tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Broadly neutralizing antibodies that inhibit HIV-1 cell to cell transmission
Authors: Marine Malbec, Françoise Porrot, Rejane Rua, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Ari Halper-Stromberg, Johannes F. Scheid, Caroline Eden, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Olivier Schwartz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2013)

The neutralizing activity of anti–HIV-1 antibodies is typically measured in assays where cell-free virions enter reporter cell lines. However, HIV-1 cell to cell transmission is a major mechanism of viral spread, and the effect of the recently described broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) on this mode of transmission remains unknown. Here we identify a subset of bNAbs that inhibit both cell-free and cell-mediated infection in primary CD4+ lymphocytes. These antibodies target either the CD4-binding site (NIH45-46 and 3BNC60) or the glycan/V3 loop (10-1074 and PGT121) on HIV-1 gp120 and act at low concentrations by inhibiting multiple steps of viral cell to cell transmission. These antibodies accumulate at virological synapses and impair the clustering and fusion of infected and target cells and the transfer of viral material to uninfected T cells. In addition, they block viral cell to cell transmission to plasmacytoid DCs and thereby interfere with type-I IFN production. Thus, only a subset of bNAbs can efficiently prevent HIV-1 cell to cell transmission, and this property should be considered an important characteristic defining antibody potency for therapeutic or prophylactic antiviral strategies.
Inorganic iron effects on in vitro hypoxic proximal renal tubular cell injury.
Authors: R A Zager, B A Schimpf, C R Bredl, D J Gmur
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Iron-dependent free radical reactions and renal ischemia are believed to be critical mediators of myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure. Thus, this study assessed whether catalytic iron exacerbates O2 deprivation-induced proximal tubular injury, thereby providing an insight into this form of renal failure. Isolated rat proximal tubular segments (PTS) were subjected to either hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R: 27:15 min), "chemical anoxia" (antimycin A; 7.5 microM x 45 min), or continuous oxygenated incubation +/- ferrous (Fe2+) or ferric (Fe3+) iron addition. Cell injury (% lactic dehydrogenase [LDH] release), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, [MDA]), and ATP depletion were assessed. Under oxygenated conditions, Fe2+ and Fe3+ each raised MDA (approximately 7-10x) and decreased ATP (approximately 25%). Fe2+, but not Fe3+, caused LDH release (31 +/- 2%). During hypoxia, Fe2+ and Fe3+ worsened ATP depletion; however, each decreased LDH release (approximately 31 to approximately 22%; P < 0.01). Fe(2+)-mediated protection was negated during reoxygenation because Fe2+ exerted its intrinsic cytotoxic effect (LDH release: Fe2+ alone, 31 +/- 2%; H/R 36 +/- 2%; H/R + Fe2+, 41 +/- 2%). However, Fe(3+)-mediated protection persisted throughout reoxygenation because it induced no direct cytotoxicity (H/R, 39 +/- 2%; H/R + Fe3+, 25 +/- 2%; P < 0.002). Fe3+ also decreased antimycin toxicity (41 +/- 4 vs. 25 +/- 3%; P < 0.001) despite inducing marked lipid peroxidation and without affecting ATP. These results indicate that catalytic iron can mitigate, rather than exacerbate, O2 deprivation/reoxygenation PTS injury.
Cystic thymomas and thymic cysts: A Review
Authors: N. H. Dyer
Journal: Thorax (1967)

