tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Enuresis: Treatment With Imipramine
Authors: Samuel J. Arnold
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr. Martin postulates (227:327, 1974) that because enuretics have frequent bladder contractions and a "delayed tendency to develop normal bladder capacity," and wet in deep sleep, when their intravesical pressures are higher than in light sleep, they suffer "a fundamental defect... in subcortical centers controlling micturition." He suggests that imipramine, by lightening sleep, compensates for these defects and that the larger bladder and maturing nervous system of increasing age may render imipramine unnecessary. One may not properly use an infant's frequent physiological bladder contractions to attribute immaturity to an enuretic's irritable bladder contractions. The routine cystometric study does not necessarily permit distinction between peripheral and central irritation. We know of no demonstration of an abnormal voiding center or an abnormal neural pathway. Depth of the enuretic's sleep is no warrant to consider the bladder diseased. Clinical experience and animal studies show that urethral or bladder mucosal irritation
HOSPITAL CARE COSTS
Authors: L. Edward Gaul
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The editorial in the Oct. 18 issue ofThe Journal, page 696, entitled "A Cooperative Program to Reduce the Costs of Hospital Care," as well as the letter of Dr. Albert W. Snoke, on page 713, was of great interest to me, and, particularly, the following quotation from the editorial: "Physicians who are concerned about the expenses their patients incur when they are hospitalized do not always appreciate how many elements of the patient's hospital stay that are directly related to the size of his hospital bill are under their complete control." I have been interested in the problem of overtreatment of trivial skin lesions for a long time. Last spring, during a six week period, 30% of all new patients seen by me in the office and hospital had contact dermatitis. When these patients had recovered sufficiently, patch tests were made with remedies they had used.
A COMPARATIVE METHOD FOR TESTING THE ENZYMES OF LIVING HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: William P. Thompson, Frank L. Meleney
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1924)

1. A method is presented for the quantitative comparison under various conditions of the activity of the lipolytic enzyme of the hemolytic steptococcus. The speed of acid production as shown in the color change from pH 8.0 to 7.2, when the living streptococcus is suspended in association with ethyl butyrate, is considered to be indicative of the amount of ferment elaborated by the organism. 2. The lipolytic action is a function of living, actively growing organisms such as are present in 4 to 8 hour cultures. 3. The speed of the lipolytic action is approximately in linear proportion to the concentration of the organisms. 4. The lipolytic action is most rapid at 37.5 degrees C., slower at 50 degrees , and absent at 62 degrees . 5. The organisms are partially destroyed and the lipolytic action is markedly delayed by previous heating to 55 degrees C. for 10 minutes. Both the organisms and the lipolytic activity are completely destroyed by continued contact with this temperature for 30 minutes. 6. Increasing the virulence of the organism for rabbits by repeated animal passage does not increase the lipolytic action. 7. The predilection of the hemolytic streptococcus for the subcutaneous fat in local streptococcus infection associated with extensive superficial gangrene cannot be explained on the basis of an increase of lipolytic ferment in the organisms recovered from these cases over that of heterologous strains of streptococci.
Care Partners and Online Patient Portals
Authors: Urmimala Sarkar, David W. Bates
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Each year, more than 65 million people in the United States (29% to 39% of the population) provide care for a chronically ill, disabled, or elderly family member or friend.1 Such caregivers, who help with both basic life functions and managing medical care, are critical to helping people maintain their health and remain in their communities.2 Many chronically ill and older people also have loved ones who, distinct from caregivers, serve as “care partners.” These care partners do not provide day-to-day care or serve as surrogate decision makers but do help navigate health care—facilitating communication with physicians, discussing complex issues requiring shared decision making, and assisting with challenging self-management tasks. The care partner or partners may include a spouse, parent, friend, or relative who assists with health, perhaps across geographic distance.
Anticraving Effects of Topiramate in a Diabetic Patient
Authors: Syed Nizamuddin Ahmed, Yasmin Rashid
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

Topiramate is an effective antiepileptic medication. It holds promise in the care of diabetic patients by virtue of its effect on weight loss (1). It is also reported efficacious as an adjunct in the treatment of alcohol dependence (2) and in the management of binge-eating disorder (3). We report a case illustrating the potential anticraving effects of topiramate against chocolate, leading to significantly improved glycemic control in an epileptic patient with concurrent diabetes.

