tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Risk of Invasive Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in Swedish Women
Authors: Tomas Riman, Paul W. Dickman, Staffan Nilsson, Nestor Correia, Hans Nordlinder, Cecilia M. Magnusson, Elisabete Vainio Weiderpass, Ingemar R. Persson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2002)

Background: Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), which is mainly used to relieve climacteric symptoms, increases a woman's risk for uterine endometrial cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Estrogens are often combined with progestins in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to reduce the risk of uterine endometrial cancer. Data on the association between HRT including progestins and EOC risk are limited. This nationwide case–control study examined EOC risk in relation to HRT regimens with sequentially added progestins (HRTsp) and continuously added progestins (HRTcp). Methods: Between 1993 and 1995, we enrolled 655 histologically verified incident case patients with EOC and 3899 randomly selected population controls, all 50–74 years of age. Data on HRT use were collected through mailed questionnaires. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by the use of unconditional logistic regression. Results: Risks of EOC were elevated among ever users as compared with never users of both ERT (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.02 to 2.00) and HRTsp (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.15 to 2.05); risks were elevated for serous, mucinous, and endometrioid subtypes. For all EOC types combined, the greatest risk increases were seen with hormone use exceeding 10 years. Ever use of HRTcp was not associated with increased EOC risk relative to HRTcp never use (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.73 to 1.43). The risk of EOC was elevated among HRTsp ever users as compared with HRTcp ever users (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.05 to 3.01). ORs for EOC after ever use of low-potency estrogens were 1.18 (95% CI = 0.89 to 1.55) for oral and 1.33 (95% CI = 1.03 to 1.72) for vaginal applications, but no relationship was seen between EOC risk and duration of use. Conclusion: Ever users of ERT and HRTsp but not HRTcp may be at increased risk of EOC.
Effect of Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding on Transmission of HIV-1
Authors: Ruth Nduati, Grace John, Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha, Barbra Richardson, Julie Overbaugh, Anthony Mwatha, Jeckoniah Ndinya-Achola, Job Bwayo, Francis E. Onyango, James Hughes, Joan Kreiss
Journal: JAMA (2000)

Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is known to occur through breastfeeding, but the magnitude of risk has not been precisely defined. Whether breast milk HIV-1 transmission risk exceeds the potential risk of formula-associated diarrheal mortality in developing countries is unknown.To determine the frequency of breast milk transmission of HIV-1 and to compare mortality rates and HIV-1-free survival in breastfed and formula-fed infants.Randomized clinical trial conducted from November 1992 to July 1998 in antenatal clinics in Nairobi, Kenya, with a median follow-up period of 24 months.Of 425 HIV-1-seropositive, antiretroviral-naive pregnant women enrolled, 401 mother-infant pairs were included in the analysis of trial end points.Mother-infant pairs were randomized to breastfeeding (n = 212) vs formula feeding arms (n = 213).Infant HIV-1 infection and death during the first 2 years of life, compared between the 2 intervention groups.Compliance with the assigned feeding modality was 96% in the breastfeeding arm and 70% in the formula arm (P<.001). Median duration of breastfeeding was 17 months. Of the 401 infants included in the analysis, 94% were followed up to HIV-1 infection or mortality end points: 83% for the HIV-1 infection end point and 93% to the mortality end point. The cumulative probability of HIV-1 infection at 24 months was 36.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 29.4%-44.0%) in the breastfeeding arm and 20.5% (95% CI, 14.0%-27.0%) in the formula arm (P = .001). The estimated rate of breast milk transmission was 16.2% (95% CI, 6.5%-25.9%). Forty-four percent of HIV-1 infection in the breastfeeding arm was attributable to breast milk. Most breast milk transmission occurred early, with 75% of the risk difference between the 2 arms occurring by 6 months, although transmission continued throughout the duration of exposure. The 2-year mortality rates in both arms were similar (breastfeeding arm, 24.4% [95% CI, 18.2%-30.7%] vs formula feeding arm, 20.0% [95% CI, 14.4%-25.6%]; P = .30). The rate of HIV-1-free survival at 2 years was significantly lower in the breastfeeding arm than in the formula feeding arm (58.0% vs 70.0%, respectively; P = .02).The frequency of breast milk transmission of HIV-1 was 16.2% in this randomized clinical trial, and the majority of infections occurred early during breastfeeding. The use of breast milk substitutes prevented 44% of infant infections and was associated with significantly improved HIV-1-free survival.
