tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Foreign body aspiration in Tunisian children: Clinical, radiological and endoscopic features and outcome
Authors: Anissa Berraies, Jamel Ammar, Hanadi Abid, Essaied Wafa, Adel Marghli, Taher Mestiri, Agnès Hamzaoui
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Foreign body aspiration is a frequent accident among children under 3 years. Delay in diagnosis may lead to serious complications. The aim of this study is to describe the experience of a pediatric respiratory department in managing foreign body aspiration and to identify predictive factors of complications.  In 10 years (from 2002 to 2011) we performed 101 flexible bronchoscopies for suspicion of foreign body aspiration. A FB inhalation was confirmed in 75 children with a mean age of 32 months and a sex ratio of 1.8. The FB was visualized in 64 cases and in three cases the the FB was9nt seen in first-line rigid bronchoscopy. Twenty three percent of children consult after 1 month. The common clinical manifestations of FB aspiration were persistent cough (66%) and history of choking (81%). The FB is in the right bronchial tree in 49.33% of cases and an inflammatory polyp was seen in 28 children. The most common FB was seeds and nuts: sunflower seeds in 12 cases and almonds in 5. Six children inhaled a scarf pin all of them in the last two years because of the change of clothing habits in our society. Fourteen Children developed bronchiectasis and 6 of them required resection. The organic nature of the FB is associated with this complication (p=0.01). In the group of children who developed complications, the time to diagnosis was longer 78 vs 43 days (NS). Inflammatory polyps were not predictors of complications.  Diagnosis of FB aspiration in children is difficult and misdiagnosis as respiratory infections may delay treatment and cause morbidity. Flexible bronchoscopy is a safe procedure and should be performed in suspicious cases.
An analysis of decisions by European general practitioners to admit to hospital patients with lower respiratory tract infections. The European Study Group of Community Acquired Pneumonia (ESOCAP) of the European Respiratory Society.
Authors: T. Schaberg, G. Gialdroni-Grassi, G. Huchon, P. Leophonte, F. Manresa, M. Woodhead
Journal: Thorax (1996)

The purpose of this study was to identify factors on which European general practitioners (GPs) base their decisions to admit to hospital patients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI).A survey was carried out from December 1993 to January 1994 to identify factors that affect GPs' decisions to admit to hospital patients with LRTI by collecting data on 2056 patients from 605 GPs in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK.Only 93 (4.5%) of the patients included in the study were admitted to hospital. Univariate analysis showed that age > 60 years, institutionalisation of the patient, concomitant diseases, cardiac insufficiency, asthma, a diagnosis of pneumonia, and clinical signs such as chest pain, cyanosis, tachypnoea and hypotension significantly (odds ratio (OR) > 2.0, p < 0.002) influenced the decision to admit to hospital. No influence could be shown for sex, smoking habits, history of bronchiectasis or chronic bronchitis, the presence of fever, chills, myalgia, cough or purulent sputum, and the diagnoses of acute bronchitis, influenza or exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. In the multivariate analysis only the presence of chest pain (OR 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 3.5), cyanosis (OR 4.1, 95% CI 2.4 to 7.1), dyspnoea (OR 4.9, 95% CI 3.1 to 7.9), and hypotension (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6 to 5.2), as well as a diagnosis of pneumonia (OR 6.6, 95% CI 4.3 to 10) (all p < 0.00001) remained as factors that significantly affected the decision to admit to hospital.Clinical signs of severe infection and a diagnosis of pneumonia are the main factors that induce GPs to admit patients with LRTI to hospital in Europe.
Evidence for a non-β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) binding site in human lung tissue for the long acting β2-agonist (LABA) vilanterol
Authors: Rob Slack, Vikki Barrett, Alison Ford, Richard Knowles
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background:  Vilanterol (VI) is a novel LABA with inherent 24 hour activity in development for inhaled once daily administration in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid for both COPD and asthma. We describe here an additional binding site in human lung tissue distinct from the orthosteric β 2 AR binding site in an  in vitro  binding assay.   Methods:  Radioligand saturation and competition binding experiments were performed by filtration with [ 3 H]VI or [ 3 H]propranolol and human lung parenchyma membranes at 37°C (+ 100µM Gpp(NH)p with NSB 10µM β 2 AR antagonist ICI118551). Competition binding with a range of unlabelled β 2 AR agonist/antagonists was determined (data shown mean ± SEM, n≥4). Statistical differences measured by ANOVA (Bonferroni post-test) with P    Results:  Saturation binding data were best fitted to a one affinity site model with pK D  values 8.8 ± 0.3 and 9.0 ± 0.1 and B max  values 0.5 ± 0.1 and 0.4 ± 0.1 pmol/mg for [ 3 H]VI and [ 3 H]propranolol, respectively. ICI118551, propranolol, salbutamol, formoterol and carmoterol resulted in inhibition of [ 3 H]VI (∼0.3nM) binding to levels significantly different from VI. Indacaterol and salmeterol resulted in inhibition of [ 3 H]VI (∼0.3nM) binding to levels not significantly different from VI. Indacaterol and VI resulted in inhibition of [ 3 H]propranolol (∼1.7nM) binding to levels not significantly different from ICI118551.   Conclusions:  VI exhibits a high affinity for the orthosteric β 2 AR binding site in human lung parenchyma membranes. In addition, VI binds to an additional binding site, distinct from the functional orthosteric β 2 AR binding site shared with salmeterol and indacaterol.
Recognition of histocompatibility determinants controls reactivity of auto-sensitized lymphocytes against neural tissues.
Authors: J Cunningham, A de Vere-Tyndall, P McCullagh
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1980)

