tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Natural history and prognosis of diarrhoea of unknown cause in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Authors: C Blanshard, B G Gazzard
Journal: Gut (1995)

This paper is a prospective study of patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic diarrhoea for which no cause could be found after extensive investigations, including examination of multiple stool specimens for all known faecal pathogens and the histological examination of small and large bowel biopsy specimens. Of 39 such patients recruited from 155 prospectively investigated patients, eight had a possible cause of diarrhoea identified on follow up investigations, including small bowel neoplasms in three and cytomegalovirus in two. In 17 of the remaining 31 the diarrhoea resolved completely in a mean of seven months from its onset. Eleven had continuing mild or intermittent diarrhoea and three had more than 1 litre of diarrhoea daily for which no cause could be found. The median survival for patients with 9pathogen negative9 diarrhoea was 48.7 months, which is similar to that of control patients with no diarrhoea and significantly longer than that of matched patients with a gastrointestinal pathogen (9.6 months).
Cell Composition, Replication, and Apoptosis in Atherosclerotic Plaques After 6 Months of Cholesterol Withdrawal
Authors: Mark M. Kockx, Guido R. Y. De Meyer, Norbert Buyssens, Michiel W. M. Knaapen, Hidde Bult, Arnold G. Herman
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

Abstract —Unstable human atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by a thin fibrous cap that contains few smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and numerous foam cells of macrophagic origin. Apoptosis of SMCs in the fibrous cap could destabilize the plaque and promote plaque rupture. In an experimental approach, we have studied apoptotic cell death and related proteins in atherosclerotic plaques of cholesterol-fed rabbits and examined the effects of cholesterol withdrawal. The induced atherosclerotic plaques at the thoracic aorta were composed of both fibromuscular tissue and foam cells. The presence of SMCs overlying macrophage accumulation was reminiscent of the structure of human atherosclerotic plaques. The plaques showed signs of cell replication and apoptotic cell death (1.8±0.5% terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase end-labeling [TUNEL]-positive nuclei). Cell replication was confined mostly to the macrophages, whereas 34% of the TUNEL-labeled cells were SMCs. Both the macrophages and SMCs in the plaques expressed BAX, a proapoptotic protein of the BCL-2 family. After 6 months of cholesterol withdrawal, the thickness of the plaques in all localizations of the aorta was unchanged, but apoptosis was nearly absent (&lt;0.1% of nuclei). Moreover, macrophages disappeared from the plaques, whereas the SMCs that remained present lost their lipid accumulation and strongly reduced their BAX expression. These changes were associated with a reduction of cell replication and increased deposition of fibrillar collagen fibers in the plaques, which pointed to plaque stabilization. In conclusion, the cell composition but not the thickness of atherosclerotic plaques was profoundly altered after a 6-month cholesterol withdrawal period. These changes were associated with a strong reduction of cell replication and apoptotic cell death. Moreover, the expression of the proapoptotic factor, BAX, was reduced in the remaining cells, which were mainly SMCs. These findings could help to explain the benefit of lipid-lowering therapy on plaque stabilization.
Effects of hypoxia on the closing pressure of the canine systemic arterial circulation.
Authors: J T Sylvester, R D Gilbert, R J Traystman, S Permutt
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

