tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Drug treatment in acute asthma.
Authors: J Rees
Journal: BMJ (1984)

StimulantsAdrenaline has been used in acute asthma for 80 years.The specific (i, stimulants such as salbutamol, terbutaline, and fenoterol have replaced the earlier non-selective preparations, and within this group there are no great differences in practice.In acute asthma metered dose inhalers often lose their effectiveness.This is largely because of difficulties in the technique of inhalation, and an 1 / v 4 alternative method of administration is necessary-usually by nebuliser or intravenously.Since there is no difference in the effectiveness of nebulised or intravenously administered drugs nebulisation is preferrable.Many @ / 3, general practitioners find it useful to have nebulisers available for this g >-.s\ j! f fj _ purpose.Theoretically Ji stimulants are best given using oxygen to drive the
Cyclooxygenase-2 prevents fas-induced liver injury through up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor #
Authors: Guiying Li, Chang Han, Lihong Xu, Kyu Lim, Kumiko Isse, Tong Wu
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Abstract Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)–derived prostaglandins participate in a number of pathophysiological responses such as inflammation, carcinogenesis, and modulation of cell growth and survival. This study used complementary approaches of COX-2 transgenic (Tg) and knockout (KO) mouse models to evaluate the mechanism of COX-2 in Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver failure in vivo . We generated Tg mice with targeted expression of COX-2 in the liver by using the albumin promoter-enhancer–driven vector. The COX-2 Tg, COX-2 KO, and wild-type mice were treated with the anti-Fas antibody Jo2 (0.5 μg/g of body weight) for 4 to 6 hours, and the extent of liver injury was assessed by histopathology, serum aminotransferases, TUNEL staining, and caspase activation. The COX-2 Tg mice showed resistance to Fas-induced liver injury in comparison with the wild-type mice; this was reflected by the lower alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, less liver damage, and less hepatocyte apoptosis ( P &lt; 0.01). In contrast, the COX-2 KO mice showed significantly higher serum ALT and AST levels, more prominent hepatocyte apoptosis, and higher levels of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activity than the wild-type mice ( P &lt; 0.01). The COX-2 Tg livers expressed higher levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) than the wild-type controls; the COX-2 KO livers expressed the lowest levels of EGFR. Pretreatment with a COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) or an EGFR inhibitor (AG1478) exacerbated Jo2-mediated liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that COX-2 prevents Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver failure at least in part through up-regulation of EGFR. (Hepatology 2009.)
Three-dimensional left ventricular deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Authors: A A Young, C M Kramer, V A Ferrari, L Axel, N Reichek
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ejection fraction is normal or increased, and force-length relations are reduced. However, three-dimensional (3D) motion and deformation in vivo have not been assessed in this condition. We have reconstructed the 3D motion of the left ventricle (LV) during systole in 7 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and 12 normal volunteers by use of magnetic resonance tagging. METHODS AND RESULTS Transmural tagging stripes were automatically tracked to subpixel resolution with an active contour model. A 3D finite-element model was used to interpolate displacement information between short- and long-axis slices and register data on a regional basis. Displacement and strain data were averaged into septal, posterior, lateral, and anterior regions at basal, midventricular, and apical levels. Radial motion (toward the central long axis) decreased slightly in patients with HCM, whereas longitudinal displacement (parallel to the long axis) of the base toward the apex was markedly reduced: 7.5 +/- 2.5mm (SD) versus 12.5 +/- 2.0 mm, P &lt; .001. Circumferential and longitudinal shortening were both reduced in the septum (P &lt; .01 at all levels). The principal strain associated with 3D maximal contraction was slightly depressed in many regions, significantly in the basal septum (-0.18 +/- 0.05 versus -0.22 +/- 0.02, P &lt; .05) and anterior (-0.20 +/- 0.05 versus -0.23 +/- 0.02, P &lt; .05) walls. In contrast, LV torsion (twist of the apex about the long axis relative to the base) was greater in HCM patients (19.9 +/- 2.4 degrees versus 14.6 +/- 2.7 degrees, P &lt; .01). CONCLUSIONS HCM patients had reduced 3D myocardial shortening on a regional basis; however, LV torsion was increased.
Interleukin-23 and Interleukin-27 Exert Quite Different Antitumor and Vaccine Effects on Poorly Immunogenic Melanoma
Authors: Shuntaro Oniki, Hiroshi Nagai, Tatsuya Horikawa, Junya Furukawa, Maria Laura Belladonna, Takayuki Yoshimoto, Isao Hara, Chikako Nishigori
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Recent studies revealed that two novel interleukin (IL)-12-related cytokines, IL-23 and IL-27, have potent antitumor activities. However, the antitumor effects were mainly evaluated in relatively highly immunogenic tumors and have not been fully evaluated against nonimmunogenic or poorly immunogenic tumors. In this study, we investigated the antitumor efficacies of IL-23 and IL-27 on poorly immunogenic B16F10 melanoma and found that the antitumor responses mediated by IL-23 and IL-27 were clearly different. In syngeneic mice, mouse single-chain (sc) IL-23-transfected B16F10 (B16/IL-23) tumors exhibited almost the same growth curve as B16F10 parental tumor about until day 20 after tumor injection and then showed growth inhibition or even regression. In contrast, scIL-27-transfected B16F10 (B16/IL-27) tumors exhibited significant retardation of tumor growth from the early stage. In vivo depletion assay revealed that the antitumor effect of B16/IL-23 was mainly mediated by CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ whereas that of B16/IL-27 mainly involved natural killer cells and was independent of IFN-γ. We also found that antitumor effects of B16/IL-23 and B16/IL-27 were synergistically enhanced by treatment with IL-18 and IL-12, respectively. Furthermore, B16/IL-23-vaccinated mice developed protective immunity against parental B16F10 tumors but B16/IL-27-vaccinated mice did not. When combined with prior in vivo depletion of CD25+ T cells, 80% of B16/IL-23-vaccinated mice completely rejected subsequent tumor challenge. Finally, we showed that the systemic administration of neither IL-23 nor IL-27 induced such intense toxicity as IL-12. Our data support that IL-23 and IL-27 might play a role in future cytokine-based immunotherapy against poorly immunogenic tumors. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(12): 6395-404)
Body-surface maps of heart potentials: tentative localization of pre-excited areas in forty-two Wolff-Parkinson-White patients.
Authors: L De Ambroggi, B Taccardi, E Macchi
Journal: Circulation (1976)