Thoracic duct lymphocytes from rats sensitized against syngeneic spinal cord rapidly produce damage in cultures of syngeneic cerebellar cells but coexist indefintely with allogeneic cultures. Lymphocytes from donors that have been sensitized against allogeneic spinal cord attack cultures of syngeneic and specific allogeneic cerebellum but not cells from rats of a third, unrelated strain.
Randomised controlled trials: balance in baseline characteristics
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Researchers investigated the effectiveness of helmet therapy for positional skull deformation in infants aged 5-6 months. A randomised controlled trial study design was used. Helmet therapy was delivered for six months. Control treatment was no treatment, which consisted of the natural course of skull deformation. Participants were 84 infants aged 5-6 months with moderate to severe skull deformation. Infants were assigned to helmet therapy (n=42) or the natural course of the condition (n=42) using random allocation with a block size of eight.1 The main outcomes were anthropometric measurements of the change in skull shape from baseline to 24 months of age, including the oblique diameter difference index and cranioproportional index. Statistical hypothesis testing was used to compare the treatment groups in baseline characteristics, including sex distribution, age, birth rank, health problems, and ethnicity, plus education level of the parents. The researchers reported that the treatment groups were comparable in baseline characteristics. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups in the main outcome measures. Furthermore, helmet therapy was associated with a high prevalence of side effects. Because helmet therapy also involved high costs, the researchers discouraged the use of this treatment in healthy infants with moderate to severe skull deformation. Which of the following statements, if any, are true?
Smoking is associated with increased resting energy expenditure in the general population: The NEO study
Authors: Lisanne L. Blauw, Mariëtte R. Boon, Frits R. Rosendaal, Renée de Mutsert, Karin B. Gast, Ko Willems van Dijk, Patrick C.N. Rensen, Olaf M. Dekkers
Journal: Metabolism (2015)
Multinational, Double-Blind, Phase III Study of Prednisone and Either Satraplatin or Placebo in Patients With Castrate-Refractory Prostate Cancer Progressing After Prior Chemotherapy: The SPARC Trial
Authors: Cora N. Sternberg, Daniel P. Petrylak, Oliver Sartor, J. Alfred Witjes, Tomasz Demkow, Jean-Marc Ferrero, Jean-Christophe Eymard, Silvia Falcon, Fabio Calabrò, Nicholas James, Istvan Bodrogi, Peter Harper, Manfred Wirth, William Berry, Michael E. Petrone, Thomas J. McKearn, Mojtaba Noursalehi, Martine George, Marcel Rozencweig
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Purpose This multinational, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III trial assessed the efficacy and tolerability of the oral platinum analog satraplatin in patients with metastatic castrate-refractory prostate cancer (CRPC) experiencing progression after one prior chemotherapy regimen. Patients and Methods Nine hundred fifty patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive oral satraplatin (n = 635) 80 mg/m 2 on days 1 to 5 of a 35-day cycle and prednisone 5 mg twice daily or placebo (n = 315) and prednisone 5 mg twice daily. Primary end points were progression-free survival and overall survival (OS). The secondary end point was time to pain progression (TPP). Results A 33% reduction (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.77; P &lt; .001) was observed in the risk of progression or death with satraplatin versus placebo. This effect was maintained irrespective of prior docetaxel treatment. No difference in OS was seen between the satraplatin and placebo arms (HR = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.15; P = .80). Compared with placebo, satraplatin significantly reduced TPP (HR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.79; P &lt; .001). Satraplatin was generally well tolerated, although myelosuppression and GI disorders occurred more frequently with satraplatin. Conclusion Oral satraplatin delayed progression of disease and pain in patients with metastatic CRPC experiencing progression after initial chemotherapy but did not provide a significant OS benefit. Satraplatin was generally well tolerated. These results suggest activity for satraplatin in patients with CRPC who experience progression after initial chemotherapy.
Second Cancers Among 40 576 Testicular Cancer Patients: Focus on Long-term Survivors
Authors: Lois B. Travis, Sophie D. Fosså, Sara J. Schonfeld, Mary L. McMaster, Charles F. Lynch, Hans Storm, Per Hall, Eric Holowaty, Aage Andersen, Eero Pukkala, Michael Andersson, Magnus Kaijser, Mary Gospodarowicz, Timo Joensuu, Randi J. Cohen, John D. Boice, Graça M. Dores, Ethel S. Gilbert
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2005)

