tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reviewing the Environmental and Human Health Knowledge Base of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Aasgeir Helland, Peter Wick, Andreas Koehler, Kaspar Schmid, Claudia Som
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered one of the most promising materials in nanotechnology, with attractive properties for many technologic applications. The different synthesis, purification, and postprocessing methods produce CNTs with different physical characteristics, which can be applied in different fields ranging from composite materials, medical applications, and electronics to energy storage. The widespread projected use of CNTs makes it important to understand their potential harmful effects. In this environmental health review we observed a remarkable range of results of some of the toxicology studies. The comparability should be improved by further standardization and introduction of reference materials. However, at present the findings of this review suggest several key points: a) there are different types of CNTs, and therefore they cannot be considered a uniform group of substances; and b) in environmental compartments, CNTs can be bioavailable to organisms. The properties of CNTs suggest a possible accumulation along the food chain and high persistence. In organisms the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of CNTs depend on the inherent physical and chemical characteristics such as CNT functionalization, coating, length, and agglomeration state that are influenced by the external environmental conditions during CNT production, use, and disposal stages. Characterized exposure scenarios could therefore be useful when conducting toxicologic studies. However, CNTs produce a toxic response upon reaching the lungs in sufficient quantity; this reaction is produced in a time-and dose-dependent manner. The identification of possible risks to human health and environment is a prerequisite for a successful introduction of CNTs in future applications.
The importance of reporting the distributional criteria of FA
Authors: Sally Walters
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Not all of the studies cited in the target article as evidence that fluctuating asymmetry (FA) predicts male mating success demonstrate that the observed asymmetry is, in fact, FA. FA is a population-level pattern of differences between sides. Unless the population-level distributional criteria of bilateral traits are reported, the meaning of asymmetry in individuals is unknown.
A Long-Term Nasogastric Feeding Tube Made From Modified Penrose Tubing
Authors: Larry E. Davis
Journal: JAMA (1969)

A long-term nasogastric feeding tube, made from modified Penrose tubing, is soft and flexible and it collapses completely when empty. Use of this tubing in patients unable to swallow voluntarily causes less nasal and throat irritation. It also allows the cardioesophageal sphincter to remain competent, thus minimizing esophagitis and tracheal aspiration from gastric reflux.
Correlation of CD2 binding and functional properties of multimeric and monomeric lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3.
Authors: M L Dustin, D Olive, T A Springer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

LFA-3 was purified with an intact (mLFA-3) or an enzymatically removed membrane-anchoring domain (sLFA-3). Gel filtration and sucrose gradient sedimentation showed sLFA-3 to be a single highly glycosylated polypeptide chain in solution, while mLFA-3 formed micelles of 8 LFA-3 monomers. 125I-mLFA-3 bound to Jurkat T leukemic cell surface CD2 with much higher avidity than sLFA-3. mLFA-3 binding had characteristics of a multivalent interaction with cell surface CD2 and had an avidity of 1.5 nM for Jurkat cells and 12 nM for resting T cells. Two CD2 mAbs tested did not block mLFA-3 binding: 9-1 and CD2.1. These mAbs were tested in combination with LFA-3 for their ability to activate T cells. The combination of mLFA-3 and CD2.1 mAbs induced a rapid increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ in Jurkat cells which was proportional to mLFA-3 occupation of CD2 sites. sLFA-3 showed no activity in the Ca2+ flux assay. The combination of mLFA-3 and the CD2.1 mAbs significantly stimulated proliferation of PBMC. The combination of mLFA-3 and 9-1 mAbs was weakly or not mitogenic for the same cells. The combination of CD2.1 and sLFA-3 at concentrations up to 480 nM was not consistently mitogenic. Therefore, monomeric LFA-3/CD2 interaction appears to have a relatively low affinity, while multimeric LFA-3 binds with high avidity. T cell activation by binding of LFA-3 to CD2 appears to require occupation of 10(4) to 10(5) CD2 sites, which is likely to occur during adhesion, but is rare in receptor systems with soluble ligands.
SULFATHIAZOLE IN EPIDEMIC SONNE DYSENTERY
Authors: HERMAN YANNET
Journal: JAMA (1942)

