tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Packaging may lead to false positive results
Authors: A. Edwards, S. Granier, J. Van Der Voort
Journal: BMJ (1996)

by all three test methods (microchamber, stand- ardised urine analysis system, and variable orifice particle analyser) for us to regard the result as positive, or a negative result by all three test methods for us to regard the result as nega- tive.We then compared these results with the combined results of the manual and automated dipstick determinations.Altogether, 1286,.specimens gave negative results in all three control tests, of which 133 gave false positive results on dipstick testing.Eighteen of these false positive results occurred in patients taking antibiotics.More importantly, 194 specimens gave positive results in all three control tests, of which 17 gave false negative results on dipstick testing.Eleven of these false negative results occurred in patients taking anti- biotics.Five specimens were positive for ketones and two for glucose.There were various combi- nations of positivity for antibiotics, ketones, and protein.Three samples did not contain any glu- cose, ketones, or antibiotics to account for the false negativity result.If dipsticks are used for screening samples then some false positive results may be acceptable, but the same is not true of false negative results.Although we can confirm that the presence of antibiotics, ketones, and glucose can confound results of dipstick testing, we also found incorrect results in specimens that did not contain these substances.
Removal of Large Ovarian Tumour Complicated by Cardiac Failure
Authors: A. F. Fowler
Journal: BMJ (1946)

The penetrative and burning powers of liquid vesicant drops through various types and conditions of clothing were also investigated.Different sizes of drops were used, and they were dropped from a height on to the clothed subject and at a terminal velocity corresponding to that of spray.From the results of these experiments calculations were made to estimate the degree of vesicant contamination required to make a soldier a casualty.The validity of these calculations was checked by direct exposure of soldier volunteers to vesicant spray in the field (see Fig. 2).A somewhat similar problem was presented by the request to determine the burning power of phosphorus through various types of clothing.Here known quantities of burning phosphorus were dropped from a height on to clothed volunteers.(The phosphorus was supported on a 1-amp.fuse wire which, on passage of an electric current, ignited the phosphorus and allowed it to fall.)Calculations similar to the vesicant calcula- tions were then made.The relation between vesicant-vapour dosage and reversible eye-damage was also determined, chiefly by means of a constant-flow method through an eye-mask.
Single gene may protect cells against cancer
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (1998)

A single gene involved in drug metabolism may protect cells against the development of several cancers. The research was carried out on mice, but the gene has a human equivalent that is widely distributed throughout the body and works in the same way, by producing an enzyme that detoxifies carcinogens ( Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1998;95:5275-80).

