tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SOME POINTS IN THE OPERATION OF GASTRECTOMY
Authors: W. H. Ogilvie
Journal: BMJ (1935)

There is little doubt that {hc operation of partial gastrectomy is destined in the immediate future to occupy a much more important place in abdominal surgery than it has done, in this country at any rate, during the past decade.Cases of cancer of the stomach are being recognized at a much -earlier stage; during the last two years 80 per cent. of those which I have seen have been operable.But apart from its application to cancer it seems clear that gastrectomy is rapidly becoming recognized as the only rational surgical treatment for those cases of peptic ulcer-admittedly quite a small proportion-which are not amenable to medical treatment, because it is the only means whereby the acid level can be reduced permanently below the danger point.The different short-circuiting operations, of which gastro-jejuinostomy is the best, and the various limited resections in the pyloric region, are now in the dock, and the whole of Continental surgical opinion, and that of the younger group of surgeons in England and America, is trooping into the witness-box against them.They have played a part in surgical history; they have done good for a time because Nature can resist maltreatment of her normal processes for many years before resistance fails, but their sins are now visiting them.Gastro-jejunostomy must go.It will survive, like some of the amputations on the foot, a technical exercise in operative surgery classes and a useful expedient in the occasional case.But it cannot remain in the group of rational and successful operations.The failures of gastro- enterostomy meet us to-day wherever we go.If gastrectomy is to replace gastro-jejunostomy in ulcer treatment it must be equally safe and far more satis- factory.It is the purpose of these remarks to inquire where the dangers oI gastrectomy lie, and where its functional results may miscarry, and to attempt to suggest how these dangers may be eliminated and these unsatisfactory results overcome.The deaths following gastrectomy are usually the result of shock, haemorrhage, peritonitis, or post-operative pulmonary complications.Surgical shock is due, in varying proportions, to prolomged handling, prolonged anaesthesia, and loss of blood.The length of the operation is one of its chief dangers, and is in great measure a consequence [38701
Increase in Vascular Permeability and Vasodilation Are Critical for Proangiogenic Effects of Stem Cell Therapy
Authors: Dong You, Ludovic Waeckel, Téni G. Ebrahimian, Olivier Blanc-Brude, Philippe Foubert, Véronique Barateau, Micheline Duriez, Sophie LeRicousse-Roussanne, José Vilar, Elisabetta Dejana, Gérard Tobelem, Bernard I. Lévy, Jean-Sébastien Silvestre
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Proangiogenic cell therapy based on administration of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMCs) or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is now under investigation in humans for the treatment of ischemic diseases. However, mechanisms leading to the beneficial effects of BMCs and EPCs remain unclear.BMC- and CD34+-derived progenitor cells interacted with ischemic femoral arteries through SDF-1 and CXCR4 signaling and released nitric oxide (NO) via an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent pathway. BMC-induced NO production promoted a marked vasodilation and disrupted vascular endothelial-cadherin/beta-catenin complexes, leading to increased vascular permeability. NO-dependent vasodilation and hyperpermeability were critical for BMC infiltration in ischemic tissues and their proangiogenic potential in a model of hindlimb ischemia in mice.Our results propose a new concept that proangiogenic progenitor cell activity does not rely only on their ability to differentiate into endothelial cells but rather on their capacity to modulate the function of preexisting vessels.
Horses for courses.
Authors: Paul McCrory
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Some of you may have read the paper in the Journal from a few years ago discussing the human athletes in professional horse racing and the risks they face in the course of their occupation.1

But the jockey is not the only athlete in this sport and for some folks the horse is a far more important determinant of pecuniary return. There are may parallels in equine sports medicine that make interesting reading for the human sports clinician. Horses it turns out get stress fractures, cruciate ligament injuries, as well as a whole raft of other musculoskeletal pathology. They even have their own alternative practitioners in addition to the sports veterinarians.

One critical area where equine science far outstrips human sports medicine is genetics. In part, this reflects the historical culture of the sport where selective breeding in racehorses has long been developed.

