tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Long-Segment Early Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Proximal Esophagus: Curative Treatment and Long-Term Follow-Up after 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA)-Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: A. Eickhoff, R. Jakobs, U. Weickert, D. Hartmann, D. Schilling, M. Alsenbesy, J. Eickhoff, J. Riemann
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment for the ablation of dysplastic Barrett’s epithelium and early esophageal carcinoma, but no data have been published on curative 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-PDT for long-segment early esophageal cancer with infiltration of the upper sphincter. We describe successful curative treatment of an unusual early long-segment squamous cell carcinoma (uT1a,N0) of the proximal esophagus (18 - 28 cm aborally), with three sessions of 5-ALA-PDT. Endoscopic and endosonographic follow-up macroscopically showed a complete remission of the tumor, proven by biopsy showing total histological ablation. After a follow-up period of 23 months, there has been no indication of tumor recurrence. Early superficial (< 3 mm) squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus can be ablated completely by 5-ALA-PDT. However, long-term follow-up is required in order to prove the effectiveness of endoscopic ablation therapy for early esophageal cancer.
Prospective randomized comparison of anatomic and electrogram mapping approaches to ablation of typical atrial flutter
Authors: Hiroshi Tada, Hakan Oral, Aman Chugh, Christoph Scharf, Sohail Hassan, Mehmet Ozaydin, Radmira Greenstein, Frank Pelosi, Bradley P. Knight, S.Adam Strickberger, Fred Morady
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Website of the week: North American style
Authors: J. Clark
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Guidance for medical writers makes much of the distinctions between British and American English. Not surprisingly, the BMJ emphasises the need for British, not American, spelling (bmj.com/advice/stylebook/start.shtml). The Economist seems particularly put off by Americanisms and says so in its excellent style guide (www.economist.com/research/StyleGuide/).

International authors …
Cyclic ADP-ribose modulates Ca2+ release channels for activation by physiological Ca2+ entry in bullfrog sympathetic neurons
Authors: Shao-Ying Hua, Takayuki Tokimasa, Shin Takasawa, Yasuhito Furuya, Mitsuo Nohmi, Hiroshi Okamoto, Kenji Kuba
Journal: Neuron (1994)
Increase in Antidepressant Medication in the US Adult Population between 1990 and 2003
Authors: Ramin Mojtabai
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2008)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; The rate of antidepressant treatment in the US has significantly increased in the past decade. There are, however, concerns about undertreatment among traditionally underserved groups and overtreatment in less severely ill individuals. This study examines trends in the prevalence of antidepressant drug treatment in two US general population surveys. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; The prevalence of antidepressant treatment within a 12-month period was compared in the US National Comorbidity Survey (1990–1992) and the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (2001–2003). Variations in trends across groups were examined using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; The rate of antidepressant drug treatment increased more than four times between early 1990s and early 2000s. The trend was similar across sociodemographic groups. Younger adults, men and racial/ethnic minorities continued to receive antidepressant treatment at a lower rate compared to middle-aged adults, women and non-Hispanic whites, respectively. The rate of antidepressant treatment increased more in the group of less severely ill individuals than in those with more severe psychopathology. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Sociodemographic disparities in antidepressant treatment persisted over the last decade in the US, lending support to concerns about undertreatment among traditionally underserved groups, whereas the greater increase in the rate of antidepressant treatment in the less severely ill group lends support to concerns about antidepressant overtreatment in this population.
Value of computed tomography in patients with stroke: Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project.
Authors: P Sandercock, A Molyneux, C Warlow
Journal: BMJ (1985)

