tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Teaching Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes How to Incorporate Sugar Choices Into Their Daily Meal Plan Promotes Dietary Compliance and Does Not Deteriorate Metabolic Profile
Authors: Julie Nadeau, Kristine G. Koski, Irene Strychar, Jean-François Yale
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVE— To determine whether teaching free-living subjects with type 2 diabetes how to incorporate added sugars or sweets into their daily meal plan results in a greater consumption of calories (fat or sugar)and deteriorates their glycemic or lipid profiles but improves their perceived quality of life. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— In an 8-month randomized controlled trial, 48 free-living subjects with type 2 diabetes were taught either a conventional (C) meal plan (no concentrated sweets) or one permitting as much as 10% of total energy as added sugars or sweets (S). Mean individual nutrient intake was determined using the average of six 24-h telephone recalls per 4 months. Metabolic control and quality of life were evaluated every 2 months. Quality of life was assessed using the Medical Outcome Survey and the Diabetes Quality of Life questionnaire. RESULTS— The S group did not consume more calories (fat or sugar) and in fact ate significantly less carbohydrate (- 15 vs. 10 g) and less starch (- 7 vs. 8 g) and had a tendency to eat fewer calories (- 77 vs. 81 kcal) than the C group. Weight remained stable, and there was no evidence that consuming more sugar worsened metabolic profile or improved their perceived quality of life. CONCLUSIONS— Giving individuals with type 2 diabetes the freedom to include sugar in their daily meal plan had no negative impact on dietary habits or metabolic control. Health professionals can be reassured and encouraged to teach the new “sugar guidelines,” because doing so may result in a more conscientious carbohydrate consumption.
Risk management: FIFA's approach for protecting the health of football players
Authors: Colin W Fuller, Astrid Junge, Jiri Dvorak
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Sport and exercise have long-term health benefits, but there is also a risk that participants will sustain injuries and/or ill health from these activities. For this reason, international sports governing bodies have a responsibility to identify the risks that exist within their sport and to provide guidance to participants and other stakeholders on how these risks can be controlled within acceptable levels.To demonstrate how Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), as football's governing body, uses a risk management framework to identify, quantify, mitigate and communicate the risks of injury and ill health in football for men, women and children in all environments.All the research papers published by FIFA's Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) during the period 1994 to 2011 were reviewed and categorised according to an established sport-related risk management framework.F-MARC investigated and mitigated 17 areas of risk to footballers' health in a coherent and consistent approach through the process of risk management.
Alternation of Antiretroviral Drug Regimens for HIV Infection
Authors: Javier Martinez-Picado, Eugnia Negredo, Lidia Ruiz, Ayumi Shintani, Carmina R. Fumaz, Carlos Zala, Pere Domingo, Josep Vilar, Josep M. Llibre, Pompeyo Viciana, Kurt Hertogs, Charles Boucher, Richard T. D'Aquila, Bonaventura Clotet
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Background: Mathematical modeling has suggested that alternating antiretroviral regimens while patients' viral load remains suppressed would minimize HIV resistance mutations. Objective: To compare alternation of antiretroviral regimens with the current standard of switching regimens after viral load rebound. Design: Randomized, multicenter, open-label, pilot trial. Setting: 15 outpatient HIV clinics in Spain and Argentina. Patients: 161 HIV-1infected, antiretroviral-naive persons. Intervention: Patients were assigned to continuously receive stavudine, didanosine, and efavirenz (standard of care, regimen A) or zidovudine, lamivudine, and nelfinavir (standard of care, regimen B) until virologic failure, or to alternate between those two regimens every 3 months while viral load was suppressed (regimen C). Measurements: Time to virologic failure, percentage of patients with undetectable plasma viremia over 48 weeks, CD4 and CD8 cell counts, adverse events, emergence of drug resistance, drug adherence, and quality of life. Results: Patients receiving standard-of-care regimens A and B did not differ. Virologic failure over 48 weeks was delayed in the alternating therapy group compared with the pooled standard-of-care group (incidence rate, 1.2 events/1000 person-weeks [95% CI, 0.3 to 3.6 events/1000 person-weeks] vs. 4.8 events/1000 person-weeks [CI, 2.9 to 7.4 events/1000 person-weeks]; P = 0.01). Genotypic drug resistance emerged in 79% of patients in the standard-of-care group who experienced on-therapy treatment failure. Patients in the standard-of-care and alternating therapy groups had similar CD4 cell counts, frequency of adverse events, reported drug adherence, and quality of life. Conclusions: Virologic outcome was better with alternating therapy than with the current standard of care, while adverse events and adherence were similar. The strategy of alternating therapy merits further investigation. *For members of the SWATCH Study Team, see the Appendix.