The beneficial effects of sulfathiazole and sulfaguanidine on the clinical course of endemic bacillary dysentery has been clearly demonstrated.<sup>1</sup>The febrile period and the length of time during which abnormal stools occur are definitely shortened. Insufficient data, however, are available to evaluate the effects of the sulfonamide drugs on the two factors which have important epidemiologic implications, namely the length of time elapsing before the dysentery bacillus can no longer be demonstrated in the stools and the incidence of relapses. The importance of these two factors in the control of epidemics occurring in institutions, schools, camps and the like has been frequently stressed. Our purpose in the present communication is to describe the study of a relatively small outbreak of Sonne dysentery in which data were obtained bearing on these two points. <h3>METHODS</h3> Material for cultural study was obtained by the insertion of a finger, protected by a finger
Evolutionary Implications of Bacterial Polyketide Synthases
Authors: Holger Jenke-Kodama, Axel Sandmann, Rolf Müller, Elke Dittmann
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Polyketide synthases (PKS) perform a stepwise biosynthesis of diverse carbon skeletons from simple activated carboxylic acid units. The products of the complex pathways possess a wide range of pharmaceutical properties, including antibiotic, antitumor, antifungal, and immunosuppressive activities. We have performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of multimodular and iterative PKS of bacteria and fungi and of the distinct types of fatty acid synthases (FAS) from different groups of organisms based on the highly conserved ketoacyl synthase (KS) domains. Apart from enzymes that meet the classification standards we have included enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and glycolipids in bacteria. This study has revealed that PKS and FAS have passed through a long joint evolution process, in which modular PKS have a central position. They appear to have derived from bacterial FAS and primary iterative PKS and, in addition, share a common ancestor with animal FAS and secondary iterative PKS. Furthermore, we have carried out a phylogenomic analysis of all modular PKS that are encoded by the complete eubacterial genomes currently available in the database. The phylogenetic distribution of acyltransferase and KS domain sequences revealed that multiple gene duplications, gene losses, as well as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) have contributed to the evolution of PKS I in bacteria. The impact of these factors seems to vary considerably between the bacterial groups. Whereas in actinobacteria and cyanobacteria the majority of PKS I genes may have evolved from a common ancestor, several lines of evidence indicate that HGT has strongly contributed to the evolution of PKS I in proteobacteria. Discovery of new evolutionary links between PKS and FAS and between the different PKS pathways in bacteria may help us in understanding the selective advantage that has led to the evolution of multiple secondary metabolite biosyntheses within individual bacteria.
Induced expression of heat-shock protein on biliary epithelium in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Ulrika Broomé, Annika Scheynius, Rolf Hultcrantz
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

