tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Albuminuria: A Great Risk Marker, but an Underestimated Target in Diabetes
Authors: Dick de Zeeuw, Itamar Raz
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

Diabetes is a growing disease with a potentially devastating outcome. Diabetic patients run a great risk of developing multiple organ dysfunction and ultimately organ failure. The current approach of patients with diabetes is first to assess their risk profile by measuring risk factors such as glucose level, systemic blood pressure, blood lipids, body weight, and smoking. Second, to reduce the risk, the patient is advised to make a lifestyle change (lose weight and stop smoking) and to take medication that regulates glucose and lowers blood pressure and cholesterol. This approach has indeed resulted in a slowing of progressive organ dysfunction and has substantially prolonged life.

However, the residual risk of diabetic patients, despite “optimal” treatment of these risk factors, is still extremely high, and the number of patients is dramatically growing. This has urged the medical profession to improve risk profiling and design new therapeutic strategies to further reduce existing risk. In addition, the search for early disease markers was intensified with the goal to apply preventive therapeutic measures in early stages of disease, instead of waiting until the disease had fully developed.

The next paragraphs will address the status of a “new” cardiovascular and renal risk marker: increased levels of albumin in the urine. This so-called albuminuria not only marks risk in advanced stages of diabetic disease, but also indicates risk in the very early stages of the disease. Moreover, new antihypertensive therapies not only lower blood pressure, but also reduce albuminuria. We will address the need of not only measuring the risk marker, but also targeting therapies to lower albuminuria. Finally, the individual response to such therapies appears to be highly variable, offering us opportunities to optimize organ protection by individualizing therapies with the goal to overcome therapy resistance.

Clearly, diabetes constitutes a multifactorial disease in its organ …
Myeloid suppressor cells induced by hepatitis C virus suppress T-cell responses through the production of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Robert S. Tacke, Hai-Chon Lee, Celeste Goh, Jeremy Courtney, Stephen J. Polyak, Hugo R. Rosen, Young S. Hahn
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Abstract Impaired T-cell responses in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients have been reported to be associated with the establishment of HCV persistent infection. However, the mechanism for HCV-mediated T-cell dysfunction is yet to be defined. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a pivotal role in suppressing T-cell responses. In this study we examined the accumulation of MDSCs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following HCV infection. We found that CD33+ mononuclear cells cocultured with HCV-infected hepatocytes, or with HCV core protein, suppress autologous T-cell responses. HCV core-treated CD33+ cells exhibit a CD14+CD11b+/lowHLADR−/low phenotype with up-regulated expression of p47phox, a component of the NOX2 complex critical for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In contrast, immunosuppressive factors, arginase-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), were not up-regulated. Importantly, treatment with an inactivator of ROS reversed the T-cell suppressive function of HCV-induced MDSCs. Lastly, PBMCs of chronic HCV patients mirror CD33+ cells following treatment with HCV core where CD33+ cells are CD14+CD11b+HLADR−/low, and up-regulate the expression of p47phox. Conclusion: These results suggest that HCV promotes the accumulation of CD33+ MDSC, resulting in ROS-mediated suppression of T-cell responsiveness. Thus, the accumulation of MDSCs during HCV infection may facilitate and maintain HCV persistent infection. (Hepatology 2012)
Pulmonary effects of short term selenium deficiency.
Authors: D. B. Coursin, H. P. Cihla
Journal: Thorax (1996)