COPD: Different psychology status (PS) in patients with different cardiac co-morbidities rate
Authors: Kateryna Gashynova
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Aim    To evaluate whether and in which extent cardiac co-morbidity have influence on the PS in patients with COPD.    Study population    78 outpatient with COPD made the study sample. Exclusion criteria were 1) mental diseases.    Methods    For the evaluation of the PS the depression (by Y.Zung scale), the anxiety (by Ch.D. Spilberger questionnaire) and the vegetative lability (by VELA test) were studied in all patients. Cardiac co-morbidity rate was established by original questionnaire and analysis of patient9s medical documentation.    Results    In accordance with cardiac co-morbidity rate all patients were divided on two groups (GR): GR I (n=17; 21.8%) without any and GR II (n=61; 78.2%) – with cardiac co-morbid conditions. Both groups were similar regarding to age, sex and smoking status. The data of psychological tests are performed in the table 1.    Conclusions    1. 78.2 % of outpatients with COPD had cardiac co-morbidity.  2. Cardiac co-morbid conditions significantly impair psychology status in patients with COPD, and the most significant changes concerns depression and vegetative lability level.
Physiotherapists administering medications under instruction
Authors: Lynley Anderson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> Since 1999, the number of persons diagnosed with syphilis has increased dramatically in Denmark. Molecular typing was used to investigate the epidemiology of <i> Treponema pallidum</i> aiming to understand the dynamics of the epidemic. In recent years the tp0548 gene sequence has been used to further differentiate the subtypes obtained using the CDC typing system (number of 60-base pair repeats within the <i> arp</i>gene and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of <i> tpr</i> subfamily II genes) into sequence types. <h3>Methods</h3> <i> T. pallidum</i> PCR positive ulcer samples from 219 patients diagnosed in Denmark between 2009 and 2013 were identified for the study. At present, 16 specimens have been analysed and included in the study. Molecular typing was performed by sequence analysis of a 400-base pair region of tp0548 and will be supplemented with the CDC typing system. Clinical data were obtained from the Danish National Syphilis Reporting System where patients diagnosed with early syphilis in Denmark are registered. <h3>Results</h3> Sequence analysis of tp0548 revealed three sequence types designated f, g, and c, among the 16 patients. Four patients had tp0548 sequence type f. These patients were all men, and comprised both heterosexual men and MSM. One of the patients was originally from Iran. Eleven patients, including one female, had tp0548 sequence type g. These patients all reported Denmark as country of origin and the majority were habitants of Copenhagen. One patient had tp0548 sequence type c. This patient was a heterosexual man originally from Pakistan. <h3>Conclusion</h3> These preliminary results show that a minimum of three tp0548 sequence types are prevalent in Denmark. To further differentiate between strain types, the clinical samples will be characterised using the CDC typing system. This study only included patients with lesions which limit our results to patients with early syphilis.