The usefulness of computed tomography (CT) was assessed in 325 consecutive patients with a "clinically definite first stroke" from a community stroke register. CT detected five "non-stroke" lesions (two cerebral gliomas, one cerebral metastasis, and two subdural haematomas), a frequency of 1.5%. Five patients were identified with cerebellar haemorrhage, but only one survived long enough to have a CT scan. CT was useful in excluding intracranial haemorrhage as the cause of the stroke in four patients receiving anticoagulants and seven receiving antiplatelet treatment; it showed intracranial haemorrhage in one patient taking aspirin. Forty six patients were in atrial fibrillation at the time of their stroke; four had intracranial haemorrhages and three had haemorrhagic cerebral infarcts. Nineteen patients with presumed ischaemic minor stroke were considered suitable for carotid endarterectomy; CT showed small haemorrhages in two. The CT scan provides very useful information in a minority (up to 28%) of patients with first stroke, who can be selected on quite simple criteria: (a) doubt (usually because of an inadequate history) whether the patient has stroke or a treatable intracranial lesion; (b) the possibility of cerebellar haemorrhage or infarction; (c) the exclusion of intracranial haemorrhage in patients who either are already taking or likely to need antihaemostatic drugs or are being considered for carotid endarterectomy; (d) if the patient deteriorates in a fashion atypical of stroke.
"e" Antigen, Dane Particles, and Serum DNA Polymerase Activity in HB_SAg Carriers
Authors: STEPHEN H. HINDMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Sera of 103 carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen were assayed for e-antigen and anti-e. Twenty-four were e-antigen-positive, 31 anti-e-positive, and 48 had neither detectable (e-negative). Aminotransferases were elevated in 75% of the e-antigen-positive carriers compared with 25% of e-negative carriers (P less than 0.001) and 13% of anti-e-positive carriers (P less than 0.001). Serum DNA polymerase activity was significantly higher in the e-antigen-positive carriers than in carriers without e-antigen. Dane particles were shown in 10 of 12 carriers with e-antigen, compared with one of 12 e-negative carriers (P less than 0.0003) and none of 12 anti-e-positive carriers (P less than 0.00003). These results suggest that ongoing hepatitis B viral replication is more active in e-antigen-positive carriers than in carriers without e-antigen, a finding that may help explain the high prevalence of chronic active hepatitis described in these individuals.
Policy Analysis of Cervical Cancer Screening Strategies in Low-Resource Settings
Authors: Sue J. Goldie, Louise Kuhn, Lynette Denny, Amy Pollack, Thomas C. Wright
Journal: JAMA (2001)

IS A LEADING cause of cancer-related death among women in developing countries, with up to 80% of patients presenting with advanced disease. 1-3][6] Cytology-based screening programs have decreased the incidence of invasive cervical cancer in many developed countries. 1-3However, cytologic screening requires an established laboratory, highly-trained cytotechnologists, and up to 3 visits for screening, evaluation of cytologic abnormal results, and treatment.In low-resource settings, such a strategy has proven difficult to implement and sustain.Recently, it has been suggested that less complex strategies may offer additional options.Such strategies replace the Papanicolaou smear with simple visual screening methods, such as direct visual inspection (DVI) in which the cervix is viewed after the application of an acetic acid solution, or HPV DNA testing.][9][10][11][12] These screening approaches have shown promise in large trials conducted in low-resource settings; however, determining whether they will be clinically or cost-effective requires formal evaluation using analytic modeling methods. 13Therefore, we developed a comprehensive model capable of assessing alternative screening strategies for cervical cancer in devel-
Sequential analysis of CD34+ and CD34− cell subsets in peripheral blood and leukapheresis products from breast cancer patients mobilized with SCF plus G-CSF and cyclophosphamide
Authors: P Menéndez, F Prósper, C Bueno, C Arbona, JF San Miguel, J García-Conde, C Solá, J Hornedo, H Cortés-Funes, A Orfao
Journal: Leukemia (2001)
Letter by Settergren et al Regarding Article, “Evidence for Statin Pleiotropy in Humans: Differential Effects of Statins and Ezetimibe on Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Containing Protein Kinase Activity, Endothelial Function, and Inflammation”
Authors: Magnus Settergren, Lars Rydén, John Pernow
Journal: Circulation (2009)
UVA-induced inhibition of proliferation of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from humans treated with 8-methoxypsoraien
Authors: REINER SCHERER, BERNHARD KERN, OTTO BRAUN-FALCO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1977)

Lymphocytes from healthy human donors were used as a model system for studying the combined effect of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus UVA. Two hours after oral administration of therapeutic doses of the drug enough 8-MOP was taken up in vivo by the circulating peripheral lymphocytes to cause significant inhibition of phytohaemagglutinin induced lymphocyte proliferation when the cells were exposed in vitro to UVA irradiation. The inhibition of proliferation as monitored by a reduced 3H-thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA was shown to be UVA-dose dependent. Control cultures of 8-MOP containing lymphocytes which were not UVA irradiated showed normal blast transformation. In lymphocytes obtained from the same donors prior to 8-MOP intake, PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation was not impaired by UVA irradiation. In 8-MOP containing lymphocytes exposed repeatedly to UVA during the 72 h culture period a cumulative effect of irradiation could be observed. A varying sensitivity towards 8-MOP plus UVA was noted when the cells were irradiated at different times after PHA stimulation. The cells were most vulnerable to UVA irradiation during the DNA-synthesis phase of the proliferating lymphocytes. The results suggest that dermal inflammatory infiltrates containing locally proliferating lymphocytes are influenced by systemic photochemotherapy since UVA penetrates well into the dermis.
Commentary on the Results and Clinical Implications of the PROactive Study
Authors: Robert Rizza, Robert Henry, Richard Kahn
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), or glitazones, are a relatively new class of oral drugs that are used to treat type 2 diabetes (1–4). They lower blood glucose by targeting insulin resistance, one of the major underlying causes of the disease. In addition to their ability to lower blood glucose, TZDs also display a wide range of effects on lipids, blood pressure, weight, and other cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. As with all other drugs, they can be associated with undesirable side effects.

