tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF NONFUNCTIONING PITUITARY TUMORS
Authors: Yona Greenman, M.D, Shlomo Melmed, M.D
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1996)

▪ Abstract It is now recognized that most clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors express gonadotropin hormones or their subunits in vitro, and sometimes in vivo. Many of these tumors are diagnosed by sensitive imaging techniques while patients are still asymptomatic. We outline an overview of the diagnosis and clinical management of these tumors.
Insurance Coverage, Medical Care Use, and Short-term Health Changes Following an Unintentional Injury or the Onset of a Chronic Condition
Authors: Jack Hadley
Journal: JAMA (2007)

ContextGiven the large and increasing number of uninsured US individuals, identifying the health consequences of being uninsured has assumed increased importance.ObjectiveTo compare medical care use and short-term health changes among US uninsured individuals and insured nonelderly individuals following a health shock caused by either an unintentional injury or the onset of a chronic condition.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsMultivariate logistic regression analysis of longitudinal data from Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys (1997-2004) limited to nonelderly individuals whose insurance status was established for 2 months prior to 1 or more unintentional injuries (20 783 cases among 15 866 individuals) and onset of 1 or more chronic conditions (10 485 cases among 7954 individuals).Main Outcome MeasuresSelf-reported medical care use and change in short-term general health status following the health shock.ResultsAfter experiencing a health shock, uninsured individuals were less likely to obtain any medical care (unintentional injury [UI] group: 78.8% uninsured vs 88.7% insured [adjusted odds ratio {AOR}, 0.47; 95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.43-0.51]; new chronic condition [NCC] group: 81.7% uninsured vs 91.5% insured [AOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.40-0.50]) and more likely not to have received any recommended follow-up care (UI group: 19.3% uninsured vs 9.2% insured [AOR, 2.59; 95% CI, 2.15-3.11]; NCC group: 9.4% uninsured vs 4.4% insured [AOR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.32-2.06]). Based on the AORs, uninsured individuals with UIs had fewer outpatient visits (6.1% uninsured vs 9.0% insured; AOR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.63-0.80]), office-based visits (41.8% uninsured vs 57.3% insured; AOR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.56-0.62]), and prescription medicines (35.5% uninsured vs 35.6% insured; AOR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.67-0.75]). Uninsured individuals with an NCC had fewer office-based visits (58.9% uninsured vs 68.3% insured; AOR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.72-0.82]) and prescription medicines (52.7% uninsured vs 61.7% insured; AOR, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.57-0.76]). Higher proportions of uninsured individuals reported a decrease in health status (classified as much worse) approximately 3.5 months after the health shock (UI group: 9.8% uninsured vs 6.7% insured; AOR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.75-0.98]; NCC group: 12.3% uninsured vs 10.1% insured; AOR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.68-0.80]). Uninsured individuals with UIs were more likely to report not being fully recovered and no longer receiving treatment. At approximately 7 months after the health shock, uninsured individuals with NCCs still reported worse health status.ConclusionsAmong individuals who experienced a health shock caused by an unintentional injury or a new chronic condition, uninsured individuals reported receiving less medical care and poorer short-term changes in health than those with insurance.
Koch's postulates confirm cholinergic modulation of REM sleep
Authors: Ralph Lydic, Helen A. Baghdoyan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Robert Koch (1843–1910) discovered the causal agents for tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. The 1905 Nobel Prize acknowledged Koch's criteria for identifying the causal agent of an infectious disease. These criteria remain useful and the data reviewed below show that the cholinergic contributions to REM sleep control are confirmed by Koch's postulates. [Hobson et al.]
THE PRODUCTION OF “DELAYED TYPE” CUTANEOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY TO HUMAN DONOR LEUKOCYTES AS A RESULT OF THE REJECTION OF SKIN HOMOGRAFTS*
Authors: John P. Merrill, Eli A. Friedman, Richard E. Wilson, David C. Marshall
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1961)

