tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF THE GASTRIC SECRETION IN HYPERTHYROIDISM BEFORE AND AFTER OPERATION
Authors: W. R. Berryhill, Harley A. Williams
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1932)

Gastric symptoms have long been associated with hyperthyroidism.The reports of studies attempting to correlate these symptoms with disturbances in gastric secretions are not uniform.Several investigators (I, 2) report an increase in the hydrochloric acid and total volume of secretion.One (3) contends there is no characteristic secretion in ex- ophthalmic goiter.A greater number (4-16) report a diminution or absence of hydrochloric acid in hyperthyroidism and in the feeding of thyroid extracts to animals.Excellent reviews of the subject have appeared in recent papers by Moll and Flint (9), Brown (10), and Lerman and Means (13).With the development of a more accurate method for determining the degree of gastric acidity by histamine stimulation it seemed desirable to restudy the problem.Accordingly, a survey was begun eighteen months ago to determine the behavior of gastric secretion in hyperthyroidism before and after operation.Since the beginning of this work, Lerman and Means (13) have reported a study of gastric secretion in exophthalmic goiter before treatment using a similar method. METHODThe present generally accepted technique of gastric analysis was employed in this study.A fasting specimen was withdrawn, followed by the ingestion of 50 cc. of 7 per cent alcohol.Specimens were removed at twenty and forty minute intervals.If the last specimen contained no hydrochloric acid, hista- mine (ergotamine acid phosphate) 0.1 mgm.per ten kilograms was given sub- cutaneously and specimens were withdrawn at twenty and forty minute intervals.The volume, free hydrochloric acid and total acidity of each specimen were determined.T6pfer's reagent and phenolphthalein respectively were used as indicators and the results expressed as the number of cc. of N/1O NaOH necessary to neutralize 100 cc. of gastric juice.Two analyses were done on each patient before preoperative iodine therapy was begun, a third the day before operation, and a fourth the day of discharge.The patients were followed by subsequent analyses at intervals of one to two months.We have arbitrarily classified the results upon the basis of the highest acid content obtained after the stimulation by alcohol and histamine: (1) Normals, those patients in whom repeated analyses showed free hydrochloric
Part 2: Evidence Evaluation and Management of Potential or Perceived Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Michael R. Sayre, Robert E. O'Connor, Dianne L. Atkins, John E. Billi, Clifton W. Callaway, Michael Shuster, Brian Eigel, William H. Montgomery, Robert W. Hickey, Ian Jacobs, Vinay M. Nadkarni, Peter T. Morley, Tanya I. Semenko, Mary Fran Hazinski
Journal: Circulation (2010)

