tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Eradication of Polio in the Americas
Authors: Frederick C. Robbins
Journal: JAMA (1993)

THERE IS good reason to believe that we are on the threshold of eradicating poliomyelitis from the Americas. There has not been a case of paralysis due to wild poliovirus identified in the Western Hemisphere for well over a year, the last identified case being in Peru in September 1991. However, many countries have been free of poliovirus for much longer. Since 1979 the United States has had no cases, except for the rare ones due to the live vaccine and an occasional imported case. The southern cone countries (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay) have had no cases for 4 years or more, and the Caribbean islands and Costa Rica have equally good records. For editorial comment see p 1859. This most gratifying situation is the result of the decision in 1985 of the Pan American Health Organization to mount a campaign to eradicate polio. The success of the campaign
Chronic μ-Opioid Receptor Stimulation in Humans Decreases Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity
Authors: Peter Kienbaum, Thorsten Heuter, Martin C. Michel, Norbert Scherbaum, Markus Gastpar, Jürgen Peters
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —Opioid-addicted patients undergoing detoxification provide a unique opportunity to assess the effects of chronic opioid receptor stimulation on the sympathetic nervous system. We tested the hypothesis that chronic oral methadone intake decreases resting efferent sympathetic nerve activity to muscle (MSA). Furthermore, we assessed whether this effect is reversed by μ-opioid receptor blockade during antagonist-supported detoxification under general anesthesia. Methods and Results —Fifteen young patients (30±1 years old, mean±SEM) with a long history of mono-opioid addiction and under oral methadone substitution therapy (65±10 mg/d for 21±6 months) were selected. Peroneal MSA (microneurography) and catecholamine plasma concentrations (high-performance liquid chromatography) were assessed in the awake state and compared with those of age-matched healthy control subjects. The effects of μ-opioid receptor blockade by naloxone (12.4 mg IV) were determined during propofol anesthesia. Compared with healthy volunteers, resting MSA (4±2 versus 22±2 bursts/min, P &lt;0.0001) and antecubital venous norepinephrine plasma concentration (100±64 versus 256±48 pg/mL, P =0.01) were markedly decreased in addicted patients despite similar arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Opioid receptor blockade markedly increased MSA (5±2 to 24±3 bursts/min) and norepinephrine (49±12 to 305±48 pg/mL) and epinephrine (13±2 to 482±67 pg/mL) arterial plasma concentrations as well as mean arterial pressure (82±4 to 108±3 mm Hg) and heart rate (70±3 to 86±4 beats/min). Conclusions —Chronic μ-opioid receptor stimulation by methadone decreases resting MSA in humans.
INHIBITION OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Tomio Ogata
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1936)

The Shwartzman phenomenon can be inhibited by an intravenous injection of a potent bacterial filtrate within a few hours before or after the preparatory intradermal injection. The inhibitory effect is produced non-specifically by filtrates potent in the elicitation of the Shwartzman phenomenon, and it is of a transitory nature. The relation of the observation described to anaphylactic desensitization and to its clinical significance is discussed in this paper.
Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease Exhibit Unique Body and Immune Phenotypes
Authors: Marinka Kartalija, Alida R. Ovrutsky, Courtney L. Bryan, Gregory B. Pott, Giamila Fantuzzi, Jacob Thomas, Matthew J. Strand, Xiyuan Bai, Preveen Ramamoorthy, Micol S. Rothman, Vijaya Nagabhushanam, Michael McDermott, Adrah R. Levin, Ashley Frazer-Abel, Patricia C. Giclas, Judith Korner, Michael D. Iseman, Leland Shapiro, Edward D. Chan
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

