tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Regional differences in myocardial performance in the left ventricle of the dog.
Authors: M M LeWinter, R S Kent, J M Kroener, T E Carew, J W Covell
Journal: Circulation Research (1975)

To determine whether significant regional differences in shortening exist in the canine left ventricle, the shortening characteristics of small segments of the circumferentially oriented hoop axis fibers and the more longitudinally oriented fibers near the epicardium were examined using pairs of ultrasound crystals placed at three levels of the left ventricular free wall in the open-chest dog. Mean control shortening of the hoop axis fibers near the apex of the left ventricle averaged 20% of the end-diastolic length, significantly greater than shortening at the midventricular (13%) or basal (14%) levels. During transient periods of aortic constriction, end-diastolic length increased significantly and the extent of shortening was maintained for the hoop axis fibers at the apical and midventricular levels; end-diastolic length did not change and shortening decreased at the basal level. The epicardial fibers shortened an average of 5.6% of their end-diastolic length during control conditions at all three sites and showed small, parallel changes in shortening and end-diastolic length during aortic constriction. We conclude that significantly greater hoop axis shortening occurs near the apex of the left ventricle and that at this level a uniformly contracting model is inappropriate. In addition, the response of the hoop axis fibers to increased aortic impedance is not homogeneous, with a significant reduction in shortening occurring only at the base of the left ventricle where end-diastolic length does not increase.
Uterine perforation with I.U.C.D. during puerperium.
Authors: D. Waghmarae
Journal: BMJ (1967)

follow-up clinic the results obtained were not far removed from those in healthy adults.The twenty patients with clinical syndromes following surgery for peptic ulcer-that is, recurrent peptic ulceration, afferent or efferent loop hold-up, dumping syndromes, or malabsorptive states-showed evidence of leucocyte ascorbic acid depletion.Patients with duodenal ulcer on admission for surgical management were found to have values similar to those in the subjects with clinical syndromes following operation.Our findings indicate that it is in these patients with symptoms following gastric surgery that ascorbic acid depletion may be expected.-Weare, etc.,
Epigenetic Regulation of Tumor Endothelial Cell Anergy: Silencing of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 by Histone Modifications
Authors: Debby M.E.I. Hellebrekers, Karolien Castermans, Emmanuelle Viré, Ruud P.M. Dings, Nicole T.H. Hoebers, Kevin H. Mayo, Mirjam G.A. oude Egbrink, Grietje Molema, François Fuks, Manon van Engeland, Arjan W. Griffioen
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Tumors can escape from immunity by repressing leukocyte adhesion molecule expression on tumor endothelial cells and by rendering endothelial cells unresponsive to inflammatory activation. This endothelial cell anergy is induced by angiogenic growth factors and results in reduced leukocyte-vessel wall interactions, thereby attenuating infiltration of leukocytes into the tumor. This report describes a novel mechanism of endothelial cell anergy regulation. We recently reported that DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have angiostatic activity. Here, we studied whether epigenetic mechanisms regulate this angiogenesis-mediated escape from immunity. We found that DNMT inhibitors 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and zebularine, as well as HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A, reexpressed intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on tumor-conditioned endothelial cells in vitro, resulting in restored leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. In addition, treatment with DNMT or HDAC inhibitors in vivo also restored ICAM-1 expression on tumor endothelial cells from two different mouse tumor models. Furthermore, leukocyte-vessel wall interactions in mouse tumors were increased by these compounds, as measured by intravital microscopy, resulting in enhanced leukocyte infiltration. We show that ICAM-1 down-regulation in tumor endothelial cells is associated with ICAM-1 promoter histone H3 deacetylation and loss of histone H3 Lys4 methylation but not with DNA hypermethylation. In conclusion, our data show that ICAM-1 is epigenetically silenced in tumor endothelial cells by promoter histone modifications, which can be overcome by DNMT and HDAC inhibitors, suggesting a new molecular mechanism based on which novel therapeutic approaches for cancer can be pursued. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 10770-7)
