tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
On Defining the Pulmonary Extravascular Water Volume
Authors: Kenneth L. Brigham, Lloyd H. Ramsey, James D. Snell, Cullen R. Merritt
Journal: Circulation Research (1971)

To evaluate the effect of diffusion on the pulmonary extravascular water volume determined from indicator dilution studies, simultaneous comparisons of the pulmonary extravascular distribution volumes of tritiated water (THO) and of three lipid soluble substances with higher molecular weights were made. In 21 studies on pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, the distribution volume of antipyrine (AP) was slightly smaller than that of THO (mean difference=2.86 ml±1.49 SE; 0.1&lt; P &lt;0.05). The results of 21 studies in conscious humans showed a slightly smaller distribution volume for 131 I-iodoantipyrine (IAP) than for THO (mean difference=15.62 ml±3.36 se; P &gt;0.01). Neither the differences between THO and AP in dogs nor those between IAP and THO in humans correlated with either flow (τ=0.25 for dog studies; τ=0.07 for human studies) or the mean transit time of the intravascular indicator (τ=-0.17 for dog studies; τ=0.14 for human studies). No significant difference between the distribution volume of 14 C-ethanol(ETOH) and THO could be shown in either dogs (12 studies) or humans (15 studies). Relative lung-to-blood partitioning of IAP as compared to THO at equilibrium in dogs was 0.92±0.08; the same value for ETOH was 1.18±0.10. The findings strongly suggest that distribution volume for these indicators is independent of their diffusion characteristics and that IAP may be a reasonable substitute for THO in measuring pulmonary extravascular water volume.
“String Theory” of c-kit <sup>pos</sup> Cardiac Cells
Authors: Matthew C.L. Keith, Roberto Bolli
Journal: Circulation Research (2015)

Although numerous preclinical investigations have consistently demonstrated salubrious effects of c-kit pos cardiac cells administered after myocardial infarction, the mechanism of action remains highly controversial. We and others have found little or no evidence that these cells differentiate into mature functional cardiomyocytes, suggesting paracrine effects. In this review, we propose a new paradigm predicated on a comprehensive analysis of the literature, including studies of cardiac development; we have (facetiously) dubbed this conceptual construct “string theory” of c-kit pos cardiac cells because it reconciles multifarious and sometimes apparently discrepant results. There is strong evidence that, during development, the c-kit receptor is expressed in different pools of cardiac progenitors (some capable of robust cardiomyogenesis and others with little or no contribution to myocytes). Accordingly, c-kit positivity, in itself, does not define the embryonic origins, lineage capabilities, or differentiation capacities of specific cardiac progenitors. C-kit pos cells derived from the first heart field exhibit cardiomyogenic potential during development, but these cells are likely depleted shortly before or after birth. The residual c-kit pos cells found in the adult heart are probably of proepicardial origin, possess a mesenchymal phenotype (resembling bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells), and are capable of contributing significantly only to nonmyocytic lineages (fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells). If these 2 populations (first heart field and proepicardium) express different levels of c-kit, the cardiomyogenic potential of first heart field progenitors might be reconciled with recent results of c-kit pos cell lineage tracing studies. The concept that c-kit expression in the adult heart identifies epicardium-derived, noncardiomyogenic precursors with a mesenchymal phenotype helps to explain the beneficial effects of c-kit pos cell administration to ischemically damaged hearts despite the observed paucity of cardiomyogenic differentiation of these cells.
Prostaglandin E2 Induces Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages: Downregulation of CCR5 Expression by Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
Authors: Maryse Thivierge, Christian Le Gouill, Michel J. Tremblay, Jana Stanková, Marek Rola-Pleszczynski
Journal: Blood (1998)
Pulmonary function impairment measured by pulmonary function tests in long-term survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: R. L. Mulder, N. M. Thonissen, H. J. H. van der Pal, P. Bresser, W. Hanselaar, C. C. E. Koning, F. Oldenburger, H. A. Heij, H. N. Caron, L. C. M. Kremer
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence and risk factors of pulmonary function impairment were investigated in a large cohort of CCSs treated with potentially pulmotoxic therapy with a minimal follow-up of 5 years after diagnosis. <h3>Methods</h3> The study cohort consisted of all adult 5-year CCSs who were treated with bleomycin, pulmonary radiotherapy and/or pulmonary surgery in the Emma Children9s Hospital/Academic Medical Center between 1966 and 1996. Pulmonary function tests were performed to diagnose obstructive and restrictive pulmonary function impairment, and diffusion capacity impairment. <h3>Results</h3> The study population consisted of 220 out of 248 eligible CCSs, of whom 193 (87.7%) had performed a pulmonary function test at a median follow-up of 18 years after diagnosis. 85 (44.0%) out of 193 CCSs developed a pulmonary function impairment. Pulmonary function impairments occurred in all treatment groups. Most prevalent were restrictive pulmonary function impairment (17.6%) and a decreased carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (39.9%). Multivariate logistic regression models showed that, compared with bleomycin treatment only, treatment with radiotherapy, radiotherapy combined with bleomycin and radiotherapy combined with surgery were associated with the highest risk of pulmonary function impairment. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The prevalence of pulmonary function impairment in long-term adult CCSs who received potentially pulmotoxic therapy is high. Bleomycin, pulmonary radiotherapy and pulmonary surgery are all associated with pulmonary function impairment. Pulmonary radiotherapy, especially in combination with bleomycin or surgery, is the most important risk factor. This emphasises the need for adequate counselling and follow-up for this patient population.
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte rosetting is mediated by promiscuous lectin-like interactions.
Authors: J Carlson, M Wahlgren
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