Among patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease is a subset of previously healthy women with a slender body morphotype, often with scoliosis and/or pectus excavatum. We hypothesize that unidentified factors predispose these individuals to pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease.To compare body morphotype, serum adipokine levels, and whole-blood cytokine responses of patients with pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (pNTM) with contemporary control subjects who are well matched demographically.We enrolled 103 patients with pNTM and 101 uninfected control subjects of similar demographics. Body mass index and body fat were quantified. All patients with pNTM and a subset of control subjects were evaluated for scoliosis and pectus excavatum. Serum leptin and adiponectin were measured. Specific cytokines important to host-defense against mycobacteria were measured in whole blood before and after stimulation.Patients with pNTM and control subjects were well matched for age, gender, and race. Patients with pNTM had significantly lower body mass index and body fat and were significantly taller than control subjects. Scoliosis and pectus excavatum were significantly more prevalent in patients with pNTM. The normal relationships between the adipokines and body fat were lost in the patients with pNTM, a novel finding. IFN-γ and IL-10 levels were significantly suppressed in stimulated whole blood of patients with pNTM.This is the first study to comprehensively compare body morphotype, adipokines, and cytokine responses between patients with NTM lung disease and demographically matched controls. Our findings suggest a novel, predisposing immunophenotype that should be mechanistically defined.
Crico-thyroid perichondritis leading to sore throat in patients with active adult-onset Still's disease
Authors: D.-Y. Chen, H. H.-C. Lan, T.-Y. Hsieh, H.-H. Chen, J.-L. Lan
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

A review of 341 adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) patients noted that 69% of all reported cases1 and 84% (69/82) of our series2 displayed sore throat early in the disease course. Despite the presence of severe sore throat, physical examinations showed normal findings or only mild pharyngeal infection, and imaging studies (including computed tomography (CT) scans) of the neck were negative.1–4 The lesions responsible for sore throat in active AOSD patients have not yet been explored.

We performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the larynx5 in 6 active AOSD patients (3 females and 3 males; mean age 33.5 years; table 1) presenting with sore throat and fulfilling the Yamaguchi criteria.6 Our aim was to identify the lesions responsible for sore throat in AOSD patients. Throat swabs for bacterial cultures were negative and serological tests for …
“Self-Referral” — What’s at Stake?
Authors: Arnold S. Relman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

“Self-referral” is the term used to describe a physician’s referral of patients to an outside facility in which he or she has a financial interest but no professional responsibility. This practice has become particularly prevalent in certain parts of the country, where for-profit imaging centers, diagnostic laboratories, home health care services, radiotherapy centers, physiotherapy units, and other free-standing facilities have been soliciting investments by physicians who can refer patients to them. Self-referral is a prime example of the current and growing encroachment of commercialism on medical practice. The contentious and emotional debate that has been waged over this issue reflects . . .
Histoplasma Ulcer of the Tongue
Authors: Paul Hiley
Journal: JAMA (1967)

HISTOPLASMOSIS usually occurs as a benign self-limited pulmonary disease. It may also assume a progressive course to involve not only the lungs but multiple organ systems in the body. Pneumonitis, endocarditis,<sup>1</sup>paricarditis,<sup>2</sup>erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme,<sup>3</sup>and oral mucocutaneous lesion<sup>4,5</sup>have all been described. Studies by many investigators during the past decade have shown that the prevalence of histoplasmosis is more widespread than once realized. Extensive epidemiologic studies in endemic areas show a positive result from the histoplasmin skin test in greater than 75% of the population. The prognosis of untreated disseminated histoplasmosis is extremely poor.<sup>6</sup>The treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis is presently limited to the use of amphotericin B, an effective but highly toxic drug.<sup>7</sup> This report describes a case of proven disseminated histoplasmosis which presented as an ulceration of the tongue. There was an immediate and sustained response to therapy with amphotericin B
Low Tidal Volume Reduces Epithelial and Endothelial Injury in Acid-injured Rat Lungs
Authors: JAMES A. FRANK, JORGE A. GUTIERREZ, KIRK D. JONES, LENNELL ALLEN, LELAND DOBBS, MICHAEL A. MATTHAY
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Using a rat model of acid-induced lung injury, we tested the hypothesis that tidal volume reduction at the same level of PEEP (10 cm H2O) would diminish the degree of pulmonary edema by attenuating injury to the alveolar epithelial and endothelial barriers. Tidal volume reduction from 12 to 6 to 3 ml/kg significantly reduced the rate of lung water accumulation from 690 μ l/h to 310 μ l/h to 210 μ l/h. Ventilation with either 6 or 3 ml/kg reduced endothelial injury equally as measured by plasma vWf:Ag and permeability to albumin. Plasma RTI40, a marker of type I epithelial cell injury, decreased 46% when tidal volume was reduced from 12 to 6 ml/kg and decreased an additional 33% with 3 ml/kg (p < 0.05). The rate of alveolar epithelial fluid clearance was significantly faster in the 3-ml/kg group (24 ± 7%/h) compared with 6 ml/kg (15 ± 11%/h) and 12 ml/kg (3 ± 6%/h). We conclude that low tidal volume ventilation protects both the alveolar epithelium and the endothelium in this model of acute lung injury. The additional decrease in pulmonary edema with a tidal volume of 3 ml/kg is partly accounted for by greater protection of the alveolar epithelium.
Put more paediatric knowledge into primary care to tackle UK's poor child health outcomes, says report
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2015)

