tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Computer-Aided Prostate Cancer Diagnosis From Digitized Histopathology: A Review on Texture-Based Systems
Authors: Clara Mosquera-Lopez, Sos Agaian, Alejandro Velez-Hoyos, Ian Thompson
Journal: IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering (2014)

Prostate cancer (PCa) is currently diagnosed by microscopic evaluation of biopsy samples. Since tissue assessment heavily relies on the pathologists level of expertise and interpretation criteria, it is still a subjective process with high intra- and interobserver variabilities. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) may have a major impact on detection and grading of PCa by reducing the pathologists reading time, and increasing the accuracy and reproducibility of diagnosis outcomes. However, the complexity of the prostatic tissue and the large volumes of data generated by biopsy procedures make the development of CAD systems for PCa a challenging task. The problem of automated diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma from histopathology has received a lot of attention. As a result, a number of CAD systems, have been proposed for quantitative image analysis and classification. This review aims at providing a detailed description of selected literature in the field of CAD of PCa, emphasizing the role of texture analysis methods in tissue description. It includes a review of image analysis tools for image preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, and validation techniques used in PCa detection and grading, as well as future directions in pursuit of better texture-based CAD systems.
Associative learning and pain? Why stop there?
Authors: Marcus Munafo'
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

It is argued by berkley that there are theoretical reasons why sex differences in pain may result from specific learning processes. I argue that Berkley has not gone far enough in pursuing this suggestion, and that the evidence that learning is a major determinant of pain behaviour is substantial. Moreover, sex differences in pain may represent only a special case of individual differences in pain resulting from learning processes.
Prolapse of the Uterus
Authors: J. Bassett
Journal: BMJ (1857)

lowing are extracts from communications of successive later dates." July 16th, 1856.I am pleased to inform you that I am progressing very well.The liquor pepsiniw, quite agrees with ilae; especially in the form of mixture which you recommended, as I have a little acidity and flatulence.I do not make much, if any, im-ore water than the usual quantity; certainly not so much as I lhave taken of fluids.Specific gravity about 1030.
Co-existence of hepatitis A and adult Reye's syndrome.
Authors: D R Duerksen, L D Jewell, A L Mason, V G Bain
Journal: Gut (1997)

Reye9s syndrome is most frequently seen in children but has also been described in adults. This syndrome is usually associated with ingestion of 5-aminosalicylates (ASA) or infection with influenza A, influenza B, or varicella virus. A case of Reye9s syndrome in a 47 year old, previously healthy woman precipitated by ingestion of ASA and acute hepatitis A virus infection is described. Reye9s syndrome was diagnosed on the basis of her clinical course, and the presence of hepatic microvesicular steatosis and characteristic electron microscopic changes in the hepatocyte mitochondria. The diagnosis of hepatitis A was based on higher amino-transferase values than would be expected in Reye9s syndrome alone, viral serology including the presence of hepatitis A IgM and the demonstration of hepatitis A virus RNA on liver biopsy by in situ hybridisation. Mitochondrial injury has been demonstrated in acute hepatitis A which, in addition to ASA, may have precipitated Reye9s syndrome in this patient. The association between hepatitis A and Reye9s syndrome has not been reported before. As hepatitis A virus infection is not sought routinely in patients with Reye9s syndrome, the frequency of this association is unknown.
Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes. I. Analysis with an in vitro primary response to soluble protein antigens.
Authors: D W Thomas, E M Shevach
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

