tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Botulinum Toxin A for Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine and Tension Headaches in Adults
Authors: Akira Kuriyama
Journal: JAMA (2012)

<h3>Context</h3>Botulinum toxin A is US Food and Drug Administration approved for prophylactic treatment for chronic migraines.<h3>Objective</h3>To assess botulinum toxin A for the prophylactic treatment of headaches in adults.<h3>Data Sources</h3>A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, bibliographies of published systematic reviews, and the Cochrane trial registries between 1966 and March 15, 2012. Inclusion and exclusion criteria of each study were reviewed. Headaches were categorized as episodic (&lt;15 headaches per month) or chronic (≥15 headaches per month) migraine and episodic or chronic daily or tension headaches.<h3>Study Selection</h3>Randomized controlled trials comparing botulinum toxin A with placebo or other interventions for headaches among adults.<h3>Data Extraction</h3>Data were abstracted and quality assessed independently by 2 reviewers. Outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model.<h3>Data Synthesis</h3>Pooled analyses suggested that botulinum toxin A was associated with fewer headaches per month among patients with chronic daily headaches (1115 patients, −2.06 headaches per month; 95% CI, −3.56 to −0.56; 3 studies) and among patients with chronic migraine headaches (n = 1508, −2.30 headaches per month; 95% CI, −3.66 to −0.94; 5 studies). There was no significant association between use of botulinum toxin A and reduction in the number of episodic migraine (n = 1838, 0.05 headaches per month; 95% CI, −0.26 to 0.36; 9 studies) or chronic tension-type headaches (n = 675, −1.43 headaches per month; 95% CI, −3.13 to 0.27; 7 studies). In single trials, botulinum toxin A was not associated with fewer migraine headaches per month vs valproate (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.20; 95% CI, −0.91 to 0.31), topiramate (SMD, 0.20; 95% CI, −0.36 to 0.76), or amitriptyline (SMD, 0.29; 95% CI, −0.17 to 0.76). Botulinum toxin A was associated with fewer chronic tension-type headaches per month vs methylprednisolone injections (SMD, −2.5; 95% CI, −3.5 to −1.5). Compared with placebo, botulinum toxin A was associated with a greater frequency of blepharoptosis, skin tightness, paresthesias, neck stiffness, muscle weakness, and neck pain.<h3>Conclusion</h3>Botulinum toxin A compared with placebo was associated with a small to modest benefit for chronic daily headaches and chronic migraines but was not associated with fewer episodic migraine or chronic tension-type headaches per month.
ACCELERATION OF HEPATIC CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS BY TRITON WR-1339
Authors: Ivan D. Frantz, Beverly T. Hinkelman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1955)

Synthesis of cholesterol from acetate in the rat was studied after injection of triton WR-1339, both in the whole animal and by the liver slice technique. Synthesis appeared to be increased 3-fold 24 hours after the injection. It was depressed after 72 hours, concurrently with a rise in the cholesterol concentration in the liver and its fall towards normal in the blood. When triton was injected into cholesterol-fed animals, or when their bile ducts were ligated, cholesterol synthesis was faster than in the untreated, normally fed controls, despite, in some instances, an elevated concentration of cholesterol in the liver.
Fibroids, infertility and pregnancy wastage
Authors: N. Bajekal
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2000)

Uterine fibroids are often found in women of reproductive age. Different types of fibroids may affect reproductive outcome to a different extent, with submucous, intramural and subserosal fibroids being (in decreasing order of importance) a cause of infertility and pregnancy wastage. Fibroids may also produce a number of complications during pregnancy. Women who are scheduled for assisted conception should be advised to have submucous and possibly intramural fibroids removed prior to IVF. Large fibroids (>5 cm), wherever their location, should be considered individually, with the reproductive history being an important consideration. Miscarriage rates are significantly reduced following myomectomy. Open myomectomy should be the route of choice when there are large subserosal or intramural fibroids, multiple fibroids or entry into the uterine cavity is to be expected. Proper assessment of the benefits and risks of surgery for individual patients should be carefully considered before offering a procedure.
Obscure anaemia and hepatic dysfunction in Castleman's disease.
Authors: T Featherstone, A P Bayliss, S W Ewen, P W Brunt, A A Dawson
Journal: Gut (1990)