A 67-year-old woman presented to the epilepsy clinic in September 2003 for evaluation of “possible seizures” and was subsequently treated with topiramate. She also had an 11-year history of poorly controlled diabetes …
Bernard-Soulier syndrome: Common ancestry in two African American families with the GP Ib? Leu129Pro mutation
Authors: John Vito Antonucci, Eric S. Martin, Peter J. Hulick, Abraham Joseph, S. Eric Martin
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2000)

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSs) is a rare bleeding disorder characterized by circulating giant platelets, thrombocytopenia, and a prolonged bleeding time.BSs usually has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, with a preponderance of Caucasian and Japanese ancestry when the ethnic background has been reported.Underlying this disorder of platelet function is a defect in the platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex, composed of four polypeptides, GP Ib␣, GP Ib␤, GP IX, and GP V. Molecular characterization of individuals with BSs has identified mutations in the GP Ib␣, GP Ib␤, and GP IX genes responsible for the expressed phenotype.In this study, we report a family of African-American descent, with autosomal recessive BSs showing a point mutation in codon 129 of the GP Ib␣ gene.This mutation, CTC:wild-type to CCC:mutant, is similar to that of another African American family where the resulting leucine to proline substitution in the 5 th leucine-rich repeat of GP Ib␣ is responsible for the observed BSs phenotype.Comparison of the intragenic polymorphisms of GP Ib␣, as well as microsatellite markers in a 17.5 cM region of chromosome 17p12 that contains the GP Ib␣ gene, suggests that, although socially unrelated, the Leu129Pro mutation in these two families has a common founder.
Cholesterol Screening in Young Adults
Authors: Thomas B. Newman
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —We read with interest the article by Giles et al<sup>1</sup>entitled "Recent Trends in the Identification and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol by Physicians: Progress and Missed Opportunities." Giles et al define a "missed opportunity" for cholesterol screening as a patient's not having been screened for high blood cholesterol (HBC) despite having seen a physician for preventive care in the past 2 years. They concluded that missed opportunities are most common in individuals aged 20 to 34 years and in women who had seen obstetricians/gynecologists for preventive care. In explaining their findings, Giles et al note that "physicians' perceptions about the usefulness of identifying and treating HBC for younger persons may be different than for older persons." In fact, the usefulness of identifying and treating HBC in younger and older persons is different. Gender and age are important determinants of absolute coronary heart disease (CHD) risk.
Genetic Features of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Disorders
Authors: Agnès Rötig, Arnold Munnich
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2003)

After nerve injury, Schwann cells convert to a phenotype specialized to promote repair. But during the slow process of axonal regrowth, these repair Schwann cells gradually lose their regeneration-supportive features and eventually die. Although this is a key reason for the frequent regeneration failures in humans, the transcriptional mechanisms that control long-term survival and phenotype of repair cells have not been studied, and the molecular signaling underlying their decline is obscure. We show, in mice, that Schwann cell STAT3 has a dual role. It supports the long-term survival of repair Schwann cells and is required for the maintenance of repair Schwann cell properties. In contrast, STAT3 is less important for the initial generation of repair Schwann cells after injury. In repair Schwann cells, we find that Schwann cell STAT3 activation by Tyr705 phosphorylation is sustained during long-term denervation. STAT3 is required for maintaining autocrine Schwann cell survival signaling, and inactivation of Schwann cell STAT3 results in a striking loss of repair cells from chronically denervated distal stumps. STAT3 inactivation also results in abnormal morphology of repair cells and regeneration tracks, and failure to sustain expression of repair cell markers, including Shh, GDNF, and BDNF. Because Schwann cell development proceeds normally without STAT3, the function of this factor appears restricted to Schwann cells after injury. This identification of transcriptional mechanisms that support long-term survival and differentiation of repair cells will help identify, and eventually correct, the failures that lead to the deterioration of this important cell population. <b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Although injured peripheral nerves contain repair Schwann cells that provide signals and spatial clues for promoting regeneration, the clinical outcome after nerve damage is frequently poor. A key reason for this is that, during the slow growth of axons through the proximal parts of injured nerves repair, Schwann cells gradually lose regeneration-supporting features and eventually die. Identification of signals that sustain repair cells is therefore an important goal. We have found that in mice the transcription factor STAT3 protects these cells from death and contributes to maintaining the molecular and morphological repair phenotype that promotes axonal regeneration. Defining the molecular mechanisms that maintain repair Schwann cells is an essential step toward developing therapeutic strategies that improve nerve regeneration and functional recovery.
Pyloroplasty or Antrectomy with Vagotomy in Ulcerogenic Ileal Interposition
Authors: James L. Guest, Sam E. Stephenson, H. William Scott
Journal: JAMA (1963)