A Four-Month Gatifloxacin-Containing Regimen for Treating Tuberculosis
Authors: Corinne S. Merle, Katherine Fielding, Omou Bah Sow, Martin Gninafon, Mame B. Lo, Thuli Mthiyane, Joseph Odhiambo, Evans Amukoye, Boubacar Bah, Ferdinand Kassa, Alimatou N'Diaye, Roxana Rustomjee, Bouke C. de Jong, John Horton, Christian Perronne, Charalambos Sismanidis, Olivier Lapujade, Piero L. Olliaro, Christian Lienhardt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Shortening the course of treatment for tuberculosis would be a major improvement for case management and disease control. This phase 3 trial assessed the efficacy and safety of a 4-month gatifloxacin-containing regimen for treating rifampin-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis.We conducted a noninferiority, randomized, open-label, controlled trial involving patients 18 to 65 years of age with smear-positive, rifampin-sensitive, newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis in five sub-Saharan African countries. A standard 6-month regimen that included ethambutol during the 2-month intensive phase was compared with a 4-month regimen in which gatifloxacin (400 mg per day) was substituted for ethambutol during the intensive phase and was continued, along with rifampin and isoniazid, during the continuation phase. The primary efficacy end point was an unfavorable outcome (treatment failure, recurrence, or death or study dropout during treatment) measured 24 months after the end of treatment, with a noninferiority margin of 6 percentage points, adjusted for country.A total of 1836 patients were assigned to the 4-month regimen (experimental group) or the standard regimen (control group). Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the groups. At 24 months after the end of treatment, the adjusted difference in the risk of an unfavorable outcome (experimental group [21.0%] minus control group [17.2%]) in the modified intention-to-treat population (1356 patients) was 3.5 percentage points (95% confidence interval, -0.7 to 7.7). There was heterogeneity across countries (P=0.02 for interaction, with differences in the rate of an unfavorable outcome ranging from -5.4 percentage points in Guinea to 12.3 percentage points in Senegal) and in baseline cavitary status (P=0.04 for interaction) and body-mass index (P=0.10 for interaction). The standard regimen, as compared with the 4-month regimen, was associated with a higher dropout rate during treatment (5.0% vs. 2.7%) and more treatment failures (2.4% vs. 1.7%) but fewer recurrences (7.1% vs. 14.6%). There was no evidence of increased risks of prolongation of the QT interval or dysglycemia with the 4-month regimen.Noninferiority of the 4-month regimen to the standard regimen with respect to the primary efficacy end point was not shown. (Funded by the Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00216385.).
THE ROLE OF THYMUS AND BONE MARROW CELLS IN DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: David G. Tubergen, Joseph D. Feldman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

Adoptive transfer experiments were performed to define the immunological role of thymus and bone marrow cells in the induction of delayed hypersensitivity (DH). The results indicated the following, (a) Bone marrow from immune donors contained cells capable of being stimulated by antigen to initiate the expression of DH. (b) Bone marrow from nonimmune or tolerant donors contained cells that were needed to complete the expression of DH after the infusion of immune lymph node cells. (c) Normal bone marrow and thymus cells cooperated in the irradiated recipient to induce the most vigorous skin reactions to specific antigen; these reactions were seen only when the recipients were stimulated by antigen. Either cell type alone was ineffective. (d) In the presence of tolerant bone marrow cells, thymus cells from immune donors gave a more vigorous response than did thymus cells from normal or tolerant donors. (e) There was suggestive evidence that thymus cells were the source of trigger elements that initiated DH. (f) Antigen in the irradiated recipient was necessary to induce DH after infusion of bone marrow cells alone, or bone marrow and thymus cells together.
