tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gold‐Nanorod‐Assisted Near‐Infrared Stimulation of Primary Auditory Neurons
Authors: Jiawey Yong, Karina Needham, William G. A. Brown, Bryony A. Nayagam, Sally L. McArthur, Aimin Yu, Paul R. Stoddart
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2014)

Infrared stimulation offers an alternative to electrical stimulation of neuronal tissue, with potential for direct, non‐contact activation at high spatial resolution. Conventional methods of infrared neural stimulation (INS) rely on transient heating due to the absorption of relatively intense laser beams by water in the tissue. However, the water absorption also limits the depth of penetration of light in tissue. Therefore, the use of a near‐infrared laser at 780 nm to stimulate cultured rat primary auditory neurons that are incubated with silica‐coated gold nanorods (Au NRs) as an extrinsic absorber is investigated. The laser‐induced electrical behavior of the neurons is observed using whole‐cell patch clamp electrophysiology. The nanorod‐treated auditory neurons (NR‐ANs) show a significant increase in electrical activity compared with neurons that are incubated with non‐absorbing silica‐coated gold nanospheres and control neurons with no gold nanoparticles. The laser‐induced heating by the nanorods is confirmed by measuring the transient temperature increase near the surface of the NR‐ANs with an open pipette electrode. These findings demonstrate the potential to improve the efficiency and increase the penetration depth of INS by labeling nerves with Au NRs and then exposing them to infrared wavelengths in the water window of tissue.
The machismo of medicine
Authors: S. Dinniss
Journal: BMJ (1999)

he story would make a marvellous soap opera.The research, into immunological genetics and published in Cell, is complex, made worse by the inadequate English of Teresa Imanishi-Kari, the Brazilian-Japanese research worker.Accused of fraud, she is defended by her charismatic but hubristic boss, the Nobel laureate David Baltimore, who takes on a congressional committee.The whistleblower, Margot O'Toole, a young Irish radical, loses her job, house, and career-but receives international honours and publicity for her courage.After 10 years and seven inquiries, reviews, and the final, successful, appeal, the US immunological
Anti-keratin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: B J Young, R K Mallya, R D Leslie, C J Clark, T J Hamblin
Journal: BMJ (1979)

A naturally occurring antibody that reacts with the keratinised tissue of animal oesophagus was found in the serum of 75 out of 129 patients (58%) with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but not in sera from 105 healthy people. Detection of the antibody, which is unrelated to rheumatoid factor, is more specific for RA than the reaction in the sheep-cell agglutination test but less sensitive.
Neonatal Breast Enlargement
Authors: Ahdi Amer, Howard Fischer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

An 8-day-old girl presented with bilateral breast enlargement. She was born at term; the 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores were 8 and 9, respectively. She was feeding well and showed no signs of discomfort or irritability. Examination of the chest revealed enlarged breast tissue with no evidence of tenderness or discharge. The mother noted that the breasts were slightly swollen at birth and continued to grow larger during the subsequent days. Neonatal breast enlargement is a normal response to falling levels of maternal estrogen at the end of pregnancy, which trigger the release of prolactin from the newborn's pituitary. Neonatal . . .
Acute effects of increase in pulmonary vascular distending pressures on pulmonary blood volume and pulmonary extravascular fluid volume in man.
Authors: S M Austin, B F Schreiner, P M Shah, P N Yu
Journal: Circulation (1976)

