tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Aerosol Propellants: Cardiac Toxicity
Authors: W. L. Chiou
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The purpose of this letter is to add some important statements to my letter to the editor (227:658, 1974). Some of the most interesting and yet ignored evidence to support the possible link between the sudden death of sensitive asthmatic patients and the cardiac toxicity of the propellants could be found in the work of Dollery et al<sup>1</sup>and Paterson et al.<sup>2</sup>They reported that a concentration of 1.7μg/ml of trichloromonofluoromethane (Freon 11 [F 11]) was achieved in a patient after three puffs of isoproterenol sulfate (Medihaler-Iso) and 2.6μg/ml of F 11 in a patient only after two puffs of albuterol (Ventolin Inhaler). From these values one can estimate that inhalation of only 18 puffs of albuterol and 36 puffs of isoproterenol sulfate in these patients may build up blood concentrations up to 20μg to 25μg/ml of F 11, which were found capable of sensitizing
Fatty Liver Is Independently Associated With Alterations in Circulating HDL2 and HDL3 Subfractions
Authors: Konstantinos Kantartzis, Kilian Rittig, Alexander Cegan, Jürgen Machann, Fritz Schick, Bernd Balletshofer, Andreas Fritsche, Erwin Schleicher, Hans-Ulrich Häring, Norbert Stefan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

Fatty liver is associated with insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and the metabolic syndrome (1–7) and predicts future cardiovascular events (4–8). The pro-atherogenic serum lipid profile in subjects with fatty liver is characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and an increase in small dense LDL particles (9–12). Regarding HDL, not only quantitative, but also qualitative and compositional alterations are related to its antiatherogenic properties (13–16). In particular, circulating HDL2 was found to protect from atherosclerosis (17,18). In the present study, we first investigated whether fatty liver is associated with altered circulating HDL cholesterol subfractions and second whether this relationship is independent of insulin sensitivity, thus possibly representing a direct link between fatty liver and cardiovascular disease.

In our ongoing study on the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, ∼300 Caucasians were carefully characterized for fatty liver and its associated metabolic characteristics (19). To select a subgroup that was representative for the percentage of subjects having fatty liver (liver fat >5.56%) (20) in our large cohort (∼40%) and in whom enough sample volume was available to measure the HDL cholesterol subfractions, we randomly selected 8 men and 8 women with fatty liver and 24 control subjects.

The subjects underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test to exclude diabetes and calculate insulin sensitivity (21). Total body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance, visceral fat by magnetic resonance (MR) tomography, and liver fat by 1H-MR spectroscopy (19). Serum total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, as well as triglyceride concentrations, were measured by standard colorimetry, plasma adiponectin …
Successful therapy with omalizumab for imported fire ant anaphylaxis
Authors: A. Majmundar, D. Khan
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)

RATIONALE: To demonstrate the efficacy of omalizumab for the treatment of anaphylaxis. METHODS: A 32 year old woman with a history of a systemic reaction to IFA presented to the allergy clinic. Her initial reaction consisted of hypotension, vomiting, dyspnea and diaphoresis within 10 minutes of multiple fire ant stings to her feet. Prick skin test to fire ant whole body extract was positive 6 weeks after the reaction. She underwent successful rush desensitization and was maintained on monthly doses of IFA mix 0.3cc of 1:10 wt/vol (Hollister-Steir). After 8 months of monthly IT, she sustained IFA field sting. Within minutes, she developed dizziness, palpitations, throat tightness and palmar itching. Epinephrine and benadryl were administered with resolution of her symptoms. An attempt to increase her immunotherapy maintenance dose resulted in a systemic reaction 7 minutes after receiving 0.2 cc of 1:10 wt/vol. She developed facial flushing, dizziness and dyspnea, with a BP of 72/40 and HR of 120. The total tryptase was elevated at 22 μg/L. Treatment failure was established due to systemic reaction on high dose immunotherapy and systemic reaction to a field sting after 8 months of immunotherapy. Therefore, monthly anti IgE therapy with omalizumab was initiated at 150mg subcutaneously. RESULTS: Omalizumab was well tolerated without adverse reactions. After 8 doses, the patient underwent 2 successful intentional sting challenges without systemic reaction. CONCLUSION: We report the first successful treatment of IFA anaphylaxis with omalizumab in a patient who failed high dose IFA immunotherapy.
HLA antigens and toxic reactions to sodium aurothiopropanol sulphonate and D-penicillamine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: P Perrier, C Raffoux, P Thomas, J N Tamisier, M Busson, A Gaucher, F Streiff
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1985)

