tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Boxing injury epidemiology in the Great Britain team: a 5-year surveillance study of medically diagnosed injury incidence and outcome
Authors: Michael Loosemore, Joseph Lightfoot, Deborah Palmer-Green, Ian Gatt, James Bilzon, Chris Beardsley
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2015)

There has been no comprehensive injury report of elite-level amateur boxers in competition and training. We reviewed injuries in training and competition in the Great Britain (GB) amateur boxing squad between 2005 and 2009.Longitudinal, prospective injury surveillance over 5 years of the GB boxing squad from 2005 to 2009. 66 boxers passed through the squad. The location, region affected, description, and the duration of each injury were recorded by the team doctor and team physiotherapist. We recorded whether the injury occurred during competition or training, and also whether it was a new or a recurrent injury. The injury rate during competition was calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 h.More injuries affected the hand than any other body location. This was the case overall, in training and competition individually, and for both new and recurrent injuries. More injuries occurred during training than during competition, and most injuries were new rather than recurrent. Total injury rate during competition was 828 per 1000 h and hand injury rate in competition was 302 injuries per 1000 h. Hand injury rate in competition was significantly higher than at the other locations. The incidence of concussion is comparatively low.Injury prevention should aim to protect the hands and wrists of elite amateur boxers.
Caspase-Independent Cell Death by Arsenic Trioxide in Human Cervical Cancer Cells
Authors: Young-Hee Kang, Min-Jung Yi, Min-Jung Kim, Moon-Taek Park, Sangwoo Bae, Chang-Mo Kang, Chul-Koo Cho, In-Chul Park, Myung-Jin Park, Chang Hun Rhee, Seok-Il Hong, Hee Yong Chung, Yun-Sil Lee, Su-Jae Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Although mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (As2O3)-induced cell death have been studied extensively in hematologic cancers, those in solid cancers have yet to be clearly defined. In this study, we showed that the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to the nucleus is required for As2O3-induced cell death in human cervical cancer cells. We also showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation is necessary for AIF release from mitochondria. The treatment of human cervical cancer cells with As2O3 induces dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), translocation of AIF from mitochondria to the nucleus, and subsequent cell death. Small interfering RNA targeting of AIF effectively protects cervical cancer cells against As2O3-induced cell death. As2O3 also induces an increase of intracellular ROS level and a marked activation of PARP-1. N-acetyl-l-cystein, a thiol-containing antioxidant, completely blocks As2O3-induced PARP-1 activation, Δψm loss, nuclear translocation of AIF from mitochondria, and the consequent cell death. Furthermore, pretreatment of 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline or 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone, PARP-1 inhibitors, effectively attenuates the loss of Δψm, AIF release, and cell death. These data support a notion that ROS-mediated PARP-1 activation signals AIF release from mitochondria, resulting in activation of a caspase-independent pathway of cell death in solid tumor cells by As2O3 treatment.
The role of CTCF in regulating nuclear organization
Authors: Adam Williams, Richard A. Flavell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

The spatial organization of the genome is thought to play an important part in the coordination of gene regulation. New techniques have been used to identify specific long-range interactions between distal DNA sequences, revealing an ever-increasing complexity to nuclear organization. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a versatile zinc finger protein with diverse regulatory functions. New data now help define how CTCF mediates both long-range intrachromosomal and interchromosomal interactions, and highlight CTCF as an important factor in determining the three-dimensional structure of the genome.
Directly Observed Treatment of Tuberculosis -- We Can't Afford Not to Try It
Authors: M D Iseman, D L Cohn, J A Sbarbaro
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

In many areas of the United States the battle against tuberculosis is being lost. Two major markers of this failure are the increasing incidence of tuberculosis and the rising prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculous infection. The recent epidemics of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in several East Coast hospitals and an explosive outbreak in the New York state prison system have taken well in excess of 100 lives1,2. Since 1985, after 35 years of steadily declining incidence (with declines averaging 6 percent per year), tuberculosis case rates have increased each year. Direct and indirect epidemiologic data indicate that the human immunodeficiency virus . . .
Changes in muscle strength and pain in response to surgical repair of posterior abdominal wall disruption followed by rehabilitation
Authors: A E Hemingway, L Herrington, A L Blower
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

