tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increased mast cell numbers in human patellar tendinosis: correlation with symptom duration and vascular hyperplasia
Authors: A Scott, Ø Lian, R Bahr, D A Hart, V Duronio, K M Khan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

Objectives: The cellular basis of painful tendon overuse pathology (tendinosis) is poorly understood. It has been suggested that because of the close anatomical associations between mast cells and vessels in connective tissues, mast cells may mediate the development of tendon hypervascularity or oedema. Objectives: To examine the distribution of mast cells in men and women with patellar tendinopathy. Design: Case–control study. Methods: Tendinopathic tissue was collected at open debridement of the patellar tendon and a control tendon from patients undergoing intramedullary nailing of the tibia. The tendon was assessed immunohistochemically by evaluating the distribution of mast cells (AA1), and markers for T lymphocytes (CD3) and macrophages (CD68). The vessel-area fraction was quantified using computer-assisted digital image analysis. Results: The prevalence of mast cells per mm 2 (mean 3.3 (SD 3.0)) was greater in tendinosis tissue than in controls (1.1 (1.5); p = 0.036). In patients with tendinosis, mast cell density was moderately correlated with the vessel-area fraction (r 2 = 0.49) and with symptom duration (r 2 = 0.52). Conclusion: Mast-cell prevalence in patellar tendinopathy was increased and was predominantly associated with vascular hyperplasia, particularly in patients with longstanding symptoms. Future research should investigate whether mast cells play direct or indirect modulatory roles in the development and progression of human tendinosis.
Renal cell–expressed TNF receptor 2, not receptor 1, is essential for the development of glomerulonephritis
Authors: Volker Vielhauer, George Stavrakis, Tanya N. Mayadas
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

TNF is essential for the development of glomerulonephritis, an immune-mediated disorder that is a major cause of renal failure worldwide. However, TNF has proinflammatory and immunosuppressive properties that may segregate at the level of the 2 TNF receptors (TNFRs), TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1-deficient mice subjected to immune complex–mediated glomerulonephritis developed less proteinuria and glomerular injury, and fewer renal leukocyte infiltrates at early time points after disease induction, and this was associated with a reduced systemic immune response to nephrotoxic rabbit IgG. However, proteinuria and renal pathology were similar to those in wild-type controls at later time points, when lack of TNFR1 resulted in excessive renal T cell accumulation and an associated reduction in apoptosis of these cells. In sharp contrast, TNFR2-deficient mice were completely protected from glomerulonephritis at all time points, despite an intact systemic immune response. TNFR2 was induced on glomerular endothelial cells of nephritic kidneys, and TNFR2 expression on intrinsic cells, but not leukocytes, was essential for glomerulonephritis and glomerular complement deposition. Thus, TNFR1 promotes systemic immune responses and renal T cell death, while intrinsic cell TNFR2 plays a critical role in complement-dependent tissue injury. Therefore, therapeutic blockade specifically of TNFR2 may be a promising strategy in the treatment of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis.
World Health Organization Classification of Neoplastic Diseases of the Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues: Report of the Clinical Advisory Committee Meeting—Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997
Authors: Nancy Lee Harris, Elaine S. Jaffe, Jacques Diebold, Georges Flandrin, H. Konrad Muller-Hermelink, James Vardiman, T. Andrew Lister, Clara D. Bloomfield
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1999)

