tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hamlet's Advice to Speakers
Authors: Allan J. Ryan
Journal: JAMA (1964)

To the Editor:—  Inspired by your version of Polonius' Counsel to Authors, ( JAMA  187 :947 [March 21] 1964) I have sought to carry your celebration of Shakespeare's 400th anniversary one step further by producing a rendition of Hamlet's Advice to Speakers. To make the transition you will have to suppose that Hamlet is the senior author of a paper that he wishes to have read by one of his juniors (First Player) at a leading medical convention. If you are prepared to engage in this willing suspension of disbelief, the passage might sound something like this:  Hamlet:  Give the paper, I pray you, as I have read it to you, trippingly 1 on the tongue; but if you mouth 2 it, as many of your physicians do, I had as lief 3 the town crier read these lines. Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand, thus;
TCT-292 Reduced Bleeding Complications and Increased Event-free Survival With Femoral Vascular Closure Device Use and Bivalirudin in STEMI Patients Undergoing Primary Angioplasty in the HORIZONS-AMI Trial
Authors: Timothy A. Sanborn, Roxana Mehran, Philippe Genereux, Bernhard Witzenbichler, Sorin Brener, Ajay J. Kirtane, Tom McAndrew, Dominic Francese, Ran Kornowski, Dariusz Dudek, Eugenia Nikolsky, Gregg Stone
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Paradoxical Arterial Wall Shrinkage May Contribute to Luminal Narrowing of Human Atherosclerotic Femoral Arteries
Authors: Gerard Pasterkamp, Peter J. W. Wensing, Mark J. Post, Berend Hillen, Willem P. T. M. Mali, Cornelius Borst
Journal: Circulation (1995)

This study was done to assess how local changes in vessel size, together with plaque load, determine luminal narrowing in atherosclerotic arteries. Fifty-one human femoral arteries were analyzed: 32 postmortem and 19 in vivo by 30-MHz intravascular ultrasound.Histological and intravascular ultrasound cross sections were examined every 0.5 cm over an arterial segment 10 to 15 cm long. In each cross section we measured the lumen area and the area circumscribed by the internal elastic lamina (the IEL area). In each arterial segment, the cross section that contained the least amount of plaque was the reference site. For each cross section, the lumen area stenosis was expressed as percent of the lumen area in the reference site. Similarly, the IEL area was expressed as percent of the IEL area in the reference site (the relative IEL area). There was a significant negative correlation between the relative IEL area and the lumen area stenosis percentage (r = -.62, P < .001 for histology and r = -.66, P < .001 for intravascular ultrasound). When lumen area stenosis was less than about 25%, mainly compensatory enlargement was observed. When lumen area stenosis exceeded about 25%, however, mainly a decrease of the IEL area was observed, which is consistent with arterial wall shrinkage. Furthermore, the increase in plaque area does not account for the total loss of luminal area. There was a moderate correlation between an increase in plaque area and reduction of the corresponding lumen area (r = .49 and r = .56 for histology and intravascular ultrasound, respectively).The decrease in luminal area cannot be attributed to plaque increase alone. Arterial wall shrinkage is a paradoxical mechanism that may contribute to severe luminal narrowing of the atherosclerotic human femoral artery.
Multiple embolisms resulted from a huge fishbone piercing the left atrium
Authors: Xue-Hong Zhao, Yuan-Qiang Lu
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2014)

A 42-year-old woman was admitted with a 2-day abdominal pain associated with fever and a 5-h headache with weakness of the right limbs. Head MRI scan and dispersion showed multiple abnormal signals in the cerebrum and cerebellum hemispheres and abnormal signal lesions in the pons. Computed tomography (CT) showed enlarged spleen with partial infarction. Multiple embolisms were diagnosed, which might have originated from the heart. Cardiac ultrasound showed multiple high level echoes in the left atrium. Chest enhancement CT revealed a spiny body in the anterior wall of the lower esophagus with perforation (Fig. 1) and gastroscopy revealed one wound 30 cm from the incisors with a fistula formation. The patient recalled having eaten an Asian carp 2 weeks earlier, but did not feel discomfort then. Surgery was performed to remove the foreign body, and left atrial thrombectomy and left atrial repair were performed simultaneously. Perioperatively a fishbone was noted penetrating through the esophageal wall, piercing the left atrium 1.5 cm deep with a perforation of 0.5 cm in diameter. Around the fishbone, a large number of excrescences and thrombosis (about 4.0 × 1.0 cm) attached to the left atrial wall. A 4.0-cm-long fishbone was finally removed (Fig. 2). The patient recovered well postoperatively and was discharged 10 days after operation. We have obtained the consent from the patient for publication of this case report. Physicians should be alerted to the short- and long-term complications resulting from a fishbone piercing the esophagus and surrounding organs [1, 2] and proper treatment should be applied to the patients [3].