In summary, the evidence review process has attempted to provide a systematic review of the scientific literature using a priori defined methods. The details and steps of the literature review are transparent and replicable. External opinions and community critique are highly valued, and the final products represent the combined labor of hundreds of participants.
Book Review Loss during Pregnancy or in the Newborn Period: Principles of care with clinical cases and analyses Edited by James R. Woods, Jr., and Jenifer L. Esposito Woods. 546 pp. Pitman, N.J., Jannetti, 1997. $34.95. 0-9655310-0-7
Authors: Emily R. Baker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)
Higher plasma renin activity is a risk factor for total mortality in older Japanese individuals: the Takahata study
Authors: Makoto Daimon, Tsuneo Konta, Toshihide Oizumi, Shigeru Karasawa, Wataru Kaino, Kaoru Takase, Yumi Jimbu, Kiriko Wada, Wataru Kameda, Shinji Susa, Takafumi Saito, Isao Kubota, Takamasa Kayama, Takeo Kato
Journal: Metabolism (2011)
Gas Exchange Detection of Exercise-Induced Right-to-Left Shunt in Patients With Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Xing-Guo Sun, James E. Hansen, Ronald J. Oudiz, Karlman Wasserman
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Because of high pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), right atrial pressure may exceed left atrial pressure during exercise, resulting in a right-to-left shunt via a patent foramen ovale (PFO). This shunting would disturb arterial PCO2 and H+ homeostasis if the pulmonary blood were not simultaneously hyperventilated to compensate for the high CO2 and H+ in the shunted blood. This article first hypothesizes and then describes unique changes in gas exchange when right-to-left exercise-induced shunting (EIS) occurs.Retrospectively, the cardiopulmonary exercise tests of 71 PPH patients were studied. Criteria postulated to document hyperventilation of the pulmonary blood flow due to a right-to-left EIS were (1) an abrupt and sustained increase in end-tidal O2 with a simultaneous sustained decrease in end-tidal CO2; (2) an abrupt and sustained increase in the respiratory exchange ratio; and (3) usually, an associated decline in pulse oximetry saturation. Each patient was evaluated for a PFO with resting echocardiography. The investigators interpreting the gas exchange evidence of EIS were blinded to the echocardiographic readings. Forty-five percent of the patients had demonstrable EIS by gas exchange criteria. Almost all were also positive for a PFO by echocardiography. Using the resting echocardiograph as the reference, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy were all between 90% to 96%.Exercise-induced right-to-left shunting can be detected by noninvasive, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with PPH.
Gonadal Dysfunction in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy for Cancer
Authors: RICHARD L. SCHILSKY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Since the introduction of antineoplastic chemotherapy, lasting clinical remissions have been obtained for many patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, gestational trophoblastic tumors, and other malignancies. With this therapeutic success there have been concerns about persistent or delayed toxicities of cancer chemotherapy that may become clinically signficiant for long-term survivors. Gonadal toxicity and infertility occur in many men, women, and children treated with antineoplastic drugs. In this paper we review the clinical syndromes of chemotherapy-related gonadal toxicity and discuss how particular drug classes, doses, or combinations correlate with the degree of gonadal injury and with the potential for recovery of function. Further, we examine how drug effects on germ cell production and endocrine function vary with the age of the patient at the time of treatment. Finally, we comment on the need for long-term prospective studies of fertility, teratogenesis, and mutagenesis in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.
Analysis of the linker for activation of T cells and the linker for activation of B cells in natural killer cells reveals a novel signaling cassette, dual usage in ITAM signaling, and influence on development of the Ly49 repertoire
Authors: Gillian C. Whittaker, Deborah N. Burshtyn, Selinda J. Orr, Laura Quigley, Deborah L. Hodge, Véronique Pascal, Weiguo Zhang, Daniel W. McVicar
Journal: Blood (2008)
Screening guidelines for colorectal cancer and polyps in patients with acromegaly
Authors: P J Jenkins, P D Fairclough
Journal: Gut (2002)

Acromegaly is characterised by excessive levels of circulating growth hormone and its tissue mediator, IGF-1.Before effective treatment and lowering of growth hormone and IGF-1 the majority of patients with the disease died by the aged of 60 years. 1 2 This was largely attributable to diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] It is probable that with more effective and aggressive treatment of both the underlying acromegaly and its metabolic and vascular complications, patients are now surviving long enough to develop malignant complications of the disease.That this increased risk might be related to serum growth hormone and/or IGF-1 levels is supported by recent epidemiological studies in the non-acromegalic population that have demonstrated an association between serum IGF-1 and the risk of colorectal cancer. 21 22v13 www.gutjnl.com
Breast feeding and obesity in childhood: cross sectional study
Authors: L Li
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The evidence that breast feeding protects against obesity is inconclusive: some studies show a protective effect 1 and others find no effect. 2 3Confounding factors may account for these inconsistencies.We used data from the offspring of the 1958 British birth cohort to assess whether breast feeding influences body mass index and obesity in childhood.
The Use of Packed Red Blood Cells
Authors: Alfred J. Grindon
Journal: JAMA (1976)

THE DEVELOPMENT of plastic containers with connected satellite bags for the collection of whole blood ushered in a new era of blood component therapy. Even before that time, it was recognized that a deficiency in red blood cell (RBC) oxygen-carrying capacity was best treated by the transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBC). Since then, the need to provide ever-increasing amounts of blood components such as platelet concentrate and fresh frozen plasma has provided the impetus for an increase in the use of PRBC. Today, the only remaining legitimate indication for the transfusion of whole blood is acute blood loss. Many transfusion therapists have even advocated giving one third to one half of all transfusions in the operating room as PRBC. Such practice has been shown to be not only possible but successful if combined when necessary with salt solution or plasma protein fraction.<sup>1</sup> Is this ever-increasing emphasis on
99mTc-pertechnetate uptake in parotid acinar cells by the Na+/K+/Cl- co-transport system.
Authors: J Helman, R J Turner, P C Fox, B J Baum
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

