tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Crack vs inhaled cocaine and sentencing
Authors: R. H. Hamilton
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To the Editor.  —Drs Hatsukami and Fischman1wrote a most interesting article. Their conclusion, however, is to be debated. They state that those addicted individuals who are incarcerated for the sale or possession of cocaine are better served by treatment than  This is very likely true, but society is better served by getting these individuals out of a circumstance in which they might continue to sell these drugs. Society and the individuals would best be served by having the addicted individuals treated in prison.
Antismoking Campaign — The Art of Punishment — The Sport of Litigation
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

THE results of an antismoking campaign carried out by the Edinburgh Health Department were recently reported in the Lancet.The Edinburgh Press collaborated by accepting advertising material, by giving the campaign powerful editorial support and by providing space in news and gossip columns. Posters were displayed on hoardings throughout the City; meetings were held when the case against smoking was presented by a doctor using visual aids, including the B.B.C.'s film, "Facts and Figures — Smoking and Lung Cancer." Leaflets were also distributed at these meetings and among large numbers of the City's schoolchildren.The effect of the campaign . . .
Serum carnitine concentrations in coeliac disease.
Authors: A Lerner, N Gruener, T C Iancu
Journal: Gut (1993)

Carnitine is essential for muscle energy production and is required for the transport of long chain fatty acids and acyl co-enzyme A derivatives across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Recently, an absorptive transport mechanism was discovered at the small bowel level suggesting the possibility of a carnitine deficient state in patients with mucosal damage. Therefore, this study investigated carnitine concentrations in serum of patients with coeliac disease. Serum samples were obtained from 12 patients with active coeliac disease and seven with non-active disease, and compared with serum samples of 17 children with gastrointestinal symptoms but with a small bowel normal on biopsy examination and 33 normal controls. Total serum carnitine concentration was significantly lower in the patients with coeliac disease compared with the other two groups and to reference values. When the degree of atrophy of coeliac intestinal mucosa was numerically graded, serum carnitine concentrations did not correlate to the degree of the intestinal lesion but were significantly lower in the damaged intestine compared with the group with normal mucosa. It is suggested that coeliac disease should be considered as a potential cause of secondary carnitine deficiency.
Retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with atenolol.
Authors: F L Rose, F Bergel
Journal: BMJ (1980)

promoting legislation, a task which will now be pursued vigorously from within Wessex.Change is the first to invite criticism and we would agree with Dr Draper and his colleagues that if anything in the health field needs reorganising the stagnant backwater of "social" health education is crying out for a fresh sluice.
Kinetics and distribution of antigen-specific IgE-secreting cells during the primary antibody response in the rat.
Authors: J D Sedgwick, P G Holt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

A new assay system is described for the enumeration of antigen-specific IgE immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) based on an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. Using this technique to monitor the organ distribution of OVA-specific ISC after primary immunization of rats, approximately 12,000 specific IgE ISC were detected at the peak of the response in the draining lymph nodes compared with 117,000 IgG ISC; the splenic anti-OVA response was restricted to the IgM class. Using plates precoated with anti-rat IgE instead of antigen, total IgE ISC were enumerated in normal and helminth-parasitized rats. The assay system detected up to 5 X 10(5) IgE ISC in mesenteric lymph nodes from parasitized animals compared with less than 50 in controls.
Human progenitor cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity efficiently engraft into damaged liver in a novel model
Authors: Ping Zhou, Sara Hohm, Yetunde Olusanya, David A. Hess, Jan Nolta
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Human cord blood stem cells (hCBSCs) have been reported to generate hepatocyte-like cells and thus hold promise for repairing damaged liver. However, the frequency of hCBSC-derived hepatocytes varies tremendously between different studies, and it is still controversial as to whether hCBSC-derived cells can transdifferentiate into hepatocytes or simply fuse to recipient hepatocytes. We used the beta-glucuronidase-deficient nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient/mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (NOD/SCID/MPSVII) mouse model for better identification of engrafted cells. We transplanted lineage-depleted human umbilical cord blood-derived cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH(hi)Lin(-)) into irradiated NOD/SCID/MPSVII mice followed by carbon tetrachloride administration to induced liver damage. ALDH(hi)Lin(-) cells were efficiently engrafted in the recipient mouse livers and improved recovery of the mice from toxic insult. The percentage of human cells in these livers ranged between 3% and 14.2% using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, human-originated cells expressing liver-specific alpha1-antitrypsin messenger RNA, albumin and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 protein were detected in the recipient livers. Interestingly, human versus murine centromeric fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis on the liver sections demonstrated that most human cells were not fused to mouse cells. However, the majority of the human originated albumin-expressing cells also carried mouse genetic material, hence were the product of cell fusion.hCBSCs or their progeny may home to the injured liver and release trophic factors that hasten tissue repair, whereas fusion of these cells with hepatocytes may occur rarely and contribute to a lesser extent to liver repair.
US centre offers choice over sex of baby
Authors: D. Josefson
Journal: BMJ (1998)

