tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hiatal Hernia and Short Oesophagus in Children
Authors: E. Husfeldt, G. Thomsen, E. Wamberg
Journal: Thorax (1951)

Diseases and malformations of the oesophagus have hitherto been a neglected field in paediatrics.During recent years this attitude has been altered, because the progress of thoracic surgery has made operations on the oesophagus a much safer procedure and has thus increased the possibility of treating surgically oeso- phageal lesions in children.Among the diseases and malformations which have become the object of renewed interest is congenital hiatal hernia coexisting with a shortening of the oesophagus, which Scandinavian and French workers are accustomed to call " brachyoesophagus." PREVioUS REPORTSA review of about 70 cases reported up to 1947 can be found in a paper published by one of us (Thomsen, 1949).In addition to several single cases, two large series were published in 1948, one from England and one from America, Allison reporting seven cases and'Olsen and Harrington eight among children.Considering that the condition has been known for almost 30 years, the number of published cases, about 100, is not impressive, and, judging by the literature, short oesophagus would appear to be rare among children.It would seem, however, that the literature does not convey the proper impression, since we have been able to collect 24 cases diag- nosed within the last decade, 14 of them since 1947.AETIOLOGY As stated in the previous paper (Wamberg, 1947) some disagreement has existed as to the aetiology.According to Bund a persistence of the right pneumato-enteric recess produces a hernia in which the stomach forms the hernial contents.Tondorff, on the other hand, claims that the caudal shift of the diaphragm and abdominal contents, which normally takes place in the fourth to fifth foetal week, is disturbed so that the longitudinal growth of the oesophagus ceases and a major or minor portion of the stomach remains in the thoracic cavity, whereas the diaphragm, completing its caudal movement, envelops the thoracic stomach in a thin layer of connective tissue.Recent papers, particularly from England (Allison, 1948), have shown that none of these theories can be accepted.The fact that short oesophagus and peptic ulcer of the oesophagus are met with in a comparatively large number of subjects over 50 years of age with no history of dyspeptic symptoms militates against the idea of a congenital defect.In 1926 Akerlund described a form of hiatal hernia, occurring particularly among elderly individuals, in which the hernial on August 31,
Air Pollution and the Microvasculature: A Cross-Sectional Assessment of In Vivo Retinal Images in the Population-Based Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: Sara D. Adar, Ronald Klein, Barbara E. K. Klein, Adam A. Szpiro, Mary Frances Cotch, Tien Y. Wong, Marie S. O'Neill, Sandi Shrager, R. Graham Barr, David S. Siscovick, Martha L. Daviglus, Paul D. Sampson, Joel D. Kaufman
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2010)

Sara Adar and colleagues show that residing in locations with higher air pollution concentrations and experiencing daily increases in air pollution are associated with narrower retinal arteriolar diameters in older individuals, thus providing a link between air pollution and cardiovascular disease.
The effect of H1 and H2 histamine antagonists on symptomatic dermographism
Authors: CYNTHIA N.A. MATTHEWS, J.M. BOSS, R.P. WARIN, FRANKIE STORARI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1979)

In ten patients suffering from symptomatic dermographism the combined administration of chlor-phemiramine + cimetidine produced a greater reduction in the weal and flare response provoked by a standardized scratch than the administration of chlorpheniramine alone. There was a statistically significant improvement in the overall assessment of the patient's skin condition with the combined administration of chlorpheniramine + cimetidine. Chlorpheniramine given alone produced no significant benefit whilst cimetidine alone produced a marked exacerbation in itching in nearly half the patients who initially entered the study and was sufficient to require with-drawal.
The greater trochanter triangle; a pathoanatomic approach to the diagnosis of chronic, proximal, lateral, lower pain in athletes
Authors: E C Falvey, A Franklyn-Miller, P R McCrory
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