It turns out that more than one-third of the entire gene pool of the current thoroughbred horse population in the United Kingdom derives from just four horses imported from the Middle East and North Africa in the 17th Century. …
Carving nature at its joints using a knife called concepts
Authors: Justin J. Couchman, Joseph Boomer, Mariana V. C. Coutinho, J. David Smith
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Abstract That humans can categorize in different ways does not imply that there are qualitatively distinct underlying natural kinds or that the field of concepts splinters. Rather, it implies that the unitary goal of forming concepts is important enough that it receives redundant expression in cognition. Categorization science focuses on commonalities involved in concept learning. Eliminating “concept” makes this more difficult.
Imaging in the evaluation of emphysema
Authors: R J H ROBERTSON
Journal: Thorax (1999)

The role of imaging in the assessment of emphysema has assumed increased importance since the advent of surgery as one of the potential therapeutic options. The chest radiograph had tended to be dismissed because it did not correlate well with pulmonary function tests, but pulmonary function tests may be normal in mild emphysema.1 The chest radiograph may be normal too, but more often in chronic bronchitis than in true emphysema. Signs of hyperinflation include a flattened diaphragm, particularly one depressed to the level of the seventh rib anteriorly or below, while on the lateral film there may be an increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest and increased retrosternal and retrocardiac lucency. Other signs of emphysema include peripheral pruning of vessels, although this is lost with the onset of cor pulmonale when the vessels appear to become more numerous and larger.2 3 

Ventilation and perfusion isotope scanning have been used for some years to assess patients with limited cardiorespiratory reserve undergoing …
Effects of prior treatment with salmeterol and formoterol on airway and systemic beta 2 responses to fenoterol.
Authors: A Grove, B J Lipworth
Journal: Thorax (1996)

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that both salmeterol and formoterol act as partial beta 2 receptor agonists in terms of antagonising the extrapulmonary responses to fenoterol in normal subjects. The aim of the present study was to extend previous observations in evaluating the effect of prior treatment with salmeterol and formoterol on bronchodilator responses to fenoterol, a full beta 2 receptor agonist, in patients with asthma. METHODS: Ten stable asthmatic patients of mean (SE) age 37 (3.7) years and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 59.5 (4.1)% of predicted completed the study. One hour after inhaling single doses of placebo, salmeterol 25 micrograms, or formoterol 12 micrograms, dose-response curves to repeated doses of inhaled fenoterol were constructed (cumulative doses of 100-3200 micrograms). Measurements of airway and systemic beta 2 receptor mediated responses were made at baseline, after inhalation of placebo, salmeterol, or formoterol, and after each dose of fenoterol. RESULTS: Salmeterol and formoterol produced significant bronchodilation compared with placebo (mean difference and 95% CI compared with placebo): FEV1, salmeterol 0.41 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.69) 1, formoterol 0.47 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.75) 1. Salmeterol and formoterol had no significant effect on systemic responses compared with placebo. There were no significant differences in peak airway responses to fenoterol after treatment with salmeterol or formoterol compared with placebo (mean (pooled SE)): FEV1, placebo 2.84 (0.03) 1, salmeterol 2.87 (0.03) 1, and formoterol 2.88 (0.03) 1. There were no significant differences in the area under the dose-response curve for any of the parameters during the dose-response curve following treatment with salmeterol or formoterol compared with placebo. There was no difference in the slope of the dose-response curves to fenoterol for FEV1 or forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75) after treatment with salmeterol or formoterol compared with placebo, although there was a significant (p &lt; 0.05) attenuation of the slope in the dose-response curve for the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). CONCLUSIONS: Prior treatment with low doses of salmeterol or formoterol does not significantly alter bronchodilator dose-response curves to repeated doses of fenoterol in stable asthmatic patients.
Targeted Disruption of Smad4 in Mouse Epidermis Results in Failure of Hair Follicle Cycling and Formation of Skin Tumors
Authors: Leilei Yang, Chunming Mao, Yan Teng, Wenlong Li, Jishuai Zhang, Xuan Cheng, Xiaobing Li, Xinghai Han, Zhaofan Xia, Hongkui Deng, Xiao Yang
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Smad4 is the common mediator of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily signaling, which functions in diverse developmental processes in mammals. To study the role of Smad4 in skin development, a keratinocyte-specific null mutant of Smad4 (Smad4co/co;K5-Cre) was generated in mice using the Cre-loxP system. The Smad4-mutant mice exhibited progressive alopecia as a result of the mutant hair follicles failing to undergo programmed regression. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) was only detected in Smad4-mutant hair follicles at the catagen stage. Seventy percent of Smad4co/co; K5-Cre mice developed spontaneous tumors within 12 months of birth. c-Myc and cyclin D1 were up-regulated whereas p21 and p27 expressions were decreased, which correlated with the epidermal hyperplasia in Smad4 mutants. Interestingly, coordinated deletion of the Smad4 and PTEN genes resulted in accelerated hair loss and skin tumor formation, suggesting that Smad4 and PTEN act synergistically to regulate epidermal proliferation and differentiation. All of our data indicate that Smad4 is essential for catagen induction and acts as a critical suppressor in skin tumorigenesis.
Therapeutic angiogenesis for patients with limb ischaemia by autologous transplantation of bone-marrow cells: a pilot study and a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Eriko Tateishi-Yuyama, Hiroaki Matsubara, Toyoaki Murohara, Uichi Ikeda, Satoshi Shintani, Hiroya Masaki, Katsuya Amano, Yuji Kishimoto, Kohji Yoshimoto, Hidetoshi Akashi, Kazuyuki Shimada, Toshiji Iwasaka, Tsutomu Imaizumi
Journal: The Lancet (2002)
Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive disease in Wales.
Authors: A J Howard, K T Dunkin, J M Musser, S R Palmer
Journal: BMJ (1991)