Increased concentrations of the enzyme have been reported in many human tumours, including those of the lung, colon, …
Ciglitazone, a hypoglycemic agent: Early effects on the pancreatic islets of mice
Authors: J.R. Colca, B.M. Wyse, G. Sawada, K.S. Jodelis, C.L. Connell, B.L. Fletcher-McGruder, B.J. Palazuk, A.R. Diani
Journal: Metabolism (1988)
A new strategy for studyingIn Vitro the drug susceptibility of clinical isolates of human hepatitis B virus
Authors: David Durantel, Sandra Carrouée-Durantel, Bettina Werle-Lapostolle, Marie-Noëlle Brunelle, Christian Pichoud, Christian Trépo, Fabien Zoulim
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Resistance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) to antivirals has become a major clinical problem. Our objective was to develop a new method for the cloning of naturally occurring HBV genomes and a phenotypic assay capable of assessing HBV drug susceptibility and DNA synthesis capacity in vitro. Viral DNA was extracted from sera and was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons were cloned into vectors that enable, after cell transfection, the initiation of the intracellular HBV replication cycle. Single or multiple clones were used to transfect Huh7 cells. The viral DNA synthesis capacity and drug susceptibility were determined by measuring the level of intracellular DNA intermediate, synthesized in absence or presence of antiviral, using Southern blot analysis. We have developed, calibrated, then used this phenotypic assay to determine the drug susceptibility of HBV quasispecies isolated throughout the course of therapy from patients selected according to their mutation profile. A multiclonal and longitudinal analysis enabled us to measure the variation of drug susceptibility of different viral quasispecies by comparison of IC(50)/IC(90)s with standards. The presence of famciclovir- or lamivudine-induced mutations in the viral population caused a change in viral DNA synthesis capacity and drug susceptibility in vitro, demonstrating the clinical relevance of the assay. In conclusion, our phenotypic assay enables the in vitro characterization of DNA synthesis capacity and drug susceptibility of HBV quasispecies isolated from patients. This assay should allow a better monitoring of patients undergoing antiviral therapy, as well as the screening of novel drugs on emerging resistant strains.
Physiological Modulation of Plasma Free Fatty Acid Concentrations by Diet: Metabolic implications in nondiabetic subjects
Authors: Thomas M S Wolever, Anita Bentum-Williams, David J Jenkins
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of varying the amount of carbohydrate and glycemic index (GI) of breakfast test meals on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) responses of nondiabetic subjects and to see whether the glycemic response at lunch was related to the plasma FFA response to breakfast. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied eight subjects over a 6-h period on four separate occasions using a randomized Latin-square design. They received isocaloric breakfast test meals that were either high (84 g) or low (41 g) in carbohydrate and had either a high (∼ 100) or a low (∼ 70) GI, followed by a standard lunch 4 h later. RESULTS The initial fall in plasma FFAs after breakfast was similar for all four test meals, but the extent of rebound differed significantly. The mean plasma FFA concentration just before the start of lunch (4 h) was highest after the low-GI, low-carbohydrate breakfast (418 ± 42 mumol/l), followed by high-GI, low-carbohydrate (277 ± 48 μmol/l), high-GI, high carbohydrate (227 ± 32 μmol/l), and low-GI, high-carbohydrate (149 ± 23 μmol/l) (P &amp;lt; 0.01). The concentration of plasma FFAs at 4 h was directly related to the total area under the glycemic response curve to lunch (r = 0.691, n = 32, P &amp;lt; 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In nondiabetic subjects, the type and amount of carbohydrate eaten at breakfast influences the plasma glucose, insulin, and FFA responses to breakfast and also affects the glucose, insulin, and FFA responses to a subsequent standard lunch. The glycemic responses after lunch were closely related to the plasma FFA concentration 4 h after breakfast, which we speculate is due to the inhibitory effect of FFAs on insulin action.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Jeremy D P Bland
Journal: BMJ (2007)

#### Summary points 

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the commonest peripheral nerve problem in the United Kingdom and has considerable employment and healthcare costs. If recognised early it is readily treatable. No established UK guidelines exist for diagnosis and management, but the American Academy of Neurology issued guidelines in 1993, which remain current as no major recent advances have occurred.1

Carpal tunnel syndrome results from compromise of median nerve function at the wrist caused by increased pressure in the carpal tunnel, an anatomical compartment bounded by the bones of the carpus and the transverse carpal ligament. Although the ends of the tunnel are in free communication with the surrounding tissues, tissue pressure in the tunnel is much higher in patients with CTS (32-110 mm Hg, depending on wrist position) than in patients with normal wrists (2-31 mm Hg.2 Pressures are raised by wrist flexion and extension, and finger flexion. 

