tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chronic biliary obstruction induces pulmonary intravascular phagocytosis and endotoxin sensitivity in rats.
Authors: S W Chang, N Ohara
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Endotoxin sensitivity varies among animal species and appears to correlate with the presence of pulmonary intravascular macrophage (PIM). In rats, which lack PIM, we investigated the hypothesis that chronic cholestatic liver injury leads to induction of PIM and endotoxin sensitivity. Rats were randomized to either common bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham-surgery and studied at 1 wk (acute cholestasis), 2 wk (cholestasis, early cirrhosis), and 4 wk (cholestasis, established cirrhosis) after surgery. Intravascularly injected fluorescent latex microspheres (1 micron diameter) were taken up by large phagocytic cells in lung parenchyma of BDL rats (at 2 and 4 wk), while no uptake was observed in lungs from control rats. Electronmicroscopy revealed accumulation of large, mononuclear, macrophage-like cells containing ingested latex particles within the pulmonary capillaries. Pulmonary intravascular phagocytosis, as reflected in lung uptake of 99mTc microaggregated albumin (Microlite, mean particle diameter = 1 micron), averaged 0.7 +/- 0.1% (mean +/- SEM) of total injected dose in 13 control rats and progressively increased with time after BDL (1 wk, 1.7 +/- 0.2%; 2 wk, 10.0 +/- 3.0%; 4 wk 35.1 +/- 5.9%). Rats with biliary cirrhosis were markedly sensitive to the lethal effects of low dose endotoxin and demonstrated marked lung edema at the time of death. Furthermore, the lung uptake of intravascular 125I-lipopolysaccharide was increased five-fold in cirrhotic rats. We conclude that chronic biliary obstruction leads to the induction of pulmonary intravascular phagocytes and enhances endotoxin sensitivity in rats. Pulmonary intravascular phagocytosis in patients with advanced cirrhosis may account for their increased susceptibility to sepsis-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Reductions in Regimen Distress Are Associated With Improved Management and Glycemic Control Over Time
Authors: Danielle Hessler, Lawrence Fisher, Russell E. Glasgow, Lisa A. Strycker, L. Miriam Dickinson, Patricia A. Arean, Umesh Masharani
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

OBJECTIVE Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among regimen distress (RD), self-management, and glycemic control were undertaken to explore mechanisms of operation among these variables. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a behavioral randomized control trial (RCT) to reduce RD, 392 adults with type 2 diabetes were assessed for RD, diet, exercise, medication adherence, and HbA1c at baseline and at 4 and 12 months. Associations among RD, self-management, and HbA1c were examined in cross-sectional analyses at baseline, in prospective analyses using baseline values to predict change over time, and in time-varying analyses. RESULTS At baseline, greater RD and poorer medication adherence were independently associated with higher HbA1c (P = 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively), and greater RD was associated with poorer medication adherence (P = 0.03). No consistent pattern of significant prospective associations was found. Significant time-varying findings showed that decreases in RD were associated with improvements in medication adherence (P < 0.01), physical activity (P < 0.001), and HbA1c (P = 0.02) over time following intervention. Changes in self-management were not associated with changes in HbA1c over time. CONCLUSIONS In the context of an RCT to reduce distress, RD, self-management, and HbA1c were interrelated in cross-sectional and time-varying analyses. Decreases in RD were associated with improvements in both self-management and HbA1c over 12 months. Findings point to the complex and likely multifaceted pathways of association among these key constructs, with results indicating significant linkages between RD and both self-management and glycemic control over time.
Effect of particle size of bronchodilator aerosols on lung distribution and pulmonary function in patients with chronic asthma.
Authors: S P Newman, M A Johnson, S W Clarke
Journal: Thorax (1988)

