tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Are Uniquely Selective in Their Migratory Response to Chemokines
Authors: Douglas E. Wright, Edward P. Bowman, Amy J. Wagers, Eugene C. Butcher, Irving L. Weissman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

Although hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) migration into and out of sites of active hematopoiesis is poorly understood, it is a critical process that underlies modern clinical stem cell transplantation and may be important for normal hematopoietic homeostasis. Given the established roles of chemotactic cytokine (chemokine)-directed migration of other leukocyte subsets, the migration of murine HSC to a large panel of CC and CXC chemokines was investigated. HSC migrated only in response to stromal derived factor-1α, the ligand for the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). CXCR4 expression by HSC was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Surprisingly, HSC also expressed mRNA for CCR3 and CCR9, although they failed to migrate to the ligands for these receptors. The sharply restricted chemotactic responsiveness of HSC is unique among leukocytes and may be necessary for the specific homing of circulating HSC to bone marrow, as well as for the maintenance of HSC in hematopoietic microenvironments.
Difficulties in apologising for a medical error
Authors: Hassan Chamsi-Pasha, Abdullah Hanoun, Mohammed Ali Albar
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Because statements of sympathy and regret can be used to prove legal liability in medical malpractice cases, lawyers routinely advise doctors against apologising and being open about what happened.1 2 Doctors who admit errors may face the discredit of their peers, the anger and disappointment of their patients and their …
Authors’ response to ’TAP deficiency is also a cause of bronchiectasis‘
Authors: Deborah Whitters, Robert A Stockley
Journal: Thorax (2013)

We thank Zimmer et al for their comments1 on our recent article ‘Immunity and bacterial colonisation in bronchiectasis’.2

We accept that indirect activation of natural killer (NK) cells by bacterial pathogens has been well described.3 ,4 We also recognise that a role for NK cells may be suggested by the link between patients with familial bronchiectasis with impaired human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression and as a result …
Induction of anergic allergen-specific suppressor T cells using tolerogenic dendritic cells derived from children with allergies to house dust mites
Authors: Valentina Pacciani, Silvia Gregori, Loredana Chini, Stefania Corrente, Marco Chianca, Viviana Moschese, Paolo Rossi, Maria Grazia Roncarolo, Federica Angelini
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the Barbados eye study1 1The authors have no proprietary interest in the articles or devices mentioned herein.
Authors: Leslie Hyman, Suh-Yuh Wu, Anthea M.S. Connell, Andrew Schachat, Barbara Nemesure, Anselm Hennis, M.Cristina Leske
Journal: Ophthalmology (2001)
Rules, similarity, and the information-processing blind alley
Authors: Francisco Calvo Garzón
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

Pothos's revision of rules and similarity in the area of language illustrates the impression that the classicist/connectionist debate is in a blind alley. Under his continuum proposal, both hypotheses fall neatly within the information-processing paradigm. In my view, the paradigm shift that dynamic systems theory represents (Spencer &amp; Thelen 2003) should be submitted to critical scrutiny. Specific formalizations of the Rules versus Similarity distinction may not lead to a form of unification under Generalized Context Models or connectionist networks.
Diabetes-Related Distress, Insulin Dose, and Age Contribute to Insulin-Associated Weight Gain in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Prospective Study
Authors: Henry J. Jansen, Gerald M.M. Vervoort, Anton F.J. de Haan, Paetrick M. Netten, Wim J. de Grauw, Cees J. Tack
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

The determinants of insulin-associated weight gain in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are partly unknown. Therefore, we conducted a prospective study to identify predictors of insulin-associated weight gain.In patients with T2DM, we assessed physical activity by accelerometry and measured diabetes-related distress by questionnaires before and 6 and 12 months after starting insulin therapy. Glycemic control (HbA1c) and insulin dose were monitored.After 12 months of insulin therapy, mean body weight had increased by 3.0 ± 2.5 kg (P < 0.001). The drop in HbA1c was correlated with insulin-associated weight gain. With the use of a multiple linear regression model, a cluster of variables was identified that significantly related to weight gain. Diabetes-related distress, initial insulin dose, and the increase of insulin dose during the course of the study as well as age appeared to be important predictors of weight gain after initiation of insulin therapy. Physical activity (measured as MET) decreased from 1.40 ± 0.04 at baseline to 1.32 ± 0.04 MET (P < 0.05) but was not significantly related to weight changes.Diabetes-related distress, initial and titration of insulin dose, and age all significantly predict insulin-associated weight gain. After the initiation of insulin therapy, physical activity decreased significantly, but this did not determine weight gain over the first 12 months. Our study findings may have clinical implications.
Burdock Root Tea Poisoning
Authors: Peter D. Bryson
Journal: JAMA (1978)