The acute hemodynamic effects of supine leg exercise or atrial pacing were studied in 114 patients undergoing right and either transseptal (87 cases) or retrograde (27 cases) left heart catheterization. Seventy-one patients - 15 with coronary artery disease, 22 with aortic valve disease, and 34 with mitral valve disease - performed exercise on a bicylce ergometer. Forty-three patients, of whom 22 had coronary artery disease, nine aortic valve disease and 12 mitral valve disease, were studied during rapid atrial pacing. Cardiac index (CI), pulmonary artery mean (PAm), and left atrial mean (LAm) pressure, pulmonary blood volume (PBV) and pulmonary extravascular volume (PEV) were measured during the control state and during acute intervention. Both exercise and pacing resulted in significant elevations in PAm (range 37-65%) and LAm (range 36-43%) mean pressures in all patients. Cardiac index rose between 34 and 58% in the exercise groups, but did not change in those who were paced. During intervention both PBV and PEV increased significantly in all but the nine patients with aortic valve disease who were paced. Although volume increased occurred, they did not achieve the 5% significanc- level. For all patients the mean increment in PBV ranged between 37 and 123 ml/m2 over control, while PEV rose between 15 and 35 ml/m2. In each group the increases in PEV and PBV were proporationate, so that the ratio of PEV/PBV DID NOT CHANGE SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN THE CONTROL AND INTERVENTION STATES. Thus PEV and PBV increases occurred with elevations in pulmonary vascular pressures whether or not blood flow increased. Our data in patients with normal pulmonary vascular beds (i.e., coronary artery disease and aortic valve disease) strongly support the hypothesis that recruitment of vascular channels accounts for the acute changes in PEV and PBV and that the changes in PEV over a brief period of time do not necessarily reflect a "true" increase in extravascular lung water. Although pressures are higher in the lungs of patients with mitral valve disease, the data also suggest that recruitment is likely to be the mechanism for the observed proportionate increase in pulmonary extravascular volume and pulmonary blood volume.
Identification of a point mutation resulting in a heat-labile adenosine deaminase (ADA) in two unrelated children with partial ADA deficiency.
Authors: R Hirschhorn, S Tzall, A Ellenbogen, S H Orkin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

We have determined the mutation in a child with partial adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency who is phenotypically homozygous for a mutant ADA gene encoding a heat-labile enzyme (Am. J. Hum. Genet. 38: 13-25). Sequencing of cDNA demonstrated a C to A transversion that results in the replacement of a proline by a glutamine residue at codon 297. As this mutation generated a new recognition site in exon 10 of genomic DNA for the enzyme Alu I, Southern blot analysis was used to establish that this child was indeed homozygous for the mutation. The abnormal restriction fragment generated by this mutation was also found in a second partially ADA-deficient patient who phenotypically is a genetic compound and also expresses a heat-labile ADA (in addition to a more acidic than normal ADA) (Am. J. Hum. Genet. 38: 13-25). Sequencing of cDNA clones from the second patient established the identical codon 297 mutation. Transfection of the mutant cDNA into heterologous cells resulted in expression of a heat-labile ADA of normal electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric point, properties exhibited by the ADA in the patients' cells.
"Doughnut" Technetium Pyrophosphate Myocardial Scintigrams
Authors: PASCAL NICOD, JAMES R. CORBETT, ROBERT E. RUDE, GREGORY J. DEHMER, MARK SMUCKER, L MAXIMILIAN BUJA, ROBERT W. PARKEY, SAMUEL E. LEWIS, JAMES T. WILLERSON
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1982)

The “doughnut” pattern on Tc-99m pyrophosphate (PPi) myocardial scintigraphy is characterized by a border of tracer uptake surrounding a central zone of relatively decreased activity. This pattern is generally associated with large transmural anterior myocardial infarcts (Ml) caused by occlusion or critical stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Such infarcts typically involve a significant portion of the anterior wall and are associated with a complicated clinical course and poor prognosis. In order to evaluate the relationship between the presence of the doughnut pattern and left ventricular (LV) function, radionuclide ventriculography was performed within 15 days after infarction in 58 patients with transmural anterior Ml. In patients without previous Ml, 15/38 (39.5%) had doughnut scintigrams. These patients demonstrated significant reductions in LV ejection fraction (EF) (28 ± 10% versus 45 ± 12%, P < 0.001) and normalized LV wall motion scores (29 ± 11% versus 61 ± 10%, P < 0.001) when compared with patients with “nondoughnut” scintigrams. Patients with doughnut scintigrams had a significantly greater incidence of severe septal hypokinesis (P<0.001) and apical dyskinesis (P<0.03). LV end-systolic volumes were also larger in the patients with doughnut scintigrams (73 ± 32 ml versus 40 ± 17 ml/M2, P < 0.005). In contrast, there was no significant difference in LVEF, normalized LV wall motion score, or LV volumes between doughnut and nondoughnut groups in patients with previous Ml.
Sex-Specific Prediction Equations for V˙max<sub>FRC</sub> in Infancy
Authors: Ah-Fong Hoo, Carol Dezateux, John P. Hanrahan, Tim J. Cole, Robert S. Tepper, Janet Stocks
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONFUTURE DIRECTIONSReferencesCITING ARTICLES
US Military Forces and Emergency International Humanitarian Assistance
Authors: Trueman W. Sharp
Journal: JAMA (1994)

