the community than do conventional hospital activities. 5. Flexibility in the administration of such a program is indispensable. It must be adapted to the cultural setting of the hospital in which it is established. Thus the program will not take the same form in each hospital but will have features unique to the respective hospitals. 6. Preliminary statistical evidence suggests that a large number of these memberemployees are able to adjust to the extramural community after a varied tenure on the program, and, further, while on memberemployee status they are making a higher level adjustment intramurally for mental patients than was previously possible. Considering that patients chosen for this program are mainly those with long histories of mental illness and hospitalized, these findings are encouraging. Further controlled research is needed.
Potent and untested drugs sold as “dietary supplements”
Authors: Andreas Kimergård, Chris Walker, David Cowan
Journal: BMJ (2015)

A new challenge to public health has recently emerged from potent and untested drugs being sold under the guise of “dietary” supplements.1 2 3 4 Fuelled by growing demand for products promising a better body, enhanced performance, and increased wellbeing, this trend highlights creative marketing strategies used in the illicit supply of drugs.

Nine supplements suspected of containing drugs were analysed as part of an investigation for the television programme Spotlight …