PLANTS are a well-known source for many of the atropine-like alkaloids. Mushrooms (<i>Amanita muscaria</i>), bittersweet (<i>Solanum dulcamara</i>), jimson weed (<i>Datura stramonium</i>), potato leaves, and the deadly nightshade (<i>Atropa belladonna</i>) are just a few of the plants that contain these alkaloids. Ingestions of various members of this group have led to signs of anticholinergic toxicity. Although other herbal preparations are known to cause psychoactive effects, to our knowledge there have been no previous reports of the common burdock plant containing any of these toxic alkaloids or causing any symptoms.<sup>1</sup>We present a case report of burdock root tea ingestion. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 26-year-old woman came to the emergency department complaining of blurred vision, inability to void, a dry mouth, and a history of bizarre behavior. She had previously purchased packaged burdock root tea from a local health food shop, an outlet of a national chain. She stated that
Effect of toxin A and B of Clostridium difficile on rabbit ileum and colon.
Authors: T J Mitchell, J M Ketley, S C Haslam, J Stephen, D W Burdon, D C Candy, R Daniel
Journal: Gut (1986)

The effect of purified toxin A and partially purified toxin B on rabbit ileum and colon was investigated. Toxin A caused tissue damage which was followed by permeability changes and fluid accumulation in both tissues. Toxin A did not increase the permeability of the colon to the extent observed for ileum; secreted fluid contained less protein of plasma origin. Toxin B had no effect on either tissue. Secretory and tissue damaging properties of crude C difficile toxins were found to be due to toxin A.
Signaling for NKT cell development
Authors: Christine Borowski, Albert Bendelac
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2005)

New studies demonstrate a critical role for the adaptor protein SAP (SLAM-associated protein) during NKT cell development. By connecting homotypic SLAM family receptor interactions with the FynT Src kinase, SAP may integrate a set of long-standing yet seemingly disparate observations characterizing NKT cell development. In fact, SAP-dependent signaling may underlie the development of multiple unconventional T cell lineages whose thymic selection relies on homotypic interactions between hematopoietic cells.
Shared antigenic determinants by mitogen receptors and antibody molecules to the same thymus-independent antigen.
Authors: Antonio Coutinho, Luciana Forni, Bonnie Blomberg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

The antibody response to dextran B1355 is thymus independent, and in high responder mice, over 90% of the antibodies carry the idiotype of an alpha-1,3 binding myeloma protein (J558). The present experiments demonstrate: (a) dextran B1355 is a B-cell mitogen both in a strain which carries the J558 idiotype on antibodies and in a low-responder strain which does not express that idiotype on antibodies to dextran; (b) anti-idiotypic antibodies to J558 recognize a dextran-specific surface receptor on 10--15% of all splenic B cells in those two strains as well as in all strains so far tested; (c) as shown by inhibition experiments such surface receptors cross-react with J558, and (d) anti-idiotypic antibodies are mitogenic for spleen cells of both strains resulting in B-cell proliferation and maturation to polyclonal antibody secretion.
Quantifying Observational Evidence for Risk of Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease Following Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Cecilia Bosco, Zsolt Bosnyak, Anders Malmberg, Jan Adolfsson, Nancy L. Keating, Mieke Van Hemelrijck
Journal: European Urology (2014)

Whether androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for men with prostate cancer (PCa) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains controversial. Pooled analyses using data from randomised controlled trials suggest no increased risk of fatal CVD following ADT, but no pooled analyses exist for observational studies.To perform a meta-analysis using observational data on ADT and risk of CVD events in men with PCa.PubMed and Embase were searched using predefined inclusion criteria to perform meta-analyses on associations between types of ADT and nonfatal and fatal CVD outcomes using information from observational studies. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).A total of eight observational studies were identified studying at least one type of ADT and a nonfatal or fatal CVD outcome. The RR for risk of any type of nonfatal CVD was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.29-1.48) for men with PCa on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, compared with men not treated with ADT. When analysing nonfatal ischemic heart disease only, the RR was 1.39 (95% CI, 1.26-1.54). The associations between GnRH agonists and nonfatal or fatal myocardial infarction or stroke were even stronger: RR: 1.57 (95% CI, 1.26-1.94) and RR: 1.51 (95% CI, 1.24-1.84), respectively. The results for other types of ADT in relation to the risk of any nonfatal CVD were RR: 1.44 (95% CI, 1.28-1.62) for orchiectomy and RR: 1.21 (95% CI, 1.07-1.367) for antiandrogens.Observational data show a consistent positive association between ADT and the risk of CVD. This finding supports the need for future randomised trials of PCa patients that include older patients and men with multiple comorbidities to better reflect the general population.We investigated all the available data from observational studies on hormonal treatment for prostate cancer and its possible cardiovascular adverse effects. We found consistent evidence that this treatment may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Changes in J chain and mu chain RNA expression as a function of B cell differentiation.
Authors: G Lamson, M E Koshland
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