IN 1958, Silbermann et al described a new ulcerogenic procedure in the dog in which a 15 to 40 cm loop of ileum is interposed isoperistaltically in the first portion of the duodenum. Seven of nine such animals developed chronic ulcers in the ileal segment within 4 mo. The mechanism of the ulceration is uncertain. However, since the preparation does not require interference with upper gastrointestinal continuity, does not produce nutritional deficits, and does not require the administration of drugs with other systemic side effects, the authors pointed out that it is ideal for the unbiased evaluation of surgical procedures for peptic ulcer. The following experiment was designed<sup>1</sup>to evaluate the ileal interposition operation as a predictable ulcerogenic preparation and<sup>2</sup>to contrast the protective effect of vagotomy and pyloroplasty with vagotomy and antrectomy in the development of this type of ulceration. <h3>Methods</h3> Healthy mongrel dogs weighing 8 to
Instantaneous and Sudden Deaths
Authors: Robert A. Bruce
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Friedman and associates (225:1319, 1973) presented evidence that patients dying instantly within 30 seconds often do so as a result of physical activity (14 of 27 cases, or 47.8%). At autopsy they exhibit far-advanced coronary vascular disease (25 of 27, or 92.6%), but no noticeable acute myocardial lesion. In contrast, those dying "suddenly," ie, over minutes to several hours, often exhibit coronary thrombosis and infarction. Despite immediate availability of persons trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation, none of eight given such emergency treatment was resuscitated. Their discussion cites "the possible lethal peril of violent exercise to coronary artery disease patients," referring to an earlier report by Bruce and Kluge (216:653,1971), but distorts the purpose of that report by using the expression "lethal peril of violent exercise," while disregarding the fact that prompt defibrillatory treatment of exertional cardiac arrest was entirely successful in seven of seven men. Since
THE INTRAGASTRIC DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY BY MEANS OF THE CELLULOID CAPSULE
Authors: Jacob Buckstein
Journal: JAMA (1923)

While there may be variations of opinion as to the practical significance of exact quantitative determinations of the acid values of the gastric contents, there can be no doubt as to the value of a qualitative determination of the presence or complete absence of gastric acidity. The absence of free hydrochloric acid may signify malignancy, a marked atrophic gastritis, a benign achylia or complete neutralization with alkalis. Although the determination of anacidity is thus of great practical value, there are times when the introduction of the stomach tube is not desirable: 1. When a penetrating ulcer is present, the gagging and vomiting occasionally produced by the introduction of the tube may produce a perforation. When an associated malignancy is suspected, one may nevertheless wish to know whether free hydrochloric acid is present or not. 2. In marked asthenia, or when a cardiac complication is present, as well as in the
Association between circulating irisin levels and the promotion of insulin resistance during the weight maintenance period after a dietary weight-lowering program in obese patients
Authors: Ana B. Crujeiras, M. Angeles Zulet, Patricia Lopez-Legarrea, Rocío de la Iglesia, María Pardo, Marcos C. Carreira, J. Alfredo Martínez, Felipe F. Casanueva
Journal: Metabolism (2013)
The Perils of Platelet Transfusions
Authors: Margot S. Kruskall
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