A case is reported illustrating a rare and puzzling cause of long standing anaemia and abnormal liver function tests. The diagnosis of Castleman9s disease came to light only after an adrenal mass was noted during ultrasound examination. Removal of the mass led to a rapid reversal of all the abnormalities.
Folate Intake and Pancreatic Cancer Incidence: A Prospective Study of Swedish Women and Men
Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Niclas Håkansson, Edward Giovannucci, Alicja Wolk
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2006)

Epidemiologic evidence supports an association between high folate intake and reduced risk of some cancers, in particular colorectal cancer. However, epidemiologic data concerning the relationship between folate and pancreatic cancer risk are sparse. We examined the association between folate intake and risk of pancreatic cancer in a population-based prospective study of Swedish women and men.We prospectively followed 81,922 women and men in the Swedish Mammography Cohort and the Cohort of Swedish Men who were cancer-free and completed a 96-item food-frequency questionnaire in 1997. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariable rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided.A total of 135 incident pancreatic cancer cases were diagnosed during a mean follow-up of 6.8 years. In multivariable analyses controlling for age, smoking, fruit and vegetable consumption, and other potential confounders, dietary and total folate intakes were statistically significantly inversely associated with risk of pancreatic cancer. The multivariable rate ratios of pancreatic cancer for those in the highest category of folate intake (> or = 350 microg/day) compared with the lowest category of intake (< 200 microg/day) were 0.25 (95% CI = 0.11 to 0.59; Ptrend = .002) for dietary folate and 0.33 (95% CI = 0.15 to 0.72; Ptrend = .01) for total folate (combining dietary and supplemental sources). Folic acid from supplements was not associated with pancreatic cancer (for > or = 300 microg/day compared with 0 microg/day of supplemental folic acid, multivariable RR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.56 to 1.88). The sex- and age-standardized incidence rates of pancreatic cancer per 100,000 person-years were 41 for the lowest and 18 for the highest category of dietary folate intake.Our results suggest that increased intake of folate from food sources, but not from supplements, may be associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer.
Safety and Procedural Success of Left Atrial Appendage Exclusion With the Lariat Device
Authors: Saurav Chatterjee, Howard C. Herrmann, Robert L. Wilensky, John Hirshfeld, Daniel McCormick, David S. Frankel, Robert W. Yeh, Ehrin J. Armstrong, Dharam J. Kumbhani, Jay Giri
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2015)

<h3>Importance</h3> The Lariat device has received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 510(k) clearance for soft-tissue approximation and is being widely used off-label for left atrial appendage (LAA) exclusion. A comprehensive analysis of safety and effectiveness has not been reported. <h3>Objectives</h3> To perform a systematic review of published literature to assess safety and procedural success, defined as successful closure of the LAA during the index procedure, of the Lariat device. We performed a formal analytic review of the FDA MAUDE (Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience) database to compile adverse event reports from real-world practice with the Lariat. <h3>Data Sources</h3> For the systematic review, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 2007 through August 2014 to identify all studies reporting use of the Lariat device in 3 or more patients. The FDA MAUDE database was queried for adverse events reports related to Lariat use. <h3>Data Extractions and Synthesis</h3> Data were abstracted in duplicate by 2 physician reviewers. Events from published literature were pooled using a generic inverse variance weighting with a random effects model. Cumulative and individual adverse events were also reported using the FDA MAUDE data set. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Procedural adverse events and procedural success. <h3>Results</h3> In the systematic review, 5 reports of Lariat device use in 309 participants were identified. Specific complications weighted for inverse of variance of individual studies were urgent need for cardiac surgery (2.3%; 7 of 309 procedures) and death (0.3%; 1 of 309 procedures). Procedural success was 90.3% (279 of 309 procedures). In the FDA MAUDE database, there were 35 unique reports of adverse events with use of the Lariat device. Among these, we identified 5 adverse event reports that noted pericardial effusion and death and an additional 23 reported urgent cardiac surgery without mention of death. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> This review of published reports and case reports identified risks of adverse events with off-label use of the Lariat device for LAA exclusion. Formal, controlled investigations into the safety and efficacy of the device for this indication are warranted.
Still PADing along: Perception and attention remain key factors in understanding complex visual hallucinations
Authors: Daniel Collerton, Elaine Perry, Ian McKeith
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