Posterior abdominal wall deficiency (PAWD) is a tear in the external oblique aponeurosis or the conjoint tendon causing a posterior wall defect at the medial end of the inguinal canal. It is often known as sportsman's hernia and is believed to be caused by repetitive stress.To assess lower limb and abdominal muscle strength of patients with PAWD before intervention compared with matched controls; to evaluate any changes following surgical repair and rehabilitation.Sixteen subjects were assessed using a questionnaire, isokinetic testing of the lower limb strength, and pressure biofeedback testing of the abdominals. After surgery and a six week rehabilitation programme, the subjects were re-evaluated. A control group were assessed using the same procedure.Quadriceps and hamstrings strength was not affected by this condition. A deficit hip muscle strength was found on the affected limb before surgery, which was significant for the hip flexors (p = 0.05). Before surgery, 87% of the patients compared with 20% of the controls failed the abdominal obliques test. Both the injured and non-injured sides had improved significantly in strength after surgery and rehabilitation. The strength of the abdominal obliques showed the most significant improvement over the course of the rehabilitation programme.Lower limb muscle strength may have been reduced as the result of disuse atrophy or pain inhibition. Abdominal oblique strength was deficient in the injured patients and this compromises rotational control of the pelvis. More sensitive investigations (such as electromyography) are needed to assess the link between abdominal oblique function and groin injury.
The Vexing Problem of Guidelines and Conflict of Interest: A Potential Solution
Authors: Gordon Guyatt
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Issues of financial and intellectual conflict of interest in clinical practice guidelines have raised increasing concern. Professional organizations have responded by more rigorous regulation of conflict of interest. Nevertheless, tension remains between the competing goals of optimizing guideline quality by using the experience and insight of experts and ensuring that financial and intellectual conflicts of interest do not influence recommendations. The executive committee of the American College of Chest Physicians' Antithrombotic Guidelines has developed a strategy comprising 3 innovative aspects to address this tension: First, place equal emphasis on intellectual and financial conflicts and provide explicit criteria for both; second, a methodologist without important conflicts of interest should have primary responsibility for each chapter; and third, experts with important financial or intellectual conflicts of interest can collect and interpret evidence, but only panel members without important conflicts can be involved in developing the recommendation for a specific question. These strategies may help to achieve the benefits of expert input without conflicts of interest influencing recommendations.
Clinical profile of hepatic patients with pleural complications admitted to Sohag University Hospital
Authors: Hamdy Ali Mohammadien Mahmoud, Ismail S. Mobark, Usama A. Arafa
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Objective:To determine clinical characteristics, causes and outcomes of pleural complications in cirrhotic patients.

Methods. One hundried cirrhotic patients were studied. All patients underwent chest x ray, abd. & chest sonography or CT to detect the existence of pl. complications. PF wasanalysied. The clinical and laboratory data from All patients were studied.

Results: Pl. effusion is the common findings in cirrhotic patients followed by Pyopneumothorax then Pneumothorax. Most common cause of pleural effusion was hepatic hydrothorax; (HH) followed by SBE, &empyema . The incidence of SBE was15% in cirrhotics and 18.8% in cirrhotics with hydrothorax. Fifteen patients had SBE, 66.7%of these SBE was associated with SBP.The microorganisms identified in PF were E.coli in 4, Strept. in 6, Staphyl. in 10, K. pneumoniae in 3, and 1 with Pseudomonas. Patients with SBE had a higher Child-Pugh score, lower serum albumin, prolonged proth. time, lower PF protein, and higher rate of associated SBP than patients with sterile hydrothorax. There was no statistically significant relation between amount of ascites, Child-Pugh classification and amount of eff.. Shortness of breath (90%), cough (46%), fever (56%), abdominal pain (48) and altered mental status (25%) are the most common symptoms. The mortality rate was 28%.

