tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Taking symbols for granted? Is the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds the product of external symbol systems?
Authors: Gary Lupyan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract The target article provides a convincing argument that nonhuman animals cannot process role-governed rules, relational schemas, and so on, in a human-like fashion. However, actual human performance is often more similar to that of nonhuman animals than Penn et al. admit. The kind of rule-governed performance the authors take for granted may rely to a substantial degree on language on external symbol systems such as those provided by language and culture.
Position Statement Executive Summary: Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: David B. Sacks, Mark Arnold, George L. Bakris, David E. Bruns, Andrea Rita Horvath, M. Sue Kirkman, Ake Lernmark, Boyd E. Metzger, David M. Nathan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

BACKGROUND Multiple laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis and management of patients with diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these assays varies substantially. APPROACH An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for the use of laboratory analysis in patients with diabetes. A new system was developed to grade the overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations. A draft of the guidelines was posted on the Internet, and the document was modified in response to comments. The guidelines were reviewed by the joint Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine Committee of the AACC and the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry and were accepted after revisions by the Professional Practice Committee and subsequent approval by the Executive Committee of the American Diabetes Association. CONTENT In addition to the long-standing criteria based on measurement of venous plasma glucose, diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentrations in the blood. Monitoring of glycemic control is performed by the patients measuring their own plasma or blood glucose with meters and by laboratory analysis of HbA1c. The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and other analytes are addressed. SUMMARY The guidelines provide specific recommendations based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes are found to have minimal clinical value at the present time, and measurement of them is not recommended.
Autoimmunity against the second extracellular loop of beta1-adrenergic receptors induces early afterdepolarization and decreases in K-channel density in rabbits
Authors: Yukiko Fukuda, Shunichiro Miyoshi, Kojiro Tanimoto, Kenichi Oota, Kana Fujikura, Michikado Iwata, Akiyasu Baba, Yoko Hagiwara, Tsutomu Yoshikawa, Hideo Mitamura, Satoshi Ogawa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Development of the interval endurance capacity in elite and sub-elite youth field hockey players
Authors: M T Elferink-Gemser, C Visscher, M A J van Duijn, K A P M Lemmink
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

To gain more insight into the mechanisms that underlie the development of interval endurance capacity in talented youth field hockey players in the 12-19 age band.A total of 377 measurements were taken over three years. A longitudinal model for interval endurance capacity was developed using the multilevel modelling program MLwiN. With the model, scores on the interval shuttle run test can be predicted for elite and sub-elite male and female field hockey players aged 12-19 years.A polynomial model of order 2 adequately represents development of the test scores over time. The fixed part of the model contains a different intercept and linear age term for boys and girls, and a common quadratic term; the random part of the model has a common level 2 variance and sex specific level 1 variances. The model was significantly improved by including differential effects of performance level for age and sex. A negative effect was found for percentage body fat, and positive effects for additional training and motivation.During adolescence, both male and female elite hockey players show a more promising development pattern of interval endurance capacity than sub-elite youth players. Percentage body fat, additional training hours, and motivation influence this development. However, differences between the individual players are still considerable.
Ankle ligament injuries.
Authors: P A Renström, L Konradsen
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1997)

Injuries to the ligaments of the ankle are often called "low ankle sprains".If the tibiofibular ligament or the syndesmosis is injured it is called a "high ankle sprain".Inversion sprains with injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle/foot complex are by far the most common.They occur with an estimated frequency of one injury per 10 000 people per day, amounting to about 27 000 injuries each day in the United States.' 2 Although many injuries are treated outside medical establishments, 7-10% of those who are visiting the emergency departments of the hospitals in Scandinavia have sprained ankles.3Ankle injuries are the most common injuries in sports and recreational activity.i"12For this reason, probably, these injuries tend to occur primarily to young people.'3The sprained ankle also remains the most common injury regardless of whether the sport is primarily an upper or a lower extremity sport.Garrick7 noted that injuries to the ankle accounted for 53% of injuries occurring during basketball and for 31 % of those occurring during soccer.Reviewing 41 soccer teams, Ekstrand and Tropp'4 found ankle sprains to account for 17 to 21 % ofthe injuries.The "high ankle sprain" usu- ally occurs as the result of an eversion injury in combination with fractures or lesions to the deltoid ligament.Isolated syndesmosis injuries occur in 3% of the cases.This article will deal mainly with the lateral ligament complex.
Gastric intrinsic factor
Authors: I. Chanarin
Journal: Gut (1968)