<i>Coxiella burnetii</i>infection (Q fever) in rheumatoid arthritis patients with and without anti-TNFα therapy
Authors: T Schoffelen, L M Kampschreur, S E van Roeden, P C Wever, A A den Broeder, M H Nabuurs-Franssen, T Sprong, L A B Joosten, P L C M van Riel, J J Oosterheert, M van Deuren, M C W Creemers
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

Q fever is a zoonosis caused by the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii. The Netherlands experienced a major Q fever outbreak between 2007 and 2010, with an estimate of more than 40 000 infected individuals.1 Initial infection is asymptomatic in over 50% of the infected individuals or causes a mostly self-limiting febrile disease.2 However, chronic Q fever may develop months to years after initial infection. This serious, life-threatening condition presents mostly as endocarditis or infection of an aortic aneurysm or vascular prosthesis, and is accompanied by high IgG antibody titres against phase I C burnetii .3 Individuals most at risk for chronic Q fever are those with pre-existing valvulopathy, vascular aneurysm or prosthesis and yet undefined types of immune suppression.4 ,5 Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) plays an important role in the defence against intracellular bacteria such as C burnetii . In vitro studies show that TNFα is involved in internalisation and intracellular killing of C burnetii in monocytes.6 ,7 In addition, C burnetii- infected TNFα knockout mice develop early bacteraemia and severe …
Folate, Methionine, and Alcohol Intake and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma
Authors: E. Giovannucci, M. J. Stampfer, G. A. Colditz, E. B. Rimm, D. Trichopoulos, B. A. Rosner, F. E. Speizer, W. C. Willett
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1993)

Background : Reduced methylation of DNA may contribute to loss of the normal controls on proto-oncogene expression. In humans, hypomethylation of DNA has been observed in colorectal cancers and in their adenomatous polyp precursors. Accumulation of DNA methylation abnormalities, observed during progression of human colorectal neoplasia, may be influenced by certain dietary factors. The apparent protective effect of fresh fruits and vegetables, the major folate sources, on colorectal cancer incidence suggests that a methyldeficient diet contributes to occurrence of this malignancy. Low dietary folate and methionine and high intake of alcohol may reduce levels of S -adeno-sylmethionine, which is required for DNA methylation. Purpose : To determine if dietary factors that may influence methyl availability are related to colorectal adenomas, we prospectively examined the association of folate, methionine, and alcohol intakes and risk of colorectal adenoma. Methods : We assessed dietary intake for a 1-year period for women of the Nurses' Health Study, started in 1976, and for men of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, started in 1986—using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Adenomatous polyps of the left colon or rectum were diagnosed in 564 of 15984 women who had had an endoscopy between 1980 and 1990 and in 331 of 9490 men who had undergone an endoscopy between 1986 and 1990. Results : High dietary folate was inversely associated with risk of colorectal adenoma in women (multivariate relative risk [RR] = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.46–0.95 between high and low quintiles of intake) and in men (RR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.41–0.98) after adjusting for age, family history, indications for endoscopy, history of previous endoscopy, total energy intake, saturated fat intake, dietary fiber, and body mass index. Relative to nondrinkers, drinkers of more than 30 g of alcohol daily (about two drinks) had an elevated risk of adenoma (in women, RR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.19–2.86; in men, RR = 1.64, 95% CI = 0.92–2.93). Methionine intake was inversely associated with risk of adenomas 1 cm or larger (RR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.46–0.85, combining men and women). Conclusions : Folate, alcohol, and methionine could influence methyl group availability, and a methyl-deficient diet may be linked to early stages of colorectal neoplasia. A dietary pattern that increases methyl availability could reduce incidence of colorectal cancer. Implications : These data support efforts to increase dietary folate in segments of the population having diets with low intakes of this nutrient. [J Natl Cancer Inst 85:875–884, 1993]
Think it possible you may be mistaken
Authors: L. S. Lewis
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The reduction of the risk of asthma attacks is a major goal of guidelines. The fact that type-2 inflammatory biomarkers identify a higher risk, anti-inflammatory responsive phenotype is potentially relevant to this goal. We aim to quantify the relation between blood eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and the risk of severe asthma attacks. <h3>Methods and analysis</h3> A systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) will be conducted by searching MEDLINE from January 1993 to April 2021. We will include RCTs that investigated the effect of fixed treatment(s) regimen(s) on severe asthma exacerbation rates over at least 24 weeks and reported a baseline value for blood eosinophils and FeNO. Study selection will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and the methodological appraisal of the studies will be assessed by the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for RCTs. Study authors will be contacted to request anonymised individual participant data (IPD) for patients randomised to the trial’s control arm. An IPD meta-analysis will be performed for multivariable prognostic modelling with performance assessment (calibration plots and the c-statistic) in a cross-validation by study procedure. The outcome to predict is the absolute number of severe asthma attacks to occur in the following 12 months if anti-inflammatory therapy is not changed (ie, annualised number of attacks requiring ≥3 days of systemic corticosteroids and/or hospitalisation if the patient was randomised to the control arm of an RCT). A summary prognostic equation and risk stratification chart will be reported as a basis for further analyses of individualised treatment benefit. <h3>Ethics and dissemination</h3> The protocol has been reviewed by the relevant Oxford academic ethics committee and found to comprise fully anonymised data not requiring further ethical approbation. Results will be communicated in an international meeting and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. <h3>PROSPERO registration number</h3> CRD42021245337.