Herein we describe an assay that was developed to quantitate the binding of normal red blood cells (RBC), labeled with carboxy fluorescein diacetate (C-FDA), to rosetting Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBC. The binding of RBC obtained from various animal species or humans to different strains or clones of rosetting P. falciparum-infected RBC was studied. A strain-specific preference of rosetting was observed for either blood group A/AB or B/AB RBC for all parasites tested. The higher affinity of rosette binding of blood group A, B, or AB vs. O RBC was reflected in larger rosettes when a given parasite was grown in RBC of the preferred blood group. The small size of the rosettes formed when P. falciparum was grown in blood group O RBC may be the in vitro correlate of the relative protection against cerebral malaria afforded by belonging to blood group O rather than to blood group A or B. Rosettes of a blood group A-preferring parasite could be completely disrupted by heparin only when grown in blood group O or B RBC, but not when grown in blood group A RBC. Similarly, the rosettes of a blood group B-preferring parasite could be more easily disrupted by heparin when grown in blood group O or A RBC than when grown in blood group B RBC. Several different saccharides inhibited rosetting of group O RBC, including two monosaccharides that are basic components of heparin. The rosetting of the same parasites grown in blood group A or B RBC was less sensitive to heparin and was specifically inhibited only by the terminal mono- and trisaccharides of the A and the B blood group antigens, the H disaccharide, and fucose. Our results suggest that rosetting is mediated by multiple lectin-like interactions, the usage of which rely on the parasite phenotype and whether the receptors are present on the host cell or not.
Measurement of lung volume and ventilation distribution with an ultrasonic flow meter in healthy infants
Authors: A. Schibler, G.L. Hall, F. Businger, B. Reinmann, J.H. Wildhaber, M. Cernelc, U. Frey
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

Small airway disease in infants is characterised by abnormal lung volume and uneven ventilation distribution. An inert tracer gas washin/washout technique using a pulsed ultrasonic flow meter is presented to measure functional residual capacity (FRC) and ventilation distribution in spontaneously breathing and unsedated infants. With a pulsed ultrasound sent through the main stream of the flow meter, flow, volume and MM of the breathing gas can be calculated. Sulphur hexafluoride was used as a tracer gas. In a mechanical lung model (volume range 53–188 mL) and in 12 healthy infants (aged 38.3±9.2 days; mean±sd) accuracy and reproducibility of the technique was assessed. Indices of ventilation distribution such as alveolar-based mean dilution number (AMDN) and pulmonary clearance delay (PCD) were calculated. Mean error of volume measurement in the lung model was 0.58% (coefficient of variance (CV) 1.3%). FRC was in the low predicted range for normal infants (18.0±2.0 mL·kg −1 ) and highly reproducible (5.5±1.7% intra-subject CV). AMDN was 1.63±0.15 and PCD was 52.9±11.1%. Measurement of functional residual capacity and ventilation distribution using a sulphur hexafluoride washin/washout and an ultrasonic flow meter proved to be highly accurate and reproducible in a lung model and in healthy, spontaneously breathing and unsedated infants.
The tragic fate of group 3 innate lymphoid cells during HIV-1 infection
Authors: Xiaohuan Guo, Yang-Xin Fu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2015)

