tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonography compared with intravenous urography in the investigation of adults with haematuria.
Authors: J Spencer, D Lindsell, I Mastorakou
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To compare ultrasonography with intravenous urography in the investigation of adults with haematuria. DESIGN--Prospective study entailing the examination of all patients with both investigations concurrently. The investigations were performed independently on routine lists by different duty radiologists. Each was aware of the details of the request form but not of the findings of the other investigation. SETTING--Radiology department of a teaching hospital. PATIENTS--155 Consecutive adult patients (aged 18-93) referred from general practitioners and hospital outpatient clinics with a history of haematuria. FOLLOW UP--When results of both examinations proved normal no clinical or radiological follow up was sought. All abnormal findings of either investigation were correlated with results of subsequent imaging studies or operative findings. RESULTS--81 Patients (52%) had normal findings on urography and ultrasonography. Overall, the findings of ultrasonography concurred with those of urography in 144 cases (93%). Among the discrepant findings of the two investigations ultrasonography missed two ureteric calculi; one was in a non-dilated ureter, and in the other case ultrasonography detected the secondary ureteric dilatation. Ultrasound examination alone detected four bladder tumours not visible on urography with sizes ranging from 5 to 21 mm, representing one fifth of the 20 cystoscopically proved bladder tumours detected in the series. Ultrasonography detected all the 22 neoplastic lesions discovered in the study (20 bladder, two renal). Ultrasonography clarified the nature of renal masses evident in three urograms (simple cysts). CONCLUSIONS--Ultrasonography is a safe and accurate method of investigating the urinary tract in adults with haematuria. When combined with a single plain abdominal radiograph it proved to be superior to urography as the primary imaging study in this series. Ultrasonography should certainly be preferred to urography if cystoscopy is not planned. No urothelial tumours of the upper urinary tract were found in the series, reflecting their rarity. For those patients in whom ultrasonography and plain radiography have shown no abnormality and in whom cystoscopic appearances are normal urography would be advisable to exclude urothelial tumours of the upper urinary tract.
Study adds to evidence that statins reduce risk of Alzheimers disease
Authors: D. Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2002)

A study from the Boston University School of Medicine shows that taking statins—usually prescribed to lower cholesterol and to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes—was associated with a 79% reduction in the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

Presented at the American Academy of Neurology's 54th annual meeting in Denver, Colorado, the as yet unpublished study confirms two previous studies that indicated a reduction in the risk of Alzheimer's disease, but this study is the largest of its kind in the …
Major histocompatibility complex class III genes and susceptibility to immunoglobulin A deficiency and common variable immunodeficiency.
Authors: J E Volanakis, Z B Zhu, F M Schaffer, K J Macon, J Palermos, B O Barger, R Go, R D Campbell, H W Schroeder, M D Cooper
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

We have proposed that significant subsets of individuals with IgA deficiency (IgA-D) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) may represent polar ends of a clinical spectrum reflecting a single underlying genetic defect. This proposal was supported by our finding that individuals with these immunodeficiencies have in common a high incidence of C4A gene deletions and C2 rare gene alleles. Here we present our analysis of the MHC haplotypes of 12 IgA-D and 19 CVID individuals from 21 families and of 79 of their immediate relatives. MHC haplotypes were defined by analyzing polymorphic markers for 11 genes or their products between the HLA-DQB1 and the HLA-A genes. Five of the families investigated contained more than one immunodeficient individual and all of these included both IgA-D and CVID members. Analysis of the data indicated that a small number of MHC haplotypes were shared by the majority of immunodeficient individuals. At least one of two of these haplotypes was present in 24 of the 31 (77%) immunodeficient individuals. No differences in the distribution of these haplotypes were observed between IgA-D and CVID individuals. Detailed analysis of these haplotypes suggests that a susceptibility gene or genes for both immunodeficiencies are located within the class III region of the MHC, possibly between the C4B and C2 genes.
Toxic Shock Syndrome, Staphylococcus aureus, and Influenza
Authors: James K. Todd
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent reports of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) during influenza outbreaks<sup>1,2</sup>may not imply a unique association with the influenza virus, but are more probably due to secondary focal staphylococcal infections including sinusitis—a frequent complication of influenza. The patient reported by Sperber and Francis<sup>1</sup>had clear-cut pneumonia, as did two of the nine patients reported by MacDonald et al<sup>2</sup>; the remainder could have had occult sinus infection. In either situation, it would not be unusual to culture<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>from respiratory secretions. Such focal infections appear to be linked both epidemiologically and microbiologically to the pathogenesis of TSS.<sup>3</sup>During the last two influenza outbreaks in Denver, we have noted a large number of patients with secondary sinusitis. Growth of a toxin producing<i>S aureus</i>in a sinus (or in a lung) may provide conditions for toxin production that may not ordinarily be present
Metabolic Syndrome From Adolescence to Early Adulthood
Authors: Mari Nupponen, Katja Pahkala, Markus Juonala, Costan G. Magnussen, Harri Niinikoski, Tapani Rönnemaa, Jorma S.A. Viikari, Maiju Saarinen, Hanna Lagström, Antti Jula, Olli Simell, Olli T. Raitakari
Journal: Circulation (2015)

