tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic and functional characterization of intrahepatic T lymphocytes during chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Vincent Leroy, Ines Vigan, Jean-Francois Mosnier, Tania Dufeu-Duchesne, Martine Pernollet, Jean-Pierre Zarski, Patrice N. Marche, Evelyne Jouvin-Marche
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

The pathogenesis of liver cell injury during chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is poorly understood. The cellular immune response is thought to play a key role in both inhibition of viral replication and liver pathology. However, little is currently known about which lymphocyte populations and which immune effectors contribute to or control liver damage. We investigated a panel of 15 phenotypic and functional markers of intrahepatic T–lymphocyte subsets irrespective of their antigen specificity in 48 hepatitis C virus (HCV)–infected patients and 8 healthy control subjects. Lymphocyte characteristics were evaluated from liver biopsy specimens both at gene expression level by real–time quantitative reverse–transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and by immunochemistry, in relation with the degree of liver injury and with intrahepatic HCV–RNA levels. As compared with controls, we found major changes in T–lymphocyte subsets in HCV–infected patients, with a significant decrease of T–cell antigen receptor (TCR) δ and CD56 gene expression, associated with a concomitant increase of TCRα and CD8β that were correlated with cytotoxic factors, proinflammatory chemokines, and chemokine receptors including peforin, interferon gamma (IFN–γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF–α), RANTES, and CXCR3. The gene expression of CD8β, a specific marker for conventional TCRα + CD8 + lymphocytes, was correlated by multivariate analysis with both alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels and histologic activity index. Furthermore, CD8 staining was observed by immunochemistry in the areas of lobular and piecemeal necrosis. In contrast, no lymphocyte marker was correlated with viral load, measured both in serum and in liver. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest key roles for CD8 + T cells as effectors of liver damage during chronic HCV infection and for their inability to control viral replication. (Hepatology 2003;38:829-841).
The Practice of Medicine
Authors: George L. Fite
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Prosperity in East Germany has resulted in a splendid forward surge in the percentage of citizens who hold college degrees; this fact combined with a corresponding diminution in scavenger and street-cleaning services, results in a fulfillment of the adage that where everyone is "somebody" there's a dearth of nobodies: Plenty chiefs, no injuns! Something of this is now occurring in medicine. The country doesn't really lack doctors; it's just that most of them have no licenses. After dismissing the fringe benefits of acupuncture, midwifery, chiropractic, and other ancillary medical arts, there remain the<i>tausende aber tausende</i>of absorbers of health columns in journals and magazines, students of television medicine, zodiacal enthusiasts, answerers of medical questionnaires, and people who, in the course of illness, have become experts in their diseases. The patent medicine, the home remedy nostrum, and grandma's mustard plaster have yielded to the popularity of playing doctor. Medical journals
Speaking of language: Thoughts on associations
Authors: Susan Graham, Diane Poulin-Dubois
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Müller attempts to downplay cases of dissociation between language and cognition as evidence against the modularity of language. We review cases of associations between verbal and nonverbal abilities as further evidence against the notion of language as an autonomous subsystem. We also point out a discrepancy between his proposal of homologies between nonhuman primates' communication and human language and recent proposals on the evolution of language.
Investigating allegations of scientific misconduct
Authors: Jane Smith, Fiona Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Journals can do only so much; institutions need to be willing to investigate 

I n this issue we take the unusual step of publishing an “expression of concern” (p 266)1 about a paper the BMJ published in 1992,2 together with an account of our attempts to resolve the suspicions about this and other papers written by the author, Dr Ram B Singh of Moradabad, India (p 281).3 The BMJ 's expression of concern coincides with a similar expression about another of Singh's papers in this week's Lancet .

As White describes in her article,3 doubts about the validity of the data in Singh's 1992 paper arose soon after we had published it—when Singh sent us a succession of other studies. The reviewers of the subsequent papers alerted us to discrepancies in the data, and to doubts about Singh's work that were already well known among researchers into diet and coronary heart disease.

