tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Whooping cough after stopping pertussis immunisation.
Authors: R K Ditchburn
Journal: BMJ (1979)

An epidemic of whooping cough occurred in a rural practice in Shetland, containing 144 children under 16. Before July 1974 all children were immunised against pertussis, but after that date immunisation was stopped. Of the 134 children studied, 93 had been immunised. Sixty-five of the children developed whooping cough. The incidence of infection was similar in those who had and had not been immunised. The incidence was also similar in those born before and after July 1974. There was no evidence to support the routine use of pertussis immunisation in rural Shetland.
HIV vaccine reduces infection rate by a third, study shows
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2009)

An experimental vaccine against HIV has resulted in the number of people infected with the virus being a third less than in the placebo group, although the number of cases was small, in results released this week from the first trial to show that vaccination can protect against HIV infection in humans.

The phase III trial randomised 16 402 volunteers (aged 18-30) in Thailand to the HIV vaccine or placebo. The volunteers were HIV negative at the start of the trial and were all counselled on protecting themselves against HIV infection before the study and then every six months, for a total of three years.

The proof of concept study, which began in 2003, was designed to evaluate the vaccine’s efficacy in preventing …
Radical Outcome Method
Authors: Kevin Turley, Michael Tyndall, Kerry Turley, Dewey Woo, Thomas Mohr
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Treatment of congenital heart disease has entered a new era of healthcare delivery and cost containment. Critical pathway method (CPM) has been previously demonstrated by us to produce a significant reduction in average length of stay (ALOS) in hospital of −44%. A new approach, radical outcome method (ROM), has produced comparable results that appear to improve over time. The dynamic nature is examined. Methods and Results Two hundred consecutive patients with congenital heart disease were treated by a single surgeon at a single health maintenance organization (HMO) facility. ROM was used in all patients. This method uses seven critical moments at which shortening rather than confirmation of the ALOS is possible. This process is completed by the second post-operative day. Overall mortality was 1%. The 200 patients were divided into two consecutive groups of 100 patients to determine the effectiveness of ROM over time. Fifty sets were matched. ALOS hospital decreased by 29 days (mean, 0.6 d/set), P &lt;.003. Thirty sets who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass had a 16% decrease ( P &lt;.03), and 20 sets in whom nonbypass procedures were performed had a decrease of 16% ( P &lt;.02). ALOS in hospital for the 50 sets decreased from 3.7 to 3.1 days (−16%, P &lt;.003). Outcome data demonstrated no significant difference. Conclusions ROM, a proactive approach to hospital stay, is a dynamic process that reduces ALOS in hospital. This is achieved by both reducing negative variation in the standard CPM and allowing for positive variation. Outcome data confirm that this approach can reduce ALOS in hospital while providing optimal patient care and family satisfaction, a standard for the new era of healthcare delivery.
Anaphylactic Shock after Posterior Pituitary Extract Injection
Authors: E. Schleyer
Journal: BMJ (1944)

1il-I):CAAL JOUtRNAI.has been nio recur-rence after six weeks.The blood ascorbic conitent -ose to 0.84 mg./ 100 nil.CASE II A hcalthiy-looking married woman aged 38 complained of " acute pain in the front passage " a few days before menstruation and severe dysuria for four months.Owing to extreme pain and tender- niess sexual intercourse for the previous four months had been impossible.On examination there was a condition of granulomatous ulceration, involving the vaginal introitus, the suburethral angle, and the fourchette.There were also minute shallow ulcers within the vagina.Smears and cultur-es revealed no evidence of gonococcal or treponema infection.The Wassermann r-eaction was negative.Biopsies showed benign non-specific ulceration.The blood picture wN.as normal; the urine was sterile and sugar-free.The blood ascorbic content was 01.26 mg./100 ml.Ascorbic acid mg. 150t.d.s. was prescribed for three days and mg. 100 t.d.s. for a further four weeks.All ulceration disappeared in six days and the blood ascorbic content rose to 1.2 mg./ 100 ml.There has been no recurrence after five weeks.These cases have reminded one of uis (NI.K. L.) of similar vaginal conditions seen among West African natives and recognized as due to an avitaminosis.Varying degrees of avitamino- sis produced varying degrees of vaginitis.ranging from a mild irritation with no pain to excoriation with painful ulceration.Treatment with marmite, tomato juice, and citrous fruiits was always successful.The above cases were investigated and treated while under the care of Mr. J. A. Stallworthy, by whose kind permission we ptiblish th-mn.The ascorbic acid uised was the preparation redoxon.suipplied by Roche Products Ltd.
