tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Functional correlates of compensatory renal hypertrophy
Authors: John P. Hayslett, Michael Kashgarian, Franklin H. Epstein
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

The functional correlates of compensatory renal hypertrophy were studied by micropuncture techniques in rats after the removal of one kidney. The glomerular filtration rate increased to roughly the same extent in the whole kidney and in individual surface nephrons, resulting in a greater amount of sodium delivered to the tubules for reabsorption. The fraction of the glomerular filtrate absorbed [determined from the tubular fluid-to-plasma ratio (TF/P) for inulin] remained unchanged in both proximal and distal portions of the nephron. The way in which the tubules adjusted to nephrectomy, however, differed in proximal and distal convolutions. After nephrectomy, the reabsorptive half-time, indicated by the rate of shrinkage of a droplet of saline in a tubule blocked with oil, was unchanged in the proximal tubule but significantly shortened in the distal convoluted tubule. Nevertheless, steady-state concentrations of sodium in an isolated raffinose droplet in the distal as well as the proximal tubule were the same in hypertrophied kidneys as in control animals. Possible reasons for this paradox are discussed. Transit time through the proximal tubules was unchanged by compensatory hypertrophy, but transit time to the distal tubules was prolonged. Changes in renal structure resulting from compensatory hypertrophy were also found to differ in the proximal and the distal protions of the nephron. Although tubular volume increased in both protions, the volume increase was twice as great in the proximal tubule as in the distal. In order, therefore, for net reabsorption to increase in the distal tubule, where the changes in tubular volume are not so marked, an increase in reabsorptive capacity per unit length of tubule is required. This increase is reflected in the shortening of reabsorptive half-time in the oil-blocked distal tubule that was actually observed.
Donor-Derived T-Cell Leukemia after Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Hiroya Tamaki, Masao Matsuoka
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

To the Editor: Asymptomatic carriers of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are considered acceptable as donors in allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for patients with adult T-cell le...
Introspection and interpretation: Dichotomy or continuum?
Authors: Richard E. Petty, Pablo Briñol
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract Judgments vary in the extent to which they are based on interpretation versus relatively direct access to mental contents. That is, a judgment might require a trivial amount of interpretation (e.g., translating one's immediately accessible “inner speech”) or a rather substantial amount of confabulation. Recognizing this continuum of interpretation underlying judgment could be more fruitful than debating a categorical introspection versus interpretation distinction.
BLOOD KETONES AND SERUM LIPIDS IN STARVATION AND WATER DEPRIVATION 123
Authors: B. L. Kartin, E. B. Man, A. W. Winkler, J. P. Peters
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1944)

