tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Patterns in current perioperative practice: survey of colorectal surgeons in five northern European countries
Authors: Kristoffer Lassen, Pascal Hannemann, Olle Ljungqvist, Ken Fearon, Cornelis H C Dejong, Maarten F von Meyenfeldt, Jonatan Hausel, Jonas Nygren, Jens Andersen, Arthur Revhaug
Journal: BMJ (2005)

on behalf of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Group Evidence for optimal perioperative care in colorectal surgery is abundant.By avoiding fasting, intravenous fluid overload, and activation of the neuroendocrine stress response, postoperative catabolism is reduced and recovery enhanced.The specific measures that can be used routinely include no bowel preparation, epidural anaesthesia/analgesia continued for one to two days postoperatively, no nasogastric decompression tube postoperatively, intravenous fluid/saline restriction, and free oral intake from postoperative day one. [1]2][3][4][5] This survey aimed to characterise perioperative practice in colorectal cancer surgery in five northern European countries: Scotland, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.
Apixaban with Antiplatelet Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: John H. Alexander, Renato D. Lopes, Stefan James, Rakhi Kilaru, Yaohua He, Puneet Mohan, Deepak L. Bhatt, Shaun Goodman, Freek W. Verheugt, Marcus Flather, Kurt Huber, Danny Liaw, Steen E. Husted, Jose Lopez-Sendon, Raffaele De Caterina, Petr Jansky, Harald Darius, Dragos Vinereanu, Jan H. Cornel, Frank Cools, Dan Atar, Jose Luis Leiva-Pons, Matyas Keltai, Hisao Ogawa, Prem Pais, Alexander Parkhomenko, Witold Ruzyllo, Rafael Diaz, Harvey White, Mikhail Ruda, Margarida Geraldes, Jack Lawrence, Robert A. Harrington, Lars Wallentin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

Apixaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, may reduce the risk of recurrent ischemic events when added to antiplatelet therapy after an acute coronary syndrome.We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial comparing apixaban, at a dose of 5 mg twice daily, with placebo, in addition to standard antiplatelet therapy, in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome and at least two additional risk factors for recurrent ischemic events.The trial was terminated prematurely after recruitment of 7392 patients because of an increase in major bleeding events with apixaban in the absence of a counterbalancing reduction in recurrent ischemic events. With a median follow-up of 241 days, the primary outcome of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke occurred in 279 of the 3705 patients (7.5%) assigned to apixaban (13.2 events per 100 patient-years) and in 293 of the 3687 patients (7.9%) assigned to placebo (14.0 events per 100 patient-years) (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.11; P=0.51). The primary safety outcome of major bleeding according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) definition occurred in 46 of the 3673 patients (1.3%) who received at least one dose of apixaban (2.4 events per 100 patient-years) and in 18 of the 3642 patients (0.5%) who received at least one dose of placebo (0.9 events per 100 patient-years) (hazard ratio with apixaban, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.50 to 4.46; P=0.001). A greater number of intracranial and fatal bleeding events occurred with apixaban than with placebo.The addition of apixaban, at a dose of 5 mg twice daily, to antiplatelet therapy in high-risk patients after an acute coronary syndrome increased the number of major bleeding events without a significant reduction in recurrent ischemic events. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer; APPRAISE-2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00831441.).
Regulatory T Cells in the Control of Host-Microorganism Interactions
Authors: Yasmine Belkaid, Kristin Tarbell
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2009)

Each microenvironment requires a specific set of regulatory elements that are finely and constantly tuned to maintain local homeostasis. Various populations of regulatory T cells contribute to the maintenance of this equilibrium and establishment of controlled immune responses. In particular, regulatory T cells limit the magnitude of effector responses, which may result in failure to adequately control infection. However, regulatory T cells also help limit collateral tissue damage caused by vigorous antimicrobial immune responses against pathogenic microbes as well as commensals. In this review, we describe various situations in which the balance between regulatory T cells and effector immune functions influence the outcome of host-microorganism coexistence and discuss current hypotheses and points of polemic associated with the origin, target, and antigen specificity of both endogenous and induced regulatory T cells during these interactions.
Cochlear Implants: Some Likely Next Steps
Authors: Blake S. Wilson, Dewey T. Lawson, Joachim M. Müller, Richard S. Tyler, Jan Kiefer
Journal: Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering (2003)