HIV-1 infection usually leads to systemic chronic inflammation that is associated with gut microbial translocation. The recently defined group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are critical for maintenance of intestinal barrier function; however, it is not clear whether and how HIV-1 infection influences the function of these cells. In this issue of the JCI, Zhang and colleagues present compelling evidence that the survival and function of ILC3s are dramatically impaired by HIV-1 infection. The authors provide evidence that HIV-1 infection induces persistent activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and production of type I IFNs, which together increase expression of death receptor CD95 on ILC3s and thereby promote subsequent ILC3 apoptosis. Together, these results identify a mechanism that explains the impaired intestinal barrier function that results from chronic HIV-1 infection and shed light on the role of pDCs in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis and therapy.
Prognosis of allergic and non-allergic asthma
Authors: Anna Rask-Andersen, Monica Uddenfeldt, Erik Lampa, Christer Janson
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Some studies indicate that atopy is less important as a predictor of severe asthma. But, remission is more uncommon in allergic asthma than in non-allergic asthma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognosis of asthma and risk factors for asthma onset, especially sensitization of specific allergens. A cohort of three age groups responded to a respiratory questionnaire in 1990 and 2003. At baseline, 2060 subjects who reported respiratory symptoms and 482 controls were investigated with interviews, spirometry and skin prick test. A total of 721 asthmatics and 976 subjects without respiratory disease were clinically verified. At follow-up in 2003, 340 subjects with persistent asthma and 186 subjects with asthma remission were identified while 76 subjects reported new asthma onset. Sensitisation to pets and a high symptom score were significant determinants of persistent asthma (ORs 3.23 [95% CI 1.9-5.67], and 5.76 [2.35-13.34] respectively), and onset of asthma, (ORs 2.65 [1.13-4.86.0], and 1.7 [1.21-2.35], respectively). A high self-reported responsiveness to airway irritants (OR 1.6 [1.12-2.2]), and more asthma medications (OR 2.0 [1.3-2.9]) were additional risk factors for persistent asthma at the follow-up. Belonging to the older age group decreased the risk of having persistent asthma or asthma onset. In conclusion, the findings of this study show that asthmatics sensitized to pets have a more severe prognosis than asthmatics not sensitized to pets. Sensitization to pets was also a strong predictor for onset of asthma. Our study indicates that special care should be given to asthmatics who report having problems with a high number of airway irritants as such patients are more likely to suffer from persistent problems.
Blood eosinophil count and prospective annual asthma disease burden: a UK cohort study
Authors: David B Price, Anna Rigazio, Jonathan D Campbell, Eugene R Bleecker, Christopher J Corrigan, Mike Thomas, Sally E Wenzel, Andrew M Wilson, Mary Buatti Small, Gokul Gopalan, Valerie L Ashton, Anne Burden, Elizabeth V Hillyer, Marjan Kerkhof, Ian D Pavord
Journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2015)
Ultrastructure of synovial membrane in osteo-arthritis.
Authors: S Roy
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1967)