THE US MILITARY has a long tradition of providing emergency humanitarian relief after armed confrontation and disaster, and often to peoples of other nations. After World War II and the Vietnam War, as well as after many smaller conflicts, US forces provided supplies and medical services to thousands of refugees and displaced persons.<sup>1-3</sup>Following earthquakes in Peru (1970) and Nicaragua (1972), flooding in Sudan (1988), volcanic eruption in the Philippines (1990), and tropical cyclones in East Bengal (1970), Sri Lanka (1978), and Bangladesh (1991), the US military dispatched medical teams and relief supplies to assist disaster victims.<sup>4-7</sup>Also, US military forces participated for humanitarian purposes in the United Nations (UN) intervention in Korea and more recently in Kurdistan<sup>8</sup>and Somalia.<sup>9</sup>A US military hospital is currently in Zagreb, Croatia, to provide medical care for UN peacekeeping forces in the former Yugoslavia and possibly to displaced persons
Abnormal Drug Metabolism after Barbiturate and Paracetamol Overdose
Authors: J. A. H. Forrest, P. Roscoe, L. F. Prescott, I. H. Stevenson
Journal: BMJ (1974)

Drug-metabolizing capacity has been assessed by serial measurements of the plasma antipyrine half life in 11 patients with severe barbiturate intoxication and in 17 patients with acute hepatic necrosis due to paracetamol overdosage. Drug metabolism was strikingly enhanced after barbiturate over-dosage, and this effect was still present six weeks later. In contrast the antipyrine half life was greatly prolonged in patients with paracetamol-induced acute hepatic necrosis but returned to normal or near-normal values within seven to 21 days.
Effect of Urinary pH on Renal Excretion of Drugs
Authors: P. L. Madan
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Replying to a question from a reader from Alabama, Azarnoff (237:1151, 1977) stated that the acidification of the urine is used to accelerate the excretion of amphetamine in patients with overdosage. The excretion of the unchanged form of a drug through the urine may depend on the urinary pH only if the pKa of the drug differs from the pH by about two units. This is because the degree of ionization of the drug (and therefore the extent of reabsorption of the drug) is affected only negligibly when the difference between the pH of the fluid and pKa of the drug exceeds two units, as shown in the Table. Since the pH of the urine ranges approximately from 4.8 to 7.5, the urinary excretion of a large number of drugs may be urinary pH-dependent. The following equations may be used to calculate the percentage of ionization of
Staphylococcus aureus Among Insulin-Injecting Diabetic Patients
Authors: Carmelita U. Tuazon
Journal: JAMA (1975)

