tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Micropuncture Study of the Effect of Acute Reductions in Glomerular Filtration Rate on Sodium and Water Reabsorption by the Proximal Tubules of the Rat*
Authors: Sheldon Glabman, Hagop S. Aynedjian, Norman Bank
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1965)

Although it has been established that sodium re- absorption by the renal tubules occurs by an active transport process and that water follows passively in proportion to sodium (1-3), the factors regu- lating the rate of reabsorption under various con- ditions are poorly understood.Micropuncture data in the rat (4, 5) and dog (6) indicate that under normal, nondiuretic conditions, approximately 65% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the first two-thirds of the proximal convoluted tubule.When the filtered load of sodium is in- creased acutely in rats by hypertonic saline infu- sion, fractional reabsorption of the glomerular filtrate by the proximal tubules is unchanged (7, 8), indicating that an absolute increase in rate of reabsorption occurs.Direct information is lack- ing on the effect of acute reductions in filtered so- dium on tubular reabsorption.Clearance experi- ments in the dog suggest, however, that an adaptive reduction in sodium transfer occurs, since urine formation does not cease and significant amounts of sodium continue to be excreted even when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has been reduced by 40% (9-11).In the present micropuncture experiments in rats, the effect of acute reductions in GFR on sodium and water reabsorption by the proximal tubules was determined directly.We found that with reductions in GFR ranging from 10 to 66%, the same fraction of filtered sodium and water was *
Controlled Studies Vs Personal Experience
Authors: Christian F. Borchgrevink, Arthur J. Seaman
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Scientific and empirical information exchanged at last month's Symposium on the Use of Anticoagulants, held in Miami Beach, dealt principally with these two questions: Should anticoagulant drugs be used in treating ischemic heart disease? How should a controlled study be administered to assure the highest degree of scientific validity? Two investigators—Arthur J. Seaman, MD of Portland, Ore, and Christian F. Borchgrevink, MD of Oslo, Norway—express their differing views on these questions in the following MEDICAL NEWS debate. Their respective papers are also reported in this issue.
NAFLD in children: A prospective clinical-pathological study and effect of lifestyle advice
Authors: Valerio Nobili, Matilde Marcellini, Rita Devito, Paolo Ciampalini, Fiorella Piemonte, Donatella Comparcola, Maria Rita Sartorelli, Paul Angulo
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common cause of chronic liver disease in adults, is incompletely characterized in children. We conducted a prospective study to better characterize the clinical presentation of NAFLD in children and to determine the effect of lifestyle advice in the management of pediatric NAFLD. From June 2001 to April 2003, 84 children (age 3-18.8 yr) who had elevated aminotransferases and the diagnosis of NAFLD confirmed via liver biopsy underwent a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test and a 12-month program of lifestyle advice consisting of diet and physical exercise. Thirty-four (40.5%) patients were obese (body mass index [BMI] >97th percentile), and 43 (51.2%) were overweight (BMI 85th-97th percentile). Ten (12%) had abnormal glucose tolerance; 10 (12%) had elevated triglycerides, cholesterol, or both; and all had normal blood pressure. Most children (67/84, 80%) were insulin-resistant, including the 7 children with normal BMI (<85th percentile). Increased liver fibrosis was present in 49 (58.1%) patients and was independently associated with obesity (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-6.2) and age (1-year increase; OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.04-1.5). A 12-month program with diet and physical exercise resulted in a significant decrease in BMI, and levels of fasting glucose, insulin, lipids, and liver enzymes, as well as liver echogenicity on ultrasonography. In conclusion, children with NAFLD are almost always insulin-resistant regardless of BMI. Obesity and older age are independently associated with increased liver fibrosis. A simple lifestyle advice program significantly improves insulin resistance, and the liver disease in pediatric NAFLD.
New hepatitis B vaccines.
Authors: A J Zuckerman
Journal: BMJ (1985)