▪ Abstract The history of cochlear implants is marked by large improvements in performance, especially over the past two decades and especially due to the development of ever-better processing strategies. Although the progress to date has been substantial, present devices still do not restore normal speech reception, even for top performers and particularly for listening to speech in competition with noise or other talkers. In addition, a wide range of outcomes persists, with some patients receiving little benefit using the same devices that support high levels of speech reception for others. The purpose of this review is to describe some likely possibilities for further improvement, including (a) combined electric and acoustic stimulation of the auditory system for patients with significant residual hearing, (b) use of bilateral implants, (c) a closer replication with implants of the processing steps in the normal cochlea, and (d) applications of knowledge about factors that are correlated with outcomes to help patients presently at the low end of the performance scale.
Cure- or Care-Oriented Regimen for Stage III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer?
Authors: Katsuyuki Hotta, Takigawa Nagio, Keitaro Matsuo, Katsuyuki Kiura
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

TO THE EDITOR: We read with great interest the article by Yamamoto et al 1 comparing second- and third-generation chemotherapy regimens combined with thoracic irradiation for locally advanced non–small-cell lung cancer. With all due respect to the effort of the authors who conducted the phase III trial, we have to express our opinion against their design and interpretation for the results. Among several points to be criticized in this trial, the most salient is that it is still unclear whether this trial was designed for establishing cure-oriented therapy or care-oriented therapy. Needless to say (but quite important), the stage III diseases, despite their heterogeneity, should be treated for cure rather than care because those with the diseases potentially possess the chance to be cured. Medical oncologists, however, now face the fact that the majority of these patients cannot not be cured with the existing standard chemoradiotherapy. 2 This situation indicates that we should not still satisfy the efficacy
Estrogen Replacement Therapy Improves Baroreflex Regulation of Vascular Sympathetic Outflow in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Brian E. Hunt, J. Andrew Taylor, Jason W. Hamner, Margaret Gagnon, Lewis A. Lipsitz
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —Menopausal estrogen loss has been associated with increased cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. However, the link between estrogen and cardiovascular disease remains unclear. Some data suggest estrogen mediates its effect through changes in arterial pressure and its regulation. However, the data available in older women are equivocal regarding estrogen’s ability to reduce resting arterial pressure or to improve its regulation. Methods and Results —We studied 11 healthy, postmenopausal women before and after 6 months of estrogen administration. Arterial pressure was measured by brachial auscultation and finger photoplethysmography. Vascular sympathetic nerve activity was measured in the peroneal nerve by microneurography, and the slope of the relations between changes in heart period, sympathetic activity, and arterial pressure caused by bolus infusions of nitroprusside and phenylephrine were used as an index of baroreflex gain. Estrogen therapy did not change systolic pressure (128±2 versus 123±2 mm Hg) or cardiac-vagal baroreflex gain (6.6±0.9 versus 6.7±0.7 ms/mm Hg). However, vascular sympathetic baroreflex gain was increased (−4.6±0.6 versus −7.4±1.0 arbitrary integrated units/mm Hg; P =0.02). Conclusion —These findings suggest long-term estrogen replacement therapy has effects on cardiovascular regulation that may not be reflected in resting arterial pressures.
The epidemiology of mesothelioma in historical context
Authors: JC McDonald, AD McDonald
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

