tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
UK government's contract with Atos is "unacceptably loose," MPs say
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<h3>Background</h3> Breast feeding in conflict settings is known to be the safest way to protect infant and young children from malnourishment and increased risk of infections. This systematic review assesses the evidence on infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in conflict settings. <h3>Methodology</h3> We conducted a search in PubMed and CENTRAL and also searched for grey literature from the year 1980 to August 2019. We included studies conducted in settings inflicted with armed conflict; which comprised settings undergoing conflict, as well as, those within 5 years of its cessation. Studies were included if they discussed IYCF practices, barriers, programmes and guidelines to promote and improve IYCF practices. Two review authors independently evaluated and screened studies for eligibility and extracted data; followed by a descriptive and thematic analysis. <h3>Results</h3> We included 56 studies in our review including 11 published articles and 45 reports from grey literature and broadly classified into four predetermined sections: epidemiology (n=24), barriers/enablers (n=18), programmes/interventions (n=15) and implementation guidelines (n=30). Epidemiological evidence shows that IYCF practices were generally poor in conflict settings with median prevalence of exclusive breast feeding at 25%, continued breast feeding at 29%, bottle feeding at 58.3%, introduction to solid, semisolid or soft foods at 71.1% and minimum dietary diversity at 60.3%. IYCF practices were affected by displacement, stress, maternal malnutrition and mental health, family casualties and free distribution of breast milk substitutes. To improve IYCF, several interventions were implemented; including, training of health workers, educating mothers, community networking and mobilisation, lactation-support service, baby friendly hospital initiative, mother–baby friendly spaces and support groups. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The evidence suggests that IYCF practices are generally poor in conflict inflicted settings. However, there is potential for improvement by designing effective interventions, responsibly disseminating, monitoring and implementing IYCF guidelines as prescribed by WHO development partners, government and non-government organisations with dedicated funds and investing in capacity development.
CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SALT LAKE CITY.
Authors: F. S. BASCOM
Journal: JAMA (1889)

The members of this Association can easily recall a time when climatological researches were speculative, vague and unsatisfactory, and many of the articles presented on this subject were largely imaginative and conjectural; but within the last decade this subject has engaged the attention of some of the most eminent and scientific physicians, and so many valuable statistics have been collected from the United States Signal Service reports and other sources that climato-therapeutics has become an interesting and important study to every well-informed physician.  Local pride and enthusiasm have, however, induced many writers to advance claims as to the climatic advantages of health resorts which are not justified by actual statistics, nor by the experience of invalids; and though I cannot hope to present to the profession observations especially interesting or original, I do desire to avoid the errors above referred to. Again, there still remains a wide difference of opinion
Who cares for the nine million displaced people of Syria?
Authors: R. Hurley
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The civil war that started in 2011 has forced millions of Syrians to flee their homes, many of them children. <b>Richard Hurley</b> spoke to three volunteers for the charity Doctors of the World, which brings essential medical care to the world’s most vulnerable people. We’ve chosen the charity for the <i>BMJ</i>’s Christmas appeal this year. Please give generously
On the Diagnosis of the Budd-Chiari Syndrome and Cardiac Cirrhosis
Authors: M. Mörl
Journal: Endoscopy (1981)

The diagnostic procedure to be followed in cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome and cardiac cirrhosis cannot be schematized. Although laparoscopy and histology can point the diagnostician in the right direction, they are not decisive for the localization of the occlusions. In the presence of lumen-constricting processes, the representation of the hepatic veins has reached its limits. In this situation, laparoscopic transhepatic segmental venography or portography may help. Here, a report is presented on 5 cases with a variety of problems.
TCT-203 12-months Clinical Outcomes of Bioresorbable everolimus-eluting Vascular Scaffold for the Treatment of Chronic Total Occlusions: CTO ABSORB pilot study
Authors: Beatriz Vaquerizo, Antonio Barros, Sandra Pujadas, Ester Bajo, DARLENE ESTRADA-YÁNEZ, Faustino Miranda-Guardiola, Marcelo Jimenez, Dabit Arzamendi, Juan Garcia-Picart, Juan Cinca, Antonio Serra
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Efficacy of grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy for three consecutive seasons and after cessation of treatment: the ECRIT study
Authors: H. Ott, J. Sieber, R. Brehler, R. Fölster‐Holst, A. Kapp, L. Klimek, O. Pfaar, H. Merk
Journal: Allergy (2008)