Response of Some Head and Neck Cancers to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors May Be Linked to Mutation of<i>ERBB2</i>rather than<i>EGFR</i>
Authors: Ezra E.W. Cohen, Mark W. Lingen, Leslie E. Martin, Patricia L. Harris, Brian W. Brannigan, Sara M. Haserlat, Ross A. Okimoto, Dennis C. Sgroi, Sonika Dahiya, Beth Muir, John R. Clark, James W. Rocco, Everett E. Vokes, Daniel A. Haber, Daphne W. Bell
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: Small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have shown modest yet reproducible response rates in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Somatic mutations in EGFR have recently been shown to be predictive of a clinical response in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with these inhibitors. The objective of this study was to determine if such mutations, or recently reported mutations in ERBB2, also underlie EGFR-TKI responsiveness in SCCHN patients. Experimental Design: We sequenced the kinase domain of EGFR and exon 20 of ERBB2 in tumor specimens from eight responsive patients. In addition, mutational analysis was done on tumor specimens from nine gefitinib nonresponders and 65 unselected cases of SCCHN. Results: None of eight TKI-responsive specimens had mutations within the kinase domain of EGFR. EGFR amplification was also not associated with drug responsiveness. However, a single responsive case had a somatic missense mutation within exon 20 of ERBB2. Conclusion: Our data indicate that unlike NSCLC, EGFR kinase mutations are rare in unselected cases of SCCHN within the United States and are not linked to gefitinib or erlotinib responses in SCCHN. Alternative mechanisms, including ERBB2 mutations, may underlie responsiveness in this tumor type.
B2-kinin receptor plays a key role in B1-, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-, and vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated in vitro angiogenesis in the hypoxic mouse heart
Authors: L. Sanchez de Miguel, S. Neysari, S. Jakob, M. Petrimpol, N. Butz, A. Banfi, C. E. Zaugg, R. Humar, E. J. Battegay
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2008)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition reduces heart disease and vascular stiffness in hypertension and leads to kinin accumulation. In this study, we analysed the role and importance of two kinin receptor subtypes in angiogenesis during ACE inhibition in an in vitro model of angiogenesis of the mouse heart. First, we analysed the angiogenic properties of bradykinin and enalapril on wild-type C57Bl/6 and B2 receptor−/− mouse heart under normoxia (21% O2) and hypoxia (1% O2) in vitro and the contribution of B1 and B2 kinin receptors to this effect. Bradykinin induced dose-dependent endothelial sprout formation in vitro in adult mouse heart only under hypoxia (1.7 fold, n = 6, P < 0.05). The B2 receptor mediated sprouting that was induced by bradykinin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF164; n = 6, P < 0.05), but did not mediate sprouting that was induced by growth factors bFGF or PDGF-BB. Enalapril induced sprouting through both the B1 and B2 kinin receptors, but it required the presence of the B2 receptor in both scenarios and was dependent on BK synthesis. B1-receptor agonists induced sprout formation via the B1 receptor (2.5 fold, n = 6, P < 0.05), but it required the presence of the B2 receptor for them to do so. Both B2-receptor and B1-receptor agonist-induced angiogenesis required nitric oxide biosynthesis. The kinin B2 receptor plays a crucial role in angiogenesis that is induced by different vasoactive molecules, namely bradykinin, ACE inhibitors, B1-stimulating kinin metabolites, and VEGF164 in an in vitro model of angiogenesis of mouse heart under hypoxia. Therapeutic treatment of hypertensive patients by using ACE inhibitors may potentially benefit the ischaemic heart through inducing B2-dependent heart neovascularization.