Intermittent or sustained high tissue pressure in the tunnel impairs microvascular circulation in the median nerve and leads to spurious generation of action potentials, local demyelination, and ultimately axonal loss. It may also stimulate the proliferation of subsynovial connective tissue in the tunnel, according to pathological studies of CTS.3 Anything that reduces the dimensions of the tunnel or increases the volume of its contents will predispose to CTS, and many medical associations have been …
Lipid Research Clinics Program
Authors: Herbert Emmanuel Cohen
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The LRC-CPPT cholesterol study<sup>1</sup>seems to have been impeccably done, but the results show just a slight decrease in serum cholesterol level and a small reduction in CHD end point. To be significant, the treatment and placebo groups had to be exactly identical, and this fact is uncertain since the study was not a primary prevention trial as claimed. The serum cholesterol level in the cholestyramine-treated group was decreased 34.4 mg/dL, merely 19.9 mg/ dL less than in the placebo group. The CHD death and/or myocardial infarction end point was 8.1% in the treated group and 9.8% in the placebo group. Only 32 more cases (out of 1,900) reached the end point in the placebo group compared with the treatment group. The authors believe that the lower incidence of CHD events seen in the cholestyramine group could not be attributed to factors other than cholesterol lowering,
Screening for HIV Infection
Authors: Howard Libman
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection meets many, if not all, of the established criteria that justify routine screening, and screening for HIV infection can be cost-effective depending on the population studied. In 2006, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that HIV screening be included as part of routine care for most of the adult US population, but implementation of this policy has been slow. Mr Y is a 42-year-old man at relatively low risk of HIV infection who was offered testing by his primary care physician but declined it. He does not consider HIV infection to be a realistic possibility given his behavioral history and does not understand the purpose of being tested. The discussion that follows addresses the rationale for HIV screening, its potential benefits and risks, current testing options, and barriers to incorporating it into routine care.
Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Joseph T. McGinn, Saif Usman, Harry Lapierre, Vijayasimha R. Pothula, Thierry G. Mesana, Marc Ruel
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (MICS CABG) is a novel coronary operation that does not require infrastructure and is potentially available to all cardiac surgeons. It aims at decreasing the invasiveness of conventional CABG while preserving the applicability and durability of surgical revascularization. We examined the feasibility and safety of MICS CABG in the first large series of this operation to date.All myocardial territories are accessed via a 4- to 6-cm left fifth intercostal thoracotomy. An apical positioner and epicardial stabilizer are introduced into the chest through the subxyphoid and left seventh intercostal spaces, respectively. The left internal thoracic artery is used to graft the left anterior descending artery, and radial artery or saphenous vein segments are used to graft the lateral and inferior myocardial territories. Proximal anastomoses are performed directly onto the aorta or from the left internal thoracic artery as a T-graft. In the first 450 consecutive MICS CABG procedures at our 2 centers, mean+/-SD age was 62.3+/-10.7 years and 123 patients were female (27%). The average number of grafts was 2.1+/-0.7, with complete revascularization in 95% of patients. There were 34 patients in whom cardiopulmonary bypass was used (7.6%), 17 conversions to sternotomy (3.8%), and 10 reinterventions for bleeding (2.2%). Perioperative mortality occurred in 6 patients (1.3%).MICS CABG is feasible and has excellent procedural and short-term outcomes. This operation could potentially make multivessel minimally invasive coronary surgery safe, effective, and more widely available.
Teaching junior doctors practical procedures
Authors: S S Tachakra
Journal: BMJ (1991)

4-0 kPa to 6 4 kPa.This presents a problem with some theatre ventilators, which are unable to cope with this degree of reduced chest wall compliance and fail to deliver the set tidal volume, resulting in an even greater rise in end tidal pressure.Prolonged abdominal distention can also lead to diaphragmatic elevation and basal lung atelectasis, which, if persisting into the postoperative period, increase the risk of hypoxaemia.Thirdly, this procedure takes longer than con- ventional cholecystectomy.In the first 20 cases that we studied the mean surgical operating time was 110 minutes, significantly longer than an operating time of 30 minutes for conventional cholecystectomy found in a recent British series.'This has implications both for the total amount of anaesthetic given and for the incidence of complications, such as deep venous thrombosis, which increases in frequency with prolonged preoperative immobility.45Thus although laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers potential benefits to the patient and significant cost saving,'2 it is too early to state that "this procedure will inevitably become the only method for routine cholecystectomy."The balance between potential preoperative complications and postoperative benefits needs to be considered carefully for each patient, particularly very obese patients.
MORBUS COXARIUS, EXSECTION.
Authors: JAMES W. COKENOWER
Journal: JAMA (1897)