General practitioners assessing or treating children with unscheduled care should have access to immediate telephone advice from a consultant paediatrician, new standards have said.

The recommendation is one of 11 standards in a report that is designed to improve health outcomes in children by ensuring good connectivity between primary care, hospital, and community services and by bringing specialist child paediatric knowledge into primary care. The standards were produced by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, the Royal College of Nursing, and the Royal College of General Practitioners.1

In February 2013 the government announced a new drive to reduce the rate of child mortality in the United Kingdom, which is currently …
902-3 The Impact of Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) on Post-Stent Deployment Balloon Dilatation Strategies
Authors: Jeffrey J. Popma, Antonio Colombo, Gary S. Mintz, S. Chiu Wong, Augusto D. Pichard, Kenneth M. Kent, Lowell F. Satler, Donald S. Baim, Ya Chien Chuang, Elizabeth Kennard, Theresa A. Bucher, Robert A. DeFalco, None S. Shareghi, Martin B. Leon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
An NHS research strategy.
Authors: R Smith
Journal: BMJ (1991)

non-prescription doses and administration (Department of Health).Part of the explanation for the widespread use of cholera vaccine was recently highlighted in a study of the prescribing practices of British general practitioners.Nearly three in four general practitioners would immunise travellers to the tropics, giving reasons such as the risk of cholera, fear of litigation, need for certification, and advice from expert sources.The study also highlighted the disparate opinions on the indications for cholera vaccination from various travel health information sources."Another undoubted influence on prescribing is the demand of some border health officials for evidence of cholera certification as a prerequisite for entry to a country.This practice continues covertly, disrupting many a traveller's passage.Vaccination at the port of entry may be risky: one traveller developed hepatitis B after he was vaccinated by a border official to satisfy local requirements on cholera.' 2WHO advises that official cholera certification is not a legal requirement for international travel and on no account should travel be restricted because of cholera."Until WHO's agreed entry requirements on cholera immu- nisation are enforced by WHO signatories, consistent and effective advice on indications for cholera vaccination are not feasible.Replacements for the parenteral vaccines are currently being evaluated, and field trials of an orally administered killed whole cell V cholerae vaccine combined with a B subunit peptide suggest it provides comparable protection to that provided by the parenteral form.'4Results of studies on the efficacy of live oral cholera vaccines are awaited.The risks of cholera or associated morbidity are so low, however, that the cost-risk benefit of any vaccine must be carefully considered before it is widely adopted for use in travellers.'5The protection of travellers against diarrhoeal illnesses is unlikely to advance greatly until vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli become available.
REPAIR OF SURGICAL ABDOMINAL WALL DEFECT WITH TANTALUM MESH
Authors: Amos R. Koontz
Journal: JAMA (1952)