SUMMARY The immunity occasioned by the rejection of askin homograft in man is manifested by delayedintradermal sensitivity following injection of do-nor white blood cells. Unlike the immunity oc-casioned by the rejection of a previous skin homo-graft itself, under the conditions of our experi-ments, this reaction is not specific for donorleukocytes but may be elicited by the injection ofnondonor leukocytes into a sensitized recipient. ACKNOWLEDGM ENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the invaluable as- sistance of Miss Audrey Jean Clemens in carrying out this study.REFERENCES1. Lawrence, H. S. Homograft sensitivity. An expres-sion of the immunologic origins and consequencesof individuality. Physiol. Rev. 1959, 39, 811.2. Brent, L., Brown, J., and Medawar, P. B. Skin transplantation immunity in relation to hyper-sensitivity. Lancet 1958, 2, 561. 3. Billingham, R. E., Brent, L., and Medawar, P. B.The antigenic stimulus in transplantation im- munity. Nature (Lond.) 1956, 178, 514.4. Friedman,
Gene mapping of malaysian α thalassemias with α and ζ globin gene probes
Authors: Luan Eng Lie‐Injo, Alex R. Herrera, Roger V. Lebo, Khalid Hassan, Cynthia G. Lopez
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1985)

Abstract Restriction enzyme analysis of the α and ζ globin genes was carried out in four cases of Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis, in three patients with Hb H disease without Hb CoSp, in three patients with Hb H disease with Hb CoSp, in 47 individuals with α thalassemia trait, and in 47 normal individuals. All four cases of Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis resulted from deletions of α1 and α2 globin genes which did not extend to the ψζ1 and ζ2 globin genes. The same type of deletion was observed in α thal 1 carriers, but two newborns (one Malay and one of Chinese extraction) had a nondeletion type of α thal 1 which was confirmed by quantitative αglobin gene analysis. In addition, two other newborns diagnosed as α thal 1 trait carriers (one Malay, one Chinese) were shown to have a deletion of both α globin genes by quantitative α globin gene analysis, but further testing with ζ globin gene probe failed to reveal an abnormal fragment length characteristic of an α globin gene deletion. We believe that this last condition is due to a large deletion which includes all α globin genes and all ζ globin genes on the same chromosome. On another front, Bgl II restriction analysis of all four Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis cases and the α thal 1 trait carriers showed a 10.5‐kb Bgl II restriction fragment, in the hydrops fetalis as a single band, while in the carriers this 10.5‐kb fragment was accompanied by the usual normal 12.5‐kb and 11.3‐kb fragments. We report that this 10.5‐kb fragment, previously thought to be specific for the Southeast Asian α thal 1 gene deletion, is also common in normal individuals. Nevertheless, digestion with other enzymes can clearly differentiate the α thal 1 and normal genotypes. We distinguish the findings in the α thalassemias from the extensive DNA polymorphism in the region of the α and ζ globin genes.
Upper-extremity thrombosis
Authors: A. S M Jawad
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

Dr Abdelaal and colleagues record the case of a man whose recurrent axillary vein thromboses were due to neuropathic arthropathy (December 2003, JRSM1). Thrombosis of the upper extremity is referred to as Paget–Schroetter syndrome.2 In 1875, Sir James Paget postulated that the cause of acute pain and swelling of the arm was spontaneous thrombosis of the veins draining the upper extremity.3 In 1884, von Schroetter was the first to relate the clinical syndrome to thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian veins.4 Paget–Schroetter syndrome is also referred to as `effort' thrombosis, because it occurs after unusually strenuous use of the arm and the shoulder.5 An anomaly at the thoracic outlet, such as compression of the subclavian vein between the first rib and a hypertrophied scalene or subclavian tendon, or between those two tendons themselves, is frequently found in affected patients.5 The prevalence of symptomatic upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was evaluated retrospectively at a community teaching hospital.6 It was diagnosed in 65 of 44 136 patients of all ages (0.15%). No patients developed symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Central lines at the site of thrombosis had been inserted in 39 of 65 patients; cancer was diagnosed in 30 of 65 patients (23 of the patients with cancer had central lines); and 19 patients had no apparent cause for their DVT. All patients had swelling of the upper extremities. Erythema over the affected site was present in 4 (6%); pain was present in 26 (40%), and all had discomfort from swelling.
Mortality in bronchiectasis: a long-term study assessing the factors influencing survival
Authors: M. R. Loebinger, A. U. Wells, D. M. Hansell, N. Chinyanganya, A. Devaraj, M. Meister, R. Wilson
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