Six cases of large thymic cyst are described; five were cystic thymomas and one was nonneoplastic. Two of the thymomas were not only grossly degenerate but showed severe chronic inflammatory change, so that the diagnosis might be missed. The classification of cysts into congenital, inflammatory, and neoplastic groups is discussed. Cystic teratomata of the thymus, lymphatic cysts, and bronchogenic cysts are classed separately since thymic location does not affect their natural history. Cystic thymomas are still not well known clinically, and the literature on the subject is reviewed. It is probable that quite a few non-specific cysts of the anterior mediastinum are of thymic origin.
Influence of healthy candidate bias in assessing clinical effectiveness for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: cohort study of older patients with heart failure
Authors: S. Setoguchi, L. Warner Stevenson, G. C. Stewart, D. L. Bhatt, A. E. Epstein, M. Desai, L. A. Williams, C.-Y. Chen
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<b>Objective</b> To assess the potential contribution of unmeasured general health status to patient selection in assessments of the clinical effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy. <b>Design</b> Retrospective cohort study. <b>Setting</b> Linked data from an ICD registry, heart failure registry, and Medicare claims data for ICDs implanted in 2005 through 2009. <b>Participants</b> 29 426 patients admitted to hospital with heart failure aged 66 years or older and eligible for ICD therapy for primary prevention. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Non-traumatic hip fracture, admission to a skilled nursing facility, and 30 day mortality—outcomes unlikely to be improved by ICD therapy. <b>Results</b> Compared with 17 853 patients without ICD therapy, 11 573 patients with ICD therapy were younger and had lower ejection fraction and more cardiac admissions to hospital but fewer non-cardiac admissions to hospital and comorbid conditions. Patients with ICD therapy had greater freedom from unrelated events after adjusting for age and sex: hip fracture (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 0.92), skilled nursing facility admission (0.53, 0.50 to 0.55), and 30 day mortality (0.12, 0.10 to 0.15). <b>Conclusions</b> Lower risks of measured outcomes likely reflect unmeasured differences in comorbidity and frailty. The findings highlight potential pitfalls of observational comparative effectiveness research and support physician consideration of general health status in selecting patients for ICD therapy.
Coronary Vasodilation and Improvement in Endothelial Dysfunction With Endothelin ET <sub>A</sub> Receptor Blockade
Authors: Julian P.J. Halcox, Khaled R.A. Nour, Gloria Zalos, Arshed A. Quyyumi
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

The endothelium-derived peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) causes vasoconstriction predominantly via smooth muscle ET(A) receptor activation. We hypothesized that ET(A) receptor inhibition would improve human coronary vascular function. We studied unobstructed coronary arteries of 44 patients with atherosclerosis or its risk factors. Epicardial diameter (D) and Doppler flow velocity were measured, and coronary vascular resistance (CVR) was calculated during intracoronary infusions of acetylcholine (ACH) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and during cold pressor testing, before and after a 60-minute intracoronary infusion of the ET(A) receptor antagonist BQ-123. BQ-123 dilated the coronary circulation; D increased by 5.6+/-1.0% (P<0.0001), and CVR fell by 12+/-3% (P<0.01). The D response to ACH, corrected for the SNP response, improved in segments that constricted with ACH at baseline (P=0.03), whereas segments that initially dilated with ACH did not change with BQ-123 (P=NS). Improvement in D and CVR responses to ACH with BQ-123 inversely correlated with baseline ACH responses (r=-0.44 [P=0.006] and r=-0.78 [P=0.001], respectively), indicating greater improvement in those with endothelial dysfunction. Similarly, cold pressor testing-mediated epicardial vasoconstriction (-2.0+/-1.1%) was reversed after BQ-123 (+1.0+/-0.7%), especially in dysfunctional segments (from -5.6+/-0.9% to +2.2+/-0.9%, P<0.001). There was no correlation between any risk factor and the response to BQ-123. An arteriovenous difference in ET-1 levels developed after BQ-123, which was consistent with enhanced cardiac clearance of ET-1, probably via ET(B) receptors. Thus, ET-1 acting via the ET(A) receptor contributes to basal human coronary vasoconstrictor tone and endothelial dysfunction. This suggests that ET(A) receptor antagonism may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
Bilateral, pallidal, deep-brain stimulation in primary generalised dystonia: a prospective 3 year follow-up study
Authors: Marie Vidailhet, Laurent Vercueil, Jean-Luc Houeto, Pierre Krystkowiak, Christelle Lagrange, Jerôme Yelnik, Eric Bardinet, Alim-Louis Benabid, Soledad Navarro, Didier Dormont, Sylvie Grand, Serge Blond, Claire Ardouin, Bernard Pillon, Katy Dujardin, Valérie Hahn-Barma, Yves Agid, Alain Destée, Pierre Pollak
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2007)
The relation between arterial viscoelasticity and wave propagation in the canine femoral artery in vivo.
Authors: W R Milnor, C D Bertram
Journal: Circulation Research (1978)