To investigate the epidemiology of invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae type b, the clones responsible, and the antibiotic resistance of the isolates.Prospective population based analysis of clinical and epidemiological data collected for Gwynedd during 1980-90 and in the whole of Wales during 1988-90.19 hospitals in Wales; all medical microbiology laboratories in Wales participated.82 patients with confirmed invasive infections caused by H influenzae type b in Gwynedd during 1980-90 and 207 in Wales during 1988-90.Clinical and epidemiological measures; analysis of the clonal types of the isolates based on the electrophoretic mobilities of 17 metabolic enzymes; and antibiotic resistance.The annual incidence of H influenzae type b infections in Gwynedd was 3.2 cases/100,000 and in Wales was 2.5 cases/100,000. Most cases occurred in children aged under 5 years, the highest annual incidence being in those aged under 1 (84.6/100,000 and 56.9/100,000 in Wales). The cumulative risk of acquiring H influenzae type b disease by the fifth birthday was one in 456 in Gwynedd and one in 578 in Wales. Fifteen per cent of cases in Gwynedd and 7% of those in Wales occurred in adults. Predominant clinical conditions were meningitis in children and pneumonia in adults. In Gwynedd 2/70 (3%) children and 5/12 (42%) adults died. Long term neurological sequelae occurred in 8% (4/48) of children who survived haemophilus meningitis. Children presenting with infection were usually the youngest members of their family. No secondary household cases were identified. 100 of 128 (78%) strains were of a single clone, electrophoretic type 12.5, and 4/207 (1.9%) isolates from Wales were resistant to both ampicillin and chloramphenicol.The annual rate of infection in children aged under 5 in four Welsh counties was 12-44% higher than that previously published for the United Kingdom. The study emphasises the potential value of a vaccine effective in early infancy and provides baseline data to assess its efficacy after its introduction. Alternatives to ampicillin and chloramphenicol should be used as first line, empirical treatment for severe infections that might be caused by H influenzae type b in Wales.
Improvement in the relationship between flow to ischemic myocardium and the extent of necrosis with glycolytic intermediates that decrease blood oxygen affinity in dogs.
Authors: G A Pantely, A A Oyama, J Metcalfe, M S Lawson, J E Welch
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