Primary malignant mesothelial tumours were recognized by pathologists before asbestiform minerals (chrysotile, crocidolite and amosite) were mined commercially. The discovery, 40 yrs ago, of a causal link with crocidolite and the wide-ranging epidemiological studies which followed are the subject of this review. Early case-control and descriptive surveys, supplemented by cohort studies in insulation workers and chrysotile miners, quickly demonstrated major occupational and geographical differences, with high risk in naval dockyard areas and in the heating trades. In the 1980s, reliable cohort surveys showed that in mining and in the manufacture of asbestos products the mesothelioma risk was much higher when exposure included crocidolite or amosite than chrysotile alone. However, qualitative and quantitative information on exposure was too often inadequate for this evidence to be conclusive. Well-controlled lung fibre analyses have reduced these deficiencies and demonstrated the probable implications of the greater biopersistence of amphibole fibres. Chrysotile for industrial use often contains low concentrations of fibrous tremolite, which may well explain the few cases of mesothelioma associated with this type of asbestos. Progress in this field has been much retarded by controversy, for which the 20 year gap between the availability of reliable estimates of risk for the mining of chrysotile and that for crocidolite or amosite may have been largely responsible.
Dedicator of cytokinesis 8–deficient patients have a breakdown in peripheral B-cell tolerance and defective regulatory T cells
Authors: Erin Janssen, Henner Morbach, Sumana Ullas, Jason M Bannock, Christopher Massad, Laurence Menard, Isil Barlan, Gerard Lefranc, Helen Su, Majed Dasouki, Waleed Al-Herz, Sevgi Keles, Talal Chatila, Raif S Geha, Eric Meffre
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Advances in targeted therapies VII
Authors: F C Breedveld
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

The papers brought together in this supplement of the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases constitute summaries of presentations at the Seventh International Symposium on Advances in Targeted Therapies, which was held on 6–10 April 2005. As such these presentations represent the state of the art on the biology of mechanisms of action and pathophysiology of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) as well as other important mediators of inflammation. Current knowledge on the means and consequences of blocking TNF or other molecules or cellular mechanisms is presented as well.

We are grateful to Drs Crofford, Furst, Feldmann, …
Global health security: the wider lessons from the west African Ebola virus disease epidemic
Authors: David L Heymann, Lincoln Chen, Keizo Takemi, David P Fidler, Jordan W Tappero, Mathew J Thomas, Thomas A Kenyon, Thomas R Frieden, Derek Yach, Sania Nishtar, Alex Kalache, Piero L Olliaro, Peter Horby, Els Torreele, Lawrence O Gostin, Margareth Ndomondo-Sigonda, Daniel Carpenter, Simon Rushton, Louis Lillywhite, Bhimsen Devkota, Khalid Koser, Rob Yates, Ranu S Dhillon, Ravi P Rannan-Eliya
Journal: The Lancet (2015)
Roll Back Malaria: a failing global health challenge: Developing a market for bed nets and insecticides is problematic
Authors: J Derek Charlwood
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—As shown in Yamey's recent editorial on the failure of the Roll Back Malaria campaign,1 appropriate economic thinking for sustainable development in Africa continues to be ignored. Thus, the customer for bed nets is not the individual African but the large non-governmental organisation, whose orders are largely based on price, not quality.

Economic lessons show, however, that …
No paradox, no progress: inverse cancer comorbidity in people with other complex diseases
Authors: Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Nancy Dumont, Anaïs Baudot, Jose M Valderas, Joan Climent, Alfonso Valencia, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro, Eduard Vieta, Manuel Gómez-Beneyto, Salvador Martínez, John L Rubenstein
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2011)
Smoking and Colorectal Cancer in Lynch Syndrome: Results from the Colon Cancer Family Registry and The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Authors: Mala Pande, Patrick M. Lynch, John L. Hopper, Mark A. Jenkins, Steve Gallinger, Robert W. Haile, Loic LeMarchand, Noralane M. Lindor, Peter T. Campbell, Polly A. Newcomb, John D. Potter, John A. Baron, Marsha L. Frazier, Christopher I. Amos
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Purpose: Lynch syndrome family members with inherited germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes have a high risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), and cases typically have tumors that exhibit a high level of microsatellite instability (MSI). There is some evidence that smoking is a risk factor for CRCs with high MSI; however, the association of smoking with CRC among those with Lynch syndrome is unknown. Experimental Design: A multicentered retrospective cohort of 752 carriers of pathogenic MMR gene mutations was analyzed, using a weighted Cox regression analysis, adjusting for sex, ascertainment source, the specific mutated gene, year of birth, and familial clustering. Results: Compared with never smokers, current smokers had a significantly increased CRC risk [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 1.62; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.01-2.57] and former smokers who had quit smoking for 2 or more years were at decreased risk (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.35-0.82). CRC risk did not vary according to age at starting. However, light smoking (&amp;lt;10 cigarettes per day) and shorter duration of smoking (&amp;lt;10 years) were associated with decreased CRC risk (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.29-0.91 and HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30-0.89, respectively). For former smokers, CRC risk decreased with years since quitting (P trend &amp;lt;0.01). Conclusions: People with Lynch syndrome may be at increased risk of CRC if they smoke regularly. Although our data suggest that former smokers, short-term smokers, and light smokers are at decreased CRC risk, these findings need further confirmation, preferably using prospective designs. Clin Cancer Res; 16(4); 1331–9
A Code of Ethics for Health Care Ethics Consultants: Journey to the Present and Implications for the Field
Authors: Anita J. Tarzian, Lucia D. Wocial, None The ASBH Clinical Ethics Consultati
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2015)

