tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Atorvastatin Treatment in CABG Patients Rapidly Improves Vein Graft Redox State by Inhibition of Rac1 and NADPH-Oxidase Activity
Authors: Charalambos Antoniades, Constantinos Bakogiannis, Dimitris Tousoulis, Svetlana Reilly, Mei-Hua Zhang, Andreas Paschalis, Alexios S. Antonopoulos, Michael Demosthenous, Antigoni Miliou, Costas Psarros, Kyriakoula Marinou, Nikolaos Sfyras, George Economopoulos, Barbara Casadei, Keith M. Channon, Christodoulos Stefanadis
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Statins improve clinical outcome of patients with atherosclerosis, but their perioperative role in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is unclear. We hypothesized that short-term treatment with atorvastatin before CABG would improve the redox state in saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), independently of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)-lowering.In a randomized, double-blind controlled trial, 42 statin-naïve patients undergoing elective CABG received atorvastatin 40 mg/d or placebo for 3 days before surgery. Circulating inflammatory markers and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured before and after treatment. SVG segments were used to determine vascular superoxide (O(2)(*-)) and Rac1 activation. For ex vivo studies, SVG segments from 24 patients were incubated for 6 hours with atorvastatin 0, 5, or 50 μmol/L. Oral atorvastatin reduced vascular basal and NADPH-stimulated O(2)(*-) in SVGs (P<0.05 for all versus placebo) and reduced plasma MDA (P<0.05), independently of LDL-lowering and of changes in inflammatory markers. In SVGs exposed to atorvastatin ex vivo, without exposure to LDL, basal and NADPH-stimulated O(2)(·-) were significantly reduced (P<0.01 for both concentrations versus 0 μmol/L) in association with a striking reduction in Rac1 activation and 1 membrane-bound Rac1 and p67(phox) subunit. The antioxidant effects of atorvastatin were reversed by mevalonate, implying a dependence on vascular HMG-CoA reductase inhibition.Short-term treatment with atorvastatin 40 mg/d before CABG improves redox state in SVGs, by inhibiting vascular Rac1-mediated activation of NADPH-oxidase. These novel findings suggest that statin therapy should be maintained or initiated in patients undergoing CABG, independently of LDL levels. Clinical Trial Registration-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01013103.
Richard Lewis McCorry
Authors: Elisabeth Trimble, Pooler Archbold
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Richard McCorry was brought up and educated in Belfast, where his father was a sugar and tea importer; his mother was French from a colonial family in Mauritius.

Following junior medical appointments in Belfast, Harrogate, and Hemel Hempstead, he became consultant pathologist at Tyrone County Hospital, Omagh, in 1957, …
Moral Progress, Mental Retardation, and the Death Penalty
Authors: George J Annas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

In June 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to execute mentally retarded criminals. This essay reviews this decision and describes its implications for physicians. As a result of the ruling, more physicians and psychologists will be asked to perform evaluations to determine whether criminals are eligible for the death penalty.
Mechanisms underlying CO2 retention during flow-resistive loading in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Authors: A Oliven, S G Kelsen, E C Deal, N S Cherniack
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