Reducing blood oxygen affinity may enhance myocardial oxygen delivery during ischemia. We evaluated this hypothesis in awake, previously instrumented dogs that received a 20 ml/kg infusion of a solution of dihydroxyacetone, phosphate, and pyruvate after acute occlusion of either the left anterior descending or circumflex coronary artery. This infusion reduced blood oxygen affinity (BOA) after 2 hours; the P50 increased from 29.9 +/- 0.7 torr (mean +/- SD) to 32.1 +/- 0.6 torr; P less than 0.01 (BOA group). Four dogs received 20 ml/kg of phosphate and pyruvate solution to assess volume effects (V group), and five dogs were controls (C group). The 2-hour P50 values in V and C were unchanged. Regional flow (15-mum spheres) reduction 2 hours postocclusion was compared to the percent tissue infarcted determined by histology 7-9 days after occlusion for multiple samples from the endocardial layer of the left ventricle. When flow was less than 40% of normal, V and C had 55% infarction while BOA had 37% (P less than 0.05); at flow less than 20% of normal, V and C had 79% infarction while BOA had 38% (P less than 0.001); and at less than 10% of normal, V and C 87% and 94% infarction, respectively, while BOA had 56% (P less than 0.001). Reducing blood oxygen affinity after coronary artery occlusion significantly decreased the extent of myocardial necrosis for the same degree of ischemia. Reducing BOA may increase oxygen delivery to ischemic myocardium when flow is restricted.
A phase II trial of single-agent bevacizumab in patients with recurrent anaplastic glioma
Authors: T. N. Kreisl, W. Zhang, Y. Odia, J. H. Shih, J. A. Butman, D. Hammoud, F. M. Iwamoto, J. Sul, H. A. Fine
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2011)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of single-agent bevacizumab in patients with recurrent anaplastic glioma and assess correlative advanced imaging parameters. Patients with recurrent anaplastic glioma were treated with bevacizumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks. Complete patient evaluations were repeated every 4 weeks. Correlative dynamic contrast-enhanced MR and 18fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging studies were obtained to evaluate physiologic changes in tumor and tumor vasculature at time points including baseline, 96 h after the first dose, and after the first 4 weeks of therapy. Median overall survival was 12 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.08–22.8). Median progression-free survival was 2.93 months (95% CI: 2.01–4.93), and 6-month progression-free survival was 20.9% (95% CI: 10.3%–42.5%). Thirteen (43%) patients achieved a partial response. The most common grade ≥3 treatment-related toxicities were hypertension, hypophosphatemia, and thromboembolism. Single-agent bevacizumab produces significant radiographic response in patients with recurrent anaplastic glioma but did not meet the 6-month progression-free survival endpoint. Early change in enhancing tumor volume at 4 days after start of therapy was the most significant prognostic factor for overall and progression-free survival.
Evaluation of Subclinical Target Organ Damage for Risk Assessment and Treatment in the Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Enrico Agabiti-Rosei, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Massimo Salvetti
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