Early in 1948 I operated on a woman with a large defect in the left upper abdominal quadrant resulting from a gunshot wound.<sup>1</sup>After many intestinal adhesions were released from the hernial sac, scarcely enough peritoneum remained for closure. The muscular and fascial defect was closed with tantalum mesh. This case made me wonder what would happen if I did have a case in which the peritoneum could not be closed and I wanted to use tantalum mesh. Therefore we<sup>2</sup>created large defects in the abdominal wall of dogs by removing the rectus muscle, fascia, and peritoneum. These defects were repaired with tantalum mesh. The greater omentum and spleen had also been removed, so that there would be no buffer between the intestines and the mesh. Perfect healing took place in these animals, and there were only mild adhesions between the loops of intestine and the mesh; the
Court rules food and hydration are treatment
Authors: C. Zinn
Journal: BMJ (2003)

An elderly woman with severe dementia who has been kept alive for years by tube feeding will be allowed to die through the ending of her treatment in what is being described as a landmark court ruling.

The Victorian Supreme Court found that the food and hydration being given to the 68 year old woman, known only as “BWV,” was a medical procedure rather than palliative care and could therefore be legally refused.

Judge Stuart Morris said that the public advocate Julian Gardner, who was appointed the woman's guardian, would now be able to decide whether it is time for her to “die with dignity.”

“The court had made it clear everyone has a right to refuse medical treatment,” said Mr Gardner. “This case is about someone who, while they were competent, made their views and wishes about medical treatment clearly known.”

The decision—the …
Early antenatal diagnosis of spina bifida in a twin fetus by ultrasonic examination and alpha-fetoprotein estimation.
Authors: S Campbell, M Grundy, J D Singer
Journal: BMJ (1976)

1976trigeminal nerve, which supplies the external pterygoid, is linked to the muscles of the oculomotor nerve and finally to the levator of the upper lid, forming the efferent arc.The condition is unilateral and it is usually more of cosmetic than functional importance.
New approaches to treat lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency in liver disease: protein therapy and microencapsulation of recombinant cells
Authors: J.K. Low, K.A. Heald, S. Schepelmann, D.V. Vinogradov, A.D. Tagalakis, I. Graham, J.G. Dickson, M.C. Winslet, J.S. Owen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
Interleukin-6 Is Required for Pancreatic Cancer Progression by Promoting MAPK Signaling Activation and Oxidative Stress Resistance
Authors: Yaqing Zhang, Wei Yan, Meredith A. Collins, Filip Bednar, Sabita Rakshit, Bruce R. Zetter, Ben Z. Stanger, Ivy Chung, Andrew D. Rhim, Marina Pasca di Magliano
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest human malignancies, is almost invariably associated with the presence of an oncogenic form of Kras. Mice expressing oncogenic Kras in the pancreas recapitulate the stepwise progression of the human disease. The inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 is often expressed by multiple cell types within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that IL-6 is required for the maintenance and progression of pancreatic cancer precursor lesions. In fact, the lack of IL-6 completely ablates cancer progression even in presence of oncogenic Kras. Mechanistically, we show that IL-6 synergizes with oncogenic Kras to activate the reactive oxygen species detoxification program downstream of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling cascade. In addition, IL-6 regulates the inflammatory microenvironment of pancreatic cancer throughout its progression, providing several signals that are essential for carcinogenesis. Thus, IL-6 emerges as a key player at all stages of pancreatic carcinogenesis and a potential therapeutic target.
The Wingless homolog WNT5A and its receptor Frizzled-5 regulate inflammatory responses of human mononuclear cells induced by microbial stimulation
Authors: Antje Blumenthal, Stefan Ehlers, Jörg Lauber, Jan Buer, Christoph Lange, Torsten Goldmann, Holger Heine, Ernst Brandt, Norbert Reiling
Journal: Blood (2006)
Letters Regarding Article by Mehilli et al, “Randomized Clinical Trial of Abciximab in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions After Treatment With a High Loading Dose of Clopidogrel”
Authors: Áurea J. Chaves, Amanda G.M.R. Sousa
Journal: Circulation (2005)

