tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Specificity of V˙o<sub>2</sub>max and the ventilatory threshold in free swimming and cycle ergometry: comparison between triathletes and swimmers
Authors: B Roels, L Schmitt, S Libicz, D Bentley, J-P Richalet, G Millet
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Objectives: To compare maximal heart rate (HR max ), maximal oxygen consumption (V˙ o 2 max ), and the ventilatory threshold (VT; %V˙ o 2 max ) during cycle ergometry and free swimming between swimmers and triathletes. Methods: Nine swimmers and ten triathletes completed an incremental swimming and cycling test to exhaustion. Whole body metabolic responses were determined in each test. Results: The swimmers exhibited a significantly higher V˙ o 2 max in swimming than in cycling (58.4 (5.6) v 51.3 (5.1) ml/kg/min), whereas the opposite was found in the triathletes (53.0 (6.7) v 68.2 (6.8) ml/kg/min). HR max was significantly different in the maximal cycling and swimming tests for the triathletes (188.6 (7.5) v 174.8 (9.0) beats/min). In the maximal swimming test, HR max was significantly higher in the swimmers than in the triathletes (174.8 (9.0) v 184.6 (9.7) beats/min). No significant differences were found for VT measured in swimming and cycling in the triathletes and swimmers. Conclusion: This study confirms that the exercise testing mode affects the V˙ o 2 max value, and that swimmers have very specific training adaptations even compared with triathletes. This may be a function of acute physiological responses combined with the specialist training status of the different athletes influencing maximal cardiac output or oxygen extraction. In contrast, the different training regimens do not seem to influence the VT, as this variable did not differ between the two testing modes in either group.
HDL-associated estradiol stimulates endothelial NO synthase and vasodilation in an SR-BI–dependent manner
Authors: Ming Gong, Melinda Wilson, Thomas Kelly, Wen Su, James Dressman, Jeanie Kincer, Sergey V. Matveev, Ling Guo, Theresa Guerin, Xiang-An Li, Weifei Zhu, Annette Uittenbogaard, Eric J. Smart
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in the United States. Two factors associated with a decreased risk of developing cardiovascular disease are elevated HDL levels and sex — specifically, a decreased risk is found in premenopausal women. HDL and estrogen stimulate eNOS and the production of nitric oxide, which has numerous protective effects in the vascular system including vasodilation, antiadhesion, and anti-inflammatory effects. We tested the hypothesis that HDL binds to its receptor, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), and delivers estrogen to eNOS, thereby stimulating the enzyme. HDL isolated from women stimulated eNOS, whereas HDL isolated from men had minimal activity. Studies with ovariectomized and ovariectomized/estrogen replacement mouse models demonstrated that HDL-associated estradiol stimulation of eNOS is SR-BI dependent. Furthermore, female HDL, but not male HDL, promoted the relaxation of muscle strips isolated from C57BL/6 mice but not SR-BI null mice. Finally, HDL isolated from premenopausal women or postmenopausal women receiving estradiol replacement therapy stimulated eNOS, whereas HDL isolated from postmenopausal women did not stimulate eNOS. We conclude that HDL-associated estrodial is capable of the stimulating eNOS. These studies establish a new paradigm for examining the cardiovascular effects of HDL and estrogen.
Does the Immune System See Tumors as Foreign or Self?
Authors: Drew Pardoll
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2003)

Given the vast number of genetic and epigenetic changes associated with carcinogenesis, it is clear that tumors express many neoantigens. A central question in cancer immunology is whether recognition of tumor antigens by the immune system leads to activation (i.e., surveillance) or tolerance. Paradoxically, while strong evidence exists that specific immune surveillance systems operate at early stages of tumorigenesis, established tumors primarily induce immune tolerance. A unifying hypothesis posits that the fundamental processes of cancer progression, namely tissue invasion and metastasis, are inherently proinflammatory and thus activating for innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. To elude immune surveillance, tumors must develop mechanisms that block the elaboration and sensing of proinflammatory danger signals, thereby shifting the balance from activation to tolerance induction. Elucidation of these mechanisms provides new strategies for cancer immunotherapy.
High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes in the U.K.
Authors: Sabita S. Soedamah-Muthu, John H. Fuller, Henrietta E. Mulnier, Veena S. Raleigh, Ross A. Lawrenson, Helen M. Colhoun
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