The time course of differentiative events in the pentamer IgM response was examined by following the expression of J chain and mu chain RNA and their protein products in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. The analyses showed that the shift to mus RNA synthesis begins shortly after stimulation and precedes proliferation of the cells and any increase in mu RNA levels. In contrast, expression of J chain RNA and the amplification of J chain and mus message are late events that coincide with a phase of rapid proliferation and with the secretion of pentamer IgM antibody. The kinetics of J and mu chain RNA expression observed in normal lymphocytes were supported by analyses of lymphoid cell lines. B lymphomas were found to display the RNA pattern characteristic of early-activated lymphocytes, i.e., a partial shift to mus RNA production and no J chain RNA, whereas IgM-secreting lines resembled late-activated lymphocytes in their expression of high levels of both mus and J chain mRNA. Moreover, the kinetics of J and mus chain RNA expression correlates with the sequential action of B cell lymphokines in the induction of the pentamer IgM response. This correlation suggests that the successive differentiative changes are triggered by successive membrane stimuli.
Toll-Like Receptor Triggering and T-Cell Costimulation Induce Potent Antitumor Immunity in Mice
Authors: Jennifer A. Westwood, Nicole M. Haynes, Janelle Sharkey, Nicole McLaughlin, Hollie J. Pegram, Reto A. Schwendener, Mark J. Smyth, Phillip K. Darcy, Michael H. Kershaw
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: To determine the antitumor activity of a novel combination of two immunomodulatory agents that simultaneously direct multiple components of immunity against cancer. Experimental Design: We combined the Toll-like receptor agonist CpG 1826 with a T-cell costimulatory antibody specific for CD137 in an optimal treatment route and dosing schedule against established tumors in two mouse models. Mechanistic insight was gained using gene-deficient mice and cell-depleting antibodies. Results: The combination was shown to eradicate tumors in a large proportion of mice. Crucial roles for CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, and IFNs were shown. CpG and anti-CD137 injection led to activation of dendritic cells and optimal expansion of activated T cells in the blood. Macrophages were not necessary for therapeutic effect, and indeed depletion of macrophages in vivo enhanced therapy leading to tumor rejection in 100% of mice, which has not been previously reported in the immunotherapeutic setting. Long-term surviving mice were resistant to tumor rechallenge, demonstrating immunologic memory. In addition, we show, for the first time, that mice lacking B cells have a total loss of a recall response against tumor, suggesting a role for B cells in the induction of antitumor immunologic memory. Conclusion: This study provides support for the use of a novel combination of immunomodulatory agents stimulating multiple facets of immunity for the effective immunotherapy of cancer. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7624–33)
Airway inflammation in patients with different levels of asthma control
Authors: Svetlana Pospelova, Svetlana Sobchenko, Vyacheslav Kravtsov
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

The aim of the study was to assess differential cell count and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level in induced sputum of patients with different levels of asthma control according to the GINA criteria.  Forty three steroid treated patients (men 11, aged 49,1±1,2 yrs) were included in the study: 10– with uncontrolled, 12 – with partially-controlled and 21– with well-controlled asthma. Liquid-based cytology with staining according to Romanovsky-Gimza was used to assess differential cell count in induced sputum. Staining of alveolar macrophages with IL-1β monoclonal antibodies were analyzed via Histology Score method (HScore).  Cytograms of patients with uncontrolled, partially and well-controlled asthma showed significant increase of proportion of macrophages (51,8±3,7%, 70,3±5,5%, 80,9±3,7%, respectively, p 0,05) while it was significantly lower in patients with well-controlled asthma (1,0±0,3%, p  We have revealed significant decrease of IL-1β content in alveolar macrophages of induced sputum as level of asthma control increased (243,8±9,3, 102,8±18,7, 29,4±6,4 Hscore in patients with uncontrolled, partially and well-controlled asthma, respectively; p  We conclude that macrophage, neutrophil and eosinophils count as well as IL-1β level in alveolar macrophages in induced sputum may reflect different asthma control in steroid treated patients.
L-NAME-sensitive and -insensitive nonadrenergic noncholinergic relaxation of cat airway in vivo and in vitro
Authors: H Aizawa, H Tanaka, J Sakai, S Takata, N Hara, Y Ito
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

