tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity, Specificity, Prevalence, and Disease Stage
Authors: Walter E. Stamm
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Letters15 February 1994Sensitivity, Specificity, Prevalence, and Disease StageWalter E. Stamm, MDWalter E. Stamm, MDHarborview Medical Center; Seattle, WA 98104Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-4-199402150-00022 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:I appreciate Dr. Redd's comment and agree that, in a statistical sense, neither sensitivity nor specificity should vary with disease prevalence. However, with chlamydial infection (and others as well), biologic factors may influence the sensitivity and specificity of the test in populations having different prevalences [1, 2]. For example, in patients infected with chlamydia who have recently acquired infection (usually seen in populations with a high prevalence), the number of organisms (and amount of antigen or DNA) present is greater than in populations characterized by low prevalence. In the latter populations, more infections are long-lived, are subacute, and ...References1. Barnes RC, Katz BP, Rolfs RT, Batteiger B, Caine V, Jones RB. Quantitative culture of endocervical Chlamydia trachomatis. J Clin Microbiol. 1990; 28:774-80. Google Scholar2. Schachter J, Stamm WE, Chernesky MA, Hook EW, Jones RB, Judson FN, et al. Nonculture tests for genital tract chlamydial infections. What does the package insert mean, and will it mean the same thing tomorrow? Sex Trans Dis. 1992; 29:243-4. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Harborview Medical Center; Seattle, WA 98104 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByRole of Nitric Oxide as Mediator of Nerve Injury in Inflammatory NeuropathiesUS or CT for Diagnosis of Appendicitis in Children and Adults? A Meta-AnalysisQuercetin Induces Apoptosis of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Decreases the Proinflammatory Response of Human MacrophagesNitric Oxide Metabolism in Neisseria meningitidisLack of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Aggravates Murine Pneumococcal Meningitis 15 February 1994Volume 120, Issue 4Page: 345KeywordsAntigensBiologicsChlamydiaChlamydia infectionDNAPopulation statisticsSpecificity Issue Published: 15 February 1994 CopyrightCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Delivering Health Care in America: A Systems Approach
Authors: Jane M. Geraci
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Medical Writings: Book Notes18 May 1999Delivering Health Care in America: A Systems ApproachJane M. Geraci, MD, MPHJane M. Geraci, MD, MPHHouston Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. (Geraci)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-10-199905180-00029 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Shu L, Singh DA. 596 pages. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen; 1998. $49.00. ISBN 0834210819. Order phone 800-638-8437.Field of medicine: Health care delivery.Audience: Students in health services administration and other professionals involved in health care delivery.Purpose: To provide a systematic overview of the U.S. health care system.Content: The book approaches the U.S. health care system from a “systems framework,” which is described in the first chapter. Five subsequent sections address major segments of the systems framework. Part I discusses the foundations of the U.S. health care system, including cultural beliefs and social values that have influenced its development, ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. (Geraci) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 18 May 1999Volume 130, Issue 10Page: 867-868KeywordsComputer softwareComputing systemsForecastingHIVHealth careHealth care policyInpatientsMedical servicesOutpatientsPopulation statistics ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 18 May 1999 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Untreated Pain, Narcotics Regulation, and Global Health Ideologies
Authors: Nicholas B. King, Veronique Fraser
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Pain management is marginalized or ignored, with millions of people worldwide unnecessarily living with untreated pain. Reducing global inequalities in untreated pain requires a concerted global effort, say Veronique Fraser and colleagues, which must attend to the complexity of pain and promote multimodal, multidisciplinary pain management.
Philippine plan to cut diarrhoea deaths
Authors: A. Easton
Journal: BMJ (1999)

This article describes a plan to reduce diarrhea deaths in the Philippines. Dehydration caused by diarrhea and vomiting can be combated by urgent replacement of lost fluid and electrolytes. The department of health in the Philippines is promoting oral rehydration therapy among mothers. Health workers are promoting the program through local village-level meetings held mainly before and during the rainy days from June to December, when diarrhea cases increase due to contamination of water sources. The program is also advertised in the media. Mothers are encouraged to breast-feed until the baby is 6 months old, and supplies of oral rehydration salts are available from every local government.
Surveillance for Recurrence of Colorectal Cancer—Reply
Authors: John N. Primrose, David Mant
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Letter: Pre-eclampsia and the kidney.
Authors: C R Tribe, G E Smart, J C Mackenzie
Journal: BMJ (1974)

is no evidence that the teaching and effective implementation of such safety measures are carried out at the place of work.As Mr. Bagley so rightly suggests, occupationally based health services could help enormously in reducing the work load on the busy accident and emergency depart- ments and could certainly save a great deal of time lost at work, but i.t must be borne in mind that unless such services can be aimed at prevention as well as treatment of injuries within their scope, then it could create more rather than less work for those departments.-Iam, etc.,
Lack of Relationship Between Glucose Tolerance and Complications of Pregnancy in Nondiabetic Women
Authors: Randie R Little, Edith M McKenzie, Jaye M Shyken, Susan E Winkelmann, Linda M Ramsey, Richard W Madsen, David E Goldstein
Journal: Diabetes Care (1990)