Heart potentials were recorded from the entire chest surface in 42 patients suffering from Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. We were able to identify six types of surface maps, according to the location of the potential maximum and minimum during the delta wave. For each of these types we suggested the most likely location of the pre-excited region around the A-V rings (types 1 to 5) or in the interventricular septum (type 6). In 13 patients belonging to Types 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 our hypotheses were in agreement with intracardiac recordings, epicardial maps or surgical results obtained by others. Isopotential surface maps provide more information on the location of the pre-excited area than conventional ECGs, particularly when these exhibit intermediate features between Types A and B.
Phagocytosis of leprosy bacilli is mediated by complement receptors CR1 and CR3 on human monocytes and complement component C3 in serum.
Authors: L S Schlesinger, M A Horwitz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular pathogen, invades and multiplies within host mononuclear phagocytes. To understand M. leprae invasion better, we have investigated the role of phagocyte receptors and bacterium-bound ligands in phagocytosis of M. leprae by human monocytes. Complement receptors CR1 and CR3 mediate adherence and phagocytosis of M. leprae in nonimmune serum. Two MAbs used in combination against CR3 inhibit adherence by up to 90 +/- 3%. Two MAbs used in combination against CR1 and CR3 inhibit adherence by up to 70 +/- 1%. Single MAbs against CR1 or CR3 consistently inhibit adherence by 38-55%. In contrast, MAbs against other monocyte surface molecules, alone or in combination, do not significantly influence adherence. As studied by electron microscopy, 100% of monocyte-associated M. leprae are ingested in the presence of nonimmune serum and MAbs against CR3 markedly inhibit ingestion. Complement receptors CR1 and CR3 also mediate the low level of adherence observed in the absence of serum. Serum complement component C3 serves as a ligand on the bacterial surface in monocyte phagocytosis of M. leprae. Adherence of M. leprae to monocytes is enhanced by preopsonization (3.1 +/- 1.1-fold increase) and is markedly reduced in less than 0.5% fresh serum (66 +/- 7% reduction) or heat-inactivated serum (68 +/- 3% reduction). Adherence is also markedly reduced in C3- or factor B-depleted serum; repletion with purified C3 or factor B increases adherence 4.3 +/- 0.8- and 2.6 +/- 0.2-fold, respectively. C3 is fixed to M. leprae by the alternative pathway of complement activation, as determined by a whole bacterial cell ELISA. By electron microscopy, monocytes ingest M. leprae by conventional phagocytosis. This study demonstrates that (a) human monocyte complement receptors CR1 and CR3 mediate phagocytosis of M. leprae; (b) complement component C3 on the bacterial surface serves as a ligand for complement receptors; (c) complement component C3 binds to M. leprae by the alternative pathway of complement activation; and (d) monocytes phagocytize M. leprae by conventional phagocytosis.
Opiate Use in London-Reply
Authors: Herbert H. Blumberg
Journal: JAMA (1976)