Commentators agree that the Perception and Attention Deficit (PAD) model is a promising model for accounting for recurrent complex visual hallucinations (RCVH) across several disorders, though with varying detailed criticisms. Its central tenets are not modified, but further consideration of generative models of visual processing and the relationship of proto-objects and memory systems allows the PAD model to deal with variations in phenomenology. The commentaries suggest new ways to generate evidence that will test the model.
An Unbiased Chemical Biology Screen Identifies Agents That Modulate Uptake of Oxidized LDL by Macrophages
Authors: Yoram Etzion, Alice Hackett, Brandon M. Proctor, Jie Ren, Bill Nolan, Thomas Ellenberger, Anthony J. Muslin
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

Macrophage-derived foam cells are thought to play a major role in atherosclerotic lesion formation and progression. An automated assay was established to evaluate the uptake of fluorescently labeled oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by a monocyte/macrophage cell line. The assay was used to screen 480 known bioactive compounds. Twenty-two active compounds were identified. Efficacy studies in peritoneal macrophages demonstrated a high rate of concordance with the initial screening results. Inhibitory compounds confirmed important previous findings and identified new drugs of interest including: 3 blockers of nuclear factor kappab activation, 2 protein kinase C inhibitors, a phospholipase C inhibitor, and 2 antipsychotic drugs. In addition, an opioid receptor agonist was found to increase the oxLDL uptake of macrophages. The involvement of nuclear factor kappaB in oxLDL uptake was validated in peritoneal macrophages in vivo. The results support a model in which oxLDL uptake is dependent on the activation of multiple intracellular signaling pathways that culminate in actin-mediated lipoprotein internalization.
STUDIES ON THE ACTIVATION OF SERUM PROTEASE BY AN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY SYSTEM
Authors: Joseph V. Jemski, John A. Flick, Warren R. Stinebring
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1953)

The results obtained in this study indicate that serum protease is not activated by either a rabbit or guinea pig antiovalbumin-ovalbumin system, in vitro. A precipitin reaction occurring in the presence of a serum protease precursor of three species (human, rabbit, and guinea pig) failed to activate the protease precursor. Furthermore, particulate material as preformed precipitates could not be shown to activate the protease of either human or rabbit serum or their euglobulin fractions. The material presented seems to be further evidence against the postulated role of serum protease in immunologic systems.
Pharyngeal shape and dimensions in healthy subjects, snorers, and patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.
Authors: D O Rodenstein, G Dooms, Y Thomas, G Liistro, D C Stanescu, C Culee, G Aubert-Tulkens
Journal: Thorax (1990)

To characterise the relation between pharyngeal anatomy and sleep related disordered breathing, 17 men with complaints of snoring were studied by all night polysomnography. Ten of them had obstructive sleep apnoea (mean (SD) apnoea-hypopnoea index 56.3 (41.7), age 52 (10) years, body mass index 31.4 (5.3) kg/m2); whereas seven were simple snorers (apnoea-hypopnoea index 6.7 (4.6), age 40 (17) years, body mass index 25.9 (4.3) kg/m2). The pharynx was studied by magnetic resonance imaging in all patients and in a group of eight healthy subjects (age 27 (6) years, body mass index 21.8 (2.2) kg/m2, both significantly lower than in the patients; p less than 0.05). On the midsagittal section and six transverse sections equally spaced between the nasopharynx and the hypopharynx several anatomical measurements were performed. Results showed that there was no difference between groups in most magnetic resonance imaging measurements, but that on transverse sections the pharyngeal cross section had an elliptic shape with the long axis oriented in the coronal plane in normal subjects, whereas in apnoeic and snoring patients the pharynx was circular or had an elliptic shape but with the long axis oriented in the sagittal plane. It is suggested that the change in pharyngeal cross sectional shape, secondary to a reduction in pharyngeal transverse diameter, may be related to the risk of developing sleep related disordered breathing.
Time-of-day dependence of isokinetic leg strength and associated interday variability.
Authors: J P Wyse, T H Mercer, N P Gleeson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1994)