99mTc-Pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) has widespread clinical use in the diagnosis and evaluation of dysfunctions in many different tissues. However, despite the broad clinical application of this radionuclide, very little is known about the mechanism by which 99mTcO4- enters a cell. We report evidence here that 99mTcO4- shares the Na+/K+/Cl- co-transport system localized to the basolateral membrane of rat parotid acinar cells. 99mTcO4- uptake by these cells was quite rapid (t1/2 approximately 30 s), was completely inhibited by the loop diuretics furosemide and bumetanide, and was markedly dependent on the presence of Na+, K+, and Cl- in the extracellular medium. Relative to uptake measured in the presence of physiological extracellular salt concentrations (Hanks' salts), 99mTcO4- uptake was inhibited 80% by sodium replacement and 50% by potassium replacement. When Cl- was replaced with the physiologically inert anion gluconate a threefold stimulation in 99mTcO4- uptake resulted. These observations provide strong evidence that 99mTcO4- can substitute for Cl- as a substrate for the Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporter and indicate that 99mTcO4- uptake by salivary glands (e.g., as seen with salivary scintiscans), and possibly by a variety of other tissues, reflects the functional activity of this co-transport mechanism.
Extrapyramidal Reactions in Patients Receiving Prochlorperazine
Authors: Vincent S. O'Hara
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

AS the so-called "tranquilizing drugs" continue to increase in use and misuse, the physician will become more aware of the alarming side reactions that may be inherent in their pharmacologic formulas. The reactions described below are more of a shock to the physician than a threat to the patient, and their importance lies in their early recognition.Case ReportsCase 1. R.A., a 45-year-old married woman, entered the hospital on January 7, 1958, for evaluation of hypertension. A bilateral lumbodorsal sympathectomy was performed on January 13. The postoperative course was satisfactory except for multiple minor complaints and marked emotional swings . . .
Persistent glue ear in children.
Authors: T Sheldon, N Freemantle
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Thus in Lothian about 250 children-the vast majority not infected with HIV-are likely to suffer the death of one or both parents due to disease related to HIV in the near future; this figure is probably an underestimate as it represents only the tested population.Although many of these children will be beyond their early years when their parents develop advanced disease, they will require much support and counselling.Research should focus on what happens to children when a parent infected with HIV dies and on the role of fostering and adoption services.In our experience it is often grandparents or other family members who bring up children when their HIV infected parents have died or are unable to cope: account needs to be taken of the pressure exerted within extended families in such cases.The care of healthy, dependent children due to suffer bereavement as a result of the HIV epidemic in Lothian should be addressed while the problem is still in its infancy.
11C-Acetate PET/CT in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Marina Orevi, Martine Klein, Eyal Mishani, Roland Chisin, Nanette Freedman, Ofer N. Gofrit
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