Although second primary cancers are a leading cause of death among men with testicular cancer, few studies have quantified risks among long-term survivors.Within 14 population-based tumor registries in Europe and North America (1943-2001), we identified 40,576 1-year survivors of testicular cancer and ascertained data on any new incident solid tumors among these patients. We used Poisson regression analysis to model relative risks (RRs) and excess absolute risks (EARs) of second solid cancers. All statistical tests were two-sided.A total of 2,285 second solid cancers were reported in the cohort. The relative risk and EAR decreased with increasing age at testicular cancer diagnosis (P < .001); the EAR increased with attained age (P < .001) but the excess RR decreased. Among 10-year survivors diagnosed with testicular cancer at age 35 years, the risk of developing a second solid tumor was increased (RR = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8 to 2.1). Risk remained statistically significantly elevated for 35 years (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.5 to 2.0; P < .001). We observed statistically significantly elevated risks, for the first time, for cancers of the pleura (malignant mesothelioma; RR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.7 to 5.9) and esophagus (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0 to 2.6). Cancers of the lung (RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2 to 1.7), colon (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.7 to 2.5), bladder (RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 2.2 to 3.1), pancreas (RR = 3.6, 95% CI = 2.8 to 4.6), and stomach (RR = 4.0, 95% CI = 3.2 to 4.8) accounted for almost 60% of the total excess. Overall patterns were similar for seminoma and nonseminoma patients, with lower risks observed for nonseminoma patients treated after 1975. Statistically significantly increased risks of solid cancers were observed among patients treated with radiotherapy alone (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.9 to 2.2), chemotherapy alone (RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.3 to 2.5), and both (RR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.9 to 4.2). For patients diagnosed with seminomas or nonseminomatous tumors at age 35 years, cumulative risks of solid cancer 40 years later (i.e., to age 75 years) were 36% and 31%, respectively, compared with 23% for the general population.Testicular cancer survivors are at statistically significantly increased risk of solid tumors for at least 35 years after treatment. Young patients may experience high levels of risk as they reach older ages. The statistically significantly increased risk of malignant mesothelioma in testicular cancer survivors has, to our knowledge, not been observed previously in a cohort of patients treated with radiotherapy.
Association between<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>and mortality in the NHANES III study
Authors: Yu Chen, Stephanie Segers, Martin J Blaser
Journal: Gut (2013)

Persistent colonisation by Helicobacter pylori, and especially by cagA-positive strains, has been related to several health outcomes with effects in opposite directions. Thus, it is important to evaluate its influence on total and category-specific mortality.
Randomized Phase Ii Study of Mehd7945A (Mehd) Vs Cetuximab (Cet) in &gt;= 2Nd-Line Recurrent/Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head &amp; Neck (Rmscchn) Progressive On/After Platinum-Based Chemotherapy (Ptct)
Authors: J. Fayette, L.J. Wirth, C. Oprean, R. Hitt, A. Udrea, A. Jimeno, D. Rischin, C. Nutting, P. Harari, T. Cso˝szi, D. Cernea, X. Wang, A. Kapp, M. Anderson, E. Penuel, B. McCall, A. Pirzkall, J.B. Vermorken
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
THE OXIDASE REACTION IN THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF GONORRHOEA
Authors: I. N. O. Price
Journal: BMJ (1929)