Few observations of the behavior of serum lipids in acute human starvation have been re- ported and no studies using present improved analytical methods are available.The occa- sional published reports of changes in serum lipids in fasting experimental animals are often contradictory (1 to 9).Increases in the blood ketone bodies during starvation are well recog- nized (10 to 15), but have never been systemati- cally related to serum lipid changes.In this study, serum lipids and blood ketones were determined simultaneously in 14 fasting normal male human subjects, some of whom were also deprived of water.These have been supplemented with experiments on fasting mon-I Lt. Col. D. B. Dill, Q. M. C., A. U.
Pressure Overload Increases GATA4 Binding Activity via Endothelin-1
Authors: Nina Hautala, Heikki Tokola, Marja Luodonpää, Jutta Puhakka, Hannu Romppanen, Olli Vuolteenaho, Heikki Ruskoaho
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —The signaling cascades responsible for the activation of transcription factors in the hypertrophic growth of cardiac myocytes during hemodynamic overload are largely unknown. Several of the genes upregulated in the hypertrophied heart, including B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) gene, are controlled by the cardiac-restricted zinc finger transcription factor GATA4. Methods and Results —An in vivo model of intravenous administration of arginine 8 -vasopressin (AVP) for up to 4 hours in conscious normotensive rats was used to study the signaling mechanisms for GATA activation in response to pressure overload. Gel mobility shift assays were used to analyze the trans -acting factors that interact with the GATA motifs of the BNP promoter. AVP-induced increase in mean arterial pressure was followed by a significant increase in the BNP and c- fos mRNA levels in both the endocardial and epicardial layers of the left ventricle, whereas GATA4 and GATA6 mRNA levels remained unchanged. Pressure overload within 15 to 60 minutes produced an increase in left ventricular BNP GATA4 but not GATA5 and GATA6 binding activity, and at 30 minutes a 2.2-fold increase ( P &lt;0.001) in GATA4 binding was noted. The mixed endothelin-1 ET A /ET B receptor antagonist bosentan but not the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan completely inhibited the pressure overload–induced increase in left ventricular BNP GATA4 binding activity. Bosentan alone had no statistically significant effect on GATA4 binding activity of the left ventricle in conscious animals. Conclusions —ET-1 is a signaling molecule that rapidly upregulates GATA4 DNA binding activity in response to pressure overload in vivo.
Feasibility of Exercise Training for the Short-Term Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Matthew P. Herring, Marni L. Jacob, Cynthia Suveg, Rodney K. Dishman, Patrick J. O’Connor
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2011)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Exercise training may be especially helpful for patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We conducted a randomized controlled trial to quantify the effects of 6 weeks of resistance (RET) or aerobic exercise training (AET) on remission and worry symptoms among sedentary patients with GAD. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Thirty sedentary women aged 18–37 years, diagnosed by clinicians blinded to treatment allocation with a primary DSM-IV diagnosis of GAD and not engaged in any treatment other than pharmacotherapy, were randomly allocated to RET, AET, or a wait list (WL). RET involved 2 weekly sessions of lower-body weightlifting. AET involved 2 weekly sessions of leg cycling matched with RET for body region, positive work, time actively engaged in exercise, and load progression. Remission was measured by the number needed to treat (NNT). Worry symptoms were measured by the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; There were no adverse events. Remission rates were 60%, 40%, and 30% for RET, AET, and WL, respectively. The NNT was 3 (95% CI 2 to 56) for RET and 10 (95% CI –7 to 3) for AET. A significant condition-by-time interaction was found for worry symptoms. A follow-up contrast showed significant reductions in worry symptoms for combined exercise conditions versus the WL. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Exercise training, including RET, is a feasible, low-risk treatment that can potentially reduce worry symptoms among GAD patients and may be an effective adjuvant, short-term treatment or augmentation for GAD. Preliminary findings warrant further investigation.
The Incidence of HBV Infection and Syringe Exchange Programs
Authors: Holly Hagan, Terry Reid, Don C. Des Jarlais, David Purchase, Samuel R. Friedman, Thomas A. Bell
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To the Editor.  —The incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been proposed as a marker for syringe sharing and human immunodeficiency virus transmission among injecting drug users. Pierce County, Washington, which includes Tacoma, is one of four sentinel counties in a national hepatitis surveillance system. The sentinel surveillance system is characterized by reliable reporting of HBV incidence and standardized determination of risk behaviors for HBV. 1 Tacoma is also the location of the first syringe exchange program in North America; its operations are described elsewhere. 2 Currently, an estimated 500 drug injectors exchange 2000 syringes each week in five Pierce County exchange locations. There are approximately 3000 drug injectors in the county; the syringe exchange program provides a means for safer injection for a substantial proportion of drug users. Syringe exchange users report a mean of three to four injections per day and are probably among the most
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE IN ECLAMPSIA
Authors: E. M. Lazard
Journal: JAMA (1926)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, October 9, a correspondent's inquiry as to the intravenous use of magnesium sulphate in eclampsia is answered, in part, as follows: "It is always advisable to have 5 cc. of a 10 per cent solution of calcium chloride available for intravenous injection should magnesium sulphate be given intravenously, as the effective dose of magnesium sulphate closly approaches the fatal dose." While this may be true where the magnesium sulphate is used to produce anesthesia, it is certainly not so in the dosage which I have been using for eclampsia; namely, from 20 to 30 cc. of a 10 per cent solution. While a solution of calcium chloride has been available to combat a possible respiratory paralysis, occasion has not arisen for its use. In our last report (Lazard, Irwin and Vruwink:<i>Am. J. Obst. &amp; Gynec.</i><b>12</b>:104 [July] 1924) we analyzed the results
Agranulocytosis following Sulphapyridine Therapy
Authors: B. Pringle, G. C. Dockeray, R. H. Mitchell
Journal: BMJ (1940)