Gastric intrinsic factorThe demonstration, by W. B. Castle1 and his collaboraters some 40 years ago of a haemopoietic substance in the gastric secretion absent in pernicious anaemia was the starting point of a chain of observations that has continued to the present time.Intrinsic factor (IF) has now been obtained in a relatively pure state from human gastric juice2 and from hog pyloric mucosa.3It is a mucoprotein with a molecular weight of about 60,000 and contains about 13 % of carbohydrates.Each molecule binds one molecule of vitamin B12, that is, 1 mg of IF binds 25 gg of vitamin B12.In man, as well as in the guinea pig, cat, rabbit, and
HIV-1 protease inhibitors for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-co-infected individuals
Authors: Johan van Griensven, Ermias Diro, Rogelio Lopez-Velez, Marleen Boelaert, Lutgarde Lynen, Ed Zijlstra, Jean-Claude Dujardin, Asrat Hailu
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2013)
Bexarotene treatment of late-stage mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: Development of extracutaneous lymphoma in 6 patients∗
Authors: Saskia A. Bouwhuis, Mark D.P. Davis, Rokea A. el-Azhary, Marian T. McEvoy, Lawrence E. Gibson, John M. Knudsen, Joseph M. Kist, Mark R. Pittelkow
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2005)
Thymidylate Synthase 5′- and 3′-Untranslated Region Polymorphisms Associated with Risk and Progression of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Zhengdong Zhang, Qiuling Shi, Erich M. Sturgis, Margaret R. Spitz, Waun Ki Hong, Qingyi Wei
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Purpose: Folate deficiency and reduced DNA repair capacity are established risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). We hypothesized that polymorphisms of the thymidylate synthase (TYMS) gene, which regulates a key enzyme in folate metabolism required for DNA synthesis and repair, are associated with SCCHN risk. Experimental Design: In a hospital-based case-control study of 704 SCCHN cases and 1,085 controls, frequency matched by age, sex, and ethnicity, we genotyped the TSER (thymidylate synthase in the 5′-untranslated enhanced region) and TS3′UTR (thymidylate synthase in the 3′-untranslated region) polymorphisms. Results: The TS3′UTR 0bp/0bp genotype was associated with a significantly decreased risk of SCCHN [adjusted odd ratio (OR) = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.47–0.94] compared with the 6bp/6bp genotype, but the TSER polymorphism had no main effect on risk of SCCHN. When we evaluated the two polymorphisms together by the number of protective alleles (the TSER 3R and TS3′UTR 0bp alleles), we found that the combined genotypes with four protective alleles (the TSER 3R3R and TS3′UTR 0bp/0bp) was associated with significantly decreased SCCHN risk (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.37–0.98). In addition, the TS3′UTR 0bp genotypes were associated in an allele dose-dependent manner with a decreased risk of overall stage IV oral cancer (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.52–1.34 for the 6bp/0bp genotype and OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.08–0.87 for the 0bp/0bp genotype; Ptrend = 0.035). Conclusion: The TSER and TS3′UTR polymorphisms are associated with SCCHN risk. The TSER 3R and TS3′UTR 0bp alleles seemed to jointly protect against SCCHN. In particular, the 0bp allele seemed to protect against oral cancer progression.
Heat stress, thermoregulation, and fluid balance in women
Authors: S M Shirreffs
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1999)