One hundred and forty-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with aurothiopropanol sulphonate or D-penicillamine, or both were examined for HLA antigens to investigate the genetic influence on the occurrence of different adverse reactions during therapy. All 13 patients possessing HLA-DR3 had toxic reactions. The relative risk for DR3 positives of developing skin eruptions or proteinuria was calculated to be 10.5 times and seven times respectively that of DR3 negatives. The incidence of DR7 antigen in 94 patients with toxic reactions was significantly decreased (11% compared with 28% in controls) suggesting a protective role for this antigen.
Autophagy Activation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Contributes to the Tolerance of Oxaliplatin via Reactive Oxygen Species Modulation
Authors: Zhen-Bin Ding, Bo Hui, Ying-Hong Shi, Jian Zhou, Yuan-Fei Peng, Cheng-Yu Gu, Hua Yang, Guo-Ming Shi, Ai-Wu Ke, Xiao-Ying Wang, Kang Song, Zhi Dai, Ying-Hao Shen, Jia Fan
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

Understanding the roles of mammalian autophagy in cancer highlights recent advances in the pharmacologic manipulation of autophagic pathways as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. However, autophagy status and corresponding functions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after therapeutic stress remain to be clarified. This study was to determine whether the autophagic machinery could be activated after chemotherapy and the contribution of autophagy to tolerance of oxaliplatin in HCC.Autophagy activation and cell death induced by oxaliplatin were examined in two HCC cell lines as well as in vivo using an HCC model in nude mice. HCC tissue samples with or without locoregional chemotherapy before surgery were also examined by immunohistochemical and electron microscopic analysis.Autophagy was functionally activated in HCC cell lines and xenografts after oxaliplatin treatment. Suppression of autophagy using either pharmacologic inhibitors or RNA interference of essential autophagy gene enhanced cell death induced by oxaliplatin in HCC cells. Generation of reactive oxygen species has an important role in the induction of cell death by oxaliplatin in combination with autophagy inhibitors. Critically, the combination of oxaliplatin with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine resulted in a more pronounced tumor suppression in HCC xenografts. Furthermore, autophagy-specific protein LC3 and autophagic autophagosome formation were induced to a significantly higher level in HCC specimens that had been subjected to locoregional chemotherapy.Autophagy activation under therapy stress contributes to HCC tumor cell survival. Targeting the autophagy pathway is a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance the effects of chemotherapy and improve clinical outcomes in HCC patients.
Lung surfactant protein-A and carcinoembryonic antigen in pleural effusions due to lung adenocarcinoma and malignant mesothelioma
Authors: N Shijubo, Y Honda, T Fujishima, H Takahashi, T Kodama, Y Kuroki, T Akino, S Abe
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