A commercial genetics and infertility centre in the United States is offering customers the option of predetermining the sex of their offspring through the Microsort technique of sperm selection. The procedure has raised both ethical and safety concerns.

Doctors at the Genetics and In Vitro Fertilization Institute in Virginia have modified a sperm sorting system originally developed by researchers at the Department of Agriculture and used in breeding farm animals ( Human Reproduction 1998:13:367-70). The technique relies on detecting differences in the quantity of DNA between sperm carrying the X chromosome and those bearing the Y chromosome.

X chromosomes characteristically carry more genetic material than their Y counterparts. In humans this difference in DNA quantity is a mere 2.8% (in cows it is up to 4.1%). This difference …
Natriuretic activity in plasma and urine of salt-loaded man and sheep
Authors: Jean E. Sealey, J. Dianne Kirshman, John H. Laragh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

The present study was designed to examine the question of whether or not there is a natriuretic hormonal substance involved in the renal regulation of sodium balance. For this purpose, procedures for concentration and fractionation of plasma and urine samples and a sensitive bioassay for demonstrating changes in renal sodium excretion were developed. The natriuretic assay utilized rats with mild diabetes insipidus which were maintained in salt and water balance. Using these approaches a natriuretic humoral substance was demonstrated in plasma and urine from normal man and sheep, and in patients with primary aldosteronism or essential hypertension. It seems likely that this substance participates in day to day regulation of sodium balance because it was not detectable in sodium-depleted subjects and it consistently appeared in the sodium-loaded subjects. The hormonal agent may not act immediately and its activity can be apparent for up to 3 hr. Full expression of its activity requires that the assay animals be appropriately volume expanded. This suggests that the increases in sodium excretion mediated by this hormonal substance depend in part on the coparticipation of other physical and perhaps humoral factors. This natriuretic substance appears to be of large molecular weight or carried by a large molecule. The data suggest that it acts, at least in part, to block sodium reabsorption in a more distal portion of the tubule.
THE METRIC SYSTEM AND THE SEVENTH DECENNIAL REVISION OF THE U. S. P.Read before the Missouri State Pharmaceutical Association 1890.
Authors: H. M. WHELPLEY
Journal: JAMA (1890)

It is probable that in less than two years the seventh decennial revision of the Pharmacopœia of the United States of America will be in the market and ready for the pharmaceutical and medical professions. The progressive druggists of the country will adopt it their law and guide in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations and the identification of all official substances. The doctors who are alive to the interests of the times will look to the pharmacopœia for all information that it contains for physicians. Among the new features of the revised work will be the adoption of the metric system of weights and measures in the manufacture of preparations. The system of "parts" in the previous revision was more conveniently handled by the metric system than any other, but the new work will have the decimal system itself prescribed. There seems to be some misunderstanding among the pharmacists of
Imaging after medically managed severe acute cholecystitis
Authors: T J Walton, R Dhingsa, P V Kaye, D N Lobo
Journal: Gut (2009)