Conclusions. The most common cause of pl. effusion in hepatic Patients was H.hydrothorax followed by SBE . Patients with, a higher Child–Pugh score, low PF protein, or SBP are predisposed to SBE. Thoracentesis should be performed in cirrhotic patients with pl. eff. when infection is suspected or clinical deterioration occurs. SBE & empyema is associated with high mortality.
Validation of Insulin Resistance Indexes in a Stable Renal Transplant Population
Authors: Leendert H. Oterdoom, Aiko P.J. de Vries, Willem J. van Son, Jaap J. Homan van der Heide, Rutger J. Ploeg, Ron T. Gansevoort, Paul E. de Jong, Rijk O.B. Gans, Stephan J.L. Bakker
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of established insulin resistance indexes, based on fasting blood parameters, in a stable renal transplant population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and McAuley’s index were assessed for correlation and agreement with whole-body glucose uptake (M value) divided by prevailing serum insulin concentrations (I value) assessed during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in 51 stable renal transplant recipients, who were at a median of 7.5 years after transplant. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine independent risk factors for insulin resistance. RESULTS—The M/I value correlated with fasting insulin concentration (r = −0.56), HOMA (r = −0.53), QUICKI (r = 0.52), and McAuley’s index (r = 0.61) (all P &amp;lt; 0.01). Linear regression showed agreement between all indexes and insulin resistance. However, McAuley’s index showed the strongest agreement irrespective of age, sex, renal allograft function, and obesity. In multivariate analysis, fasting insulin concentration (β = −0.59, P = 0.002), fasting triglyceride concentration (β = −0.33, P = 0.04), and BMI (β = −1.22, P = 0.05) were independently associated with the M/I value. CONCLUSIONS—All investigated insulin resistance indexes were valid estimates of insulin resistance in the long-term stable renal transplant population. However, correlation and agreement were strongest for McAuley’s index. In addition to fasting insulin and triglyceride concentrations, of which McAuley’s index is composed, only BMI seemed to be independently associated with insulin resistance in this population.
Fit and healthy Paralympians—medical care guidelines for disabled athletes: a study of the injuries and illnesses incurred by the Polish Paralympic team in Beijing 2008 and London 2012
Authors: Wojciech Gawroński, Joanna Sobiecka, Jacek Malesza
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Background Successful performance in Paralympic Games (PGs) requires continuous monitoring of the athletes’ health and optimal medical care. Objective To present the health status and disability category of Polish athletes at the Beijing and London PGs, as well as to compare the injuries and illnesses incurred during both PGs in view of the more stringent healthcare guidelines implemented before London. Methods The preparticipation examination (PPE) involved general medical/orthopaedic examination, ECG, blood and urine tests. The mandatory periodic health evaluation (PHE) introduced before London comprised general medical/orthopaedic/dental examination, anthropometric measurement, ECG, stress test, laryngological and ophthalmological consultations, and blood and urine tests. The incidence rate (IR) for all injuries/illnesses with 95% CI, incidence proportion and exposure data (athlete-days) were calculated. Results There were 91 Polish Paralympians in Beijing and 100 in London. Medical consultations decreased from 151 to 74 (injuries: 57 vs 24 and illnesses: 94 vs 50). In both PGs, respiratory tract infections (RTIs) were the most frequent: IR increased from 15.2 in Beijing to 18.1 in London/1000 athlete-days (95% CI 9.7 to 20.7 vs 11.5 to 24.7). In both PGs, most injuries/illnesses concerned Paralympians with spinal cord injuries. The PPE before both PGs confirmed the disability type according to the general medical classification and revealed no health-related contraindications. Only 6.6% of athletes before Beijing but 100% before London had undergone the multispecialist PHE. Conclusions In both PGs, illnesses were more frequent than injuries. RTIs presented a serious problem. Some groups of disabled athletes are at an increased risk of injury/illness. The more stringent medical care guidelines before London may have caused staggeringly better results.
Dramatic neuronal rescue with prolonged selective head cooling after ischemia in fetal lambs.
Authors: A J Gunn, T R Gunn, H H de Haan, C E Williams, P D Gluckman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Hypothermia has been proposed as a neuroprotective strategy. However, short-term cooling after hypoxia-ischemia is effective only if started immediately during resuscitation. The aim of this study was to determine whether prolonged head cooling, delayed into the late postinsult period, improves outcome from severe ischemia. Unanesthetized near term fetal sheep were subject to 30 min of cerebral ischemia. 90 min later they were randomized to either cooling (n = 9) or sham cooling (n = 7) for 72 h. Intrauterine cooling was induced by a coil around the fetal head, leading initially to a fall in extradural temperature of 5-10 degrees C, and a fall in esophageal temperature of 1.5-3 degrees C. Cooling was associated with mild transient systemic metabolic effects, but not with hypotension or altered fetal heart rate. Cerebral cooling reduced secondary cortical cytotoxic edema (P < 0.001). After 5 d of recovery there was greater residual electroencephalogram activity (-5.2+/-1.6 vs. -15.5+/-1.5 dB, P < 0.001) and a dramatic reduction in the extent of cortical infarction and neuronal loss in all regions assessed (e.g., 40 vs. 99% in the parasagittal cortex, P < 0.001). Selective head cooling, maintained throughout the secondary phase of injury, is noninvasive and safe and shows potential for improving neonatal outcome after perinatal asphyxia.
Effects of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) Type 3 Antagonists on Symptom Relief and Constipation in Nonconstipated Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Viola Andresen, Victor M. Montori, Jutta Keller, Colin P. West, Peter Layer, Michael Camilleri
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2008)
Global analysis of the medulloblastoma epigenome identifies disease-subgroup-specific inactivation of COL1A2
Authors: Jennifer A. Anderton, Janet C. Lindsey, Meryl E. Lusher, Richard J. Gilbertson, Simon Bailey, David W. Ellison, Steven C. Clifford
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2008)