Chronic pain experienced in the proximal, lateral, lower limb may arise from the femoro-acetabular joint, from the muscles and tendons that act upon it, from any of the structures that traverse the area, and from more remote structures such as the lumbar spine. The aetiology of pathology in this area is not confined to either trauma or overuse. As a result many different sporting activities may have a causal role. Without a clear clinical/pathological diagnosis, the subsequent management of chronic groin pain is difficult. The combination of complex anatomy, variability of presentation and the non-specific nature of the signs and symptoms makes the diagnostic process problematic. The paper proposes a novel educational model based on pathoanatomic concepts. Anatomical reference points were selected to form a triangle, which provides the discriminative power to restrict the differential diagnosis, and form the basis of ensuing investigation. This paper forms part of a series addressing the three-dimensional nature of proximal lower limb pathology. The 3G approach (groin, gluteal, and greater trochanter triangles) acknowledges this, permitting the clinician to move throughout the region, considering pathologies appropriately.
Complementary Actions of Inhibitors of Angiopoietin-2 and VEGF on Tumor Angiogenesis and Growth
Authors: Hiroya Hashizume, Beverly L. Falcón, Takashi Kuroda, Peter Baluk, Angela Coxon, Dongyin Yu, James V. Bready, Jonathan D. Oliner, Donald M. McDonald
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Inhibition of angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) can slow tumor growth, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Because Ang2 is expressed in growing blood vessels and promotes angiogenesis driven by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), we asked whether the antitumor effect of Ang2 inhibition results from reduced sprouting angiogenesis and whether the effect is augmented by inhibition of VEGF from tumor cells. Using Colo205 human colon carcinomas in nude mice as a model, we found that selective inhibition of Ang2 by the peptide-Fc fusion protein L1-7(N) reduced the number of vascular sprouts by 46% and tumor growth by 62% over 26 days. Strikingly, when the Ang2 inhibitor was combined with a function-blocking anti-VEGF antibody, the number of sprouts was reduced by 82%, tumor vascularity was reduced by 67%, and tumor growth slowed by 91% compared with controls. The reduction in tumor growth was accompanied by decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. We conclude that inhibition of Ang2 slows tumor growth by limiting the expansion of the tumor vasculature by sprouting angiogenesis, in a manner that is complemented by concurrent inhibition of VEGF and leads to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of tumor cells.
IgG4-Related Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis
Authors: Lucy X. Lu, Emanuel Della-Torre, John H. Stone, Stephen W. Clark
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> IgG4-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis (IgG4-RHP) is an increasingly recognized manifestation of IgG4-related disease, a fibroinflammatory condition that can affect virtually any organ. It is estimated that IgG4-RHP may account for a high proportion of cases of hypertrophic pachymeningitis once considered idiopathic. <h3>Objective</h3> To summarize the current knowledge on IgG4-RHP including its pathological, clinical, and radiological presentations. Particular emphasis is placed on diagnostic and therapeutic implications. <h3>Evidence Review</h3> This review is based on 21 reports published in the English medical literature since 2009. PubMed was searched with the following terms:<i>IgG4</i>,<i>pachymeningitis</i>,<i>IgG4-related pachymeningitis</i>,<i>IgG4-related disease</i>,<i>IgG4-related</i>, and<i>IgG4 meningitis</i>. Only cases with biopsy-proven IgG4-RHP were considered and included in this review. <h3>Findings</h3> Little is known with certainty regarding the pathogenesis of IgG4-RHP. The presence of oligoclonally restricted IgG4-positive plasma cells within inflammatory meningeal niches strongly suggests a specific response against a still unknown antigen. Clinical presentation of IgG4-RHP is not distinguishable from other forms of hypertrophic pachymeningitis and reflects mechanical compression of vascular or nerve structures, leading to functional deficits. Signs of systemic IgG4-related disease may concomitantly be present. Diagnostic process should rely primarily on magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and meningeal biopsy. In particular, hallmark histopathological features of IgG4-RHP are a lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, storiform fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis. High-dose glucocorticoids are still the treatment of choice for IgG4-RHP because immunosuppressive agents have shown variable efficacy in reducing the meningeal hypertrophy. Rituximab is a promising therapeutic approach but experience with B-cell depletion strategies remains limited. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> IgG4-related disease accounts for an increasing proportion of cases of idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis. Clinicians should become familiar with this alternative differential diagnosis because a prompt, specific therapeutic approach may avoid long-term neurological complications.
<scp>l</scp> -Arginine and Substance P Reverse the Pulmonary Endothelial Dysfunction Caused by Congenital Heart Surgery
Authors: Ingram Schulze-Neick, Daniel J. Penny, Michael L. Rigby, Cliff Morgan, Andrea Kelleher, Peter Collins, Jia Li, Andrew Bush, Elliot A. Shinebourne, Andrew N. Redington
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —The increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) seen in children after cardiopulmonary bypass has been attributed to transient pulmonary endothelial dysfunction (PED). We therefore examined PED in children with congenital heart disease by assessing the l -arginine–nitric oxide (NO) pathway in terms of substrate supplementation ( l -arginine [L-Arg]), stimulation of endogenous NO release (substance P [Sub-P]), and end-product provision (inhaled NO) before and after open heart surgery. Methods and Results —Ten patients (aged 0.62±0.27 years) with pulmonary hypertension undergoing cardiac catheterization who had not had surgery and 10 patients (aged 0.65±0.73 years) who had recently undergone cardiopulmonary bypass were examined. All were sedated and paralyzed and received positive-pressure ventilation. Blood samples and pressure measurements were taken from catheters in the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein or left atrium. Respiratory mass spectrometry was used to measure oxygen uptake, and cardiac output was determined by the direct Fick method. PVR was calculated during steady state at ventilation with room air, during F io 2 of 0.65, then during additional intravenous infusion of L-Arg (15 mg · kg −1 · min −1 ) and Sub-P (1 pmol · kg −1 · min −1 ), and finally during inhalation of NO (20 ppm). In preoperative patients, the lack of an additional significant change of PVR with L-Arg, Sub-P, and inhaled NO suggests little preexisting PED. Postoperative PVR was higher, with an additional pulmonary endothelial contribution that was restorable with L-Arg and Sub-P. Conclusions —Postoperatively, the rise in PVR suggested PED, which was restorable by L-Arg and Sub-P, with no additional effect of inhaled NO. These results may indicate important new treatment strategies for these patients.
Comparative Detection of Lymph Node Micrometastases of Stage II Colorectal Cancer by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction and Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Shingo Noura, Hirofumi Yamamoto, Tadashi Ohnishi, Norikazu Masuda, Takashi Matsumoto, Osamu Takayama, Hiroki Fukunaga, Yasuhiro Miyake, Masakazu Ikenaga, Masataka Ikeda, Mitsugu Sekimoto, Nariaki Matsuura, Morito Monden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