What should journal editors do when confronted with such doubts? In the past, we would simply have rejected the paper. But in the wake of prominent cases of scientific misconduct in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s,4 journal editors began to recognise that they had an obligation not to ignore such doubts, an obligation now set down in the Committee of Publication Ethics code of conduct for editors.5 In practice there's a limit to what journals …
Survey of dietary policy and management in British diabetic clinics.
Authors: A S Truswell, B J Thomas, A M Brown
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Questionnaires about dietary policy were sent to 471 physicians in diabetic clinics throughout the United Kingdom, and usable replies were received from 281. Insulin-dependent patients were mostly taught to use carbohydrate-exchange units in regulating their diets; this method was used less often for maturity-onset diabetics. Restriction of sucrose and foods containing concentrated sugars was more rigorous in clinics in teaching hospitals than elsewhere; paediatric clinics were the most liberal. Maturity onset diabetics were generally advised to restrict their fat intake, but most clinics did not restrict fat for their insulin-dependent patients. Again teaching-hospital clinics were the most restrictive. Patients were rarely encouraged to weigh their food. In general physicians thought that insulin-dependent patients adhered to their diets but maturity-onset patients did not. There is uncertainty about the ideal dietary policy for diabetics and the best way of helping patients to follow the regimen prescribed.
Identification of Active Tissue Factor in Human Coronary Atheroma
Authors: Jonathan D. Marmur, Singanallore V. Thiruvikraman, Billie S. Fyfe, Arabinda Guha, Samin K. Sharma, John A. Ambrose, John T. Fallon, Yale Nemerson, Mark B. Taubman
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Recent observations suggest that thrombosis in vivo is initiated via the tissue factor (TF) pathway. The TF activity of human coronary atheroma has not been reported. Methods and Results Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) specimens from 63 lesions were analyzed with the use of a quantitative TF-specific activity assay. The median content of TF was 10 ng/g plaque (95% CI, 6 to 13 ng/g; range, 0 to 47 ng/g). After homogenization of the specimens, TF activity was detected in 28 of 31 lesions (90%). With a polyclonal anti-human TF antibody, the use of immunohistochemistry detected TF antigen in 43 of 50 lesions (86%); TF antigen was expressed in cellular and acellular areas of the plaque. Histologically defined thrombus was present in 19 of the 43 lesions with detectable TF antigen and in none of the 7 lesions without detectable TF antigen (19 of 43 versus 0 of 7; P &lt;.02). TF antigen was undetectable with immunohistochemistry in 4 of 13 restenotic lesions (31%) and in 3 of 37 de novo lesions (8%) ( P &lt;.05). Conclusions TF contributes to the procoagulant activity of most atherosclerotic lesions treated with DCA. The association of immunohistochemically detectable TF with plaque thrombus suggests that TF plays a role in coronary thrombosis. Diminished TF expression in restenotic lesions may in part account for the lower complication rate that has been associated with DCA of restenotic versus de novo lesions. Inhibition of TF may represent a therapeutic goal for the prevention of thrombotic complications associated with percutaneous coronary interventions.
Transgastric endoscopy - a new fashion, a new excitement!
Authors: A. Fritscher-Ravens
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Current flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy has been enriched by a new technique, transluminal endoscopic surgery, which has recently attracted an explosion of interest. To date, the established applications are few, but this review attempts to provide an overview of the present status of the procedures and of the development of the technical devices. The possible risks will be addressed as well as the potential benefits. Ethical issues and safeguards may need exploration. Above all, the principal developments in techniques for closure of incisions will be described here, including each of the methods and devices. Expansion in perspective as well as size is most important both in business and science, as it brings new dimensions to our lives and work. A steady state is a myth, in general, as it will be overtaken by new developments, that transform into new steady states which themselves will be superseded.
Clinical laboratory markers of inflammation as determinants of chronic graft-versus-host disease activity and NIH global severity
Authors: L Grkovic, K Baird, S M Steinberg, K M Williams, D Pulanic, E W Cowen, S A Mitchell, F T Hakim, K J Martires, D N Avila, T N Taylor, R B Salit, S D Rowley, D Zhang, D H Fowler, M R Bishop, R E Gress, S Z Pavletic
Journal: Leukemia (2011)
Efficacy of Intravitreal Ocriplasmin for Treatment of Vitreomacular Adhesion
Authors: Julia A. Haller, Peter Stalmans, Matthew S. Benz, Arnd Gandorfer, Stephen J. Pakola, Aniz Girach, Anselm Kampik, Glenn J. Jaffe, Cynthia A. Toth
Journal: Ophthalmology (2014)
Primary sclerosing cholangitis and recognitionof bile duct cancer: problem solved?
Authors: M. Arvanitakis, J. Devière
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

The risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma in the setting of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is in the range of 6-18 % [1] [2] [3] and is higher if a dominant stricture develops. In addition, approximately 10 % of PSC patients undergoing liver transplantation have undetected cholangiocarcinoma [4]. Screening is therefore of paramount importance, although the most effective screening strategy remains controversial.
Molecular Bases of Early Neural Development in Xenopus Embryos
Authors: C Kintner
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1992)

Genes that are differentially expressed in the ectoderm as it diverts along the neural and epidermal pathways of differentiation can be used to study the inducing signals underlying induction as well as how ectoderm responds to these signals by forming neural tissue. Although these genes have provided, and will continue to provide, new information about the induction process, they are not likely to provide the whole story. For example, Notch is a gene required for neurogenesis in Drosophila embryos. When the Notch gene product is absent, the embryo forms far too many neuroblasts at the expense of the hypodermal cell layer (Artavanis-Tsakonis 1988, Campos-Ortega 1988). Even though Notch appears to play a role in deciding the fate of neural/hypodermal cells, the Notch gene product is expressed ubiquitously in early embryos in the neurogenic region (Hartley et al 1987, Kidd et al 1989). Thus, one possibility is that Notch function does not necessarily depend on differential expression of the Notch gene product within cells in the neurogenic regions [although an alternative view has been suggested by Greenspan (1990)]. Thus, some of the molecules controlling early neural development may not be expressed differentially when the ectoderm forms the neural plate. Obviously, other approaches will have to be taken to isolate and characterize these molecules. In this light, it is noteworthy that a molecule has been identified in Xenopus that is remarkably similar to Drosophila Notch in both structure and developmental expression (Coffman et al 1990). One hope is that the analysis of this molecule in combination with the molecules that are differentially expressed during neural induction will eventually lead to a molecular understanding of early neural development in vertebrate embryos.
Oral retinoic acid as therapy for congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma
Authors: L. ERIKSEN, R.H. CORMANE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1975)

Oral retinoic acid has been therapeutically beneficial for three patients with congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and one with congenital bullous ichthyosifrom erythroderma. Response to therapy was slow but definite with suppression of scale formation, marked reduction of painful cracking of the underlying epidermis and disappearance of skin irritation. Side effects have not occurred. Therapy had to be maintained to prevent recurrence of symptoms.
Death from Fulminating Pneumonia after Brief Nitrous Oxide Anaesthesia
Authors: E. Glynn
Journal: BMJ (1926)

PNEUMONIA AFTER NITROUS OXIDE ANAESThESIA.[ 895 to our therapeutic armamaentarium-ani agent whicE, although not by any means a general panacea, is the more valuable in that many of its successes are those very chronic and difficult cases in which the prognosis has hitherto been so hopeless.A bibliography of the literature of ultra-violet therapy in ophthalmology is appended.It is a pleasure to thank the members of tlle staff at Mooorfields for their cordial assistance alnd advice, and for according me the privilege of making use of and reporting their cases.
I-123 MIBG Cardiac Imaging in Diabetic Neuropathy Before and After Epalrestat Therapy
Authors: KEITA UTSUNOMIYA, ISAMU NARABAYASHI, YUKO NAKATANI, KOJI TAMURA, SATOSHI ONISHI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1999)