The value of platelet transfusions for thrombocytopenia was first reported in 1910, when Duke described three patients with bleeding due to thrombocytopenia, each of whom showed improvement with transfusions of platelet-containing fresh, whole blood.1 This discovery was followed by the development of techniques to prepare platelet components, and platelet transfusions were shown to reduce the risk of death from hemorrhage substantially during chemotherapy for leukemia. The current reliance on platelet transfusions is reflected by the fact that in the United States there has been an increase in such transfusions of 5 to 7 percent annually since 1987, even as red-cell . . .
Regulating New Drugs
Authors: John C. Ballin
Journal: JAMA (1974)

It is a rare physician today who does not have some opinion about the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Judged by the majority of comments received by the AMA Department of Drugs, that opnion is usually unfavorable. The FDA confirms that it is generally held in poor repute by most American physicians. Why? Vast numbers of practitioners are convinced that the FDA is<i>interfering with medical practice</i>. They take umbrage with FDA medical decisions and, even more basically, with the 1962 Amendments to the Food and Drug Act under which the FDA must operate. Thus, it is logical to ask whether the 1962 amendments have benefited the public and whether the FDA has been effective in implementing the law. This little paperback book helps provide a few answers. Under the sponsorship of the University of Chicago's Center for Policy Study, a conference of specialists from universities, medical centers, pharmaceutical companies,
Independent and combined action of hepatitis C virus infection and alcohol consumption on the risk of symptomatic liver cirrhosis
Authors: Giovanni Corrao, Sarino Aricò
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Although alcohol intake and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are the major determinants of liver cirrhosis (LC) in Western countries, the joint effect of these two factors on LC risk has not yet been adequately studied. We used data from two hospital-based case-control studies performed in Italy. Cases were 285 cirrhotic patients admitted for the first time to district hospitals for liver decompensation. Controls were 417 patients admitted during the same period, and in the same hospitals as the cases, for acute diseases unrelated to alcohol. Alcohol consumption was expressed as lifetime daily alcohol intake (LDAI). Serum HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) were detected using a second-generation test and recombinant immunoblotting assay. We found a dose-effect relationship between LDAI and the risk of LC in both anti-HCV-negative and -positive subjects. Considering the extreme LDAI categories (LDAI = 0 g, lifetime teetotalers, and LDAI = 175 g), the LC odds ratios increased from 1.0 (reference category) to 15.0 (95% CI, 7.1-31.7) and from 9.2 (95% CI, 2.0-43.2) to 147.2 (95% CI, 42.1-514.3) in anti-HCV-negative and -positive patients respectively. The interaction between LDAI and HCV showed an additive structure for LDAI < 50 g/day and a multiplicative structure for consumption > 125 g/day. Alcohol intake and HCV infection are independent risk factors for symptomatic liver cirrhosis, each being sufficient to induce the disease. In subjects with high alcohol intake, the coexistence of HCV infection multiplies the alcohol-associated risk of cirrhosis. In subjects with low alcohol intake, other factors could be involved.
HLA-DQ8 as an Ir gene in coeliac disease
Authors: K E A Lundin
Journal: Gut (2002)

DQ8 restricted gliadin peptide is immunogenic in the intestinal mucosa of HLA-DQ8 positive patients, representing the first demonstration that a given peptide may be of pathogenic significance only for a subset of coeliacs, and strongly suggests that DQ2 and DQ8 act as immune response (Ir) genes in this disease
Subcortical origins of human and monkey neocortical interneurons
Authors: Tong Ma, Congmin Wang, Lei Wang, Xing Zhou, Miao Tian, Qiangqiang Zhang, Yue Zhang, Jiwen Li, Zhidong Liu, Yuqun Cai, Fang Liu, Yan You, Chao Chen, Kenneth Campbell, Hongjun Song, Lan Ma, John L Rubenstein, Zhengang Yang
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2013)
Human transforming growth factor-alpha stimulates bone resorption in vitro.
Authors: P H Stern, N S Krieger, R A Nissenson, R D Williams, M E Winkler, R Derynck, G J Strewler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