Laser Doppler flowmetry as a measure of extrinsic colonic innervation in functional bowel disease
Authors: A V Emmanuel
Journal: Gut (2000)

In functional disorders it is unknown whether disturbed function is due to an intrinsic gut abnormality or altered extrinsic innervation.To study whether measurement of mucosal blood flow could be used as a quantitative direct measure of gut extrinsic nerve autonomic activity in patients with idiopathic constipation.Seventy two patients with idiopathic constipation and 26 healthy volunteers had rectal mucosal blood flow measurements by a laser Doppler flowmetry probe applied 10 cm from the anus. Measurements were made at rest and after inhaled placebo and ipratropium 40 microg.Constipated subjects had lower baseline rectal blood flow than controls. Patients with slow transit had lower mucosal blood flow than normal transit. The number of retained markers on x-ray was inversely correlated with blood flow. Ipratropium reduced blood flow compared with placebo, reduced it less in constipated patients than controls, and reduced it less in patients with slow compared with normal transit. Constipated patients, not controls, showed a significantly attenuated RR interval (the interval between successive R waves on the ECG) variability, and blood flow correlated with vagal function.Laser Doppler mucosal flowmetry is a gut specific, quantitative measure of extrinsic autonomic nerve activity. The technique has shown that patients with idiopathic constipation have impaired extrinsic gut nerve activity, and this is more notable in those with slow transit. The degree of slow transit correlates with the degree of impaired extrinsic innervation.
Elevated levels of placental growth factor represent an adaptive host response in sepsis
Authors: Kiichiro Yano, Yoshiaki Okada, Guido Beldi, Shou-Ching Shih, Natalya Bodyak, Hitomi Okada, Peter M. Kang, William Luscinskas, Simon C. Robson, Peter Carmeliet, S. Ananth Karumanchi, William C. Aird
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

Recently, we demonstrated that circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) are increased in sepsis (Yano, K., P.C. Liaw, J.M. Mullington, S.C. Shih, H. Okada, N. Bodyak, P.M. Kang, L. Toltl, B. Belikoff, J. Buras, et al. 2006. J. Exp. Med. 203:1447–1458). Moreover, enhanced VEGF/Flk-1 signaling was shown to contribute to sepsis morbidity and mortality. We tested the hypothesis that PlGF also contributes to sepsis outcome. In mouse models of endotoxemia and cecal ligation puncture, the genetic absence of PlGF or the systemic administration of neutralizing anti-PlGF antibodies resulted in higher mortality compared with wild-type or immunoglobulin G–injected controls, respectively. The increased mortality associated with genetic deficiency of PlGF was reversed by adenovirus (Ad)-mediated overexpression of PlGF. In the endotoxemia model, PlGF deficiency was associated with elevated circulating levels of VEGF, induction of VEGF expression in the liver, impaired cardiac function, and organ-specific accentuation of barrier dysfunction and inflammation. Mortality of endotoxemic PlGF-deficient mice was increased by Ad-mediated overexpression of VEGF and was blocked by expression of soluble Flt-1. Collectively, these data suggest that up-regulation of PlGF in sepsis is an adaptive host response that exerts its benefit, at least in part, by attenuating VEGF signaling.
Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Netherlands: retrospective analysis of samples from an established cohort
Authors: F. J M van Kuppeveld, A. S d. Jong, K. H Lanke, G. W Verhaegh, W. J G Melchers, C. M A Swanink, G. Bleijenberg, M. G Netea, J. M D Galama, J. W M van der Meer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The presence of the retrovirus xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been reported in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Considering the potentially great medical and social relevance of such a discovery, we investigated whether this finding could be confirmed in an independent European cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.Analysis of a well defined cohort of patients and matched neighbourhood controls by polymerase chain reaction.Certified (ISO 15189) laboratory of clinical virology in a university hospital in the Netherlands. Population Between December 1991 and April 1992, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 76 patients and 69 matched neighbourhood controls. In this study we tested cells from 32 patients and 43 controls from whom original cryopreserved phials were still available.Detection of XMRV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by real time polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the XMRV integrase gene and/or a nested polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the XMRV gag gene.We detected no XMRV sequences in any of the patients or controls in either of the assays, in which relevant positive and negative isolation controls and polymerase chain reaction controls were included. Spiking experiments showed that we were able to detect at least 10 copies of XMRV sequences per 10(5) peripheral blood mononuclear cells by real time as well as by nested polymerase chain reaction, demonstrating high sensitivity of both assays.This study failed to show the presence of XMRV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome from a Dutch cohort. These data cast doubt on the claim that XMRV is associated with chronic fatigue syndrome in the majority of patients.