The influence of arterial dimensions and viscoelasticity on pulse wave propagation has been expressed in many theoretical models of blood flow in arteries, but few experimental tests of these theories in vivo have been reported. The measurements required for such tests include not only the arterial viscoelasticity, diameter, and wall thickness, but also the true propagation coefficients and impedances, for comparison with the values "predicted" by solution of the model equations. We made such measurements in 16 experiments on the femoral artery in nine anesthetized dogs. A two-point pressure and flow technique was used to measure wave propagation, and an ultrasonic micrometer was used to measure vessel diameter as a function of time and pressure. Measured attenuation constants ranged from 0.010 at 1.3 Hz to 0.075 at 12.7 Hz, and were more than twice as large as those predicted by two representative linear models. True phase velocity, which increased from 6.71 m/sec at 1.3 Hz to 10.54 m/sec at 12.7 Hz, agreed closely with the values computed by the Cox model but were lower than those given by the Jager model. The resistive, but not the reactive, component of longitudinal impedance was significantly greater than predicted by the models at all frequencies. The experiments do not identify the source of these discrepancies. The use of linear models to calculate pulsatile blood flow from pressure gradients in relatively small vessels, or to calculate attenuation and characteristic impedance from arterial viscoelasticity in vessels of any size, produces significant errors.
Case–Control Study of an Acute Aflatoxicosis Outbreak, Kenya, 2004
Authors: Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Kimberly Lindblade, Karen Gieseker, Helen Schurz Rogers, Stephanie Kieszak, Henry Njapau, Rosemary Schleicher, Leslie F. McCoy, Ambrose Misore, Kevin DeCock, Carol Rubin, Laurence Slutsker
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

During January-June 2004, an aflatoxicosis outbreak in eastern Kenya resulted in 317 cases and 125 deaths. We conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for contamination of implicated maize and, for the first time, quantitated biomarkers associated with acute aflatoxicosis.We administered questionnaires regarding maize storage and consumption and obtained maize and blood samples from participants.We recruited 40 case-patients with aflatoxicosis and 80 randomly selected controls to participate in this study.We analyzed maize for total aflatoxins and serum for aflatoxin B1-lysine albumin adducts and hepatitis B surface antigen. We used regression and survival analyses to explore the relationship between aflatoxins, maize consumption, hepatitis B surface antigen, and case status.Homegrown (not commercial) maize kernels from case households had higher concentrations of aflatoxins than did kernels from control households [geometric mean (GM) = 354.53 ppb vs. 44.14 ppb; p = 0.04]. Serum adduct concentrations were associated with time from jaundice to death [adjusted hazard ratio = 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-1.6]. Case patients had positive hepatitis B titers [odds ratio (OR) = 9.8; 95% CI, 1.5-63.1] more often than controls. Case patients stored wet maize (OR = 3.5; 95% CI, 1.2-10.3) inside their homes (OR = 12.0; 95% CI, 1.5-95.7) rather than in granaries more often than did controls.Aflatoxin concentrations in maize, serum aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct concentrations, and positive hepatitis B surface antigen titers were all associated with case status.The novel methods and risk factors described may help health officials prevent future outbreaks of aflatoxicosis.
Validation of two models to estimate the probability of malignancy in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules
Authors: E M Schultz, G D Sanders, P R Trotter, E F Patz, G A Silvestri, D K Owens, M K Gould
Journal: Thorax (2007)

