tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON GALLBLADDER FUNCTION. IX. THE ANION-CATION CONTENT OF BILE FROM THE NORMAL AND INFECTED GALLBLADDER
Authors: C. G. Johnston, I. S. Ravdin, C. Riegel, C. L. Allison
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1933)

In an earlier paper (1) we discussed the anion-cation concentration of normal hepatic bile when subjected to the activity of the dog's normal gallbladder.Under these conditions the chloride and bicarbonate concentrations and the pH of hepatic bile decrease, while the base, bile salt and calcium concentrations increase.In every instance fluid is absorbed.In a very limited number of observations we have found the depression of the freezing point of hepatic and gallbladder bile approxi- mately the same, although the total anion-cation concentration was increased considerably in the latter.As a prelude to the anion-cation studies we had studied the effect of gallbladder activity on certain of the individual constituents of hepatic bile when placed in the normal bile-free gallbladder of the unanaesthetized dog (2) (3) (4).It was observed that when the gallbladder became infected the activity of the membrane on the constituents studied was altered considerably.In such instances, water was only slowly absorbed; or, in the more severely damaged organ, fluid actually poured into its lumen, the latter action being a complete reversal of the normal mecha- nism.Under these circumstances chloride and bicarbonate entered the gallbladder lumen with the inflowing fluid, the chloride concentration of the secreted fluid being about plasma level while the total CO2 concentration was often several times the normal plasma level.Calcium, introduced as calcium lactate, was precipitated, partly in the gallbladder lumen, and partly in the gallbladder wall.Cholesterol in either a colloidal suspension, or in hepatic bile, increased in concentration, but not in total amount when placed in the normal gallbladder.The same was true of bile pigment.When, however, the gallbladder was infected the total amount of cholesterol increased, while the total amount of bile pigment decreased (5).These isolated observations made at a time when we were chiefly concerned with normal function convinced us that a study of the anion- cation changes in hepatic bile subjected to the activity of an abnormal 1
Construction, alignment and analysis of 12 framework physical maps that represent the 10 genome types of the genus Oryza
Authors: HyeRan Kim, Bonnie Hurwitz, Yeisoo Yu, Kristi Collura, Navdeep Gill, Phillip SanMiguel, James C Mullikin, Christopher Maher, William Nelson, Marina Wissotski, Michele Braidotti, David Kudrna, Jose Luis Goigochia, Lincoln Stein, Doreen Ware, Scott A Jackson, Carol Soderlund, Rod A Wing
Journal: Genome biology (2008)

We describe the establishment and analysis of a genus-wide comparative framework composed of 12 bacterial artificial chromosome fingerprint and end-sequenced physical maps representing the 10 genome types of Oryza aligned to the O. sativa ssp. japonica reference genome sequence. Over 932 Mb of end sequence was analyzed for repeats, simple sequence repeats, miRNA and single nucleotide variations, providing the most extensive analysis of Oryza sequence to date.
Role of bilirubin overproduction in revealing Gilbert's syndrome: is dyserythropoiesis an important factor?
Authors: J M Metreau, J Yvart, D Dhumeaux, P Berthelot
Journal: Gut (1978)

Gilbert9s syndrome was diagnosed in 37 patients with unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia without overt haemolysis or structural liver abnormality, who had a marked reduction in hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity (B-GTA) (as compared with that of 23 normal subjects). No significant correlation existed in these patients between serum bilirubin level and the values of B-GTA, thus suggesting that factors other than a low B-GTA must influence the degree of hyperbilirubinaemia in Gilbert9s syndrome. Studies of 51Cr erythrocyte survival and 59Fe kinetics in 10 unselected patients demonstrated slight haemolysis in eight, whereas mild ineffective erythropoiesis was suggested in all from a low 24-hour incorporation of radioactive iron into circulating red cells. This overproduction of bilirubin resulting from mild haemolysis and perhaps dyserythropoiesis might reflect only an extreme degree of the normal situation. It certainly contributes to the hyperbilirubinaemia of Gilbert9s syndrome and may play a major role in the manifestation of this condition.
Psychiatric, neurological, and psychoeducational characteristics of 15 death row inmates in the United States
Authors: D O Lewis, J H Pincus, M Feldman, L Jackson, B Bard
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1986)