I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy is a new method to evaluate cardiac sympathetic nerve disturbance in patients with diabetes mellitus. Epalrestat specifically inhibits aldose reductase and improves diabetic neuropathy. The authors report a case of improvement in cardiac sympathetic dysfunction using MIBG scintigraphy with epalrestat therapy. In this case, epalrestat effectively reversed diabetic neuropathy, and MIBG scintigraphy was useful to evaluate the effect of epalrestat.
Corticosteroid trials in non-asthmatic chronic airflow obstruction: a comparison of oral prednisolone and inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate.
Authors: D C Weir, R I Gove, A S Robertson, P S Burge
Journal: Thorax (1990)

One hundred and twenty seven adults considered on clinical grounds to have non-asthmatic chronic airflow obstruction entered a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial comparing the physiological response to inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate 500 micrograms thrice daily with oral prednisolone 40 mg a day, both given for two weeks. One hundred and seven patients completed the study. Response was assessed as change in FEV1 and FVC measured on the last treatment day, and as change in mean peak expiratory flow (PEF) over the final seven days of treatment from home PEF recordings performed five times daily. A full response to treatment was defined as an increase in FEV or FVC, or an increase in mean daily PEF over the final seven days of treatment, of at least 20% from baseline values. An improvement in one measurement of at least 15%, or of 10% in any two measurements, was defined as a partial treatment response. Response to placebo showed a significant order effect, suggesting a carry over effect of active treatment of at least three weeks. Response to active treatment was therefore related to initial baseline values, and compared with placebo by considering responses in the first treatment phase only. A full response to oral prednisolone (16/38) was significantly more common than to placebo (3/35). The number of full responses to inhaled beclomethasone (8/34) did not differ significantly from the number responding to oral prednisolone or placebo in the first treatment phase, though full and partial responses to inhaled beclomethasone (12/34) were significantly more common than those to placebo (4/35). When all three treatment phases were considered 44/107 patients showed a full response to one or both forms of corticosteroid treatment, a response to prednisolone (39) occurring more frequently than to inhaled beclomethasone (26). Only 21 of the 44 responders showed a response to both forms of treatment. Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate 500 micrograms thrice daily was inferior to oral prednisolone 40 mg per day, but better than placebo, in producing improvement in physiological measurements in patients thought to have nonasthmatic chronic airflow obstruction. It was, however, an effective alternative in over half of those showing a response to prednisolone.
Prevertebral Emphysema after a Dental Procedure
Authors: Kumar Sujeet, Stuti Shankar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

A 47-year-old woman with diabetes was seen in the emergency room with difficulty swallowing, bilateral chest pain, and a foreign-body sensation in her throat. Earlier that day, she had undergone a root canal under local anesthesia. Her symptoms were initially attributed to an allergic reaction to the anesthetic. Examination showed crepitus in her neck. A radiograph of the neck showed emphysema with prevertebral air in the cervical soft tissues. The likely mechanism for the introduction of air was injection by means of a high-speed dental drill through the soft tissue adjacent to the roots of the lower molars. Surgical procedures, . . .
Influences on Prescribing Practices-Reply
Authors: William Schaffner
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> As Dr Moore suggests, several characteristics of the drug educator (a pharmacist) and the physician-counselors might have influenced the receptivity of the visited physicians to the educational message that was presented in our study. In addition to age, one can speculate concerning the influence of gender, race, ethnic background, presentability, personality, and the like. Incidentally, as regards age, it would be equally valid to wonder whether the young pharmacist was perceived as a recent graduate with the latest information, whereas the senior physician-counselors might have been viewed as possibly out of date. Because of these subtle interpersonal nuances, both the drug educator and physician-counselors were trained to present themselves as representatives of the Tennessee Medical Association. Our concept of the drug educator was based on the model of the pharmaceutical sales representative, known to be an effective method of changing prescribing habits. We believe that our drug educator
Computer Storage of Automobile Accident Data
Authors: Norman J. Holter
Journal: JAMA (1966)