The ‘real’ woman with heart failure. Impact of sex on current in‐hospital management of heart failure by cardiologists and internists
Authors: C. Opasich, S. De Feo, G.A. Ambrosio, P. Bellis, A. Di Lenarda, G. Di Tano, D. Fico, L. Gonzini, R. Lavecchia, C. Tomasi, Aldo P. Maggioni
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2004)
Birth and Pathogenesis of Rogue Respiratory Viruses
Authors: David Safronetz, Heinz Feldmann, Emmie de Wit
Journal: Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease (2014)

Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are shaping today's infectious disease field more than ever. In this article, we introduce and review three emerging zoonotic viruses. Novel hantaviruses emerged in the Americas in the mid-1990s as the cause of severe respiratory infections, designated hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, with case fatality rates of around 40%. Nipah virus emerged a few years later, causing respiratory infections and encephalitis in Southeast Asia, with case fatality rates ranging from 40% to more than 90%. A new coronavirus emerged in 2012 on the Arabian Peninsula with a clinical syndrome of acute respiratory infections, later designated as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and an initial case fatality rate of more than 40%. Our current state of knowledge on the pathogenicity of these three severe, emerging viral infections is discussed.
Phase II trial of tirapazamine combined with cisplatin in chemotherapy of advanced malignant melanoma
Authors: A.Y. Bedikian, S.S. Legha, O. Eton, A.C. Buzaid, N. Papadopoulos, S. Coates, T. Simmons, J. Neefe, R. von Roemeling
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1997)
Molecular evidence for stem cell function of the slow-dividing fraction among human hematopoietic progenitor cells by genome-wide analysis
Authors: Wolfgang Wagner, Alexandra Ansorge, Ute Wirkner, Volker Eckstein, Christian Schwager, Jonathon Blake, Katrin Miesala, Jan Selig, Rainer Saffrich, Wilhelm Ansorge, Anthony D. Ho
Journal: Blood (2004)
Increased IL-17A expression in temporal artery lesions is a predictor of sustained response to glucocorticoid treatment in patients with giant-cell arteritis
Authors: Georgina Espígol-Frigolé, Marc Corbera-Bellalta, Ester Planas-Rigol, Ester Lozano, Marta Segarra, Ana García-Martínez, Sergio Prieto-González, José Hernández-Rodríguez, Josep M Grau, Mahboob U Rahman, Maria C Cid
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) exerts pivotal proinflammatory functions in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.To investigate IL-17A expression in temporal artery lesions from patients with giant-cell arteritis (GCA), and its relationship with disease outcome.Fifty-seven patients with biopsy-proven GCA were prospectively evaluated, treated and followed for 4.5 years (52-464 weeks). Relapses, time (weeks) required to achieve a maintenance prednisone dose <10 mg/day, and time (weeks) to complete prednisone withdrawal were prospectively recorded. IL-17A mRNA was measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR in temporal arteries from all patients and 19 controls. IL-17 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence.IL-17A expression was significantly increased in temporal artery samples from GCA patients compared with controls (6.22±8.61 vs 2.50±3.9 relative units, p=0.016). Surprisingly, patients with strong IL-17A expression tended to experience less relapses, and required significantly shorter treatment periods (median 25 vs 44 weeks to achieve <10 mg prednisone/day, p=0.0079). There was no correlation between IL-17A and RORc or RORα expression suggesting that these transcription factors may not exclusively reflect Th17 differentiation, and that cells other than Th17 cells might contribute to IL-17 expression in active patients. Accordingly, FoxP3(+)IL-17A(+) cells were identified in lesions by confocal microscopy and were dramatically reduced in specimens from treated patients.IL-17A expression is increased in GCA lesions, and is a predictor of response to glucocorticoid treatment. The contribution of FoxP3+ cells to IL-17A production in untreated patients suggests that induced-Tregs may facilitate disease remission when proinflammatory cytokine production is downregulated by glucocorticosteroids.