We studied the relationships among closing pressure (Pc) and indices of systemic arterial resistance (Ra) and compliance (Ca) during hypoxic hypoxia (HH) and carbon monoxide hypoxia (COH) in anesthetized dogs with cardiac bypass and constant ventilation. Closing pressure was measured as the lowest level to which arterial pressure (Pa) fell after inflow to the arterial bed was reduced suddenly to zero. Since the fall of Pa to Pc could be well-described as a single exponential function of time and since Pc was always greater than outflow (venous) pressure. Ra and CA were determined by applying a "vascular waterfall" model to the arterial bed. During HH, Pc increased while Ra and Ca decreased. During COH, Pc and Ra decreased, but Ca did not change. The Pc results indicate that during HH, but not COH, a large portion of the systemic arterial bed experienced a marked increase in vasomotor tone, a qualitative difference that would have been missed if Pc had not been measured. The relationship among Pc, Ra, and Ca during hypoxia suggest these indices may have been determined largely by different portions of the arterial bed in which tone changed independently.
Cytomegalovirus infection enhances smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal thickening of rat aortic allografts.
Authors: K B Lemström, J H Bruning, C A Bruggeman, I T Lautenschlager, P J Häyry
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Inbred DA (AG-B4, RT1a) and WF (AG-B2, RT1v) rats were used as donors and recipients of aortic allografts. The recipient rats were inoculated i.p. either on day 1 (early infection) or on day 60 (late infection) with 10(5) plaque-forming units of rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV). The control rats were left noninfected. The presence of viral infection was demonstrated by plaque assays from biopsies of the salivary glands, liver, and spleen at sacrifice. The rats received 300 microCi[3H]thymidine by i.v. injection 3 h before sacrifice, and the grafts were removed at various time points for histology, immunohistochemistry, and autoradiography. RCMV infection significantly enhanced the generation of allograft arteriosclerosis. Infection at the time of transplantation had two important effects. First, the infection was associated with an early, prominent inflammatory episode and proliferation of inflammatory cells in the allograft adventitia. Second, the viral infection doubled the proliferation rate of smooth muscle cells and the arteriosclerotic alterations in the intima. In late infection the impact of RCMV infection on the allograft histology was nearly nonexistent. RCMV infection showed no effect in syngeneic grafts. These results suggest that early infection is more important to the generation of accelerated allograft arteriosclerosis than late infection, and that an acute alloimmune response must be associated with virus infection, to induce accelerated allograft arteriosclerosis. RCMV-infected aortic allografts, as described here, provide the first experimental model to investigate the interaction between the virus and the vascular wall of the transplant.
Basement Membrane and Repair of Injury to Peripheral Nerve: Defining a Potential Role for Macrophages, Matrix Metalloproteinases, and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1
Authors: Monique La Fleur, Johnnie L. Underwood, Daniel A. Rappolee, Zena Werb
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