Activation of Rac1 by Src-dependent phosphorylation of Dock180Y1811 mediates PDGFRα-stimulated glioma tumorigenesis in mice and humans
Authors: Haizhong Feng, Bo Hu, Kun-Wei Liu, Yanxin Li, Xinghua Lu, Tao Cheng, Jia-Jean Yiin, Songjian Lu, Susan Keezer, Tim Fenton, Frank B. Furnari, Ronald L. Hamilton, Kristiina Vuori, Jann N. Sarkaria, Motoo Nagane, Ryo Nishikawa, Webster K. Cavenee, Shi-Yuan Cheng
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Two hallmarks of glioblastoma multiforme, the most common malignant brain cancer in humans, are aggressive growth and the ability of single glioma cells to disperse throughout the brain. These characteristics render tumors resistant to current therapies and account for the poor prognosis of patients. Although it is known that oncogenic signaling caused by overexpression of genes such as PDGFRA is responsible for robust glioma growth and cell infiltration, the mechanisms underlying glioblastoma malignancy remain largely elusive. Here, we report that PDGFRα signaling in glioblastomas leads to Src-dependent phosphorylation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Dock180 at tyrosine 1811 (Dock180(Y1811)) that results in activation of the GTPase Rac1 and subsequent cell growth and invasion. In human glioma cells, knockdown of Dock180 and reversion with an RNAi-resistant Dock180(Y1811F) abrogated, whereas an RNAi-resistant Dock180(WT) rescued, PDGFRα-promoted glioma growth, survival, and invasion. Phosphorylation of Dock180(Y1811) enhanced its association with CrkII and p130(Cas), causing activation of Rac1 and consequent cell motility. Dock180 also associated with PDGFRα to promote cell migration. Finally, phosphorylated Dock180(Y1811) was detected in clinical samples of gliomas and various types of human cancers, and coexpression of phosphorylated Dock180(Y1811), phosphorylated Src(Y418), and PDGFRα was predictive of extremely poor prognosis of patients with gliomas. Taken together, our findings provide insight into PDGFRα-stimulated gliomagenesis and suggest that phosphorylated Dock180(Y1811) contributes to activation of Rac1 in human cancers with PDGFRA amplification.
Gangrene of Infant Fingers
Authors: Arthur H. Osborne
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> At the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center, we have seen two infants with gangrene of the fingers associated with wearing mittens. The mittens were placed on the babies' hands to prevent scratching. Both infants were less than 3 weeks old and were of Mexican descent. Constricting injuries to infants' fingers have been reported in the literature on several occasions. Most often, these cases have been caused by hair wrapped around the finger.<sup>1-3</sup>Mittens seldom have been connected with constricting injuries.<sup>4</sup>Physicians seeing infants should be aware of this preventable entity. <h3>Report of Cases.—Case 1.—</h3> A 17-day-old baby girl was brought to the hospital by her Mexican mother because of swelling and discoloration of her right index finger. There was a constricting groove at the level of the distal interphalangeal joint with bluish-black discoloration and swelling distally; erythema and moderate swelling proximally
New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation After Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Tanyanan Tanawuttiwat, Brian P. O'Neill, Mauricio G. Cohen, Orawee Chinthakanan, Alan W. Heldman, Claudia A. Martinez, Carlos E. Alfonso, Raul D. Mitrani, Conrad J. Macon, Roger G. Carrillo, Donald B. Williams, William W. O'Neill, Robert J. Myerburg
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Circulating Coronary Blood Volume
Authors: ROBERT S. MUNFORD, GEORGE K. MCMULLAN, WILLIAM D. LOVE
Journal: Circulation Research (1965)

The circulating coronary blood volume was calculated in dogs from independent determinations of the rate of coronary blood flow and the mean circulation time from the root of the aorta to the mouth of the coronary sinus. The average value was 14.2±2.2 ml/100 g lean myocardium. Coronary blood volume was inversely related to the heart rate, which ranged from 126 to 212 beats/min, but was not correlated with other hemodynamic variables within the relatively narrow range of values present.