The present study examined the respiratory responses involved in the maintenance of eucapnea during acute airway obstruction in 12 patients with chronic obstructive disease (COPD) and 3 age-matched normal subjects. Acute airway obstruction was produced by application of external flow-resistive loads (2.5 to 30 cm H2O/liter per s) throughout inspiration and expiration while subjects breathed 100% O2. Application of loads of increasing severity caused progressive increases in PCO2 in the patients, but the magnitude of the increase in PCO2 varied substantially between subjects. On a resistance of 10 cm H2O/liter per s, the highest load that could be tolerated by all COPD patients, the increase in PCO2 ranged from 1 to 11 mm Hg, while none of the normal subjects retained CO2. Based on the magnitude of the increase in PCO2 the patients could be divided into two groups: seven subjects whose PCO2 increased by less than or equal to 3 mm Hg (group I) and five subjects whose PCO2 increased by greater than 6 mm Hg (group II). Base-line ventilation and the pattern of breathing were similar in the two groups. During loading group I subjects maintained or increased tidal volume while all group II patients decreased tidal volume (VT). The smaller tidal volume in group II subjects was mainly the result of their shorter inspiratory time as the changes in mean inspiratory flow were similar in the two groups. The magnitude of CO2 retention during loading was inversely related to the magnitude of the change in VT (r = -0.91) and inspiratory time (Ti) (r = -0.87) but only weakly related to the change in ventilation (r = -0.53). The changes in PCO2, VT, and Ti during loading correlated with the subjects' maximum static inspiratory pressure, which was significantly lower in group II as compared with group I patients. These results indicate that the tidal volume and respiratory timing responses to flow loads are impaired in some patients with COPD. This impairment, presumably due to poor inspiratory muscle function, appears to lead to CO2 retention during loaded breathing.
Relapse in multiple sclerosis
Authors: I. Galea, N. Ward-Abel, C. Heesen
Journal: BMJ (2015)

#### The bottom line

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. The global prevalence of the condition varies widely, with the most recent meta-analysis finding an increase in 3 cases per 100 000 per degree of latitude.1 The disease is more common in females, with a female to male incident ratio of 2.4.2

This review discusses the recognition and management of relapses in multiple sclerosis, and focuses on facts that are applicable to the generalist, not specialist.

#### Sources and selection criteria

We carried out an electronic search through PubMed, Ovid, and CINAHL using the search terms “multiple sclerosis” and “relapse”. We also searched personal reference archives and had discussions with colleagues. One author (CH) used information from three highly standardised patient education programmes developed at the Hamburg centre.

The clinical course of multiple sclerosis may vary.3 It is relapsing-remitting from onset in 85% of cases, characterised by episodes of neurological deficit (relapses) that recover (that is, remit), to varying degrees; if relapses are severe and frequent the term “rapidly evolving severe multiple sclerosis” is sometimes used. In the other 15% of cases, a gradual progression occurs from …
Citing Serious Risks, FDA Recommends No Cold and Cough Medicines for Infants
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Children younger than 2 years old should not be given over-the-counter cold and cough medicines, warned the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) after 3 months of deliberations. The agency continues to contemplate whether these products should be used in children aged 2 through 11 years.
Abstract 991: The DNA methylome of castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Brittney N. Kleb, Marcos Estecio, Jiexin Zhang, Vasso Tzelepi, Woonbok Chung, Sankar Maity, Christopher Logothetis, Patricia Troncoso, Nora Navone, Jaroslav Jelinek, Shoudan Liang, Jean-Pierre Issa, Ana Aparicio
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Lethal prostate cancer is predominantly a castrate-resistant disease. However, castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is clinically heterogeneous and a classification that is predictive of outcome and response to therapies is lacking. Previous epigenetic profiling studies in CRPC have been limited to a small number of genes or sequences and therefore we explored the DNA methylome of CRPC and its capacity to classify the disease. We performed methylated CpG island amplification microarrays (MCAMs) using a panel of xenografts derived from 24 patients with CRPC tumors, 8 prostate tumors, 1 local recurrence, 5 liver metastases, 3 pleural fluid samples, 2 adrenal gland metastases and 1 each of the following: bone, subcutaneous tissue, retroperitoneal lymph node, ascitic fluid and brain. The xenograft morphology consisted of 15 adenocarcinomas, 11 small cell carcinomas, 3 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 2 mixed morphologies and 2 unknown. The Lowess-normalized M values were used for analysis and the MCAM results were validated by pyrosequencing of 20 sequences associated with 12 genes with a sensitivity of 61.9%, a specificity of 84.3%, a positive predictive value of 73.6% and a negative predictive value of 75.7%. An unsupervised hierarchal clustering analysis using M values for probes located in CpG islands was performed and these results were compared with the clinicopathological features of the tissues. We observed that, different xenograft sublines derived from the same donor tumor clustered together suggesting that the DNA methylome is homogenous throughout a given tumor mass, despite the presence of histological heterogeneity, and that it is maintained through serial passages in mice. Unsupervised hierarchal clustering classified the xenografts into 3 groups, which showed trend towards distinct clinicopathological features including overall survival and androgen receptor (AR) status. In summary, we found that DNA methylation is a frequent event in CRPC and well preserved in xenograft tumors. Furthermore, the methylation profile of CRPC may represent a marker of clinicopathological subgroups with differential survival and AR status. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 991. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-991
An Address on Some Clinical Aspects of the Body Temperature in Childhood: Delivered before the South-West Essex Division of the British Medical Association
Authors: T. R. C. Whipham
Journal: BMJ (1914)