In order to analyze the genetic factors involved in the regulation of macrophage-T-cells interaction we have developed an in vitro primary response to soluble protein antigens in which nonimmune guinea pig T cells can be sensitized and subsequently challenged in tissue culture with antigen-pulsed macrophages. Antigen-specific T-cell activation, as measured by increased DNA synthesis, occurred when syngeneic antigen-pulsed macrophages were used for both initial sensitization and secondary challenge. No T-cell activation occurred when allogeneic antigen-pulsed macrophages were used for secondary challenge of cells primed when syngeneic macrophages. When allogeneic antigen-pulsed macrophages were used in both primary and secondary cultures it was difficult to assess antigen-specific stimulation due to the substantial mixed leukocyte reaction. However, when T cells from F1 animals were primed with parental antigen-pulsed macrophages they responded only to the parental macrophages used for initial sensitization but not to those of the other parent. These results are discussed with respect to T-cell recognition of a complex antigenic determinant which may include I-region gene products.
Hepatitis from ear piercing
Authors: A. E. Van Sciver
Journal: JAMA (1969)

To the Editor:—  I have a young patient who recently contracted hepatitis. The patient admits to the occasional use of marijuana, but denies any and all use of injectable drugs. None of her acquaintances has hepatitis or has had it recently. After repeated questioning for any puncturing of the skin such as the Amerind custom of blood brothers, she remembered that she had had her ears pierced two or three months ago in the jewelry store where she worked. The day after piercing, one of the earrings fell out. The patient then tried several others until she found a pair she liked, which she then purchased. (I had told her that when I pierced ears, I insisted on autoclaving the earrings first, and that the same pair remain in the ears for a full month.)  Oh, yes, the technique for piercing: The operator has a punch which he uses to
Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis of Genomic Alterations in Breast Cancer Subtypes
Authors: Lenora W. M. Loo, Douglas I. Grove, Eleanor M. Williams, Cassandra L. Neal, Laura A. Cousens, Elizabeth L. Schubert, Ilona N. Holcomb, Hillary F. Massa, Jeri Glogovac, Christopher I. Li, Kathleen E. Malone, Janet R. Daling, Jeffrey J. Delrow, Barbara J. Trask, Li Hsu, Peggy L. Porter
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract In this study, we performed high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization with an array of 4153 bacterial artificial chromosome clones to assess copy number changes in 44 archival breast cancers. The tumors were flow sorted to exclude non-tumor DNA and increase our ability to detect gene copy number changes. In these tumors, losses were more frequent than gains, and gains in 1q and loss in 16q were the most frequent alterations. We compared gene copy number changes in the tumors based on histologic subtype and estrogen receptor (ER) status, i.e., ER-negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma, ER-positive infiltrating ductal carcinoma, and ER-positive infiltrating lobular carcinoma. We observed a consistent association between loss in regions of 5q and ER-negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma, as well as more frequent loss in 4p16, 8p23, 8p21, 10q25, and 17p11.2 in ER-negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma compared with ER-positive infiltrating ductal carcinoma (adjusted P values ≤ 0.05). We also observed high-level amplifications in ER-negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma in regions of 8q24 and 17q12 encompassing the c-myc and c-erbB-2 genes and apparent homozygous deletions in 3p21, 5q33, 8p23, 8p21, 9q34, 16q24, and 19q13. ER-positive infiltrating ductal carcinoma showed a higher frequency of gain in 16p13 and loss in 16q21 than ER-negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Correlation analysis highlighted regions of change commonly seen together in ER-negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma. ER-positive infiltrating lobular carcinoma differed from ER-positive infiltrating ductal carcinoma in the frequency of gain in 1q and loss in 11q and showed high-level amplifications in 1q32, 8p23, 11q13, and 11q14. These results indicate that array comparative genomic hybridization can identify significant differences in the genomic alterations between subtypes of breast cancer.
Protective Effects of Endogenous Adrenomedullin on Cardiac Hypertrophy, Fibrosis, and Renal Damage
Authors: Pei Niu, Takayuki Shindo, Hiroshi Iwata, Satoshi Iimuro, Norifumi Takeda, Yuelan Zhang, Aya Ebihara, Yoshihiro Suematsu, Kenji Kangawa, Yasunobu Hirata, Ryozo Nagai
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a novel vasodilating peptide thought to have important effects on cardiovascular function. The aim of this study was to assess the activity of endogenous AM in the cardiovascular system using AM knockout mice.Mice heterozygous for an AM-null mutation (AM+/-) and their wild-type littermates were subjected to aortic constriction or angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. The resultant cardiovascular stress led to increases in heart weight/body weight ratios, left ventricular wall thickness, and perivascular fibrosis, as well as expression of genes encoding angiotensinogen, ACE, transforming growth factor-beta, collagen type I, brain natriuretic peptide, and c-fos. In addition, renal damage characterized by decreased creatinine clearance with glomerular sclerosis was noted. In all cases, the effects were significantly more pronounced in AM+/- mice. Hearts from adult mice subjected to aortic constriction showed enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, as did cardiac myocytes from neonates treated acutely with Ang II. Again the effect was more pronounced in AM+/- mice, which showed increases in cardiac myocyte size, protein synthesis, and fibroblast proliferation. ERK activation was suppressed by protein kinase C inhibition to a greater degree in AM+/- myocytes. In addition, treatment of cardiac myocytes with recombinant AM suppressed Ang II-induced ERK activation via a protein kinase A-dependent pathway.Endogenous AM exerts a protective effect against stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy via protein kinase C- and protein kinase A-dependent regulation of ERK activation. AM may thus represent a useful new tool for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Tropomodulin1 Is Required in the Heart but Not the Yolk Sac for Mouse Embryonic Development
Authors: Caroline R. McKeown, Roberta B. Nowak, Jeannette Moyer, Mark A. Sussman, Velia M. Fowler
Journal: Circulation Research (2008)