After Treatment With a High Loading Dose of Clopidogrel"To the Editor:Mehilli et al 1 reported that abciximab did not reduce death or myocardial infarction after percutaneous intervention in diabetics pretreated with a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel, but that it reduced restenosis in the subgroup treated with bare-metal stents (BMS).We previously reported that abciximab was not associated with a reduction of in-stent intimal hyperplasia measured by intravascular ultrasound in patients with diabetes treated with BMS.In-stent volume obstruction, a surrogate for in-stent restenosis, did not differ between patients with diabetes treated with or without abciximab. 2 In an attempt to reconcile these data, we found that some aspects of the ISAR-SWEET study need to be clarified.First, the analysis of restenosis was done on a per-lesion basis rather than on a per-patient basis.The statistical tests used assumed that lesions within the same patient are independent for restenosis.We learned from Kastrati et al, 3 however, that there is an interlesion dependence of restenosis in patients who undergo multilesion intervention (the probability of restenosis for a lesion being higher when a companion lesion has also developed restenosis).Hence, it follows that the correlation among lesions within patients had to be considered and an alternative statistical model that takes into account the correlations applied (eg, linear mixed-effect models).Second, the angiographic results were presented for the groups as a whole, including lesions treated with balloons and drug-eluting stents.Although the study was randomized, it is uncertain whether patients treated with BMS were balanced regarding the angiographic and procedural characteristics.Finally, variables known to influence in-stent restenosis, such as the stented segment length and the stent types used, were not mentioned.We think that such an analysis would allow a more reliable exploration of what effect, if any, abciximab had in the reduction of in-stent restenosis in patients with diabetes.
Cochrane proposes further limits on commercial funding
Authors: Jeanne Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Fierce opposition to industry funding of Cochrane reviews has caused the organisation's leadership to draft a set of proposals that will, if accepted, further restrict commercial funding. The proposed policy will forbid for-profit companies to fund a Cochrane review if they have a “real or potential vested interest in the findings of the review.” It would additionally forbid commercial entities to fund the review groups themselves.

The new proposals do not forbid industry sponsorship of other Cochrane entities, but suggest creating a “firewall” between commercial sources and review groups. Nor do they restrict funding by not—for—profit organisations. This is worrying some researchers as a “third party” strategy—in which industry funds or even creates not—for—profit professional or lay organisations that promote certain medicines—is increasingly being used by drug companies …
Fluordeoxyuridine and Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: STEVEN N. WOLFF
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Letters and Corrections1 March 1988Fluordeoxyuridine and Metastatic Colorectal CarcinomaSTEVEN N. WOLFF, M.D.STEVEN N. WOLFF, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-491_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: From their study of the use of intrahepatic or systemic infusion of fluorodeoxyuridine in patients with liver metastases from colorectal Carcinoma, Kemeny and colleagues (1) concluded that intrahepatic administration produced more responses than systemic administration although survival was statistically not improved. I would like to address two aspects of the paper.The abstract fails to indicate thepvalue for the analysis of survival. Although survival duration in months is shown as quantitatively different, the omission of this critical evaluation is a severe deficiency. Their statement that "compared with systemic therapy, intrahepatic arterial chemotherapy significantly increases response...Reference1. KEMENY N, DALY J, REICHMAN B, GELLER N, BOTET J, and ODERMAN P. Intrahepatic or systemic infusion of fluorodeoxyuridine in patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:459-65. LinkGoogle Scholar1. KEMENY N, DALY J, REICHMAN B, GELLER N, BOTET J, and ODERMAN P. Intrahepatic or systemic infusion of fluorodeoxyuridine in patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:459-65. LinkGoogle Scholar2. SILVERBERG E and LUBERA J. Cancer statistics. CA. 1987;37:2-19. Google Scholar3. FOSTER J. Survival after liver resection for secondary tumors. Am Surg. 1978;135:389-94. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: STEVEN N. WOLFF, M.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 March 1988Volume 108, Issue 3Page: 491-492KeywordsChemotherapyLiverSurvival analysis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 March 1988 PDF downloadLoading ...