Autocrine Activation of CHRM3 Promotes Prostate Cancer Growth and Castration Resistance via CaM/CaMKK–Mediated Phosphorylation of Akt
Authors: Naitao Wang, Ming Yao, Jin Xu, Yizhou Quan, Kaiqing Zhang, Ru Yang, Wei-Qiang Gao
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Purpose: Although a previous study reported nerve ending–derived acetylcholine promoted prostate cancer invasion and metastasis by regulating the microenvironment of cancer cells, the present study aims to determine whether there is autocrine cholinergic signaling in prostate epithelial cells that promotes prostate cancer growth and castration resistance. Experimental design: In this study, IHC was performed to detect protein expression in mouse prostate tissue sections and human prostate cancer tissue sections. Subcutaneously and orthotopically xenografted tumor models were established to evaluate the functions of autocrine cholinergic signaling in regulating prostate cancer growth and castration resistance. Western blotting analysis was performed to assess the autocrine cholinergic signaling–induced signaling pathway. Results: We found the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the secretion of acetylcholine and the expression of CHRM3 in prostate epithelial cells, supporting the presence of autocrine cholinergic signaling in the prostate epithelium. In addition, we found that CHRM3 was upregulated in clinical prostate cancer tissues compared with adjacent non-cancer tissues. Overexpression of CHRM3 or activation of CHRM3 by carbachol promoted cell proliferation, migration, and castration resistance. On the contrary, blockading CHRM3 by shRNA or treatment with darifenacin inhibited prostate cancer growth and castration resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that autocrine cholinergic signaling caused calmodulin/calmodulin–dependent protein kinase kinase (CaM/CaMKK)–mediated phosphorylation of Akt. Conclusions: These findings suggest that blockade of CHRM3 may represent a novel adjuvant therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 21(20); 4676–85. ©2015 AACR.
Carcinogenicity of N′ -Nitrosonornicotine in Sprague-Dawley Rats 2
Authors: George M. Singer, H. Wayne Taylor
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1976)

Journal Article Carcinogenicity of N′-Nitrosonornicotine in Sprague-Dawley Rats Get access George M. Singer, George M. Singer 3Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P. O. Box Y, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. Wayne Taylor H. Wayne Taylor 3Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P. O. Box Y, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 57, Issue 6, December 1976, Pages 1275–1276, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/57.6.1275 Published: 01 December 1976 Article history Received: 19 January 1976 Revision received: 11 May 1976 Published: 01 December 1976
Inflammatory bowel disease associated circulating immune complexes
Authors: B J Kemler, E Alpert
Journal: Gut (1980)

Downregulation of lamin B1 has been recognized as a crucial step for development of full senescence. Accelerated cellular senescence linked to mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (MTOR) signaling and accumulation of mitochondrial damage has been implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis. We hypothesized that lamin B1 protein levels are reduced in COPD lungs, contributing to the process of cigarette smoke (CS)–induced cellular senescence via dysregulation of MTOR and mitochondrial integrity. To illuminate the role of lamin B1 in COPD pathogenesis, lamin B1 protein levels, MTOR activation, mitochondrial mass, and cellular senescence were evaluated in CS extract (CSE)–treated human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC), CS-exposed mice, and COPD lungs. We showed that lamin B1 was reduced by exposure to CSE and that autophagy was responsible for lamin B1 degradation in HBEC. Lamin B1 reduction was linked to MTOR activation through DEP domain–containing MTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR) downregulation, resulting in accelerated cellular senescence. Aberrant MTOR activation was associated with increased mitochondrial mass, which can be attributed to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1β–mediated mitochondrial biogenesis. CS-exposed mouse lungs and COPD lungs also showed reduced lamin B1 and DEPTOR protein levels, along with MTOR activation accompanied by increased mitochondrial mass and cellular senescence. Antidiabetic metformin prevented CSE-induced HBEC senescence and mitochondrial accumulation via increased DEPTOR expression. These findings suggest that lamin B1 reduction is not only a hallmark of lung aging but is also involved in the progression of cellular senescence during COPD pathogenesis through aberrant MTOR signaling.
Physician-assisted suicide: the dangers of legalization
Authors: H Hendin, G Klerman
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1993)

The authors examine physician-assisted suicide in the light of what is known about suicide and terminal illness, exploring the potential for abuse if legalization occurs. The elderly, those frightened by illness, and the depressed of all ages would be potential victims. The authors discuss the cases that have received public attention as illustrative of these abuses.