There is little literature about the mortality associated with bronchiectasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate factors affecting mortality in patients with bronchiectasis. In total, 91 patients were examined for aetiology, pulmonary function tests, high-resolution computed tomography, sputum microbiology and quality of life scores and were then followed over 13 yrs. Overall, 29.7% of the patients died. On multivariate analysis, age, St George's Respiratory Questionnaire activity score, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume/TLC and the transfer factor coefficient were all independently associated with mortality. In patients with moderate to severe bronchiectasis, mortality is associated with a degree of restrictive and obstructive disease, poor gas transfer and chronic pseudomonas infection. These features should guide future research into disease progression, and identify those patients needing intensive treatment.
MicroRNAs Reprogram Normal Fibroblasts into Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Anirban K. Mitra, Marion Zillhardt, Youjia Hua, Payal Tiwari, Andrea E. Murmann, Marcus E. Peter, Ernst Lengyel
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2012)

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are a major constituent of the tumor stroma, but little is known about how cancer cells transform normal fibroblasts into CAFs. microRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression at a posttranscriptional level. Although it is clearly established that miRNAs are deregulated in human cancers, it is not known whether miRNA expression in resident fibroblasts is affected by their interaction with cancer cells. We found that in ovarian CAFs, miR-31 and miR-214 were downregulated, whereas miR-155 was upregulated when compared with normal or tumor-adjacent fibroblasts. Mimicking this deregulation by transfecting miRNAs and miRNA inhibitors induced a functional conversion of normal fibroblasts into CAFs, and the reverse experiment resulted in the reversion of CAFs into normal fibroblasts. The miRNA-reprogrammed normal fibroblasts and patient-derived CAFs shared a large number of upregulated genes highly enriched in chemokines, which are known to be important for CAF function. The most highly upregulated chemokine, CCL5, (C-C motif ligand 5) was found to be a direct target of miR-214. These results indicate that ovarian cancer cells reprogram fibroblasts to become CAFs through the action of miRNAs. Targeting these miRNAs in stromal cells could have therapeutic benefit.The mechanism by which quiescent fibroblasts are converted into CAFs is unclear. The present study identifies a set of 3 miRNAs that reprogram normal fibroblasts to CAFs. These miRNAs may represent novel therapeutic targets in the tumor microenvironment.
STUDIES ON TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND SYPHILIS
Authors: Hans Zinsser, J. G. Hopkins, Malcolm McBurney
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1916)