Tropomodulin (Tmod)1 caps the pointed ends of actin filaments in sarcomeres of striated muscle myofibrils and in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. Targeted deletion of mouse Tmod1 leads to defects in cardiac development, fragility of primitive erythroid cells, and an absence of yolk sac vasculogenesis, followed by embryonic lethality at embryonic day 9.5. The Tmod1-null embryonic hearts do not undergo looping morphogenesis and the cardiomyocytes fail to assemble striated myofibrils with regulated F-actin lengths. To test whether embryonic lethality of Tmod1 nulls results from defects in cardiac myofibrillogenesis and development or from erythroid cell fragility and subsequent defects in yolk sac vasculogenesis, we expressed Tmod1 specifically in the myocardium of the Tmod1-null mice under the control of the alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter Tg(alphaMHC-Tmod1). In contrast to Tmod1-null embryos, which fail to undergo cardiac looping and have defective yolk sac vasculogenesis, both cardiac and yolk sac morphology of Tmod1(-/-Tg(alphaMHC-Tmod1)) embryos are normal at embryonic day 9.5. Tmod1(-/-Tg(alphaMHC-Tmod1)) embryos develop into viable and fertile mice, indicating that expression of Tmod1 in the heart is sufficient to rescue the Tmod1-null embryonic defects. Thus, although loss of Tmod1 results in myriad defects and embryonic lethality, the Tmod1(-/-) primary defect is in the myocardium. Moreover, Tmod1 is not required in erythrocytes for viability, nor do the Tmod1(-/-) fragile primitive erythroid cells affect cardiac development, yolk sac vasculogenesis, or viability in the mouse.
Chronic exposure of diesel exhaust particles causes alveolar enlargement in mice
Authors: Kelly Yoshizaki, Jôse Mara Brito, Alessandra Choqueta Toledo, Moriya Henrique Takachi, Adriano Alencar, Sandra Fernezlian, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva, Thaís Mauad, Mariangela Macchione
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

