tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The changing role of animal toxicology in support of regulatory decisions.
Authors: F J Miller, J A Graham, D E Gardner
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

The Clean Air Act is the basic U.S. Federal law for controlling air pollution. Under Sections 108 and 109, primary (health) national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) can be set for pollutants which are ubiquitous in the ambient air. The standard-setting process includes a comprehensive summary of scientific information on effects and controls in criteria and control techniques, and the selection of an appropriate standard which, in the judgment of the Administrator, protects the health of normal and susceptible subpopulations with an adequate margin of safety. Determining the adequacy of existing NAAQS or establishing new standards requires that the scientific information base be evaluated to assess pollutant effects on public health. Improvements in this process can be accomplished not only through new health effects research, but also through improved use of currently available data. The commonality joining these two efforts is in the area of extrapolation modeling, which is the topic of this paper. Extrapolation modeling involves determining the effective dose delivered to the target organ of several species and the sensitivity of the target organ to that dose so that effective pollutant concentrations can be estimated across species. This in turn allows greater utilization of the results from animals in making judgments about the effects in man from exposure to a given pollutant.
The dermatology out-patient service: a study of out-patient referrals in a Scottish population
Authors: E. C. BENTON, J. A. A. HUNTER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

A comprehensive survey of the dermatology out-patient service, including private practice, was undertaken by the medical staff of the Department of Dermatology, in Edinburgh. The unit serves a population of 1,171,000 in the south-east region of Scotland. One thousand two hundred and thirty-two new patients and 1587 follow-up patients were seen in 1 month. Ninety-five per cent of new referrals were from general practitioners and the remaining 5% were from hospital doctors. Benign tumours (19.3%), viral warts (16.9%) and dermatitis/eczema (16.7%) accounted for over half of all new consultations. The routine waiting time for a clinic appointment was 5 weeks, but 9.5% of new patients were seen within 3 weeks of referral and a further 6.5% within 48 hours. Minor surgical procedures, excluding the treatment of viral warts, were carried out on 22% of new patients.
Molecular analysis of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency in a family with two cases of hepatoerythropoietic porphyria.
Authors: H de Verneuil, B Grandchamp, P H Romeo, N Raich, C Beaumont, M Goossens, H Nicolas, Y Nordmann
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

In order to determine the molecular basis of uroporphyrinogen (URO) decarboxylase deficiency responsible for hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP) and familial porphyria cutanea tarda, we used a human URO decarboxylase cDNA to analyze the organization and expression of the URO decarboxylase gene in lymphoblastoid cells from normal individuals and from two patients with HEP. We could detect neither deletions nor rearrangements in the URO decarboxylase gene. Synthesis, processing, and cell-free translation of the specific transcripts appeared to be normal. The half-life of the abnormal protein was 12 times shorter than that of the normal enzyme. The results indicate that the enzyme defect is due to a rapid degradation of the protein in vivo. This study is the first to provide information regarding the molecular mechanism responsible for the URO decarboxylase deficiency in HEP.
Changes in Serum Isoamylase Activities after Fibergastroduodenoscopy and Colonoscopy: Isoamylase after FGDS and FCS
Authors: T. Kobayashi, S. Fukuchi, S. Sawano, N. Yamada, T. Ikenaga, T. Sugimoto
Journal: Endoscopy (1979)