BACKGROUND: Selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) reduces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic hydrogen peroxides in both normal and pathological states. Chronic dietary deficiency of selenium results in a gradual decrease in GPx and altered response to environmental stress. However, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) isozymes may increase and compensate for chronic GPx deficiency. The pattern of antioxidant enzyme activity and immunolocalisation of various enzymes in rat lung has not been described in short term (&lt; 3 weeks) acute selenium deficiency. METHODS: The time course of GPx depletion from rat lung (measured every five days in subgroups of rats) during acute dietary selenium deficiency was evaluated. After 20 days of depletion, enzyme activity of lung GPx, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphodiesterase (G-6-PD), and GST were determined. Immunohistochemical localisation of GPx and SOD was also performed. The response to lethal hyperoxia (&gt; 95%) in control and selenium deficient rats was then established. RESULTS: At 20 days, lung GPx activity in the rats fed a selenium deficient diet was one third less than in control animals who received a normal diet, while changes in blood enzymes between control and deficient animals were similar. Other lung enzyme activities remained normal with the exception of cyanide inhibited SOD activity measured in selenium deficient rat lungs which declined to approximately 50% of normal. Immunohistochemical localisation of GPx showed a generalised loss of the enzyme throughout the lung parenchyma with some possible sparing of activity in epithelial cells of the bronchioles. When exposed to lethal hyperoxia, selenium deficient animals were more susceptible than control rats. CONCLUSIONS: This is the earliest time at which dietary selenium deficiency has been shown to produce moderate loss of GPx activity. This change in activity was associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary oxidant stress. However, the role of decreased SOD activity (presumed to represent copper, zinc SOD), although unexpected, may have been a major contributor to increased damage from hyperoxia. These results emphasise the complex potential interaction of elemental deficiency with the natural antioxidant response to lethal hyperoxia.
Threatened bans on human cloning research could hamper advances
Authors: J. Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (1997)

A DEMURE-looking Finn Dorset sheep named Dolly—the first mammal to be cloned from a single adult cell—has touched off both a frenzy of media-spun Frankensteinian scenarios involving cloned human beings and a rush by politicians to propose bans on human cloning research.  News of the accomplishment, recently described by Ian Wilmut, PhD, Keith H.S. Campbell, DPhil, and colleagues at the Roslin Institute and PPL Therapeutics, near Edinburgh, Scotland, ( Nature 1997;385:810-813), has, predictably, ignited a vigorous debate about the ethics of cloning human beings that recalls previous controversies surrounding such issues as human embryo research, and in vitro fertilization and other reproductive technologies.  The level of anxiety and concern prompted by the new reports is nowhere more apparent than in the rush by various public officials around the globe to propose legislation to outlaw cloning human beings at the very least and in some cases impose what many scientists consider overly
Comparison of buffy coat preparation to direct method for the evaluation and interpretation of bone marrow aspirates
Authors: Parvin Izadi, Jorge A. Ortega, Thomas D. Coates
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1993)