AbstractFor decades a debate has played out in the literature about who bioethicists are, what they do, whether they can be considered professionals qua bioethicists, and, if so, what professional responsibilities they are called to uphold. Health care ethics consultants are bioethicists who work in health care settings. They have been seeking guidance documents that speak to their special relationships/duties toward those they serve. By approving a Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibilities for Health Care Ethics Consultants, the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities (ASBH) has moved the professionalization debate forward in a significant way. This first code of ethics focuses on individuals who provide health care ethics consultation (HCEC) in clinical settings. The evolution of the code's development, implications for the field of HCEC and bioethics, and considerations for future directions are presented here.Keywords: ethics committeesconfidentiality and privacyhistoryorganizational ethicsprofessional ethicsvirtues ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors thank Bob Baker for his contributions to the Code in his role as code of ethics liaison to the CECA committee, and the following CECA members who have rotated off of the committee: Jeffrey Berger, Jack Gallagher, Paula Goodman-Crews, Christine Mitchell, Nneka Sederstrom (Mokwunye), Kayhan Parsi, Tia Powell, and Marty Smith.
Targeted Disruption of <i>cd73</i> /Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase Alters Thromboregulation and Augments Vascular Inflammatory Response
Authors: Patrycja Koszalka, Burcin Özüyaman, Yuqing Huo, Alma Zernecke, Ulrich Flögel, Norbert Braun, Anja Buchheiser, Ulrich K.M. Decking, Michael L. Smith, Jean Sévigny, Adrian Gear, Artur-Aron Weber, Andrei Molojavyi, Zhaoping Ding, Christian Weber, Klaus Ley, Herbert Zimmermann, Axel Gödecke, Jürgen Schrader
Journal: Circulation Research (2004)

To investigate the role of adenosine formed extracellularly in vascular homeostasis, mice with a targeted deletion of the cd73/ecto-5'-nucleotidase were generated. Southern blot, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis confirmed the constitutive knockout. In vivo analysis of hemodynamic parameters revealed no significant differences in systolic blood pressure, ejection fraction, or cardiac output between strains. However, basal coronary flow measured in the isolated perfused heart was significantly lower (-14%; P<0.05) in the mutant. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong CD73 expression on the endothelium of conduit vessels in wild-type (WT) mice. Time to carotid artery occlusion after ferric chloride (FeCl3) was significantly reduced by 20% in cd73-/- mice (P<0.05). Bleeding time after tail tip resection tended to be shorter in cd73-/- mice (-35%). In vivo platelet cAMP levels were 0.96+/-0.46 in WT versus 0.68+/-0.27 pmol/106 cells in cd73-/- mice (P<0.05). Under in vitro conditions, platelet aggregation in response to ADP (0.05 to 10 micromol/L) was undistinguishable between the two strains. In the cremaster model of ischemia-reperfusion, the increase in leukocyte attachment to endothelium was significantly higher in cd73-/- compared with WT littermates (WT 98% versus cd73-/- 245%; P<0.005). The constitutive adhesion of monocytes in ex vivo-perfused carotid arteries of WT mice was negligible but significantly increased in arteries of cd73-/- mice (P<0.05). Thus, our data provide the first evidence that adenosine, extracellularly formed by CD73, can modulate coronary vascular tone, inhibit platelet activation, and play an important role in leukocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium in vivo.
Identification of a p69,71 complex expressed on human T cells sharing determinants with B-type chronic lymphatic leukemic cells.
Authors: C Y Wang, R A Good, P Ammirati, G Dymbort, R L Evans
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1980)