Tumor-derived transforming growth factors (TGF) have been proposed as possible mediators of hypercalcemia in malignancy. We have studied the action of recombinant human TGF-alpha in cultured bone cells and in bone explant cultures. In clonal UMR-106 rat osteosarcoma cells, TGF-alpha and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were equipotent in binding to the EGF receptor. TGF-alpha and EGF both stimulated resorption of neonatal mouse calvaria, and maximal responses were obtained with 10 ng/ml of TGF-alpha after 72 h in culture. The effects of both TGF-alpha and EGF in calvaria, but not those of parathyroid hormone, were inhibited by 5 X 10(-7) M indomethacin. Fetal rat limb bone cultures were less sensitive to TGF-alpha than neonatal mouse calvaria, with a concentration of 30 ng/ml being required to stimulate resorption in this system. The bone-resorbing activity of TGF-alpha in fetal rat bones was inhibited by 10 ng/ml calcitonin but not by 5 X 10(-7) M indomethacin. EGF at concentrations up to 300 ng/ml did not stimulate resorption of the limb bones at time periods up to 66 h. The results indicate that human TGF-alpha is a potent bone-resorbing agent, and support the concept that this growth factor exhibits some effects distinct from those of EGF. TGF-alpha could play an etiologic role in the hypercalcemia of malignancy.
AASLD position paper: Liver biopsy
Authors: Don C. Rockey, Stephen H. Caldwell, Zachary D. Goodman, Rendon C. Nelson, Alastair D. Smith
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

These recommendations provide a data-supported approach. They are based on the following: (1) formal review and analysis of the recently published world literature on the topic; (2) American College of Physicians Manual for Assessing Health Practices and Designing Practice Guidelines1; (3) guideline policies, including the AASLD Policy on the Development and Use of Practice Guidelines and the American Gastroenterological Association Policy Statement on Guidelines2; and (4) the experience of the authors in the specified topic. Intended for use by physicians, these recommendations suggest preferred approaches to the diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive aspects of care. They are intended to be flexible, in contrast to standards of care, which are inflexible policies to be followed in every case. Specific recommendations are based on relevant published information. Tomore fully characterize the quality of evidence supporting recommendations, the Practice Guidelines Committee of the AASLD requires a Class (reflecting benefit versus risk) and Level (assessing strength or certainty) of Evidence to be assigned and reported with each recommendation (Table 1, adapted from the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association Practice Guidelines3).4
Decreasing incidence and changes in serotype distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease in persons aged under 18 years since introduction of 10-valent and 13-valent conjugate vaccines in Portugal, July 2008 to June 2012
Authors: S I Aguiar, M J Brito, A N Horácio, J P Lopes, M Ramirez, J Melo-Cristino
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2014)

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
General practice fundholding has improved services
Authors: K. Scott
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—Sarah Stewart-Brown and colleagues should have given more thought to their description of the methodology used by the Audit Commission for its report on general practice fundholding.1 Far from visiting “a large number of fundholding practices, family health services authorities, district health authorities, and trusts to collect qualitative data,” the commission's staff visited only 56 of the 2200 practices that …
Not enough cash goes to brain tumour research, doctors say
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Brain tumours continue to be the poor relation in cancer research. Too complex, too variable, and too low profile because they lack a vocal patient group, brain tumours languish low in the funding league table, said a group of specialists at a briefing held at London’s Science Media Centre on 30 September.

This is despite statistics showing that brain tumours are the main cause of cancer deaths in children and people under 40. Better ascertainment has shown that they are not as rare as once believed and are responsible for around 3500 deaths …