In Reply.—  Dr Teggin's comments are not inconsistent with our report and provide an important amplification on our findings. It can, of course, be difficult to ascertain the amount of opiates a person has been using or the effects of any particular prescription for a given person. We have previously listed (reference 2 of that communication) several circumstances under which a person might provide opiate-negative urine specimens and still have been using opiates regularly.  One should perhaps be less than certain that the two groups (script and no-script) are socially and personally very different. It may be social accident and social processes, as much as anything else, which may put people temporarily or otherwise into one or the other group, and the designation of one group as sociopathic might well be difficult to support. Also, while people may differ in their drug preferences, it would be quite impossible to categorize
Alprazolam Abuse and Methadone Maintenance
Authors: Albert D. Fraser
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The contribution by Weddington and Carney<sup>1</sup>in the June 26, 1987, issue of<i>JAMA</i>entitled "Alprazolam Abuse and Dependence" demands my comments. In their Letter, the authors state that the usual urine toxicology screens for benzodiazepine metabolites give falsenegative results after alprazolam (Xanax) ingestion because alprazolam and metabolites are excreted in amounts below the detection limits of the assay. The authors did not state what screening method was used. <h3>Study.—</h3> Pure standards of alprazolam and αOH alprazolam were analyzed, in the Toxicology Laboratory, Victoria General Hospital, by the enzyme-multiplied immunosorbent (EMIT d.a.u.) assay. Both standard solutions gave an equivalent response to the EMIT low calibrator at 0.2 to 0.3 μg/mL. Random urine specimens from 27 inpatients receiving 0.25 to 7.0 mg/d of alprazolam (Xanax) were analyzed by the standard EMIT protocol for benzodiazepine metabolites. In this study, 24 of the specimens were positive (ie, reading greater
Impaired IgM antibody responses to an influenza virus vaccine in adults with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Oscar F. Ballester, Jørge M. Abdallah, Ananda S. Prasad
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1985)

Abstract Type‐specific IgM and IgG antibody responses to a polyvalent influenza vaccine were evaluated in 16 adults with sickle cell anemia, with the use of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. When compared to healthy controls, 8 out of the 16 patients had decreased or undetectable postvaccination anti‐influenza IgM antibody levels. These patients were found to have significantly lower serum IgM levels and nondetectable splenic tissue (by 99 Tc scans), as compared to those with normal IgM responses. Impaired IgM antibody primary immune responses may playa role in the pathogenesis of infectious complications seen in adult patients with sickle cell anemia.
A STUDY OF VACCINAL IMMUNITY IN TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: T. M. Rivers, E. Haagen, R. S. Muckenfuss
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