The authors present the results of clinical evaluations of 15 death row inmates, chosen for examination because of the imminence of their executions and not for evidence of neuropsychopathology. All had histories of severe head injury, five had major neurological impairment, and seven others had other, less serious neurological problems (e.g., blackouts, soft signs). Psychoeducational testing provided further evidence of CNS dysfunction. Six subjects had schizophreniform psychoses antedating incarceration and two others were manic-depressive. The authors conclude that many condemned individuals probably suffer unrecognized severe psychiatric, neurological, and cognitive disorders relevant to considerations of mitigation.
GM-CSF treatment prevents respiratory syncytial virus–induced pulmonary exacerbation responses in postallergic mice by stimulating alveolar macrophage maturation
Authors: Thomas Naessens, Bert Schepens, Muriel Smet, Charlotte Pollard, Lien Van Hoecke, Ans De Beuckelaer, Monique Willart, Bart Lambrecht, Stefaan De Koker, Xavier Saelens, Johan Grooten
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
1028 CHRONOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CHARACTERISTICS OF HCV-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN JAPAN: OLD AGE MAY FACILITATE CANCER DEVELOPMENT IN LESS ADVANCED FIBROSIS
Authors: H. Yoshida, M. Sato, K. Enooku, R. Tateishi, R. Masuzaki, Y. Kondo, T. Goto, S. Shiina, K. Koike
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Relationship of Physical Activity and Television Watching With Body Weight and Level of Fatness Among Children
Authors: Ross E. Andersen, Carlos J. Crespo, Susan J. Bartlett, Lawrence J. Cheskin, Michael Pratt
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.—Physical inactivity contributes to weight gain in adults, but whether this relationship is true for children of different ethnic groups is not well established.Objective.—To assess participation in vigorous activity and television watching habits and their relationship to body weight and fatness in US children.Design.—Nationally representative cross-sectional survey with an in-person interview and medical examination.Setting and Participants.—Between 1988 and 1994, 4063 children aged 8 through 16 years were examined as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks were oversampled to produce reliable estimates for these groups.Main Outcome Measures.—Episodes of weekly vigorous activity and daily hours of television watched, and their relationship to body mass index and body fatness.Results.—Eighty percent of US children reported performing 3 or more bouts of vigorous activity each week. This rate was lower in non-Hispanic black and Mexican American girls (69% and 73%, respectively). Twenty percent of US children participated in 2 or fewer bouts of vigorous activity per week, and the rate was higher in girls (26%) than in boys (17%). Overall, 26% of US children watched 4 or more hours of television per day and 67% watched at least 2 hours per day. Non-Hispanic black children had the highest rates of watching 4 or more hours of television per day (42%). Boys and girls who watch 4 or more hours of television each day had greater body fat (P&lt;.001) and had a greater body mass index (P&lt;.001) than those who watched less than 2 hours per day.Conclusions.—Many US children watch a great deal of television and are inadequately vigorously active. Vigorous activity levels are lowest among girls, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Intervention strategies to promote lifelong physical activity among US children are needed to stem the adverse health consequences of inactivity.
AN EXPERIMENTAL RORSCHACH DIAGNOSTIC AID FOR SOME FORMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: ZYGMUNT A. PIOTROWSKI, NOLAN D. C. LEWIS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1950)

One of several possible diagnostic perceptanalytic formulæ deducible from a statement about the etiological difference in kind (and not merely of degree) between psychoneurosis and schizophrenia has been developed and applied to a group of followed and not followed patients. This alpha formula differentiated between these 2 mental disorders to a high degree. However, it is applicable only in about one-third of schizophrenic cases. Four additional differentiating criteria have been devised to aid in the differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and organic cerebral disease.
Pulverisation of calcified and non-calcified gall bladder stones: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy used alone.
Authors: N Soehendra, V C Nam, K F Binmoeller, H Koch, S Bohnacker, H W Schreiber
Journal: Gut (1994)