Since the publication of the first description by John ston (1938) there have been, so far as we can ascertain, eight further recorded cases. This total does not include those occurring in young children (Dolgopol and Hobart, 1939 ; Hodes et ai, 1939) or the case mentioned but not fully described by Melton and Beck (1939), As might be expected in view of the wide application of the drug, the primary disease varies, being lobar pneumonia in two (Tzanck et al., 1939 ; Agranat et ai, 1939), streptococcal septicaemia in two (Johnston, 1938 ; Sutherland, 1939), puerperal pyrexia in two (Briggs, 1939), thrombophlebitis during typhoid in one (Coxon and Forbes, 1938), appendix abscess in one (Barnett et al., 1939), and gonococcal epididymo-orchitis in one (Nichol and Freedman, 1939). The dosage and duration of treatment with sulpha pyridine also vary widely, ranging from the 18 grammes in fifteen days of Tzanck's case, where idiosyncrasy to the drug was strongly suggested, to the 80.9 grammes in seven teen days administered by Barnett. The average dose throughout the series is 53 grammes, and the average duration fourteen days. This bears out the suggestion of Sutherland that doses of over 50 grammes are dangerous, especially to patients already suffering from a disease causing blood destruction.
<i>Re-</i>assembling the brain: Are cell assemblies the brain's language for recovery of function?
Authors: Chris Code
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Holistically ignited Hebbian models are fundamentally different from the serially organized connectionist implementations of language. This may be important for the recovery of language after injury, because connectionist models have provided useful insights into recovery of some cognitive functions. I ask whether cell assembly modelling can make an important contribution and whether the apparent incompatibility with successful connectionist modelling is a problem.
c-ANCA as a marker of Wegener's disease
Authors: D.J. Unsworth, C.R.V. Tomson, R.J. Lock, T.B. Wallington, T.G. Feest, C.F.M. Franssen, J.W. Cohen Tervaert, C.A. Stegeman, C.G.M. Kallenberg, JohnL. Niles, RobertT. McCluskey, HeatherE. Clark, Xavier Bosch, Alvaro Urbano-Márquez, StephenD.H. Malnick, DanielD. Bass, ZevM. Sthoeger, JayaK. Rao, Morris Weinberger, NancyB. Allen, JohnR. Feussner
Journal: The Lancet (1996)
Pathological Explanation of the Chief Physical Changes in the Blood of Cholera Patients
Authors: G. Johnson
Journal: BMJ (1866)

sorption during the stage of collapse.It is a neces- > ~a1Waffologdftn+ (txiaLttio 1sary result of the diminished blood-current-firt through the pulmonary vessels, and consequently or through the systemic vessels.Absorption during TilE CHIEF PHYSICAL CHANNGES IN THE collapse will be checked in proportion to the diminu- BLOOD OF CIIOLERA PATIENTS.tion and retardation of the blood-stream.In many, probably in most cases of collapse, the amount of BY liquid excretion from the blood is also lessened during GEORGE JOHINSON MI.D., F.R.C.P., this stage, in consequence of the diminished supply GEORGETO JOHNSON, M.D
Iron chelation therapy for patients with sickle cell disease and iron overload
Authors: Adlette Inati, Evelyne Khoriaty, Khaled M. Musallam, Ali T. Taher
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2010)

A physician or group of physicians considers presentation and evolution of a real clinical case, reacting to clinical information and data (boldface type).This is followed by a discussion/commentary.
Fortnightly review : Acute pancreatitis
Authors: K. Mergener, J. Baillie
Journal: BMJ (1998)