By virtue of their glucose-lowering properties, all such agents will significantly reduce the risk of the microvascular complications associated with diabetes. On the other hand, no glucose-lowering agent has clearly been shown to significantly reduce macrovascular disease.

Since TZDs, in general, have a net favorable impact on blood lipid levels, may be associated with a reduction in blood pressure, and have positive effects on other physiological parameters associated with vascular disease (e.g., decreasing vascular inflammation, reducing insulin resistance), they have the potential to slow the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in addition to lowering blood glucose.

Because of the above favorable actions of TZDs, the PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial (PROactive) was initiated to assess the effects of pioglitazone (Actos; Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly) on the secondary prevention of macrovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients.

PROactive was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 5,238 patients with type 2 diabetes who were managed with diet and/or glucose-lowering medications and who had a history of macrovascular disease (5).

Male or female patients, aged 35–75 years, were randomized to receive placebo or pioglitazone titrated over 2 months to its maximally approved dosage (45 mg/day). Because study participants had preexisting CVD and diabetes of long duration (average 8 years), virtually all subjects at the time of enrollment were taking a …
Association of Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein and Coronary Artery Disease in Men
Authors: Philipp M. Lepper, Christian Schumann, Kathy Triantafilou, F. Maximilian Rasche, Tibor Schuster, Hedwig Frank, E. Marion Schneider, Martha Triantafilou, Maximilian von Eynatten
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2007)
Arterial Baroreflex Modulation of Heart Rate in Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Andrea Mortara, Maria Teresa La Rovere, Gian Domenico Pinna, Alexander Prpa, Roberto Maestri, Oreste Febo, Massimo Pozzoli, Cristina Opasich, Luigi Tavazzi
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background In chronic heart failure (CHF), arterial baroreflex regulation of cardiac function is impaired, leading to a reduction in the tonic restraining influence on the sympathetic nervous system. Because baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), as assessed by the phenylephrine technique, significantly contributes to postinfarction risk stratification, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether in CHF patients a depressed BRS is associated with a worse clinical hemodynamic status and unfavorable outcome. Methods and Results BRS was assessed in 282 CHF patients in sinus rhythm receiving stable medical therapy (age, 52±9 years; New York Heart Association [NYHA] class, 2.4±0.6; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], 23±6%). The BRS of the entire population averaged 3.9±4.0 ms/mm Hg (mean±SD) and was significantly related to LVEF and hemodynamic parameters (LVEF, P &lt;.005; cardiac index and pulmonary wedge pressure, P &lt;.001 by regression analysis). Patients in NYHA classes III or IV and those with severe mitral regurgitation had markedly depressed vagal reflexes. The association of BRS with survival was described after its categorization in three groups: below the lowest quartile (&lt;1.3 ms/mm Hg), between the lowest quartile and the median (1.3 to 3 ms/mm Hg), and above the median (&gt;3 ms/mm Hg). During a mean follow-up of 15±12 months, 78 primary events (cardiac death, nonfatal cardiac arrest, and status 1 priority transplantation) occurred (27.6%). BRS was significantly related to outcome (log rank, 9.1; P &lt;.01), with a relative risk of 2.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 4.7) for patients with the major derangement in BRS (&lt;1.3 ms/mm Hg). At multivariate analysis, BRS was an independent predictor of death after adjustment for noninvasive known risk factors but not when hemodynamic indexes were also considered. In CHF patients with severe mitral regurgitation, however, BRS remained a strong prognostic marker independent of hemodynamic function. Conclusions In moderate to severe CHF, a depressed sensitivity of vagal reflexes parallels the deterioration of clinical and hemodynamic status and is significantly associated with poor survival. Particularly in patients with severe mitral regurgitation the baroreceptor modulation of heart rate provides prognostic information of incremental value to hemodynamic parameters.
Effect of Increased Fibrinogen Concentration on the Lysis of In Vivo Thrombi
Authors: N. U. BANG, A. H. FREIMAN, E. E. CLIFFTON
Journal: Circulation Research (1960)