The effects of endoscopic examination on the changes in serum amylase activity were investigated in hospitalized patients without salivary and pancreatic disorders. Sixty-nine patients were selected for the peroral fibergastroduodenal endoscopy and twenty-three patients for the peranal fibercolonoscopy. Blood samples were drawn before, immediately after, 4 hrs and 24 hrs after the termination of the examinations. The serum activities of the salivary type isoamylase increased in 7 out of 69 cases 4 hrs after the examination with the fibergastroduodenoscope, but none in all 23 cases after the examination with the fibercolonoscope. On the other hand, the serum activity of the pancreatic type isoamylase did not change following both examinations. A significant rise in serum cortisol levels was induced by both examinations. There were no correlations between the rise in salivary type isoamylase and that in serum cortisol levels. These results did not suggest that the increase of salivary type isoamylase was mediated by the hypophysio-adrenocortical axis. Other possible mechanisms were discussed.
THE AETIOLOGY OF DANDRUFF AND THE MODE OF ACTION OF THERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Authors: SAM SHUSTER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Journal Article THE AETIOLOGY OF DANDRUFF AND THE MODE OF ACTION OF THERAPEUTIC AGENTS Get access SAM SHUSTER SAM SHUSTER Department of Dermatology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 111, Issue 2, 1 August 1984, Pages 235–242, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb04050.x Published: 01 August 1984
Imaging bone metastases in breast cancer: techniques and recommendations for diagnosis
Authors: Colleen M Costelloe, Eric M Rohren, John E Madewell, Tsuyoshi Hamaoka, Richard L Theriault, Tse-Kuan Yu, Valerae O Lewis, Jingfei Ma, R Jason Stafford, Ana M Tari, Gabriel N Hortobagyi, Naoto T Ueno
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2009)
Polymorphisms and Haplotypes of Acid Mammalian Chitinase Are Associated with Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Sibylle Bierbaum, Renate Nickel, Anja Koch, Susanne Lau, Klaus A. Deichmann, Ulrich Wahn, Andrea Superti-Furga, Andrea Heinzmann
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Chitinases are enzymes that cleave chitin, a polysaccharide contained in many parasites of humans. Recent studies in mouse models of bronchial asthma have shown that acid mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is involved in the pathophysiology of asthma. It acts downstream of interleukin-13; inhibition of AMCase leads to an abrogated T-helper cell 2 inflammation, less bronchial hyperreactivity, and fewer eosinophils.The aim of this study was to identify common genetic variants in human AMCase and to use them to test for association of AMCase with pediatric asthma.By sequencing the promotor region and all 11 exons on 30 individuals, 12 high-frequency polymorphisms were identified. Genotyping of six variants in exons and one promotor polymorphism was performed on the following populations by means of restriction fragment length polymorphisms: 322 children with asthma, 270 randomly chosen adult controls, and a pediatric control population consisting of 565 children who, at age 10 yr, had never wheezed and never been diagnosed having asthma.We identified three known and two new amino acid variants. Analyses by the Armitage's trend test using both control populations showed association of the newly identified variant K17R and the nearby noncoding polymorphism rs3818822 with asthma (p = 0.0031 and p = 0.0003, respectively). In addition, haplotype analyses revealed strong association of haplotypes with the disease (asthma population vs. pediatric control subjects, p < 10(-10)).This newly described association between AMCase polymorphisms and asthma adds further evidence supporting the involvement of AMCase in the development of asthma.
Effect of noradrenaline and isoprenaline on blood flow in the acutely ischaemic myocardium
Authors: G. E. MOORE, J. R. PARRATT
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1973)

After acute coronary artery ligation in anaesthesized cats, the myocardial blood flow response to noradrenaline (though not to isoprenaline) was profoundly modified. Noradrenaline decreased flow in the ischaemic areas when infused intravenously up to 1 hr after ligation. This effect of noradrenaline might contribute initially to the size of a potentially ischaemic area.
AT-40PROGNOSIS FACTORS IN GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME
Authors: Karine Michaud, Pascal Lavergne, Sylvine Cottin
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

BACKGROUND: A few factors are known to have an impact on survival for glioblastoma patients, like age, extent of resection and Karnofsky score. However, a lot remains to be understood to optimally treat these patients. The goal of our study was to find out the prognostic factors of patients in a non-clinical trial setting. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 355 adult patients who were treated for Glioblastoma Multiforme between 2007 and 2012. We reviewed the known prognosis factors. We estimated the extent of resection using the pre-op versus post-op post-Gadolinium MRI. The patients were classified as: biopsy, partial resection (> 10% remnant on post-op MRI), subtotal resection (< 10% remnant on post-op MRI) or total (no remnant on MRI). We also looked at the number of chemotherapy regimens after the adjuvant temozolomide. RESULTS: We proceeded to two multivariate analyses of all the data collected. The first one included all patients and extrapolated the data that was not available for some patients. The factors that were statistically associated with increased survival were: women sex (p = 0.0484), being treated with one (p < 0.001), two (p < 0.001) or three (p = 0.0016) regimens of chemotherapy, having a right-side tumor (p = 0.0312). In a second multivariate analysis we included only the patients whose data were complete (309/355). The factors that were statistically associated with increased survival were: chemotherapy; one to three regimens (p < 0,001), further regimens were not statistically related to survival. Factors associated with decreased survival were: biopsy alone, (p = 0,0006) partial resection (p = 0,0168), not having radiotherapy (p = 0,0034) and posterior fossa location (p = 0,0135). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As previously described, survival is increased with maximal safe resection. The use of multiple chemotherapy regimens improves survival, up to the third regimen. Surprisingly, patients with a longer delay before radiotherapy survived longer. This may reflect the fact that patients with biopsy alone were treated first.
A health-based approach for sampling shallow soils at hazardous waste sites using the AALsoil contact criterion.
Authors: P W Hadley, R M Sedman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Strategies for sampling shallow soils at hazardous waste sites are employed primarily to evaluate levels and distributions of contamination. The ensuing analyses of potential public health impacts are therefore dependent on the sampling design rather than having the sampling design based on the data needs for evaluating potential public health impacts of shallow soil contamination. We define a specific objective that guides the sampling of shallow soils. The sampling results can thereby be directly employed to evaluate potential public health impacts from direct contact exposures to shallow soil contamination.
Pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma
Authors: Robert Kridel, Laurie H. Sehn, Randy D. Gascoyne
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