MethodsThis overview was prepared from a continuous review of publications in gastroenterology and general medicine journals, supplemented by a formal Medline search and review of the most recent articles on pancreatitis.Reviews have been supplemented by original papers that include important recent developments.This review also reflects almost two decades of personal clinical experience and research related to pancreatitis by one of us (JB). DefinitionAcute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas that can involve peripancreatic tissues or remote organ systems, or both. 6It may occur as an isolated attack or recur in distinct episodes with reversion to normal histology between attacks.By definition, acute pancreatitis is reversible; it is distinguished from chronic pancreatitis by the absence of continuing inflammation, irreversible structural changes, and permanent impairment of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function.As the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is usually made on clinical grounds and pancreatic tissue is rarely available, it can be difficult to distinguish between acute and chronic pancreatitis in the individual case.The most commonly used classification system for acute pancreatitis distinguishes between mild and severe disease. 6Severe disease is characterised by organ failure or local complications such as necrosis, pseudocysts, or fistulae.Scoring systems use prognostic signs to stratify patients and help in the early recognition of patients with a high probability of developing severe pancreatitis (see below).
Technical Prerequisites and Safety Considerations for the Use of the Nd:YAG Laser in Gastroenterology
Authors: F. Frank
Journal: Endoscopy (1986)

The small divergence and the high monochromaticity of laser light and the resulting possibility of concentrating a very high light intensity at the focal point of a lens, are of decisive importance in laser therapy. By selecting suitable irradiation parameters, blood and lymph vessels can be sealed by local exposure to Nd:YAG laser light. All the prerequisites for using the Nd:YAG laser in gastroenterology for hemostasis and the treatment of tumors are met.
Mechanisms for experimental buprenorphine hepatotoxicity: major role of mitochondrial dysfunction versus metabolic activation
Authors: Alain Berson, Daniel Fau, Roxane Fornacciari, Pamela Degove-Goddard, Angela Sutton, Véronique Descatoire, Delphine Haouzi, Philippe Lettéron, Alain Moreau, Gérard Feldmann, Dominique Pessayre
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
Myocardial viability in asynergic regions subtended by occluded coronary arteries: Relation to the status of collateral flow in patients with chronic coronary artery disease
Authors: Marcelo Di Carli, Todd Sherman, Sandeep Khanna, Michael Davidson, Soleyman Rokhsar, Randall Hawkins, Michael Phelps, Heinrich Schelbert, Jamshid Maddahi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)
Treatment of ventricular fibrillation. Emergency medical technician defibrillation and paramedic services
Authors: Mickey S. Eisenberg, Alfred P. Hallstrom, Michael K. Copass, Lawrence Bergner, Floyd Short, Judith Pierce
Journal: JAMA (1984)

We compared the effect of rapid defibrillation by emergency medical technicians (EMTs) combined with paramedic care with that of standard EMT and paramedic care on survival from 540 witnessed episodes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation. More than 400 EMTs were trained in the recognition of ventricular fibrillation and operation of a defibrillator. For a portion of the three-year study, emergency care for 179 cases was randomized between the two types of services. For randomized cases, when the time interval between EMT and paramedic arrival was greater than four minutes there was significantly improved survival with EMT defibrillation and paramedic care (42%) compared with basic EMT and paramedic care (19%). Similar findings occurred when all cases were considered (38% v 18%). Defibrillation by EMTs combined with paramedic services can enhance survival from ventricular fibrillation, compared with basic EMT and paramedic care. (<i>JAMA</i>1984;251:1723-1726)
Hepatitis B viral load predicts survival of HCC patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy
Authors: Winnie Yeo, Frankie K. F. Mo, Stephen L. Chan, Nancy W. Y. Leung, Pun Hui, Wai-Yip Lam, Tony S. K. Mok, Kowk C. Lam, Wing M. Ho, Jane Koh, Julian W. Tang, Anthony T. Chan, Paul K. S. Chan
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