THE oxidase reaction is due to the presence of oxidLizing leiments in certain organisms, arid is chaijacterized by a icolour reaction prioduced when a reagent, such as dimethyl- para-phenylene-diamine hydrochloride, is pouried on to the colonies-of these organisms.The reaction is not specific for any orgaiiism, but is given, amongst others, by 7f.anthraclis, B. pyocyaiieuls, B. .btiBiS,cholerae, and the Neisserian grouttp.Dietrichi and Liebermeisterl in 1902, wh-lilst studying the detailed structure of the anthrax bacillus., made use of the oxidizing ferments present.In 1910 Scrhnltze published a paper2 on methods of obseirving oxidation and reduction in bacteria, and nioted the organisms giviiig rise to this oxidase reaction.Kramer3 ini 1912 confirnmed this work.Little further progress was nmade until 1928, wheni Golrdon and McLeod published a paper4 colnfiriming niost of Schultze'.swork, but they modified the latter's method so thlat it could be uised as a meanis of (lifferential diagnosis in mixe(l cultures and not be limited to pnre sutbfcultures.Their method was used throulghont the present investiga- tion, and consists in pouring oni to the colonies of the organism-ls either phenylene-diamiue hvd-rochloride or dimiietliyl-par a-phenylene-dliamine `hydrochloride.Those
5' regulatory region of a novel cytokine gene mediates selective activation by interferon gamma.
Authors: T M Wright, J M Farber
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

A newly described member of the platelet factor 4 family of cytokine genes, mig, is selectively induced by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and not IFN-alpha, in the mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with IFN-gamma activated mig gene transcription as determined by nuclear run-on assays. mig genomic clones were isolated, and constructs containing genomic fragments that included the mig promoter region and the CAT reporter gene were prepared. In RAW 264.7 cells transfected with these constructs, CAT activity was found to be selectively induced by IFN-gamma. A 278-bp genomic fragment containing 235 nucleotides 5' of the transcription start site was sufficient for IFN-gamma-selective induction of CAT activity. Analysis of 5' deletion mutants localized a region essential for activation by IFN-gamma to within 64 nucleotides extending from -235 to -172. A genomic fragment containing this sequence was capable of conferring IFN-gamma inducibility to constructs with a heterologous promoter.
Reflecting on 80 years of excellence
Authors: Ushma Savla
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

A small group of members of the American Society for Clinical Investigation began chatting in 1916 about the possibility of launching a new biomedical research journal. By October 1924, they managed to make the idea a reality with the publication of the first issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation. Our 80th birthday seems an appropriate time to reflect on the history of biomedical science as it has been played out on our pages.
Front-Line Therapy With Second-Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Patients With Early Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: What Is the Optimal Response?
Authors: Elias Jabbour, Hagop M. Kantarjian, Susan O'Brien, Jianqin Shan, Alfonso Quintás-Cardama, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Mary Beth Rios, Jorge E. Cortes
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Purpose The response definitions proposed by the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) are defined on the basis of imatinib front-line therapy. It is unknown whether these definitions apply to patients treated with second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Patients and Methods One hundred sixty-seven patients with newly diagnosed chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in chronic phase were treated with second-generation TKIs in phase II trials (nilotinib, 81; dasatinib, 86). Median follow-up was 33 months. Event-free survival (EFS) was measured from the start of treatment to the date of loss of complete hematologic response, loss of complete or major cytogenetic response, discontinuation of therapy for toxicity or lack of efficacy, progression to accelerated or blastic phases, or death at any time. Results Overall, 155 patients (93%) achieved complete cytogenetic response (CCyR), including 146 (87%) with major molecular response (MMR; complete in 46 patients [28%]). According to the ELN definitions, the rates of suboptimal response were 0%, 2%, 1%, and 12% at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months of therapy, respectively. There was no difference in EFS and CCyR duration between patients who achieved CCyR with and without MMR across all the landmark times of 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Conclusion The use of second-generation TKIs as initial therapy in CML induces high rates of CCyR at early time points. The ELN definitions of response proposed for imatinib therapy are not applicable in this setting. We propose that achievement of CCyR and partial cytogenetic response at 3 months should be considered optimal and suboptimal responses, respectively. The achievement of MMR offered no advantage over CCyR in defining long-term outcome in patients with newly diagnosed CML treated with second-generation TKIs.
Embolotherapy for massive upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage secondary to metastatic renal cell carcinoma: report of three cases.
Authors: M A Blake, A Owens, D P O'Donoghue, D P MacErlean
Journal: Gut (1995)

