tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Size at birth and resilience to effects of poor living conditions in adult life: longitudinal study
Authors: D J P Barker, T Forsen, A Uutela, C Osmond, J G Eriksson
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To determine whether men who grew slowly in utero or during infancy are more vulnerable to the later effects of poor living conditions on coronary heart disease. <b>Design:</b> Follow up study of men for whom there were data on body size at birth and growth and social class during childhood, educational level, and social class and income in adult life. <b>Setting:</b> Helsinki, Finland. <b>Participants:</b> 3676 men who were born during 1934-44, attended child welfare clinics in Helsinki, were still resident in Finland in 1971, and for whom data from the 1980 census were available. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Hospital admission for or death from coronary heart disease. <b>Results:</b> Men who had low social class or low household income in adult life had increased rates of coronary heart disease. The hazard ratio among men with the lowest annual income (&lt;£8400) was 1.71 (95% confidence interval 1.18 to 2.48) compared with 1.00 in men with incomes above £15 700. These effects were stronger in men who were thin at birth (ponderal index &lt;26 kg/m<sup>3</sup>): hazard ratio 2.58 (1.45 to 4.60) for men with lowest annual income. Among the men who were thin at birth the effects of low social class were greater in those who had accelerated weight gain between ages 1 and 12 years. Low social class in childhood further increased risk of disease, partly because it was associated with poor growth during infancy. Low educational attainment was associated with increased risk, and low income had no effect once this was taken into account. <b>Conclusion:</b> Men who grow slowly in utero remain biologically different to other men. They are more vulnerable to the effects of low socioeconomic status and low income on coronary heart disease. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> People who grow slowly in utero and during infancy remain biologically different through their lives Such people are at increased risk of coronary heart disease <h3>What this study adds</h3> Among men who were thin at birth the risk of coronary heart disease is further increased if they have poor living standards in adult life Other men tend to be resilient to the adverse effects of poor living standards
Abstract 5045: AUY922, a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, has antitumor effects in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Ming Gao, Pei Yen Yeh, Yen-Shen Lu, Huei-Chieh Yu, Hsiu-Mei Lin, Jun-Wei Chen, Shiou-Der Lin, Ann-Lii Cheng
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Recently, molecular targeted therapy (MTT) agent, sorafenib, was shown efficacious in this dreadful cancer. However, HCC appears to be a cancer without single driver mutation, targeting multiple proteins in cancer cells might be an alternative strategy for better efficacy. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone regulating various important proteins associated with pivotal signal transduction and cancer progression of HCC. This study sought to explore whether HSP90 can be a potential target of HCC treatment. AUY922, a highly potent non-geldanamycin HSP90 inhibitor, suppressed cell growth of Huh7 and HepG2 cells with IC50 below 10nM. Flow cytometry analysis showed that G2/M arrest and sub G1 increase were induced after AUY922 treatment. AUY922 downregulated the expressions of Akt and cell cycle regulatory proteins, including Chk1, cdc2, Aurora B, and cyclin B1. Morphologic observation of AUY922-treated Huh7 cells demonstrated the formation of giant, micronucleated cells and multipolar mitosis, a picture compatible with mitotic cell death. Finally, treatment of BALB/c nude mice with 50mg/kg of AUY922 three times a week significantly suppressed the growth of Huh7 tumor xenografts. Our data provide the evidence that AUY922 inhibit HCC cells growth at least partially through mitotic cell death, and inhibiting HSP90 by AUY922 is a potentially useful therapeutic strategy for HCC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5045. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5045
A LARGE FIBROUS NASAL POLYPUS.