Candidate gene investigations have indicated a significant role for epigenetic events in the pathogenesis of medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. To assess the medulloblastoma epigenome more comprehensively, we undertook a genomewide investigation to identify genes that display evidence of methylation-dependent regulation. Expression microarray analysis of medulloblastoma cell lines following treatment with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor revealed deregulation of multiple transcripts (3%–6% of probes per cell line). Eighteen independent genes demonstrated >3-fold reactivation in all cell lines tested. Bisulfite sequence analysis revealed dense CpG island methylation associated with transcriptional silencing for 12 of these genes. Extension of this analysis to primary tumors and the normal cerebellum revealed three major classes of epigenetically regulated genes: (1) normally methylated genes (DAZL, ZNF157, ASN) whose methylation reflects somatic patterns observed in the cerebellum, (2) X-linked genes (MSN, POU3F4, HTR2C) that show disruption of their sex-specific methylation patterns in tumors, and (3) tumor-specific methylated genes (COL1A2, S100A10, S100A6, HTATIP2, CDH1, LXN) that display enhanced methylation levels in tumors compared with the cerebellum. Detailed analysis of COL1A2 supports a key role in medulloblastoma tumorigenesis; dense biallelic methylation associated with transcriptional silencing was observed in 46 of 60 cases (77%). Moreover, COL1A2 status distinguished infant medulloblastomas of the desmoplastic histopathological subtype, indicating that distinct molecular pathogenesis may underlie these tumors and their more favorable prognosis. These data reveal a more diverse and expansive medulloblastoma epi genome than previously understood and provide strong evidence that the methylation status of specific genes may contribute to the biological subclassification of medulloblastoma.
Efficient transduction of primary human B lymphocytes and nondividing myeloma B cells with HIV-1–derived lentiviral vectors
Authors: Fabrice Bovia, Patrick Salmon, Thomas Matthes, Krisztian Kvell, Tuan H. Nguyen, Christiane Werner-Favre, Marc Barnet, Monika Nagy, Florence Leuba, Jean-François Arrighi, Vincent Piguet, Didier Trono, Rudolf H. Zubler
Journal: Blood (2003)
Trends in Diabetes Incidence: The Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Tobin M. Abraham, Karol M. Pencina, Michael J. Pencina, Caroline S. Fox
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