OBJECTIVE—To estimate the absolute and relative risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 1 diabetes in the U.K. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Subjects with type 1 diabetes (n = 7,479) and five age- and sex-matched subjects without diabetes (n = 38,116) and free of CVD at baseline were selected from the General Practice Research Database (GPRD), a large primary care database representative of the U.K. population. Incident major CVD events, comprising myocardial infarction, acute coronary heart disease death, coronary revascularizations, or stroke, were captured for the period 1992–1999. RESULTS—The hazard ratio (HR) for major CVD was 3.6 (95% CI 2.9–4.5) in type 1 diabetic men compared with those without diabetes and 7.7 (5.5–10.7) in women. Increased HRs were found for acute coronary events (3.0 and 7.6 in type 1 diabetic men and women, respectively, versus nondiabetic subjects), coronary revascularizations (5.0 in men, 16.8 in women), and for stroke (3.7 in men, 4.8 in women). Type 1 diabetic men aged 45–55 years had an absolute CVD risk similar to that of men in the general population 10–15 years older, with an even greater difference in women. CONCLUSIONS—Despite advances in care, these data show that absolute and relative risks of CVD remain extremely high in patients with type 1 diabetes. Women with type 1 diabetes continue to experience greater relative risks of CVD than men compared with those without diabetes.
Randomized Phase III Trial of Whole-Abdominal Irradiation Versus Doxorubicin and Cisplatin Chemotherapy in Advanced Endometrial Carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study
Authors: Marcus E. Randall, Virginia L. Filiaci, Hyman Muss, Nick M. Spirtos, Robert S. Mannel, Jeffrey Fowler, J. Tate Thigpen, Jo Ann Benda
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Purpose To compare whole-abdominal irradiation (WAI) and doxorubicin-cisplatin (AP) chemotherapy in women with stage III or IV endometrial carcinoma having a maximum of 2 cm of postoperative residual disease. Patients and Methods Four hundred twenty-two patients were entered onto this trial. Of 396 assessable patients, 202 were randomly allocated to receive WAI, and 194 were allocated to receive AP. Irradiation dosage was 30 Gy in 20 fractions, with a 15-Gy boost. Chemotherapy consisted of doxorubicin 60 mg/m 2 and cisplatin 50 mg/m 2 every 3 weeks for seven cycles, followed by one cycle of cisplatin. Results Most patient and tumor characteristics were well balanced. The median patient age was 63 years; 50% had endometrioid tumors. Median follow-up time was 74 months. The hazard ratio for progression adjusted for stage was 0.71 favoring AP (95% CI, 0.55 to 0.91; P &lt; .01). At 60 months, 50% of patients receiving AP were predicted to be alive and disease free when adjusting for stage compared with 38% of patients receiving WAI. The stage-adjusted death hazard ratio was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.89; P &lt; .01) favoring AP. Moreover, at 60 months and adjusting for stage, 55% of AP patients were predicted to be alive compared with 42% of WAI patients. Greater acute toxicity was seen with AP. Treatment probably contributed to the deaths of eight patients (4%) on the AP arm and five patients (2%) on the WAI arm. Conclusion Chemotherapy with AP significantly improved progression-free and overall survival compared with WAI. Nevertheless, further advances in efficacy and reduction in toxicity are clearly needed.
I'm a believer
Authors: L. Farrell
Journal: BMJ (2002)

“Once a man stops believing in God,” said G K Chesterton, “he doesn't believe in nothing, he believes in anything.” Yeah right, I thought, what would he know? But the Road to Damascus can come in unlikely forms. Being a cynic is not something I'm proud of, as if it's a skill I've refined through years of cold and impeccably logical reasoning. It's more of a physical trait, like my height and baldness and poor eyesight and incredible …
Global and regional trends in COPD mortality, 1990–2010
Authors: Peter G.J. Burney, Jaymini Patel, Roger Newson, Cosetta Minelli, Mohsen Naghavi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2015)