Lung surfactant protein-A (SP-A) is a major phospholipid-associated glycoprotein in surfactant, and is a useful immunohistochemical marker for lung adenocarcinoma. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has not been immunohistochemically detected in mesothelioma. In pleural effusions due to malignant mesothelioma, very low concentrations of SP-A and CEA can be expected. We studied the value of combined determinations of CEA and SP-A in pleural fluid to distinguish between lung adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma. SP-A and CEA concentrations were measured in pleural effusions from 78 patients with lung adenocarcinoma and 10 with malignant mesothelioma. SP-A concentrations in pleural effusions due to lung adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma were 516 +/- 140 and 16.9 +/- 3.6 ng.ml-1 (mean +/- SEM), respectively. CEA concentrations in pleural effusions due to lung adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma were 239 +/- 92.4 and 1.7 +/- 0.3 ng.ml-1, respectively. SP-A values did not exceed 100 ng.ml-1 in any of 10 mesotheliomas, whilst in 37 of 78 lung adenocarcinomas they did. CEA values did not exceed 10 ng.ml-1 in any of 10 mesotheliomas, whilst in 53 of 78 lung adenocarcinomas they did. Increased values of SP-A and/or CEA were found in pleural effusions from 67 of 78 lung adenocarcinomas. It is concluded that a combination of CEA and SP-A assays in pleural effusions will be helpful for discriminating lung adenocarcinoma from mesothelioma.
Screening for Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans in patients with upper respiratory tract infections 2007–2008: a multicentre European study
Authors: K.S. Wagner, J.M. White, S. Neal, N.S. Crowcroft, N. Kuprevičiene, R. Paberza, I. Lucenko, U. Jõks, E. Akbaş, H. Alexandrou-Athanassoulis, A. Detcheva, J. Vuopio, C. von Hunolstein, P.G. Murphy, N. Andrews
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2010)
Cohort study of sibling effect, infectious diseases, and risk of atopic dermatitis during first 18 months of life
Authors: Christine Stabell Benn, Mads Melbye, Jan Wohlfahrt, Bengt Björkstén, Peter Aaby
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b> To determine whether early infectious diseases could explain the association between number of siblings and other markers of microbial exposure and the development of atopic dermatitis before the age of 18 months. <b>Design</b> Cohort study. Information on atopic dermatitis, infectious diseases occurring before 6 months of age, number of siblings, early day care, pet keeping, farm residence, and background factors was collected in telephone interviews. <b>Setting</b> Danish national birth cohort. <b>Participants</b> 24 341 mother-child pairs. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Incidence rate ratios of atopic dermatitis. <b>Results</b> 13 070 children (54%) had at least one clinically apparent infectious disease before 6 months of age. At age 18 months, 2638 (10.8%) of the children had had atopic dermatitis. The risk of atopic dermatitis increased with each infectious disease before 6 months of age (incidence rate ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.13). The risk of atopic dermatitis decreased with each additional exposure to three or more siblings, day care, pet ownership, and farm residence (0.86, 0.81 to 0.93). <b>Conclusions</b> Early infections do not seem to protect against allergic diseases. The protective effect of number of siblings, day care, pet ownership, and farm residence remained after adjustment for clinically apparent infectious diseases, suggesting that the effect is established independently early in life.
Epidermolysis bullosa in Northern Ireland
Authors: K.E. McKENNA, M.Y. WALSH, E.A. BINGHAM
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

Cases of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) diagnosed in Northern Ireland during a 23-year period (1962-84) were identified from dermatology clinic files, paediatric hospital notes and cases known by general practitioners. A total of 48 confirmed new cases of EB were diagnosed during the screening period. This involved 31 families, with identification of 36 further cases. The distribution of incident EB subtypes was: simplex 31 (65%), junctional 1 (2%), dystrophic 12 (25%) and acquisita 4 (8%). The incidence rate of new cases of EB diagnosed per year is 1.4/million and prevalence of all forms estimated at 32/million. The prevalence of simplex, junctional and dystrophic forms is 28, 0.7 and 3/million, respectively.
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Assessing Pramlintide Treatment in the Setting of Intensive Insulin Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Steve Edelman, Satish Garg, Juan Frias, David Maggs, Yan Wang, Bei Zhang, Susan Strobel, Karen Lutz, Orville Kolterman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