Background— Adolescent metabolic syndrome (MetS) predicts type 2 diabetes mellitus and subclinical atherosclerosis in adulthood. Our aim was to establish the relationship between an infancy-onset dietary intervention and risk of having MetS between 15 and 20 years of age. Methods and Results— The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Children (STRIP) study is a longitudinal, randomized atherosclerosis prevention trial in which repeated dietary counseling aiming at reducing intake of saturated fat took place from infancy to early adulthood. Participants who had complete data on the MetS components (waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) at 15 (n=512), 16 (n=485), 17 (n=475), 18 (n=459), 19 (n=439), and 20 (n=407) years of age were included in the study. Modified International Diabetes Foundation criteria with 80th/20th percentile cutoff points for the components were primarily applied in statistical analyses, and the results were replicated with the use of other pediatric MetS definitions. Between the ages of 15 and 20 years, the prevalence of MetS varied between 6.0% and 7.5% in participants in the intervention group and between 10% and 14% in the control group. The long-term relative risk of MetS was significantly lower in the intervention group (relative risk, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.40–0.88; P =0.009). Of the individual MetS components, the intervention decreased risk of high blood pressure in both sexes (relative risk, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–0.99) and high triglycerides in male subjects (relative risk, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–0.98). A statistically nonsignificant reduction was seen in the risk of high waist circumference in the intervention individuals (relative risk, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.59–1.03). Conclusion— Repeated infancy-onset dietary intervention is effective in the prevention of MetS in adolescence. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00223600.
Kinins, the long march--A personal view
Authors: E. G Erdos
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Science betokens the most complete renunciation of discoverers and the discoveries.(I.H. Page, personal 1 the pleasure-principle of which our minds are capable.'' communication, E. Werle, personal communication).In-Sigmund Freud.novative discoveries frequently face strenuous efforts to 2 ''Oh boy, was he wrong!''attribute the findings to some presumed, assumed, or felt When asked to write a review article for Cardiovascular missteps in the logic of the discoverers' thoughts. Research, I was not sure what the aim of such an endeavorThe kallikrein-kinin cascade is a complex one.Prokalshould be.To make a complete list of reports on kinins and likrein of plasma or tissue, after it is activated, releases kallikreins by now could overload even the hard drive of a from kininogen bradykinin (BK) or Lys-BK (Fig. 1 ; [5]). computer. A review article on hypotensive peptides inThe two peptides act on their B receptor.They are 2 1966 cited over 600 references and another one in 1968 on metabolized by ACE or kininase II by the release of bradykinin alone listed 897 ones [1].Should this brief C-terminal Phe-Arg or by carboxypeptidases N or M, review be very selective in quoting contributions or a which cleave off C-terminal Arg only (Fig. 2; [6]).The jeremiad of all the near and not-so-near misses made in resulting des-Arg-kinin then acts on a receptor different research?Then I realized that the stated aim of this series from B , called B [5-8].The two receptors are both G 2 1of articles is to reflect on how some major research protein-coupled, seven transmembrane, heptahelical recepfindings were made-in my case, in the field of peptides tors on plasma membrane, but otherwise, they differ [8and peptidases-or maybe how some of them just hap-10].While B is ubiquitous, B is mainly expressed after
Urinary Tract Infection In Renal Insufficiency: "The Step Child"
Authors: J. U. Schlegel