Between 1990 and 2010, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) moved from the fourth to third most common cause of death worldwide. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease programme we quantified regional changes in the number of COPD deaths and COPD mortality rates between 1990 and 2010. We estimated the proportion of the change that was attributable to gross national income per capita and an index of cumulative smoking exposure, and quantified the difference in mortality rates attributable to demographic changes. Despite a substantial decrease in COPD mortality rates, COPD deaths fell only slightly, from three million in 1990 to 2.8 million in 2010, because the mean age of the population increased. The number of COPD deaths in 2010 would have risen to 5.2 million if the age- and sex-specific mortality rates had remained constant. Changes in smoking led to only a small increase in age- and sex-specific mortality rates, which were strongly associated with changes in gross national income. The increased burden of COPD mortality was mainly driven by changes in age distribution, but age- and sex-specific rates fell as incomes rose. The rapid response to increasing affluence suggests that changes in COPD mortality are not entirely explained by changes in early life.
Comparison of "early gastric cancer" in Britain and Japan.
Authors: D M Evans, J L Craven, F Murphy, B K Cleary
Journal: Gut (1978)

Before the introduction of endoscopy, four out of 720 cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed before the cancer had breached the muscularis propia, an incidence of 0.5%. Using endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy, 10 out of 101 cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed at this "early" stage, an incidence of 10%. Their clinical, morphological, and histological characteristics are compared with those of Japanese "early gastric cancers" and reveal a remarkable similarity. The results of this study suggest that a higher proportion of British gastric cancers could be diagnosed at an "early" stage by more intensive investigation of dyspeptic patients using up to date radiological techniques, fibreoptic endoscopy, and endoscopic biopsy.
Increment and impairment of adiponectin in renal failure
Authors: Noriyuki Komura, Shinji Kihara, Mina Sonoda, Norikazu Maeda, Yoshihiro Tochino, Tohru Funahashi, Iichiro Shimomura
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

AimsPatients with chronic renal failure are at high risk of cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies in healthy population showed that hypoadiponectinemia was associated with high cardiovascular disease risk. However, plasma adiponectin (APN) levels are increased in renal dysfunction. Therefore, the clinical significance of plasma APN level in patients with moderate renal dysfunction is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the change of plasma APN levels in a mouse model of renal failure and the loss of vasculo-protective function of APN in the presence of high cystatin C levels.
Mild acetabular dysplasia and risk of osteoarthritis of the hip: a case-control study
Authors: D. F. McWilliams, S. A. Doherty, W. D. Jenkins, R. A. Maciewicz, K. R. Muir, W. Zhang, M. Doherty
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2010)

Objective To determine whether mild variation in acetabular depth (AD) and shape is a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip. Methods The unaffected contralateral hip of patients with unilateral hip OA was compared with hips of asymptomatic controls without hip OA, derived from the Nottingham Genetics Osteoarthritis and Lifestyle case–control study. Standardised anteroposterior x-rays of the pelvis were used to measure centre edge (CE) angle and AD. Cut-off points for narrow CE angle and shallow AD were calculated from the control group (mean −1.96×SD). The relative risk of hip OA associated with each feature was estimated using OR and 95% CI and adjusted risks were calculated by logistic regression. Results In controls, both the CE angle and the AD were lower in the left hip than in the right hip. The CE angle related to age in both hips, and AD of the right hip was lower in men than in women. The contralateral unaffected hip in patients with unilateral hip OA had a decreased CE angle and AD compared with controls, irrespective of side. The lowest tertile of the CE angle in contralateral hips was associated with an eightfold risk of OA (aOR 8.06, 95% CI 4.87 to 13.35) and the lowest tertile of AD was associated with a 2.5-fold risk of OA (aOR 2.53, 95% CI 1.28 to 5.00). Significant increases in the risk of OA were also found as the CE angle and AD decreased. Conclusion Constitutional mild acetabular dysplasia appears to increase the risk of hip OA.
Decreased Expression of Voltage- and Ca <sup>2+</sup> -Activated K <sup>+</sup> Channels in Coronary Smooth Muscle During Aging
Authors: Jure Marijic, QingXia Li, Min Song, Kazuhide Nishimaru, Enrico Stefani, Ligia Toro
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