IN EARLIER studies, we attempted to define the source of the organism causing staphylococcal endocarditis in drug abusers who used the needle. Street heroin and injection paraphernalia were not implicated.<sup>1</sup>We then found a 300% increase in the carrier rate of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>among those who had recently used drugs parenterally, compared to a control population who had not. Users who had not injected any drug for two weeks or more had the same carrier rate as the control group.<sup>2</sup>The reason for the increased carrier rate in recent drug users was not apparent, although we suspected that it might have been related to the effect of drugs on resistance to the<i>Staphylococcus</i>or on such epidemiologic factors as poor hygiene or frequent needle use. To examine the possibility that epidemiologic factors were involved, we have examined members of another group of patients who inject themselves regularly with
Comprehensive analysis of unique cases with extraordinary control over HIV replication
Authors: Daniel Mendoza, Sarah A. Johnson, Bennett A. Peterson, Ven Natarajan, Maria Salgado, Robin L. Dewar, Peter D. Burbelo, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Erin H. Graf, Jamieson H. Greenwald, Jessica N. Hodge, William L. Thompson, Nancy A. Cogliano, Cheryl L. Chairez, Catherine A. Rehm, Sara Jones, Claire W. Hallahan, Joseph A. Kovacs, Irini Sereti, Omar Sued, Sheila A. Peel, Robert J. O'Connell, Una O'Doherty, Tae-Wook Chun, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles
Journal: Blood (2012)
Injectable Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum for Dupuytren's Contracture
Authors: Lawrence C. Hurst, Marie A. Badalamente, Vincent R. Hentz, Robert N. Hotchkiss, F. Thomas D. Kaplan, Roy A. Meals, Theodore M. Smith, John Rodzvilla
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Dupuytren's disease limits hand function, diminishes the quality of life, and may ultimately disable the hand. Surgery followed by hand therapy is standard treatment, but it is associated with serious potential complications. Injection of collagenase clostridium histolyticum, an office-based, nonsurgical option, may reduce joint contractures caused by Dupuytren's disease.We enrolled 308 patients with joint contractures of 20 degrees or more in this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. The primary metacarpophalangeal or proximal interphalangeal joints of these patients were randomly assigned to receive up to three injections of collagenase clostridium histolyticum (at a dose of 0.58 mg per injection) or placebo in the contracted collagen cord at 30-day intervals. One day after injection, the joints were manipulated. The primary end point was a reduction in contracture to 0 to 5 degrees of full extension 30 days after the last injection. Twenty-six secondary end points were evaluated, and data on adverse events were collected.Collagenase treatment significantly improved outcomes. More cords that were injected with collagenase than cords injected with placebo met the primary end point (64.0% vs. 6.8%, P < 0.001), as well as all secondary end points (P < or = 0.002). Overall, the range of motion in the joints was significantly improved after injection with collagenase as compared with placebo (from 43.9 to 80.7 degrees vs. from 45.3 to 49.5 degrees, P < 0.001). The most commonly reported adverse events were localized swelling, pain, bruising, pruritus, and transient regional lymph-node enlargement and tenderness. Three treatment-related serious adverse events were reported: two tendon ruptures and one case of complex regional pain syndrome. No significant changes in flexion or grip strength, no systemic allergic reactions, and no nerve injuries were observed.Collagenase clostridium histolyticum significantly reduced contractures and improved the range of motion in joints affected by advanced Dupuytren's disease. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00528606.)
Induction of hepatic ito cell nitric oxide production after acute endotoxemia
Authors: Lesley Helyar, Daniela S. Bundschuh, Jeffrey D. Laskin, Debra L. Laskin
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

Nitric oxide is a highly reactive mediator released in the liver by hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and endothelial cells during endotoxin-induced inflammation. In this study we determined whether Ito cells also produce nitric oxide after exposure to endotoxin. For induction of endotoxemia, rats were injected intravenously with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (2.5 mg/kg). Ito cells were isolated from the animals 48 hr later by means of in situ perfusion of the liver with protease and collagenase followed by purification on an arabinogalactan gradient. Ito cells from untreated and endotoxemic rats were found to produce low levels of nitric oxide in response to interferon-γ. In both cell types, this response depended on L-arginine and was blocked by N G -monomethyl-L-arginine, a specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Cells from rats treated with endotoxin produced significantly more nitric oxide than did cells from untreated animals; this was due, at least in part, to increased expression of protein for an inducible form of nitric oxide synthase. These cells also responded to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide in vitro , as well as the combination of interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide, which was synergistic in stimulating nitric oxide production. Tumor necrosis factor-α and macrophage colony—stimulating factor were also found to stimulate nitric oxide production by Ito cells from endotoxemic rats. In addition, in these cells, tumor necrosis factor-α synergized with interferon-γ in inducing nitric oxide production. The combination of interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide was also found to inhibit Ito cell DNA synthesis, as measured on the basis of [ 3 H]-thymidine uptake. This inhibitory effect was readily blocked by N G -monomethyl-L-arginine. In contrast, macrophage colony—stimulating factor, as well as granulocyte/macrophage colony—stimulating factor, stimulated Ito cell DNA synthesis, which was not significantly affected by N G -monomethyl-L-arginine. These observations suggest that the effects of inflammatory mediators on Ito cell DNA synthesis depend in part on their ability to stimulate nitric oxide production. Our finding that Ito cells produce nitric oxide indicates that these cells have the capacity to participate in hepatic inflammatory responses during acute endotoxemia. (Hepatology 1994;20:1509-1515).
The Histopathology of Rat Lung Following Exposure to Zinc Oxide/Hexachloroethane Smoke or Instillation with Zinc Chloride Followed by Treatment with 70% Oxygen
Authors: Roger F. R. Brown, Timothy C. Marrs, Paul Rice, Lisa C. Masek
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