Using a modified electromagnetic lithotripter (Siemens), extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was performed in 260 patients with gall bladder stones. Exclusion criteria for treatment were a non-functioning gall bladder, subcostal gall bladder location, and multiple stones occupying more than three quarters of the gall bladder volume. Stone pulverisation was the end point of ESWL. The number of shock wave discharges and sessions was not limited. Pulverisation was achieved in 250 patients (96.1%) after a median of three ESWL sessions (range 1-21). The number of sessions required depended upon stone composition and burden. More than three sessions were required in 60.2% of patients with calcified stones compared with 35.9% of patients with non-calcified stones (p < 0.001). 65.8% of patients with stones measuring more than 30 mm in total diameter required more than three sessions compared with 42.9% of patients with a stone burden less than 30 mm (p < 0.01). At 18-24 (8-12) months follow up, stone clearance was achieved in 94.3% (80.4%) of patients with non-calcified stones, compared with 89.5% (76.8%) in patients with calcified stones and in 75% (71.4%) of patients with a total stone diameter more than 30 mm compared with 95.7% (80.4%) for patients with a total stone diameter less than 30 mm (p < 0.05). ESWL related complications (gross haematuria) occurred in three patients. Thirty six (13.8%) patients experienced biliary colic; four had cholecystectomy, and five endoscopic papillotomy because of common bile duct obstruction. Stone recurrence was seen in 5.3% of patients over a follow up period of up to two years (median 16.6 months).
Regulation of leukemic cell adhesion, proliferation, and survival by β-catenin
Authors: Eun Joo Chung, Sang-Gu Hwang, PhuongMai Nguyen, Sunmin Lee, Jung-Sik Kim, Jin Woo Kim, Pierre A. Henkart, Donald P. Bottaro, Lilian Soon, Paolo Bonvini, Su-Jae Lee, Judith E. Karp, Ho Jung Oh, Jeffrey S. Rubin, Jane B. Trepel
Journal: Blood (2002)
HIV Treatment as Prevention: The Utility and Limitations of Ecological Observation
Authors: M. Kumi Smith, Kimberly A. Powers, Kathryn E. Muessig, William C. Miller, Myron S. Cohen
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2012)

Results from several observational studies of HIV-discordant couples and a randomized controlled trial (HIV Prevention Trials Network 052) show that antiretroviral therapy (ART) can greatly reduce heterosexual HIV transmission in stable HIV-discordant couples. However, such data do not prove that ART will reduce HIV incidence at the population level. Observational investigations using ecological measures have been used to support the implementation of HIV treatment for the specific purpose of preventing transmission at the population level. Many of these studies note ecological associations between measures of increased ART uptake and decreased HIV transmission. Given the urgency of implementing HIV prevention measures, ecological studies must de facto be used to inform current strategies. However, the hypothesis that widespread ART can eliminate HIV infection may have raised expectations beyond what we may be able to achieve. Here we review and discuss the construct of the exposure and outcome measures and analysis methods used in ecological studies. By examining the strengths and weaknesses of ecological analyses, we aim to aid understanding of the findings from these studies to inform future policy decisions regarding the use of ART for HIV prevention.
Nonneutralizing antibodies binding to the surface glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus reduce early virus spread
Authors: Lars Hangartner, Raphaël M. Zellweger, Mattia Giobbi, Jacqueline Weber, Bruno Eschli, Kathy D. McCoy, Nicola Harris, Mike Recher, Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Hans Hengartner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

The biological relevance of nonneutralizing antibodies elicited early after infection with noncytopathic persistence-prone viruses is unclear. We demonstrate that cytotoxic T lymphocyte-deficient TgH(KL25) mice, which are transgenic for the heavy chain of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-neutralizing monoclonal antibody KL25, mount a focused neutralizing antibody response following LCMV infection, and that this results in the emergence of neutralization escape virus variants. Further investigation revealed that some of the escape variants that arose early after infection could still bind to the selecting antibody. In contrast, no antibody binding could be detected for late isolates, indicating that binding, but nonneutralizing, antibodies exerted a selective pressure on the virus. Infection of naive TgH(KL25) mice with distinct escape viruses differing in their antibody-binding properties revealed that nonneutralizing antibodies accelerated clearance of antibody-binding virus variants in a partly complement-dependent manner. Virus variants that did not bind antibodies were not affected. We therefore conclude that nonneutralizing antibodies binding to the same antigenic site as neutralizing antibodies are biologically relevant by limiting early viral spread.
Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: D RACHMILEWITZ
Journal: Gut (2001)

Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease . Edited by TM Bayless, SB Hanauer (Pp 670; illustrated; $129). London: BC Decker Inc, 2001. ISBN1-55009-122-0.