The dissolution of clots formed at normal fibrinogen levels and in hyperfibrinogenemia was studied in 10 dogs receiving a standard course of fibrinolytic treatment. A significantly increased resistance of clots formed at high fibrinogen levels to fibrinolytic therapy was found.
Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology
Authors: R. Brent Harrison
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Shortly before I was asked to review this text byJAMA, we had already been asked to review it as a department by several residents. Based on that review, our department decided to adoptFundamentals of  Radiologyas the standard text for the first-year resident basic course in radiology. This represents the first such change in over 20 years. Brant and Helms are to be congratulated on editing a text that is basic enough in selected chapters for first-year residents while being detailed enough to serve the needs of senior residents, general radiologists, and, as an excellent review, board candidates.  We will start our basic course with the first chapter, Diagnostic Imaging Methods. This is a more than adequate introduction for the beginning first-year resident to the tools that are available to the diagnostic radiologist. We would also include chapters 2 through 4 in the neuroradiology section. Chapter 3
Abstract P1-06-13: Periostin controls cytokine production to maintain breast cancer stem cells
Authors: AW Lambert, S Ozturk, P Papageorgis, H Abdolmaleky, S Thiagalingam
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that the molecular heterogeneity inherent to breast cancer, which underlies metastasis, resistance to treatment and disease recurrence, can be driven by a distinct subpopulation of tumor cells referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Basal-like breast cancer represents a particularly aggressive disease subtype and the tumor cells share phenotypic similarities to breast cancer stem cells. However, the extracellular cues and intracellular pathways that CSCs rely on remain unclear. Working with a breast cancer progression model system we found the invasive breast cancer cell line to exhibit numerous stem-like characteristics. Gene expression profiling, along with a careful review of the literature, identified a secreted extracellular matrix molecule, periostin (POSTN), which we hypothesized to be required for the maintenance of a cancer stem cell state. POSTN expression was increased in numerous basal-like breast cancer cell lines, as well as in cells grown as mammospheres and in the CD44+/CD24- fraction of tumor cells. Furthermore, CSC-like lines displayed increased surface levels of the integrin alpha-v beta-3 heterodimer, a known receptor for POSTN, suggesting that hyperactivation of a POSTN signaling axis could potentially regulate the CSC state. Using stable cell lines expressing an shRNA directed at POSTN or ITGB3 we have found that POSTN signaling is required for efficient mammosphere formation and for the maintenance of an ALDH-positive CSC population. Disruption of this signaling axis resulted in decreased production of cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-8 - known regulators of CSCs - as well as downstream STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, high POSTN expression is associated with a worse clinical prognosis in ER-negative breast cancer. Therefore, we suggest that POSTN signaling through integrin receptors may enrich for highly tumorigenic breast CSCs in a subset of basal-like tumors, leading to aggressive and recurrent malignancies. This reveals a previously unknown link between POSTN signaling and cytokine production, and suggests that basal-like cancers can establish a microenvironmental niche supportive of cancer stem cells. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-06-13.
Management of Acute Stress, PTSD, and Bereavement
Authors: Wietse A. Tol, Corrado Barbui, Mark van Ommeren
Journal: JAMA (2013)

In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Mental Health Gap Action Program (mhGAP) Intervention Guide for nonspecialized health settings (ie, for general health staff in first- and second-level health facilities, including primary care and district hospital settings) to address the wide treatment gap for mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries. Several priority mental disorders, including depression and substance use, have been addressed in previous mhGAP modules and related guidelines.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: N. Sattar, E. Forrest, D. Preiss
Journal: BMJ (2014)

#### Summary points

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now more common than alcoholic liver disease owing to the rapid rise in the prevalence of obesity,1 and NAFLD is the most common cause of abnormal liver function tests.2 Its prevalence worldwide is thought to be approximately 20% in the general population and up to 70% in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.3 The first recognisable stage of NAFLD is hepatic steatosis, when fat content exceeds 5% of liver volume. Simple steatosis is usually benign in terms of risk of progression to …
FOUR DEATHS CAUSED BY SODIUM FLUORID
Authors: WILLIAM D. McNALLY
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The literature contains very little regarding poisoning by sodium fluorid, and most textbooks on toxicology have failed to record deaths by this poisoning. Sodium fluorid (NaF), a white powder crystallizing in colorless cubes, with a specific gravity of 2.766, which, on heating, melt at about 900 C., volatilizing slightly at a lower temperature, of an acrid bitter taste, is soluble 1 part in 25 parts of water.<sup>1</sup>It is a general protoplasmic poison having a strong local irritant action. It exerts an alkaloid-like action, in addition to the changes in the tissues wrought by the loss of calcium, similar to that of oxalic acid poisoning. In the lower organisms not requiring lime, oxalic acid, in contrast with the fluorids, does not exert this alkaloid-like action.<sup>2</sup>One part of the salt in 200 parts of water, or one part in 500 of a fermentable liquid such as a sour