Abstract Bone marrow differential and French, American, British (FAB) classification of buffy coat preparation (BCP) was compared to direct method (DM) in 69 pediatric patients with various hematologic and oncologic disorders. The marrow evaluation differed significantly in 12 of 69 patients (17.4%). The differential counts were discordant in 9 out of 69 patients (13%), and the FAB classifications were discordant in 3 out of 25 patients (12%) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Underestimation of the percent blasts occurred with buffy coat preparation in patients with acute non‐lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL). While buffy coat preparations can facilitate morphologic evaluation in marrow malignancies, significant errors can occur in determination of the differential count. Direct smear should be used in conjunction with buffy coat smears in the evaluation of bone marrow aspirates.
Abstract 3995: Differential expression of CD10 immunohistochemistry in stroma and epithelium of prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Lisa Fahim, Gina Lockwood, Neil Fleshner, Joan Sweet
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Introduction: CD10 is a transmembrane metallo-endopeptidase involved in cleavage and inactivation of certain peptide hormones important for signal transduction. CD10 is strongly expressed by normal prostatic luminal epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical (IHC) studies have shown expression of CD10 in prostatic adenocarcinoma. (PCa). Loss of CD10 expression is a common, early event in human prostate cancer (PCa); however, CD10 positive cancer cells frequently appear in lymph node metastasis. Only a few studies are available on the expression of CD10 in the prostatic stromal and cancer cells. We investigated the IHC expression of CD10 in epithelium and stroma of PCa using TMAs. Material and Methods: Prostate tissue from 72 radical prostatectomies was used to construct two TMAs; 35 case of Gleason score (GS) 6(3+3) and 37 cases of high grade (HG) prostate cancer (GS 8, 9, 10) were included. Each case was represented by three, 1mm cores for a total of 105 cores for the GS6 and 111 cores for HG prostate carcinomas. TMAs were stained with H&amp;E and IHC was performed for CD10. Digital images of the TMA slides were scanned using the T3 ScanScope by Aperio Technologies. Epithelial and stromal expression of CD10 was scored as negative or positive. Results: CD10 was expressed in epithelium and stroma of PCa. CD10 had heterogeneous expression within individual patients in both epithelium and stroma. This heterogeneity was not significantly different between GS6 and HG prostate cancer. CD10 was differentially expressed in epithelium of GS6 and HG prostate cancer. HG prostate cancer showed significantly more epithelial staining with CD10 (p=0.001) and less stromal staining with CD10 (p=0.003) compared to GS6. Conclusion: GS6 and HG prostate cancer demonstrate a reverse relationship between CD10 expression in the epithelium and the stroma. Epithelial CD10 expression is an unfavorable risk factor in prostate cancer. Prostate tumors expressing high levels of epithelial CD10 correlate with a poor disease outcome. CD10 may be important in the biology of the tumor stromal microenvironment and its contribution to tumor progression requires further investigation. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3995.
Self-assembling nanocomplexes by combining ferumoxytol, heparin and protamine for cell tracking by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Mya S Thu, L Henry Bryant, Tiziana Coppola, E Kay Jordan, Matthew D Budde, Bobbi K Lewis, Aneeka Chaudhry, Jiaqiang Ren, Nadimpalli Ravi S Varma, Ali S Arbab, Joseph A Frank
Journal: Nature Medicine (2012)
Library of the American Medical Association.
Authors: G. E. Wire
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Chicago, Sept. 25, 1895. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —For the first time in several years, if not in its history, this library has been united and roughly sorted into periodicals, transactions, monographs and pamphlets. There are about two hundred and fifty incomplete sets of periodicals, mostly United States, with some English, French and a few German, Italian and Spanish. Some of these, mostly the older United States periodicals, have been bound in a cheap but durable style, but the greater majority are unbound. This number includes some not now received in exchange, but this deficiency is made up by new periodicals, so the number remains about the same. By the terms of the contract, the library does not receive<i>all</i>periodicals and books sent to theJournal. Some of these are kept for office copies and some become the property of the reviewers. The value of these sets is their incompleteness,
ACUTE MORPHINE POISONING WITH MANIFESTATIONS OF PANCREATITIS
Authors: Ivan L. Bennett
Journal: JAMA (1952)