Recent studies suggest that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is underdiagnosed. To test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship of perinatal complications to glucose tolerance during the third trimester. Our population consisted of 287 women evaluated at approximately 28 wk gestation who had normal fasting (less than 5.9 mM) and 2-h (less than 9.2 mM plasma glucose) levels after a 100-g glucose load. Glycosylated hemoglobin and glycosylated plasma protein were also measured. Study subjects were stratified into three groups based on 2-h plasma glucose values: group 1 (n = 59) less than 5.6 mM, group 2 (n = 112) 5.6-6.0 mM, and group 3 (n = 116) 6.7-9.2 mM. There were statistically significant but low correlations (r less than 0.20) between 2-h plasma glucose levels and mother's age, body mass index, infant weights, and Apgar scores. There was a significant increasing trend in the proportion of overweight and obese women from groups 1 to 3 (P less than 0.02). There was also a significant trend toward higher birth weights (P = 0.013) and larger proportions of large for gestational age (LGA) babies (P = 0.02) from groups 1 to 3, and women with LGA infants showed higher fasting and 2-h plasma glucose levels than women with non-LGA infants (P = 0.032). However, there was no significant difference in perinatal complications or infant morbidity or mortality between groups. Percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin or glycosylated plasma protein did not differ between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Smoking accelerates the progression of hypertension-induced myocardial hypertrophy to heart failure in spontaneously hypertensive rats☆
Authors: K MEURRENS, S RUF, G ROSS, R SCHLEEF, K VONHOLT, K SCHLUTER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2007)

Objective Myocardial hypertrophy often develops in response to hypertension, and it is causal to and an independent predictor of heart failure. Several risk factors modify the progression of hypertrophy, the associated progressive impairment of myocardial function, and eventually the transition to overt congestive heart failure. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of smoking on the progression of pressure-dependent myocardial hypertrophy. Methods Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used as a model for pressure-dependent hypertrophy. SHR were exposed to mainstream smoke from the Kentucky reference cigarette 2R4F (450 μg total particulate matter/l) or to fresh air (control), 5 days a week, twice for 1 h per day with a 30-minute fresh air exposure break for 30, 60, or 90 days. Endpoints for hypertrophy-associated changes were heart weight to body weight ratio, ventricular expression of hypertrophy-associated genes, ischemic tolerance, and inotropic responsiveness to isoprenaline in post-ischemic hearts. Results Smoke-exposed SHR showed a significant elevation in heart weight to body weight ratio, increased mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and parathyroid hormone-related protein in both ventricles compared to controls. Hearts from smoke-exposed SHR showed a reduced recovery after 30 min global ischemia during the first 5 min of reperfusion and loss of inotropic stimulation after 30 min reperfusion. Smoke cessation was sufficient to reverse most of these alterations. WKY exposed to smoke did not develop similar changes. Conclusion Our data indicate that several aspects of myocardial hypertrophy are accelerated by smoking.
Myeloid hyperplasia in the SENCAR mouse: differentiation from granulocytic leukemia.
Authors: R E Long, G Knutsen, M Robinson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1986)

The term myeloid hyperplasia has been used interchangeably with many other terms to describe an increased production of granulocytes, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes in the spleen and other organs in the mouse. This process is occasionally misdiagnosed as granulocytic leukemia. This paper reviews some of the terms used interchangeably with myeloid hyperplasia and describes criteria that can be used to differentiate myeloid hyperplasia from granulocytic leukemia. Additionally, the results of a study in which myeloid hyperplasia was induced following the formation of skin tumors in SENCAR mice is discussed. In this study, positive correlations were found between skin lesions, the spleen weight, and histologic appearance of the spleen. The liver rarely showed microscopic changes of myeloid hyperplasia unless the spleen weighed at least 1.0% of the body weight.
Cutaneous and mucosal mucormycosis mimicking pancreatic panniculitis and gouty panniculitis
Authors: Luis Requena, Panitta Sitthinamsuwan, Carlos Santonja, María Teresa Fernández-Figueras, José Luis Rodríguez-Peralto, Zsolt Argenyi, Antonio Torrelo, Lorenzo Cerroni, Heinz Kutzner
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
Harnessing preclinical mouse models to inform human clinical cancer trials
Authors: David H. Gutmann, Kim Hunter-Schaedle, Kevin M. Shannon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2006)