Injury to a peripheral nerve is followed by a remodeling process consisting of axonal degeneration and regeneration. It is not known how Schwann cell–derived basement membrane is preserved after injury or what role matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors play in axonal degeneration and regeneration. We showed that the MMPs gelatinase B (MMP-9), stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), and the tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP)-1 were induced in crush and distal segments of mouse sciatic nerve after injury. TIMP-1 inhibitor activity was present in excess of proteinase activity in extracts of injured nerve. TIMP-1 protected basement membrane type IV collagen from degradation by exogenous gelatinase B in cryostat sections of nerve in vitro. In vivo, during the early phase (1 d after crush) and later phase (4 d after crush) after injury, induction of TNF-α and TGF-β1 mRNAs, known modulators of TIMP-1 expression, were paralleled by an upregulation of TIMP-1 and gelatinase B mRNAs. At 4 days after injury, TIMP-1, gelatinase B, and TNF-α mRNAs were localized to infiltrating macrophages and Schwann cells in the regions of nerve infiltrated by elicited macrophages. TIMP-1 and cytokine mRNA expression was upregulated in undamaged nerve explants incubated with medium conditioned by macrophages or containing the cytokines TGF-β1, TNF-α, and IL-1α. These results show that TIMP-1 may protect basement membrane from uncontrolled degradation after injury and that cytokines produced by macrophages may participate in the regulation of TIMP-1 levels during nerve repair.
Early Forerunners of Man: A Morphological Study of the Evolutionary Origin of the Primates
Authors: Wilfrid E. Le Gros Clark
Journal: JAMA (1935)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Estrogen Plus Progestin and the Incidence of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Sally A. Shumaker, Claudine Legault, Stephen R. Rapp, Leon Thal, Robert B. Wallace, Judith K. Ockene, Susan L. Hendrix, Beverly N. Jones III, Annlouise R. Assaf, Rebecca D. Jackson, Jane Morley Kotchen, Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, Jean Wactawski-Wende, None for the WHIMS Investigators
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Postmenopausal women have a greater risk than men of developing Alzheimer disease, but studies of the effects of estrogen therapy on Alzheimer disease have been inconsistent. On July 8, 2002, the study drugs, estrogen plus progestin, in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial were discontinued because of certain increased health risks in women receiving combined hormone therapy.To evaluate the effect of estrogen plus progestin on the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment compared with placebo.The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS), a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, began enrolling participants from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) estrogen plus progestin trial in May 1996. Of the 4894 eligible participants of the WHI study, 4532 (92.6%) postmenopausal women free of probable dementia, aged 65 years or older, and recruited from 39 of 40 WHI clinical centers were enrolled in the WHIMS.Participants received either 1 daily tablet of 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen plus 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (n = 2229), or a matching placebo (n = 2303).Incidence of probable dementia (primary outcome) and mild cognitive impairment (secondary outcome) were identified through a structured clinical assessment.The mean (SD) time between the date of randomization into WHI and the last Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) for all WHIMS participants was 4.05 (1.19) years. Overall, 61 women were diagnosed with probable dementia, 40 (66%) in the estrogen plus progestin group compared with 21 (34%) in the placebo group. The hazard ratio (HR) for probable dementia was 2.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-3.48; 45 vs 22 per 10 000 person-years; P =.01). This increased risk would result in an additional 23 cases of dementia per 10 000 women per year. Alzheimer disease was the most common classification of dementia in both study groups. Treatment effects on mild cognitive impairment did not differ between groups (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.74-1.55; 63 vs 59 cases per 10 000 person-years; P =.72).Estrogen plus progestin therapy increased the risk for probable dementia in postmenopausal women aged 65 years or older. In addition, estrogen plus progestin therapy did not prevent mild cognitive impairment in these women. These findings, coupled with previously reported WHI data, support the conclusion that the risks of estrogen plus progestin outweigh the benefits.
Efficacy of Device-Guided Breathing for Hypertension in Blinded, Randomized, Active-Controlled Trials
Authors: Gijs W. D. Landman, Kornelis J. J. van Hateren, Peter R. van Dijk, Susan J. J. Logtenberg, Sebastiaan T. Houweling, Klaas H. Groenier, Henk J. G. Bilo, Nanne Kleefstra
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

Device-guided breathing (DGB) is recommended by the American Heart Association for its blood pressure-lowering effects. Most previous studies that showed beneficial effects on blood pressure had low methodological quality and only investigated short-term blood pressure effects.To assess the efficacy of DGB on blood pressure in a meta-analysis of individual patient data from blinded, randomized controlled trials with an active control group.MEDLINE, EMBASE, clinicaltrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library.Included were randomized studies of at least 4 weeks' duration, with a single- or double-blind design and an active control group. Bias was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and analyses were performed with linear mixed models.Articles were searched in MEDLINE (using PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library.Office blood pressure.From the 15 selected abstracts, 5 studies were suitable for inclusion. Individual patient data from 2 of 5 studies were not provided. The effect of DGB on office systolic blood pressure compared with music therapy or a sham device was 2.2 mm Hg (95% CI, -2.7 to 7.0) in favor of the control group; DGB did not significantly lower office diastolic blood pressure (0.2 mm Hg [95% CI, -2.8 to 3.1] in favor of DGB).All trials included in the analysis had a short follow-up period; therefore, no recommendations could be made regarding hypertension treatment. Treatment with DGB did not significantly lower office blood pressure compared with a sham procedure or music therapy.
Mechanisms of T-box gene function in the developing heart
Authors: F. Greulich, C. Rudat, A. Kispert
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

The multi-chambered mammalian heart arises from a simple tube by polar elongation, myocardial differentiation and morphogenesis. Members of the large family of T-box (Tbx) transcription factors have been identified as crucial players that act in distinct subprogrammes during cardiac regionalization. Tbx1 and Tbx18 ensure elongation of the cardiac tube at the anterior and posterior pole, respectively. Tbx1 acts in the pharyngeal mesoderm to maintain proliferation of mesenchymal precursor cells for formation of a myocardialized and septated outflow tract. Tbx18 is expressed in the sinus venosus region and is required for myocardialization of the caval veins and the sinoatrial node. Tbx5 and Tbx20 function in the early heart tube and independently activate the chamber myocardial gene programme, whereas Tbx2 and Tbx3 locally repress this programme to favour valvuloseptal and conduction system development. Here, we summarize that these T-box factors act in different molecular circuits and control target gene expression using diverse molecular strategies including binding to distinct protein interaction partners.
The Cold Thyroid Nodule: An Analysis of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options*
Authors: MARK E. MOLITCH, J. ROBERT BECK, MITCHELL DREISMAN, JONATHAN E. GOTTLIEB, STEPHEN G. PAUKERJ
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1984)