ganglion."Treatment consists of synovectomy and anti- tuberculous chemotherapy.Acute non-suppurative arthritis occurs only rarely in the hand.Gout may go unsuspected for some time.If antibiotics are administered inappropriately the course of the infection is frequently modified to the patient's detriment.Chronic infection may result, with swelling, induration, and stiffness of the digit or hand.This may be difficult to resolve and may, indeed, result in persistent functional disability.Changes in the articular cartilage of infected joints progress rapidly and move toward secondary osteoarthrosis.Adhesions in the flexor tendon apparatus may produce severe limitation of the excursion of the flexor tendons and require tenolysis.The prescription of antibiotics as the sole treatment of a hand infection must therefore be undertaken with circum- spection.The penalty for errors is great.The result of a hand infection, or a hand injury, is almost always related to the quality of the primary treatment.Primary treatment cannot be instituted correctly unless the diagnosis is also correct.When there is doubt, therefore, the patient should be referred to a hand surgeon immediately.
Virologic and Regimen Termination Surrogate End Points in AIDS Clinical Trials
Authors: Peter B. Gilbert
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Suppression of plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels has been widely accepted as an appropriate surrogate end point for HIV disease progression, and it is currently used as the primary end point to determine efficacy in many antiretroviral trials. However, this end point does not always measure other important effects of treatment, such as inducement of multidrug resistance, which depletes future therapy options, and toxic effects. An alternative that directly factors in these treatment costs is a composite regimen termination end point, defined as a protocol-determined change in regimen due to either virologic failure or treatment-related toxic effects. Pros and cons for using purely virologic vs various composite primary end points are discussed. Conclusions include (1) a trial's clinical objective guides the choice of primary end point, (2) a purely virologic end point is often preferable, (3) it may be important to analyze both end point types in interpreting study results, and (4) long-term clinical outcome studies are needed for identifying the most predictive surrogate end points.
Democrats denounce "unprecedented" efforts by Republicans to block health law
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Republicans have acted in an “unprecedented fashion to undermine the Affordable Care Act and ensure it is a failure,” says a report prepared by the Democratic staff of the US House Committee on Energy and Commerce.

The report, Ten Ways Republicans Have Acted to Undermine the Affordable Care Act , said that Republican efforts to block the law included refusing to expand Medicaid coverage or to participate in the establishment of state health insurance exchanges, refusing to fund implementation of the law, and threatening to shut down the government unless the law was defunded.1 Their efforts had sought to confuse the public about the law by spreading misinformation and by blocking public outreach and education efforts.

The report added, “These obstructionist policies will prevent millions of their …
Nesfatin-1-Regulated Oxytocinergic Signaling in the Paraventricular Nucleus Causes Anorexia through a Leptin-Independent Melanocortin Pathway
Authors: Yuko Maejima, Udval Sedbazar, Shigetomo Suyama, Daisuke Kohno, Tatsushi Onaka, Eisuke Takano, Natsu Yoshida, Masato Koike, Yasuo Uchiyama, Ken Fujiwara, Takashi Yashiro, Tamas L. Horvath, Marcelo O. Dietrich, Shigeyasu Tanaka, Katsuya Dezaki, Koushi Hashimoto, Hiroyuki Shimizu, Masanori Nakata, Masatomo Mori, Toshihiko Yada
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2009)
How the Liverpool care pathway has transformed end of life care
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The media have criticised the end of life Liverpool care pathway (LCP), implying it a deliberate attempt to end life prematurely to free hospital beds.1 Reports say that general practitioners are establishing “death lists” of patients to put on the pathway.2 Several distressing stories from families support these claims. Naturally doctors are angered by these accusations. And there is another side to the story.

Twenty five years ago doctors received no training in end of life care. The most junior doctors provided care in …
Ozone depletion will bring big rise in number of cataracts
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Ozone depletion may result in up to 830 000 additional cases of cataract by 2050 in the United States, new research shows.

The excess cost of such a rise in the number of cases would be $2.8bn (£1.6bn; £2.4bn), say the authors of the report in the American Journal of Epidemiology (2005;162:1080-8).