Light microscopy of the synovium in osteo- arthritis reveals either no abnormality or only mild non-specific inflammatory changes in the synovium (Waine, 1958; Cooper, 1964) which may or may not be accompanied by hyperplasia of the synovial cells (Wilkinson and Jones, 1963).It was considered worthwhile to study the ultra- structure of synovial membrane in osteo-arthritis to elucidate any alteration in its fine structure and to compare the changes with those found in other disease conditions.Material and Methods Synovial membrane was collected at operation from the knee joint of eight cases of osteo-arthritis during amputation or surgical exploration of the knee.These were divided into Grades I-IV according to the degree of fibrillation of articular cartilage as suggested by Collins (1949).There were two cases in each of the four groups.Six of eight patients had a history of painful knee of 1 to 5 months' duration without any definite pre- operative diagnosis.Osteo-arthritis was found to be present in these cases at surgical exploration.In the I mak * ..: 1 :s.s _.0 ,31..1slremaining two cases amputation was performed for gangrene of the lower third of the leg and foot; there was no history of any disease relating to the knee joints in these 2 cases and osteo-arthritic fibrillation was found only on opening the joint.Synovial membrane was removed before the actual amputation was done.The tissue collected was immediately fixed in cold buffered osmium tetroxide (Palade, 1952) and processed according to the method described before (Ghadially and Roy, 1966).Ultrathin sections were cut with the Porter Blum microtome, mounted on copper grids, and examined under the A.E.I.E.M.6 using an accelerating voltage of 50 or 70 kV.An adjacent piece of synovium from every case was fixed in 10 per cent.formalin for routine light microscopic examination. Results Light MicroscopySynovial membrane appeared normal in three and showed a mild lymphocytic infiltration in four cases (Fig. 1).Focal proliferation of synovial cells and patchy areas of moderate or marked lymphocytic infiltration were seen in only one instance..0 , f. .......
Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study in Israeli patients with immunogenetic correlations.
Authors: M Tishler, D Caspi, T O Rosenbach, B Fishel, I Wigler, R Segal, E Gazit, M Yaron
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1988)

In a prospective open study 44 Israeli patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with weekly low dose methotrexate (MTX) for up to 36 months. Nine patients withdrew from the study: six because of side effects and three due to inefficacy. One patient died of septicaemia following septic arthritis. Significant improvement, graded by Ritchie articular index, grip strength, physician's global assessment, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and platelet counts, was noticed in response to treatment. Seronegative patients had a better clinical response. Transient gastrointestinal symptoms were common and correlated with increases of serum aspartate transaminase (AST). HLA-DR1 and DR7 were significantly associated with increased serum AST concentrations.
Necrotising sarcoid granulomatosis: clinical, functional, endoscopical and radiographical evaluations
Authors: C. Quaden, I. Tillie-Leblond, A. Delobbe, L. Delaunois, A. Verstraeten, M. Demedts, B. Wallaert
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

Necrotising sarcoid granulomatosis (NSG) is a rare disease diagnosed on the basis of pathological features. The present study reports the characteristics of 14 cases of NSG. The mean age at the appearance of first symptoms was 37 yrs and the mean delay between first symptoms and diagnosis was 1 yr. Extrarespiratory symptoms were more common (12 out of 14) than respiratory symptoms (eight out of 14). Seven patients had inflammatory syndrome. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in eight patients and found to be normal in three cases. Respiratory function was normal in 13 patients, but carbon monoxide diffusing capacity was slightly decreased in eight of the 11 patients tested. A computed tomography scan showed a solitary nodule in four out of 14 cases, bilateral nodules in three and infiltrates in seven. One patient died from neurological complications despite treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. Two cases of relapse were observed in patients initially treated with corticosteroids, and there were two cases of relapse after surgery. No relapse occurred in the five untreated patients. During the follow-up, lung cancer was detected at 26 months and 8 yrs, respectively, after NSG diagnosis in two patients. In conclusion, no one treatment is associated with a better outcome than the others, although lung biopsy might be necessary in case of isolated nodule or cavitation. Greater vigilance is required during the follow-up.
Gene Profiling of Canine B-Cell Lymphoma Reveals Germinal Center and Postgerminal Center Subtypes with Different Survival Times, Modeling Human DLBCL
Authors: Kristy L. Richards, Alison A. Motsinger-Reif, Hsiao-Wei Chen, Yuri Fedoriw, Cheng Fan, Dahlia M. Nielsen, George W. Small, Rachael Thomas, Chris Smith, Sandeep S. Dave, Charles M. Perou, Matthew Breen, Luke B. Borst, Steven E. Suter
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma subtype, and fewer than half of patients are cured with standard first-line therapy. To improve therapeutic options, better animal models that accurately mimic human DLBCL (hDLBCL) are needed. Canine DLBCL, one of the most common cancers in veterinary oncology, is morphologically similar to hDLBCL and is treated using similar chemotherapeutic protocols. With genomic technologies, it is now possible to molecularly evaluate dogs as a potential large-animal model for hDLBCL. We evaluated canine B-cell lymphomas (cBCL) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and gene expression profiling. cBCL expression profiles were similar in many ways to hDLBCLs. For instance, a subset had increased expression of NF-κB pathway genes, mirroring human activated B-cell (ABC)–type DLBCL. Furthermore, immunoglobulin heavy chain ongoing mutation status, which is correlated with ABC/germinal center B-cell cell of origin in hDLBCL, separated cBCL into two groups with statistically different progression-free and overall survival times. In contrast with hDLBCL, cBCL rarely expressed BCL6 and MUM1/IRF4 by IHC. Collectively, these studies identify molecular similarities to hDLBCL that introduce pet dogs as a representative model of hDLBCL for future studies, including therapeutic clinical trials. Cancer Res; 73(16); 5029–39. ©2013 AACR.
The effect of treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid on the metabolic burst of peripheral blood neutrophils from patients with acne
Authors: W. PERKINS, K.V. CROCKET, M.B. HODGINS, R.M. MACKIE, J.M. LACKIE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