Authors: F. A. LONG
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Fibrous polypus of the nose is much more formidable than the soft or mucous variety, but is fortunately rarely met with. The tumors may attain enormous size and give rise to frightful deformity. It may occur at any period of life, arising from the periosteum or the bone proper, usually from the posterior nasal or the cavities accessory thereto, but with a special predilection for the roof of the posterior nares. Its growth is far more rapid than that of the mucous variety; the filling of the nasal and post-nasal spaces does not stop its growth, and the continued and ever-increasing pressure forces the bones of the nose apart (as is apparent to any observer by the appearance of frog-face), causes absorption and caries of the bony walls and ulceration of soft tissues, giving rise to an acrid discharge and also to frequent hemorrhages. Repeated severe hemorrhages may sap the
CARBOHYDRATES IN DIET AND FLATULENCE
Authors: Benjamin P. Sandler
Journal: JAMA (1942)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In his article "What Causes Flatulence?" (The Journal, September 5), Alvarez describes several disorders and diseases that are often accompanied by flatulence. He says that a failing heart, insanity, anxiety or pain, cholecystitis, colds, the eating of certain foods, plus a few more disorders, may cause flatulence. One is also led to conclude that the mechanism responsible for the flatulence in each of these disorders would be different for each disorder. During the past four and one-half years I have treated patients with peptic ulcer, pseudoulcer, angina pectoris, pseudoangina, hypertension, recurrent abdominal pain and anxiety states with a diet in which all carbohydrate rich foods are eliminated. Carbohydrate present in 5 and 10 per cent fruits and vegetables was permitted. After a few days, and sometimes after the first meal on such a diet, the flatulence would disappear completely. The patients would be free from flatulence as
Life Is Short, the Art Long, Opportunity Fleeting, Experience Treacherous, Judgment Difficult-Reply
Authors: Diane L. Elliott
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Dr Conner raises timely issues concerning the value of the history and physical examination for diagnostic decision making. We studied methods for evaluating medical students' mastery of skills for acquiring physical examination information. Another important goal of clinical teaching is to help students use findings to assess alternative diagnoses. Other investigators have developed tools to aid in teaching these skills in data synthesis.<sup>1</sup> Ms Mueller has emphasized that an effective breast examination is thorough, which has been confirmed by experimental studies.<sup>2,3</sup>Patient instructors have been trained to teach the breast examination.<sup>4</sup>And, as Drs Stillman, Regan, and Swanson point out, patient instructors may be logically suited to evaluate these skills. The teaching and assessment of the breast examination are often components of instruction in pelvic examination, which is a use of patient instructors provided by most medical schools.<sup>5</sup> We agree with Drs Stillman, Regan,
The Disruptive Patient or Visitor
Authors: Samuel W. Perry
Journal: JAMA (1981)

A disruptive patient or visitor can be managed by a four-person team under the direction of a single leader. When the disruptive person is subdued and transported to a separate room for evaluation, a brief examination is recommended before medication. If medication is found necessary, haloperidol is the drug of choice. A patient can be treated without consent if a court has determined that the patient is incompetent to make such a decision.
Blood Counts in Male Parenteral Drug Users
Authors: H. M. Ginzburg, S. H. Weiss
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is characterized by a deficit in cellular immunity consistent with impaired helper T-lymphocyte function and is associated with infection by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus, HTLV-III.<sup>1</sup>Groups at particular risk of AIDS include homosexual men, parenteral drug users, and hemophiliacs. Lymphocytopenia frequently develops in patients with AIDS. The significance of leukopenia in parenteral drug users has been unclear. A review of the literature determined that historical normative complete blood cell (CBC) count data for parenteral drug abusers were not available. During 1975-1976, the National Institute on Drug Abuse evaluated CBCand differential cell counts in 898 American male drug abusers who reported at least two years of regular intravenous opioid use. Predetermined reference ranges for each test were specified by the clinical laboratories and were consistent with generally accepted norms.<sup>2-3</sup> Both anemia and lymphocytosis were substantially more prevalent (≥11%)
COL4A3/COL4A4 mutations: From familial hematuria to autosomal-dominant or recessive Alport syndrome
Authors: Ilaria Longo, Paola Porcedda, Francesca Mari, Daniela Giachino, Ilaria Meloni, Carla Deplano, Alfredo Brusco, Maurizio Bosio, Laura Massella, Giancarlo Lavoratti, Dario Roccatello, Giovanni Frascá, Gianna Mazzucco, Andrea Onetti Muda, Maura Conti, Federica Fasciolo, Christelle Arrondel, Laurence Heidet, Alessandra Renieri, Mario De Marchi
Journal: Kidney International (2002)
Uriposia After Intravenous Administration of Technetium-99m HMDP
Authors: TAKAO MOCHIZUKI, HIROAKI KAWAI, TETSUO NISHIMURA, MASAO KANEKO, YASUO TAKEHARA, KATSUTOSHI ICHIJO, MIKAE NAKAMURA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

Two cases of uriposia after intravenous injection of Tc-99m HMDP are presented. Drinking one's own urine, as a folk medication, has been introduced to limited groups of Japanese by some folk health magazines for several years. Though its actual effect is uncertain, two Japanese patients suffering from chronic diseases drank their own urine in secret.