Transabdominal ultrasonography in a 52-year-old obese woman with right hypochondrial pain, fever, leucocytosis (39.2×109/l) and mildly deranged liver function tests (bilirubin 31 μmol/l, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 35 U/l, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) 101 U/l, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 138 U/l) showed gallstones within a thick-walled gallbladder with a normal …
A Genetic Defect of the C1q Subcomponent of Complement Associated with Childhood (Immune Complex) Nephritis
Authors: Ronald A. Thompson, Mansel Haeney, Ken B. M. Reid, John G. Davies, Richard H. R. White, A. Hugh Cameron
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

OF the clinical syndromes associated with isolated defects of components of the complement system, 1 , 2 immune-complex diseases with vasculitis and lupus-like syndromes have been associated with genetic defects of C1r, 3 C4, 4 and C2.5 Defects of other components may cause recurrent bacterial infections (C3 or C3b inhibitor), recurrent infections due to neisserian organisms (C5, C6, C7, and C8), or hereditary angioneurotic edema (C1 inhibitor).A complete absence of C1q has been reported in a child who presented with skin disease and recurrent sepsis, 6 but the genetic basis of this abnormality is uncertain.7 This paper reports the occurrence of a defect of the . . .
Gastritis — Gastroscopic and Microscopic
Authors: R. Taor, B. Fox, J. Ware, A. Johnson
Journal: Endoscopy (1975)

We have compared the appearances of the gastric mucosa at gastroscopy with the histological findings in 130 biopsies from 56 patients. There was a fairly consistent correlation between well recognised appearances and the microscopic findings. When the mucosa appeared abnormal this was nearly always confirmed microscopically but one third of apparently normal mucosa showed gastritis. Antral gastritis which appeared mild on gastroscopy, was deep and often severe on microscopy. Serial sections are necessary to evaluate gastritis effectively.
IgM antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc): diagnostic and prognostic significance in acute HBsAg positive hepatitis.
Authors: C Lavarini, P Farci, E Chiaberge, V Veglio, D Giacobbi, G Bedarida, G Susani, M Toti, P Almi, N Caporaso
Journal: BMJ (1983)

IgM antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc), a marker of recent hepatitis B virus infection, was sought by radioimmunoassay in sera diluted 1/4000 from 376 patients presenting to four centres in Italy with acute, apparently type B hepatitis (hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive). In 320 patients (85%) a positive IgM anti-HBc test result confirmed that hepatitis was due to primary infection with hepatitis B virus. In the remaining 56 patients absence of the IgM marker indicated that they were previously unrecognised long term carriers of HBsAg. Further serum analysis often showed delta infection and occasionally hepatitis A or cytomegalovirus infection as the true cause of their illness. After six to eight months circulating HBsAg persisted in 38 of 45 patients (84%) without IgM anti-HBc but in only six of 150 patients (4%) with the IgM antibody (p less than 0.0001). A negative IgM anti-HBc test result in patients with acute HBsAg positive hepatitis points to a factor other than hepatitis B virus as the cause of the liver damage and predicts the carriage of HBsAg.
Post-mortem Bronchography in the Study of Bronchitis and Emphysema
Authors: J. G. Leopold, J. Gough
Journal: Thorax (1963)

Many characteristic bronchographic features have been recorded in patients with chronic bronchitis but current interest is focused on the changes at the periphery of the bronchial tree (Freimanis and Molnar, 1960; Hirschfeld, 1961 ; Hirschfeld, Brantigan, Kress, and Goco, 1962).There are two reasons for this.Firstly, the small rather than the large airways are believed to be of major importance in 'obstructive' pulmonary disease.Secondly, some abnormal peripheral patterns described in chronic bronchitis may give a lead to the diagnosis of emphysema, including even the specific anatomical type.
A CASE OF CARBOLIC ACID GANGRENE.
Authors: E. DUNSTER KREMERS
Journal: JAMA (1904)