Journal: JAMA (1966)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The significance of ascending urinary tract infection as a cause of pyelonephritis is well recognized, thus prevention by correcting possible urinary tract abnormalities becomes of paramount importance. Apart from surgical correction of anatomical and functional abnormalities, which often is fundamental toward successful eradication of infection, the proper selection and application of antibacterial therapy can be a challenge. This is particularly true if severe chronic renal disease already is present. If bacterial cultures of urine from such patients indicate sensitivity of the offending organism to the more commonly used antibacterial agents such as sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, and nalidixic acid for long term administration, standard therapeutic dosages often give disappointing results. Only too often the uremic patient with bacteriuria remains infected and the infecting organism becomes resistant to the drug administered. It is further a dilemma for the treating physician that dose recommendation of drugs for treatment of bacteriuria are
Abstract B8: Hypoxia enhances androgen receptor activation in prostate cancer cells in response to low levels of androgens
Authors: Stina Rudolfsson, Erik Toolanen, Anders Bergh
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Hypoxia is an important microenvironmental factor influencing tumor progression and treatment response. The understanding how hypoxia is regulating the behavior of cancer cells has to be further explored. The androgen receptor (AR) acts as a transcriptional factor controlling development or progression of prostate cancer (PC). Androgen ablation by castration is the common therapy for advanced PC but eventually most of the tumors relapse to a castration-resistant state and grow even in a low androgen environment. The remaining androgens that are still present after therapy may continue to promote AR activation. The most potent AR ligands, testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), can be synthesized locally in the prostate from adrenal androgens and castration-resistant PC and bone metastases are shown to express increased levels of enzymes responsible for androgen metabolism (Akr1c3 one of several enzymes). As castration results in a transient tissue hypoxia and solid tumors are generally hypoxic prior to treatment we investigated how hypoxia affects AR activation in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer CWR22Pc cells additional to steroidal treatment. Hypoxia upregulated the mRNA expression of the androgen-responsive NKX3.1 and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and facilitated translocation of AR to the nucleus in the presence of 0,01 nM DHT or 100 nM androstenediol. The androstenediol activation of AR simultaneously increased mRNA expression of the androgen converting enzyme Akr1c3 possibly resulting in metabolism of androstenediol to T or DHT. This study shows that the AR can be hypersensitized to low levels of androgens in PC cells grown in a hypoxic milieu as in solid tumors and after castration. A consequence of exposure of PC cells to hypoxia is a possible increase in local biosynthesis of T and DHT from adrenal androgens or a direct ligand binding effect by adrenal androgen to activate the AR. Citation Format: Stina Rudolfsson, Erik Toolanen, Anders Bergh. Hypoxia enhances androgen receptor activation in prostate cancer cells in response to low levels of androgens [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr B8.
Effect of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor on triglyceride kinetics in chronically streptozotocin-diabetic rats
Authors: Eiichi Maeda, Gen Yoshino, Masayuki Matsushita, Kohichi Nagata, Munetaka Morita, Yukio Murata, Yoshiko Naka, Tsutomu Kazumi
Journal: Metabolism (1993)
The Functional Binding Site for the C-Type Lectin–Like Natural Killer Cell Receptor Ly49a Spans Three Domains of Its Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Ligand
Authors: Naoki Matsumoto, Motoaki Mitsuki, Kyoko Tajima, Wayne M. Yokoyama, Kazuo Yamamoto
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