Normal corneas inoculated in vitro with vaccine virus and then cultivated in antivaccinal plasma developed typical vaccinal lesions associated with Guarnieri bodies. In such cultures, after an incubation period of 24 or 48 hours, active vaccine virus was demonstrated by means of appropriate methods. Immune corneas inoculated in vitro with vaccine virus and then cultivated in normal or in antivaccinal plasma revealed either very mild vaccinal lesions or none at all. In some of the cultures after 24 and 48 hours of incubation, active vaccine virus was demonstrated.
Small Intestinal CD4+ T-Cell Lymphoma Is a Heterogenous Entity With Common Pathology Features
Authors: Georgia Malamut, Bertrand Meresse, Sophie Kaltenbach, Coralie Derrieux, Virginie Verkarre, Elizabeth Macintyre, Agnès Ruskone–Fourmestraux, Bettina Fabiani, Isabelle Radford–Weiss, Nicole Brousse, Olivier Hermine, Nadine Cerf–Bensussan, Christophe Cellier
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2013)
Abstract 4707: Clonal expansions as a biomarker of preneoplastic processes in ulcerative colitis
Authors: Jesse J. Salk, Stephen J. Salipante, Rosa Ana Risques, David A. Crispin, Lin Li, Mary P. Bronner, Peter S. Rabinovitch, Marshall S. Horwitz, Lawerence A. Loeb, Teresa A. Brentnall
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Chronic inflammation predisposes to a variety of human cancers. Affected tissues slowly accumulate mutations, some of which affect growth regulation and drive successive waves of clonal evolution whereas a far greater number are functionally neutral and serve only to passively mark expanding clones. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease in which up to 10% of patients eventually develop colon cancer. We have recently reported on mapping of mutations in non-coding polyguanine tracts in patients with UC to delineate the extent of clonal expansions associated with carcinogenesis. We genotyped colon biopsies for length altering mutations at 28 different polyguanine markers. In eight UC patients without neoplasia, blinded genotyping detected only two mutations in a single individual from among 37 total biopsies. In contrast, in eleven UC patients with neoplasia elsewhere in the colon, blinded genotyping identified 63 mutations in 51 nondysplastic biopsies, and every patient possessed at least one mutant clone. As a biomarker of cancer progression the presence of one or more clones was 100% sensitive and 88% specific. A subset of clones were large and extended over many square centimeters of colon. Of these, some occurred as isolated populations in non-dysplastic tissue, considerably distant from neoplastic lesions. Other large clones included regions of cancer, suggesting that the tumor arose within a pre-existing clonal field. This preliminary work indicated that neutral mutations in polyguanine tracts serve as a powerful tool for identifying clonally expanded populations, and suggested that these clones may be clinically useful for distinguishing a subset of UC patients who are at greatest risk for developing cancer. Here we provide updated results of a new and larger case-control study and discuss ongoing efforts to streamline clone detection using other types of neutral genetic markers and next-generation sequencing. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4707.
Assessment of Functional Capacity in Clinical and Research Applications
Authors: Jerome L. Fleg, Ileana L. Piña, Gary J. Balady, Bernard R. Chaitman, Barbara Fletcher, Carl Lavie, Marian C. Limacher, Richard A. Stein, Mark Williams, Terry Bazzarre
Journal: Circulation (2000)

A fundamental requirement for many of the activities of daily living is the ability to perform predominantly aerobic, ie, oxygen-using, work.Such activities require the integrated efforts of the heart, lungs, and circulation to deliver oxygen to the metabolically active muscle mass.Thus, the assessment of functional or aerobic exercise time or peak oxygen consumption provides important diagnostic and prognostic information in a wide variety of clinical settings.Furthermore, numerous clinical trials, especially those in patients with heart failure, have used aerobic exercise time or peak oxygen consumption as a primary or secondary end point.This brief advisory will highlight the major clinical and research applications of functional capacity assessment.For a comprehensive review of exercise testing, the reader is referred to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines for Exercise Testing.
The Case for Community-Oriented Primary Care
Authors: Donald L. Madison
Journal: JAMA (1983)