OBJECTIVE—To assess safety, efficacy, and tolerability of pramlintide dose escalation with proactive mealtime insulin reduction, followed by insulin optimization, in patients with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This 29-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study randomized 296 patients to pramlintide or placebo as an adjunct to insulin. During initiation, pramlintide was escalated from 15 to 60 μg/meal (15-μg increments) with recommended reductions (30–50%) in mealtime insulin. Insulin was subsequently adjusted to optimize glycemic control. End points included safety and change in HbA1c (A1C), postprandial glucose, insulin, weight, and tolerability. RESULTS—Baseline A1C was 8.1% for both groups and at week 29 had decreased comparably (pramlintide −0.5% [95% CI −0.61 to −0.33]; placebo −0.5% [−0.63 to −0.35]). Pramlintide treatment significantly reduced postprandial glucose excursions (incremental area under the curve [AUC]0–3h: pramlintide −175 ± 40, placebo −64 ± 38 mg · h−1 · dl−1; P &amp;lt; 0.0005) and weight (pramlintide −1.3 ± 0.30, placebo +1.2 ± 0.30 kg; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). At week 29, insulin dose decreased by 28 and 4% in pramlintide- and placebo-treated groups, respectively. Nausea, reported by 63 and 36% of patients in pramlintide and placebo groups (P &amp;lt; 0.01), respectively, was predominately mild to moderate in intensity. Severe hypoglycemia rates were low in both groups (pramlintide 0.57 ± 0.09, placebo 0.30 ± 0.06 event rate/patient-year; P &amp;lt; 0.05), with increased rates observed in patients remaining at 30 μg pramlintide. CONCLUSIONS—Pramlintide dose escalation with reduced mealtime insulin was effective during therapy initiation in patients with type 1 diabetes. While both groups experienced equivalent A1C reductions relative to placebo, pramlintide-treated patients experienced reductions in postprandial glucose excursions and weight, not achievable with insulin therapy alone.
<i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7 Gastroenteritis and the Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: An Emerging Infectious Disease
Authors: Richard E. Besser, MD, Patricia M. Griffin, MD, Laurence Slutsker, MD, MPH
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1999)

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an increasingly common cause of a variety of illnesses, including bloody diarrhea and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. This emerging infectious agent was first identified in 1982 and has been isolated with increasing frequency since then. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infections with E. coli O157:H7.
Indoor soccer's injuries profile and the correlation with game volume
Authors: C Silveira Bolling, M Mendes de Almeida Gomide, D Rocha Costa Reis
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background The indoor soccer is a sport that presents contact situations, acceleration and deceleration, combined with accurate raisins and rapid change of direction. Despite the high incidences, the literature is scarce on this modality. Objectives To analyze the injuries profile in indoor soccer athletes from various categories and find the relationship between the frequency of injuries and the volume of games in a season. Design This is an observational study, transversal, about the injuries in the 2009 season. Setting Athletes from seven competitive categories under 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20 years and adult of a sport club in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Patients 83 athletes who required physical treatment. Interventions The physiotherapist report all injuries that occurred during the season, which required physical therapy treatment. Mains outcome measurement The report describe: category, situation of contact or non-contact, if occurred during practice, games or other and the time lost, for a descriptive analysis. The number of games by each category was monitored for analyze the correlation between the injuries frequency with the volume of games by the Pearson test. Results The athletes had 174 injuries which required physical therapy. The average of injuries by athlete was 2.1. The category with greater incidence was the adult; there was a tendency of higher age present a greater frequency of injuries. The majority of injuries occurred in situations of non contact and during training. The muscle injuries were mainly non contact, while contact had predominance of bone and ligament injuries. The Pearson's test indicated statistically significant correlation (R=0.79/p=0.034) between incidence of injuries and the number of games carried out. Conclusion This profile brings important data for the development of preventive program, to design more specific interventions. Further epidemiological are necessary, mainly for the futsal by virtue of the scarce literature.
Intermittent hypoxia alters gut microbiota diversity in a mouse model of sleep apnoea
Authors: Isabel Moreno-Indias, Marta Torres, Josep M. Montserrat, Lidia Sanchez-Alcoholado, Fernando Cardona, Francisco J. Tinahones, David Gozal, Valeryi A. Poroyko, Daniel Navajas, Maria I. Queipo-Ortuño, Ramon Farré
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