Clinical, radiographic and lung function features of diffuse congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung in an adult
Authors: ML Plit, JA Blott, N Lakis, J Murray, M Plit
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the bronchi with bilateral lung involvement has only previously been reported in one possible adult case. This report describes a young man with bilateral diffuse lung involvement, characteristic histological features, and a mixed restrictive/obstructive lung function pattern.
Yeast Adapts to a Changing Stressful Environment by Evolving Cross-Protection and Anticipatory Gene Regulation
Authors: Riddhiman Dhar, Rudolf Sägesser, Christian Weikert, Andreas Wagner
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2012)

Organisms can protect themselves against future environmental change. An example is cross-protection, where physiological adaptation against a present environmental stressor can protect an organism against a future stressor. Another is anticipation, where an organism uses information about its present environment to trigger gene expression and other physiological changes adaptive in future environments. "Predictive" abilities like this exist in organisms that have been exposed to periodic changes in environments. It is unknown how readily they can evolve. To answer this question, we carried out laboratory evolution experiments in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Specifically, we exposed three replicate populations of yeast to environments that varied cyclically between two stressors, salt stress and oxidative stress, every 10 generations, for a total of 300 generations. We evolved six replicate control populations in only one of these stressors for the same amount of time. We analyzed fitness changes and genome-scale expression changes in all these evolved populations. Our populations evolved asymmetric cross protection, where oxidative stress protects against salt stress but not vice versa. Gene expression data also suggest the evolution of anticipation and basal gene expression changes that occur uniquely in cyclic environments. Our study shows that highly complex physiological states that are adaptive in future environments can evolve on very short evolutionary time scales.
Withdrawal of Immunomodulators After Co-treatment Does Not Reduce Trough Level of Infliximab in Patients With Crohn’s Disease
Authors: David Drobne, Peter Bossuyt, Christine Breynaert, Tom Cattaert, Niels Vande Casteele, Griet Compernolle, Matthias Jürgens, Marc Ferrante, Vera Ballet, Willem-Jan Wollants, Isabelle Cleynen, Kristel Van Steen, Ann Gils, Paul Rutgeerts, Severine Vermeire, Gert Van Assche
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2014)
Day and Night Closed-Loop Control Using the Integrated Medtronic Hybrid Closed-Loop System in Type 1 Diabetes at Diabetes Camp
Authors: Trang T. Ly, Anirban Roy, Benyamin Grosman, John Shin, Alex Campbell, Salman Monirabbasi, Bradley Liang, Rie von Eyben, Satya Shanmugham, Paula Clinton, Bruce A. Buckingham
Journal: Diabetes Care (2015)

To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a fully integrated hybrid closed-loop (HCL) system (Medtronic MiniMed Inc., Northridge, CA), in day and night closed-loop control in subjects with type 1 diabetes, both in an inpatient setting and during 6 days at diabetes camp.The Medtronic MiniMed HCL system consists of a fourth generation (4S) glucose sensor, a sensor transmitter, and an insulin pump using a modified proportional-integral-derivative (PID) insulin feedback algorithm with safety constraints. Eight subjects were studied over 48 h in an inpatient setting. This was followed by a study of 21 subjects for 6 days at diabetes camp, randomized to either the closed-loop control group using the HCL system or to the group using the Medtronic MiniMed 530G with threshold suspend (control group).The overall mean sensor glucose percent time in range 70-180 mg/dL was similar between the groups (73.1% vs. 69.9%, control vs. HCL, respectively) (P = 0.580). Meter glucose values between 70 and 180 mg/dL were also similar between the groups (73.6% vs. 63.2%, control vs. HCL, respectively) (P = 0.086). The mean absolute relative difference of the 4S sensor was 10.8 ± 10.2%, when compared with plasma glucose values in the inpatient setting, and 12.6 ± 11.0% compared with capillary Bayer CONTOUR NEXT LINK glucose meter values during 6 days at camp.In the first clinical study of this fully integrated system using an investigational PID algorithm, the system did not demonstrate improved glucose control compared with sensor-augmented pump therapy alone. The system demonstrated good connectivity and improved sensor performance.