tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
FDA proposes to let the sun shine in on its procedures and its processes
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The US Food and Drug Administration is planning to open many of its procedures and processes to industry and the public.

It has published a transparency proposal in a response to the Obama administration’s promise of more openness in government. FDA commissioner Dr Margaret Hamburg organised an FDA transparency commission last June.

In the first phase, the FDA set up an FDA Basics website (www.fda.gov/fdabasics). It includes questions and answers about how the FDA works and the products it regulates. It includes short videos explaining various FDA activities and monthly online sessions in which senior FDA officials answer questions about specific topics.

In the second phase, the FDA disclosed measures of workload and results …
New procedures. Improved technique for placement of intestinal feeding tube with the fibreoptic endoscope.
Authors: R S Chung, L Denbesten
Journal: Gut (1976)

A feeding tube can be rapidly introduced into the small intestine through a makeshift 9external channel9 of the fibreoptic endoscope. To prevent dislodgement of the feeding tube upon withdrawal of the endoscope, the former may be stabilized by means of the biopsy forceps introduced through its regular channel.
The Financial Indebtedness of Medical-School Graduates
Authors: Frances D. French
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

ESCALATING costs of education have increased the number of students requiring financial assistance to complete the M.D. degree, as well as the amount of the individual debts. Although there are many surveys describing how medical students finance their educations (available through the Association of American Medical Colleges [AAMC]), none addresses the impact of financing on the house officer in training. Data summarized by the staff of the AAMC from the Council of Teaching Hospitals annual survey of house-staff stipends, benefits, and funding, from the annual AAMC Graduation Questionnaire, and from the Liaison Committee on Medical Education Annual Questionnaire Part I-B . . .
Re: Mauro Gacci, Giovanni Corona, Matteo Salvi, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Use of Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors Alone or in Combination with α-Blockers for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Eur Urol 2012;61:994–1003
Authors: Jin-Qiu Yuan, Zu-Yao Yang, Chen Mao
Journal: European Urology (2012)
P127Plakoglobin deficiency may predispose endurance-trained mice to atrial arrhythmias
Authors: F Syeda, M Kemper, E Vloumidi, S Hopkins, TY Yu, G Riley, P Kirchhof, L Fabritz
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Background: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited disorder that causes sudden death in young athletes. Loss-of-function mutations of desmosomal proteins including plakoglobin are linked with ARVC and ventricular arrhythmias in trained mice. Intensive endurance training increases atrial arrhythmias in rats. We tested endurance-trained heterozygous plakoglobin deficient (Plako+/-) mice for atrial arrhythmia susceptibility. Methods: Plako+/- mice and WT littermates underwent group swim-training for total average swimming times of 50 hours over 8 weeks. Echocardiography was carried out before and after this period. Hearts were rapidly excised and perfused with Krebs solution and left atrial monophasic action potentials were recorded. Inter-atrial activation times (AT) and action potential durations (APDs) were measured during right atrial pacing at 100ms fixed-rate cycle lengths. An 8-pulse train followed by a single extrastimulus, was used to assess atrial arrhythmia inducibility. Results: Training increased left ventricular wall width (mm) by 13% in WT and Plako+/- mice (WT: 0.58±0.01 vs 0.66±0.01*; Plako+/-: 0.58±0.02 vs 0.66±0.01*). Right ventricular parameters e.g. RV diameter (mm) was increased after training, in Plako+/- (1.77±0.03) vs. WT (1.51±0.03)*. The number of hearts with induced atrial arrhythmias longer than 1sec, was greater in Plako+/- (6/13) than WT (0/8*; figure). AT, atrial weights, LA APD90 and refractoriness did not differ between genotypes. Hearts of trained Plako+/- mice were also more susceptible to induced ventricular arrhythmias than trained WT mice (WT: 1/12; Plako+/-: 7/15 hearts*). *p<0.05.
Membrane Lipid Depletion in Hyperpermeable Red Blood Cells: Its Role in the Genesis of Spherocytes in Hereditary Spherocytosis*
Authors: Harry S. Jacob
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1967)