In both primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis it is supposed that immunological mechanisms are involved in the progressive destruction of the bile ducts. The aberrant expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR in the bile ducts of patients with these disorders enables the biliary epithelium to present putative antigens to the surrounding lymphocytes; however, no such antigen has been identified. Heat-shock proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various immunological destructive disorders. Liver biopsy specimens from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (n = 10) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 13) were compared with those from patients with chronic hepatitis C infection (n = 5) and alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 4) and from normal controls (n = 6). Liver sections were investigated by means of immunohistochemical study using a mouse monoclonal antibody, ML30, directed against the 65-kD heat-shock protein of Mycobacterium, with monoclonal antibody against human leukocyte antigen-DR and with the monoclonal antibody Identi-Tr TCR δ1, which recognizes a determinant on the δ-chain of the γ/δ form of the human T-cell receptor. Human leukocyte antigen-DR expression was found on the biliary epithelium of all primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis patients but not on bile ducts from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis C infection or those from normal controls. The biliary epithelium reacted with ML30 in 9 of 10 primary biliary cirrhosis patients and in all primary sclerosing cholangitis patients. Two different patterns of epithelial staining were observed: a perinuclear pattern and intense staining in the apical part of the cell cytoplasm, as demonstrated with confocal laser scanning microscopy. In the group of patients with chronic hepatitis C infection and alcoholic cirrhosis, ML30 reactivity was less extensive and was present only around the nuclei of bile duct cells. None of the bile ducts in the normal livers reacted with ML30. Staining with ML30 could not be correlated with the histological or clinical staging of the patients. The number and distribution of γ/δ T cells did not differ between the normal liver specimens and the various patient groups. Whether the finding of an induced expression of heat-shock protein in the secretory part of the biliary epithelium in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis will imply that the heat-shock proteins may act as an immune target recognized by the T cells surrounding the bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis must be elucidated in further studies. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:298–303).
Identification of Medications
Authors: James L. Wilson
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The commonest cause of death among children past the neonatal period of life is accidents. Poisoning is in fourth place in this category, and half of the poisonings are caused by medications in the house. Every year, probably 100,000 or 200,000 children are poisoned by household medications badly enough to cause great concern, if not death. Much of the time, the parents know only the color of the fluid or color and shape of a pill. About 10 years ago the University Hospital of the University of Michigan adopted a policy stating that all dispensed drugs should be identified on the label of the container by the pharmaceutical name and the potency of the product. The policy has been very satisfactory. The physician has the opportunity to request by placing a check mark on the prescription blank that this identification of content not be made. The program
Language Preference as an Indicator of Mammography Use Among Hispanic Women
Authors: J. A. Stein, S. A. Fox
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Language Preference as an Indicator of Mammography Use Among Hispanic Women Get access Judith A. Stein, Judith A. Stein * School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, Calif. * Correspondence to: Judith A. Stein, Ph.D., Division of Family Medicine, University of California, 50−071 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024−1683. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Sarah A. Fox Sarah A. Fox School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, Calif. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 21, 7 November 1990, Pages 1715–1716, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.21.1715 Published: 07 November 1990 Article history Received: 11 June 1990 Revision received: 09 August 1990 Accepted: 14 August 1990 Published: 07 November 1990
Pituitary infarction and development of the empty sella syndrome after gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Authors: N S Jones, N Finer
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Twenty-five examples of ptosis occuring with an acute stroke are analysed. Thirteen of these patients had hemispheral infarctions in which ptosis could not be explained by third nerve or sympathetic dysfunction. The ptosis in these `cerebral9 cases was bilateral, with other factors such as pyramidal tract damage determining the asymmetry of the ptosis. In some patients, the eyelid was ptosed on the side of a hemiparesis, narrowing the palpebral fissure. The anatomical basis for this is probably damage to pyramidal neurones or their fibres. The 10 cases of ptosis in relationship to brain-stem infarction included two patients with isolated complete ptosis in one eye in association with a contralateral third nerve palsy.
Reduced expression of CD44 on monocytes and neutrophils in systemic lupus erythematosus: relations with apoptotic neutrophils and disease activity
Authors: A P Cairns
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2001)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Increased numbers of apoptotic neutrophils, and impaired monocyte/macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells, have been demonstrated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CD44 is implicated in the clearance of apoptotic neutrophils. <h3>OBJECTIVE</h3> To determine the expression of CD44 on peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils in SLE, and examine the relations with disease activity and numbers of circulating apoptotic neutrophils. <h3>METHODS</h3> Peripheral blood was sampled from 31 patients with SLE, 19 healthy normal subjects, and 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Monocyte and neutrophil density of surface CD44 expression was determined by immunofluorescence labelling and flow cytometry, and results expressed as mean channel fluorescence (MCF) values. Neutrophil apoptosis was measured by morphology in 15 patients with SLE, nine with RA, and six normal subjects. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Monocyte CD44 expression was significantly lower in SLE (median MCF 4.71) than in healthy normal subjects (median MCF 5.61) and controls with RA (median MCF 5.39). Neutrophil CD44 expression was also significantly lower in SLE (median MCF 1.95) than in healthy normal subjects (median MCF 2.37) and controls with RA (median MCF 2.60). Monocyte, but not neutrophil, CD44 expression correlated negatively with the percentage of apoptotic neutrophils. There was no significant correlation of monocyte or neutrophil CD44 expression in SLE with disease activity or damage. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Monocyte and neutrophil CD44 expression is reduced in SLE, and this may contribute to the impaired recognition and clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by monocyte derived macrophages.
A revised classification of headache disorders
Authors: R. Peatfield
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Regular updates are still necessary 