Although acute morphine poisoning is not uncommon, as Tovell points out,<sup>1</sup>the American literature contains few reports of this condition in contrast to the numerous articles that have appeared on chronic morphine intoxication or addiction. The present case is of interest because the patient recovered from an unusually large dose of morphine given intravenously and because of certain clinical manifestations that were noted. <h3>REPORT OF A CASE</h3> A 19-year-old student nurse was found comatose and cyanotic, with no discernible respiratory movements. Artificial respiration (manual) was begun immediately. It was noted that the pupils were miotic and that there was a fresh venipuncture wound in the left antecubital fossa. A quick search revealed a syringecontaining a small amount of clotted blood and three empty morphine sulfate solution vials. According to the ward narcotics record and the story later obtained from the patient, she had injected 0.76 gm. (approximately 12
Graded Exercise Stress Tests in Angiographically Documented Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: ALAN G. BARTEL, VICTOR S. BEHAR, ROBERT H. PETER, EDWARD S. ORGAIN, YIHONG KONG
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Graded exercise stress tests performed on 650 consecutive patients with proven or suspected coronary disease undergoing evaluation by cardiac catheterization were correlated with clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic findings. Among 451 patients with significant coronary stenosis, 332 (74%) had interpretable stress tests and 65% of these were positive (sensitivity). The rate of "false positives" was 8%. The clinical syndrome of typical angina identified significant coronary disease in 89% of the patients, and 58% of that group had a positive exercise test defined by objective electrocardiographic criteria. Patients were not eliminated from this study because of recent digitalis ingestion. Although a higher frequency of uninterpretable exercise tests was found in this group (40%), the test results reflected more severe coronary disease. None of the patients with "false positive" tests were taking digitalis. It is concluded that recent digitalis ingestion should not be considered a contraindication for exercise stress testing. Among the patients with interpretable exercise tests, the angiographic severity of coronary artery disease correlates strongly with the frequency of positive tests (40%, 66%, and 76%, with 70% or greater occlusion of one, two or three vessels respectively). Left main coronary stenosis of 70% or greater was associated with more severe ST segment changes, inability to achieve target heart rate during stress, and a lower maximum heart rate during exercise. The angiographic occurrence of collateral vessels was related to the extent of coronary disease and was associated with a higher percentage of positive exercise tests; no protective effect of collateral circulation could be demonstrated. Patients with abnormal resting hemodynamics or left ventricular asynergy had no significant difference in the frequency of positive tests after adjustment for the angiographic severity of disease.
THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF THE PARATHYROID HORMONE
Authors: J. B. COLLIP
Journal: JAMA (1926)

The preparation of a stable, physiologically standardized extract containing the active principle of the parathyroid glands is a matter of such recent date that it is impossible at this time to designate with any degree of finality the therapeutic value of the new hormone.<sup>1</sup> The experimental work in the laboratory has, it is true, gone ahead very rapidly, and it may be definitely stated from the results of this work that the active parathyroid extract is a specific for experimental parathyroid tetany in the same sense that insulin is a specific in experimental diabetes. With this essential fact established, it was safe to predict that the new preparation would be a specific in hypoparathyroidism in the human subject. Clinical results thus far available entirely justify this view; that is to say, in hypoparathyroidism in the human subject the parathyroid hormone has been shown to be a specific remedial agent.
Stroke Volume in the Dog During Graded Exercise
Authors: YANG WANG, ROBERT J. MARSHALL, JOHN T. SHEPHERD
Journal: Circulation Research (1960)

Measurements of stroke volume were made in dogs during graded exercise on a horizontal treadmill up to the maximal exercise which they could maintain for 2 to 3 minutes. Eleven series of experiments were performed on 7 dogs. The cardiac output was measured by the indicator-dilution technic and the heart rate was measured from the aortic pressure tracing. At all grades of exercise, there was little or no change in stroke volume. Even with severe exercise, when the cardiac output had increased from 1.5 to 3.5 (average, 2.4) times the values obtained with the dog standing at rest, the stroke volume showed less than 5 per cent change over resting values in 5 experiments on 4 dogs, while in the remainder the increases were 8, 11, 11, 14, 15, and 19 per cent. Thus, the increase in cardiac output in the untrained exercising dog is almost directly proportional to the increase in heart rate. This is in contrast to other situations, such as the combination of exercise with infusion of catecholamines, where an increase in stroke volume may make an important contribution to the increase in cardiac output.
Lack of Harmful Effect of Oats on Small-intestinal Mucosa in Coeliac Disease
Authors: A. S. Dissanayake, S. C. Truelove, R. Whitehead
Journal: BMJ (1974)

It is well established that wheat, rye, and barley are harmful to patients with coeliac disease, but the effect of oats remains in doubt. Four patients with coeliac disease, who had shown complete mucosal recovery after prolonged treatment with a strict gluten-free diet, volunteered to consume oats in addition to their gluten-free diet for a period of one month and were studied by jejunal biopsy before and after the experimental period. The patients remained entirely symptom-free and, more important, the jejunal mucosa was undamaged as judged by appearances under dissecting and light microscopes, quantitative histological studies, and disaccharidase content. It is concluded that oats are harmless to coeliac subjects and can be included in a gluten-free diet.
Science and Human Nature — The Cost of Drugs
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