Re: Matthias May, Sabine Brookman-Amissah, Jan Roigas, et al. Prognostic Accuracy of Individual Uropathologists in Noninvasive Urinary Bladder Carcinoma: A Multicentre Study Comparing the 1973 and 2004 World Health Organisation Classifications. Eur Urol 2010;57:850–8
Authors: Kutsal Yorukoglu, Burcin Tuna, Ziya Kirkali
Journal: European Urology (2010)
Effect of Human Pituitary-follicle-stimulating Hormone and Chorionic Gonadotrophin in Stein-Leventhal Syndrome
Authors: A. C. Crooke, W. R. Butt, R. Palmer, R. Morris, R. L. Edwards, C. W. Taylor, R. V. Short
Journal: BMJ (1963)

In the normal ovary two distinct types of endocrine cells seem to exist.These are the cells of the theca interna, which contain all the enzyme systems necessary for conversion of progesterone to oestradiol-17/3; and the granulosa cells, which lack many of these enzymes and therefore produce mainly progesterone (Short, 1962a; Huang and Pearlman, 1962).A change in cell type normally takes place as a result of ovulation.Characteristically ovulation fails to occur in patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome, and the multiple small follicular cysts which persist in the ovaries of these patients contain a fluid which is rich in androstenedione but has little or no oestradiol-17,f or oestrone.It has been postulated that this results from a defect in the enzyme systems responsible for converting androstene- dione to oestrone (Short and London, 1961; Short, 1962b).Similar conclusions have been reached by Axelrod and Goldzieher (1962) as a result of in vitro incubation studies, and by Mahesh and Greenblatt (1961) from steroid determinations in ovarian tissue.It is possible that the recovery which often results from surgical trauma of the ovaries in patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome is mediated by a change in the type of endocrine cells in the pathological follicles comparable with the changes that occur at ovulation.It is known that such changes occur when large follicles are ruptured mechanically (Harrison, 1946).It seemed to be of interest, therefore, to study the effects of highly potent preparations of human pituitary-follicle-stimulating hormone and human chorionic gonadotrophin (H.C.G.) on the ovarian steroids and pathology in patients with Stein-Leventhal syndrome. MethodsPatients.-Fivepatients were investigated, and their his- tories are given briefly in the Appendix.The nuclear sex, based on the examination of buccal smears, was normal in them all and the urinary excretion of gonadotrophins was in the low normal range.Three were examined by culdoscopy, another had had a laparotomy previously, and one did not have any surgical examination of her ovaries before treatment.These patients were considered to be typical of the Stein-Leventhal syndrome and were waiting for laparotomy to be performed.Dexameth- asone 1 mg.thrice daily was given to the first three patients throughout the period of treatment with gonadotrophins and of operation, but the last two had none.The dosage of gonadotrophins was the same in all, but the time interval between doses and the time of operation in relation to doses varied from patient to
Prediction of inflammatory responses induced by biomaterials in contact with human blood using protein fingerprint from plasma
Authors: Anna E. Engberg, Per H. Nilsson, Shan Huang, Karin Fromell, Osama A. Hamad, Tom Eirik Mollnes, Jenny P. Rosengren-Holmberg, Kerstin Sandholm, Yuji Teramura, Ian A. Nicholls, Bo Nilsson, Kristina N. Ekdahl
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
Correlation between scintigraphic evidence of regional sympathetic neuronal dysfunction and ventricular refractoriness in the human heart.