Outside-In Signals Delivered by Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Regulate Platelet Function
Authors: Spencer W. Galt, Stephan Lindemann, Loren Allen, Donald J. Medd, Jeanne M. Falk, Thomas M. McIntyre, Stephen M. Prescott, Larry W. Kraiss, Guy A. Zimmerman, Andrew S. Weyrich
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Abstract — Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix proteins. These enzymes are implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological events characterized by extracellular matrix remodeling. Recent studies suggest that MMPs may have a signaling capacity, but direct evidence supporting this concept is lacking. In the present study, we demonstrate that outside-in signals delivered by exogenous MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) markedly increase the number of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in platelets. Active MMP-1 also targets β 3 integrins to areas of cell contact and primes platelets for aggregation. Examination of the endogenous enzyme demonstrated that activated platelets process latent MMP-1 into its active form. Neutralization of MMP-1 activity with MMP inhibitors or specific blocking antibodies markedly attenuates agonist-induced phosphorylation of intracellular proteins, movement of β 3 integrins to cell contact points, and intercellular aggregation. The finding that MMP-1 is rapidly activated in platelets and controls functional responses identifies a new role for this metalloproteinase as a signaling molecule that regulates thrombotic events.
International Myeloma Working Group consensus approach to the treatment of multiple myeloma patients who are candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Michele Cavo, S. Vincent Rajkumar, Antonio Palumbo, Philippe Moreau, Robert Orlowski, Joan Bladé, Orhan Sezer, Heinz Ludwig, Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Michel Attal, Pieter Sonneveld, Mario Boccadoro, Kenneth C. Anderson, Paul G. Richardson, William Bensinger, Hans E. Johnsen, Nicolaus Kroeger, Gösta Gahrton, P. Leif Bergsagel, David H. Vesole, Hermann Einsele, Sundar Jagannath, Ruben Niesvizky, Brian G. M. Durie, Jesus San Miguel, Sagar Lonial
Journal: Blood (2011)
Increased number of glucocorticoid receptor-β–expressing cells in the airways in fatal asthma
Authors: Pota Christodoulopoulos, Donald Y.M. Leung, Mark W. Elliott, James C. Hogg, Shigeo Muro, Masao Toda, Sophie Laberge, Qutayba A. Hamid
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2000)
Extent of Smoking and Age at Initiation of Smoking Among Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer in Britain
Authors: C. Frobisher, D. L. Winter, E. R. Lancashire, R. C. Reulen, A. J. Taylor, C. Eiser, M. C. G. Stevens, M. M. Hawkins
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2008)

BackgroundSmoking should be particularly discouraged among survivors of childhood cancer, who are at increased risk of adverse effects of the cancer and its treatment. We examined the extent of cigarette smoking, factors associated with being a current smoker, and age at initiation of regular smoking among adult survivors of childhood cancer and compared the survivors' smoking habits with those of the general population.
Human T lymphocyte subpopulations defined by Fc receptors and monoclonal antibodies. A comparison.