<h3>Background:</h3> Effective strategies for managing patients with solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN) depend critically on the pre-test probability of malignancy. <h3>Objective:</h3> To validate two previously developed models that estimate the probability that an indeterminate SPN is malignant, based on clinical characteristics and radiographic findings. <h3>Methods:</h3> Data on age, smoking and cancer history, nodule size, location and spiculation were collected retrospectively from the medical records of 151 veterans (145 men, 6 women; age range 39–87 years) with an SPN measuring 7–30 mm (inclusive) and a final diagnosis established by histopathology or 2-year follow-up. Each patient's final diagnosis was compared with the probability of malignancy predicted by two models: one developed by investigators at the Mayo Clinic and the other developed from patients enrolled in a VA Cooperative Study. The accuracy of each model was assessed by calculating areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the models were calibrated by comparing predicted and observed rates of malignancy. <h3>Results:</h3> The area under the ROC curve for the Mayo Clinic model (0.80; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.88) was higher than that of the VA model (0.73; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.82), but this difference was not statistically significant (Δ = 0.07; 95% CI −0.03 to 0.16). Calibration curves showed that the probability of malignancy was underestimated by the Mayo Clinic model and overestimated by the VA model. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Two existing prediction models are sufficiently accurate to guide decisions about the selection and interpretation of subsequent diagnostic tests in patients with SPNs, although clinicians should also consider the prevalence of malignancy in their practice setting when choosing a model.
Family history of cancer and mortality among patients gastrectomized because of benign gastric diseases.
Authors: A Shibata, A Asano, N Hamajima, R Sasaki, K Aoki, H Yokoyama, Y Yokoyama
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

A preliminary result from a cohort study on the association of a family history of cancer with mortality is discussed in this paper. Among 2200 patients (1912 males and 288 females) gastrectomized because of benign gastric diseases, 274 male patients, and 40 female patients had a family history of cancer. During 2750 person-years of observation, 22 patients with the family history of cancer were found to be dead and 111 patients without the family history died during 17,527 person-years, giving a relative risk of 1.26 (not significant). We focused on the male subjects that were followed up for more than 10 years; however, the observed/expected ratio of cancer deaths for subjects with a family history of cancer was about four times higher than that for those without family history. Since case-control studies on family history are vulnerable to biased recall and interchangeability of cases, more cohort studies like the present study should be conducted to assess the association of the family history of cancer.
Sarcomatous Change in Three Brothers with Diaphysial Aclasis
Authors: J. D. S. Knight
Journal: BMJ (1960)

MEnwBJSH 1013 and the health visitors whose generous co-operation made the survey possible; and the mothers in all parts of the country who willingly answered numerous and detailed questions on their children's health.I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Miss Patricia Heneghan, my research assistant.
Mild Tubular Damage Induces Calcium Oxalate Crystalluria in a Model of Subtle Hyperoxaluria
Authors: Giovanni Gambaro, Maria Luisa Valente, Edoardo Zanetti, Mila Della Barbera, Dorella Del Prete, Angela D’Angelo, Andrea Trevisan
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

Environment and diet have a major role in calcium nephrolithiasis by affecting urine saturation, but this is not enough to cause lithogenesis; the crystals must adhere to the tubular epithelium (TE), but it is hard to say how environment and nutrition may be involved in this step. The hypothesis that TE damage (known to enhance crystal attachment) is lithogenic in mild hyperoxaluria was tested. Mild hyperoxaluria was induced in male Wistar rats using ethylene glycol (EG; 0.5% in water) for 21 d, and TE damage was induced by intraperitoneal administration of hexachloro-1:3-butadiene (HCBD; an industrial nephrotoxin) at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg body wt on days 7 and 14. These EG and HCBD concentrations were chosen to span from suboptimal to very low doses as far as effects on crystalluria and TE damage are concerned. Enzymuria, proteinuria, oxaluria, crystalluria, and renal pathology were investigated. All HCBD dosages induced crystalluria in mildly hyperoxaluric rats, but no intrarenal crystals were found. EG alone induced very mild hyperoxaluria but no damage to the renal tubule observable on transmission electron microscopy, and it did not cause crystalluria or intrarenal crystals. HCBD with the concomitant administration of EG caused apoptosis of the TE at the two highest dosages after the second injection. Apoptosis did not correlate with crystalluria. A TE toxin is needed for crystallogenesis to occur in borderline metabolic conditions. It may take more than just a metabolic predisposition for calcium nephrolithiasis to occur, and the second hit could come from an environmental pollutant such as HCBD.
Guide wire-assisted technique to access the bile duct with biopsy forceps for repositioning and removal of metal stents
Authors: Q.-Y. Li, K.-J. Chen, J. Jin, S.-S. Zheng
Journal: Endoscopy (2013)