Fig. 1

CT scan showing a spiny body in the anterior wall of the lower esophagus with perforation (arrow)





Fig. 2

Gross morphology of a huge fishbone with some excrescences and thrombosis attached
The tension between “combinatorial” and “class-default” regularity
Authors: Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Clahsen shows that “combinatorial” inflection is processed differently from “irregular” inflection. However, combinatorially regular affixes need not coincide with “class-default” affixes, that is, affixes shared by more than one inflection class and all of whose rivals are peculiar to one class. This creates a tension that may help to explain the persistence of inflection class systems.
Failure of Spiramycin to Prevent Neurotoxoplasmosis in Immunosuppressed Patients
Authors: Catherine Leport
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Spiramycin, a macrolide widely used in Europe, has been shown to be active in humans in preventing transplacental infection.<sup>1</sup>It has never been assessed in the treatment of neurotoxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients. The recommended regimen of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine has produced hematologic toxicity and may require discontinuation of therapy.<sup>2</sup>Spiramycin has therefore been suggested as an alternative treatment of toxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients, in view of its lack of hematologic toxicity.<sup>3</sup>We report herein four cases of neurotoxoplasmosis in which this macrolide failed to prevent neurotoxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients. <h3>Report of Cases.—</h3> Case1.—A 35-year-old homosexual man had the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Results of neurological and brain scan examinations were normal. Because of high anti-<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>antibody titers (5,000 IU/mL) he was given oral spiramycin, 2 g/day. Sixteen days later, he experienced focal neurological signs and neurotoxoplasmosis was confirmed by specific immunoperoxidase
York County Hospital. CLINICAL LECTURE ON THE TREATMENT OF ECZEMA
Authors: W. D. Husband
Journal: BMJ (1855)

and Lecturer on Clinical Surgery in the York.Sohoot*ef Medicine.GEr'TLnxxw,-We shall to.~day vary the subject of our clinical remarks by some observations on a disease of the skn, with which, from frequent observation in our wards and out-patients room, you must be somewhat fami- liar.r allude to the common and often troublesome affec- tion of the skin, which is known to us as eczema, and which in your after professional career will often present itself to your attention.Eczema is one of the diseases of the skin which has been noticed by the ancients..Stius describes under the term hcrqa (lgcqw, to burst forth), morbid conditions of the skin, marked by heat and pain; and the eczemata are named by Paulus Egineta and Celsus, although their description would indicate a papular and not a vesicular eruption.But to Willan is due the first clear description of this disease; and the restriction by him of the name to a vesicular disease, characterised by an eruption of small vesicles, which may attack any part of the body, are crowded together, and frequently occupy broad irregularly defined patches.Let me here, Gentlemen, say a word of encouragement to you, as to the diagnosis of diseases of the skin.The student is too apt to be discouraged by the hard names and refined distinctions of authors, and turning away in dismay frm their study, to content himself with a very empirical and uncertain knowledge of these important affections.You will not fid their investigation a difficult task, if you will first make yourselves familiar with the broad distinc- ions on which the classification, of Willan, especially as improved by Biett, is based; and you need not trouble yourselves much, especially in your early studies, with those refined subdivisions, which obscure rather than sim-
One-year results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction investigation (TIMI) Phase II Trial.
Authors: D O Williams, E Braunwald, G Knatterud, J Babb, J Bresnahan, M A Greenberg, A Raizner, A Wasserman, T Robertson, R Ross
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Phase II Trial randomized 3,339 patients to either an invasive (INV, n = 1,681) or a conservative (CON, n = 1,658) strategy after intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) for acute myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS The patients assigned to the INV strategy routinely underwent cardiac catheterization, and when anatomically appropriate, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass grafting 18-48 hours after infarction. CON patients had these procedures only in response to the occurrence of spontaneous or provoked ischemia. One-year follow-up data are available in 3,316 patients (99.3%). The primary trial end point, death and nonfatal reinfarction, occurred in 14.7% of INV patients and in 15.2% of CON patients (p = NS). When analyzed individually, there was no difference (p = NS) in death (INV, 6.9%; CON, 7.4%) or recurrent infarction (INV, 9.4%; CON, 9.8%) between the two groups. Anginal status at 1 year was also similar. Cardiac catheterization and PTCA were performed more often in INV (98.0% and 61.2%, respectively) compared with CON (45.2% and 20.5%, respectively) patients. At 1 year, the cumulative number of patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery (INV, 17.5%; CON, 17.3%) was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The INV and CON strategies resulted in similar favorable outcomes at 1 year of follow-up. In particular, the rates of mortality and reinfarction were not different and were impressively low in both groups. One possible advantage of the INV strategy was detected in subgroup analyses. In patients with a history of myocardial infarction, the data are suggestive that 1-year mortality was lower in INV patients (10.3%) than in CON patients (17.0%) (p = 0.03).
A Case of OEsophagotomy for the Removal from the Thoracic Cavity of a Half-Penny, which had been Swallowed Three Years and a Quarter Previously: Complete Recovery
Authors: B. May
Journal: BMJ (1887)