The neurotransmitters responsible for neurogenic airway relaxation are still unknown. We investigated the effects of N omega-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) on nonadrenergic and noncholinergic (NANC) relaxation evoked by electrical stimulation of vagus nerves in vivo and in vitro in cat. To that end, we measured pulmonary resistance during vagal nerve stimulation (VS) in vivo, and isometric tension of small bronchi (1-3 mm outer diameter) during electrical field stimulation (EFS) in vitro. During infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), VS transiently decreased total pulmonary resistance in the presence of atropine and propranolol, with peak relaxation at several seconds after the VS and a gradual return to baseline within 2-3 min. L-NAME abolished the initial peak relaxation and reduced the peak amplitude, but did not affect the duration of the NANC relaxation. In small bronchi obtained from control cats, EFS evoked a biphasic NANC relaxation, comprising an initial fast component followed by a second slow component, and L-NAME (10(-5) M) selectively abolished the first component without affecting the second. Whilst in the small bronchi obtained from L-NAME pretreated cats, EFS elicited only the slow component of NANC relaxation, which was insensitive to L-NAME but sensitive to tetrodotoxin. These results indicate that nonadrenergic noncholinergic relaxation induced by vagal nerve stimulation during infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine can be classified into two components, and that at least two neurotransmitters, including nitric oxide, are involved in the relaxation.
The antiproteinuric effect of angiotensin antagonism in human IgA nephropathy is potentiated by indomethacin.
Authors: N Perico, A Remuzzi, F Sangalli, N Azzollini, M Mister, P Ruggenenti, G Remuzzi
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1998)

Evidence is available from animal and human studies that protein traffic through the glomerular capillary has a pathogenetic role in subsequent renal damage and that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors appear superior to other drugs in lowering proteinuria and the rate of renal function decline. This study compares the effect of ACE inhibition or angiotensin II (AngII) receptor blockade on urinary protein excretion and renal hemodynamics in 20 patients with IgA glomerulonephritis randomized to receive enalapril (20 mg/d) or irbesartan (100 mg/d) for 28 d in a double-blind study with two parallel groups. This study also evaluated whether addition of indomethacin (75 mg twice a day) to each of the two treatments resulted in a more potent antiproteinuric effect. Enalapril alone reduced total protein excretion (61% change from baseline) and fractional clearance of albumin without changes in GFR and minor elevation in renal plasma flow. Also, patients randomized to receive the AngII receptor antagonist irbesartan for 28 d had lower proteinuria (55% change from baseline) and fractional clearance of albumin at the end of the treatment period with similar renal hemodynamic changes. When indomethacin was added to enalapril treatment, a further significant reduction in urinary proteins and fractional albumin clearance was observed. In patients given irbesartan, the addition of indomethacin further reduced proteinuria and fractional clearance of albumin. The combined therapy with enalapril or irbesartan and indomethacin did not significantly affect GFR and renal plasma flow compared with baseline. These findings indicate that in patients with IgA glomerulonephritis the antiproteinuric effect of blocking AngII activity by either ACE inhibitors or AngII receptor antagonists is potentiated by indomethacin, an effect that occurred without impairment of renal function.
Aortic endothelial cell replication. I. Effects of age and hypertension in the rat.
Authors: S M Schwartz, E P Benditt
Journal: Circulation Research (1977)

The daily rate of cell replication in the aortic endothelium of the normal rat falls from a maximum of 13% at birth to 0.1-0.3% at age 5-6 months. This residual rate of replication largely represents the turnover rate of the endothelium in normal animals. After renal hypertension of 2-3 weeks duration, however, the rate of replication rises 10-fold to an average value of 1.6%. This increase may represent an increase in turnover; however, it probably represent, at least in part, a proliferative response to cover the expanded luminal surface of the dilated vessel.
Phase 1 trial of FVIII gene transfer for severe hemophilia A using a retroviral construct administered by peripheral intravenous infusion
Authors: Jerry S. Powell, Margaret V. Ragni, Gilbert C. White, Jeanne M. Lusher, Carol Hillman-Wiseman, Tom E. Moon, Veronica Cole, Sandhya Ramanathan-Girish, Holger Roehl, Nancy Sajjadi, Douglas J. Jolly, Deborah Hurst
Journal: Blood (2003)
How are grammers represented?
Authors: Edward P. Stabler
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1983)

Abstract Noam Chomsky and other linguists and psychologists have suggested that human linguistic behavior is somehow governed by a mental representation of a transformational grammar. Challenges to this controversial claim have often been met by invoking an explicitly computational perspective: It makes perfect sense to suppose that a grammar could be represented in the memory of a computational device and that this grammar could govern the device's use of a language. This paper urges, however, that the claim that humans are such a device is unsupported and that it seems unlikely that linguists and psychologists really want to claim any such thing. Evidence for the linguists' original claim is drawn from three main sources: the explanation of language comprehension and other linguistic abilities; evidence for formal properties of the rules of the grammar; and the explanation of language acquisition. It is argued in this paper that none of these sources provides support for the view that the grammar governs language processing in something like the way a program governs the operation of a programmed machine. The computational approach, on the contrary, suggests ways in which linguistic abilities can be explained without the attribution of any explicit representation of rules governing linguistic behavior.