Natural killer (NK) cells express receptors that recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and regulate cytotoxicity of target cells. In this study, we demonstrate that Ly49A, a prototypical C-type lectin–like receptor expressed on mouse NK cells, requires species-specific determinants on β2-microglobulin (β2m) to recognize its mouse MHC class I ligand, H-2Dd. The involvement of β2m in the interaction between Ly49A and H-2Dd is also demonstrated by the functional effects of a β2m-specific antibody. We also define three residues in α1/α2 and α3 domains of H-2Dd that are critical for the recognition of H-2Dd on target cells by Ly49A. In the crystal structure of the Ly49A/H-2Dd complex, these residues are involved in hydrogen bonding to Ly49A in one of the two potential Ly49A binding sites on H-2Dd. These data unambiguously indicate that the functional effect of Ly49A as an MHC class I–specific NK cell receptor is mediated by binding to a concave region formed by three structural domains of H-2Dd, which partially overlaps the CD8 binding site.
Comparative dilator effect of verapamil and sodium nitroprusside in forearm arterial bed and dorsal hand veins in man: functional differences between vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and veins
Authors: B. F. ROBINSON, J. G. COLLIER, R. J. DOBBS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1979)

Journal Article Comparative dilator effect of verapamil and sodium nitroprusside in forearm arterial bed and dorsal hand veins in man: functional differences between vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and veins Get access B. F. ROBINSON, B. F. ROBINSON 1 From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London 1Address for reprints: Dr B. F. Robinson, Department of Pharmacology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. G. COLLIER, J. G. COLLIER From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. J. DOBBS R. J. DOBBS From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 13, Issue 1, January 1979, Pages 16–21, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/13.1.16 Published: 01 January 1979
Social Factors in General Hospital Patient Care
Authors: ROBERT STRAUS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

Numerous discrepancies are found today between the medically defined goals of general hospitals and the social processes which shape the experiences of hospital patients. These are traced to conflicts between the goals of administrative efficiency and of patient well-being, to problems of communication, and to numerous forces of prejudice. Ironically, general hospitals, which have effectively reduced some of the more blatant types of social prejudice, still discriminate against the victims of certain forms of disease, particularly the mentally disabled and the alcoholic.
Genomic Analysis of Drug Resistant Triple Negative Breast Cancers: A Translational Biopsy Study
Authors: A. Aguilar-Mahecha, E. Przybytkowski, E. Ahmadzadeh, J. Lafleur, N. Alirezaie, C. Mihalcioiu, A. Robidoux, J. Roy, J. Majewski, M. Basik
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
220 Study on rush immunotherapy (RI) in house-dust-mite(HDM)-sensitive adult bronchial asthma
Authors: M NAGATA, K TABE, H YAMAMOTO, M IIDA, K SAKAMOTO, H MARUO, I HOUYA, K KURAMITSU, H KIUCHI, Y SAKAMOTO
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1991)
The importance of local mucosal HIV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes for resistance to mucosal viral transmission in mice and enhancement of resistance by local administration of IL-12.
Authors: I M Belyakov, J D Ahlers, B Y Brandwein, P Earl, B L Kelsall, B Moss, W Strober, J A Berzofsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Although crucial to mucosal vaccine development, the mechanisms of defense against mucosal viral infection are still poorly understood. Protection, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and neutralizing antibodies have all been observed, but cause and effect have been difficult to determine. The ability of CTL in the mucosa to mediate protection against mucosal viral transmission has never been proven. Here, we use an HIV peptide immunogen and an HIV-1 gp160-expressing recombinant vaccinia viral intrarectal murine challenge system, in which neutralizing antibodies do not play a role, to demonstrate for the first time that long-lasting immune resistance to mucosal viral transmission can be accomplished by CD8(+) CTL that must be present in the mucosal site of exposure. The resistance is ablated by depleting CD8(+) cells in vivo and requires CTL in the mucosa, whereas systemic (splenic) CTL are shown to be unable to protect against mucosal challenge. Furthermore, the resistance as well as the CTL response can be increased by local mucosal delivery of IL-12 with the vaccine. These results imply that induction of local mucosal CTL may be critical for success of a vaccine against viruses transmitted through a mucosal route, such as HIV.
P460 A METABOLOMIC PROFILE INCLUDING 5 LIPIDIC METABOLITES CORRELATES WITH DIAGNOSIS OF IDIOPATHIC PORTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: S. Seijo, J.J. Lozano, M.L. Martínez-Chantar, R. Miquel, A. Berzigotti, F. Turon, C. Alonso, A. Castro, J.M. Mato, V. Hernández-Gea, J. Bosch, J.C. Garcia-Pagan
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Due to a Low-Cholesterol Diet in a Vegetarian
Authors: MICHAEL F. MURPHY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