Authors: E L Reinherz, L Moretta, M Roper, J M Breard, M C Mingari, M D Cooper, S F Schlossman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1980)

Human T cell subpopulations have been defined on the basis of differential expression of either Fc receptors or specific cell-surface antigens. In this study, we utilized a series of monoclonal antibodies reactive with T cells, monocytes, and Ia antigens to characterize isolated subpopulations of T cells bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T gamma) and subpopulations of T cells bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgM T mu. The results showed that the T mu population contained both inducer (OKT4+) and cytotoxic/suppressor (OKT5+) populations and was similar to the unfractionated T cell population, whereas the T gamma subset contained few T lymphocytes (OKT3+) and was not enriched for either T cell subset defined by these monoclonal antibodies. Rather, the T gamma population was comprised largely of Ia- cells possessing a monocyte antigen (OKM1+). In reciprocal studies, it was found that both isolated OKT4+ and OKT5+ T cell subsets contained few T gamma cells, whereas both subsets were mainly comprised of T mu cells. We conclude that there is little correlation between T cell subsets defined by these monoclonal antibodies and those defined by Fc receptors.
Delineation of Brain Tumor Extent with [11C]<scp>l</scp>-Methionine Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Lutz W. Kracht, Hrvoje Miletic, Susanne Busch, Andreas H. Jacobs, Jurgen Voges, Moritz Hoevels, Johannes C. Klein, Karl Herholz, Wolf-D. Heiss
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Methyl-[11C]L-methionine ([11C]MET) positron emission tomography (PET) in brain tumors reflects amino acid transport and has been shown to be more sensitive than magnetic resonance imaging in stereotactic biopsy planning. It remains unclear whether the increased [11C]MET uptake is limited to solid tumor tissue or even detects infiltrating tumor parts.In 30 patients, a primary or recurrent brain tumor was suspected on magnetic resonance imaging. Patients were investigated with [11C]MET-PET before stereotactic biopsy. The biopsy trajectories were plotted into the [11C]MET-PET images with a newly designed C-based software program. The exact local [11C]MET uptake was determined within rectangular regions of interest of 4 mm in width and length aligned with the biopsy specimen. Individual histologic specimens were rated for the presence of solid tumor tissue, infiltration area, and nontumorous tissue changes.Receiver operating characteristics analysis demonstrated a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 89% for the detection of tumor tissue at a threshold of 1.3-fold [11C]MET uptake relative to normal brain tissue. At this threshold, only 13 of 100 tumor positive specimen were false negative mainly in grade 2 astrocytoma. In grade 2 astrocytoma, mean [11C]MET uptake in the infiltration area was significantly higher than in solid tumor tissue (P < 0.003).[11C]MET-PET detects solid parts of brain tumors, as well as the infiltration area at high sensitivity and specificity. High [11C]MET uptake in infiltrating tumor of astrocytoma WHO grade 2 reflects high activity in this tumor compartment. Molecular imaging, with [11C]MET, will guide improved management of patients with brain tumors.
Association Between Carrier Screening and Incidence of Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Carlo Castellani
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Context A downward trend in cystic fibrosis (CF) birth incidence has been reported in some areas.Objective To evaluate the association between carrier screening and CF birth incidence. Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn northeastern Italy, CF birth incidence is monitored by means of a long-standing neonatal screening program.In the same area, 2 sections using different carrier detection approaches were identified-the western region, in which CF carrier tests are offered only to relatives of patients or to couples planning in vitro fertilization; and the eastern region, in which carrier testing is offered to relatives and carrier screening to infertile couples and to couples of reproductive age.A total of 779 631 newborns underwent CF neonatal screening between January 1993 and December 2007, of whom 195 had CF detected. Main Outcome Measure Cystic fibrosis birth incidence in the 2 regions.Results A time-related decrease in birth incidence was found, with a mean annual percentage decrease of 0.16 per 10 000 neonates (PϽ.001).In the western region, 2559 carrier tests were performed, 314 carriers were identified, and 9 carrier couples were detected.In the eastern region, 87 025 carrier tests were performed, 3650 carriers were identified, and 82 carrier couples were detected.The birth rate decrease was greater in the eastern region (decrease rate, 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.36)than in the western region (decrease rate, 0.04; 95% CI, -0.16 to 0.08; P=.01).The increase in the number of screened carriers over time was significantly correlated with the decrease in CF birth incidence (correlation coefficient=-0.53;95% CI, -0.20 to -0.74; P=.003). ConclusionIn northeastern Italy, carrier screening was associated with a decrease in the incidence of CF.