The malposition of a self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placed fully inside the bile duct may be disastrous, and adjusting the position of a malpositioned stent can be difficult or impossible. Fully-covered SEMSs were designed mainly to treat benign biliary strictures and to be removable [1]. The removal process can however be difficult if the stent is placed fully inside the bile duct. Grasping the end of stent inside the bile duct directly with biopsy forceps may allow metal stents to be easily adjusted or removed. However, the front tip of a biopsy forceps is straight and hard, so access to the bile duct with biopsy forceps is difficult, especially via a native papilla without a sphincterotomy.
New criteria for inflammatory back pain in patients with chronic back pain: a real patient exercise by experts from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS)
Authors: J Sieper, D van der Heijde, R Landewe, J Brandt, R Burgos-Vagas, E Collantes-Estevez, B Dijkmans, M Dougados, M A Khan, M Leirisalo-Repo, S van der Linden, W P Maksymowych, H Mielants, I Olivieri, M Rudwaleit
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2009)

Inflammatory back pain (IBP) is an important clinical symptom in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (SpA), and relevant for classification and diagnosis. In the present report, a new approach for the development of IBP classification criteria is discussed.Rheumatologists (n = 13) who are experts in SpA took part in a 2-day international workshop to investigate 20 patients with back pain and possible SpA. Each expert documented the presence/absence of clinical parameters typical for IBP, and judged whether IBP was considered present or absent based on the received information. This expert judgement was used as the dependent variable in a logistic regression analysis in order to identify those individual IBP parameters that contributed best to a diagnosis of IBP. The new set of IBP criteria was validated in a separate cohort of patients (n = 648).Five parameters best explained IBP according to the experts. These were: (1) improvement with exercise (odds ratio (OR) 23.1); (2) pain at night (OR 20.4); (3) insidious onset (OR 12.7); (4) age at onset <40 years (OR 9.9); and (5) no improvement with rest (OR 7.7). If at least four out of these five parameters were fulfilled, the criteria had a sensitivity of 77.0% and specificity of 91.7% in the patients participating in the workshop, and 79.6% and 72.4%, respectively, in the validation cohort.This new approach with real patients defines a set of IBP definition criteria using overall expert judgement on IBP as the gold standard. The IBP experts' criteria are robust, easy to apply and have good face validity.
Nutritional supplement practices in UK junior national track and field athletes
Authors: A Nieper
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

The nutritional supplementation practices of 32 national track and field athletes competing at the 2004 World Junior Championships were studied using an anonymous questionnaire. Information was sought on the prevalence and type of supplement used, the reasons for use, knowledge of supplements, and sources of information.Use of supplements was widespread with 62% of respondents declaring supplement use. Prevalence in female athletes (75%) was higher than in males (55%) but was not statistically significant. No differences were found for age, training volume, or type of event. Seventeen different supplements were taken, with each athlete using an average of 2.4 products, multivitamins and minerals being the most popular. Reasons for using supplements were for health (45%), to enhance the immune system (40%), and to improve performance (25%). Of all respondents 48% believed they had an average knowledge of supplements, but three quarters felt that they required further information. Those not using supplements were more likely to think supplements were associated with health risks than those taking them (p = 0.03). Most athletes (72%) have access to a sports dietician but underutilise this resource. Coaches (65%) had the greatest influence on supplementation practices, with doctors (25%) and sports dieticians (30%) being less important.Supplementation practices were widespread among the population studied. The findings of this investigation could be used to enable the sports dietician and physician to identify common misconceptions held by adolescent athletes regarding nutritional supplements and to implement educational programs, which should include members of the non-medical support team.