tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cost effectiveness of antenatal screening for cystic fibrosis
Authors: H S Cuckle, G A Richardson, T A Sheldon, P Quirke
Journal: BMJ (1995)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Basing on the adriamycin-induced chronic heart failure (CHF), the present study elucidated whether the effect of Ginsenosides-Rbl (Gs-Rb1) improving cardiac function was performed by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. <h3>Methods</h3> CHF models of rats were performed by adriamycin, in vito, and the neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were cultured, <i>ex vivo</i>. Then CHF rats were randomly divided into control group (n = 15), adriamycin group (n = 15) and Gs-Rb1 group (70 mg/kg·d, n = 17), and cells randomly divided into control group, adriamycin group (1 umol/L) and Gs-Rb1 group (200 uMol/L), too. After the intervention being performed, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was analysed by echoeardiography, the expression of NF-κB, IκBα, p-IκBα and NF-κB DNA binding activity were assayed. <h3>Results</h3> 1. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly improved in Gs-Rb1 group than in adriamycin group (P = 0.003). 2. Both protein of NF-κB p50 and NF-κB p65 were significantly up-regulated in adriamycin group than in control group (P &lt; 0.01), and significantly down-regulated in Gs-Rb1 group than in adriamycin group, <i>in vivo</i> and <i>ex vivo</i>. 3. NF-κB DNA binding activity was significantly up-regulated in adriamycin group than in control group, which were significantly down-regulated in Gs-Rb1 group than in adriamycin group. 4. IκBα protein was significantly up-regulated by adriamycin, especially by Gs-Rb1, compared to control; IκBα significantly down-regulated in Gs-Rb1 group than in adriamycin group, <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Both p-IκBα protein and p-IκBα/IκBα ratio were significantly higher in adriamycin group than in control group, both of which were significantly lower in Gs-Rb1 group than in adriamycin group, <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The effects of Gs-Rb1, relieving CHF, were partly performed by means of adjusting NF-κB at least.
THE EFFECT OF NOREPINEPHRINE ON CARDIAC OUTPUT, ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE, AND HEART RATE IN DOGS TREATED WITH CHLOROTHIAZIDE*†
Authors: John W. Eckstein, Francois M. Abboud, Santiago A. Pereda
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1962)

Forearm blood flow in normal human subjects was found to decrease progressively during intra- venous infusions of norepinephrine as the rate of infusion increased (2).After 1 week of treat- ment with chlorothiazide, the same subjects re- sponded to the same doses of norepinephrine with progressive increases in flow.This reversal of the response might be interpreted as redistribution of blood flow into the extremity because of relatively greater vasoconstriction in other vascular beds.It also could be the result of increased cardiac output with the proportion of blood flow to the vari- ous vascular beds remaining the same.The latter hypothesis seemed more attractive.The experiments to be reported here were done on intact dogs to see if treatment with chlorothiazide alters hemodynamic responses to norepinephrine. METHODS AND PROCEDUREThe experiments were done on 12 male, mongrel dogs weighing 10 to 15 kg.Six were given daily intravenous injections of chlorothiazide, 25 mg per kg for 7 days.Six were untreated.All were given water ad libitum and the same diet (based on body weight) of canned commercial dog food for 7 days before the acute experiments were carried out.A program was arranged so
Blood Glucose Responses to Type, Intensity, Duration, and Timing of Exercise
Authors: Sheri R. Colberg, Manuel J. Hernandez, Fatima Shahzad
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

The Big Blue Test (BBT) is an annual initiative by the Diabetes Hands Foundation to raise awareness of the importance of physical activity in managing diabetes. Individuals with diabetes voluntarily exercise and record self-monitored blood glucose levels. During the 2012 BBT, 5,157 diabetic participants (∼90% insulin users) anonymously entered exercise type, intensity, duration, time elapsed since last meal, and blood glucose readings before and after one or more bouts of exercise separately through www.BigBlueTest.org or an iPhone app.

Based on a prior BBT (1), exercise choices were walking, running/jogging, cycling, conditioning machines, dancing, and other exercise (nonspecified). Intensity was moderate or vigorous. Duration was ≤10, 11–19, 20–29, or ≥30 min. The timing of exercise after the last meal was 30 min and 1, 2, or ≥3 h ago. Data were reported as mean ± SD.