THE APPROPRIATE diagnostic evaluation and therapy of the patient with a solitary, nonfunctioning thyroid nodule remains controversial despite many cases [over 50,000 operations for suspected thyroid cancer per year (1)] and studies. Because only a minority of such nodules are malignant, a number of techniques have been proposed to identify patients with a low likelihood of malignancy, making it possible in these cases to defer surgery or to avoid it altogether. Thus, several alternative approaches to the initial management of a cold nodule have been advocated: 1) immediate surgical removal (2–10); 2) a trial of thyroid suppression for 3 to 6 months with subsequent surgical removal of nodules that do not regress and with continued suppression of nodules that do shrink (11–13); 3) suppression with thyroid hormone with only rare patients recommended for surgery (14); and 4) fine needle aspiration and cytologic examination with suspicious or malignant cells being indications for surgery (15–22).
Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of SPf66 malaria vaccine in children in northwestern Thailand
Authors: François Nosten, Christine Luxemburger, Dennis E Kyle, W Ripley Ballou, Janet Wittes, Eh Wah, Tan Chongsuphajaisiddhi, Daniel M Gordon, Nicholas J White, Jerald C Sadoff, D Gray Heppner
Journal: The Lancet (1996)
The insulin-like growth factor 2 (<i>IGF2</i>) mRNA-binding protein p62/IGF2BP2-2 as a promoter of NAFLD and HCC?
Authors: Yvette Simon, Sonja M Kessler, Rainer M Bohle, Johannes Haybaeck, Alexandra K Kiemer
Journal: Gut (2013)

IGF2) mRNA-binding protein
Critical Assessment of Use of Central Venous Oxygen Saturation as a Mirror of Mixed Venous Oxygen in Severely Ill Cardiac Patients
Authors: MELVIN M. SCHEINMAN, MURRAY A. BROWN, ELLIOT RAPAPORT
Journal: Circulation (1969)

Bedside catheterization of the right heart with a percutaneously introduced flowdirected catheter was carried out in 24 critically ill patients; 71 determinations of mixed venous oxygen saturation (MVo 2 ) were obtained. A second catheter was inserted either into a central intrathoracic vein or the right atrium for simultaneous sampling of central venous (CVo 2 ) or right atrial (RAo 2 ) oxygen saturation. For the group as a whole, mean CVo 2 (57.9% ± 15.25) was significantly greater than mean MVo 2 (53.3% ± 14.84) ( P &lt;0.001), but there was no significant difference and correlation was good between changes in central venous compared to changes in mixed venous oxygen saturation. On the other hand, there was no significant mean difference as well as an excellent correlation between individual values of RAo 2 and MVo 2 (r=+0.95). Patients with heart failure or shock showed poor correlation between CVo 2 and simultaneously determined MVo 2 . Furthermore, subjects with shock showed a mean CVo 2 (58.0%±13.05) that was significantly greater than mean MVo 2 (47.5% ± 15.11). In contrast, there was no significant difference between mean RAo 2 and mean MVo 2 and excellent correlation of individual values in patients with either heart failure or shock. Although CVo 2 is a poor reflection of MVo 2 in subjects with severe heart failure or shock, there was a better correlation between changes in CVo 2 with corresponding changes in MVo 2 . In addition, RAo 2 correlated closely with corresponding values of MVo 2 . The reversal of the normal relationship between CVo 2 and MVo 2 under these circumstances is compatible with the thesis that low output states are attended by redistribution of blood flow away from femoral, splanchnic, and renal circulation with preferential preservation of cerebral blood flow.
STUDIES OF UNBOUND AMINO ACID DISTRIBUTIONS IN PLASMA, ERYTHROCYTES, LEUKOCYTES AND URINE OF NORMAL HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: Rapier H. McMenamy, Charles C. Lund, Gerald J. Neville, Donald F. H. Wallach
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1960)