Data supporting a carry-over effect with sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) are scarce. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy, carry-over effect and safety of grass pollen SLIT using co-seasonal treatment.Patients (7.9-64.7 years) with grass pollen allergy received ultra-rush titration with increasing doses (30, 90, 150 and 300 IR) of a 5-grass pollen mixture every 20 min at the start of the pollen seasons, followed by 300 IR daily until the end of the pollen seasons. A baseline season (no SLIT) was followed by three consecutive treatment seasons and one follow-up season. Symptoms, medication and adverse events were documented and specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG(4) measured.Data were analysed for 183 of the 213 randomized patients. Mean treatment duration varied between seasons (81.8-92.7 days). Combined scores (symptoms and medication) improved progressively across treatment seasons (up to 44.7% improvement for SLIT compared with baseline) and fluctuated between -11.3% and -14.8% for placebo (P < 0.05). Similar changes were observed for symptom scores, with a successive decrease of 39.7% (SLIT) and fluctuations between +13.6% and -1.51% for placebo (P < 0.05). Combined score (P = 0.0508) and symptom score improvements (P = 0.0144) with SLIT continued during follow up. Increases in specific IgG(4) observed in the first season were sustained for SLIT vs placebo throughout treatment (P = 0.0001). Titration and daily SLIT were well tolerated. No serious systemic or anaphylactic reactions were reported.Seasonal SLIT with ultra-rush titration is well tolerated and effective from the first treatment season onwards. These data indicate a carry-over effect of seasonal SLIT.
Disease transmission models for public health decision making: analysis of epidemic and endemic conditions caused by waterborne pathogens.
Authors: Joseph N S Eisenberg, M Alan Brookhart, Glenn Rice, Mary Brown, John M Colford
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Developing effective policy for environmental health issues requires integrating large collections of information that are diverse, highly variable, and uncertain. Despite these uncertainties in the science, decisions must be made. These decisions often have been based on risk assessment. We argue that two important features of risk assessment are to identify research needs and to provide information for decision making. One type of information that a model can provide is the sensitivity of making one decision over another on factors that drive public health risk. To achieve this goal, a risk assessment framework must be based on a description of the exposure and disease processes. Regarding exposure to waterborne pathogens, the appropriate framework is one that explicitly models the disease transmission pathways of pathogens. This approach provides a crucial link between science and policy. Two studies--a Giardia risk assessment case study and an analysis of the 1993 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Cryptosporidium outbreak--illustrate the role that models can play in policy making.
The Effect of Caffeine on Exercise Tolerance and Left Ventricular Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Alan T. Hirsch
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Study Objective: To determine whether acute oral caffeine ingestion by patients with coronary artery disease results in decreased treadmill exercise performance or deterioration of echocardiographic measures of systolic or diastolic left ventricular function. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: Referral-based cardiovascular exercise laboratory at an urban teaching hospital. Patients: Thirteen volunteers with clinically stable coronary artery disease who had exercise tests after a 2-week caffeine-free washout period. Patients continued treatment with standard antianginal medications during the study period. Interventions: Maximal exercise treadmill testing and exercise echocardiography were done at baseline, after acute ingestion of a placebo beverage (97% caffeine-free coffee), or after drinking an identical beverage containing 250 mg of caffeine sodium benzoate. Measurements and Main Results: Acute ingestion of caffeine produced a serum level of 4. 50 ± 0.16 µg/mL, but had no effect on resting supine heart rate, blood pressure, left ventricular fractional shortening, posterior left ventricular wall thinning or peak rates of increase in left ventricular diastolic dimension. Despite a small increase in peak systolic blood pressure during exercise (baseline, 153 ± 8; placebo, 154 ± 8; caffeine, 161 ± 7 mm Hg; P < 0.05), exercise duration, time to onset of angina, and time to 0.1 mV ST depression did not differ after ingestion of placebo or caffeine. Rate-pressure product at onset of angina and onset of 0.1 mV of ST depression were also unchanged. In response to exercise, echocardiographic measures of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function were unchanged after caffeine compared with placebo ingestion. Conclusions: These data suggest that patients with exercise-induced ischemia who are receiving appropriate antianginal therapy tolerate the caffeine-equivalent of three cups of coffee without detrimental effect on intensity of ischemia, myocardial function, or exercise duration.
AID FOR GERMAN PHYSICIANS
Authors: F. Müller
Journal: JAMA (1924)