The cytoarchitecture of areas 5a and 5b of the cat9s parietal cortex was re-examined and the afferent connections from the thalamus were investigated using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport technique. Single or multiple small injections of the enzyme were made in different points of these areas in the rostral sectors of the lateral and middle suprasylvian gyri. The cytoarchitecture of the cortical region affected by the injections was carefully assessed in each case, and the labeled neurons found in the thalamus were plotted on projection drawings of each histological section. A prominent projection to area 5a arises from the posterior (Po) and ventral lateral (VL) complexes; less substantial projections originate in the ventral anterior nucleus (VA), the lateral intermediate complex (LI), and the central lateral nucleus (CL). Projections to area 5b (and to the laterally adjacent area suprasylviana anterior) mainly arise from LI, the dorsal part of VL, and the caudodorsal part of VA and CL; a moderate projection was also found from Po, the pulvinar, and the lateral dorsal complex. The main conclusions of this study are as follows. The shape and extent of areas 5a and 5b show notable variations when only their projection on the convoluted cortical surface is considered; however, they are relatively constant when plotted on unfolded cortical maps. The thalamic neurons projecting to areas 5a and 5b are organized according to a loose topographic plan, particularly noticeable in Po, VL and LI. In general, the rostral portion of this cortex (5a) receives projections from more ventral regions of the thalamus (mainly Po and VL), whereas the caudal part (5b) has connections from more dorsal regions (mainly LI and VA-VL). Moreover, the medial portions of these areas receive projections from lateral and ventral parts of the thalamic nuclei, whereas more dorsal and medial sectors of the thalamus project to the lateral portions of areas 5a and 5b. When labeled thalamic cell populations resulting from cases with single injections in neighboring cortical loci were compared, no abrupt changes of labeling were observed; rather, we generally observed gradual transitions and overlaps, even across nuclear boundaries. When only layers I and II of the cortex received the HRP, the number of labeled neurons and the intensity of their labeling decreased, their location in the thalamus was more restricted, and the mean size of the labeled cells was significantly smaller than that of the neurons labeled in the same regions after deep HRP injections.
Retrovirally Mediated Overexpression of Versican V3 by Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells Induces Tropoelastin Synthesis and Elastic Fiber Formation In Vitro and In Neointima After Vascular Injury
Authors: Mervyn J. Merrilees, Joan M. Lemire, Jens W. Fischer, Michael G. Kinsella, Kathleen R. Braun, Alexander W. Clowes, Thomas N. Wight
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Versican is an extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycan that is synthesized as multiple splice variants. In a recent study, we demonstrated that retroviral-mediated overexpression of the variant V3, which lacks chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains, altered arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) phenotype in short-term cell culture. We now report that V3-overexpressing ASMCs exhibit significantly increased expression of tropoelastin and increased formation of elastic fibers in long-term cell cultures. In addition, V3-overexpressing ASMCs seeded into ballooned rat carotid arteries continued to overexpress V3 and, at 4 weeks after seeding, produced a highly structured neointima significantly enriched in elastic fiber lamellae. In contrast to the hydrated, myxoid neointima produced by rounded or stellate vector-alone–transduced cells, V3-expressing cells produced a compact and highly ordered neointima, which contained elongated ASMCs that were arranged in parallel arrays and separated by densely packed collagen bundles and elastic fibers. These results indicate that a variant of versican is involved in elastic fiber assembly and may represent a novel therapeutic approach to facilitate the formation of elastic fibers.
Facility Size, Race and Ethnicity, and Mortality for In-Center Hemodialysis
Authors: Guofen Yan, Keith C. Norris, Wenjun Xin, Jennie Z. Ma, Alison J. Yu, Tom Greene, Wei Yu, Alfred K. Cheung
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2013)