Aging is the main risk factor for coronary artery disease. One characteristic of aging coronary arteries is their enhanced contractile responses to endothelial vasoconstricting factors, which increase the risk of coronary vasospasm in older people. Because large-conductance voltage- and Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (MaxiK) are key regulators of vascular tone, we explored the possibility that this class of channels is diminished with increasing age. Using site-directed antibodies recognizing the pore-forming alpha subunit and electrophysiological methods, we demonstrate that the number of MaxiK channels is dramatically diminished in aged coronary arteries from old F344 rats. Channel density was reduced from 52+/-9 channels/pF (3 months old) to 18+/-5 channels/pF (25 to 30 months old), which represents a 65% reduction in the older population. Pixel intensity of Western blots was also diminished by approximately 50%. Moreover, the age-related decrease in the channel protein expression was also evident in humans, which showed approximately 80% reduction in 61- to 70-year-old subjects compared with 3- to 18-year-old youngsters and approximately 45% reduction compared with 19- to 56-year-old adults. In agreement with a reduction of MaxiK channel numbers in aging coronary arteries, old coronary arteries from F344 rats contract less effectively ( approximately 70% reduction) than young coronary arteries when exposed to the MaxiK channel blocker iberiotoxin. The contraction studies indicate that under physiological conditions, MaxiK channels are tonically active, serving as a hyperpolarizing force that opposes contraction. Thus, reduced expression of MaxiK channels in aged coronary arteries would lead to a decreased vasodilating capacity and increased risk of coronary spasm and myocardial ischemia in older people.
Genetic Association of the Serotonin Transporter in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Rajiv D. Machado, Rolf Koehler, Eric Glissmeyer, Colin Veal, Jay Suntharalingam, Miryoung Kim, John Carlquist, Margaret Town, C. Gregory Elliott, Marius Hoeper, Anna Fijalkowska, Marcin Kurzyna, Jennifer R. Thomson, Simon R. Gibbs, Martin R. Wilkins, Werner Seeger, Nicholas W. Morrell, Ekkehard Gruenig, Richard C. Trembath, Bart Janssen
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

The bone morphogenetic receptor type II gene is the major genetic determinant for the inherited form of pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, deleterious mutations of this gene are not observed in the majority of subjects who develop the condition spontaneously and familial disease displays age- and sex-dependent penetrance, indicating the requirement for additional environmental and/or genetic modifiers for disease development.We investigated polymorphic variation of the serotonin transporter gene, a biological candidate for predisposition to this vascular disorder.No significant evidence of association between alleles of the serotonin transporter gene and pulmonary hypertension was detected, nor did we observe a relationship with age of onset in familial and idiopathic disease.Variation of the serotonin transporter gene appears unlikely to confer significant susceptibility to pulmonary arterial hypertension. This study emphasizes the need for adequately powered cohorts for association analyses to identify not only genetic determinants of disease susceptibility but also inherited modifiers for disease development.
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use, Chronic Liver Disease, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Vikrant V. Sahasrabuddhe, Munira Z. Gunja, Barry I. Graubard, Britton Trabert, Lauren M. Schwartz, Yikyung Park, Albert R. Hollenbeck, Neal D. Freedman, Katherine A. McGlynn
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2012)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to reduce chronic inflammation and risk of many cancers, but their effect on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death due to chronic liver disease (CLD) has not been investigated.We analyzed prospective data on 300504 men and women aged 50 to 71 years in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort and linked self-reported aspirin and nonaspirin NSAID use with registry-confirmed diagnoses of HCC (n=250) and death due to CLD (n=428, excluding HCC). We calculated hazard rate ratios (RRs) and their two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox proportional hazard regression models with adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and body mass index. All tests of statistical significance were two-sided.Aspirin users had statistically significant reduced risks of incidence of HCC (RR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.77) and mortality due to CLD (RR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.67) compared to those who did not use aspirin. In contrast, users of nonaspirin NSAIDs had a reduced risk of mortality due to CLD (RR = 0.74; 95% CI= 0.61 to 0.90) but did not have lower risk of incidence of HCC (RR = 1.08; 95% CI = 0.84 to 1.39) compared to those who did not use nonaspirin NSAIDs. The risk estimates did not vary in statistical significance by frequency (monthly, weekly, daily) of aspirin use, but the reduced risk of mortality due to CLD was statistically significant only among monthly users of nonaspirin NSAIDs compared to non-users.Aspirin use was associated with reduced risk of developing HCC and of death due to CLD whereas nonaspirin NSAID use was only associated with reduced risk of death due to CLD.
The Australian intervention randomized control of rate in atrial fibrillation trial (AIRCRAFT)
Authors: Rukshen Weerasooriya, Michael Davis, Anne Powell, Tamas Szili-Torok, Chetan Shah, David Whalley, Logan Kanagaratnam, William Heddle, James Leitch, Ann Perks, Louise Ferguson, Max Bulsara
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
PERSONALITY DISORDER AND THE RELATIONSHIPS OF EMOTION TO SURGICAL ILLNESS IN 200 SURGICAL PATIENTS
Authors: ISRAEL ZWERLING, JAMES TITCHENER, LOUIS GOTTSCHALK, MAURICE LEVINE, WILLIAM CULBERTSON, SENTA FEIBLEMAN COHEN, HYMAN SILVER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1955)