The Protooncogene Ski Controls Schwann Cell Proliferation and Myelination
Authors: Suzana Atanasoski, Lucia Notterpek, Hye-Youn Lee, François Castagner, Peter Young, Markus U Ehrengruber, Dies Meijer, Lukas Sommer, Ed Stavnezer, Clemencia Colmenares, Ueli Suter
Journal: Neuron (2004)
Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM) study
Authors: C. E. Mogensen, S. Neldam, I. Tikkanen, S. Oren, R. Viskoper, R. W Watts, M. E Cooper
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To assess and compare the effects of candesartan or lisinopril, or both, on blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion in patients with microalbuminuria, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. <b>Design:</b> Prospective, randomised, parallel group, double blind study with four week placebo run in period and 12 weeks9 monotherapy with candesartan or lisinopril followed by 12 weeks9 monotherapy or combination treatment. <b>Setting:</b> Tertiary hospitals and primary care centres in four countries (37 centres). <b>Participants:</b> 199 patients aged 30-75 years. <b>Interventions:</b> Candesartan 16 mg once daily, lisinopril 20 mg once daily. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Blood pressure and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio. <b>Results:</b> At 12 weeks mean (95% confidence interval) reductions in diastolic blood pressure were 9.5 mm Hg (7.7 mm Hg to 11.2 mm Hg, P&lt;0.001) and 9.7 mm Hg (7.9 mm Hg to 11.5 mm Hg, P&lt;0.001), respectively, and in urinary albumin:creatinine ratio were 30% (15% to 42%, P&lt;0.001) and 46% (35% to 56%, P&lt;0.001) for candesartan and lisinopril, respectively. At 24 weeks the mean reduction in diastolic blood pressure with combination treatment (16.3 mm Hg, 13.6 mm Hg to 18.9 mm Hg, P&lt;0.001) was significantly greater than that with candesartan (10.4 mm Hg, 7.7 mm Hg to 13.1 mm Hg, P&lt;0.001) or lisinopril (mean 10.7 mm Hg, 8.0 mm Hg to 13.5 mm Hg, P&lt;0.001). Furthermore, the reduction in urinary albumin:creatinine ratio with combination treatment (50%, 36% to 61%, P&lt;0.001) was greater than with candesartan (24%, 0% to 43%, P=0.05) and lisinopril (39%, 20% to 54%, P&lt;0.001). All treatments were generally well tolerated. <b>Conclusion:</b> Candesartan 16 mg once daily is as effective as lisinopril 20 mg once daily in reducing blood pressure and microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Combination treatment is well tolerated and more effective in reducing blood pressure.
Hypertension of Childhood with Suppressed Renin*
Authors: MARIA I. NEW, LENORE S. LEVINE
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1980)

VARIOUS forms of childhood hypertension with suppressed renin have been described and are enumerated in Table 1. The frequency of these disorders is unknown, but they are moderately rare. Diagnosis may be made at any age and both sexes seem to be equally affected. Enzymatic Defects of Steroidogenesis Associated with Low Renin Hypertension of Childhood In order to understand the mechanism of adrenocortical hypertension in enzymatic disorders of steroidogenesis, a brief review of steroidogenesis is necessary. Steroidogenesis A simplified scheme of normal adrenal steroidogenesis is depicted in Fig. 1. Each hydroxylation step is indicated, and the newly added hydroxyl group is circled. The adrenal synthesizes three main classes of hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids. The action of ACTH on the adrenal is primarily to increase the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone.
Meiotic drive at the myotonic dystrophy locus?