In the course of generating monoclonal antibodies to human thymus-dependent differentiation antigens, we were able to define specificities shared by T cells and by cells from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia that were not detectable on normal B cells. In particular, one of these antibodies was reactive by indirect immunofluorescence with greater than 95% of the thymocytes and 80--95% of nonadherent sheep erythrocyte-rosetting peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), but was unreactive with normal B cells or cell lines derived from PBL by Epstein-Barr virus transformation. However, the leukemic cells from 11 of 14 patients with B-type chronic lymphatic leukemia were found to express detectable concentrations of this surface determinant. The target antigen recognized by this monoclonal antibody was shown by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be a p69,71 complex. Our findings suggest a possible relationship between this antigen and the previously described GIX system in the mouse.
Systematic Review of Acupuncture in Cancer Care: A Synthesis of the Evidence
Authors: M. Kay Garcia, Jennifer McQuade, Robin Haddad, Sonya Patel, Richard Lee, Peiying Yang, J. Lynn Palmer, Lorenzo Cohen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

Purpose Many cancer centers offer acupuncture services. To date, a comprehensive systematic review of acupuncture in cancer care has not been conducted. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture for symptom management in patients with cancer. Methods Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane (all databases), Scopus, and PubMed were searched from inception through December 2011 for prospective randomized clinical trials (RCT) evaluating acupuncture for symptom management in cancer care. Only studies involving needle insertion into acupuncture points were included. No language limitations were applied. Studies were assessed for risk of bias (ROB) according to Cochrane criteria. Outcomes by symptom were designated as positive, negative, or unclear. Results A total of 2,151 publications were screened. Of those, 41 RCTs involving eight symptoms (pain, nausea, hot flashes, fatigue, radiation-induced xerostomia, prolonged postoperative ileus, anxiety/mood disorders, and sleep disturbance) met all inclusion criteria. One positive trial of acupuncture for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting had low ROB. Of the remaining studies, eight had unclear ROB (four positive, three negative, and one with unclear outcomes). Thirty-three studies had high ROB (19 positive, 11 negative, and three with both positive and negative outcomes depending on the symptom). Conclusion Acupuncture is an appropriate adjunctive treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting, but additional studies are needed. For other symptoms, efficacy remains undetermined owing to high ROB among studies. Future research should focus on standardizing comparison groups and treatment methods, be at least single-blinded, assess biologic mechanisms, have adequate statistical power, and involve multiple acupuncturists.
Practitioners As Experts: The Influence of Practicing Oncologists “in-the-Field” on Evidence-Based Guideline Development
Authors: George P. Browman, Julie Makarski, Paula Robinson, Melissa Brouwers
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

Purpose Panels of experts are used to develop clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) intended to be used by practitioners “in-the-field.” Therefore, oncologists’ participation in CPG development is an important strategy to promote CPG adoption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contributions of oncologists in-the-field to evidence-based CPG development using data from Ontario’s cancer system. Methods CPG development in Ontario includes surveys of oncologists’ opinions, using a structured questionnaire, about draft recommendations that were developed from rigorous systematic reviews of evidence prepared by expert panels. Two research assistants reviewed background documents to trace the changes in CPG recommendations from draft to final stage to determine the contribution of oncologists’ input to final recommendations. Changes to recommendations were categorized as either substantive (content or tone) or minor (ideas clarification or edits). Results From 2000 to 2003, 43 CPGs were developed. There were 87 changes to draft recommendations for 31 CPGs, of which 40 changes to 19 CPGs could be attributed to survey input from practicing oncologists. Of the 40 changes, 28 (70%) were judged to be substantive. Conclusion Despite a rigorous evidence-based process for CPG development, practicing oncologists contribute substantially to the final recommendations approved by the expert panel. It is hypothesized that the responsiveness of expert panels to input from oncologists in-the-field will facilitate adoption of CPGs.