As with so many aspects of exercise related research, most investigations have focused on the male of the species. In 1940, however, Hardy and Du Bois 1 undertook an investigation into gender related diVerences in thermoregulation, and indeed the focus on comparing the responses of men and women has dominated this area of research since. Menstrual cycle eVects on thermoregulation have probably formed the next major component of work involving women and thermoregulation. Women generally have a large surface area to mass ratio, relatively great adiposity, and a menstrual cycle. All these properties may influence thermoregulation with regard to its eVectiveness and therefore may aVect heat tolerance. Core temperature in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is higher than in the follicular phase, at least in non-heat acclimated women. 2 With this, the threshold for sweating onset is elevated and there is a greater skin blood flow. Despite this knowledge, the mechanism for these changes has not been elucidated with any certainty, but it seems that the practical exercise thermoregulatory eVects due to the menstrual cycle are minimal in heat stress. 3 The large surface area to mass ratio of women gives faster heat exchange with the environment while the adiposity alters thermoregulatory eVectiveness. The ability to prevent major shifts in core temperature is reduced with heat stress but thermoregulatory eVectiveness is increased in the cold. The core temperature of a woman increases more on average than a man’s when exposed to equal climatic heat conditions at rest 4 and during exercise. 5 The major reasons for this reduced thermoregulatory eVectiveness are that in women the onset of sweating occurs at a higher core temperature 6 and the rate of sweat production is lower than in men, 5
Genetic basis for expression of the idiotypic network. One unique Ig VH germline gene accounts for the major family of Ab1 and Ab3 (Ab1') antibodies of the GAT system.
Authors: C Schiff, M Milili, I Hue, S Rudikoff, M Fougereau
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

Ig germline genes have been isolated from recombinant clones prepared in separate libraries constructed from adult BALB/c liver DNA either in pBR328 plasmid or in EMBL 3 phage. Three clones that gave a very strong positive hybridization signal with a VH anti-GAT-specific probe were completely characterized and sequenced. All three were greater than 95% homologous, with the exception of the 5' noncoding region, which was only 85% homologous but contained characteristic regulatory signals. One of these genes, H10, had a sequence that was completely identical to that of a cDNA derived from a GAT-specific BALB/c hybridoma. Southern blot analysis using Eco RI-digested DNA from rearranged GAT-specific hybridomas revealed that the same gene was used for other GAT-specific VH regions, including one differing from the H10 sequence by 12 nucleotides, which must have been generated by a somatic mechanism. The same H10 germline gene was also used, in most cases without any nucleotide substitution, in hybridomas of the Ab1' set of the GAT idiotypic cascade, suggesting that immunization with Ab2 (antiidiotypic) antibodies preferentially stimulates the direct expression of VH germline genes. Finally, the previous hypothesis that NPa and GAT VH genes were derived from the same germline gene was definitively confirmed, both from sequence data and Southern blot analysis.
Cellular targets of interleukin-18 in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: S.-M. Dai, Z.-Z. Shan, H. Xu, K. Nishioka
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

<h3>Background/aim</h3> To describe the clinical outcome of allogenic simple limbal epithelial transplantation (alloSLET) utilising tissue from cadaveric donor eyes after failed re-epithelialisation of the corneal surface. <h3>Methods</h3> Medical records of 14 eyes from 14 patients treated for persistent corneal epithelial defects with alloSLET were reviewed. The primary outcome measure was complete epithelialisation of the corneal surface. Secondary outcome measures were best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and postoperative side effects due to surgery or medical therapy. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 14 eyes, 7 received alloSLET only and 7 alloSLET together with penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Thirteen (92.9%) of 14 eyes had an epithelialised corneal surface 3 and 6 months after surgery and 10 (71.4%) of 14 eyes displayed an epithelialised corneal surface 12 months after surgery. In both subgroups, alloSLET only and alloSLET with PK, respectively, 5 (71.4%) of 7 eyes had a stable corneal epithelium 12 months after surgery, respectively. Postoperatively, BCVA improved markedly in the whole patient collective. However, the increase was not significant when looking at the two individual subgroups. One patient lost his bandage contact lens several times within the first postoperative month and had a partial detachment of the amniotic membrane. The ocular surface of this patient failed to epithelialise. In three patients, limbal donor pieces translocated to the centre of the cornea, which possibly prolonged the improvement of BCVA. <h3>Conclusion</h3> AlloSLET appears to be an effective treatment option in eyes with non-healing corneal epithelial defects when autologous limbal tissue is not available.
Sleep-disordered Breathing and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Naresh M. Punjabi, Anne B. Newman, Terry B. Young, Helaine E. Resnick, Mark H. Sanders
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2008)