Authors: H Calkins, K Allman, S Bolling, M Kirsch, D Wieland, F Morady, M Schwaiger
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND Denervation supersensitivity has been proposed as a mechanism for the relation between ventricular arrhythmias and the sympathetic nervous system. Evaluation of this phenomenon in humans has become feasible only recently with the development of noninvasive scintigraphic methods for evaluating the pattern of sympathetic innervation. The purpose of this study was to determine if scintigraphic evidence of sympathetic neuronal dysfunction correlates with measurements of ventricular refractoriness and to evaluate the phenomenon of denervation supersensitivity in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Eleven patients with a history of sustained ventricular tachycardia or sudden cardiac death who were referred for placement of an implantable defibrillator participated in this study (seven men and four women; age, 51 +/- 18 years). Preoperative scintigraphic evaluation of the pattern of sympathetic innervation was performed with 11C-hydroxyephedrine in conjunction with positron emission tomography. At the time of surgery, ventricular refractoriness was determined in regions of myocardium demonstrating normal and reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention in the baseline state and during an infusion of norepinephrine. Scintigraphic evaluation demonstrated regions of reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention in each patient. The effective refractory period in areas of myocardium that demonstrated reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention was significantly longer than in areas of myocardium demonstrating normal 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention (273 +/- 32 versus 243 +/- 32 msec, p &lt; 0.001). Norepinephrine shortened the effective refractory period in regions of myocardium demonstrating normal and reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention to a similar degree. CONCLUSIONS There is a correlation between scintigraphic evidence of sympathetic neuronal dysfunction and ventricular refractoriness in the human heart. These observations help validate the use of scintigraphic techniques for evaluation of sympathetic innervation and may assist in the further evaluation of the relation between the sympathetic nervous system and ventricular arrhythmias.
Macrophage-mediated GDNF Delivery Protects Against Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration: A Therapeutic Strategy for Parkinson's Disease
Authors: KC Biju, Qing Zhou, Guiming Li, Syed Z Imam, James L Roberts, William W Morgan, Robert A Clark, Senlin Li
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has emerged as the most potent neuroprotective agent tested in experimental models for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its use is hindered by difficulties in delivery to the brain due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In order to circumvent this problem, we took advantage of the fact that bone marrow stem cell-derived macrophages are able to pass the BBB and home to sites of neuronal degeneration. Here, we report the development of a method for brain delivery of GDNF by genetically modified macrophages. Bone marrow stem cells were transduced ex vivo with lentivirus expressing a GDNF gene driven by a synthetic macrophage-specific promoter and then transplanted into recipient mice. Eight weeks after transplantation, the mice were injected with the neurotoxin, MPTP, for 7 days to induce dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Macrophage-mediated GDNF treatment dramatically ameliorated MPTP-induced degeneration of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons of the substantia nigra and TH(+) terminals in the striatum, stimulated axon regeneration, and reversed hypoactivity in the open field test. These results indicate that macrophage-mediated GDNF delivery is a promising strategy for developing a neuroprotective therapy for PD.
Halothane Hepatitis Without Halothane: Role of Inapparent Circuit Contamination and Its Prevention
Authors: Rajiv R. Varma, Robert C. Whitesell, Marwan M. Iskandarani
Journal: Hepatology (1985)

Halothane and other halogenated anesthetic agents are liquids which are highly soluble in rubber and plastic materials widely used as components of anesthesia machines. These agents must be administered using machines equipped with vaporizers. We report a patient with a past history of halothane hepatitis in whom recurrence was suspected despite the fact that halothane had been avoided purposely during the subsequent operation. Circumstances led us to believe that inapparent circuit contamination of vaporizer-equipped anesthesia machine with halothane may be responsible for the inadvertant rechallenge and recurrence of halothane hepatitis. Vaporizer-equipped machines were tested for inapparent contamination with halothane and enflurane using Perkin-Elmer mass spectrometer. Oxygen alone was passed through the anesthesia circuits, and gas in the efferent limbs of the machines was tested for halothane (in eight machines) and enflurane (in two machines) which were found in various concentrations in all machines so tested. Our findings suggest that inapparent contamination may be widely prevalent in vaporizer-equipped anesthesia machines. The validity of this conclusion was confirmed in five patients with previous diagnosis of halothane hepatitis who subsequently underwent operations under general anesthesia during which machines never equipped with vaporizers were successful in preventing recurrence of hepatitis. We conclude that patients with a prior history of halothane hepatitis are at risk of inapparent circuit contamination-induced recurrent hepatitis. Unless such contamination can be confidently excluded, vaporizer-equipped machines should not be used to administer general anesthesia in these susceptible patients.
THE PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF GOUT.
Authors: E. SCHMOLL
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Since the classical investigations of Garrod we know that gout is characterized by the presence of uric acid in the serum and that the gouty attacks are caused by the precipitation of this acid into the joints. Every theory of gout must explain these characteristic features, and every pathogenic conception of the disease is based on these facts. Before we enter the discussion of the different theories which attempt to explain the pathogenesis of gout, I should like to give a short review of the formation of uric acid in physiologic conditions. While till about ten years ago uric acid was considered to be a product of imperfect oxidation of albuminous bodies, it has been proved since that uric acid has nothing whatever to do with albumin, but must be looked on as a specific oxidation product of the purin bodies derived either from the nucleic acid of the food or from the breaking down of the cell nuclei in the catabolism.