Authors: Nessa Carey, Keith Johnson, Pekka Nokelainen, Leena Peltonen, Maria-Liisa Savontaus, Vesa Juvonen, Maria Anvret, Ulla Grandell, Kokila Chotai, Elaine Robertson, Helen Middleton-Price, Sue Malcolm
Journal: Nature Genetics (1994)
Membrane potential fluctuations and transient inward currents induced by reactive oxygen intermediates in isolated rabbit ventricular cells.
Authors: H Matsuura, M J Shattock
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

The cellular basis of reactive oxygen intermediate-induced arrhythmias was investigated in isolated rabbit ventricular cells using the whole-cell voltage- and current-clamp techniques. Singlet oxygen and superoxide were generated by the photoactivation of rose bengal. Single ventricular cells exposed to rose bengal (10-100 nM) exhibited spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations at plateau potentials and at the level of the resting membrane potential. The voltage fluctuations induced in the resting potential occasionally triggered repetitive action potential discharges. At the resting membrane potential, the magnitude and dominant frequency of the voltage fluctuations were 1-3 mV and 1.5 Hz, respectively. At plateau potentials, the amplitude of the voltage fluctuations was about 2-5 mV, and the dominant oscillatory frequency was 2.6 Hz. In voltage-clamp experiments, transient inward currents were induced on repolarization after a depolarizing clamp step. Oscillatory currents also occurred occasionally during clamp steps to positive potentials. The peak frequencies of transient inward currents recorded at -20 and -70 mV were approximately 3.7 and 2.3 Hz, respectively, indicating that these currents may underlie the arrhythmogenic membrane potential fluctuations observed in current-clamp experiments. The rose bengal-induced transient inward currents were shown to be dependent on the magnitude and duration of the preceding voltage step. Studies of the voltage dependence of transient inward currents showed that these currents remained inward even at positive potentials (+30 mV), and replacement of extracellular sodium with lithium decreased transient inward current to approximately 10% of its initial value. Thus, the major component of oxidant stress-induced inward current appears to be electrogenic Na-Ca exchange. This oscillatory transient inward current may be responsible for the arrhythmias induced in isolated hearts exposed to reactive oxygen intermediates, and since oxidant stress has been implicated in reperfusion injury, it is possible that similar oscillatory currents may underlie reperfusion-induced arrhythmias.
IMPACT OF ELEVATED CORONARY WEDGE PRESSURE ON LONG-TERM CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AFTER PRIMARY CORONARY INTERVENTION FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Koichi Tamita, Atsushi Yamamuro, Shuichiro Kaji, Yutaka Furukawa, Junichi Yoshikawa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Hospital-based Social Workers
Authors: G. L. Davies, A. G. Chisholm
Journal: BMJ (1972)

benefit from this type of arrangement.Certainly there is present need to initiate controlled trials to measure the hospital effect on coronary patients.The only other data available,' on an in-hospital but non- randomized trial, indicate that the early re- duction of mortality in the coronary care unit is not sustained over time.It is for these reasons that we have sought professional criticism directed at the specifics of Dr. Mather's trial and with particular reference to any evidence of bias and selection beyond that clearly stated in the pre- liminary report.We have been unable to find any grounds for invalidation of the technique of this study.-I am, etc.,
How well does the evidence on pioglitazone back up researchers' claims for a reduction in macrovascular events?
Authors: Nick Freemantle
Journal: BMJ (2005)

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in 2003-5 and hormone replacement therapy in 2004. 3 4 In January 2005, the agency began to publish on the internet the summary data from the yellow card system for reporting adverse drug reactions as drug analysis prints (www.yellowcard.gov.uk/daps.html).It will consider legitimate applications for data on individual yellow card reports for research purposes, subject to ethical and scientific approval.In addition, from November 2005, the agency will start producing UK public assessment reports on each medicine that it licenses.These will provide details of the clinical trials submitted as part of the application.The agency has also established a communications division headed by a board level director.One of the division's main tasks is the wider dissemination of information about the work of the agency and the safety and efficacy of licensed medicines.Relationships between government, the health professions, and the public have evolved considerably in recent years.The setting up of the agency has been accompanied by wide ranging reviews of all aspects of medicines regulation.The changes now being implemented are intended to ensure that it continues to meet public expectations of scientific rigour, independence, and transparency in the years to come.Contributors and sources: AB and KW have both worked in academic clinical pharmacology and the NHS for many years and have considerable experience in medicines regulation.This
Declining semen quality and increasing incidence of testicular cancer: is there a common cause?