THE BODY TEMPERATURE'4 IN CHILDHOOD. 397 segmental series of glands which were once related to the genital and excretory apparatus of each segment, and still retain, though greatly modified in each successive gland, the fundamental property of influencing growth and repro- duction.How the tissues are affected by the secretion of thle thyroid is an enigma.But the fact is certain.For the adrenal cortex even so much as that cannot be said.Tllere is only tlle conjecture that this fatty substance is essential to a man's strenath and manhood.The aboriginal natives of Australia threw boomerangs in curves that long puzzled the wits of the matlhematicians of Europe.Their practical instinct seems also to have taught them what the medicine men of civilized life are now slowly reasoning out.To the Australian or " black fellow doctors " the fat above the kidney was magic.If by incantations it could be removed from an enemy as he slept, the victim would surely lose hlis strength and die.3We know as mueh, that there is no warm-blooded life without these glands.Since the first experiment that Ringer watched twenty years ago we have learnt how they sustain the pulse of life, and we look to tlle future with a great surmise of what will come from an extension of this knowledge.But tlle cllief gift is long delayed.Adrenalin is a more convenient lhaemostatic than the old-fashioned cobwebs.Apart from tlhat, therapeutics have gained nothing from all tllis new knowledge, and Ringer's comparative indifference to its birth was a prognosis that, to our regret, has been justified so far as his lifetime extended.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN.
Authors: HARRIET E. GARRISON
Journal: JAMA (1898)

"Our civilization is hard upon the women," remarked a highly cultivated woman as she sat in my office discussing the way by which she could be restored to her usual vigor. This remark was called forth by my insistence upon the statement that nothing but absolute rest would enable the overwrought mind and body to recover their usual tone. The family inheritance of acumen and mental vigor, which had carried a brother to a seat upon the bench of the Supreme Court of our State, had sent the sister into all kinds of philanthropic works. These, and looking well to the ways of her household, had made serious inroads upon a once vigorous constitution. Our civilization is hard upon women only because they are in a state of transition from the wholly material to the entirely intellectual. When all that was required of woman's brain was to read a little
Women's Health: The Commonwealth Fund Survey
Authors: Steffie Woolhandler
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Most of the recent surge in attention to women's health has focused on our breasts and genitalia. But in fact, most of health care is a "woman thing." Women account for about two thirds of adult outpatient visits, inpatient stays, home care episodes, and nursing home residents. Women play an even larger role in providing care. Seventy-eight percent of health care workers are female, as are 75% of the 7 million people who provide unpaid care at home for disabled family members and friends. Of these unpaid caregivers, 80% devote more than 28 hours per week to the task. And surely mothers and grandmothers most often accompany children to the doctor and stay with them when they're too sick to attend school. <i>Women's Health: The Commonwealth Fund Survey</i>pays attention to the many facets of women's experience as patients, though it largely omits women's roles as caregivers. This multiauthored book
Medicine and Religion
Authors: Richard L. Butler
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In a recent article under the MEDICINE AND RELIGION section (<b>203</b>:65, 1967) Professor George Fletcher states that there is no case in the Anglo-American tradition in which a doctor has been convicted of murder or manslaughter for having killed to end the suffering of his patient. As an example, Professor Fletcher cites the murder trial of Dr. Hermann Sander who confessed to having injected air into an arm vein of a cancer-stricken patient. Professor Fletcher concludes the example with a statement as follows: "Nonetheless, the motive of mercy prompted the jury of laymen to acquit Dr. Sander." A more than cursory review of the case would reveal to Professor Fletcher that expert testimony at the trial by Dr. Richard Ford (at that time a member of the Department of Legal Medicine of the Harvard Medical School) clearly showed that an intravenous injection of air was impossible
Low frequency dynamic viscoelastic properties of human mitral valve tissue
Authors: K. O. LIM, D. R. BOUGHNER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1976)