PURPOSE: The European Association of Hematopathologists and the Society for Hematopathology have developed a new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of hematologic malignancies, including lymphoid, myeloid, histiocytic, and mast cell neoplasms. DESIGN: Ten committees of pathologists developed lists and definitions of disease entities. A clinical advisory committee (CAC) of international hematologists and oncologists was formed to ensure that the classification would be useful to clinicians. The CAC met in November 1997 to discuss clinical issues related to the classification. RESULTS: The WHO uses the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification, published in 1994 by the International Lymphoma Study Group, to categorize lymphoid neoplasms. The REAL classification is based on the principle that a classification is a list of “real” disease entities, which are defined by a combination of morphology, immunophenotype, genetic features, and clinical features. The relative importance of each of these features varies among diseases, and there is no one gold standard. The WHO classification applies the principles of the REAL classification to myeloid and histiocytic neoplasms. The classification of myeloid neoplasms recognizes distinct entities defined by a combination of morphology and cytogenetic abnormalities. At the CAC meeting, which was organized around a series of clinical questions, participants reached a consensus on most of the questions posed. They concluded that clinical groupings of lymphoid neoplasms were neither necessary nor desirable. Patient treatment is determined by the specific type of lymphoma, with the addition of grade within the tumor type, if applicable, and clinical prognostic factors, such as the International Prognostic Index. CONCLUSION: The WHO classification has produced a new and exciting degree of cooperation and communication between oncologists and pathologists from around the world, which should facilitate progress in the understanding and treatment of hematologic malignancies.
Indoor Radon Exposure and Risk of Lung Cancer: a Nested Case--Control Study in Finland
Authors: A. Auvinen, I. Makelainen, M. Hakama, O. Castren, E. Pukkala, H. Reisbacka, T. Rytomaa
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1996)

Background:Inhaled radon has been shown to cause lung cancer among underground miners exposed to very high radon concentrations, but the results regarding the effects of residential radon have been conflicting.
Sports injuries and illnesses during the European Youth Olympic Festival 2013
Authors: A M C van Beijsterveldt, K M Thijs, F J G Backx, K Steffen, V Brozičević, J H Stubbe
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2015)

The European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF) is a biennial sporting event of nine Olympic Summer Sports for talented athletes, aged 13-18 years, from all over Europe.To analyse the injuries and illnesses that occurred during the multisport event (14-19 July 2013), with the long-term aim of enabling international sports federations, the National Olympic Committees, and the European Olympic Committee to improve protection of athletes' health in youth.Daily occurrence or non-occurrence of injuries and illnesses was recorded by using the IOC injury and illness surveillance system for multisport events. All National Olympic Committee physicians and healthcare providers and physicians of the Local Organizing Committee were invited to participate.In total, 2272 athletes from 49 countries took part in the EYOF 2013. During the five competition days of EYOF, 207 injuries and 46 illnesses were reported, resulting in an incidence of 91.1 injuries and 20.2 illnesses per 1000 athletes. Almost 10% of the athletes sustained at least one injury or illness.This study is the first multisport surveillance study on injuries and illnesses during the EYOF or any other summer Games organised for youth elite athletes. The data form the basis for further research on risk factors and injury mechanisms for this cohort. This research is needed to gain more knowledge and finally to implement effective injury and illness prevention measures.
Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Marek's Disease in Chickens&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: R. F. Lapen, S. G. Kenzy, R. C. Piper, J. M. Sharma
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1971)