To the Editor:  —The news that the medical profession of the United States has instituted a widespread campaign to secure funds to aid their suffering colleagues in Germany will cause great joy and arouse a deep feeling of gratitude in the circles to which succor will be extended.  The suffering among German physicians has reached an acute stage. They are members of the educated middle class, which has been particularly hard hit by the financial depression. The more elderly among them have lost the savings accumulated by a lifetime of hard work, and they are exposed to the bitterest need just at the time when old age, sickness and loss of earning power make the struggle for existence especially hard for them and their families. The physicians who, before the war and the revolution, had a good practice and many well-to-do clients, have lost that practice because their former clients
Effects of Beer, Wine, and Liquor in Coronary Deaths
Authors: Charles H. Hennekens
Journal: JAMA (1979)

For a series of 568 married men who died of coronary heart disease and an equal number of matched control subjects, information was collected on a large number of variables, including daily alcohol consumption classified by type of beverage, namely, beer, wine, or liquor. Daily consumption of small to moderate amounts of alcohol (2 oz [59.2 mL] or less daily) was inversely related to coronary death. This inverse relation was present in both crude and adjusted matched-pair analyses and was similar for each type of alcohol, as indicated by adjusted relative risks of 0.3 for beer, 0.3 for wine, and 0.2 for liquor. In contrast, for heavy drinking, there was no association with coronary death in either crude or adjusted analyses. (<i>JAMA</i>242:1973-1974, 1979)
Mechanisms of Residual Lumen Stenosis After High-Pressure Stent Implantation
Authors: Javier Bermejo, Javier Botas, Eulogio García, Jaime Elízaga, Julio Osende, Javier Soriano, Manuel Abeytua, Juan Luis Delcán
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) studies have demonstrated that stents are frequently suboptimally expanded despite the use of high pressures for deployment. The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanisms responsible for such residual lumen stenosis. Methods and Results —Fifty-seven lesions from 50 patients treated with high-pressure (median±interquartile range, 14±2 atm) elective (44 de novo, 13 restenotic lesions) stenting were prospectively studied (29 Wiktor, Medtronic; 28 Palmaz-Schatz, Cordis Corp). Balloon subexpansion was calculated as the difference between maximal and minimal balloon cross-sectional areas at peak pressure measured by automatic edge detection; elastic recoil was calculated as the difference between minimal measured balloon size and IVUS-derived minimal lumen area within the stent. Angiographic residual diameter stenosis was 10±13% (reference diameter, 3.1±0.7 mm; balloon to artery ratio, 1.12±0.23) and IVUS-derived stent expansion was 80±28%. However, although balloon nominal size was 9.6±1.3 mm 2 and maximal balloon size measured inside the coronary lumen was 12.5±3.2 mm 2 , final stent minimal lumen area was only 7.1±2.2 mm 2 . Balloon subexpansion of 4.0±1.8 mm 2 (33%) and elastic recoil of 1.6±2.3 mm 2 (20%) (both P &lt;0.0001) were the two mechanisms responsible for residual luminal stenosis. Wiktor stent and peak inflation pressure correlated with balloon subexpansion, whereas Wiktor stent, de novo lesion, and minimal lumen area at baseline correlated with elastic recoil. Conclusions —Despite high-pressure deployment, lumen dimensions after stenting are only 57% of maximal achievable. Inadequate balloon expansion and elastic recoil are responsible for residual lumen stenosis, suggesting that plaque characteristics and stent resistance deserve further investigation.
MiR-122/Cyclin G1 Interaction Modulates p53 Activity and Affects Doxorubicin Sensitivity of Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Francesca Fornari, Laura Gramantieri, Catia Giovannini, Angelo Veronese, Manuela Ferracin, Silvia Sabbioni, George Adrian Calin, Gian Luca Grazi, Carlo Maria Croce, Simona Tavolari, Pasquale Chieco, Massimo Negrini, Luigi Bolondi
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