Authors: E Carlsen, A Giwercman, N Keiding, N E Skakkebaek
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Male reproduction has been given little attention in science and in medical practice. However, a recent metaanalysis on semen quality, which clearly pointed to a decrease over the past 50 years, has been repeatedly quoted. Three recent reports have found that semen quality has declined among candidate semen donors during the past 20 years. The evidence of decline in the quality of semen is not the only indicator that the human testis is at risk. During the past 50 years, cancer of the testis has also become more common. This is a disorder of young men, and it is associated with a high rate of other abnormalities of the testis including undescended testis and poor semen quality. Furthermore, the incidence of both hypospadias and undescended testis has been reported to be rising in the general population. We believe that the evidence of declining semen quality should be seen in the light of these trends in other reproductive disorders of men. However, the etiology is unknown. A recent hypothesis that links the trends in the health of the male reproductive system to xenoestrogens in the environment is discussed.
John Leslie Turk
Authors: J. Turk
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Medical researcher who pioneered the controlled clinical trial as a gold standard and who demonstrated the efficacy of streptomycin as a treatment for tuberculosisIn a long career-he lived to 106 and worked until he was 102-Philip D'Arcy Hart showed that pneumoconiosis was an industrial disease for which sufferers should receive compensation.In a landmark controlled clinical trial with Sir Austin Bradford Hill, Hart showed that streptomycin, then newly discovered, cured tuberculosis.In 1965 he was made a CBE for this work.He did other major epidemiology, retired at 65, and spent the next 37 years making fundamental advances on the pathogenesis of tubercle bacilli.
Ancestry estimation and control of population stratification for sequence-based association studies
Authors: Chaolong Wang, Xiaowei Zhan, Jennifer Bragg-Gresham, Hyun Min Kang, Dwight Stambolian, Emily Y Chew, Kari E Branham, John Heckenlively, Robert Fulton, Richard K Wilson, Elaine R Mardis, Xihong Lin, Anand Swaroop, Sebastian Zöllner, Gonçalo R Abecasis
Journal: Nature Genetics (2014)
Targeted and Nontargeted Effects of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation on Delayed Genomic Instability in Human Cells
Authors: Lei Huang, Perry M. Kim, Jac A. Nickoloff, William F. Morgan
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract All humans receive some radiation exposure and the risk for radiation-induced cancer at low doses is based on the assumption that there is a linear non-threshold relationship between dose and subsequent effect. Consequently, risk is extrapolated linearly from high radiation doses to very low doses. However, adaptive responses, bystander effects, and death-inducing effect may influence health effects associated with low-dose radiation exposure. Adaptive response is the phenomenon by which cells irradiated with a sublethal radiation dose can become less susceptible to subsequent high-dose radiation exposure. Bystander effects are nontargeted effects observed in cells that were not irradiated but were either in contact with or received soluble signals from irradiated cells. These non-hit bystander cells can exhibit damage typically associated with direct radiation exposure. Death-inducing effect is a phenomenon whereby medium from human-hamster hybrid cells displaying radiation-induced chromosomal instability is toxic to unirradiated parental cells. In this study, we show that human RKO cells do not exhibit adaptive response, bystander effect, or death-inducing effect, as measured by cell killing, or delayed genomic instability in a stably transfected plasmid–based green fluorescent protein assay measuring homologous recombination and delayed mutation/deletion events. However, growth medium conditioned by some chromosomally unstable RKO derivatives induced genomic instability, indicating that these cells can secrete factor(s) that elicit responses in nonirradiated cells. Furthermore, low radiation doses suppressed the induction of delayed genomic instability by a subsequent high dose, indicative of an adaptive response for radiation-induced genomic instability. These results highlight the inherent variability in cellular responses to low-dose radiation exposure and add to the uncertainties associated with evaluating potential hazards at these low doses. [Cancer Res 2007;67(3):1099–104]