Walking was reported most frequently (48.5%), followed …
N-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate: A Supplement to Endoscopic Sclerotherapy
Authors: N. Soehendra, H. Grimm, V.Ch. Nam, B. Berger
Journal: Endoscopy (1987)

We report on our two years' experience with the tissue adhesive n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. During this period 202 patients suffering from esophagogastric varices were treated endoscopically. With the aid of the tissue adhesive the conventional sclerotherapy with Polidocanol 1 % has been clearly improved. Problems concerning early recurrent bleeding and fundic varices are satisfactorily solved. The endoscopic hemostasis of severe variceal bleedings has become safer and surer. The overall hospital mortality of these patients has sunk from 31.5 to 17.5 %. Cyanoacrylate is a very useful substance for obliterating large esophagogastric varices. However, the complete elimination of esophageal varices, which is the guarantee for a long-term freedom from recurrent bleeding, can only be achieved by using a genuine sclerosing agent.
Research sparks public concern about risk from nuclear power
Authors: Annette Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The human malaria parasite, <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>, contains an essential plastid called the apicoplast. Most of apicoplast proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and it is unclear how the plastid proteome is regulated. Here, we study an apicoplast-localized caseinolytic-protease (Clp) system and how it regulates organelle proteostasis. Using null and conditional mutants, we demonstrated that the Clp protease (PfClpP) has robust enzymatic activity that is essential for apicoplast biogenesis. We developed a CRISPR/Cas9 based system to express catalytically-dead PfClpP, which showed that PfClpP oligomerizes as a zymogen and matured via trans-autocatalysis. The expression of a Clp chaperone (PfClpC) mutant led to the discovery of a functional chaperone-protease interaction essential for plastid function. Conditional mutants of the substrate-adaptor (PfClpS) demonstrated its essential function in plastid biogenesis. A combination of multiple affinity purification screens identified the Clp complex composition as well as putative Clp substrates. This comprehensive study reveals the molecular composition and interactions influencing the proteolytic function of the apicoplast Clp system and demonstrates its central role in the biogenesis of the plastid in malaria parasites.
Hippocrates of Ostia
Authors: Dickinson W. Richards
Journal: JAMA (1968)

My purpose is to give you a description and a picture of Hippocrates, as accurate and vivid a picture as I can, to include what he looked like, and also what he was. How is it possible to reach back into the shadows, 2,400 years ago, find the man, distinguish and identify him out of the myths, legends, and errors that obscure him? There have been biographies, those now extant having been written many centuries after his death; there are a few contemporary references; there are the man's own writings and those of his school; and there are coins, statuary, and mosaics representing his likeness with greater or lesser authenticity—these almost wholly of the Roman era or later. Hippocrates was born on the island of Cos, near the Asian mainland, about 460 BC, and died and was buried near Larissa in Thessaly, around 370 or 360 BC. His life spanned
The vascular lesions associated with skin necrosis in renal disease
Authors: Y.L. CHAN, J.F. MAHONY, J.J. TURNER, S. POSEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

Three renal allograft recipients and one uraemic patient presented with skin necrosis. In all cases, the subcutaneous arteries and arterioles were narrowed or occluded by mural calcification with or without intimal fibrosis. A review of the literature shows that uraemic patients or allograft recipients with skin necrosis involving the trunk or thighs have a poor prognosis while recovery is common in patients with more peripheral lesions. The aetiology of the arterial lesions is unknown. Their relationship to renal disorders and/or hyperparathyroidism is uncertain and therapy remains unsatisfactory.
P2X3-Immunoreactive Nerve Fibres in Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity and the Effect of Intravesical Resiniferatoxin*1
Authors: Ciaran M Brady, Apostolos Apostolidis, Yiangos Yiangou, Preston A Baecker, Anthony P Ford, Alex Freeman, Thomas S Jacques, Clare J Fowler, Praveen Anand
Journal: European Urology (2004)
Altering the Trajectory of Anxiety in At-Risk Young Children
Authors: Ronald M. Rapee, Susan J. Kennedy, Michelle Ingram, Susan L. Edwards, Lynne Sweeney
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2010)