1 After autoclaving, the latter resin sheds a small amount of a ninhydrin-positive substance with an Rf value between valine and a-amino-n-
Are excessive granulation tissue formation and retarded wound contraction due to decreased collagenase activity in wounds in tight-skin mice?
Authors: M. SAGREN, P.M. MERTZ
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

Wound contraction is delayed in tight‐skin mice but the mechanism(s) are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate collagenase levels and the formation of granulation tissue in experimental wounds in tight‐skin mice. One full‐thickness skin excision (20×20 mm) was made on the back of nine tight‐skin and eight normal mice. Granulation tissue analyses were performed 7 days post‐operatively. The collagenase activity was determined by the use of a radiolabelled telopeptide‐free collagen substrate, and the amount of granulation tissue was determined gravimetrically. Wound contraction was delayed (P<0.001) in tight‐skin mice (mean 22%) compared with normal mice (mean 46%). The collagenase activity was decreased (P<0.05) by 40%, whereas the quantity of granulation tissue was increased (P<0.001) by 60% in the wounds of tight‐skin mice. Decreased collagenase content may provide one explanation for the delayed contraction of full‐ thickness wounds in tight‐skin mice. Furthermore, this animal wound model may prove useful in the understanding of the pathogenesis, and in exploration of treatment, of excessive granulation tissue formation during wound healing.
Biological and clinical characteristics of individuals at risk for spinocerebellar ataxia types 1, 2, 3, and 6 in the longitudinal RISCA study: analysis of baseline data
Authors: Heike Jacobi, Kathrin Reetz, Sophie Tezenas du Montcel, Peter Bauer, Caterina Mariotti, Lorenzo Nanetti, Maria Rakowicz, Anna Sulek, Alexandra Durr, Perrine Charles, Alessandro Filla, Antonella Antenora, Ludger Schöls, Julia Schicks, Jon Infante, Jun-Suk Kang, Dagmar Timmann, Roberto Di Fabio, Marcella Masciullo, Laszlo Baliko, Bela Melegh, Sylvia Boesch, Katrin Bürk, Annkathrin Peltz, Jörg B Schulz, Isabelle Dufaure-Garé, Thomas Klockgether
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2013)
MRC wants to cut the time from bench to bedside
Authors: Michael Day
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The UK Medical Research Council (MRC) has signalled an all-out effort to cut the time it currently takes to translate findings of pure research into medical advances.

The MRC's chief executive, Colin Blakemore, announced that it planned to invent, develop, and market its own drugs—with or without industry support—to speed up advances against rare diseases and those that mainly affect developing countries.

He said that the MRC was already holding talks with the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry on overhauling “the monolithic clinical trials structure,” which he believes is impeding progress.

His comments came at the launch of the MRC's six new translational medicine centres, which are based at the University of Bristol, the University …
Gallium Citrate Ga 67 Accumulation In Pseudomembranous Colitis
Authors: Francis J. Tedesco
Journal: JAMA (1976)

THE TENDENCY for gallium citrate Ga 67 to localize in inflammatory lesions can provide an extremely useful, noninvasive test in the septic patient.<sup>1-4</sup>As with any diagnostic test, associated conditions that can compromise the diagnostic value of<sup>67</sup>Ga scanning should be known. We recently had a patient with pseudomembranous colitis with a colonic accumulation of<sup>67</sup>Ga, which to our knowledge, has not been previously reported. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 71-year-old man was in good health until 24 hours prior to admission, when he first had abdominal pain and vomiting. There was no history of hematemesis, diarrhea, melena, or bright red blood originating from the rectum. On physical examination, the patient had a temperature of 38.5 C (101.3 F) and a distended abdomen with left lower quadrant rebound tenderness. Results of the rest of the examination were unremarkable. All laboratory values were within normal limits. An abdominal