To the Editor:—  The suggestion of Paul H. Blachly, MD, regarding computer recording of automobile accident data ( 197 :930, 1966) is a good one, but I would like to suggest that it does not go far enough. Computer capacity could easily handle data on the other extremely important items involved in automobile accidents, not included in Dr. Blachly's suggestion. The object, of course, would be to use the stored data to minimize accidents.  There is no question that automobile safety can be improved, but recent publicity has caused many of us to overlook the driver or the road. Whenever I read in the paper that such and such occurred and so and so was killed I always remain curious as to why one car or the other was where it was when it shouldn't have been (whether a one-car or a multiple-car accident). Was a curve inadequately marked by the
Radioimmunoassay of serum creatine kinase BB as index of brain damage after head injury.
Authors: J P Phillips, H M Jones, R Hitchcock, N Adama, R J Thompson
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Brain-type creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-BB) was measured by radioimmunoassay in the serum of 54 patients with head injuries. CK-BB was not detectable in 476 out of 1006 controls, the remaining 530 normal samples containing a mean of 1.5 +/- SD0.75 microgram/l. The mean CK-BB concentrations in patients with mild, moderate, and fatal head injuries were all significantly higher than the control value (p &lt; 0.01 in each instance). Patients with serious head injury had serum concentrations many times the normal value, in two cases within 30 minutes after impact. Fatally injured patients continued to have high serum concentrations several days after injury. In less serious cases values approached normal within two or three days. Every patient with evidence of cerebral laceration, bruising, or swelling had a serum CK-BB concentration above normal. Raised concentrations were found in 14 out of 22 patients with concussion only. The serum CK-BB concentration appears to be a sensitive index of brain damage and may prove useful in the management and follow-up of head-injured patients.
Comparison of Grade-Incremented versus Speed-Incremented Maximal Exercise Tests in Trained Men
Authors: J. L. Mayhew, P. M. Gross
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1975)

At present, it is generally accepted that gradeincremented treadmill running (GR) invokes a greater maximal aerobic demand (V02 max) than speedincremented horizontal running (SR) in normal subjects.This difference in oxygen consumption appears to be due to the subject's inability to maintain the increasing pace during SR, i.e., he never attains a true maximum, and the recruitment of ancillary muscle groups during GR (4, 25, 29).Nevertheless, SR is still widely used as an aerobic capacity test.It appears most popular among Japanese researchers (18,20,21,23), although it has been used elsewhere (16,32).Indeed, Mathews and Fox (17) recommend that speed rather than grade be increased during maximal exercise tests of individuals with high aerobic capacities.The original conclusion that GR elicits a higher V02 max than SR was based on tests of untrained subjects
Endothelin in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion
Authors: J PERNOW, Q WANG
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an extremely potent vasoconstrictor peptide derived from vascular endothelial cells. ET-1 can also be produced by other cell types such as smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes. Plasma levels of ET-1 are elevated during several different cardiovascular disorders like atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. During and following myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion, the myocardial production and release of ET-1 is stimulated and the coronary constrictor response to ET-1 is enhanced. These findings all favour a pathophysiological role for ET-1 in the development of ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Accordingly, by using different pharmacological tools (monoclonal antibody, ET converting enzyme inhibitor or ET receptor antagonists) that block the biological actions of ET-1, myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury has been demonstrated to be reduced in experimental animal models, in terms of both reduction in final infarct size and improved recovery of myocardial performance and coronary flow. However, some studies have shown no cardioprotective effects of ET receptor antagonists. Possible explanations for these apparently conflicting results are differences in animal species used, route and timing of drug administration, experimental protocol and chemical nature of the antagonists. The potential mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of ET antagonists are discussed and include prevention of no-reflow, inhibition of ET-induced neutrophil activation, abolishment of direct pro-ischaemic actions of ET on myocytes, and interruption of interference of ET with the renin-angiotensin system.