The hallmark t(14;18)(q32;q21) in follicular lymphoma (FL) results in constitutive overexpression of the BCL2 protein, allowing B cells to abrogate the default germinal center apoptotic program. Most tumors are characterized by recurrent secondary genetic alterations including genomic gains, losses, and mutations, some providing a growth advantage, including alterations in MLL2, EPHA7, TNFRSF14, and EZH2. The sequence in which these events occur and how they contribute to progression and ultimately to transformation is unclear. Lastly, crosstalk between neoplastic B cells and non-neoplastic immune and stromal cells in the microenvironment plays an important role in sustaining tumor cell growth, cultivating immune privilege, and promoting transformation.
Sex Differences in Stroke Risk Among Older Patients With Recently Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Meytal Avgil Tsadok, Cynthia A Jackevicius, Elham Rahme, Karin H Humphries, Hassan Behlouli, Louise Pilote
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Stroke is a serious complication associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). Women with AF are at higher risk of stroke compared with men. Reasons for this higher stroke risk in women remain unclear, although some studies suggest that undertreatment with warfarin may be a cause.To compare utilization patterns of warfarin and the risk of subsequent stroke between older men and women with AF at the population level.Population-based cohort study of patients 65 years or older admitted to the hospital with recently diagnosed AF in the province of Quebec, Canada, 1998-2007, using administrative data with linkage between hospital discharge, physicians, and prescription drug claims databases.Risk of stroke.The cohort comprised 39,398 men (47.2%) and 44,115 women (52.8%). At admission, women were older and had a higher CHADS(2) (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack) score than men (1.99 [SD, 1.10] vs 1.74 [SD, 1.13], P < .001). At 30 days postdischarge, 58.2% of men and 60.6% of women had filled a warfarin prescription. In adjusted analysis, women appeared to fill more warfarin prescriptions compared with men (odds ratio, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.04-1.11]; P < .001). Adherence to warfarin treatment was good in both sexes. Crude stroke incidence was 2.02 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 1.95-2.10) in women vs 1.61 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 1.54-1.69) in men (P < .001). The sex difference was mainly driven by the population of patients 75 years or older. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, women had a higher risk of stroke than men (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.07-1.22]; P < .001), even after adjusting for baseline comorbid conditions, individual components of the CHADS(2) score, and warfarin treatment.Among older patients admitted with recently diagnosed AF, the risk of stroke was greater in women than in men, regardless of warfarin use.
Beyond Conflicts of Interest
Authors: David M. Shaw
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Young Women Following Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Baiju R. Shah, Ravi Retnakaran, Gillian L. Booth
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

To determine whether women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) following pregnancy.All women aged 20-49 years with live births between April 1994 and March 1997 in Ontario, Canada, were identified. Women with GDM were matched with 10 women without GDM and were followed for CVD.The matched cohorts included 8,191 women with GDM and 81,262 women without GDM. Mean age at entry was 31 years, and median follow-up was 11.5 years. The hazard ratio for CVD events was 1.71 (95% CI 1.08-2.69). After adjustment for subsequent type 2 diabetes, the hazard ratio was attenuated (1.13 [95% CI 0.67-1.89]).Young women with GDM had a substantially increased risk for CVD compared with women without GDM. Much of this increased risk was attributable to subsequent development of type 2 diabetes.
Reply to J.L. Oh et al
Authors: Ronald C. Chen, Jay R. Harris, Jennifer R. Bellon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