Inconsistent conclusions have been drawn about the clinical significance of micrometastases in lymph nodes (LNs) of node-negative colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. We performed a comparative study of detection of micrometastases using immunohistochemistry (IHC) by anti-cytokeratin antibody and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the same patients, in an attempt to move closer to their clinical application.Sixty-four CRC patients, with RNA of good quality available from paraffin-embedded LN specimens, were selected from 84 stage II patients who underwent curative surgery between 1988 and 1996. We investigated associations between the presence of micrometastases by each method and prognosis.Micrometastases were detected in 19 (29.6%) of 64 patients by RT-PCR and in 35 (54.7%) of 64 patients by IHC. By RT-PCR analysis, patients exhibiting a positive band for CEA mRNA had a significantly worse prognosis than those who were RT-PCR-negative, with respect to both disease-free and overall survival (P =.027 and.015, respectively). By IHC analysis, the presence of micrometastasis did not predict patient outcome in terms of either disease-free or overall survival. Infiltrating pattern of tumor growth characteristic was significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival among various clinical or pathologic factors. By multivariate Cox regression analysis, micrometastasis detected by RT-PCR and the Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction were both independent prognostic factors.Micrometastases detected by RT-PCR, but not IHC, may be of clinical value in identifying patients who may be at high risk for recurrence of CRC and who are therefore likely to benefit from systemic adjuvant therapy.
T-bet Deficiency Attenuates Renal Injury in Experimental Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Richard K. S. Phoon, A. Richard Kitching, Dragana Odobasic, Lynelle K. Jones, Timothy J. Semple, Stephen R. Holdsworth
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2008)