The dynamic viscoelasticity of the anterior leaflet of human mitral valves was investigated by subjecting the ventricular aspect of membranous samples of the tissue to sinusoidal fluid pressures. The frequency range of the stressing function used was from 0.5 Hz to 5 Hz. The storage modulus of the tissue was found to be independent of the stressing frequency and an average value of 2.55 (SE = 0.12) × 108 dyn cm−2 was observed. Losses were small and the phase shift between stressing function and resulting strain and hence the loss modulus increased with frequency. For the frequency range investigated the phase shift varied from 0.04 to 0.06 rad and the loss modulus was of the order of 107 dyn cm−2. From the observed data it was concluded that any tissue substitute used in mitral valve replacement should be rather inextensible and have a low loss modulus. Also under normal physiological conditions, the mitral valve cannot bulge into the left atrium during peak ventricular systole and hence events in the cardiac cycle, such as the presence of the atrial pressure 'c' wave, that involve the distensibility of the valve need to be reexamined.
The polymorphism of the β3-adrenergic receptor gene is associated with reduced low-density lipoprotein particle size
Authors: Kenji Okumura, Hideo Matsui, Yasuhiro Ogawa, Ryotaro Takahashi, Kenichiro Matsubara, Hajime Imai, Akiko Imamura, Tomofumi Mizuno, Michitaka Tsuzuki, Yoko Kitamura
Journal: Metabolism (2003)
Alternative origins of motor images
Authors: Stuart C. Grant, Mark A. Schmuckler
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Jeannerod (1994) advocates studying motor images to understand the representation of action. We identify an unsettled issue that complicates the use of motor images to study the representation of action and present some evidence for a clear absence of equivalence between motor imagery and movement preparation. We then elaborate and emphasize the relevance of the mental practice literature, which was introduced in the first round of commentary. Finally, we suggest two methods that will allow motor imagery theorists to address these points.
Outpatient Surgery: Same-Day Formisuicide
Authors: Michael Campion
Journal: JAMA (1986)

To the Editor.—  With the increasing use of outpatient cataract surgery, various hazards arise that were not anticipated. One such case is illustrated here.  Report of a Case.—  A 60-year-old male alcoholic came to Bayley-Seton Hospital for a routine cataract extraction with intraocular implant of his right eye. During the procedure, while the eye wound was open, an ant was seen to crawl out from beneath the head drape and walk across the patient's forehead. The ant was quickly destroyed with the aid of a sponge and the head was redraped. The procedure continued uneventfully and the patient did well postoperatively without signs of infection. On questioning of the patient afterward, he agreed that he normally does not shower and that his hygiene is poor. He admitted that he often finds ants or other insects on his body.  Comment.—  Had this patient been admitted to the hospital the night before
Persistence of CTL Clones Targeting Melanocyte Differentiation Antigens Was Insufficient to Mediate Significant Melanoma Regression in Humans
Authors: Smita S. Chandran, Biman C. Paria, Abhishek K. Srivastava, Luke D. Rothermel, Daniel J. Stephens, Mark E. Dudley, Robert Somerville, John R. Wunderlich, Richard M. Sherry, James C. Yang, Steven A. Rosenberg, Udai S. Kammula
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Purpose: Adoptive transfer of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) can mediate durable cancer regression in selected patients with metastatic melanoma. However, the tumor antigens associated with these favorable responses remain unclear. We hypothesized that a clinical strategy involving the iterative adoptive transfer of selected autologous antigen-specific T-cell clones could help systematically define immunologic targets associated with successful cancer therapy, without the interpretative ambiguity of transferring polyclonal populations. Here, we evaluated the clinical efficacy of CD8+ T-cell clones specific for the melanocyte differentiation antigens (MDA), gp100 and MART-1, respectively. Experimental Design: We conducted two consecutive phase II clinical trials involving the adoptive transfer of highly selected autologous antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell clones against gp100 and MART-1, respectively. Fifteen patients with HLA-A2+ treatment-refractory metastatic melanoma received highly avid MDA-specific CD8+ T-cell clones specific for either gp100 (n = 10) or MART-1 (n = 5) with or without intravenous interleukin-2 (IL2) after a lymphodepleting myeloablative preparative regimen. Results: Of the 15 treated patients, we observed immune-mediated targeting of skin melanocytes in 11 patients (73%) and clonal engraftment in eight patients (53%) after cell transfer. There were only transient minor tumor regressions observed, but no objective tumor responses based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (RECIST) criteria. Conclusions: Despite successful clonal repopulation and evidence of in vivo antigen targeting, the poor therapeutic efficacy after the adoptive transfer of autologous MDA-specific T cells raises significant concerns regarding future immunotherapy efforts targeting this class of tumor antigens. Clin Cancer Res; 21(3); 534–43. ©2014 AACR.
Adults With Early-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Maria Conceição do Rosario-Campos, James F. Leckman, Marcos Tomanik Mercadante, Roseli Gedanke Shavitt, Helena da Silva Prado, Patrícia Sada, Denis Zamignani, Euripedes C. Miguel
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