We thank Drs Oh and Buchholz 1 for their letter regarding our review article, 2 emphasizing several important issues on the treatment of internal mammary nodes (IMNs) in breast cancer.As the letter suggests and as we summarized in the article, multiple studies consistently show that a significant minority of patients with breast cancer have pathologic IMN involvement, and the risk of IMN involvement increases in patients with medial tumors and/or positive axillary nodes.While it seems reasonable based on these data to consider IMN irradiation for patients with medial tumors and/or positive axillary nodes, evidence directly linking IMN treatment to a survival benefit is not currently available.7][8][9] We eagerly await results from more recent randomized trials assessing the potential benefit of IMN irradiation to help shed light on this question.Before these data become available, considerations regarding IMN treatment must include its potential therapeutic benefits balanced against a possible risk of increased morbidity.Drs Oh and Buchholz 1 highlight modern radiation treatment techniques for the IMN, including their elegant split-electron beam technique.Indeed, while the older radiation techniques using an anterior photon field or "Hockey Stick" technique to treat the IMN exposed a significant portion of the heart to radiation treatment, 10 modern computed tomography-based planning have allowed the development of multiple techniques that cover the IMN but minimize radiation dose to the heart.As the letter correctly points out, the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group trials 82b and 82c, which used an electron technique to treat the IMN, showed no increase in the rate of deaths from ischemic heart disease (0.9%) in patients randomly assigned to the radiation therapy arm. 11We agree that current concerns about potential cardiac morbidity and mortality risk from IMN irradiation should not be completely based on outcomes of outdated radiation techniques from 20 to 30 years ago.More studies are needed to evaluate the long-term cardiac effects of modern radiation techniques.Specifically, an especially important area of research is studies that help clarify the relationship between dose/volume of heart-irradiated and long-term cardiac morbidity/mortality, which is not currently well understood.In addition, how radiation treatment to specific portions of the heart changes cardiac physiology also needs to be defined.Such information could allow IMN irradiation to be administered even more safely.
GLIOMA OF THE RETINA.
Authors: G. A. SULZER
Journal: JAMA (1900)

As glioma of the retina is not commonly met with, particularly in private practice, I venture to report the following case. More than a year ago, through the courtesy of Dr. P. J. Kline, of Portsmouth, Ohio, a 14-months-old girl was brought to me for treatment of the right eye. The parents stated that the eye did not seem natural in appearance at birth, though marked signs of disease did not present themselves until the fourth month, when a whitish reflex was visible through the pupil, and later the eye increased in size, became inflamed and painful. On examination, it was found to be considerably larger than its fellow, and the ocular and palpebral conjunctivæ were congested; a well-marked pericorneal zone was evident. The cornea was clear and measured 12 mm. in the vertical meridian, and 13 mm. in the horizontal. The pupil was 5 mm. in diameter, and fixed.
Identifying adaptation by dysfunction
Authors: Donald F. Klein
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Specifying exact selection pressures for identifying adaptations is unnecessary. Novel behaviors are not spandrels since they can only develop because of prior functions. An adaptationist approach has a high prior probability, whereas spandrel hypotheses attempt to prove a negative. The concept of maladaptive spandrel is criticized. The utility of dysfunctional states for identification of adaptations gone wrong is emphasized.
Metabolic interrelationships between arsenic and selenium
Authors: Orville A. Levander
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

In 1938, Moxon discovered that arsenic protected against selenium toxicity. Since that time it has been shown that this protective effect of arsenic against selenium poisoning can be demonstrated in many different animal species under a wide variety of conditions. Antagonistic effects between arsenic and selenium have also been noted in teratologic experiments.Early metabolic studies showed that arsenic inhibited the expiration of volatile selenium compounds by rats injected with acutely toxic doses of both elements. This was puzzling since pulmonary excretion had long been regarded as a means by which animals could rid themselves of excess selenium. However, later work demonstrated that arsenic increased the biliary excretion of selenium. Not only did arsenic stimulate the excretion of selenium in the bile, but selenium also stimulated the excretion of arsenic in the bile. This increased biliary excretion of selenium caused by arsenic provides a reasonable rationale for the ability of arsenic to counteract the toxicity of selenium, although the chemical mechanism by which arsenic does this is not certain. The most satisfactory explanation is that these two elements react in the liver to form a detoxication conjugate which is then excreted into the bile. This is consistent with the fact that both arsenic and selenium each increase the biliary excretion of the other. Several other metabolic interactions between arsenic and selenium have been demonstrated in vitro, but their physiological significance is not clear.Although arsenic decreased selenium toxicity under most conditions, there is a pronounced synergistic toxicity between arsenic and two methylated selenium metabolites, trimethylselenonium ion or dimethyl selenide. The ecological consequences of these synergisms are largely unexplored, although it is likely that selenium methylation occurs in the environment.All attempts to promote or prevent selenium deficiency diseases in animals by feeding arsenic have been unsuccessful.Over 30 years ago it was suggested that industrial hygienists use arsenic as a tonic to prevent or cure selenium poisoning in workers exposed to this hazard. Organic arsenical feed additives were tried as partial antidotes against selenium poisoning in livestock raised in seleniferous agricultural areas but were not found to be practical.