<h3>Introduction.</h3> —I am able to report this case through the kindness of Dr. A. Leenhouts, under whose care I saw the patient. This report is added to an already long list of cases, not because of its rarity or its unusual features, but because some physicians are still unaware of the danger in using carbolic acid as a dressing and in the hope that through their physicians' knowledge the laity may understand how to avoid the needless destruction of fingers and toes by this poison. <h3>History.</h3> —G. H. R., age 15, male, schoolboy. The patient has always been a strong, healthy boy. On July 4, 1904, he was washing dishes and cut the little finger of the right hand by a piece of glass. There had been a case of tetanus in the town and, on the following morning, the boy's sister, fearful of "blood poisoning," applied a
Results of Early Mobilization and Discharge after Myocardial Infarction
Authors: H. H. Tucker, P. H. M. Carson, N. M. Bass, G. P. Sharratt, J. P. P. Stock
Journal: BMJ (1973)

A total of 342 patients with acute myocardial infarction who were admitted to a coronary care unit are reviewed to assess the results of early mobilization and discharge. The mean duration of admission was 8.4 days and 89% of the survivors were discharged from hospital by the tenth day. The inpatient mortality was 15.5%. An additional 6.7% died during the six weeks' follow-up period, giving a total mortality of 22.2%. Altogether, 7.6% of patients were readmitted. Venous thromboembolic phenomena occurred in 3.5% during the inpatient period. Of patients who were eligible 62% were back at work five months after their myocardial infarction. We think the results justify a short hospital admission period for acute myocardial infarction.
Genetic Effects on Toxic and Essential Elements in Humans: Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Selenium, and Zinc in Erythrocytes
Authors: John B. Whitfield, Veronica Dy, Robert McQuilty, Gu Zhu, Andrew C. Heath, Grant W. Montgomery, Nicholas G. Martin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

An excess of toxic trace elements or a deficiency of essential ones has been implicated in many common diseases or public health problems, but little is known about causes of variation between people living within similar environments. We estimated effects of personal and socioeconomic characteristics on concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) in erythrocytes and tested for genetic effects using data from twin pairs.We used blood samples from 2,926 adult twins living in Australia (1,925 women and 1,001 men; 30-92 years of age) and determined element concentrations in erythrocytes by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. We assessed associations between element concentrations and personal and socioeconomic characteristics, as well as the sources of genetic and environmental variation and covariation in element concentrations. We evaluated the chromosomal locations of genes affecting these characteristics by linkage analysis in 501 dizygotic twin pairs.Concentrations of Cu, Se, and Zn, and of As and Hg showed substantial correlations, concentrations of As and Hg due mainly to common genetic effects. Genetic linkage analysis showed significant linkage for Pb [chromosome 3, near SLC4A7 (solute carrier family 4, sodium bicarbonate cotransporter, member 7)] and suggestive linkage for Cd (chromosomes 2, 18, 20, and X), Hg (chromosome 5), Se (chromosomes 4 and 8), and Zn {chromosome 2, near SLC11A1 [solute carrier family 11 (proton-coupled divalent metal ion transporters)]}.Although environmental exposure is a precondition for accumulation of toxic elements, individual characteristics and genetic factors are also important. Identification of the contributory genetic polymorphisms will improve our understanding of trace and toxic element uptake and distribution mechanisms.
Phase III Study Comparing Standard Radiotherapy With or Without Weekly Oxaliplatin in Treatment of Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Preliminary Results
Authors: Li Zhang, Chong Zhao, Pei-Jian Peng, Li-Xia Lu, Pei-Yu Huang, Fei Han, Shao-Xiong Wu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