Increasing evidence for the importance of several risk factors for anxiety disorders is beginning to point to the possibility of prevention. Early interventions targeting known risk for anxiety have rarely been evaluated. The authors evaluated the medium-term (3-year) effects of a parent-focused intervention for anxiety in inhibited preschool-age children.The study was a randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention program provided to parents compared with a monitoring-only condition. Participants were 146 inhibited preschool-age children and their parents; data from two or more assessment points were available at 3 years for 121 children. Study inclusion was based on parent-reported screening plus laboratory-observed inhibition. The six-session group-based intervention included parenting skills, cognitive restructuring, and in vivo exposure. The main outcome measures were number and severity of anxiety disorders, anxiety symptoms, and extent of inhibition.Children whose parents received the intervention showed lower frequency and severity of anxiety disorders and lower levels of anxiety symptoms according to maternal, paternal, and child report. Levels of inhibition did not differ significantly based on either parent report or laboratory observation.This brief, inexpensive intervention shows promise in potentially altering the trajectory of anxiety and related disorders in young inhibited children.
PMO-174 Intrahepatic natural killer cell phenotyping and functional analysis by fine needle aspiration in chronic HCV infection
Authors: T Pembroke, E Wang, A Gallimore, A Godkin
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection results in chronic infection in the majority of subjects, indicating viral immunoevasion strategies. Treatment with interferon alpha (IFNα) stimulates the immune system but the role of NK cells remains unclear. <h3>Methods</h3> Intra-hepatic NK cells were obtained from 20 HCV infected donors prior to treatment and 16 non-viral chronic liver disease (CLD) patients along with paired peripheral blood samples. NK phenotype (CD16, NKp30, NKp46, NKG2D and NKG2A) and functional profile (Ki67, CD107a, IFN-γ and Granzyme B) was assessed by flow cytometry. In a separate cohort of 8 HCV patients, who had completed treatment, rate of viral clearance was calculated and pre-treatment peripheral blood NK phenotype and CD107a expression in response to increasing stimulation was measured. At low-level stimulation peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were incubated overnight with 50 u/ml IFNα and exposed to Huh7. Five target cells and at maximal stimulation PBMCs were incubated with 1000 u/ml IFNα and K562 target cells. <h3>Results</h3> Intrahepatic vs peripheral blood NK cells demonstrated significantly less expression of CD16 (p NKG2D and NKp30 expression was increased in PBMCs of HCV patients with a more striking down regulation of NKG2D in the liver (p. There was no difference in NKp46 or NKG2A expression between the intrahepatic and peripheral NK cells in either cohort. However, the necroinflammatory score of HCV subjects correlated with NKp46 expression (p=0.003), CD107a expression (p=0.05) and IFN-γ (p=0.05). In the treated cohort, an increased rate of viral clearance correlated with an increased ability of the NK cells to upregulate CD107a (r<sup>2</sup>=0.5 p&lt;0.05) to increasing stimulation, which was inversely correlated with expression of NKp46 (r<sup>2</sup>=0.85 p=0.001) at baseline. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Intrahepatic NK cells acquire a distinct phenotype and functional profile. NK phenotype and function correlates with necroinflammatory score in HCV infection. The NK cells ability to be activated with IFNα is associated with rapid control of the virus. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
Inversion of the normal interatrial septum convexity in acute myocardial infarction: Incidence, clinical relevance and prognostic significance
Authors: José López-Sendón, Esteban López de Sá, Immaculada Roldán, Rafael Fernández de Soria, Francisco Ramos, Luis Martín Jadraque
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
ACQUIRED TOLERANCE OF GONOCOCCI IN CULTURE TO MERCUROCHROME-220 SOLUBLE
Authors: CLARENCE C. SAELHOF
Journal: JAMA (1925)

Lately, it has been reported that mercurochrome-220 soluble fails to cure gonorrhea.<sup>1</sup>Assuming that the drug was applied in a manner to obtain most efficient treatment, these failures might be accounted for on the basis that too numerous applications cause a tolerance of the gonoccocus for the drug. In various reports of the treatment of gonorrhea, the main theme has been the alternate use of a dye and a silver preparation, that the most efficient treatment might be effected. Von Lackum and Hager 2 divide acute gonorrhea into arbitrary periods of seven to ten days, and in each of the first two periods use alternately a silver and a dye preparation. They state that in early chronic gonorrhea the patients "have already had too much treatment with protargin mild, and therefore do not respond well to its use. It is probable that here again a tolerance is developed on
HIV-1 Viral Load Assays for Resource-Limited Settings: Clades Matter
Authors: Wolfgang Preiser, Jan Felix Drexler, Christian Drosten
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