A study of chronologic changes in occurrence, distribution, and development of cutaneous immunofluorescent (IF) antigen and lymphoid aggregates of Marek's disease (MD) indicated that IF antigen was in the skin before lymphoid aggregates, and when aggregates appeared they were associated with antigen-positive sites. Cutaneous lymphoid aggregates seemed to change from inflammatory to neoplastic-like lesions with time post exposure to the MD virus (MDV). These observations suggested that gross cutaneous lymphoid lesions of MD arose from lymphoid aggregates developing initially in response to MDV activity in the feather follicle epithelium. The appearance of cutaneous IF antigen coincided with the onset of MDV isolation from the blood, skin, and kidneys.
The Scatter Factor/Hepatocyte Growth Factor: c-Met Pathway in Human Embryonal Central Nervous System Tumor Malignancy
Authors: Yunqing Li, Bachchu Lal, Sherwin Kwon, Xing Fan, Usha Saldanha, Thomas E. Reznik, Eric B. Kuchner, Charles Eberhart, John Laterra, Roger Abounader
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Embryonal central nervous system (CNS) tumors, which comprise medulloblastoma, are the most common malignant brain tumors in children. The role of the growth factor scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met in these tumors has been until now completely unknown. In the present study, we show that human embryonal CNS tumor cell lines and surgical tumor specimens express SF/HGF and c-Met. Furthermore, c-Met mRNA expression levels statistically significantly correlate with poor clinical outcome. Treatment of medulloblastoma cells with SF/HGF activates c-Met and downstream signal transduction as evidenced by c-Met, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt phosphorylation. SF/HGF induces tumor cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and cell cycle progression beyond the G1-S checkpoint. Using dominant-negative Cdk2 and a degradation stable p27 mutant, we show that cell cycle progression induced by SF/HGF requires Cdk2 function and p27 inhibition. SF/HGF also protects medulloblastoma cells against apoptosis induced by chemotherapy. This cytoprotective effect is associated with reduction of proapoptotic cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved caspase-3 proteins and requires phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity. SF/HGF gene transfer to medulloblastoma cells strongly enhances the in vivo growth of s.c. and intracranial tumor xenografts. SF/HGF-overexpressing medulloblastoma xenografts exhibit increased invasion and morphologic changes that resemble human large cell anaplastic medulloblastoma. This first characterization establishes SF/HGF:c-Met as a new pathway of malignancy with multifunctional effects in human embryonal CNS tumors.
Reported Methodologic Quality and Discrepancies between Large and Small Randomized Trials in Meta-Analyses
Authors: Lise L. Kjaergard, John Villumsen, Christian Gluud
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Purpose: To explore whether reported methodologic quality affects estimated intervention effects in randomized trials and contributes to discrepancies between the results of large randomized trials and small randomized trials in meta-analyses. Data Sources: Meta-analyses of randomized trials that included at least one large trial (≥ 1000 participants) were included, regardless of the therapeutic area. Eligible meta-analyses were identified through electronic searches and bibliographies of relevant articles. Study Selection: Full-length randomized trials. Data Extraction: Methodologic quality was assessed according to reported randomization, double blinding, and follow-up as separate components and by using the Jadad composite scale. Data Synthesis: Fourteen meta-analyses involving 190 randomized trials from eight therapeutic areas were included. Compared with large trials, intervention effects were exaggerated in small trials with inadequate allocation sequence generation (ratio of odds ratios, 0.46 [95% CI, 0.25 to 0.83]; P = 0.011), inadequate allocation concealment (ratio of odds ratios, 0.49 [CI, 0.27 to 0.86]; P = 0.014), and no double blinding (ratio of odds ratios, 0.52 [CI, 0.28 to 0.96]; P = 0.01). Large trials did not differ significantly from small trials with adequate generation of the allocation sequence, adequate allocation concealment, or adequate double blinding. No association was seen between reported follow-up and intervention effects. The Jadad scale provided no additional information because the scale and the quality components overlapped substantially. Conclusions: Inadequate generation of the allocation sequence, allocation concealment, and double blinding lead to exaggerated estimates of intervention benefit and may contribute to discrepancies between the results of large randomized trials and small randomized trials in meta-analyses.
ON FEVER IN RURAL DISTRICTS
Authors: W. V. Beadle
Journal: BMJ (1853)