Oxford has always been closely linked with the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Its first annual meeting was held there in 1832 and since then it has revisited Oxford four times. It was at a meeting in 1880, just after the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species, that Bishop Wilberforce asked Dr. T. H. Huxley whether it was through his grandfather or his grandmother that he derived his ancestry from the venerable ape.Dr. E. D. Adrian, O.M., P.R.S., recalled this famous incident in his presidential address to the Association, which met in Oxford again this year. . . .
951 SILIBININ INHIBITS HCV REPLICATION IN VITRO
Authors: I. Najera, M. McCown, V. Leveque, J. Hang, H. Ma, S. Rajyaguru, A. Fung, Y. Yang, Y. Liu, S. Kular, N. Cammack, P. Ferenci, K. Klumpp
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
CAN PROPOFOL BE ADMINISTERED SAFELY BY AN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIST VERSUS AN ANESTHESIOLOGIST DURING BIVENTRICULAR CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR IMPLANTATION
Authors: Abdul Wase, Bilal Quraishi, Anwarul Kabir, Omar Mufti, Susan Sacksteder, Hope Shafer, Jill Mahaffe, Cynthia Hoersten, Ronald Markert
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
FDA enlists doctors to help spot misleading drug advertisements
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<h3>Objective</h3> In inflammatory arthritis, rheumatoid factor (RF) and anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are believed to be associated with more severe clinical outcomes. Our objective was to determine whether ACPA and RF remain stable in early inflammatory arthritis and whether their trajectories over time or baseline levels predicted clinical outcomes. <h3>Methods</h3> The study population consisted of patients enrolled in the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort Study with baseline and at least 12-month followup values of RF and ACPA. Primary outcomes were Disease Activity Score (DAS) remission and the presence of erosions at 12 and 24 months. Other objectives included swollen joint count, Health Assessment Questionnaire score, and DAS. <h3>Results</h3> At baseline, 225/342 (66%) patients were ACPA-positive and 334/520 (64%) were RF-positive. At 24 months, 15/181 (8%) ACPA-positive patients became negative. A larger number of patients changed from ACPA-negative to positive: 13/123 (11%). For RF, fluctuations were more common: 67/240 (28%) reverted from positive to negative and 21/136 (18%) converted from negative to positive. RF and ACPA fluctuations did not predict disease outcomes. Patients who remained ACPA-positive throughout followup were more likely to have erosive disease (OR 3.86, 95% CI 1.68, 8.92). <h3>Conclusion</h3> RF and ACPA have the potential to revert and convert during the early course of disease. Fluctuations in RF and ACPA were not associated with clinical outcomes.
THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LUNGS IN EMPHYSEMA 1
Authors: J. Mead, I. Lindgren, E. A. Gaensler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1955)

In pulmonary emphysema normal respiratory mechanisms become distorted almost beyond rec- ognition, and familiar landmarks such as "dead space," "alveolar gas" and "effective ventilation" virtually disappear.At the same time, these very distortions have served as a stimulus for studies which have led to a greater understanding of the problems of distribution of ventilation, and of blood flow within the lungs.In attempting to study the mechanics of breath- ing in emphysema, the authors have also found that concepts based on the behavior of normal lungs are inadequate to account for their observa- tions.This has led to a consideration of the influence of local mechanical factors on the over-all mechanical properties of the lungs.Since these considerations are also pertinent to problems of the distribution of gas flow within the lungs, and possibly also to the pathogenesis of emphysema, they will be emphasized in this report.The de- tails of the theoretical treatment will appear else- where. METHODSTen patients with advanced pulmonary emphysema and ten normal individuals have been studied.Details of the