The identification of target genes is a key step for assessing the role of aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRNA) in human cancer and for the further development of miRNA-based gene therapy. MiR-122 is a liver-specific miRNA accounting for 70% of the total miRNA population. Its down-regulation is a common feature of both human and mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have previously shown that miR-122 can regulate the expression of cyclin G1, whose high levels have been reported in several human cancers. We evaluated the role of miR-122 and cyclin G1 expression in hepatocarcinogenesis and in response to treatment with doxorubicin and their relevance on survival and time to recurrence (TTR) of HCC patients. We proved that, by modulating cyclin G1, miR-122 influences p53 protein stability and transcriptional activity and reduces invasion capability of HCC-derived cell lines. In addition, in a therapeutic perspective, we assayed the effects of a restored miR-122 expression in triggering doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and we proved that miR-122, as well as cyclin G1 silencing, increases sensitivity to doxorubicin challenge. In patients resected for HCC, lower miR-122 levels were associated with a shorter TTR, whereas higher cyclin G1 expression was related to a lower survival, suggesting that miR-122 might represent an effective molecular target for HCC. Our findings establish a basis toward the development of combined chemo- and miRNA-based therapy for HCC treatment.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated to an extended B8-DR3 haplotype including particular MICA and MICB alleles
Authors: Kristine Wiencke, Anne Spurkland, Erik Schrumpf, Kirsten Muri Boberg
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Susceptibility to primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is associated with HLA-B8, -DR3, -DR2, and -DR6. It is not established whether these HLA genes or closely linked genes confer the primary disease susceptibility. MICA and MICB genes are found in the class I region between HLA-B and DRB. MICA is expressed in gastrointestinal epithelium and activates γδ T cells in the gut. Because PSC is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease, we investigated whether MICA and MICB contribute to the HLA-associated genetic susceptibility to develop PSC. The study included 130 PSC patients and 306 healthy controls, previously typed for HLA class I and II genes, typed for 5 MICA and 15 MICB microsatellite alleles. The phenotype frequencies of MICA5.1 and MICB24 were significantly increased among PSC patients compared with controls (90% vs. 74%; odds ratio [OR] = 3.2; P c = 3 × 10 −3 and 58% vs. 29%; OR = 3.3; P c &lt; 1 × 10 −7 , respectively). When stratified for B8- or DR3-positive and -negative individuals, the association of these markers to PSC was no longer evident. However, we observed that B8 and DR3 were associated to PSC only in the presence of both MICA5.1 and MICB24 markers. The frequency of individuals carrying all 4 alleles was significantly increased among the PSC patients compared with controls (49% vs. 18%; OR = 4.5; P c &lt; 1 × 10 −7 ). Our data indicate that PSC is associated to the extended B8-MICA5.1-MICB24-DR3 haplotype.
Isospora belli Infection: Treatment with Pyrimethamine
Authors: Louis M. Weiss
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Isosporiasis is an uncommon but important diarrheal disease of humans that, like cryptosporidiosis, is life-threatening in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Isospora belli infection responds rapidly to therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but patients with AIDS have a high rate of adverse reactions to this therapy. The cases of two patients with AIDS, sulfonamide allergy, and I. belli infection are reported. They were treated successfully with pyrimethamine alone, 75 mg/d, and recurrence was prevented with daily pyrimethamine therapy, 25 mg/d. In patients with AIDS with sulfonamide allergy or intolerance, pyrimethamine alone seems to be a reasonable alternative therapy for I. belli infection.
Potassium transport: From clearance to channels and pumps
Authors: Gerhard Giebisch, Wenhui Wang
Journal: Kidney International (1996)