“We believe that our estimates represent the most reasonable model to date of an ocular health effect and the consequences of ozone depletion. This model demonstrates the magnitude of the increase in cortical …
Assessing Exposure and Health Consequences of Chemicals in Drinking Water: Current State of Knowledge and Research Needs
Authors: Cristina M. Villanueva, Manolis Kogevinas, Sylvaine Cordier, Michael R. Templeton, Roel Vermeulen, John R. Nuckols, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Patrick Levallois
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Safe drinking water is essential for well-being. Although microbiological contamination remains the largest cause of water-related morbidity and mortality globally, chemicals in water supplies may also cause disease, and evidence of the human health consequences is limited or lacking for many of them.
A NOTE ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TINEA CAPITIS
Authors: G. H. Percival
Journal: BMJ (1932)

secondary carcinoma of the bone in cases which have been regarded as chronic sciatica.An examination of the radiographs of hip-joints during the past five years at the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, the Warwickshire Orthopaedilc Hospital, the Queen's Hospital, and the Carnegie Infant Welfare Centres, Birmingham, has shown the following pathological coInditions:Itn Persons under' 20 Congeniital dislocation of Syphilis ... ... ..
The importance of sports medicine for the Sochi Games
Authors: Kathrin Steffen, Lars Engebretsen
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Many of us winter sport enthusiasts will still remember the last Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver 2010: fantastic organisation and weather—a real ‘folk festival’ with street parties up in Whistler and in downtown Vancouver. However, we also remember a high number of injuries and tears of disappointment among athletes in the spectacular snowboard and ski freestyle races at Cypress Mountain specifically.

In these cross-disciplines on snow, inspired by motocross, athletes compete in heats of four and race head-to-head at high speed through jumps and obstacles of varying difficulty. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) injury surveillance during the 2010 Olympic Winter Games reported snowboard and freestyle cross as high-risk disciplines, and women were specifically prone.1 In many cases, these injuries prevented the athlete from further participation in the Olympics.

What are the IOC and the International Winter Federations doing to make the sports safer? Injury reports from the last skiing and snowboarding World Cup seasons indicate that knee and head injuries are the most common injuries.2 Catastrophic head injuries, such as skull fractures or cerebral haemorrhages, are rare but despite that there were …
HOMOLOGOUS IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF OCULAR LENS
Authors: S. P. Halbert, D. Locatcher-Khorazo, L. Swick, R. Witmer, B. Seegal, P. Fitzgerald
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1957)

Lenses of rabbits with high titers of homologous lens antibodies showed no lesions, even after repeated paracentesis of the anterior chamber in a number of such animals. In these instances, lens antibodies were shown to be present in both the primary and secondary aqueous humors. A small group of rabbits with high homologous anti-lens antibody titers were successfully bred. These had been immunized with adult rabbit lens pools in Freund's adjuvants, and had high antibody levels throughout pregnancy. No significant congenital lens lesions were found when these 18 young from 3 litters were compared with the 17 young from 3 litters of mothers who had no detectable anti-lens antibody through gestation. The latter group of does had received the equivalent doses of homologous lens in saline. Patients with cataract did not show demonstrable anti-lens antibodies in their serum when tested by the agar precipitin technic against cataractous human lens homogenates.
THE HEART IN PREGNANCY
Authors: PHIL A. DALY
Journal: JAMA (1924)

For two and a half years we have conducted a medical clinic in connection with the obstetric clinics of the Chicago Lying-In Hospital and Dispensary. This was established for the purpose of cooperating with the obstetricians in the care of those women who had some medical complication of their pregnancy. Chief among the complications is heart disease. To the clinic are referred by the obstetricians all patients who, because of symptoms or physical signs, are suspected of having cardiac disease. These patients are subjected to careful examination and observation to prove or disprove the suspicion. Only about 50 per cent, of those referred have real organic heart changes. There is another group, the frequency of which we have no means of knowing, who have no symptoms and in whom the signs may be overlooked during casual examination, who have definite cardiac disease though its existence has not been suspected. These
"RATE OF PROGRESS OF FOOD RESIDUES THROUGH THE BOWEL"
Authors: Walter C. Alvarez
Journal: JAMA (1924)