The paper by Fiscus et al. gives an excellent overview of current technologies to measure  viral load (VL) and highlights the problems with finding assays that whilst affordable and practicable provide reliable and high-quality results to guide patient management in resource-constrained settings. One concern which in our mind does not receive enough attention in the paper is HIV variability. The assays ability to reliably quantitate non-B  subtypes and strains is of paramount importance given the predominance of non-B HIV infections in developing countries. Unfortunately genotype bias has not been assessed systematically for most of the assays described in the paper. In our recent paper Ultrasensitive Monitoring of  Viral Load by a Low-Cost Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay with Internal Control for the 5 Long Terminal Repeat Domain (which is found by Fiscus et al.s PubMed search strategy for HIV-1 viral load AND resource-limited settings but presumably just missed the deadline for) we describe an inexpensive assay targeting the conserved long terminal repeat (LTR) domain of HIV-1.   (excerpt)
Positive selection of mC46-expressing CD4+ T cells and maintenance of virus specific immunity in a primate AIDS model
Authors: Patrick M. Younan, Patricia Polacino, John P. Kowalski, Christopher W. Peterson, Nicholas J. Maurice, Nathaniel P. Williams, On Ho, Grant D. Trobridge, Dorothee Von Laer, Martin Prlic, Brian C. Beard, Stephen DeRosa, Shiu-Lok Hu, Hans-Peter Kiem
Journal: Blood (2013)
Association of Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence and Health Care Costs
Authors: Jean B. Nachega, Rory Leisegang, David Bishai, Hoang Nguyen, Michael Hislop, Susan Cleary, Leon Regensberg, Gary Maartens
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence predicts HIV disease progression and survival, but its effect on direct health care costs is unclear. Objective: To determine the effect of ART adherence on direct health care costs among adults in a resource-limited setting. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Aid for AIDS, a private-sector disease management program in South Africa. Patients: 6833 HIV-infected adults who started ART between 6 August 2000 and 30 April 2006. Measurements: Monthly direct health care costs authorized by Aid for AIDS were averaged over all months. Pharmacy claim adherence, expressed as a percentage, was categorized into quartiles, from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). Effects of covariates on monthly total costs were assessed with a 2-step model with logit for probability of nonzero costs and a generalized linear model (GLM). Results: Total mean monthly costs were $370 (SD, $644). Mean monthly costs of ART were $32 (SD, $18); hospitalizations, $151 (SD, $436); consultations, $76 (SD, $66); investigations, $37 (SD, $50); and non-ART medications, $53 (SD, $180). Total mean monthly costs ranged from $313 (SD, $598) for quartile 4 to $376 (SD, $657) for quartile 1. Hospitalization costs increased from 29% to 51% of total costs as adherence decreased. In the GLM 2-step model, moving from adherence quartile 1 to quartile 2, 3, or 4 increased the probability of having nonzero total monthly costs by 0.078, 0.15, and 0.21 percentage point, respectively (P < 0.001). For patients with nonzero costs, increasing adherence from quartile 1 to quartile 2, 3, or 4 decreased total monthly costs by $70, $133, and $192, respectively (P < 0.001). Moving from adherence quartiles 1 to 4 had the highest decrease in net overall median monthly health care costs (–$85 [interquartile range, –$116 to –$41]). Limitations: Indirect health care costs were not included. Experience may not reflect that of public HIV/AIDS programs. Conclusion: High ART adherence was associated with lower mean monthly direct health care costs, particularly reduced hospitalization costs, in this South African HIV cohort. Primary Funding Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, John McGoldrick Senior Fellowship for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.
FACIAL ERYSIPELAS—TREATED WITH EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS OF GUAIACOL.
Authors: CHAS. J. WHALEN
Journal: JAMA (1894)