Birth Order, Atopy, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Andrew Edwin Grulich, Claire Melissa Vajdic, John Martin Kaldor, Ann Maree Hughes, Anne Kricker, Lin Fritschi, Jennifer Jane Turner, Sam Milliken, Geza Benke, Bruce Konrad Armstrong
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2005)

Background: Immune deficiency is a strong risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but whether or not other forms of immune dysregulation are associated with NHL risk is unknown. We investigated associations between atopy, which is associated with a Th2-dominant immune response, and NHL risk. Because late birth order and childhood crowding are inversely associated with atopy, we also investigated their associations with NHL risk. Methods: We carried out a population-based case-control study among adults aged 20–74 years in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. NHL patients without clinically apparent immune deficiency (N = 704) were selected from a cancer registry, and control subjects (N = 694) were randomly selected from state electoral rolls and frequency-matched to case patients by age, sex, and area of residence. Birth order, childhood crowding, and history of atopic conditions (hay fever, asthma, eczema, and specific allergies) were assessed by questionnaire and interview. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from logistic regression models that included the matching variables as covariates. Results: The odds ratios for developing NHL were 0.52 (95% CI = 0.32 to 0.84) for only children, 0.55 (95% CI = 0.40 to 0.75) for first-born children, 0.70 (95% CI = 0.51 to 0.96) for second-born children, and 0.81 (0.57 to 1.14) for third-born children (all compared with fourth- or later-born children) ( Ptrend <.001). Indicators of crowding in later childhood, such as sharing a bed or bedroom, were not associated with NHL risk. A history of atopic conditions was associated with a reduced risk of NHL; this reduction was statistically significant for hay fever (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.82) and food allergies (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.42). Conclusions: Early birth order and its immunologic consequence, a Th2-dominated immune response, as reflected by a history of atopic disease, are associated with a reduced risk of NHL.
Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 Is an Important Determinant of Paclitaxel Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Jurjen S. Lagas, Maria L. Vlaming, Olaf van Tellingen, Els Wagenaar, Robert S. Jansen, Hilde Rosing, Jos H. Beijnen, Alfred H. Schinkel
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1) efficiently transports lipophilic amphipathic drugs, including the widely used anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol). We found previously that human multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2) also transports paclitaxel in vitro, and although we expected that paclitaxel pharmacokinetics would be dominated by P-gp, the effect of Mrp2 was tested in vivo.We generated and characterized Mdr1a/1b/Mrp2(-/-) mice, allowing assessment of the distinct roles of Mrp2 and Mdr1a/1b P-gp in paclitaxel pharmacokinetics.Surprisingly, the effect of Mrp2 on i.v. administration of paclitaxel was as great as that of P-gp. The area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC)i.v. in both Mrp2(-/-) and Mdr1a/1b(-/-) mice was 1.3-fold higher than in wild-type mice, and in Mdr1a/1b/Mrp2(-/-) mice, a 1.7-fold increase was found. In spite of this similar effect, Mrp2 and P-gp had mostly complementary functions in paclitaxel elimination. Mrp2 dominated the hepatobiliary excretion, which was reduced by 80% in Mrp2(-/-) mice. In contrast, P-gp dominated the direct intestinal excretion, with a minor role for Mrp2. The AUCoral of paclitaxel was 8.5-fold increased by Mdr1a/1b deficiency but not affected by Mrp2 deficiency. However, in the absence of Mdr1a/1b P-gp, additional Mrp2 deficiency increased the AUCoral another 1.7-fold.Thus far, Mrp2 was thought to mainly affect organic anionic drugs in vivo. Our data show that Mrp2 can also be a major determinant of the pharmacokinetic behavior of highly lipophilic anticancer drugs, even in the presence of other efficient transporters. Variation in MRP2 activity might thus directly affect the effective exposure to paclitaxel, on i.v. administration, but also on oral administration, especially when P-gp activity is inhibited.