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) red cells lose membrane lipids excessively during incubation in vitro. Individual phosphatides as well as cholesterol are lost in proportion to their content in membranes, suggesting that fragments of membrane are removed. Supplementation of HS red cells with glucose during incubation has no consistent protective effect, whereas diminishing the excessive sodium flux through these cells by suspending them in either sodium-free or hypertonic media prevents membrane fragmentation. The characteristic excessive increase in osmotic fragility which occurs in incubated HS red cells results both from inordinate accumulation of intracellular sodium ions which produces osmotic swelling, and from depletion of surface material which generates microspherocytosis. Inhibiting both of these processes by incubating HS red cells in sodium-free media completely prevents increases in osmotic fragility despite prolonged incubation. Normal red cells rendered hyperpermeable to cations by exposure either to n-butanol or to inhibitors of membrane sulfhydryl groups, lose membrane lipid upon incubation in a similar fashion to untreated HS red cells; perfectly smooth microspherocytes, akin to those seen in HS, are thereby generated.I conclude that depletion of membrane lipids in HS which leads to microspherocytosis is correlatable with the excessive cation flux and possibly to the stimulated metabolism of acidic phosphatides in these red cells. It is suggested that this relation is derived from the fact that these phosphatides are in some way involved in maintaining the proper alignment of repeating membrane lipoprotein units, and that this function is adversely affected when these molecules are turning over more rapidly in response to increased cation flux.
Anthropology in health research: from qualitative methods to multidisciplinarity
Authors: H. Lambert
Journal: BMJ (2002)

As a response to concerns about the standard of qualitative research, attention has focused on the methods used. However, this may constrain the direction and content of qualitative studies andlegitimise substandard research. Helen Lambert and Christopher McKevitt explain why anthropology may be able to contribute useful insights to health research

Qualitative methods are now common in research into the social and cultural dimensions of ill health and health care. These methods derive from several social sciences, but the concepts and knowledge from some disciplinary traditions are underused. Here we describe the potential contribution of anthropology, which is based on the empirical comparison of particular societies. Anthropology has biological, social, and cultural branches, but when applied to health issues it most commonly relates to the social and cultural dimensions of health, ill health, and medicine.1

### Summary points

Emphasis on methods in health related qualitative research obscures the value of substantiveknowledge and theoretical concepts based in some social sciences

Anthropology views the familiar afresh through focusing on classification and on understanding rationality in social and cultural context

It highlights the value of data gathered informally and the differences between what people say, think, and do

Its emphasis on empirical particularity helps to avoid inaccurate generalisations and their potentially problematic applications

Truly multidisciplinary research needs to incorporate the conceptual frameworks and knowledge bases of participating disciplines

Explaining qualitative research to health professionals has been an essential step in gaining acceptance of these techniques.2 However, findings from such research have been deemed “thin,” “trite,” and “banal.”3 Concerns about standards and the need for particular types of evidence have led to quality control measures being recommended for qualitative health research (procedures such as multiple coding, purposive sampling, and software packages for text analysis). Imposing these measures, however, may constrain the direction and content of …
A REVIEW OF RECENT METHODS FOR THE RADICAL CURE OF HERNIA
Authors: H. H. B. Macleod
Journal: BMJ (1912)

IT was on November 17th, 1883, that the first operation for radical cuLre was performed at the Salop Infirmary, upon boy, one WV.H., aged 4, from Much Wenlock.In the next year there were four operations, incltuding one upon a young woman aged 21.Ten years later (in 1893) twenty operations were performed, and now it is quite usual to scc two or more in a single morning, and it has been said that this procedure is the commonest operation in surgery, except that for removal of post-nasal adenoids.Early Results.In 1890, at the request of Mr. Eddowes, tllen senior surgeon -to this infirmary, I collected all the cases operated oni here from November, 1883, to November, 1890, and I subsequently extended the list to include all cases up to the end of 1894.
Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) randomized trials: Study design
Authors: R.S. Suri, A.X. Garg, G.M. Chertow, N.W. Levin, M.V. Rocco, T. Greene, G.J. Beck, J.J. Gassman, P.W. Eggers, R.A. Star, D.B. Ornt, A.S. Kliger
Journal: Kidney International (2006)
Absolute quantitative detection of ABL tyrosine kinase domain point mutations in chronic myeloid leukemia using a novel nanofluidic platform and mutation-specific PCR
Authors: V G Oehler, J Qin, R Ramakrishnan, G Facer, S Ananthnarayan, C Cummings, M Deininger, N Shah, F McCormick, S Willis, A Daridon, M Unger, J P Radich
Journal: Leukemia (2008)
Glycerol-l-lactide coating polymer leads to delay in bone ingrowth in hydroxyapatite implants
Authors: Reinhard Schnettler, Hans-Joachim Pfefferle, Olaf Kilian, Christian Heiss, Jörg Kreuter, Dirk Lommel, Theodoros Pavlidis, Jens-Peter Stahl, Christof Meyer, Sabine Wenisch, Volker Alt
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2005)
Impaired Autonomic Regulation of Resistance Arteries in Mice With Low Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor or Upon Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Trap Delivery
Authors: Erik Storkebaum, Carmen Ruiz de Almodovar, Merlijn Meens, Serena Zacchigna, Massimiliano Mazzone, Greet Vanhoutte, Stefan Vinckier, Katarzyna Miskiewicz, Koen Poesen, Diether Lambrechts, Ger M.J. Janssen, Gregorio E. Fazzi, Patrik Verstreken, Jody Haigh, Paul M. Schiffers, Hermann Rohrer, Annemie Van der Linden, Jo G.R. De Mey, Peter Carmeliet
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Control of peripheral resistance arteries by autonomic nerves is essential for the regulation of blood flow. The signals responsible for the maintenance of vascular neuroeffector mechanisms in the adult, however, remain largely unknown.Here, we report that VEGF( partial differential/ partial differential) mice with low vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels suffer defects in the regulation of resistance arteries. These defects are due to dysfunction and structural remodeling of the neuroeffector junction, the equivalent of a synapse between autonomic nerve endings and vascular smooth muscle cells, and to an impaired contractile smooth muscle cell phenotype. Notably, short-term delivery of a VEGF inhibitor to healthy mice also resulted in functional and structural defects of neuroeffector junctions.These findings uncover a novel role for VEGF in the maintenance of arterial neuroeffector function and may help us better understand how VEGF inhibitors cause vascular regulation defects in cancer patients.
DEATHS FROM DIPHTHERIA IN FAMILY OF CHIROPRACTOR
Authors: Mazyck P. Ravenel
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —We have recently had an occurrence in this city which deserves some mention. We have here a chiropractor who has persistently advertised in our daily papers, and flaunted in the faces of the public the fact that he has been here for upward of twelve years. Chiropractors are not recognized by the laws of Missouri, and in certain towns they are arrested and fined for practicing medicine without a license; but in this community it is said to be practically impossible to obtain a conviction. A list of convictions of chiropractors in St. Louis has been given to the prosecuting attorney, and it is understood that he has presented the matter to the grand jury, but so far no action has been taken. About three weeks ago the wife of this chiropractor became ill with diphtheria. It is said that she begged for a physician, but her
Hospital doctors' work
Authors: P. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (1995)