The association between dialysis facility size and mortality for patients undergoing hemodialysis remains largely unclear, and whether the relationship differs by race and ethnicity or among high-risk subgroups is not known. Using data from the USRDS, we analyzed mortality rates in 385,074 incident patients ages ≥ 18 years who received in-center hemodialysis at 4633 dialysis facilities between 2003 and 2009. Facilities were categorized by the number of hemodialysis stations (1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, 31-35, 36-45, 46-60, and ≥ 61 stations). We found significantly higher mortality associated with facilities comprising ≤ 15 stations, and within this group, mortality increased as the number of stations decreased. The association with increased mortality was weaker for facilities with 16-30 stations, but >30 stations offered no additional survival benefit. The association between increased mortality and facilities with ≤ 15 stations was stronger for racial minorities and patients with diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. After adjustments, blacks had a 78% greater 1-year mortality risk in facilities with one to five stations, whereas whites had only a 26% greater risk. Notably, other patient-related events remained comparable across the categories assessed. In summary, these data suggest that hemodialysis care at small facilities associates with a significant increase in mortality that is only partially explained by measured patient case mix, other well defined facility characteristics, and geographic region. Future studies should investigate differences in processes of care and practices among hemodialysis facilities of different sizes.
Biologic effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (a highly active vitamin D metabolite) in acutely uremic rats
Authors: Richard G. Wong, Anthony W. Norman, Chilumula R. Reddy, Jack W. Coburn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The development of a vitamin D-resistant state in the course of renal failure may be responsible for reduced intestinal absorption of calcium and an impaired response of skeletal tissue. Moreover, the kidney has been shown to carry out the conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-CC) to a highly biologically active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-diOH-CC). In the present studies, vitamin D-deficient rats, made acutely uremic by either bilateral nephrectomy or urethral ligation, received physiological doses of cholecalciferol (vitamin D(3)) (CC), 25-OH-CC or 1,25-diOH-CC; 24 hr later intestinal calcium transport, in vitro, and bone calcium mobilization, in vivo, were assessed. Whereas CC and 25-OH-CC stimulated calcium transport in sham-operated controls, they were without effect in the uremic animals. In contrast, administration of 1,25-diOH-CC stimulated calcium transport in both groups of uremic animals. Administration of 1,25-diOH-CC also stimulated calcium mobilization from bone in each group of animals. However, CC and 25-OH-CC were only effective in the sham controls and the uremic group produced by urethral ligation and had little or no effect in animals without kidneys. These results indicate that renal conversion of calciferol to a more biologically active form is necessary for the stimulation of intestinal calcium absorption and calcium mobilization from bone, and that 1,25-diOH-CC may bypass a possible defect in vitamin D metabolism in uremia. From these studies it is likely that uremia, per se, may also impair intestinal calcium transport.
Conflict of Interest— An Issue for Every Psychiatrist
Authors: Robert Freedman, David A. Lewis, Robert Michels, Daniel S. Pine, Susan K. Schultz, Carol A. Tamminga, Nancy C. Andreasen, Kathleen T. Brady, David A. Brent, Linda Brzustowicz, Cameron S. Carter, Leon Eisenberg, Howard Goldman, Daniel C. Javitt, Ellen Leibenluft, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Barbara Milrod, Maria A. Oquendo, Jerrold F. Rosenbaum, A. John Rush, Larry J. Siever, Patricia Suppes, Myrna M. Weissman, Michael D. Roy, James H. Scully, Joel Yager
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2009)
ECONOMICAL MULTIPLE-SITE INTRADERMAL IMMUNISATION WITH HUMAN DIPLOID-CELL-STRAIN VACCINE IS EFFECTIVE FOR POST-EXPOSURE RABIES PROPHYLAXIS
Authors: M.J. Warrell, D.A. Warrell, K.G. Nicholson, Pravan Suntharasamai, Pornthep Chanthavanich, Chaisin Viravan, Abha Sinhaseni, M.K. Chiewbambroongkiat, X. Pouradier-Duteil, Rod Phanfung, C. Xueref, Dusit Udomsakdi
Journal: The Lancet (1985)
ANTIGENIC VARIANTS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS (PR8 STRAIN)
Authors: Dorothy Hamre, Clayton G. Loosli, Paul Gerber
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1958)