We present a first study of the use of 11C-acetate (ACET) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) and an intraindividual comparison with 11C-choline (CHOL) PET/CT.Fourteen patients with biopsy-proven UC (11 T2, 3 T1 refractory to treatment) were prospectively evaluated before radical cystectomy and excision of pelvic lymph nodes (LNs), with ACET and CHOL PET/CT scans performed within 1 week. Image acquisition started 5 minutes after intravenous injection of 12 to 14 mCi for both tracers. Standardized uptake values (SUVs) and tumor-to-background ratios (TBR) were calculated for all tumor and nodal findings and correlated with histopathology and follow-up.ACET and CHOL were taken up in all UCs, involved LNs, and prostate pathology. SUVs were on average slightly, nonsignificantly higher for CHOL uptake (SUV) in UCs and significantly higher for ACET in LNs. TBR was nonsignificantly higher with CHOL for UC and significantly higher for LNs.In this preliminary series, 11C-ACET and 11C-CHOL PET/CT showed equivalent results in the preoperative evaluation of UC. Both tracers have the potential to contribute to selecting patients who would benefit from combined treatment--neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery--by identifying pathologic LNs or from surgery only, thanks to their high negative predictive value for LN involvement.
TCT-275 The Evolution of Thin-Capped Fibroatheroma in Left Main Coronary Artery As Assessed by Serial Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound Analysis
Authors: Sang-Wook Kim, Sung Yun Lee, Gary Mintz, Young Joon Hong, Wang-Soo Lee, JeeEun Kwon, Kwang Jae Lee, CheeJeong Kim, TaeHo Kim, Neil Weissman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
RS3PE in Association With Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Keishi Yamauchi, Yuka Sato, Koh Yamashita, Yoshiko Funase, Taimei Kaneko, Takao Hashimoto, Toru Aizawa
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE), first described by McCarty (1), is characterized by symmetrical pitting edema of the hands and feet; tenderness, swelling, and/or limited motion of the joints; fatigue; and fever (1,2). It commonly occurs in elderly people (1,2). We have recently encountered two cases of RS3PE that developed shortly after the initiation of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor and resolved markedly upon cessation of it.

Case 1 was a 74-year-old woman with a 30-year history of type 2 diabetes who presented with edema of the hands, low grade fever, and malaise, which developed 5 weeks after switching from 20 mg gliclazide to 50 mg sitagliptin. Physical examination revealed severe pitting edema …
Review: Intensive glucose control reduces surrogate, but not clinical, renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Eugene C. Corbett Jr.
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Source Citation Coca SG, Ismail-Beigi F, Haq N, Krumholz HM, Parikh CR. Role of intensive glucose control in development of renal end points in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:761-9. 22636820
Appendicitis: Comments Upon Dr. Haughton's Letter.
Authors: Robert T. Morris
Journal: JAMA (1898)

New York, Feb. 15, 1898. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In theJournalfor Feb. 12, 1898, I find a reply from Dr. Haughton to Dr. Carstens which seems to fail to comprehend the subject of appendicitis in just the proper way. Perhaps there is no subject in medicine more thoroughly understood than that of appendicitis. The pathology, etiology, symptomatology and anatomy are all so completely recorded by our authorities that it is only the men who are too busy to read the works of authorities who imagine that there is still much room for discussion upon the subject. It has been demonstrated and recorded that the operative death-rate in acute and in chronic appendicitis without abscess, is only a fraction of 1 per cent, at the hands of several of our American surgeons. It has been demonstrated and recorded that the men who represent diagnostic acumen of the highest order are
Detection of Pituitary Tumors-Reply
Authors: Ronald S. Swerdloff
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Vinson's communication regarding the use of CT scans in the screening of men with infertility and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism deserves a thoughtful response with clarification of our views on the radiological approach to such patients. We appreciate that fourth-generation CT scans with thin section through the sella and coronal and sagittal reconstruction provide considerable discriminating power and are able to detect microadenomas not discernible with standard anteroposterior and lateral "cone down" views of the sella. The described CT method is now widely, but not universally, available; despite its obvious advantages, it has the following several disadvantages: (1) cost—$500 to $800 v $20 for cone down roentgenograms and (2) radiation exposure to the eyes—12 to 40 rad v 3 to 4 rad for cone down roentgenograms. The decision of which approach to use in initial screening depends on the patient selection process. Most patients we see with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Risk and protective factors associated with screening for complications of diabetes in a health maintenance organization setting.
Authors: L P Simon, A Albright, M J Belman, E Tom, J A Rideout
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