A rapid genetic counselling and testing in newly diagnosed breast cancer is associated with high rate of risk-reducing mastectomy in BRCA1/2-positive Italian women
Authors: L. Cortesi, E. Razzaboni, A. Toss, E. De Matteis, I. Marchi, V. Medici, G. Tazzioli, A. Andreotti, G. De Santis, M. Pignatti, M. Federico
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 and Lysophospholipids in Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: A. G. Linkous, E. M. Yazlovitskaya, D. E. Hallahan
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2010)

Lung cancer and glioblastoma multiforme are highly angiogenic and, despite advances in treatment, remain resistant to therapy. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA 2 ) activation contributes to treatment resistance through transduction of prosurvival signals. We investigated cPLA 2 as a novel molecular target for antiangiogenesis therapy. Glioblastoma (GL261) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) heterotopic tumor models were used to study the effects of cPLA 2 expression on tumor growth and vascularity in C57/BL6 mice wild type for (cPLA 2 α +/+ ) or deficient in (cPLA 2 α −/− ) cPLA 2 α, the predominant isoform in endothelium (n = 6–7 mice per group). The effect of inhibiting cPLA 2 activity on GL261 and LLC tumor growth was studied in mice treated with the chemical cPLA 2 inhibitor 4-[2-[5-chloro-1-(diphenylmethyl)-2-methyl-1 H -indol-3-yl]-ethoxy]benzoic acid (CDIBA). Endothelial cell proliferation and function were evaluated by Ki-67 immunofluorescence and migration assays in primary cultures of murine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (MPMEC) isolated from cPLA 2 α +/+ and cPLA 2 α −/− mice. Proliferation, invasive migration, and tubule formation were assayed in mouse vascular endothelial 3B-11 cells treated with CDIBA. Effects of lysophosphatidylcholine, arachidonic acid, and lysophosphatidic acid (lipid mediators of tumorigenesis and angiogenesis) on proliferation and migration were examined in 3B-11 cells and cPLA 2 α −/− MPMEC. All statistical tests were two-sided. GL261 tumor progression proceeded normally in cPLA 2 α +/+ mice, whereas no GL261 tumors formed in cPLA 2 α −/− mice. In the LLC tumor model, spontaneous tumor regression was observed in 50% of cPLA 2 α −/− mice. Immunohistochemical examination of the remaining tumors from cPLA 2 α −/− mice revealed attenuated vascularity ( P ≤ .001) compared with tumors from cPLA 2 α +/+ mice. Inhibition of cPLA 2 activity by CDIBA resulted in a delay in tumor growth (eg, LLC model: average number of days to reach tumor volume of 700 mm 3 , CDIBA vs vehicle: 16.8 vs 11.8, difference = 5, 95% confidence interval = 3.6 to 6.4, P = .04) and a decrease in tumor size (eg, GL261 model: mean volume on day 21, CDIBA vs vehicle: 40.1 vs 247.4 mm 3 , difference = 207.3 mm 3 , 95% confidence interval = 20.9 to 293.7 mm 3 , P = .021). cPLA 2 deficiency statistically significantly reduced MPMEC proliferation and invasive migration ( P = .002 and P = .004, respectively). Compared with untreated cells, cPLA 2 α −/− MPMEC treated with lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidic acid displayed increased cell proliferation ( P = .011) and invasive migration ( P < .001). In these mouse models of brain and lung cancer, cPLA 2 and lysophospholipids have key regulatory roles in tumor angiogenesis. cPLA 2 inhibition may be a novel effective antiangiogenic therapy.
Effects of intermittent hypoxia on pulmonary haemodynamics: animal models<i>versus</i>studies in humans
Authors: J. Zieliński
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

The aim of this review was to analyse the effects of intermittent hypoxia (IH) on pulmonary haemodynamics, comparing results of animal experiments with results of clinical studies. In animal investigations even short hypoxic exposure, continuously or in short repeated episodes mimicking obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), leads to pulmonary artery remodelling and to pulmonary hypertension (PH). Results of investigations on effects of nocturnal IH on pulmonary haemodynamics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are discordant. Earlier studies reported the development of mild PH in subjects desaturating during sleep, while more recent investigations did not confirm those findings. Alveolar IH developing during apnoeic episodes during sleep in OSA patients is a disease-induced model to study its effects on pulmonary haemodynamics. In the majority of studies in OSA patients pulmonary arterial pressure remained within normal values. PH was found in patients with OSA accompanied by COPD and/or extreme obesity. People commuting between lowland and high altitude due to their employment, are also repeatedly exposed to IH. Results of clinical investigations suggest that it did not lead to the development of permanent PH. The mechanisms of discrepancies between effects of intermittent hypoxia in animal models and in humans remain to be studied.