In urban centres, diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are the most toxic pollutant released from automotive engines, affecting pulmonary health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a chronic period of exposure to DEP (three months) in healthy mice (Yoshizaki et al., 2010) studying whether chronic, near-ambient levels of DEP exposure could induce changes in the lung parenchyma structure and in the profile of inflammatory cells. Male Balb/c mice were divided into two groups: 1) nasal instillation of 10 μL of saline (n=8) (control group) and 2) nasal instillation of 30 μg/10 μL of DEP (n=9) (DEP group). Nasal instillations were performed five days a week for three months. Lung parenchyma was evaluated by quantifying the mean airspace chord lengths (Lm) by morphometry (point counting). T lymphocytes total (CD3) and macrophages (Mac-2) densities were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. DEP exposure induced increase of CD3 T lymphocytes in DEP when compared to Control (p=0.028); no statistical difference was found in macrophages density. The Lm was larger in DEP animals than controls (p=0.018). These findings indicate that chronic, near-ambient levels of DEP exposure can cause alveolar enlargement and T- lymphocytes recruitment, providing a biological link between DEP exposure and the emphysema.
Screening for NPHS2 Mutations May Help Predict FSGS Recurrence after Transplantation
Authors: Therese C. Jungraithmayr, Katrin Hofer, Pierre Cochat, Gil Chernin, Gerard Cortina, Sonja Fargue, Paul Grimm, Tanja Knueppel, Andreas Kowarsch, Thomas Neuhaus, Philipp Pagel, Karl P. Pfeiffer, Franz Schäfer, Ulf Schönermarck, Tomas Seeman, Burkhard Toenshoff, Stefanie Weber, Michelle P. Winn, Johannes Zschocke, Lothar B. Zimmerhackl
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

Steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) often recurs after renal transplantation. In this international survey, we sought to identify genotype–phenotype correlations of recurrent FSGS. We surveyed 83 patients with childhood-onset primary FSGS who received at least one renal allograft and analyzed 53 of these patients for NPHS2 mutations. The mean age at diagnosis was 6.7 years, and the mean age at first renal transplantation was 13 years. FSGS recurred in 30 patients (36%) after a median of 13 days (range, 1.5 to 152 days). Twenty-three patients received a second kidney transplant, and FSGS recurred in 11 (48%) after a median of 16 days (range, 2.7 to 66 days). None of the 11 patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous NPHS2 mutations developed recurrent FSGS compared with 45% of patients without mutations. These data suggest that genetic testing for pathogenic mutations may be important for prognosis and treatment of FSGS both before and after transplantation.
Breast Cancer Patients Suffer Considerable Wage Losses in First Year After Diagnosis
Authors: L. Savage
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2008)

Breast Cancer Patients Suffer Considerable Wage Losses in First Year After DiagnosisCanadian women diagnosed with early breast cancer lose, on average, more than a quarter of their typical income during the fi rst 12 months after their diagnosis, according to a study published online February 26 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute .Although a number of studies have assessed the economic impact of breast cancer on the healthcare system, few studies have examined the impact the disease has on the fi nancial status of patients and their families.In the current study, Elizabeth Maunsell, Ph.D., of Laval University in Quebec City and colleagues interviewed 829 women in Quebec who had recently been diagnosed with early stage breast cancer.During the course of three interviews, scheduled at one, six, and 12 months after treatment began, the researchers asked the participants about their working status prior to diagnosis, the amount of time absent from work due to breast cancer, and the different types of compensation received during their absence from work, such as payments from sick leave and other forms of disability insurance.Finally, the investigators asked women about their perceptions of their fi nancial situation and whether these perceptions had changed for the worse 12 months after diagnosis.Of the 800 women who completed all three interviews, 459 had paying jobs at the time of diagnosis.Among the 403 women who had an absence or reduced hours of work, the researchers found that, on average, the women lost 27 percent of the wages they would have earned in the 12 months following their diagnosis had they not been ill, even after all other forms of compensation had been taken into account.Ten percent of the women lost more than two-thirds of their income.The percentage of annual wages lost varied considerably in the study population.The women who were more likely to suffer large wage losses were less educated, lived farther from the hospital where they underwent treatment, had more serious disease, had less social support, required chemotherapy, or were self-employed, worked part-time or were recently hired at their current job."Overall, these fi ndings point to wage losses from breast cancer in Canada as an important adverse consequence of this disease," the authors write."These fi ndings should sensitize clinicians to the real extent to which wage losses resulting from breast cancer can substantially and negatively affect the fi nancial situation of working women and their families.
Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages
Authors: Bo Wen, Hui Li, Song Gao, Xianyun Mao, Yang Gao, Feng Li, Feng Zhang, Yungang He, Yongli Dong, Youjun Zhang, Wenju Huang, Jianzhong Jin, Chunjie Xiao, Daru Lu, Ranajit Chakraborty, Bing Su, Ranjan Deka, Li Jin
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