We assessed whether intermittent hypoxia, which emulates one of the hallmarks of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), leads to altered faecal microbiome in a murine model. In vivo partial pressure of oxygen was measured in colonic faeces during intermittent hypoxia in four anesthetised mice. 10 mice were subjected to a pattern of chronic intermittent hypoxia (20 s at 5% O 2 and 40 s at room air for 6 h·day −1 ) for 6 weeks and 10 mice served as normoxic controls. Faecal samples were obtained and microbiome composition was determined by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and bioinformatic analysis by Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology. Intermittent hypoxia exposures translated into hypoxia/re-oxygenation patterns in the faeces proximal to the bowel epithelium (&lt;200 μm). A significant effect of intermittent hypoxia on global microbial community structure was found. Intermittent hypoxia increased the α-diversity (Shannon index, p&lt;0.05) and induced a change in the gut microbiota (ANOSIM analysis of β-diversity, p&lt;0.05). Specifically, intermittent hypoxia-exposed mice showed a higher abundance of Firmicutes and a smaller abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla than controls. Faecal microbiota composition and diversity are altered as a result of intermittent hypoxia realistically mimicking OSA, suggesting the possibility that physiological interplays between host and gut microbiota could be deregulated in OSA.
The role of small RNAs in human diseases: Potential troublemaker and therapeutic tools
Authors: Huan Gong, Chang-Mei Liu, De-Pei Liu, Chih-Chuan Liang
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2005)

Small RNAs, including short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are ubiquitous, versatile repressors of gene expression in plants, animals, and many fungi. They can trigger destruction of homologous mRNA or inhibition of cognate mRNA translation and play an important role in maintaining the stable state of chromosome structure and regulating the expression of protein-coding genes. Furthermore, the recent research showed that there exists close relationship between small RNAs and human diseases. Several human diseases have surfaced in which miRNAs or their machinery might be implicated, such as some neurological diseases and cancers. The specificity and potency of small RNAs suggest that they might be promising as therapeutic agents. This article will review the role of small RNAs in some human diseases etiology and investigations of taking siRNAs as therapeutic tools for treating viral infection, cancer, and other diseases. We also discuss the potential of miRNAs in gene therapy. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CAPTURE AND PROCESSING OF EXOGENOUS ANTIGENS FOR PRESENTATION ON MHC MOLECULES
Authors: Colin Watts
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1997)

▪ Abstract Class I and class II MHC molecules bind peptides during their biosynthetic maturation and provide a continuously updated display of intracellular and environmental protein composition, respectively, for scrutiny by T cells. Receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis all contribute to antigen uptake by class II MHC-positive antigen-presenting cells. Capture of antigenic peptides by class II MHC molecules is facilitated because antigen catabolism and class II MHC maturation take place in the same compartments or in communicating compartments of the endosome/lysosome system. These class II MHC-rich, multivesicular endosomes receive incoming antigen and can support not only antigen processing and class II MHC peptide loading but also the export of peptide/class II MHC complexes to the cell surface. A balance between production and destruction of antigenic peptides is achieved by the activity of local proteases and may be influenced by binding of antigen to other proteins both prior to the onset of processing (e.g. antibodies) and during antigen unfolding (e.g. MHC molecules). T cell determinants that can be released for MHC binding without a substantial processing requirement may be able to utilize a distinct minor population of cell surface class II MHC molecules that become available during peripheral recycling. Although peptides derived from exogenous protein sources are usually excluded from presentation on class I MHC molecules, recent evidence shows that this embargo may be lifted in certain professional antigen-presenting cells to increase the spectrum of antigens that may be displayed on class I MHC.
Red Papules on the Tongue of a Patient With Hemiparesis
Authors: Hsien-Yi Chiu, Sung-Jan Lin
Journal: JAMA (2014)

A39-year-oldwomanhadanacuteonsetofheadache, increasingrightside hemiparesis, and numbness with fever. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain showed a ring-enhanced lesion with surrounding edemaon the left frontoparietal lobe.Multiple red papules on the tongue (Figure 1), trunk, and limbs were noted during the physical examination. The patient stated she had not noticed the red papules before. Therewas no suggestion of otitis media or parasinusitis and no history of craniotomy, open head injury, or cyanotic heart disease. Thepatient did relate havingmanyprior episodesof epistaxis since childhood. Blood cultures were obtained when the patient was first seen, and the patient received ampicillin/sulbactam empirically. Quiz at jama.com WHATWOULDYOUDONEXT?