dissected form-a condition greatly different.We have absolutely no true standard of the normal size or shape with which to compare the pathological deviation.It is not, I believe, known that, as regards its rectal surface, the glanid is frequently undergoing change of shape.
Microcirculation in the Ventricle of the Dog and Turtle
Authors: HARALD TILLMANNS, SHIGEAKI IKEDA, HERBERT HANSEN, JONNALAGEDDA S. SARMA, JEAN-MARIE FAUVEL, RICHARD J. BING
Journal: Circulation Research (1974)

Phasic red cell velocity and diameters of coronary arterioles, capillaries, and venules were measured in the beating turtle and dog heart using high-speed cinematography with transillumination of the left ventricle. In the turtle, arteriolar red cell velocity was diminished during systole, but during diastole arteriolar inflow increased, especially during the rapid and the slow filling period. Capillary and venule red cell velocity was increased during systole, particularly at the time of ejection; however, during diastole red cell velocity declined and the lowest values occurred during isovolumic relaxation. In dog arterioles, capillaries, and venules, the pattern of red cell velocity was similar. Thus, in the turtle and dog, the peak arteriolar red cell velocity occurred in unison with left coronary artery inflow, and the capillary and venule flow pattern followed that of the coronary sinus. The diameters of arterioles, capillaries, and venules in the turtle ventricle all declined about 34% during systole; similar results were obtained in the dog. Capillary arrangement appeared to be predominantly parallel and cocurrent; however, capillary loops with countercurrent flow were occasionally observed. The data on microvascular phasic red cell velocity are consistent with the macroobservations of reduced coronary artery inflow and enhanced coronary sinus outflow during ventricular contraction. The results demonstrate that the shift in the flow pattern occurs at the transition from arterioles to capillaries.
MODERN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION, VENTILATION, AND WARMING OF BUILDINGS FOR THE INSANE
Authors: Luther V. Bell
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1845)

BloomingdaleAsylum. 13and hay together with a considerable quantity of potatoes, corn, oats, and other grain, are produced upon it.It is also well planted with choice fruit trees, many of them now at the age of most prolific bearing.Among the domestic animals are one yoke of oxen, eight cows, and five horses.NorE.-In the preparation of the foregoing account of the Bloomingdale Asylum, the language of others has been used wherever it could be introduced consistently with the brevity of the article.The quotations are chiefly from two works; one of them an e ay on the Statistics of the institution in question, written by James Macdonald, M.
HOMEOTRANSPLANTATION AND AUTOTRANSPLANTATION OF THE SPLEEN IN RABBITS
Authors: David Marine, O. T. Manley
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1920)