The N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-MLP)-induced metabolic burst activity of peripheral blood neutrophils isolated from acne patients undergoing treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg/day was investigated using a luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence assay. The mean and median chemiluminescence response were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in patients receiving 13-cis-retinoic acid than in untreated acne patients or age-matched controls. Pre-incubation of neutrophils with 13-cis-retinoic acid (10 nmol/l) did not affect the chemiluminescence response to formyl peptide. A sequential study over 20 weeks in seven patients demonstrated that chemiluminescence peaked after 2-8 weeks of treatment. In three patients this was accompanied by a worsening of their acne. These studies suggest that, in the initial phase, treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid may exacerbate, through pro-inflammatory priming of neutrophils, certain neutrophil-mediated inflammatory processes in acne.
Family History of Alzheimer's Disease and Hippocampal Structure in Healthy People
Authors: Markus Donix, Alison C. Burggren, Nanthia A. Suthana, Prabha Siddarth, Arne D. Ekstrom, Allison K. Krupa, Michael Jones, Laurel Martin-Harris, Linda M. Ercoli, Karen J. Miller, Gary W. Small, Susan Y. Bookheimer
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2010)

Structural brain changes appear years before the onset of Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia late in life. Determining risk factors for such presymptomatic brain changes may assist in identifying candidates for future prevention treatment trials. In addition to the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-4), the major known genetic risk factor, a family history of Alzheimer's disease also increases the risk to develop the disease, reflecting yet unidentified genetic and, perhaps, nongenetic risks. The authors investigated the influence of APOE-4 genotype and family history risks on cortical thickness in medial temporal lobe subregions among volunteers without cognitive impairment.High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a cortical unfolding method were performed on 26 subjects (APOE-4 carriers: N=13; noncarriers: N=13) with at least one first-degree relative with Alzheimer's disease and 25 subjects (APOE-4 carriers: N=12; noncarriers: N=13) without this risk factor. All subjects (mean age: 62.3 years [SD=10.7]; range=38-86 years) were cognitively healthy.Family history of Alzheimer's disease and APOE-4 status were associated with a thinner cortex in the entorhinal region, subiculum, and adjacent medial temporal lobe subfields. Although these associations were additive, family history of Alzheimer's disease explained a greater proportion of the unique variance in cortical thickness than APOE-4 carrier status.APOE-4 carrier status and family history of Alzheimer's disease are independently associated with and contribute additively to hippocampal cortical thinning.
D<scp>IETARY</scp>, E<scp>VOLUTIONARY, AND</scp>M<scp>ODERNIZING</scp>I<scp>NFLUENCES ON THE</scp>P<scp>REVALENCE OF</scp>T<scp>YPE</scp>2 D<scp>IABETES</scp>
Authors: Leslie Sue Lieberman
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (2003)

An evolutionary perspective is used to elucidate the etiology of the current epidemic of type 2 diabetes estimated at 151 million people. Our primate legacy, fossil hominid, and hunting-gathering lifestyles selected for adaptive metabolically thrifty genotypes and phenotypes are rendered deleterious through modern lifestyles that increase energy input and reduce output. The processes of modernization or globalization include the availability and abundance of calorically dense/low-fiber/high-glycemic foods and the adoption of sedentary Western lifestyles, leading to obesity among both children and adults in developed and developing countries. These trends are projected to continue for a number of decades.