It would seem at first sight as if there could be little justification for another article on the rate of progress of food residues through the bowel, because today almost every physician and layman is satisfied that it takes normally from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. Every roentgenologist knows that most of the barium leaves the body within twenty-four hours, and that only traces can be seen after forty-eight hours. It appears now, however, from the studies that we have made that the giving of a large amount of indigestible material like barium with a small meal of gruel or milk must bring about unusual and abnormal conditions. The added bulk of indigestible residue may act perhaps like a large dose of agar or of liquid petrolatum, and, as is well known, patients who are being examined roentgenographically to find the cause of a severe constipation will not infrequently come back
The People's Health: A Memoir of Public Health and Its Evolution at Harvard
Authors: Thomas J. Van Gilder
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Harvard School of Public Health, freelance writer Robin Marantz Henig has written a book describing the school's contribution to the health of the nation and the world. Ms Henig concentrates on the school's last half century, picking up where a 1970 book by Jean Alonzo Curran left off.<sup>1</sup>The author states that the current book's "goal is to answer for the general reader that first and most important question: What is public health?" The author chronicles major public health issues of the past 50 years by telling stories, often in the words of the public health professionals who confronted the problems. The author organizes the book to reflect the evolution of public health in the United States. She begins with the "biological environment," covering malaria, polio, smallpox, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and other infectious diseases. The next section examines occupational and environmental health
The negative inotropic effect of beta3-adrenoceptor stimulation is mediated by activation of a nitric oxide synthase pathway in human ventricle.
Authors: C Gauthier, V Leblais, L Kobzik, J N Trochu, N Khandoudi, A Bril, J L Balligand, H Le Marec
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors in heart muscle cells mediate the catecholamine-induced increase in the force and frequency of cardiac contraction. Recently, in addition, we demonstrated the functional expression of beta3-adrenoceptors in the human heart. Their stimulation, in marked contrast with that of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors, induces a decrease in contractility through presently unknown mechanisms. In the present study, we examined the role of a nitric oxide (NO) synthase pathway in mediating the beta3-adrenoceptor effect on the contractility of human endomyocardial biopsies. The negative inotropic effects of a beta3-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL 37344, and also of norepinephrine in the presence of alpha- and beta1-2-blockade were inhibited both by a nonspecific blocker of NO, methylene blue, and two NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors, L-N-monomethyl-arginine and L-nitroarginine-methyl ester. The effect of the NOS inhibitors was reversed by an excess of L-arginine, the natural substrate of NOS, but not by D-arginine. Moreover, the effects of the beta3-adrenoceptor agonist on contractility were associated with parallel increases in the production of NO and intracellular cGMP, which were also inhibited by NOS inhibitors. Immunohistochemical staining of human ventricular biopsies showed the expression of the endothelial constitutive (eNOS), but not the inducible (iNOS) isoform of NOS in both ventricular myocytes and endothelial cells. These results demonstrate that beta3-adrenoceptor stimulation decreases cardiac contractility through activation of an NOS pathway. Changes in the expression of this pathway may alter the balance between positive and negative inotropic effects of catecholamines on the heart potentially leading to myocardial dysfunction.
Prognostic Impact of Preoperative Tumor Marker Levels and Lymphovascular Invasion in Pathological Stage I Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Authors: Tomonari Kinoshita, Takashi Ohtsuka, Masaya Yotsukura, Keisuke Asakura, Taichiro Goto, Ikuo Kamiyama, Sotaro Otake, Atsushi Tajima, Katsura Emoto, Yuichiro Hayashi, Mitsutomo Kohno
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2015)
NEVUS PIGMENTOSUS ET PILOSUS VERRUCOSUS: ITS REMOVAL BY MEANS OF ELECTROCOAGULATION
Authors: Ernest K. Stratton
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Of the various methods now in use to destroy birthmarks, that of electrocoagulation in the treatment of nevus pigmentosus et pilosus verrucosus seems particularly successful.  Although radium and carbon dioxide snow therapy give the best results in the removal of angiomatous nevi, and surgical excision, cautery or electrolysis yield equally good results in the removal of the fibromatous types, the methods for removing the particular type here described (fig. 1) are practically limited to surgical excision with skin grafts or electrocoagulation.  Having observed the results obtained by the former method in several instances, I am, by comparison, particularly pleased with the outcome in this case.  REPORT OF CASE  E. B., a girl, aged 10 months, when first seen, May 13, 1925, presented a rather large, black, pigmented and hairy nevus, 6 inches in diameter in all axes, extending up into the scalp, over the left cheek to within one-half inch
Chronic Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Mauray J. Tye, Bengel L. Schiff, Sylvia F. Collins, G. Robert Baler, Bernard Appel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