The urgent need for better cancer treatments has stimulated interest in employing small-animal models to evaluate potential drug therapies. Robust mouse models of many human cancers have been generated using sophisticated technologies for engineering germ-line mutations. As we enter into an age of targeted therapeutics, these strains provide novel platforms for validating new anticancer drugs, assessing therapeutic index, identifying surrogate markers of tumor progression, and defining epigenetic and environmental influences on tumorigenesis.
Abstract 379: Evaluating tissue expression of RANTES with subtype specific breast cancer biomarkers found elevated in plasma.
Authors: James Mansfield, Chuanbo Xu, Rachel Gonzalez
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: A previous analysis of 23 plasma proteins found that levels increased in cancer patients compared to benign-breast-disease controls when the cancer was analyzed based on tumor subtypes. Circulating levels of RANTES were significantly increased in cancer patients and were commonly associated with two or more of the following proteins; amphiregulin, EGF, HB-EGF, TGFa, PDGF, and VEGF in a tumor subtype specific pattern. However, it is unknown if expression of these proteins correlate in the tumor tissue of breast cancer subtypes thus contributing to the elevated expression seen in plasma. In this study, we evaluate the expression of 5 of plasma biomarkers in a 70-subject breast cancer tissue microarray (TMA) to determine if these proteins are increased differentially by tumor subtypes. Design: A BioChain TMA containing 70 duplicated cores covering the common types of breast cancer, 5 normal, and 5 benign cases are assayed using GBI Labs triple stain kits to evaluate subtype specific expression of amphiregulin and HB-EGF or PDGF and VEGF with RANTES. Imaging and quantitative assessment of the distribution and intensity of each stain was evaluated using a multispectral imaging (MSI) approach, automated morphologic analysis software and compared to a visual screen. Results: Results indicate that an algorithm can be develoed to accurately recognize tumor versus stromal tissue within each core. Furthermore, as compared to visual evaluation, the MSI approach has the added capability to separate the color of the three immunostains from the triple stain for precise quantification of each protein without crosstalk. The automated scoring algorithm compared well against visual assessment. Conclusion: The knowledge gained from correlating these subtype-specific patterns of tissue antigens with circulating levels in plasma may provide important information about the contribution of specific markers of breast cancers. Application of MSI to the triple staining in the TMA screen provided a superior quantitative method for evaluation of multiple chromogens linked proteins within a tumor core compared to visual observations/grading of the complex multicolor immunostaining in this study. Citation Format: James Mansfield, Chuanbo Xu, Rachel Gonzalez. Evaluating tissue expression of RANTES with subtype specific breast cancer biomarkers found elevated in plasma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 379. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-379
Medical Neurosciences: An Approach to Anatomy, Pathology, and Physiology by Systems and Levels
Authors: Terrence L. Riley
Journal: JAMA (1986)

In the past 15 years, the nervous system has assumed the status of an independent discipline in many medical school curricula. Because of several unique features of integration in the nervous system, its impact on other organ systems, and the need to integrate physiology and anatomy for the understanding of clinical neurological deficit, the "integrated approach" to the neurosciences has become widely accepted. Several texts on the neurosciences have developed, with a varying emphasis on anatomy, physiology, or clinical neurology. This book, the second edition, has developed as the supportive text for the neurosciences course at the Mayo Medical School. It provides a superb background in anatomy, physiology, embryology, and clinical function. Radiology is integrated well, along with the fundamentals of the neurological clinical examination, and clinical logic is artfully incorporated with basic sciences. Organization of the book into three sections begins with a survey of embryology, anatomy, and the
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with lower platelet and leukocyte counts: results from the Moli-sani study
Authors: Marialaura Bonaccio, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Amalia De Curtis, Simona Costanzo, Mariarosaria Persichillo, Maria Benedetta Donati, Chiara Cerletti, Licia Iacoviello, Giovanni de Gaetano
Journal: Blood (2014)
CLINICAL NOTE ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VALIDITY SCORE (F) IN THE MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY
Authors: A. T. KAZAN, I. M. SHEINBERG
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1945)