A second series of four variants of PR8-S virus has been produced by passage of the variants in the lungs of mice immunized with the PR8-S virus as well as the homologous strain. The PR8-S virus was added as a constant component of the vaccine so that a high antibody titer to it would suppress selectively the development of variants with PR8-S characteristics. Comparative H.I. and in ovo neutralization tests with the first and second series of variants revealed that the three variants, Fd/s, Gf/s, and Hg/s, of the second series, failed to react with PR8-S antisera and produced significantly smaller amounts of antibody which reacted with PR8-S, the variants of the first series, and the first variant (D/s) of the second series. Although these three variants reacted quite similarly in the H.I. and neutralization tests cross-absorption of these sera with the PR8-S virus and themselves revealed individual antigenic characteristics. While these studies emphasize the importance of the immune state of the host the precise mechanism in the selection of a new antigenic component in the emerging variant must yet be determined.
JASN Begins Anew
Authors: Eric G. Neilson, Vivian Siegel, Raymond C. Harris
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Welcome to the new JASN . This is the launch issue for a new editorial team, and all of us are honored to edit the finest kidney journal in the world. We accepted this exciting opportunity knowing Bill Couser and his associate editors have done a remarkable job in advancing the quality and substance
Safety and immunogenicity of a modified-vaccinia-virus-Ankara-based influenza A H5N1 vaccine: a randomised, double-blind phase 1/2a clinical trial
Authors: Joost H C M Kreijtz, Marco Goeijenbier, Fleur M Moesker, Lennert van den Dries, Simone Goeijenbier, Heidi L M De Gruyter, Michael H Lehmann, Gerrie de Mutsert, David A M C van de Vijver, Asisa Volz, Ron A M Fouchier, Eric C M van Gorp, Guus F Rimmelzwaan, Gerd Sutter, Albert D M E Osterhaus
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2014)
Tracking the Genomic Evolution of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma through Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Nirupa Murugaesu, Gareth A. Wilson, Nicolai J. Birkbak, Thomas B.K. Watkins, Nicholas McGranahan, Sacheen Kumar, Nima Abbassi-Ghadi, Max Salm, Richard Mitter, Stuart Horswell, Andrew Rowan, Benjamin Phillimore, Jennifer Biggs, Sharmin Begum, Nik Matthews, Daniel Hochhauser, George B. Hanna, Charles Swanton
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2015)

Esophageal adenocarcinomas are associated with a dismal prognosis. Deciphering the evolutionary history of this disease may shed light on therapeutically tractable targets and reveal dynamic mutational processes during the disease course and following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). We exome sequenced 40 tumor regions from 8 patients with operable esophageal adenocarcinomas, before and after platinum-containing NAC. This revealed the evolutionary genomic landscape of esophageal adenocarcinomas with the presence of heterogeneous driver mutations, parallel evolution, early genome-doubling events, and an association between high intratumor heterogeneity and poor response to NAC. Multiregion sequencing demonstrated a significant reduction in thymine to guanine mutations within a CpTpT context when comparing early and late mutational processes and the presence of a platinum signature with enrichment of cytosine to adenine mutations within a CpC context following NAC. Esophageal adenocarcinomas are characterized by early chromosomal instability leading to amplifications containing targetable oncogenes persisting through chemotherapy, providing a rationale for future therapeutic approaches.
Effect of changing metabolic rate on local blood flow control in the canine hindlimb.
Authors: A H Goodman, R Einstein, H J Granger
Journal: Circulation Research (1978)

This study examined the effect of changing hindlimb metabolic rate on hindlimb blood flow control in anesthetized dogs. The hyperemias induced by graded levels of arterial hypoxia and the degree of steady state autoregulation evoked by changes in blood pressure were measured. Metabolic rate was increased above the resting value by direct electrical stimulation of hindlimb muscles at rates from 0.5 to 1.5 pulses/second, and in three dogs was reduced by cooling. In response to 6 minutes of arterial hypoxia, hindlimb blood flow steadily increased. At rest, and at each level of muscle stimulation, the steepness of the response increased as arterial oxygen saturation (SAO2) decreased. At all levels of SAO2, the response was steeper at increasing stimulation rates. For SAO2 greater than 50%, the relationship between the percentage increase in blood flow from control and SAO2, however, was unaffected by the degree of muscle activity, suggesting that during mild to moderate hypoxia the dynamics of the response were similar whether the muscles were at rest or exercising. The responses to severe hypoxia (SAO2 less than 50%) during stimulation were significantly enhanced compared with those at rest. Autoregulation of blood flow was measured in the steady state by comparing the relative change in blood flow from control with the relative change in blood pressure that produced it. Steady state autoregulation was weak at rest, but improved markedly with increasing muscle stimulation. Conversely, cooling the hindlimb depressed the resting steady state autoregulation. A close correlation was found between the degree of autoregulation and the hindlimb metabolic rate. The results suggest that tissue metabolic rate determines the precision of local blood flow control.
Antibody to selected strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's and brewer's yeast) and Candida albicans in Crohn's disease.
Authors: H McKenzie, J Main, C R Pennington, D Parratt
Journal: Gut (1990)