Three cases are reported in which angiographic embolisation therapy was effective in arresting upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to metastatic hypernephroma. Each patient had histologically confirmed disseminated renal cell carcinoma and presented with recurrent haematemeses with a successful outcome following palliative embolisation therapy.
Endothelin-A Receptor Blockade Improves Renal Microvascular Architecture and Function in Experimental Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Alejandro R. Chade, James D. Krier, Stephen C. Textor, Amir Lerman, Lilach O. Lerman
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

Hypercholesterolemia (HC) may trigger early renal injury, partly by impairing the function or the structure of renal microvessels (MV). The endothelin (ET) system is upregulated in HC and can have an impact on the renal microcirculation by regulating MV tone, growth factors, and remodeling. It was hypothesized that ET-A blockade would protect the HC kidney by improving the function and attenuating the damage of intrarenal MV. Single-kidney function and hemodynamic responses to endothelium-dependent challenge were assessed in pigs after 12 wk of experimental HC, HC and chronic supplementation with the ET receptor A blocker ABT-627 (HC+ET-A, 0.75 mg/kg per d), and normal controls. Renal MV architecture then was studied ex vivo using three-dimensional microcomputed tomography imaging, and growth factors and remodeling pathways were explored in renal tissue. The HC kidney showed increased MV density compared with normal (77.68 +/- 5.1 versus 62.9 +/- 4.8 vessels/cm(2); P = 0.04) but blunted endothelial function. Chronic ET-A blockade in HC upregulated renal vascular growth factors, further increased renal MV density (139.9 +/- 8.4 vessels/cm(2); P = 0.001 versus normal and HC), and decreased renal tissue and MV remodeling. Furthermore, ET-A blockade in HC decreased MV tortuosity and improved MV endothelial function, suggesting accelerated stabilization and maturation of neo-vessels. Modulation of renal MV architecture and function in HC is mediated partly by the endogenous ET system. Notably, ET-A blockade enhanced the proliferation and facilitated the maturation of renal MV in the HC kidney and improved renal MV remodeling and function. This study suggests novel renoprotective effects of ET-A blockers and supports further exploration of strategies that target the ET pathway in HC and atherosclerosis.
Myocardial High Energy Phosphate Stores in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
Authors: PETER E. POOL, JAMES F. SPANN, ROBERT A. BUCCINO, EDMUND H. SONNENBLICK, EUGENE BRAUNWALD, Shirley C. Seogren
Journal: Circulation Research (1967)

The aim of this study was to determine whether the impairment of contractility in the myocardium obtained from hypertrophied and failing hearts is due to a decreased store of energy and whether an imbalance exists between energy production and energy utilization in these hearts in vivo. Right ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular failure were produced in cats by constriction of the main pulmonary artery. Concentrations of creatine phosphate (CP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were determined in samples removed from the right ventricles of these animals during life and in papillary muscles isolated from these same hearts. The papillary muscles from the cats with hypertrophy and failure exhibited depressed intrinsic contractility. The stores of ATP were normal in both the ventricular muscles and the papillary muscles in animals with hypertrophy and failure. Although the stores of CP were significantly depressed in the right ventricles of these animals, the stores had increased toward normal in papillary muscles isolated from these same hearts in vitro. The finding of normal energy stores in the papillary muscles from animals with hypertrophy and failure indicates that their intrinsically depressed contractility cannot be due to reductions of their energy stores in vivo such as were found in the samples from the ventricular wall. The differences between high energy phosphate stores in failing heart in vivo and these stores as they are replenished in vitro also indicate that the in vivo depressions are secondary to an imbalance between energy production and energy utilization in the overloaded, hypertrophied and failing heart.