The purpose of this study was to assess the interday variability and time-of-day effects on selected isokinetic leg strength indices. Nine adult collegiate sportsmen (mean(s.e.) age 19.6(0.5) years; mean(s.e.) height 1.81(0.02) m; mean(s.e.) body mass 76.5(3.1) kg) completed a series of nine test sessions, organized so that each subject was tested three times within a day (08.00-09.00 hours; 13.00-14.00 hours; 18.00-19.30 hours), on three occasions, each separated by a minimum of 7 days. Gravity-corrected indices of extension peak torque (EPT), flexion peak torque (FPT), and the peak torque ratio (PTR), at contraction velocities of 1.05 rad s-1 and 3.14 rad s-1, were calculated for each subject using an isokinetic dynamometer. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of coefficient of variation (V%) scores revealed no significant differences in performance variability across within-subject factors of time-of-day and performance index (P > 0.05). Overall mean(s.e.) V% for scores across experimental conditions were 3.97(0.72)% at 1.05 rad s-1 and 5.98(1.23)% at 3.14 rad s-1, suggesting that similar levels of measurement error occur between 08.00-19.30 hours. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance of absolute strength indices (EPT, FPT and PTR) revealed that significantly higher scores were achieved during session 3 (18.00-19.30 hours), with mean(s.e.) values of 249.1(40.0) N m, 149.0(32.3) N m, 59.5(5.0)% at 1.05 rad s-1, and 172.1(38.7) N m, 121.3(27.7) N m, 71.1(6.2)% at 3.14 rad s-1, respectively (P < 0.05). This finding appears to be consistent with current knowledge about time-of-day effects on the assessment of muscular strength. Thus for stable and maximal values to be obtained during isokinetic leg testing, the use of multiple-trial protocols is recommended, with testing occurring as close to 18.00-19.30 hours as possible. In addition, the observed significant time-of-day effect suggests that appropriate comparison of maximal isokinetic leg strength can only be achieved based on data obtained within 30 min of the same time of day.
Helicobacter pylori test and eradicate versus prompt endoscopy for management of dyspeptic patients: 6.7 year follow up of a randomised trial
Authors: A T Lassen
Journal: Gut (2004)

<b>Background:</b> Dyspepsia is a chronic disease with significant impact on the use of health care resources. A management strategy based on <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> testing has been recommended but the long term effect is unknown. <b>Aim:</b> To investigate the long term effect of a test and treat strategy compared with prompt endoscopy for management of dyspeptic patients in primary care. <b>Patients:</b> A total of 500 patients presenting in primary care with dyspepsia were randomised to management by <i>H pylori</i> testing plus eradication therapy (n = 250) or by endoscopy (n = 250). Results of 12 month follow up have previously been presented. <b>Methods:</b> Symptoms, quality of life, and patient satisfaction were recorded during a three month period, a median 6.7 years after randomisation (range 6.1–7.3 years). Number of endoscopies, antisecretory medication, <i>H pylori</i> treatments, and hospital visits were recorded from health care databases for the entire follow up period. <b>Results:</b> Median age was 45 years; 28% were <i>H pylori</i> infected. Use of resources was registered in all 500 patients (3084 person years) of whom 312 completed diaries. We found no difference in symptoms between the two groups. Median proportion of days without symptoms was 0.52 (interquartile range 0.10–0.88) in the test and eradicate group versus 0.64 (0.14–0.90) in the prompt endoscopy group (p = 0.27) (mean difference 0.05 (95% confidence interval (CI) −0.03 to 0.14)). Compared with the prompt endoscopy group, the test and eradicate group underwent fewer endoscopies (mean difference 0.62 endoscopies/person (95% CI 0.38–0.86)) and used less antisecretory medication (mean difference 102 defined daily doses/person (95% CI −1 to 205)). <b>Conclusion:</b> On a long term basis, a <i>H pylori</i> test and eradicate strategy is as efficient as prompt endoscopy for management of dyspeptic patients in primary care and reduces the use of endoscopy and antisecretory medication.
Pathology of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex of Patients With Schizophrenia
Authors: James E. Black, Ian M. Kodish, Aaron W. Grossman, Anna Y. Klintsova, Diana Orlovskaya, Victor Vostrikov, Natalya Uranova, William T. Greenough
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)