Two sets of findings of an exploratory psychiatric study of surgical patients are presented. Patients were randomly selected from the surgical wards of a public general hospital, and were found to be representative of the total surgical population of the hospital with regard to age, sex, duration of admission, whether or not surgery was performed, type of surgery, number of previous operations, and whether or not there had been any previous contact with psychiatrists. Psychodiagnostic interviews, psychological tests, and social histories were attempted for each patient. Findings were of diagnosable mental disorder in 86% of the patients, with insufficient data in 4.5% and no psychiatric illness in 9.5%. In 48.5% of the cases there was a significant relationship between the surgical status of the patient at the time of presentation to the surgeon for treatment, and emotional disorder; in 44% there was no demonstrable relationship; in 7.5% data were insufficient. Some problems raised by the unexpectedly high incidence of mental disorder in surgical patients, and the relationship between emotional disturbance and surgical illness, are presented.
Identification of a human cDNA encoding a functional high affinity lipoxin A4 receptor.
Authors: S Fiore, J F Maddox, H D Perez, C N Serhan
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) triggers selective responses with human neutrophils that are pertussis toxin sensitive and binds to high affinity receptors (Kd = 0.5 +/- 0.3 nM) that are modulated by stable analogues of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP). Here, we characterized [11,12-(3)]LXA4 specific binding with neutrophil granule and plasma membranes, which each display high affinity binding sites (Kd = 0.7 +/- 0.1 nM) that were regulated by GTP gamma S. Since functional LXA4 receptors are inducible in HL-60 cells, we tested orphan cDNAs encoding 7-transmembrane region receptors cloned from these cells for their ability to bind and signal with LXA4. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the orphan receptor cDNA (pINF114) displayed specific 3H-LXA4 high affinity binding (1.7 nM). When displacement of LXA4 binding with pINF114-transfected CHO cells was tested with other eicosanoids, including LXB4, leukotriene D4 (LTD4), LTB4, or prostaglandin E2, only LTD4 competed with LXA4, giving a Ki of 80 nM. In transfected CHO cells, LXA4 also stimulated GTPase activity and provoked the release of esterified arachidonate, which proved to be pertussis toxin sensitive. These results indicate that pINF114 cDNA encodes a 7-transmembrane region-containing protein that displays high affinity for 3H-LXA4 and transmits LXA4-induced signals. Together, they suggest that the encoded protein is a candidate for a LXA4 receptor in myeloid cells.
A novel peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma (PPARγ) agonist, CLX-0921, has potent antihyperglycemic activity with low adipogenic potential
Authors: Debendranath Dey, Satya Medicherla, Partha Neogi, Maya Gowri, Jin Cheng, Coleman Gross, Somesh D Sharma, Gerald M Reaven, Bishwajit Nag
Journal: Metabolism (2003)
Setting up a district audit programme.
Authors: R Gumpert, C Lyons
Journal: BMJ (1990)

A district resuscitation policy to prevent over- zealous resuscitation * Improving communications with general practi- tioners * Standardisation of good clinical practice, including the production of work manuals for junior staff * Producing an early discharge summary * How to ensure that information given to patients and their relatives about their illness is recorded * The legibility of hospital notes and doctors' signa- tures * How to improve the quality of the hospital notes * How to avoid inappropriate outpatient referrals * How to reduce excessive hospital stay * How to promote day surgery * Mechanisms for correcting deficiencies disclosed by the audit process and their reappraisal after correction