OBJECTIVE: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder with a bimodal age at onset and range of treatment outcomes. This study attempted to ascertain the importance of the age at OCD symptom onset for a better phenotypic precision. Therefore, the authors compared adult OCD patients with an early symptom onset to OCD patients with a later symptom onset. METHOD: Forty-two adult outpatients with OCD were evaluated with semistructured interviews: 21 with symptom onset before the age of 10 (early-onset group) and 21 with symptom onset after the age of 17 (late-onset group). RESULTS: Early onset was associated with higher scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, higher frequencies of tic-like compulsions, higher frequency of sensory phenomena, and a higher rate of comorbid tic disorders. The early-onset group also responded less well to treatment with clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that age at onset may be an important factor in subtyping OCD and that the phenotypic differences found were not restricted to childhood.
AIDS, Autopsies, and Abandonment
Authors: Ezekiel J. Emanuel
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> When it comes to the risk of health care workers, contracting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection there has been, in the words of Dr Volberding, director of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) activities at San Francisco (Calif) General Hospital, "denial."<sup>1</sup>While it is encouraging that Gerbert and colleagues<sup>2</sup>urge acknowledgment of this risk, it is unfortunate that Drs Ratzan and Schneiderman<sup>3</sup>add their voices to this denial when they dismiss my reasonable assessment of this risk<sup>4</sup>without offering an alternative. Contrary to the charge of Drs Ratzan and Schneiderman, it is clear that any assessment of the risk to health care workers of contracting HIV is inherently "based on unverifiable assumptions." Calculating the risk to health care workers of contracting HIV requires three figures: (1) the risk of contracting HIV from a contaminated needle-stick injury, (2) the number of needle-stick injuries a health care
Antibiotic administration alters the community structure of the gastrointestinal microbiota
Authors: Courtney J. Robinson, Vincent B. Young
Journal: Gut Microbes (2010)

We recently demonstrated that antibiotic administration has a reproducible effect on the community structure of the indigenous gastrointestinal microbiota of mice. In this addendum we report on additional experimentation using the antibiotic vancomycin. In accord with our previous findings, vancomycin administration results in consistent alteration of the microbiota of the cecal contents and the cecal mucosa. These alterations are largely reversed by a three-week period of recovery without antibiotics. In contrast to our previous results using other antibiotics, the alterations in community structure associated with vancomycin occured without a significant decrease in the overall bacterial biomass. These results indicate that different antibiotics have specific effects on the gut microbiota. This points the way towards targeted, therapeutic alteration of the gut bacterial community as a whole.