EVER since chronic discoid lupus erythematosus was first described in 1828 by Biett, there have been innumerable reports of its treatment.1 2 3 4 Various methods have been advocated but none have proved successful in substantially significant numbers, and some have been associated with many severe toxic complications.The first effective use of quinacrine hydrochloride in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus by Prokoptchouk,5 and later by Page6 and others, opened a new realm of therapy. Most authors have found that about 60 per cent of the cases either clear completely or are greatly improved on this medication.7 8 9 The rationale of this drug . . .
Short-term Hemodynamic Effects of Immunoadsorption in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wolf V. Dörffel, Stephan B. Felix, Gerd Wallukat, Stefan Brehme, Knut Bestvater, Torsten Hofmann, Franz X. Kleber, Gert Baumann, Petra Reinke
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Previous studies have shown that the sera of many patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are positive for several antibodies directed against cardiac antigens. Anti–β 1 -adrenergic receptor antibodies occur in 70% to 90% of DCM patients. These antibodies are extractable by immunoadsorption (IA). In an investigation of the functional significance of antibodies for hemodynamics, IA was performed throughout 5 consecutive days on nine patients with severe DCM who were on stable drug therapy. Methods and Results Immunoglobulins were eliminated in nine patients with severe DCM (mean age, 43.5 years; range, 25 to 58 years; left ventricular ejection fraction, &lt;25%). IA was performed over 5 consecutive days with an immunoadsorber for immunoglobulin. All patients were on stable medication, including ACE inhibitors, digitalis, and diuretics. All patients received β-blockers. During therapy, hemodynamic parameters (mean±SD) were monitored with a Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter. IA elicited a decrease of anti–β 1 -adrenergic receptor antibodies from 6.4±1.3 to 1.0±0.5 relative units. During IA, cardiac output increased from 3.7±0.8 to 5.5±1.8 L/min, P &lt;.01. Mean arterial pressure decreased from 76.0±9.9 to 65.0±11.2 mm Hg, P &lt;.05; mean pulmonary arterial pressure, from 27.6±7.7 to 22.0±6.5 mm Hg, P &lt;.05; left ventricular filling pressure, from 16.8±7.4 to 12.8±4.7 mm Hg, P &lt;.05; and systemic vascular resistance, from 1465±332 to 949±351 dyne·s·cm −5 , P &lt;.01. Conclusions In addition to conventional medical treatment, IA may be an additional therapeutic possibility for acute hemodynamic stabilization of patients with severe DCM.
Bar Soap and Liquid Soap-Reply
Authors: Richard E. Reever
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Minnetonka, Inc, is a manufacturer and distributor of liquid soaps (SOFTSOAP, Shower-Mate, Derma Scrub, and Derma Cidol) as well as a distributor of bar soaps under such trade names as Village Bath Products, Claire Burke, and Roger &amp; Gallet. In our activities as suppliers of products to medical professionals, we were presented with questions on the proper selection of handwashing agents. A search of the literature showed to the best of our knowledge no long-term in-use studies conducted independently comparing bar and liquid soaps. This included the widely referenced Bannon and Judge<sup>1</sup>study. The research by Drs Kabara and Brady<sup>2</sup>is the first of several research reports that will be provided as evidence to medical personnel that bar soap may provide greater risk of cross-contamination than the referenced Minnetonka, Inc, liquid soaps used in the study. We believe that in order to help medical personnel make
Improvement of Bronchial Hypersensitivity and Non Asthma Attack Period of 3 months or more can Become A Stopping Criteria of Inhaled Corticosteroid in Child Asthma.
Authors: A. Akasawa, M. Akashi, T. Suda, N. Gocho, Y. Ohya, M. Narita
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)