IgG serum antibody was measured by ELISA in patients with Crohn9s disease (15), ulcerative colitis (15), and in normal controls (15) to 12 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker9s and brewer9s yeast) and to the two major serotypes of the commensal yeast Candida albicans. Antibody to 11 of the 12 strains of S cerevisiae was raised in patients with Crohn9s disease but not in patients with ulcerative colitis when compared with controls (p less than 0.001). The pattern of antibody response to these 11 strains was variable, however, suggesting the likelihood of antigenic heterogeneity within the species. Antibody to C albicans was not significantly different in patient and control groups. The specificity of this unusual antibody response in Crohn9s disease for S cerevisiae suggests that it is not simply the result of a generalised increase in intestinal permeability. Furthermore, because brewing and baking strains detected the response, the relevant antigen(s) are presumably common in the diet. Hypersensitivity to dietary antigens may be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn9s disease, and the role of S cerevisiae requires further investigation.
On the Treatment of Acute Pneumonia by Ice Cradling
Authors: P. B. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1895)

ICE CRADLING IN ACUTE PNEUMONIA. EINIL JaUSx10A29-one gave a trace of iron, two others gave 0.0123 g. and 100228g.per 100 parts of driedliverrespectively; the other two gave 0.26 g. and 0.20 g., these two last being slightly over the normal, the others being very much under.He con- cludes that the internal anaemia must be due to blood loss,
ATLANTIC DIP: Pregnancy Outcome for Women With Pregestational Diabetes Along the Irish Atlantic Seaboard
Authors: Fidelma P. Dunne, Gloria Avalos, Meave Durkan, Yvonne Mitchell, Therese Gallacher, Marita Keenan, Marie Hogan, Louise A. Carmody, Geraldine Gaffney
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

Prospective evaluation of pregnancy outcomes in pregestational diabetes along the Atlantic seaboard 2006-2007.The Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy group, representing five antenatal centers in a wide geographical location, was established in 2005. All women with diabetes for >6 months before the index pregnancy were included. Results were collected electronically via the DIAMOND Diabetes Information System. Pregnancy outcome was compared with background rates.There were 104 singleton pregnancies. The stillbirth rate (25/1,000) was 5 times, perinatal mortality rate (25/1,000) 3.5 times, and congenital malformation rate (24/1,000) 2 times that of the background population. A total of 28% of women received prepregnancy care, 43% received prepregnancy folic acid, and 51% achieved an A1C <or=7% at first antenatal visit.Women are not well prepared for pregnancy, and outcomes are suboptimal. A regional prepregnancy care program and centralized glucose management are urgently needed.
Blood Flow in the Testis of the Conscious Ram Measured with Krypton <sup>85</sup>
Authors: Brian P. Setchell, Geoffrey M. H. Waites, Geoffrey D. Thorburn
Journal: Circulation Research (1966)

Krypton 85 in saline was injected through a catheter into the testicular artery or directly into the testis, and the radioactivity in the testis measured by external monitoring with a scintillation detector. The disappearance of Kr 85 from the testis followed a single exponential curve during a fiftyfold decrease in radioactivity and showed no delay before beginning to fall. The partition coefficient for Kr 85 between testis and blood was 0.85. The mean nutrient blood flow through the testes of 11 conscious rams was 8.4 ml/100 g/min (66 observations; standard deviation between rams 2.4; standard deviation of estimates on individual rams 2.1). Testicular blood flow was reduced by intraarterial infusions of epinephrine or norepinephrine, practically unaffected by acetylcholine, and increased by isoproterenol. Testicular blood flow was not changed by raising deep testicular temperature from the normal range (32 to 34°C) to body temperature (39 to 40°C). These results are discussed with a view to explaining, in vascular terms, the damage to spermatogenesis caused by elevation of environmental temperature.