Obesity and type 2 diabetes continue to increase in prevalence in the U.S. Whether diabetes incidence continues to increase in recent times is less well documented. We examined trends in diabetes incidence over the previous four decades.Framingham Heart Study participants ages 40-55 years and free of diabetes at baseline (n = 4,795; mean age 45.3 years; 51.6% women) were followed for the development of diabetes in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Diabetes was defined as either fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or use of antidiabetes medication. Poisson regression was used to calculate sex-specific diabetes incidence rates for a 47-year-old individual in each decade. Rates were also calculated among obese, overweight, and normal weight individuals.The annualized rates of diabetes per 1,000 individuals were 2.6, 3.8, 4.7, and 3.0 (women) and 3.4, 4.5, 7.4, and 7.3 (men) in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, respectively. Compared with the 1970s, the age- and sex-adjusted relative risks of diabetes were 1.37 (95% CI 0.87-2.16; P = 0.17), 1.99 (95% CI 1.30-3.03; P = 0.001), and 1.81 (95% CI 1.16-2.82; P = 0.01) in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, respectively. Compared with the 1990s, the relative risk of diabetes in the 2000s was 0.85 (95% CI 0.61-1.20; P = 0.36).In our community-based sample, the risk of new-onset diabetes continued to be higher in the 2000s compared with the 1970s. In the past decade, diabetes incidence remained steady despite the ongoing trend of rising adiposity.
Coeliac disease and risk of tuberculosis: a population based cohort study
Authors: J F Ludvigsson, J Wahlstrom, J Grunewald, A Ekbom, S M Montgomery
Journal: Thorax (2006)

<b>Background:</b> Coeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease often characterised by malnutrition and linked to a number of complications such as an increased risk of lymphoma, adverse pregnancy outcome, and other autoimmune diseases. Tuberculosis (TB) affects a large proportion of the world population and is more common in individuals with malnutrition. We investigated the risk of TB in 14 335 individuals with CD and 69 888 matched reference individuals in a general population based cohort study. <b>Methods:</b> Cox proportional hazards method was used to calculate the risk of subsequent TB in individuals with CD. In a separate analysis, the risk of CD in individuals with prior TB was calculated using conditional logistic regression. <b>Results:</b> CD was associated with an increased risk of subsequent TB (hazard ratio (HR) 3.74, 95% CI 2.14 to 6.53; p&lt;0.001). Similar risk estimates were seen when the population was stratified for sex and age at CD diagnosis. Individuals with CD were also at increased risk of TB diagnosed in departments of pulmonary medicine, infectious diseases, paediatrics, or thoracic medicine (HR 4.76, 95% CI 2.23 to 10.16; p&lt;0.001). The odds ratio for CD in individuals with prior TB was 2.50 (95% CI 1.75 to 3.55; p&lt;0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> CD is associated with TB. This may be due to malabsorption and lack of vitamin D in persons with CD. Individuals with TB and gastrointestinal symptoms should be investigated for CD.
Inhibition of PI3K Signaling Spurs New Therapeutic Opportunities in Inflammatory/Autoimmune Diseases and Hematological Malignancies
Authors: John G. Foster, Matthew D. Blunt, Edward Carter, Stephen G. Ward
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2012)

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin/protein kinase B (PI3K/mTOR/Akt) signaling pathway is central to a plethora of cellular mechanisms in a wide variety of cells including leukocytes. Perturbation of this signaling cascade is implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as hematological malignancies. Proteins within the PI3K/mTOR/Akt pathway therefore represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. There has been a remarkable evolution of PI3K inhibitors in the past 20 years from the early chemical tool compounds to drugs that are showing promise as anticancer agents in clinical trials. The use of animal models and pharmacological tools has expanded our knowledge about the contribution of individual class I PI3K isoforms to immune cell function. In addition, class II and III PI3K isoforms are emerging as nonredundant regulators of immune cell signaling revealing potentially novel targets for disease treatment. Further complexity is added to the PI3K/mTOR/Akt pathway by a number of novel signaling inputs and feedback mechanisms. These can present either caveats or opportunities for novel drug targets. Here, we consider recent advances in 1) our understanding of the contribution of individual PI3K isoforms to immune cell function and their relevance to inflammatory/autoimmune diseases as well as lymphoma and 2) development of small molecules with which to inhibit the PI3K pathway. We also consider whether manipulating other proximal elements of the PI3K signaling cascade (such as class II and III PI3Ks or lipid phosphatases) are likely to be successful in fighting off different immune diseases.