The book contains 138 short chapters on almost all practical issues in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is the second edition of a book published in 1989 entitled Current Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease . Obviously, in the last 12 years since the publication of the first edition, much has changed both in the medical and surgical therapeutic approaches to IBD. All of the current and most up to date …
Expression of Phosphorylated Ser70 of Bcl-2 Correlates with Malignancy in Human Colorectal Neoplasms
Authors: Eisaku Kondo, Takayoshi Miyake, Masao Shibata, Toshikazu Kimura, Hiromi Iwagaki, Shin-ichi Nakamura, Takehiro Tanaka, Nobuya Ohara, Koichi Ichimura, Takashi Oka, Hiroyuki Yanai, Futoshi Shibasaki, Tadashi Yoshino
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: Bcl-2 is a model apoptosis suppressor postulated to promote tumorigenesis. Recently, it has been reported that Bcl-2 undergoes phosphoregulation of its Ser70 to substantially alter its molecular function. Previous studies further suggest that such phospho-Bcl-2 regulation may influence tumor progression in colorectal and other cancers; however, phosphorylation status of the Ser70 of Bcl-2 (pSer70) in vivo in tumors remains obscure. To elucidate this question that may suggest the biological role, we molecularly screened a panel of human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas for endogenous expression of pSer70 Bcl-2. Experimental Design: An antibody specific against pSer70 Bcl-2 was generated for thorough immunohistochemical examination of paraffin-embedded tumor specimens, allowing detection of the endogenously expressed antigen among a range of Bcl-2-positive colorectal neoplasms, including 75 tubular adenomas, 114 adenocarcinomas, and 15 cases of cancer in adenomas. Results: Loss of pSer70 Bcl-2 expression was observed in adenocarcinomas in a differentiation-dependent manner (positivities: well differentiated 63%, moderately differentiated 52%, and poorly differentiated 12%), whereas tubular adenomas maintained their expression (positivity 88%). Interestingly, an inverse correlation was found between expression of pSer70 Bcl-2 and Ki-67 antigen in those cases of cancer in adenoma (P &amp;lt; 0.01). It was further observed that loss of pSer70 Bcl-2 expression was associated with significantly shorter survival (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and correlated with clinical stages and lymph node metastasis (P &amp;lt; 0.05 and P &amp;lt; 0.05, respectively). Conclusions: Loss of pSer70 Bcl-2 expression is closely linked to biological aggressiveness in colorectal tumors and represents a statistically significant molecular index for prognosis of patients with these tumors.
Palliative care in non-malignant diseases
Authors: D C Traue, J R Ross
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2005)

Historically, palliative care services have focused on patients with incurable cancer. In its 2004 guidance document Improving Supportive and Palliative Care for Adults with Cancer the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) emphasizes the importance not only of optimal symptom control but also of psychological, social and spiritual support for patients and their families.1 However, the current view is that access to palliative care should be based on need rather than diagnosis,2,3 and on that criterion many patients with non-malignant diseases qualify as well. The potential requirement for palliative care in other life-limiting illnesses is reflected in the National Service Frameworks (NSFs). The NSF for Coronary Heart Disease identifies the need for patients with heart failure to have access to palliative care services for ongoing support and advice;4 and the NSF for Renal Services goes further, listing as a quality requirement for patients near the end of life to have ‘a jointly agreed palliative care plan, built around their individual needs and preferences’.5 The NSF for Long-term Conditions, soon to be published, identifies palliative care as one of eleven quality requirements; people with long-term neurological conditions, for example, should have access to a range of palliative care services when near the end of life.6
However, despite the general acknowledgment that palliative care services must be extended beyond cancer care, this is not yet common practice.3 Part of the reason is a lack of the sort of research that, in advanced cancer, has led to substantial improvement of services.7 A consensus statement from the US National Institutes of Health highlights the challenges posed by such conditions as congestive heart failure, end-stage renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver failure and dementia.8 The strongest body of research is on pain management; each condition presents its own special difficulties in end-of-life care.
High body mass index is an independent risk factor for nonresponse to antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Brian L. Bressler, Maha Guindi, George Tomlinson, Jenny Heathcote
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