No instance of survival of spleen homeografts beyond the usual taking and persistence for 1 or 2 weeks common to most homeografts has been observed, although the possible advantages of consanguinity, age, and splenectomy were fully utilized. This is in sharp contrast to thyroid, sex gland, and adrenal cortex homeografts, with which one may expect 10 per cent to survive the 30 day period. It suggests that spleen is a stronger antigen and excites a greater degree of immunity more quickly. With autografts survival and growth are the rule, and failures are due to technical errors. Age is an important factor in the growth of autografts. The younger the rabbit the more growth is aided. This beneficial effect decreases gradually and becomes negligible after sexual maturity. Removal of the spleen is a powerful stimulus to the growth of transplants. The effect varies inversely with the age and usually is negligible after sexual maturity. The influence of age and splenectomy suggests that the spleen is most important in early life and after sexual maturity is either unimportant or its functions may readily be assumed by other tissues (hematopoietic). Anatomically the spleen is a highly complex structure, but biologically all the major elements of the spleen are simple as indicated by the uniform and marked regenerative capacity. There is a tendency for grafts to involute or atrophy with age, and grafts made in old rabbits without removal of the spleen may undergo complete atrophy. Grafts made in young rabbits, accompanied by splenectomy, have been observed for more than 3 years and may be said to be permanent. There is some evidence that subcutaneous autografts react to infections in the same way as the intact spleen.
Stromal Antiapoptotic Paracrine Loop in Perineural Invasion of Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: Gustavo E. Ayala, Hong Dai, Salahaldin A. Tahir, Rile Li, Terry Timme, Michael Ittmann, Anna Frolov, Thomas M. Wheeler, David Rowley, Timothy C. Thompson
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Caveolin-1 (cav-1) is a major scaffolding component of cell membrane invaginations (caveolae). It is involved in sequestering numerous effectors and signaling molecules and has antiapototic activities in prostate cancer. Perineural invasion (PNI) is associated with decreased apoptosis of cancer cells both in human tissues and the in vitro PNI model. We show here that stromal (perineurium) production of cav-1 is involved in a paracrine antiapoptotic loop in PNI. Transforming growth factor-β1 is up-regulated in the cancer cells as they approach the nerve and is thought to up-regulate cav-1 in the perineurium of nerves with prostate cancer. Cav-1 is then secreted into the microenvironment and used by prostate cancer cells to inhibit apoptosis. In the in vitro PNI model, this phenomenon is partially reversed by neutralizing cav-1 antibodies or using ganglia from cav-1 knockout mice. Our results show a novel paracrine mechanism used by the prostate cancer in PNI to increase their proliferative activity and decrease apoptosis. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(10): 5159-64)
Stable mixed chimerism and tolerance using a nonmyeloablative preparative regimen in a large-animal model
Authors: Christene A. Huang, Yasushi Fuchimoto, Rachel Scheier-Dolberg, Michael C. Murphy, David M. Neville, David H. Sachs
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has considerable potential for the treatment of malignancies, hemoglobinopathies, and autoimmune diseases, as well as the induction of transplantation allograft tolerance. Toxicities associated with standard preparative regimens for bone marrow transplantation, however, make this approach unacceptable for all but the most severe of these clinical situations. Here, we demonstrate that stable mixed hematopoietic cell chimerism and donor-specific tolerance can be established in miniature swine, using a relatively mild, non-myeloablative preparative regimen. We conditioned recipient swine with whole-body and thymic irradiation, and we depleted their T-cells by CD3 immunotoxin-treatment. Infusion of either bone marrow cells or cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells from leukocyte antigen-matched animals resulted in stable mixed chimerism, as detected by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood, thymus, and bone marrow, without any clinical evidence of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Long-term acceptance of donor skin and consistent rejection of third-party skin indicated that the recipients had developed donor-specific tolerance.
Website of the week: Water births
Authors: D Carnall
Journal: BMJ (1999)

More than 4000 babies are born in a birthing pool each year in Britain, and data published this week in the BMJ (p 483) suggest that the practice is no more or less risky than labour in more conventional conditions. Perhaps more remarkable is the fact that more than half of all NHS obstetric units have installed a birthing pool. Or perhaps it is not so remarkable at all: pregnancy is not a disease, and pregnant women, and the pressure groups that serve them, are powerful consumers of NHS services.