Brief Reports1 January 1981Vitamin B12 Deficiency Due to a Low-Cholesterol Diet in a VegetarianMICHAEL F. MURPHY, M.D.MICHAEL F. MURPHY, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-94-1-57 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptDietary deficiency of vitamin B12 in whites is rare and occurs only in vegans, who eat no food of animal origin (1). Vegetarians, although abstaining from meat and fish, do eat dairy products and drink milk but generally do not become deficient in vitamin B12 (2). However, a correlation has been shown between amount of animal products in the diet and serum vitamin B12 levels in Seventh-Day Adventists (3). In the following case vitamin B12 deficiency occurred in a vegetarian who further restricted his intake of vitamin B12 by a self-imposed low-cholesterol diet.A 56-year-old white man was admitted to...References1. WOKESBADENOCHSINCLAIR FJH. Human dietary deficiency of vitamin B12. Voeding. 1955;16, 590-602. Google Scholar2. ELLISMUMFORD FP. Nutritional status of vegans and vegetarians. Proc Nutr Soc. 1967;26:205-12. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. ARMSTRONGDAVISNICOLVAN MERWYCKLARWOOD BRDAL. Haematological, vitamin B12 and folate studies in Seventh-Day Adventist vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr. 1974;27:712-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. ANDERSON B. Investigation into the Euglena method for the assay of vitamin B12 in serum. J Clin Pathol. 1964;17:14-26. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. MILLBANKDAVISRAWLINSWATERS LRMA. Automation of the assay of folate in serum and whole blood. J Clin Pathol. 1970;23:54-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. WICKRAMASINGHELONGLAND SJ. Assessment of deoxyuridine suppression test in diagnosis of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Br Med J. 1974;3:148-50. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. LAYRISSEMARTINEZ-TORRES MC. Food iron absorption: iron supplementation of food. Prog Haematol. 1971;7:137-60. MedlineGoogle Scholar8. HEINRICHGABBEICAGIC HEG. Nutritional iron deficiency anaemia in lacto-vegetarians. Klin Wochenschr. 19 ;57:187-93. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: St. Bartholomew's Hospital London England PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByStrong parent-child correlation in circulating vitamin B12 levels and its association with inflammatory markers in Saudi familiesVitamin B 12 Studies in Toal Vegetarians (Vegans)Vitamin B12 Deficiency Due to a Strictly Vegetarian Diet in AdolescenceMEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA IN A VEGETARIAN HINDU COMMUNITYNeurologic Effects of Vitamin B12 DeficiencyA. T. MARUBBIO, M.D. 1 January 1981Volume 94, Issue 1Page: 57-58KeywordsDietEatingFoodHematology and oncologyMeatMilkVitamin B12 deficiency Issue Published: 1 January 1981 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: David E. Hoffman
Journal: JAMA (1975)

CARPAL tunnel syndrome (median neuropathy at the wrist) is the commonest type of peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome in the upper limb. Electrophysiologic studies have been employed in the diagnosis of this syndrome for almost two decades. Still, however, a large number of these conditions will go undiagnosed unless the physician is aware of the importance of obtaining sensory nerve conduction determinations in suspected individuals. The following case report exemplifies this point. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 33-year-old right-handed physiotherapist was examined at University Hospitals because of a three-year complaint of episodic paresthesias and numbness in her right hand, extending to the shoulder. Symptoms were particularly bothersome at night, frequently awakening her; for the last three months, she had been unable to sleep through a single night. For the past month, she had mild tingling in her left hand and forearm. She denied neck or upper extremity injury. She had not