Hmong-Mien (H-M) is a major language family in East Asia, and its speakers distribute primarily in southern China and Southeast Asia. To date, genetic studies on H-M speaking populations are virtually absent in the literature. In this report, we present the results of an analysis of genetic variations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable segment 1 (HVS1) region and diagnostic variants in the coding regions in 537 individuals sampled from 17 H-M populations across East Asia. The analysis showed that the haplogroups that are predominant in southern East Asia, including B, R9, N9a, and M7, account for 63% (ranging from 45% to 90%) of mtDNAs in H-M populations. Furthermore, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), phylogenetic tree analysis, and principal component (PC) analysis demonstrate closer relatedness between H-M and other southern East Asians, suggesting a general southern origin of maternal lineages in the H-M populations. The estimated ages of the mtDNA lineages that are specific to H-M coincide with those based on archeological cultures that have been associated with H-M. Analysis of genetic distance and phylogenetic tree indicated some extent of difference between the Hmong and the Mien populations. Together with the higher frequency of north-dominating lineages observed in the Hmong people, our results indicate that the Hmong populations had experienced more contact with the northern East Asians, a finding consistent with historical evidence. Moreover, our data defined some new (sub-)haplogroups (A6, B4e, B4f, C5, F1a1, F1a1a, and R9c), which will direct further efforts to improve the phylogeny of East Asian mtDNAs.
Bestrophin 1 Promotes Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition of Renal Collecting Duct Cells
Authors: Fadi Aldehni, Melanie Spitzner, Joana Raquel Martins, René Barro-Soria, Rainer Schreiber, Karl Kunzelmann
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2009)

Bestrophin 1 (Best1) controls intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, induces Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) conductance, and increases proliferation of colon carcinoma cells. Here, we show that expression of Best1 in mouse renal collecting duct (CD) cells causes i) an increase in cell proliferation, ii) a loss of amiloride-sensitive Na(+) absorption, iii) induction of Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) conductance (CaCC), and iv) epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. During conditions of high proliferation or when we exposed CD cells to serum or TGF-beta1, we observed upregulation of Best1, increased CaCC, redistribution of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition marker beta-catenin, and upregulation of vimentin. In contrast, suppression of Best1 by RNAi inhibited proliferation, reduced CaCC, and downregulated markers of EMT. CaCC and expression of Best1 were independent of the cell cycle but clearly correlated to cell proliferation and cell density. During renal inflammation in LPS-treated mice or after unilateral ureteral obstruction, we observed transient upregulation of Best1. These data indicate that repression of cell proliferation, CaCC, and expression of Best1 occurs during mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition once CD cells polarize and terminally differentiate. These results may suggest a role for Best1 in renal fibrosis and tissue repair.
Acantholytic dyskeratotic epidermal naevus in a patient with guttate psoriasis on PUVA therapy
Authors: M.H. WEGEN-KEIJSER, R.L.M.H. PREVOO, D.P. BRUYNZEEL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

A 79-year-old male with psoriasis developed a zosteriform acantholytic dyskeratotic epidermal naevus during PUVA therapy. The eruption was successfully treated with etretinate 0.75 mg/kg/day and a subsequent course of PUVA with the affected area covered prevented a recurrence of the naevus.