According to Sheila Kitzinger, the prominent campaigner for women’s rights in childbirth, the United Kingdom Central Committee for Nursing and Health Visiting has ruled since 1994 that assisting with a birth in a birthing tank is not a “special treatment” and that all midwives should develop competence in the technique (www.sheilakitzinger.com). Kitzinger also sells batiks of her birth art on line.

The most linked-to site about water birth (www.well.com/user/karil/index.html) is produced by a documentary maker who has made films on the subject. As well as finding useful tips (“Fill some air pillows with water and arrange them behind your back, neck, and waist in a nestlike way that supports you comfortably”), you can buy a copy of the video by mail order.

Information about pregnancy abounds on the web, although, as is natural for the medium, it is often anecdotal. Reading a personal account of what it was like to give birth in water (see, for example, www.horns.freeserve.co.uk/ourhome.htm) is a useful complement to scientific studies, although how typical these accounts are is open to question: the natural anarchy of the web attracts free thinkers, some displaying an independence of mind that seems frankly worrying. The guide to “unassisted home birth” at www.nurturing.ca/waterbirth.htm suggests borrowing haemostat clamps to cut the cord: “buying them is an expense you really don’t need, unless you plan to have many unassisted births.” Or borrow a midwife.
Medical Care for the Elderly
Authors: Conn J. Foley
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To the Editor.—  Dr Fisk describes the current health care system for the elderly as fragmented and noncomprehensive and notes that there has been little attempt to correct this deficit (1983;249:230). He describes a number of programs in the United States that were developed in an attempt to correct inadequacies of the system. Each of these programs, as described, seemed to fail in achieving the goal of comprehensive care.  The actual programs at the Jewish Institute for Geriatric Care, New Hyde Park, NY, offer two major ambulatory care services to older community patients. A day treatment-day hospital provides shortand long-term medical, nursing, rehabilitative, and social services. A geriatric clinic provides, on a consultative or referral basis, comprehensive geriatric evaluations by geriatricians and gerontologists and special services in such problem areas as dementia, falls, immobility, and incontinence. Thus, the program recognizes the role of the individual community practitioner.  The development and
Bone loss in long-term renal transplantation: Histopathology and densitometry analysis
Authors: Alfonso M. Cueto-Manzano, Shaikh Konel, Alastair J. Hutchison, Vivion Crowley, Michael W. France, Anthony J. Freemont, Judith E. Adams, Barbara Mawer, Ram Gokal
Journal: Kidney International (1999)
Immune deficiency–related enteropathy-lymphocytopenia-alopecia syndrome results from tetratricopeptide repeat domain 7A deficiency
Authors: Roxane Lemoine, Jana Pachlopnik-Schmid, Henner F. Farin, Amélie Bigorgne, Marianne Debré, Fernando Sepulveda, Sébastien Héritier, Julie Lemale, Cécile Talbotec, Frédéric Rieux-Laucat, Frank Ruemmele, Alain Morali, Pascal Cathebras, Patrick Nitschke, Christine Bole-Feysot, Stéphane Blanche, Nicole Brousse, Capucine Picard, Hans Clevers, Alain Fischer, Geneviève de Saint Basile
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Parental, Birth, and Infancy Factors in Infant Twin Development
Authors: MARTIN G. ALLEN, WILLIAM POLLIN, AXEL HOFFER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

This report, part of a longitudinal study of ten pairs of twins, delineates personality differences that appear in the first year of life, especially in the areas of dependence-independence, emotionality, sociability, curiosity, and activity-passivity. Other variables that differentiate twins include: birth order, birth size, neurological competence, occurrence of a significant traumatic experience, parental "linkage," and physical development. The findings are discussed in relation to studies of normal development and studies of adult twins discordant for schizophrenia. Although twinship is a special circumstance, the authors believe that the observations of this study are probably valid for personality development in general—more obviously with siblings or dizygotic twins, more subtly with the only or firstborn child.