induce better neuronal networking they will still delay the onset of the clinical syndrome while the underlying pathological process continues.The neuroprotective and neuronal networking mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and may interact.In practical terms, people with a high level of education who also have early dementia may have no well defined symptoms or signs, though their intellectual functioning could be adversely affected.This might be important if the sufferer had an intellectually demanding job or one that required a lot ofnew learning.Delaying the onset of dementia will reduce its prevalence: fewer elderly people will develop a clinical picture of dementia during their lifetime.Alzheimer's disease and aging may be a continuum, with the prevalence of the disease continuing to rise in very old age.23The beneficial effects of education and mental stimulation may differ in different age groups.Further research is needed, but at present it seems prudent to recommend to elderly people that stimulating mental activity is worth while: there may be some truth in the saying "use it or lose it.
Germin-like Protein (Cit c 1) And Profilin (Cit s 2) Are Major Allergens In Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruits
Authors: S. Scheurer, M. Retzek, K. Fötisch, E. Sierra-Maestro, A.B. Cid-Sanchez, C.Y. Pascual, A. Conti, A. Feliu, J. Rodriguez, S. Vieths, J.F. Crespo
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
730-2 Acute Angiographic, Intravascular Ultrasound and Clinical Results of Directional Atherectomy in the Optimal Atherectomy Restenosis Study
Authors: Martin B. Leon, Richard E. Kuntz, Jeffrey J. Popma, Charles A. Simonton, Tomoaki Hinohara, Gary S. Mintz, Robert M. Bersin, Paul G. Yock, Donald S. Baim
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Differential regulation of CCL21 in lymphoid/nonlymphoid tissues for effectively attracting T cells to peripheral tissues
Authors: James C. Lo, Robert K. Chin, Youjin Lee, Hyung-Sik Kang, Yang Wang, Joel V. Weinstock, Theresa Banks, Carl F. Ware, Guido Franzoso, Yang-Xin Fu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

CC chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21)/secondary lymphoid chemokine (SLC), a ligand for CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), has been demonstrated to play a vital role in the homing and localization of immune cells to lymphoid tissues, but its role in nonlymphoid tissues largely remains undefined. Here, we provide evidence that CCL21 in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues is differentially regulated by lymphotoxin-dependent (LT-dependent) and -independent mechanisms, respectively. This differential regulation is due to the selective regulation of the CCL21-Ser/CCL21a but not the CCL21-Leu/CCL21b gene by the LT and noncanonical NF-κB pathways. This alternate pathway, not dependent on LT or lymphocytes, leading to constitutive expression of CCL21 in nonlymphoid tissues, is critical for the initial recruitment of T lymphocytes to peripheral effector sites. CCL21 expression is subsequently further enhanced in a LT-dependent fashion following airway challenge, potentially facilitating a positive feedback loop to attract additional CCR7+ effector cells. These findings establish an essential role for CCL21 in the recruitment of effector T cells to peripheral tissues and suggest that LT-dependent and -independent regulation of CCL21 plays a role in balancing the central and peripheral immune responses between lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues.
Epidemiologic evidence for an association between gasoline and kidney cancer.
Authors: P E Enterline, J Viren
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