1. Immune sera produced in rabbits by treatment with our Culture Strain A of Treponema pallidum agglutinated not only the homologous strain, but also the Noguchi strains, and indicate a close group relationship of other non-pathogenic treponemata. Absorption experiments confirmed this, indicating a close relationship between the pallidum and the calligyrum. 2. Culture treponemata are not agglutinated to a much greater extent by the sera of syphilitic rabbits than they are by those of normal rabbits. 3. Culture treponemata are not agglutinated to any considerable extent by the sera of rabbits immunized with virulent treponemata. 4. The sera of syphilitic patients, especially those in the tertiary stages, agglutinate culture pallidum to a slightly greater extent than do those of normal individuals, but the culture pallidum is agglutinated to an almost equal degree by the sera of many individuals with diseases other than syphilis. We do not think that we could definitely distinguish the syphilitic from the non-syphilitic serum by the agglutination of the culture pallida, and therefore we do not believe that the reaction has any diagnostic value at present. 5. Immunization with culture pallidum, either general or local, does not seem to confer upon rabbits any considerable degree of resistance to inoculation with virulent treponemata. 6. Rabbits that have once exhibited lesions in the testis are not easily reinfected at the same site if reinoculation is practiced more than a month or so after apparent healing of the lesion. We believe that the experiments above recorded strongly suggest that resistance to syphilis in rabbits is a localized cell phenomenon not dependent upon a generalized reaction on the part of tissues remote from the site directly involved in reaction with the invading treponemata. Antibodies analogous to those formed in most bacterial infections appear in the general circulation in slight amount, if at all. The finding of many motionless treponemata in a few of the small lesions following reinoculation suggests the possibility of a purely localized formation of antibodies. This was expressed by Landsteiner some years ago when he spoke of the localized formation of agglutinins when they were absent in the general circulation. We hesitate to apply these results too generally to the conditions prevailing in human syphilis, but they contain the possibility of an explanation for the apparent skin immunity of the secondary period, and the later successive involvement of some organs and tissues when others remain normal and when external superinfection is successfully resisted.
Baicalein attenuates hypertrophic scar formation via inhibition of the transforming growth factor‐β/Smad2/3 signalling pathway
Authors: Y.F. Zhang, S.Z. Zhou, X.Y. Cheng, B. Yi, S.Z. Shan, J. Wang, Q.F. Li
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Journal Article Baicalein attenuates hypertrophic scar formation via inhibition of the transforming growth factor‐β/Smad2/3 signalling pathway Get access Y.F. Zhang, Y.F. Zhang Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200011 China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S.Z. Zhou, S.Z. Zhou Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200011 China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar X.Y. Cheng, X.Y. Cheng Department of Anesthesiology Renji Hospital; School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200011 China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. Yi, B. Yi Clinical College of the General Hospital of Beijing Military Region Anhui Medical University Hefei China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S.Z. Shan, S.Z. Shan Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200011 China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. Wang, J. Wang Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200011 China Correspondence Jing Wang and Qingfeng Li. E‐mails: 0127239252@sjtu.edu.cn and dr.liqingfeng@yahoo.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Q.F. Li Q.F. Li Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200011 China Correspondence Jing Wang and Qingfeng Li. E‐mails: 0127239252@sjtu.edu.cn and dr.liqingfeng@yahoo.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 174, Issue 1, 1 January 2016, Pages 120–130, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14108 Published: 01 January 2016
Disruption of CEP290 microtubule/membrane-binding domains causes retinal degeneration
Authors: Theodore G. Drivas, Erika L.F. Holzbaur, Jean Bennett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Mutations in the gene centrosomal protein 290 kDa (CEP290) cause an array of debilitating and phenotypically distinct human diseases, ranging from the devastating blinding disease Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) to Senior-Løken syndrome, Joubert syndrome, and the lethal Meckel-Gruber syndrome. Despite its critical role in biology and disease, very little is known about CEP290's function. Here, we have identified 4 functional domains of the protein. We found that CEP290 directly binds to cellular membranes through an N-terminal domain that includes a highly conserved amphipathic helix motif and to microtubules through a domain located within its myosin-tail homology domain. Furthermore, CEP290 activity was regulated by 2 autoinhibitory domains within its N and C termini, both of which were found to play critical roles in regulating ciliogenesis. Disruption of the microtubule-binding domain in a mouse model of LCA was sufficient to induce significant deficits in cilium formation, which led to retinal degeneration. These data implicate CEP290 as an integral structural and regulatory component of the cilium and provide insight into the pathological mechanisms of LCA and related ciliopathies. Further, these data illustrate that disruption of particular CEP290 functional domains may lead to particular disease phenotypes and suggest innovative strategies for therapeutic intervention.
International Phase III Trial Assessing Neoadjuvant Cisplatin, Methotrexate, and Vinblastine Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Long-Term Results of the BA06 30894 Trial
Authors: Gareth Griffiths, Reginald Hall, Richard Sylvester, Derek Raghavan, Mahesh K B Parmar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