T-bet is a transcription factor that is essential for T helper (Th)1 lineage commitment and optimal IFN-γ production by CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. We examined the role of T-bet in the development of experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis, which is induced by Th1-predominant, delayed-type hypersensitivity-like responses directed against a nephritogenic antigen. Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis was induced in T-bet<sup>−/−</sup> and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Compared with wild-type controls, renal injury was attenuated in T-bet<sup>−/−</sup> mice with glomerulonephritis, evidenced by less proteinuria, glomerular crescents, and tubulointerstitial inflammation. Accumulation of glomerular CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and macrophages was decreased, and was associated with reduced intrarenal expression of the potent Th1 chemoattractants CCL5/RANTES and CXCL9/Mig. Supporting the pro-inflammatory nature of T-bet signaling, assessment of systemic immunity confirmed that T-bet<sup>−/−</sup> mice had a reduction in Th1 immunity. The kinetic profile of T-bet mRNA in wild-type mice supported the hypothesis that T-bet deficiency attenuates renal injury in part by shifting the Th1/Th2 balance away from a Th1 phenotype. Expression of renal and splenic IL-17A, characteristically expressed by the Th17 subset of effector T cells, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, was increased in T-bet<sup>−/−</sup> mice. We conclude that T-bet directs Th1 responses that induce renal injury in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis.
Environmental Health Research Recommendations from the Inter-Environmental Health Sciences Core Center Working Group on Unconventional Natural Gas Drilling Operations
Authors: Trevor M. Penning, Patrick N. Breysse, Kathleen Gray, Marilyn Howarth, Beizhan Yan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Background: Unconventional natural gas drilling operations (UNGDO) (which include hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling) supply an energy source that is potentially cleaner than liquid or solid fossil fuels and may provide a route to energy independence. However, significant concerns have arisen due to the lack of research on the public health impact of UNGDO.Objectives: Environmental Health Sciences Core Centers (EHSCCs), funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), formed a working group to review the literature on the potential public health impact of UNGDO and to make recommendations for needed research.Discussion: The Inter-EHSCC Working Group concluded that a potential for water and air pollution exists that might endanger public health, and that the social fabric of communities could be impacted by the rapid emergence of drilling operations. The working group recommends research to inform how potential risks could be mitigated.Conclusions: Research on exposure and health outcomes related to UNGDO is urgently needed, and community engagement is essential in the design of such studies.Citation: Penning TM, Breysse PN, Gray K, Howarth M, Yan B. 2014. Environmental health research recommendations from the Inter-Environmental Health Sciences Core Center Working Group on Unconventional Natural Gas Drilling Operations. Environ Health Perspect 122:1155–1159; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408207
EVALUATION OF LEUCOTOMY RESULTS
Authors: F. REITMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1948)

Investigations of discharged cases after successful leucotomy resulted in the following findings: 1. The likelihood of a patient being discharged after leucotomy is greater if he is less than middle-aged; it does not depend on the preoperative duration of illness if the personality is preserved. 2. Discharge is also significantly higher when leucotomy is performed as a low vertical incision. 3. It is demonstrated that personality modifications can be better achieved by the orbital than by the other types of operative incisions. These personality changes are attributable to structural damages of the lower quadrants of the frontal lobes. 4. These postoperative personality changes are superimposed on the pre-existing symptomatology, and it was found that patients showing introversion, lack of initiative, shallowness of affects, etc., are more likely to respond favourably to the low vertical cut. 5. The reintegration between the pre- and postoperative symptomatology is a function of the total personality. Deteriorated patients are incapable of readjustment, and only cases with well-preserved personalities should be operated upon.
Effects of Rauscher Leukemia Virus Infection on BALB/ c Mouse Embryos
Authors: M.H. Umar, L.J.L.D. van Griensven
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1976)