Quantitative Buffy Coat Analysis
Authors: Lois Addison
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To the Editor.—  Wardlaw and Levine have recently described a laboratory technique for performing a screening complete blood cell  using a special capillary tube (1983;249:617). While this technique may have some utility in a research situation, we do not believe that it offers any advantage over current routine office hematology techniques.1The presently used techniques allow an office laboratory worker to perform a microhematocrit or hemoglobin determination, platelet and WBC count (by hemocytometer), and an examination of the peripheral smear for red cell morphology and a differential WBC count. All can be done on a single finger stick in about 15 minutes and with no more equipment than a centrifuge, microscope, cell-counting chamber, and a celldilution system. In contrast, the method described by Wardlaw and Levine requires specialized capillary tubes, an incubation device (42 °C), microscope, micrometer, centrifuge, and a fluorescent light source.  The described technique seems to
Radiation and immunotherapy: a synergistic combination
Authors: Anusha Kalbasi, Carl H. June, Naomi Haas, Neha Vapiwala
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Immunotherapy can be an effective treatment for metastatic cancer, but a significant subpopulation will not respond, likely due to the lack of antigenic mutations or the immune-evasive properties of cancer. Likewise, radiation therapy (RT) is an established cancer treatment, but local failures still occur. Clinical observations suggest that RT may expand the therapeutic reach of immunotherapy. We examine the immunobiologic and clinical rationale for combining RT and immunotherapy, two modalities yet to be used in combination in routine practice. Preclinical data indicate that RT can potentiate the systemic efficacy of immunotherapy, while activation of the innate and adaptive immune system can enhance the local efficacy of RT.
Mutations in FAM134B, encoding a newly identified Golgi protein, cause severe sensory and autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Ingo Kurth, Torsten Pamminger, J Christopher Hennings, Désirée Soehendra, Antje K Huebner, Annelies Rotthier, Jonathan Baets, Jan Senderek, Haluk Topaloglu, Sandra A Farrell, Gudrun Nürnberg, Peter Nürnberg, Peter De Jonghe, Andreas Gal, Christoph Kaether, Vincent Timmerman, Christian A Hübner
Journal: Nature Genetics (2009)
TCT-190 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Medical Therapy For Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion: Result From The Italian Registry Of Chronic Total Occlusion (IRCTO)
Authors: Salvatore D. Tomasello, Simona Giubilato, Paolo Rubartelli, Antonio Marzocchi, Andrea Gagnor, Roberto Garbo, Giampaolo Niccoli, Corrado Tamburino, Alfredo R. Galassi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Non-invasive detection of malignancy by identification of unusual CD44 gene activity in exfoliated cancer cells
Authors: Y Matsumura, D Hanbury, J Smith, D Tarin
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To investigate non-invasive detection of cancer by testing for unusual CD44 gene activity in a clinical sample as an indicator of exfoliated tumour cells. <b>Design</b>: Case-control study. <b>Subjects</b>: 44 unselected, consecutive patients with bladder cancer and 46 people with no evidence of neoplasia. <b>Main outcome measure</b>: Presence or absence of large CD44 gene products containing exon 6 derivatives in urine samples. <b>Results</b>: Novel abnormalities in the pattern of expression of this gene, seen specifically in tumour tissue, led to cloning of a newly recognised coding region in it (exon 6). This was tested as a probe for detection of exfoliated malignant cells in naturally voided urine. CD44 gene products extracted from the urine and amplified with polymerase chain reaction contained predicted electrophoretic band of 735 base pairs in 40 of the 44 patients with bladder cancer (sensitivity 91%). Products from 38 of the 46 people with no evidence of neoplasia showed no such band (specificity 83%). <b>Conclusions</b>: Unusual activity of the CD44 locus in neoplasia and malignancy is confirmed, and techniques for the analysis of such activity can enable non-invasive investigation of patients for primary or recurrent bladder cancer or for other tumours that shed neoplastic cells into body fluids.