At some point in the natural history of hypertension, the compensatory increase in left ventricular mass ceases to be beneficial. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) becomes a preclinical disease and an independent risk factor for congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia, sudden death, and stroke. In addition to elevated BP, several mechanisms are involved, including body size, age, gender, race, fibrogenic cytokines, and neurohumoral factors, notably angiotensin II, which favor interstitial collagen deposition and perivascular fibrosis. These tissue changes are responsible for the insidious contractile dysfunction that is associated with LVH, consequent to decreased coronary reserve and altered diastolic ventricular filling and relaxation. The cardinal investigations are echocardiography and electrocardiography. All antihypertensive drugs regress LVH, notably those that act on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which also could target the detrimental tissue changes. Regression enhances systolic midwall performance, normalizes autonomic function, and restores coronary reserve. The resulting improvement in prognosis has enshrined the detection, prevention, and reversal of LVH in the current guidelines of hypertension management.
Efficient <i>In vivo</i> Priming by Vaccination with Recombinant NY-ESO-1 Protein and CpG in Antigen Naïve Prostate Cancer Patients
Authors: Julia Karbach, Antje Neumann, Akin Atmaca, Claudia Wahle, Kathrin Brand, Lotta von Boehmer, Alexander Knuth, Armin Bender, Gerd Ritter, Lloyd J. Old, Elke Jäger
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Purpose: NY-ESO-1, one of the most immunogenic tumor antigens, is expressed in 15% to 25% of metastatic prostate cancers. The immunological and clinical effects of vaccination with recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein combined with CpG as adjuvant were evaluated. Experimental Design: In a phase I clinical study, patients with advanced prostate cancer were vaccinated with recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein (100 μg) mixed with CpG 7909 (2.5 mg) every 3 weeks intradermally for 4 doses. Objectives of the study were the safety of the vaccine and changes of specific humoral and cellular immunological responses to NY-ESO-1 in relation to detectable NY-ESO-1 expression in the individual tumor. Results: All 12 baseline sero-negative patients developed high-titer NY-ESO-1 antibody responses. B-cell epitope mapping identified NY-ESO-1 p91–110 to be recognized most frequently by vaccine-induced antibodies. Two patients developed significant antibody titers against the adjuvant CpG. NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses were induced in 9 patients (69%). Five of these 9 patients did not express NY-ESO-1 in the autologous tumor. Postvaccine CD8+ T-cell clones recognized and lyzed HLA-matched tumor cell lines in an antigen-specific manner. Conclusion: Our data provide clear evidence for the capacity of NY-ESO-1 protein/CpG vaccine to induce integrated antigen-specific immune responses in vivo and to efficiently prime CD8+ T-cell responses in NY-ESO-1 antigen-negative patients. Our results may also support further clinical vaccination protocols with NY-ESO-1 protein not only focused on the treatment of existing cancer, but also to prevent further development of NY-ESO-1 positive cancers in vivo. Clin Cancer Res; 17(4); 1–10. ©2010 AACR.
Positron Emission Tomography Scanning: Current and Future Applications
Authors: Johannes Czernin, Michael E. Phelps
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2002)

▪ Abstract Whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 18 F deoxyglucose (FDG) is a molecular imaging modality that detects metabolic alterations in tumor cells that are common to neoplastic cells. FDG-PET has recently been approved by the Health Care Finance Administration for Medicare reimbursement for diagnosing, staging, and restaging lung cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, head and neck cancer, and esophageal cancer. This review discusses the scientific evidence that led to the emergence of PET imaging as an accepted clinical tool in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, breast cancer, and other cancers. When possible, we compare the performance of PET to that of anatomical imaging. We discuss future clinical applications of this imaging modality.
Scintigraphic Evaluation of Lyme Disease: Gallium-67 Imaging of Lyme Myositis
Authors: R A M KENGEN, M vd LINDE, H G SPRENGER, D A PIERS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

A patient suffering from Lyme disease had cardiac conduction abnormalities, symptoms of arthritis, and myalgia. A Ga-67 image showed evidence of endomyocarditis, but intense skeletal muscle uptake pointed to Lyme myositis. Reference is made to two other case reports of Lyme myositis.
The Existential Use of the Self
Authors: LESTON L. HAVENS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1974)

The methodological suggestions that have accumulated in the course of the development of existential psychiatry can be brought forward into a systematic technique. These suggestions arose in part because of the limitations of other techniques. In the contemporary atmosphere of rival and embattled psychotherapeutic schools, it will be useful to clarify the existential approach and to contrast its methods with those of other schools, especially those of psychoanalysis.
Efficacy of "mucoregulatory" agents in Young's syndrome.
Authors: D C Currie, M Greenstone, D Pavia, J E Agnew, P Pellow, S W Clarke, W F Hendry, P J Cole
Journal: Thorax (1988)

Eight patients with Young9s syndrome were treated with four "mucoregulatory" agents for eight weeks in a randomised, open crossover study. There was no improvement in tracheobronchial clearance, pulmonary function, or sperm count.