The effects of Rauscher leukemia virus (R-MuLV) infection on BALB/c mouse embryos were described. In mice infected with R-MuLV 12 days before mating, there were no embryos 8 days after possible conception, whereas in those infected either 8 days or 1 day before mating, pregnancy was established. The most striking effect of R-MuLV infection on the microscopic properties of the embryos was vast "apoptosis" in the mesoderm. The XC test with trypsinized embryo cells showed numerous polykaryons, which suggested that active leukemia virus was present in the embryonal tissue. Indirect immunofluorescence studies with specific rabbit antiserum to R-MuLV demonstrated the presence of virus antigens in the embryonal tissue. Vast immunofluorescence was also found in trophoblastic cells and embryonal membranes. We concluded that R-MuLV in BALB/c mice was transmitted from mother to embryo through the placenta and thereby caused excessive cell death, especially in the mesoderm.
Immunological Consequences of Interleukin 12 Administration after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: David Pelloso, Katherine Cyran, Lynette Timmons, Brian T. Williams, Michael J. Robertson
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Purpose: The purpose is to determine the immunological effects of recombinant human interleukin (rhIL)-12 therapy after autologous stem cell transplantation. Experimental Design: Twelve patients (8 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 2 Hodgkin’s disease, and 2 plasma cell myeloma) were treated with rhIL-12 by bolus i.v. injection in doses of 30, 100, or 250 ng/kg starting at a median of 66 days posttransplant. Immunological assays were performed using serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples obtained on study. Results: Dose-dependent increases in the total lymphocyte count occurred during rhIL-12 therapy. The absolute number of peripheral blood CD4 T cells increased up to 16.3-fold, CD8 T cells up to 20.5-fold, B cells up to 11-fold, and natural killer (NK) cells up to 12.3-fold during rhIL-12 administration and returned to pretreatment baseline levels after discontinuation of rhIL-12. CD56bright NK cells expanded dramatically in the blood of a patient with baseline lymphopenia before rhIL-12 therapy. In vitro proliferation of patient PBMCs in response to IL-12 was indistinguishable from that of PBMCs obtained from healthy control sub-jects. Moreover, spontaneous in vitro proliferation of patient PBMCs increased significantly during rhIL-12 therapy. Increased levels of IFN-γ and IL-18 were detected in the serum of patients treated in the 100 and 250 ng/kg dose cohorts during the first multiple dose cycle. Conclusions: Expansion of T, B, and NK cells occurs in vivo during rhIL-12 therapy after autologous stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies. In contrast to their striking defect in IL-12-induced IFN-γ production, posttransplant patient PBMCs exhibit normal proliferative responses to IL-12 in vitro. Additional investigation of rhIL-12 for posttransplantation immunotherapy is warranted.
Do Increases in the Market Share of Managed Care Influence Quality of Cancer Care in the Fee-For-Service Sector?
Authors: N. L. Keating, M. B. Landrum, E. Meara, P. A. Ganz, E. Guadagnoli
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2005)

Background: Increases in the market share of managed care in an area are associated with decreases in expenditures in the fee-for-service sector (i.e., a spillover effect). Given concerns that these decreases in expenditures result from reductions in necessary care, we examined associations between increases in managed care market share and changes in the quality of care delivered to cancer patients in the fee-for-service sector. Methods: We studied a population-based sample of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 years or older who were diagnosed with breast (N = 41 394) or colorectal (N = 48 027) cancer during 1993–1999. We used fixed effects regression analysis of SEER cancer registry and Medicare claims data to assess whether county-level increases in the market share of managed care over time were associated with the quality of cancer care. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Increases in the market share of managed care were not associated with most quality indicators, including receipt of surveillance mammography after diagnosis for patients with breast cancer ( P = .83), receipt of radiation after breast-conserving surgery among women who underwent breast-conserving surgery ( P = .16), receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage III colorectal cancer ( P = .94), or surveillance colonoscopy after treatment for colorectal cancer ( P = .39). Increases in the market share of managed care were associated with increased rates of surveillance carcinoembryonic antigen testing for colorectal cancer patients ( P = .001). Conclusions: Increases in managed care market share had limited or no effect on the quality of care for cancer patients. Concerns that increases in managed care would have large negative spillover effects on the quality of cancer care appear to be unfounded; however, the potential for managed care to stimulate improved quality throughout the medical care system have not yet been realized.