A prospective, randomized, phase III study was performed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of concurrent weekly oxaliplatin with radiotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).From January 2001 to January 2003, 115 patients with locoregionally advanced NPC were randomly assigned to either radiotherapy (RT) alone (56 patients) or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT; 59 patients). All patient characteristics were well balanced in both arms. CCRT with oxaliplatin 70 mg/m2 weekly was administered for six doses from the first day of RT.All patients were eligible for toxicity and response analysis. Compliance with the protocol treatment was excellent, with 97% of patients completing all planned doses of oxaliplatin, and a lack of high-grade toxicity was observed. After a median follow-up time of 24 months, there was a significant difference in overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS) in favor of the CCRT arm. The 2-year OS rates were 100% for the CCRT arm and 77% for the RT arm (P = .01). The 2-year MFS rates were 92% for the CCRT arm and 80% for the RT arm (P = .02). The 2-year RFS rates were 96% for the CCRT arm and 83% for the RT arm (P = .02).CCRT with weekly oxaliplatin is feasible and improves OS, MFS, and RFS rates in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC. Therefore, further randomized trials including oxaliplatin are warranted.
Determination of a critical level of tissue oxygenation in acute intestinal ischaemia.
Authors: W G Sheridan, R H Lowndes, G T Williams, H L Young
Journal: Gut (1992)

Tissue oxygen tension (PtO2) was measured using a miniaturised polarographic oxygen electrode in 134 segments of rat small intestine of varying degrees of ischaemia. Without knowledge of the PtO2 levels, the viability of each segment was scored using clinical parameters and tissue damage scored by independent histological examination. Histologically non-viable bowel had significantly impaired tissue oxygenation when compared with viable bowel (t test, p less than 0.001). Marked degrees of tissue hypoxia were frequently tolerated before major histological damage became apparent, a critical PtO2 level of 1.9 mmHg being identified. The overall accuracy rate of PtO2 measurement in the operative prediction of intestinal viability was 92.5%, which contrasts with a rate of only 57.7% for clinical criteria alone.
Zidovudine Does It Work for Everyone?
Authors: Mark D. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Over 85 000 (45%) of reported acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases in the United States have occurred among racial and ethnic minorities including blacks, Hispanics, Asian-Pacific islanders, and native American or Alaskan native people.<sup>1</sup>This number, of course, represents only those reported with the later stages of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; studies in a variety of populations have also demonstrated rates of asymptomatic HIV infection substantially higher in people of color than in whites. Women also represent a growing number of those with AIDS—9% of adult and adolescent cases diagnosed before August 1990 and 12% in the last year. But the representation of minorities and women among AIDS cases stands in stark contrast to their underrepresentation in the clinical trials of drugs directed against HIV. Most clinical trials have been overwhelmingly composed of gay white men; minorities, women, and injecting drug
Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzofurans, dioxins and related compounds in environmental samples.
Authors: H R Buser, C Rappe, P A Bergqvist
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

The analysis of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and to some extent biphenylenes (PCBPs) by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and mass spectrometry is described. Electron-impact (EI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) mass spectrometry were used, and their application in environmental analyses documented. NCI shows increased sensitivity to all PCDFs and PCDDs except for 2,3,7,8- and other tetra-CDD isomers. The identification of the various PCDFs and PCDDs, specifically the identification of the toxic and hazardous 2,3,7,8-substituted isomers is emphasized; the unambiguous identification of all 2,3,7,8,-substituted PCDDs is documented. The application of HRGC and mass spectrometry to isomer-specific analyses of samples of aquatic species from the Baltic and the Great Lakes is shown. Results from this and previous studies indicate PCDF and PCDD residues in these organisms including significant levels of 2,3,7,8-substituted isomers. These aquatic species apparently show preferential retention or reduced metabolization rates for these toxic isomers. The results of samples from the Baltic indicate a contamination primarily due to PCDFs. The origin of this contamination seems complex and related to PCBs as well as chlorophenols. PCDF and PCDD isomer distribution patterns from analyses using HRGC and mass spectrometry aid in the identification of origin, sources and elucidation of routes of formation of these compounds. These methods are indispensable in taking measures to reduce future contaminations and to protect our environment.