The aim of this study was to determine if body mass index (BMI) was an independent predictor of response to antiviral treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. A retrospective review was performed of all patients at a single center with chronic hepatitis C treated with antiviral medication from 1989 to 2000. A sustained response was defined as either negative hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA by polymerase chain reaction and/or normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (only in those treated before availability of HCV RNA testing) 6 months following completion of therapy. All patients were classified into one of 3 groups according to BMI (normal, <25 kg/m(2); overweight, 25-30 kg/m(2); obese, >30 kg/m(2)). A total of 253 patients were treated with either interferon (IFN) monotherapy or IFN in combination with ribavirin. Patients were excluded if predetermined clinical characteristics were unavailable. Using logistic regression, and after adjusting for the examined variables (age, sex, history of alcohol consumption >50 g/d, cirrhosis on pretreatment biopsy, and BMI), likelihood ratio tests showed significant differences in response to treatment according to BMI group (P =.01), genotype (P <.01), and cirrhosis (P <.01). Those with genotypes 2 or 3 had an odds ratio (OR) for success of 11.7 compared with those with genotype 1, cirrhotic patients had an OR of 0.15 compared with noncirrhotic patients, and obese patients had an OR of 0.23 compared with normal and overweight patients. Hepatic steatosis was not an independent risk factor for response to antiviral treatment. In conclusion, obesity, only when defined as a BMI greater than 30 kg/m(2), is an independent (of genotype and cirrhosis) negative predictor of response to hepatitis C treatment.
Allogenic immune response promotes the accumulation of host-derived smooth muscle cells in transplant arteriosclerosis
Authors: P RELIGA, K BOJAKOWSKI, M BOJAKOWSKA, Z GACIONG, J THYBERG, U HEDIN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2004)

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) involved in intimal hyperplasia during transplant vasculopathy are derived both from the graft and the host. Here, the role of an allogenic immune response in the accumulation of host-derived SMCs in the neointima was explored.Infrarenal aorta was transplanted from female F344 to male Lewis rats with or without immunosuppression by cyclosporine A (CsA). Accumulation of host-derived SMCs and inflammatory cells in the grafts, SMC proliferation, and apoptosis were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the SRY gene. Finally, SMCs were seeded in an allogenic or isogenic manner after balloon injury to carotid arteries and SMC survival was estimated.Proliferating graft SMCs and infiltrating leukocytes were observed in the intima early after transplantation. In parallel, inflammatory cells and immunoglobulins infiltrated the media and apoptosis of medial SMCs occurred, leading to destruction of this layer. CsA decreased the number of SRY+ SMCs in the lesions, restricted medial destruction, and improved survival of allogenic SMCs after seeding in injured arteries.Development of intimal thickenings during transplant vasculopathy involves an allogenic immune response, which promotes accumulation of host-derived SMCs and apoptosis of resident graft SMCs.
The Asparaginyl Hydroxylase Factor Inhibiting HIF-1α Is an Essential Regulator of Metabolism
Authors: Na Zhang, Zhenxing Fu, Sarah Linke, Johana Chicher, Jeffrey J. Gorman, DeeAnn Visk, Gabriel G. Haddad, Lorenz Poellinger, Daniel J. Peet, Frank Powell, Randall S. Johnson
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2010)
Filaggrin mutations that confer risk of atopic dermatitis confer greater risk for eczema herpeticum
Authors: Pei-Song Gao, Nicholas M. Rafaels, Tracey Hand, Tanda Murray, Mark Boguniewicz, Tissa Hata, Lynda Schneider, Jon M. Hanifin, Richard L. Gallo, Li Gao, Terri H. Beaty, Lisa A. Beck, Kathleen C. Barnes, Donald Y.M. Leung
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)