1. It is submitted that a high F score in the M. M. P. I. is only very rarely an invalidating factor in the consideration of abnormal subjects. Generally it indicates the presence of significant and often severe psychiatric disease. 2. More controlled work must be done on this score of the M. M. P. I. before it can be accepted as a definitive part of the inventory.
Maternal Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide during Pregnancy and Offspring Birth Weight: Comparison of Two Exposure Models
Authors: Johanna Lepeule, Fabrice Caïni, Sébastien Bottagisi, Julien Galineau, Agnès Hulin, Nathalie Marquis, Aline Bohet, Valérie Siroux, Monique Kaminski, Marie-Aline Charles, Rémy Slama, the EDEN Mother–Child Cohort Study Group
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Studies of the effects of air pollutants on birth weight often assess exposure with networks of permanent air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs), which have a poor spatial resolution.We aimed to compare the exposure model based on the nearest AQMS and a temporally adjusted geostatistical (TAG) model with a finer spatial resolution, for use in pregnancy studies.The AQMS and TAG exposure models were implemented in two areas surrounding medium-size cities in which 776 pregnant women were followed as part of the EDEN mother-child cohort. The exposure models were compared in terms of estimated nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels and of their association with birth weight.The correlations between the two estimates of exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy were r = 0.67, 0.70, and 0.83 for women living within 5, 2, and 1 km of an AQMS, respectively. Exposure patterns displayed greater spatial than temporal variations. Exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy was most strongly associated with birth weight for women living < 2 km away from an AQMS: a 10-µg/m3 increase in NO2 exposure was associated with an adjusted difference in birth weight of -37 g [95% confidence interval (CI), -75 to 1 g] for the nearest-AQMS model and of -51 g (95% CI, -128 to 26 g) for the TAG model. The association was less strong (higher p-value) for women living within 5 or 1 km of an AQMS.The two exposure models tended to give consistent results in terms of association with birth weight, despite the moderate concordance between exposure estimates.
Molecular Evolution of Drosophila Odorant Receptor Genes
Authors: Sheng Guo, Junhyong Kim
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

A total of 752 odorant receptor (Or) genes, including pseudogenes, were identified in 11 Drosophila species and named after their orthologs in Drosophila melanogaster. The 813 Or genes, including 61 from D. melanogaster, were classified into 59 orthologous groups that are well supported by gene phylogeny. By reconciling with the gene family phylogeny, we estimated the number of gene duplication/loss events and intron gain/loss events in the species phylogeny. We found that these events are particularly frequent in Drosophila grimshawi, Drosophila willistoni, and obscura group. More than half of the duplicated genes stay as tandem arrays, whose size range from 2 to 8. These genes vary in sequence and some likely underwent positive selection, indicating that the gene duplication was important for flies to acquire new olfactory functions. We hypothesize that Or genes conferred the basic olfactory repertoire to ancestral flies before the speciation of the Drosophila and Sophophora subgenera about 40 Mya. This repertoire has been largely maintained in the current species, whereas lineage-specific gene duplication seems to have led to additional specialization in some species in response to specific ecological conditions.
Variability of diaphragm structure among healthy individuals.
Authors: F D McCool, J O Benditt, P Conomos, L Anderson, C B Sherman, F G Hoppin
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

The ratio of the muscular cross-sectional area of the diaphragm (CSA(di)) to the axially projected area of the thorax (A(thor)) theoretically determines the strength of the inspiratory pump. We studied these dimensions in 37 healthy subjects by ultrasonography and anthropometry. In 21 subjects who did not train with weights, thickness of the diaphragm (t(di)), circumference of the rib cage (c(di)), and CSA(di) increased with height and with body weight. The increase of thoracic cavity dimensions with weight was similar to that described across a wide range of mammals and was consistent with the scaling principle of elastic similarity. CSA(di)/A(thor) showed considerable variability and was not systematically dependent on height or weight. The 15 adults who trained with weight-lifting had thicker diaphragms for comparable height and greater CSA(di)/A(thor) than the adults who did not train. We conclude that (1) the structural dimensions of the diaphragm and thorax show substantial variability, some of which is systematic with stature; (2) the variations of structure predict substantial variation of inspiratory strength which is not systematic with stature; (3) the muscular cross-section of the diaphragm is increased by general or specific training.
The Passive Voice
Authors: Charles G. Roland
Journal: JAMA (1967)

"During the years 1948 through 1953, some 120 children were seen in private practice. Of this number, 16 were adopted." A recent communication began with these sentences. What do they mean? Perhaps the writer personally adopted 16 of the 120 children he examined between 1948 and 1953. Of course, other interpretations exist. Further reading of the published article reveals that its author meant this: Between 1948 and 1953, he examined 120 children from his private practice. Sixteen of these children were not the offspring of their present parents, who had adopted them. This example illustrates one of the commonest problems afflicting medical writing, one which you should learn to recognize, and avoid: the passive voice. What is the passive voice? Grammatically, it consists of some form of the verb "to be" plus a past participle, and shows whether a subject performs or receives the action expressed by the verb. In