Potassium (K) homeostasis depends on the separate and interrelated regulation of K distribution between the intra- and extra-cellular fluid compartments and adequate renal excretion. This brief review focuses on the regulation of internal K distribution and the renal mechanisms of K handling. Based on clearance, micropuncture, and microperfusion studies, a large body of evidence supports the view that normally, renal secretion of K determines excretion and that the principal tubule cells in the initial and cortical collecting tubule secrete K, whereas K reabsorption may occur in intercalated cells. Studies of the electrochemical driving forces, of intracellular ion activities, the characterization of several ATPases, and patch clamp investigations have provided insight into the role of pumps and channels in those tubule cells that regulate K secretion and reabsorption.
Pinot Noir powders
Authors: G. Dunea
Journal: BMJ (1999)

In the early 1950s posters informed Parisians of the health risks of drinking wine. The Academy of Medicine had found it was definitely unhealthy to drink more than one litre of wine a day.

Since those halcyon days the dose deemed compatible with good health has been whittled down—to almost homoeopathic levels. Accordingly, the complications of the grape have often given way to those of the poppy, so that in some hospitals …
Effect of 5-HT4 receptor stimulation on the pacemaker current If in human isolated atrial myocytes
Authors: Roberto Pino, Elisabetta Cerbai, Giancarlo Calamai, Franco Alajmo, Alberto Borgioli, Lucio Braconi, Massimo Cassai, Gian Franco Montesi, Alessandro Mugelli
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Objective: 5-HT4 receptors are present in human atrial cells and their stimulation has been implicated in the genesis of atrial arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation. An If-like current has been recorded in human atrial myocytes, where it is modulated by ß-adrenergic stimulation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) on If electrophysiological properties, in order to get an insight into the possible contribution of If to the arrhythmogenic action of 5-HT in human atria. Methods: Human atrial myocytes were isolated by enzymatic digestion from samples of atrial appendage of patients undergoing corrective cardiac surgery. Patch-clamped cells were superfused with a modified Tyrode's solution in order to amplify If and reduce overlapping currents. Results and conclusions: A time-dependent, cesium-sensitive increasing inward current, that we had previously described having the electrophysiological properties of the pacemaker current If, was elicited by negative steps (−60 to −130 mV) from a holding potential of −40 mV. Boltzmann fit of control activation curves gave a midpoint (V1/2) of −88.9±2.6 mV (n=14). 5-HT (1 μM) consistently caused a positive shift of V1/2 of 11.0±2.0 mV (n=8, p<0.001) of the activation curve toward less negative potentials, thus increasing the amount of current activated by clamp steps near the physiological maximum diastolic potential of these cells. The effect was dose-dependent, the EC50 being 0.14 μM. Maximum current amplitude was not changed by 5-HT. 5-HT did not increase If amplitude when the current was maximally activated by cAMP perfused into the cell. The selective 5-HT4 antagonists, DAU 6285 (10 μM) and GR 125487 (1 μM), completely prevented the effect of 5-HT on If. The shift of V1/2 caused by 1 μM 5-HT in the presence of DAU 6285 or GR 125487 was 0.3±1 mV (n=6) and 1.0±0.6 mV (n=5), respectively (p<0.01 versus 5-HT alone). The effect of 5-HT4 receptor blockade was specific, since neither DAU 6285 nor GR 125487 prevented the effect of 1 μM isoprenaline on If. Thus, 5-HT4 stimulation increases If in human atrial myocytes; this effect may contribute to the arrhythmogenic action of 5-HT in the human atrium.