OBJECTIVE: Morphological indications of abnormal circuitry have been detected in the prefrontal neuropil of patients with schizophrenia. The authors tested the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with smaller dendritic field size in layer V pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex. METHOD: Tissue from area 10 with a mean postmortem interval of 5.7 hours was obtained from 15 subjects with chronic schizophrenia and 18 normal comparison subjects. After Golgi impregnation, basilar dendritic field size was estimated for layer V pyramidal neurons by ring intersection analysis. RESULTS: The schizophrenia subjects had 40% fewer total ring intersections per neuron than comparison subjects. Smaller basilar dendritic field size was evident in proximal and distal branches. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that abnormal dendritic outgrowth or maintenance contributes to reduced neuropil and prefrontal connectivity in schizophrenia. Short postmortem intervals and resulting high tissue quality suggest that these dystrophic changes reflect schizophrenia pathology rather than postmortem artifact.
Quantitative analysis of high-resolution computed tomography scans in severe asthma subphenotypes
Authors: S. Gupta, S. Siddiqui, P. Haldar, J. J. Entwisle, D. Mawby, A. J. Wardlaw, P. Bradding, I. D. Pavord, R. H. Green, C. E. Brightling
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> Severe asthma is a heterogeneous condition. Airway remodelling is a feature of severe asthma and can be determined by the assessment of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans. The aim of this study was to assess whether airway remodelling is restricted to specific subphenotypes of severe asthma. <h3>Methods</h3> A retrospective analysis was performed of HRCT scans from subjects who had attended a single-centre severe asthma clinic between 2003 and 2008. The right upper lobe apical segmental bronchus (RB1) dimensions were measured and the clinical and sputum inflammatory characteristics associated with RB1 geometry were assessed by univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Longitudinal sputum data were available and were described as area under the time curve (AUC). Comparisons were made in RB1 geometry across subjects in four subphenotypes determined by cluster analysis, smokers and non-smokers, and subjects with and without persistent airflow obstruction. <h3>Results</h3> Ninety-nine subjects with severe asthma and 16 healthy controls were recruited. In the subjects with severe asthma the RB1 percentage wall area (%WA) was increased (p=0.009) and lumen area (LA)/body surface area (BSA) was decreased (p=0.008) compared with controls but was not different across the four subphenotypes. Airway geometry was not different between smokers and non-smokers and RB1 %WA was increased in those with persistent airflow obstruction. RB1 %WA in severe asthma was best associated with airflow limitation and persistent neutrophilic airway inflammation (model R<sup>2</sup>=0.27, p=0.001). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Airway remodelling of proximal airways occurs in severe asthma and is associated with impaired lung function and neutrophilic airway inflammation.
Chronic tendinopathy: effectiveness of eccentric exercise
Authors: Brett L Woodley, Richard J Newsham-West, G David Baxter
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of eccentric exercise (EE) programmes in the treatment of common tendinopathies. Data sources: Relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were sourced using the OVID website databases: MEDLINE (1966–Jan 2006), CINAHL (1982–Jan 2006), AMED (1985–Jan 2006), EMBASE (1988–Jan 2006), and all EBM reviews – Cochrane DSR, ACP Journal Club, DARE, and CCTR (Jan 2006). The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) was also searched using the keyword: eccentric. Review methods: The PEDro and van Tulder scales were employed to assess methodological quality. Levels of evidence were then obtained according to predefined thresholds: Strong –consistent findings among multiple high-quality RCTs. Moderate –consistent findings among multiple low-quality RCTs and/or clinically controlled trials (CCTs) and/or one high-quality RCT. Limited –one low-quality RCT and/or CCT. Conflicting –inconsistent findings among multiple trials (RCTs and/or CCTs). No evidence –no RCTs or CCTs. Results: Twenty relevant studies were sourced, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria. These included studies of Achilles tendinopathy (AT), patella tendinopathy (PT) and tendinopathy of the common wrist extensor tendon of the lateral elbow (LET). Limited levels of evidence exist to suggest that EE has a positive effect on clinical outcomes such as pain, function and patient satisfaction/return to work when compared to various control interventions such as concentric exercise (CE), stretching, splinting, frictions and ultrasound. Levels of evidence were found to be variable across the tendinopathies investigated. Conclusions: This review demonstrates the dearth of high-quality research in support of the clinical effectiveness of EE over other treatments in the management of tendinopathies. Further adequately powered studies that include appropriate randomisation procedures, standardised outcome measures and long-term follow-up are required.