OOMUNIMATIONSL 7 toe leg suceed.Two formed of a Tv lage in the ham, and the kn beeame so thin that I thou t it would give way.The child, in three days, bme pllid and ex- MDgins, and her pulse very sharp and hemorrhagic.After uing a mercurial purge, I at once resorted to the following mixture.
Effect of <i>N</i>-Acetylcysteine on Human Diaphragm Strength and Fatigability
Authors: JOHN M. TRAVALINE, SHRIVAS SUDARSHAN, BRUCE G. ROY, FRANCIS CORDOVA, VADIM LEYENSON, GERARD J. CRINER
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Free radical injury is believed to be important in diaphragm dysfunction. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a potent free radical scavenger shown in animal models to attenuate diaphragm fatigue; however, its effects on human diaphragm function are unknown. We assessed diaphragm function by electrophrenic twitch stimulation (PdiT) and twitch occlusion (to yield Pdimax) in four healthy subjects 35 ± 3 yr of age (mean ± SD). We intravenously administered NAC (150 mg/kg in 250 ml D5W) or placebo (CON) (250 ml D5W) in a randomized manner after subjects were premedicated with antihistamines. There were no significant side effects with the infusion. After infusion, we measured baseline Pdimax and PdiT at FRC. Diaphragm fatigue was then induced by subjects breathing through an inspiratory resistive load. Pdimax and PdiT were then measured at 15 to 30 min and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 20–25 h after fatigue. Times to fatigue were 13 ± 4 min (CON) and 21 ± 6 min (NAC) (p = 0.04). At 15 min after fatigue, PdiT was reduced to 40% (CON) compared with 30% (NAC) initial PdiT value (p = 0.05). Other twitch characteristics (maximal rate of relaxation and maximal contraction rate) were reduced to a greater degree after placebo compared with NAC. There were no significant differences in the rate of recovery between CON and NAC. Pdimax at 30 min after fatigue was significantly greater with NAC; however, at 1 h after fatigue, Pdimax for CON and NAC were not different, suggesting similar rates of recovery in high-frequency fatigue. These data suggest that NAC may attenuate low-frequency human diaphragm fatigue.
Circadian Clock Control by Polyamine Levels through a Mechanism that Declines with Age
Authors: Ziv Zwighaft, Rona Aviram, Moran Shalev, Liat Rousso-Noori, Judith Kraut-Cohen, Marina Golik, Alexander Brandis, Hans Reinke, Asaph Aharoni, Chaim Kahana, Gad Asher
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2015)
Lung clearance index in pediatric patients with asthma
Authors: Annelies M. Zwitserloot, Susanne I. Fuchs, Monika Gappa
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Introduction:  Children with asthma often have normal spirometry despite significant disease. There is evidence that the small airways are affected which may be reflected in Multiple Breath Washout (MBW) and the Lung Clearance Index (LCI). There are only few studies using MBW in children with asthma. Existing data regarding bronchodilator effect are contradictory. The aim of the present pilot study was to compare LCI in asthma and controls and assess the effect of salbutamol in children with asthma on the LCI.   Methods:  Unselected patients with a diagnosis of asthma visiting the out patient department of our hospital between 04-2010 and 03-2011 and healthy controls were included. MBW was performed as inert gas MBW using sulfurhexafluorid (SF 6 ) as the tracer gas. Clinical data were documented and spirometry and MBW (EasyOne Pro, ndd Switzerland) were performed before and after the use of salbutamol (200 - 400 ug). Healthy controls performed baseline MBW only.   Results:  32 children diagnosed with asthma (4.7-17.4 years) and 42 controls (5.3-20.8) were included in the analysis. 2/32 failed spirometry. LCI differed between patients and controls, with mean LCI (SD) of 6.48 (0.48) and 6.21 (0.38) respectively (P=0.011). Use of salbutamol had no significant effect on LCI for the groupt. 4/30 patients had a positive bronchodilator test in spirometry. In these, LCI showed a significant difference pre- and post- bronchodilator, with mean (SD) of 7.04 (0.6) and 6.56 (0.72) respectively (P= 0.029).   Conclusion:  These pilot data show that asthma patients and controls both have a LCI in the normal range. However in patients the LCI is significantly higher indicating that MBW may have a role in assessing small airways disease in asthma.
Antiandrogen Withdrawal Alone or in Combination With Ketoconazole in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Patients: A Phase III Trial (CALGB 9583)
Authors: Eric J. Small, Susan Halabi, Nancy A. Dawson, Walter M. Stadler, Brian I. Rini, Joel Picus, Preston Gable, Frank M. Torti, Ellen Kaplan, Nicholas J. Vogelzang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

Purpose Antiandrogen withdrawal (AAWD) results in a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response (decline in PSA level of ≥ 50%) in 15% to 30% of androgen-independent prostate cancer (AiPCa) patients. Thereafter, adrenal androgen ablation with agents such as ketoconazole (K) is commonly utilized. The therapeutic effect of AAWD alone was compared with simultaneous AAWD and K therapy. Patients and Methods AiPCa patients were randomized to undergo AAWD alone (n = 132), or together with K (400 mg orally [po] tid) and hydrocortisone (30 mg po each morning, 10 mg po each evening; n = 128). Patients who developed progressive disease after AAWD alone were eligible for deferred treatment with K. Results Eleven percent of patients undergoing AAWD alone had a PSA response, compared to 27% of patients who underwent AAWD and simultaneous K (P = .0002). Objective responses were observed in 2% of patients treated with AAWD alone compared to 20% in patients treated with AAWD/K (P = .02). There was no difference in survival. PSA and objective responses were observed in 32% and 7%, respectively, of patients receiving deferred K, and were more common in patients with prior AAWD response. Treatment with K was well tolerated, and resulted in a decline in adrenal androgen levels, which rose at the time of disease progression. Conclusion K has modest activity in AiPCa patients, while AAWD alone has minimal activity. Adrenal androgen levels fall with treatment with K and then climb at the time of progression, suggesting that progressive disease while on K may be due to tachyphylaxis to the adrenolytic properties of K.
Spatial methods for infectious disease outbreak investigations: systematic literature review
Authors: Catherine M Smith, Steven C Le Comber, Hannah Fry, Matthew Bull, Steve Leach, Andrew C Hayward
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2015)