For many years the classification of headache syndromes, and particularly of those conditions without supporting diagnostic tests such as migraine and cluster headache, was a quagmire of vague descriptions that often proved inconsistent or overlapping. The hierarchical classification published in 1988 under the auspices of the International Headache Society proved to be an enormous advance, transforming studies of the epidemiology of headache and also clarifying the recruitment of patients for experimental and therapeutic studies, and particularly for the large trials of each of the triptan drugs.1 Why has a new classification been considered necessary?2

On the publication of the original classification in 1988 Jes Olesen, who chaired both the 1988 committee and the 2003 revision committee, acknowledged that the classification was likely to …
Psychological therapy is better than debriefing for PTSD
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2005)

People with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) should be offered psychological treatment rather than drug treatment or the widely used practice of debriefing. This is the recommendation of a guideline for the NHS in England and Wales published this week.

The guideline, from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, says that up to 30% of people who experience an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic event may develop the disorder. The most characteristic symptom is reliving aspects of the traumatic event in a vivid and distressing way, including flashbacks, nightmares, and repetitive and distressing intrusive images or other sensory impressions from the event.

After reviewing …
The Q Waves of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Francisco G. Cosio, Concepción Moro, Manuel Alonso, Carlos Sáenz de la Calzada, Alfredo Llovet
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

IN patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the electrocardiogram often displays deep Q waves that may suggest myocardial infarction.1 2 3 Some investigators have ascribed these Q waves to the activation of the hypertrophied interventricular septum,4 , 5 but others think that they may be due to fibrosis of the septal tissue.6 We have performed an electrophysiologic study of ventricular activation in six patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, normal coronary arteries, and deep Q waves on the electrocardiogram. Our findings suggest that the Q waves are produced by the activation of the septum and that myopathic septal muscle has different electrophysiologic properties from those of the remainder . . .
Abstract 5554: Margin of exposure of genotoxic and carcinogenic furan
Authors: Marika Jestoi, Talvikki Järvinen, Eila Järvenpää, Heli Tapanainen, Suvi Virtanen, Kimmo Peltonen
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract An in-house validated solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination was used to study furan concentrations in baby-food samples purchased from the Finnish markets (LOD 1.9 ng g−1, LOQ 4.0 ng g−1 and RSTD &amp;lt;20%). The mean levels of furan varied between 4.7 ng g−1 and 90.3 ng g−1 (n=21). The mean concentrations of similar product formulas based on their ingredients were 9.2 ng g−1, 37.0 ng g−1 and 49.6 ng g−1 for fruit-, vegetables- and meat-containing baby-foods, respectively. The consumption of industrial baby-foods in Finland is 172 g/day which results to the furan intake ranging from 0.8 to 15.5 µg/day and exposure of 0.1 to 2.1 µg kg−1 bw/day, respectively. Two extreme worst case scenarios can be deduced from our data: i) the maximum value in consumption of canned baby-foods (883 g/day) and the maximum concentration of furan detected (90.3 µg kg−1) and ii) 95 percentile consumption of canned baby-foods (384 g/day) and the maximum concentration of furan detected (90.3 µg kg−1). These two extreme worst case scenarios gave intakes of 79.7 µg and 34.7 µg, respectively. Applying the benchmark dose rate as well as safety-factor approaches a NOAEL of 0.08 mg kg−1 bw/day for furan can be deduced. If MOE is calculated by using the deduced NOAEL (600 µg/day for 7.5 kg baby) or BMDL10 (1.28 mg kg−1 bw/day) and the worst case exposure scenarios the MOE values of 7.5NOAEL/120BMDL10 and 17.3NOAEL/276BMDL10 can be derived. In the case of low exposure scenario (consumption 172 g/day; furan level 4.7 µg kg−1) the MOE values are 750NOAEL/2030BMDL10. A very low MOE exists in the extreme worst case infant exposures and particularly for such a clear rodent carcinogen (cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma). The MOEs derived clearly indicate that it is now a priority to understand the mode of action for the development of the liver tumours in the rat after exposure to furan and whether this is relevant to man. A significant reduction, however, to the exposure scenarios is provided by the fact that the use of fruit-based baby-foods with low furan content comprises a substantial proportion (mean consumption 78 g/day, maximum consumption 488 g/day and 95 percentile consumption 197 g/day) of the consumption of total industrial baby-foods. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5554. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5554
Hyperinfection with strongyloides in lymphomas.
Authors: G A MacGregor
Journal: BMJ (1973)