A review of the latest literature on erysipelas reveals, on the whole, a very unsatisfactory state as regards the treatment, and marked discrepancies exist in the writings of different authors on the subject. On this account I wish to place before you some observations based on a personal experience with this disease, treated by the external application of guaiacol. <i>Etiology</i>.-—Dr. J, M. Anders of Pennsylvania, gives elaborate statistics to prove that debilitating diseases greatly predispose to this disease. The primary cause is the streptococcus erysipelatosis discovered by Fehleisen. Jordan is of the opinion that the specificity of Fehleisen's erysipelococcus is questionable, and that its identity with the streptococcus pyogenes is probable. He has studied this subject carefully with reference to this question, and has drawn from his observation the conclusion: That erysipelas is etiologically not a specific disease; that, as a rule, it is caused by the streptococcus pyogenes, but
ACUTE DIFFUSE PERITONITIS: A Series of Twenty-one Consecutive Cases
Authors: B. Hughes
Journal: BMJ (1919)

THE peritoneal cavity is one large complex bursal sac containing, in addition to several diverticula, the hollow and solid abdominal viscera.The viscera, which are retroperitoneal, possess a liberal blood'supply, particularly the intestine.The main diverticula or pouches are the recto-vesical, the kidney pouches, the retro-caecal, the retro-sigmoid, tlle hepatico-renal, and the pouches about the termination of the duodenum.It would naturally be surmised that in infection these pouches would form suitable places for the development of sepsis, and eventually localized abscesses, but in reality
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction as an expression of bronchial hyperreactivity: a study of its mechanisms in children.
Authors: H J Neijens, T Wesselius, K F Kerrebijn
Journal: Thorax (1981)

The mechanism of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) was studied by observing the protective effects of several aerosol agents in a double-blind, randomised trial.Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction was not affected by placebo, but was reduced by each agent used (p < 0 001).Blocking the parasympathetic system had the weakest effect, while f2 adrenergic stimulation produced the strongest effect which was significantly different from the parasympatholytic (p < 0.02).The effect of the mast cell stabiliser, sodium cromoglycate (SCG) was found to be intermediate.However in some patients SCG had a stronger effect than the f2 adrenergic agonist.A relationship was found between EIB and bronchial hyperreactivity induced by histamine (p < 0 05).
THE TREATMENT OF LUPUS VULGARIS
Authors: S. Lomholt
Journal: BMJ (1934)

Lupus vulgaris does not b3long to the common diseases.Stiuhmer thinks that in Germany the frequency of patients with lupus vulgaris (pr2sent or cured) is about 1 per 1,000 inhabitants.The incidence is much the same in Denmark, where from a population of about three millions we receive some 100 new cases each year.The serious character of the disease is due to the following features: (1) its extremely chronic course- patients who havei once contracted lupus hardly ever get rid of it without treatment; (2)-the fact that it attacks young persons, spoiling the years of their youth and marking them for the rest of their life -and (3) its localization, in a great majority of cases, to the face, where it produces permanent and markedly disfiguring destruction of tissues, often so extensive-that even if the disease itself is cured the tracks it leaves behind are so unsightly as considerably to handicap the patient in obtaining employment. General Features of the DiseaseLupus, as is well known, may arise in three different ways.(1) By direct inoculation, which is rare and only of slight practical significance, as the lesions produced in this way are generally small, benign, and most ofteln localized to the hands, where they are comparatively easy to cure.(2) By extension, as a rule in one of the following three ways: (a) from suppurating lymphadenitis involving the skin, most often from cervical or pre-auricular lymph glands; (b) from colliquative tuber- culosis involving the skin-this is seen most often in children; and (c) around a tuberculous fistula-for example, tuberculous osteitis, arthritis, etc. (3) By haematogenous (or lymphogenous) transplants from tuber- culous foci elsewhere in the body (lungs, lymph glands, or mucous membrane of the nose) this latter is by far the most prevalent.From these facts it obviously follows that the most rational procedure for the prevention of lupus is to combat the spread of tuberculosis as a whole.To this end main stress should be laid on reduction of the number of infection-carrying persons rather than on the treatment of the individual tuberculous patients.It is not persons infected with a clintcally serious form of tuberculosis- for example, pulmonary tuberculosis-who develop lupus; on the contrary, these patients seem to be fairly immune.On going through the data in respect of all new lupus patients admitted to the Finsen Institute during the decade of 1922-31, we have found that out of a total of 757 patients (224 men, 533 women) only twenty-six showed sigris of active tuberculosis.Among the re- mainder, fifty-five showed signs of old tuberculosis,