This article presents the long-term results of the international multicenter randomized trial that investigated the use of neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine (CMV) chemotherapy in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial cancer of the bladder treated by cystectomy and/or radiotherapy. Nine hundred seventy-six patients were recruited between 1989 and 1995, and median follow-up is now 8.0 years.This was a randomized phase III trial of either no neoadjuvant chemotherapy or three cycles of CMV.The previously reported possible survival advantage of CMV is now statistically significant at the 5% level. Results show a statistically significant 16% reduction in the risk of death (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.99; P = .037, corresponding to an increase in 10-year survival from 30% to 36%) after CMV.We conclude that CMV chemotherapy improves outcome as first-line adjunctive treatment for invasive bladder cancer. Two large randomized trials (by the Medical Research Council/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer and Southwest Oncology Group) have confirmed a statistically significant and clinically relevant survival benefit, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by definitive local therapy should be viewed as state of the art, as compared with cystectomy or radiotherapy alone, for deeply invasive bladder cancer.
A New Twist
Authors: Rudolph H. de Jong
Journal: JAMA (1977)

ABSTRACT That medical research need not always originate in the laboratory is smartly illustrated by a recent article in the Archives of Surgery (112:685-688, 1977), where Duke and Yar report on Primary Small Bowel Volvulus. Small bowel volvulus—torsion of the bowel on its mesentery—ordinarily results from congenital anomalies or postoperative adhesions. In the absence of these predisposing factors, primary volvulus is seldom encountered by Western surgeons.Likewise, the disorder is rarely encountered in Afghanistan. Rarely, that is, except for the holy month of Ramadan, when Mohammedans abstain from oral intake during daylight hours. Then, when darkness falls, the faithful take a large single meal. During that month, the incidence of primary small bowel volvulus rose more than tenfold; from less than one case per month (seven in 11 months) to nine or ten cases per month (in 1971 and 1970, respectively).Intriguing here is that volvulus occurred in males only; 25
Epigenetic Deregulation of DNA Repair and Its Potential for Therapy
Authors: Monika E. Hegi, Davide Sciuscio, Anastasia Murat, Marc Levivier, Roger Stupp
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Epigenetic silencing of essential components of DNA repair pathways is a common event in many tumor types, and comprise O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), human mut L homolog 1 (hMLH1), Werner syndrome gene (WRN), breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), and genes of the Fanconi anemia pathway. Most interestingly, some of these alterations become the Achilles heel of the affected tumors upon treatment with certain classes of anticancer agents. That is, patients whose tumors carry such defects can be stratified for respective therapy rendering some classic DNA damaging agents, such as alkylators or DNA crosslinking agents, into “targeted therapies.” Here we review some of the affected repair pathways that, when inactivated, sensitize the tumors to specific drugs and are thus exploitable for individualized therapy. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(16):5026–31)
Observations on THE BOVINE TUBERCLE BACILLUS IN HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: A. S. Griffith
Journal: BMJ (1932)

It is now thirty-one years since Robert Koch, at the London Congress on Tuberculosis, announced his con clusion that infection of human beings with bovine bacilJi was so rare that it was unnecessary to take special measures to prevent it. That statement, which was strongly contested, set in train investigations in many countries into the susceptibility of human beings to bovine tuberculosis, investigations which are still being carried ?n, and, in consequence of recent findings, with re newed energy and interest. It is appropriate in this, the fiftieth anniversary of Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, to review the bacteriological work of the past thirty years to see where we stand in regard to this pressing and difficult matter of bovine tuberculosis. Koch's opinion that bovine tuberculosis was a negli gible factor in human tuberculosis was based, not on experi mental work with a large amount of human material, but chiefly on the alleged extreme rarity of primary intestinal tuberculosis in Germany. He argued in the first place that one can assume with certainty that a case of tuberculosis has been caused by alimenta only in those instances where there is evidence of primary infection of the intestines, and secondly, that if man is susceptible to the bovine type primary intestinal tuberculosis should be of common occurrence, in view of the abundant oppor tunities for the transference of bovine bacilli through consumption of milk. This argument overlooked the possibility that bovine bacilli can traverse the intestinal mucosa without leaving in that tissue any trace of their passage.