long-term availability of reprints means that the reports will be more accessible to a wider audience than much work which is convention- ally published.One important feature of the I.R.C.S. is that it will provide ready access to work done in non-English-speaking parts of the world.At the mome:nt scitntists from such countries are usu- ally fully aware of what is published in English language journals.The reverse is unfortunately rarely true, and many English speakers seem to assume arrogantly if subconsciously that "if it's not in English it can-t be good."The I.R.C.S. offers an ideal method for the com- munication of results from non-English-speaking countries and there are already clear indications that it is being very warmly welcomed in Europe, the Soviet Union, and Japan.
Office Ligation of Hemorrhoids
Authors: Paul C. Blaisdell
Journal: JAMA (1968)

To the Editor:—  As originator of the office ligation method for the treatment of hemorrhoids and designer of an instrument employed, may I comment on the letter of Drs. Marino, Marino, and Mancini ( 205 : 469, 1968) relative to the article of Drs. Frink and Duckler ( 204 :375, 1968) on the subject.  We described the method as an exhibition at the 1954 convention of the American Medical Association in San Francisco and authored the first published article concerning it ( Amer J Surg  96 :401, 1958). We mention this experience of some 18 years  because Drs. Marino, Marino, and Mancini submitted their few months more experience with the method than the article's authors' 18 months' experience as evidence of sorts.  The assertion that only internal hemorrhoids as a cause of symptoms is a distinct rarity (as asserted in the letter) is just not true. Nor is the assertion that hemorrhoids... which
Inherited and Somatic Defects in DDX41 in Myeloid Neoplasms
Authors: Chantana Polprasert, Isabell Schulze, Mikkael A. Sekeres, Hideki Makishima, Bartlomiej Przychodzen, Naoko Hosono, Jarnail Singh, Richard A. Padgett, Xiaorong Gu, James G. Phillips, Michael Clemente, Yvonne Parker, Daniel Lindner, Brittney Dienes, Eckhard Jankowsky, Yogen Saunthararajah, Yang Du, Kevin Oakley, Nhu Nguyen, Sudipto Mukherjee, Caroline Pabst, Lucy A. Godley, Jane E. Churpek, Daniel A. Pollyea, Utz Krug, Wolfgang E. Berdel, Hans-Ulrich Klein, Martin Dugas, Yuichi Shiraishi, Kenichi Chiba, Hiroko Tanaka, Satoru Miyano, Kenichi Yoshida, Seishi Ogawa, Carsten Müller-Tidow, Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski
Journal: Cancer Cell (2015)