To identify risk and protective factors associated with screening for complications of diabetes, we performed a cross-sectional study of 3,612 diabetic members enrolled in CaliforniaCare, a large network-model health maintenance organization (HMO).We used the Health Plan and Employer Data Information Set (HEDIS) 3.0 technical definition to identify all members (aged > or = 31 years) receiving any diabetes medication(s) during a 12-month period. Using a telephone survey instrument, identified members were interviewed about their diabetes care and screening, patient, and provider history. Survey data were supplemented with HMO claims and demographic information. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify demographic, clinical, and utilization characteristics that affect the odds of diabetic members receiving annual retinal examination, foot examination, and HbA1c testing.While results varied by screening category, the odds of obtaining screening were higher for diabetic members who were older, spoke English, received diabetes nutrition counseling, visited a diabetes specialist physician, belonged to a diabetes association or support group, used insulin, performed glycemic level self-examination at least once a day, and had higher overall prescription drug use (suggesting higher comorbidity). Since this study is a cross-sectional review, these results do not imply a cause-and-effect relationship between dependent and independent variables.Results of this study suggest barriers, risks, and protective factors associated with screening for complications of diabetes. Diabetic members who do not possess these characteristics may be at increased risk.
Neural-tube defects: importance of a history of abortion in aetiology.
Authors: D R Evans
Journal: BMJ (1979)

The overall incidence of anencephaly and spina bifida (ASB) in 69,056 pregnancies was 4.7/1000 births. ASB was more common (8.4/1000 births) among children of mothers who had had two or more abortions, but the increased risk was confined to spina bifida. A history of abortion was more common in older women and women of higher parity, but this was not matched by a similar increase in the incidence of ASB. The incidence of ASB was related to social class, but the prevalence of previous abortions was similar in all classes. The results suggest that expectant mothers with a history of two or more abortions have an increased risk of producing a child with spina bifida. The abortions are considered to be a manifestation of previous abnormal conceptions rather than the primary cause.
Induction of apoptosis by Toll-like receptor-7 agonist in tissue cultures
Authors: T. Meyer, I. Nindl, T. Schmook, C. Ulrich, W. Sterry, E. Stockfleth
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 agonists represent a new group of immune response modifiers, which include imiquimod and resiquimod (R-848). Topically applied imiquimod is used for the treatment of both external and perianal genital warts, and benign and malignant epithelial lesions. Based on the induction of interferons and other cytokines in vitro and in vivo, regression of epithelial lesions probably depends on induction of both innate and cellular immune responses. As clinical remission is not always associated with inflammation, other mechanisms may also be involved. Using two different assays for detection of apoptosis (TUNEL test and gel analysis of DNA fragmentation), we observed induction of apoptosis by imiquimod in human epithelial cell lines (HeLa S3) and keratinocytes (HaCaT, A431 cells), as well as in mouse fibroblasts (McCoy cells). These findings suggest that the mode of action of imiquimod to eliminate virus-infected, dysplastic or neoplastic epithelial cells may also include the induction of apoptotic processes.
Biliary lipid secretion, bile acid metabolism, and gallstone formation are not impaired in hepatic lipase-deficient mice
Authors: Ludwig Amigo, Pablo Mardones, Carla Ferrada, Silvana Zanlungo, Flavio Nervi, Juan Francisco Miquel, Attilio Rigotti
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Whereas hepatic lipase (HL) has been implicated in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, its role in controlling biliary lipid physiology has not been reported. This work characterizes plasma lipoprotein cholesterol, hepatic cholesterol content, bile acid metabolism, biliary cholesterol secretion, and gallstone formation in HL-deficient mice and C57BL/6 controls fed standard chow, a cholesterol-supplemented diet, or a lithogenic diet. Compared with C57BL/6 controls, HL knockout mice exhibited increased basal plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol as well as reduced cholesterol levels transported in large lipoproteins in response to cholesterol-enriched diets. Hepatic cholesterol content and biliary cholesterol secretion of chow-fed HL knockout and wild-type mice were not different and increased similarly in both strains after feeding dietary cholesterol or a lithogenic diet. There were no differences in biliary bile acid secretion, bile acid pool size and composition, or fecal bile acid excretion between HL-deficient and control mice. HL knockout mice had a similar prevalence of gallstone formation as compared with control mice when both strains were fed with a lithogenic diet. In conclusion, the deficiency of HL has no major impact on the availability of lipoprotein-derived hepatic cholesterol for biliary secretion; HL expression is not essential for diet-induced gallstone formation in mice.