"COMMUNITY-oriented primary care" (COPC) is a new term being used to describe generically a style of medical practice already well represented in the United States and around the world. Recently, a conference of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) devoted itself to the COPC idea, examined past successes and failures, and debated possible strategies for further development.<sup>1</sup>Drawing in part from that conference, I will attempt to explain the concept and some of the problems it faces and speculate on its future. <h3>What It Is</h3> Community-oriented primary care may be found in a variety of settings. The most familiar American examples are probably the neighborhood health centers that were part of the "war on poverty" of the 1960s.<sup>2,3</sup>Most of these, and other sponsored programs that followed in the 1970s, adopted at least some elements of COPC.<sup>4-6</sup>The concept is also represented in medical groups affiliated with health maintenance
Ribavirin decreases interferon-γ production in liver transplantrecipients with recurrent HCV infection
Authors: F. Bolacchi, A. Bergamini, G. Tisone, M. Cepparulo, G. Iario, E. Torri, B. Bongiovanni, I. Uccella, M. Capozzi, G. Rocchi, M. Angelico
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2000)
Electroshock Hazards (and Urine as an Electrolyte)
Authors: HOWARD B. BURCHELL
Journal: Circulation (1970)

Hazards(and Urine as T HIS JOURNAL has carried previous editorials emphasizing the occult hazards of electroshock within and without the hospital setting.In offering another commen- tary of such lurking dangers, some might suggest the title "Much Ado About Electrocu- tion" equating the problem to a worrisome
The Genetics of Gastro-intestinal Disorders
Authors: S. Eidelman
Journal: JAMA (1967)

This book will be welcomed by physicians interested in gastrointestinal functions and diseases and by geneticists working in clinical areas. The author points out that the gastrointestinal tract differs from other systems of the body in that there are very few gastrointestinal disorders whose pattern of heredity is obviously due to single genes of good penetrance and regular expression. More frequently, the inheritance appears to be polygenic. In these circumstances, the best one can do is to marshall all of the available evidence for the involvement of genetic factors in the etiology and to analyze it critically. This the author has done admirably.  However, this book is very much more than just an enumeration of the many family and twin studies on diseases of the digestive tract. In considering the various diseases on which genetic studies have been done, the author does not limit himself merely to listing the evidence
Impaired Glucose Tolerance in the U. S. Population
Authors: Maureen I Harris
Journal: Diabetes Care (1989)

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) constitutes two-thirds of all glucose intolerance in the United States and is a major risk factor for diabetes. Despite these findings, the clinical and epidemiological significance of IGT has not been well investigated. The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional study in which 75-g 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed, has provided an opportunity to examine the characteristics of IGT in the U.S. population. Data from the survey have been extrapolated to represent all U.S. residents. The findings indicate that approximately 11.2% of Americans aged 20-74 yr have IGT compared to 6.6% with diabetes. Rates of IGT increased with age for White men and women and Black men but declined for Black women greater than 54 yr of age, possibly because greater obesity in Black women precipitated earlier conversion of IGT to diabetes. The distribution of 2-h glucose values showed IGT to be part of a continuum of glucose intolerance extending from normal to diabetes. Individuals with IGT had rates of risk factors for non-insulin-dependent diabetes (age, plasma glucose, past obesity, family history of diabetes, physical inactivity) that were intermediate between those of individuals with normal glucose tolerance and those with diabetes, although current obesity was similar for IGT and diabetes. The proportion of people with medical histories of diabetes-related conditions did not differ between IGT and normal glucose tolerance. However, several cardiovascular findings were more prevalent in individuals with IGT than in those with normal glucose tolerance, including hypertension, serum cholesterol, angina, abnormal heart findings, and medical history of arteriosclerosis and stroke. Both obesity and reported family history of diabetes were associated with higher rates of IGT, with the effect of weight gain on the prevalence of IGT occurring at lower levels than for diabetes.
Hospital Responsibility for Medical Care
Authors: Neil L. Chayet
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

ONE of the year's most important medicolegal cases has been decided by the Illinois Supreme Court.‡ The case holds great significance for medical practice and hospital administration in Illinois and throughout the nation.The basic question presented is the legal duty imposed upon a hospital regarding its responsibility for the quality of medical care provided a patient.The plaintiff was admitted to the hospital with a broken leg, sustained in a college football game. A skintight, full-length cast was applied by a staff physician three hours after the injury, with no stockinette, gauze dressing or padding applied under the cast. . . .