It is not the purpose of this paper to catalogue the views of authors on the subject, for the consensus of evidence is strongly in favor of the osseous origin in children, while in adults synovitis is more common; and the former usually originate in osteomyelitis of the end of the bone, while the latter commences in the synovial membrane A majority of authors believe the disease to be invariably the result of a contaminated constitution and essentially strumous in its origin, while a few others claim traumatism as the cause and cite cases that have gone through the different stages of the disease, with anchylosed joint, but lived to a vigorous, robust old age; when if every case had been tubercular, or of a strumatic diathesis, this could not be. I believe many latent cases of coxarius, which might never have been manifested, have been so by traumatism and
Tort, Contract, and the Patient-Physician Relationship
Authors: Harvey Rubin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Letters and Corrections1 December 1988Tort, Contract, and the Patient-Physician RelationshipHarvey Rubin, MD, PhDHarvey Rubin, MD, PhDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-109-11-929_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor: The nature of the physician-patient relationship reflects the evolving technical and social environments in which medicine is practiced. Just as persons who wish to influence the direction of technology and society are locked in continuous debate, so too are the parties who wish to influence the nature of the doctor-patient relationship. In one sense, the controversy centers on whether the relationship should be interpreted as contractual or as one of tort.In his article (1) in the 1 August issue, Green states that, "physicians and patients should assume responsibility for their roles in a historic transition from...References1. Green J. Minimizing malpractice risks by role clarification: the confusing transition from tort to contract. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:234-41. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Atiyah P. Medical malpractice and the contract/tort boundary. Law Contemp Prob. 1986;49:285-303. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3. Epstein R. Medical malpractice, imperfect information, and the contractual foundation for medical services. Law Contemp Prob. 1986;49:201-12. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Gilmore G. Death of Contract. Columbus: Ohio State University Press; 1974:87. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 December 1988Volume 109, Issue 11Page: 929-930 Issue Published: 1 December 1988 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Efficient Implementation of MrBayes on Multi-GPU
Authors: J. Bao, H. Xia, J. Zhou, X. Liu, G. Wang
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2013)

MrBayes, using Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMCMC or (MC)3), is a popular program for Bayesian inference. As a leading method of using DNA data to infer phylogeny, the (MC)3 Bayesian algorithm and its improved and parallel versions are now not fast enough for biologists to analyze massive real-world DNA data. Recently, graphics processor unit (GPU) has shown its power as a coprocessor (or rather, an accelerator) in many fields. This article describes an efficient implementation a(MC)3 (aMCMCMC) for MrBayes (MC)3 on compute unified device architecture. By dynamically adjusting the task granularity to adapt to input data size and hardware configuration, it makes full use of GPU cores with different data sets. An adaptive method is also developed to split and combine DNA sequences to make full use of a large number of GPU cards. Furthermore, a new "node-by-node" task scheduling strategy is developed to improve concurrency, and several optimizing methods are used to reduce extra overhead. Experimental results show that a(MC)3 achieves up to 63× speedup over serial MrBayes on a single machine with one GPU card, and up to 170× speedup with four GPU cards, and up to 478× speedup with a 32-node GPU cluster. a(MC)3 is dramatically faster than all the previous (MC)3 algorithms and scales well to large GPU clusters.
Association of a leucine(7)-to-proline(7) polymorphism in the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y with high serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels
Authors: Matti K. Karvonen, Ullamari Pesonen, Markku Koulu, Leo Niskanen, Markku Laakso, Aila Rissanen, Jacqueline M. Dekker, Leen M ´t Hart, Raisa Valve, Matti I.J. Uusitupa
Journal: Nature Medicine (1998)
Trigeminal Neuralgia Relieved by Optical Anesthesia
Authors: Allan J. Flach
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Drs Zavon and Fichte<sup>1</sup>suggested the use of an eye anesthetic, such as 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride, in the symptomatic treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. They relieved the pain in two different patients with only two drops of topically applied anesthetic. Some of your readers will experiment with this treatment. Therefore, it may be important to emphasize that all local anesthetics can produce a toxic keratopathy with repeated application.<sup>2-4</sup>Furthermore, all local anesthetics prevent the healing of corneal abrasions, in part by interfering with corneal epithelial mitosis and cellular migration.<sup>5</sup>This caution is not meant to discourage attempts to initiate a double-masked study to test this fascinating observation.
Treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: The Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation (CARE Study)
Authors: Wajeh Y. Qunibi, Robert E. Hootkins, Laveta L. McDowell, Micah S. Meyer, Matthias Simon, Rodolfo O. Garza, Russell W. Pelham, Mark V.B. Cleveland, Larry R. Muenz, David Y. He, Charles R. Nolan
Journal: Kidney International (2004)
Enhanced β-adrenergic cardiac reserve in Trpm4−/− mice with ischaemic heart failure
Authors: Griet Jacobs, Wouter Oosterlinck, Tom Dresselaers, Rachel Geenens, Sara Kerselaers, Uwe Himmelreich, Paul Herijgers, Rudi Vennekens
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2015)