HCC is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. For patients who are not candidates for curative surgery, systemic chemotherapy is one of the standard treatments. In parts of China and the Far East, over 80% of HCC patients have chronic HBV infection. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between pre-chemotherapy HBV viral load and the survival of HCC patients. HBV infection status was determined prior to chemotherapy in 188 patients, 170 of whom had evidence of HBV chronic infection/exposure (160 hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]-positive, 10 HBsAg-negative/hepatitis B core antibody–positive). Of these, 125 had pretreatment HBV DNA levels determined via real-time PCR. Virological data were analyzed using conventional clinical variables to identify factors that influenced survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that high total bilirubin ( P = 0.0016; hazard ratio = 1.040 per 1 μM increase; 95% CI 1.015–1.065), HCV infection ( P = 0.0095; hazard ratio = 6.955; 95% CI 1.606–30.129), and high HBV DNA level ( P = 0.0217; hazard ratio = 1.650; 95% CI 1.076–2.531) affected survival significantly. Exploratory analysis revealed that high levels of pretreatment HBV DNA had a significantly higher incidence of severe hepatitis during chemotherapy. Conclusion: For HCC patients with HBV chronic infection/exposure, a high viral load prior to treatment is an adverse factor for survival and may be associated with a higher incidence of severe hepatitis during chemotherapy. Future strategies to improve the prognosis of HCC patients undergoing chemotherapy should consider supportive therapy that incorporates antiviral therapies to reduce HBV viral load. (Hepatology 2007;45:1382–1389.)
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Authors: Richard J. Whitley
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Continuing evaluations of antiviral agents for treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) provided an opportunity to collect clinical data from 113 patients in whom the diagnosis was proved by viral isolation. Occurrence of HSE was in all ages and in both sexes and was nonseasonal. Characteristically, patients had behavioral changes, fever, confusion, speech disturbances, and, less frequently, seizures. The EEG was the most useful neurodiagnostic aid followed by technetium and computed axial tomographic scans. Employing a logistic regression model for variable selection, the diagnosis could be predicted by clinical findings and neurodiagnostic tests in 83% of the proved cases, but the evidence in 25% was falsely positive. There was evidence of localization by either clinical or neurodiagnostic assessment in all patients with proved disease. Among patients with negative findings for HSE, similar focal findings predominated in all but a few. The CSF and brain scans were normal in many patients with proved HSE. This extensive clinical experience in patients with diagnosis proved by viral isolation shows that diagnosis can be confirmed only by brain biopsy. (<i>JAMA</i>1982;247:317-320)
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Associated With Hepatitis C and Interferon Alpha: A Review
Authors: Eric Dieperink, Mark Willenbring, Samuel B. Ho
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are commonly associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection, its sequelae, and its treatment. In particular, interferon, a primary component of treatment for chronic hepatitis C, has been strongly associated with depressive symptoms. This review summarizes current knowledge about the etiology, course, and treatment of neuropsychiatric problems associated with hepatitis C and interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment.Studies were identified by computerized searches, and further references were obtained from bibliographies of the reviewed articles.Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus is a common and growing problem, often affecting persons with psychiatric and substance use problems. Although changes in cognition, mood, and personality have been described in association with hepatitis C and with IFN-alpha treatment, there has been little systematic study of these changes.Psychiatrists should become familiar with the clinical spectrum associated with hepatitis C virus infection as well as the neuropsychiatric symptoms related to hepatitis C and IFN-alpha treatment. More studies are necessary to define the neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with this population and to find possible effective treatments. Furthermore, research is needed so that patients with psychiatric problems are not excluded from effective treatments for this growing medical problem.
Possible Role of Laxatives in Analgesic Nephropathy
Authors: J. S. Wainscoat, R. Finn
Journal: BMJ (1974)

Eight out of ten of patients with analgesic nephropathy were regular and usually heavy laxative takers compared with 12 out of 200 controls from the general population and four out of 70 patients attending a renal clinic. The finding that regular laxative taking was greatly increased in patients with analgesic nephropathy suggests that this condition may often be due to the combined abuse of both laxatives and analgesics. In a series of 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis all were found to have normal renal function and no patient took laxatives regularly. This finding would explain why analgesic nephropathy is so uncommon in patients with rheumatoid arthritis despite the fact that they are regular and heavy analgesic takers.