The effects of inhaled zinc oxide/hexachloroethane smoke (11,580 mg x min/m3) and intratracheally instilled zinc chloride (2.5 mg/kg body weight) have been studied in rat lung. The effects of subsequent treatment with 70% oxygen have been studied after both procedures. Both the inhalation of the smoke and instillation of zinc chloride produced similar effects that included pulmonary edema, alveolitis and, at a later stage, some fibrosis. After zinc chloride instillation, the pathological changes largely spared the periphery of the lung, while following smoke inhalation they were more diffuse. Subsequent oxygen administration had little effect on the development or progression of the pathological changes.
Oeil et virus: Viroses oculaires manifestations ophtalmologiques des maladies générales à virus
Authors: David Shoch
Journal: JAMA (1960)

This is the most recent in the annual series of reports to the French Ophthalmological Society, and it continues the standard of exhaustive and detailed documentation that one has come to expect. Part 1 concerns general virology with specific application to ocular lesions and general criteria of diagnosis. Part 2 discusses the ocular virus diseases and presents them with typical Gallic logic; i. e., succeeding chapters deal with the lids and viruses, the conjunctiva and viruses, the cornea and viruses, and so on to Chapter 9, which deals with the retina and viruses. The final chapter in this section relieves the dullness of exact order by bringing in ocular viral embryopathies. Part 3 presents the ophthalmologic aspects of general virus diseases and Part 4 is devoted to syndromes known to be of viral origin. The coverage of viral disease in relation to the eye is exhaustive. The authors have omitted
Diabetes services in Yugoslavia.
Authors: D W Beaven
Journal: BMJ (1983)

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia lies in south east Europe between the Soviet block and the free enterprise countries of Western Europe. It was originally established as a confederation of independent Balkan states after the first world war; after the second world war it became an independent federation of the socialist republics of Bosnia, Herzegovnia, Montenegro, Croatia (including Dalmatia), Slovenia, and Serbia, together with the two small autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina. In the subsequent 30 years the trend towards decentralised decision making and institutional self management has continued. Nevertheless, the federal authorities retain major control over economic decision making and policies. For example, they forbid anyone from owning more than two houses or 10 hectares of land, and no factory owner may employ more than 10 people. Capitalism in any other than this minor form is not allowed, and any businessman whose business expands must become involved in frustrating negotiations with the local government to set up a state industry. I recently visited Yugoslavia as a guest of the Institute for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases and of the medical faculty of the University of Zagreb and visited various health care units which provide services for diabetics in Croatia. As well as Zagreb itself I visited units in Split on the Adriatic coast and at Varazdin, near the Hungarian border. Necessarily my observations are based on the diabetes services in Croatia, but although the other republics may have less developed services they follow similar principles.
Massive Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in a Renal Transplant Recipient Due to Visceral Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Authors: A. Calzona, P. Naso, C. Puliatti, P. F. Veroux, F. Leone, A. Russo
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

A 15-year-old girl who had received a cadaver renal allograft, was discharged from the transplantation unit 12 days after the operation, with immunosuppressive therapy. The patient was readmitted 3 months later, due to the appearance of diarrhea and fever associated with lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and severe recurrent episodes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.