Investigations of infectious disease outbreaks are conventionally framed in terms of person, time and place. Although geographic information systems have increased the range of tools available, spatial analyses are used relatively infrequently. We conducted a systematic review of published reports of outbreak investigations worldwide to estimate the prevalence of spatial methods, describe the techniques applied and explore their utility. We identified 80 reports using spatial methods published between 1979 and 2013, ca 0.4% of the total number of published outbreaks. Environmental or waterborne infections were the most commonly investigated, and most reports were from the United Kingdom. A range of techniques were used, including simple dot maps, cluster analyses and modelling approaches. Spatial tools were usefully applied throughout investigations, from initial confirmation of the outbreak to describing and analysing cases and communicating findings. They provided valuable insights that led to public health actions, but there is scope for much wider implementation and development of new methods.
ESTIMATION OF THE PURITY OF PREPARATIONS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Joseph E. Smadel, Thomas M. Rivers, Edward G. Pickels
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1939)

A method of estimating the purity of preparations of elementary bodies of vaccinia is described. It depends on the comparison of the number of infective units of virus in a given material with the number of elementary bodies. The latter figure is estimated from the dry weight of the preparation by means of a calculated value for the weight of a single dehydrated elementary body. Values for the ratio of infective units of vaccine virus to elementary bodies varied between 1 : 2.4 and 1 : 9.2 in seven consecutive experiments; the average was 1:4.2. These ratios indicate a high degree of purity of the preparation. Moreover, they indicate that a relatively high percentage of the elementary bodies in the preparations was infective.
Refractory Period of the Dog's Ventricular Myocardium Following Sudden Changes in Frequency
Authors: M. J. JANSE, A.B.M. VAN DER STEEN, R. TH. VAN DAM, D. DURRER
Journal: Circulation Research (1969)

In exposed hearts of anesthetized dogs with total A-V block, a sudden increase or decrease in heart rate changes the duration of refractoriness immediately. A steady state is established only after a few hundred beats. The time course of shortening of the refractory period caused by an increase in driving rate ("on" effect) has the following characteristics. The first beat shortens the refractory period, as determined from strength-interval curves, about 30% of the total shortening; the second beat shortens it 10% more. After the second beat, the rate of change in the duration of the refractory period suddenly becomes slower. Alternation of the refractory period begins with a slightly prolonged refractory period of the third beat and then diminishes rapidly in about the following 10 beats. These changes are in phase throughout the ventricular myocardium. Following sudden transition to a slower rhythm, the time course of lengthening of the refractory period ("off" effect) is opposite to the "on" effect: the alternation that occurs is less marked. Changes in the duration of the functional refractory period near the stimulus site are parallel to those in the threshold curves. These results demonstrate a long persistence of the effect on myocardial refractoriness of a previous cardiac frequency.
Selective activation of circulating CD4+ lymphocytes in severe adult atopic dermatitis
Authors: J.M. SOWDEN, R.J. POWELL, B.R. ALLEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

Journal Article Selective activation of circulating CD4+ lymphocytes in severe adult atopic dermatitis Get access J.M. SOWDEN, J.M. SOWDEN Department of Dermatology Dr J.M. Sowden. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R.J. POWELL, R.J. POWELL Clinical Immunology Unit, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B.R. ALLEN B.R. ALLEN Department of Dermatology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 127, Issue 3, 1 September 1992, Pages 228–232, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00119.x Published: 01 September 1992