AimsHeart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome characterized by critically reduced cardiac contractility and function. We have shown previously that Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 4 protein (TRPM4) functions as a Ca2+-activated non-selective cation channel and constitutes a novel regulator of ventricular contractility. In healthy Trpm4-deficient (Trpm4−/−) mice, we observed increased cardiac contractile function after β-adrenergic stimulation. In the current study, cardiac performance was examined in wild-type (WT) and Trpm4−/− mice with severe ischaemic HF.
Payments to Participants: Beware of the Trojan Horses
Authors: Harold Y. Vanderpool
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2001)

tasks, is prima facie such a “rare circumstance.” Grady is right on the money in concluding that payments to research subjects appropriately demonstrate “respect and appreciation for these generous individuals” who make sacriaces to beneat others (2001). And it is especially appropriate to demonstrate that respect and appreciation to the truest heroes: those who most put their health on the line.
Europe's health ministers vow to tackle obesity
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<h3>BACKGROUND:</h3> We sought to compare the accuracy of a newly developed childhood asthma score (CAS) with routine clinical assessment of respiratory status in children with acute asthma in predicting requirements for bronchodilator nebulization. <h3>METHODS:</h3> In this prospective observational study in children 2–18 y old with acute asthma, we evaluated the association between the CAS and routine clinical assessment as well as inter-rater agreement. <h3>RESULTS:</h3> The need for bronchodilator nebulization was assessed during 134 episodes of acute asthma in 47 children. Overall, bronchodilators were administered after routine clinical assessment in 74 episodes (55.2%). The median CAS was 2.5 (interquartile range of 2.0–3.0) for subjects who did not receive nebulization and 6.0 (interquartile range of 4.0–7.0) for subjects who did receive nebulization (<i>P</i> &lt; .001). A CAS cutoff score of 4 yielded a sensitivity of 0.91 (95% CI 0.84–0.97) and a specificity of 0.77 (95% CI 0.66–0.87), with a positive predictive value of 0.83 (95% CI 0.75–0.91) and a negative predictive value of 0.87 (95% CI 0.78–0.96). In 79 episodes, the CAS was assessed by 2 independent raters. With a weighted kappa of 0.77, a good inter-rater agreement was obtained. <h3>CONCLUSIONS:</h3> Using a cutoff value of 4, the newly developed CAS accurately predicts the requirement for bronchodilator nebulization in children with acute asthma without use of auscultative findings.
The Soviet Psychiatrist: His Relationship to His Patients and to His Society
Authors: ISIDORE ZIFERSTEIN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1966)

The distinctive features of Soviet psychotherapists include informality, availability, and activity. There is no standard psychotherapeutic hour; sessions may vary from a half hour to two hours or more. A patient or former patient may see the therapist at any time he feels the need without advance appointment. The therapist is highly active, freely dispensing advice and manipulating the patient's social environment, if necessary. The author interprets these features as a reflection of the psychotherapist's place in a collective society.