Epidemiologic studies on the consequences of sleep-disordered breathing invariably use the apnea-hypopnea index as the primary measure of disease severity. Although hypopneas constitute a majority of disordered breathing events, significant controversy remains about the best criteria used to define these events.The current investigation sought to assess the most appropriate definition for hypopneas that would be best correlated with cardiovascular disease.A community sample of middle-aged and older adults was recruited as part of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Full-montage polysomnography was conducted and hypopneas were defined using different thresholds of oxyhemoglobin desaturation with and without arousals. Prevalent cardiovascular disease was assessed based on self-report. Logistic regression analysis was used to characterize the independent association between the hypopnea index and prevalent cardiovascular disease.Using a sample of 6,106 adults with complete data on cardiovascular disease status and polysomnography, the current study found that hypopneas associated with an oxyhemoglobin desaturation of 4% or more were associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease independent of confounding covariates. The adjusted prevalent odds ratios for quartiles of the hypopnea index using a 4% desaturation criterion were as follows: 1.00 (<1.10 events/h), 1.10 (1.01-3.20 events/h), 1.33 (3.21-7.69 events/h), and 1.41 (>7.69 events/h). Hypopnea measures based on less than 4% oxyhemoglobin desaturation or presence of arousals showed no association with cardiovascular disease.Hypopneas comprise a significant component of sleep-disordered breathing in the general community. By varying the criteria for defining hypopneas, this study demonstrates that hypopneas with a desaturation of at least 4% are independently associated with cardiovascular disease. In contrast, no association was observed between cardiovascular disease and hypopneas associated with milder desaturations or arousals.
Mining the Tumor Phosphoproteome for Cancer Markers
Authors: Yoon Pin Lim
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Despite decades of cancer research, mortality rates remain high largely due to the failure of early detection, poor understanding of the epidemiology of rational drug targets, and molecular etiology of human cancers. The discovery of disease markers promises to deliver some solutions to these formidable challenges. Gene and protein expression profiling through DNA microarray and proteomics have already made a tremendous effect in this area. However, protein/gene expression does not necessarily reflect protein activity, which is often regulated via post-translation modifications, of which phosphorylation is one of the most prominent. This is an important consideration because the activity of protein is a more relevant phenotype than its expression during pathogenesis. Tyrosine kinases represent a very important class of enzymes that are critical regulators of mitogenic and angiogenic signaling, hence attractive targets for anticancer drugs as exemplified by BCR-ABL and ErbB2. More than 50% of them are overexpressed or mutated resulting in a gain of function in various human cancers. In this review, we discuss the potential effect of phosphoproteins as cancer markers in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Phosphoproteomics strategies that might pave the way to high-throughput analysis for routine clinical applications are also described.
The management of fulminant ulcerative colitis
Authors: N. D. Gallagher, S. J. M. Goulston, N. Wyndham, W. Morrow
Journal: Gut (1962)