A recent animal experiment suggests that gasoline exposure may be a cause of human kidney cancer. This is a literature review to see whether there is any epidemiologic support for these animal findings. Trends and geographic patterns in gasoline consumption and kidney cancer mortality are moderately supportive of a relationship, although this cannot be considered important evidence for a causal relationship. Most other ecological correlations are not supportive of a relationship. Eleven oil refinery populations and one population of petroleum products distribution workers have been studied. These studies taken as a group do not appear to support the notion of a relationship between gasoline exposure and kidney cancer. However, most were not designed or analyzed with this hypothesis in mind. An examination of these data which attempts to consider the ages of the populations studied provides some evidence of a small kidney cancer excess among older workers or among workers exposed for long periods. Because of the importance of gasoline and the potential for exposure by the public further study of exposed populations is needed.
Carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene, ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, and vinyl bromide
Authors: Yann Grosse, Robert Baan, Kurt Straif, Béatrice Secretan, Fatiha El Ghissassi, Véronique Bouvard, Andrea Altieri, Vincent Cogliano
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2007)
Roles of Skeletal Muscle and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in the Development and Treatment of Obesity
Authors: Joaquín López-Soriano, Chiara Chiellini, Margherita Maffei, Paul A. Grimaldi, Josep M. Argilés
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2006)

Metabolic disturbances associated with alterations in lipid metabolism, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and syndrome X, are becoming more and more prominent in Western societies. Despite extensive research in such pathologies and their molecular basis, we are still far from completely understanding how these metabolic perturbations are produced and interrelate and, consequently, how to treat them efficiently. The discovery that adipose tissue is, in fact, an endocrine tissue able to secrete active molecules related to lipid homeostasis--the adipokines--has dramatically changed our understanding of the molecular events that take place in such diseases. This knowledge has been further improved by the discovery of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands, at present commonly used for the clinical treatment of lipid disturbances. However, a key point remains to be solved, and that is the role of muscle lipid metabolism, notably because of the main role played by this tissue in the development of such pathologies. In addition, a reciprocal regulation between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle has been proposed. New discoveries on the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta in skeletal muscle functions as well as the secretory capabilities of muscle, now considered as an endocrine tissue, have changed the general point of view on lipid homeostasis, opening new and promising doors for the treatment of lipid disorders.
Hepatitis B vaccine: Should we give it a shot? Bloom BS, Hillman AL, Fendrick AM, Schwartz JS. A reappraisal of hepatitis B virus vaccination strategies using cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 298–306 Schaffner W, Gardner P, Gross PA. Hepatitis B immunization strategies: expanding the target. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 308–309
Authors: C Dickinson
Journal: Hepatology (1993)
The Political Economy of Health Care
Authors: Victor R. Fuchs
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

For at least half a century, thoughtful observers of health care have been reminding us that "The organization of medicine is not a thing apart which can be subjected to study in isolation. It is an aspect of culture whose arrangements are inseparable from the general organization of society."1 In this issue of the Journal, Blendon underscores this point with fresh examples from China, where key decisions concerning general economic and political development have shaped the size and character of the health-care system. Indeed, not only are diverse national approaches to health care dictated by broader policy considerations, but . . .
Education and training for general practice Royal college lacks necessary mandate
Authors: B D Keighley, B D M Williams, D P Gray
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, — Jamie Bahrami gives a predictable view of education and vocational training in general practice.1 A recent paper from the National Association of Health Authorities and Trusts2 and General Practice Education and Training from the Royal College of General Practitioners,3 to which his editorial alludes, are other recent contributions. Now that we have heard from NHS managers and “academic” general practitioners, I seek to give a view from those on whom change will be visited.

Bahrami casts doubt on the future of the Joint Committee on Postgraduate Training for General Practice, supports the recommendation for increased fiscal power for regional advisers, and welcomes the bid by the Royal College of General Practitioners for untramelled power in matters of education. Within the joint committee, representatives from the General Medical Services Committee realise that the status quo is untenable and that the world of education must develop; members from the Royal College of General Practitioners are reminded that as the college represents only just over half of general practitioners its aspirations must be tempered by the lack of a mandate from its own discipline. The joint committee is therefore of increasing importance.

Independent fiscal powers for regional advisers …
Adenotonsillectomy reduces acute asthma exacerbations in children, study shows
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Children who undergo adenotonsillectomy have a 30% reduction in acute exacerbations of asthma in the year after their surgery compared with the year before, a large US study has shown.1

Childhood asthma and obstructive sleep apnoea are both associated with airway inflammation. Adenotonsillectomy is the first line treatment for childhood sleep apnoea but its role in asthma is currently unclear.

To investigate whether removing the adenoids and tonsils might be beneficial in asthma, a team from the University of …