This paper describes the management of 23 patients with fulminant ulcerative colitis, 22 of whom had early surgery when medical treatment was unsuccessful. There were two deaths, a mortality of 9%.
Induction of Compensatory Lung Growth in Pulmonary Emphysema Improves Surgical Outcomes in Rats
Authors: Norihisa Shigemura, Yoshiki Sawa, Shinya Mizuno, Masamichi Ono, Masato Minami, Meinoshin Okumura, Toshikazu Nakamura, Yasufumi Kaneda, Hikaru Matsuda
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Although lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has been widely used as a therapeutic strategy for pulmonary emphysema, the procedure carries significant disadvantages, including significant operative mortality and a limited duration of effective response. Pulmonary resection is known to elicit compensatory growth in remnant lung tissues; however, it remains unclear whether and how compensatory growth occurs and contributes to clinical outcomes after LVRS. The goal of the present study was to characterize the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in compensatory lung growth after LVRS in a rat model of elastase-induced emphysema, since HGF is a potent pulmotrophic factor responsible for the regeneration of lung parenchyma in damaged lungs, including after a pulmonary resection.Unexpectedly, LVRS did not cause apparent increases in the endogenous HGF profiles of emphysematous lungs. Further, the lowered HGF production reflected a histologically inferior regenerative capacity in remnant lungs and was linked with impaired pulmonary functional recoveries after LVRS. When HGF was exogenously supplemented by gene transfection into emphysematous lungs simultaneously with LVRS, compensatory lung growth (as evidenced by increased lobe weight and alveolar regeneration and angiogenesis) was significantly enhanced as compared with rats that underwent LVRS alone. Consequently, pulmonary function and gas exchange were also significantly improved.We concluded that the induction of compensatory growth by growth factors after LVRS may be a new strategy to further improve clinical outcomes of LVRS in patients with pulmonary emphysema.
A paper that changed my life: Dishing the dirt
Authors: J. Le Fanu
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The postwar medical achievement is so eloquent a testimony to the power of science as to make scientific materialists of us all. Few doubt any longer that the natural world in all its wonder and complexity must ultimately be knowable. And just as the power of human reason provided—through the discovery of antibiotics—the means to combat the blight of infectious disease, so too it must inevitably provide explanations and solutions for all that is still obscure.

And so I thought too until a couple of years ago, when I stumbled across a paper from 1961 by the great Selman Waksman, winner of the Nobel Prize for his discovery of streptomycin.1 Its title, “The role of antibiotics in nature,” may seem innocent enough, but the conclusions are deeply and disturbingly subversive.

Selman Waksman was born in the Ukraine in 1888 and grew up with two passions—for his mother and the land. “The odour of the black soil so filled my lungs I could never forget it,” …
The microbiological diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis of Haydarpasa-1 study
Authors: H. Erdem, D. Ozturk-Engin, N. Elaldi, S. Gulsun, G. Sengoz, A. Crisan, I.S. Johansen, A. Inan, M. Nechifor, A. Al-Mahdawi, R. Civljak, M. Ozguler, B. Savic, N. Ceran, B. Cacopardo, A.S. Inal, M. Namiduru, S. Dayan, U. Kayabas, E. Parlak, A. Khalifa, E. Kursun, O.R. Sipahi, M. Yemisen, A. Akbulut, M. Bitirgen, O. Dulovic, B. Kandemir, C. Luca, M. Parlak, J.P. Stahl, F. Pehlivanoglu, S. Simeon, A. Ulu-Kilic, K. Yasar, G. Yilmaz, E. Yilmaz, B. Beovic, M. Catroux, B. Lakatos, M. Sunbul, O. Oncul, S. Alabay, E. Sahin-Horasan, S. Kose, G. Shehata, K. Andre, A. Alp, G. Ćosic, H. Cem Gul, A. Karakas, S. Chadapaud, Y. Hansmann, A. Harxhi, V. Kirova, I. Masse-Chabredier, S. Oncu, A. Sener, R. Tekin, O. Deveci, O. Karabay, C. Agalar
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2013)
Coronary Blood Flow Measured by I <sup>131</sup> lodo-antipyrine
Authors: NORMAN KRASNOW, HERBERT J. LEVINE, RICHARD J. WAGMAN, RICHARD GORLIN
Journal: Circulation Research (1963)

The use of I 131 antipyrine for determining coronary blood flow in intact dogs is described. The correlation with the simultaneous nitrous oxide method was 0.91 ω m 0.22. Partition coefficient and tissue equilibration were directly determined (1.04 ω 0.13). The method as applied requires only two minutes of sampling and is adaptable to direct writing methods.
LIFELONG EXERCISE TRAINING DEMONSTRATES A DOSE DEPENDENT EFFECT ON MRI DERIVED LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEFINING POPULATION NORMS AND LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY
Authors: Paul S. Bhella, Nainesh Gandhi, Jeffrey L. Hastings, Graeme C. Carrick-Ranson, Naoki Fujimoto, Shigeki Shibata, Ronald M. Peshock, Benjamin D. Levine
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)