tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treating the premenstrual syndrome.
Authors: D. Gath, S. Iles
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Many treatments have been proposed for the premenstrual syndrome, but none has emerged as clearly effective.This is because the study of the syndrome has been beset with problems of diagnosis and research method.Diagnosis cannot be based on investigations but only on symptoms and their timing in the menstrual cycle.The syndrome is ile^defined but commonly includes irritability, depression, tension and anxiety, feelings of bloating and weight gain, breast tenderness and swelling, and swelling of hands and feet.The draft of the Tenth International Classification of Diseases extends this list to include-for example, various aches and pains, poor concentration, sleep disturbance, and change in appetite.'The draft requires only "one or more" of these diverse symptoms for diagnosis.It further stipulates that symptoms should be restricted to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, reach a peak shortly before menstruation, and cease with the menstrual flow or soon after.
Separating Cardiac From Pulmonary Dyspnea
Authors: Thomas A. Raffin
Journal: JAMA (1977)

DYSPNEA is an uncomfortable awareness of the act of breathing, leading to a sensation most conveniently described as breathlessness. It may arise as a result of numerous mechanisms.<sup>1,2</sup>However, in both cardiac and pulmonary disease, the most common cause is disordered lung mechanics. The two major forms of disordered lung mechanics that result in pulmonary dyspnea are obstructive lung diseases, causing increased airway resistance, and restrictive lung diseases, causing increased lung stiffness. In patients with cardiac dyspnea, the major cause of dyspnea also is increased lung stiffness, leading to a type of restrictive lung disease. As a result, patients with dyspnea purely related to obstructive lung disease seldom pose a problem in the separation of cardiac and pulmonary dyspnea. Hyperinflated lungs, prolonged expiration, a small heart, and the bedside and laboratory evidence of airways obstruction are easily documented. The situation with respect to the restrictive lung diseases is more
Normal human B cells display ordered light chain gene rearrangements and deletions.
Authors: S J Korsmeyer, P A Hieter, S O Sharrow, C K Goldman, P Leder, T A Waldmann
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

Human kappa-producing B cell lines and leukemias retain their excluded lambda light chain genes in the germ line configuration, whereas transformed lambda-producing B cells uniformly rearrange or delete their kappa genes (12). Whether the unexpected lambda gene recombinations within malignant lambda-producing B cells reflect a normal developmental process or are secondary to transformation and specific chromosomal translocations was uncertain. To resolve this issue, we purified circulating lambda-bearing B cells from a normal individual to 97% purity by using a series of negative selection steps and a final positive selection on a cell sorter. Over 95% of the collective kappa genes in these lambda B cells were no longer in their germ line form, with the majority (60%) deleted and the remainder present but in a rearranged state. The chromosomal loss of the germ line kappa genes included the joining (J kappa) segments as well as the constant (C kappa) region, yet the particular variable (V kappa) gene family studied was spared. In addition, the incidence of kappa gene deletions was higher in long-term than in freshly transformed lambda B cell lines. This implies that the deletion of aberrantly rearranged kappa genes may occur as a second event. Such a mechanism would serve to eliminate aberrant transcripts and light chain fragments that might interfere with the synthesis and assembly of effective immunoglobulin molecules. Thus, despite the nearly equal usage of kappa and lambda light chain genes in man, there appears to be a sequential order to their expression during normal B cell ontogeny in which kappa gene rearrangements precede those of lambda.
Hematologic and clinical responses in patients with sickle cell anemia after chronic extracorporeal red cell carbamylation.
Authors: D A Deiderich, R C Trueworthy, P Gill, A M Cader, W E Larsen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

In eight patients with sickle cell anemia, weekly extracorporeal carbamylation of about 20% of the circulating red cell mass was carried out for 2 yr or longer. At each visit, a mean of 1.3+/-0.2 mol of cyanate were incorporated per mole of hemoglobin in the carbamylated erythrocytes. Within 3 mo, a stable level of about 35-50% of the circulating erythrocytes was carbamylated. This quantity and degree of hemoglobin carbamylation produced a decrease in mean whole blood P50 from 33 to 26 mm Hg. During the first 3 mo of carbamylation, the mean hemoglobin increased from 6.4 to 9.1 g/100 ml, while mean absolute reticulocytes decreased by 58% and circulating irreversibly sickled erythrocytes decreased by 65%. The mean red cell life span increased from 13 days before treatment to 21.6 days after 3 mo of carbamylation. Beyond the 3rd mo of carbamylation, blood P50, hemoglobin, and reticulocytes remained quite stable. No toxic effects of extracorporeal carbamylation of erythrocytes were noted. The capacity of blood to release oxygen at 30 mm Hg PO2 increased from 4.3 to 5.0 cm3/100 ml blood during carbamylation. The overall frequency of severe painful crises decreased by about 80% during carbamylation. Before carbamylation, 34% of the crises were induced by a concomitant illness, usually an infection. During carbamylation, the incidence of induced crises decreased 50% while spontaneous crises virtually disappeared. The marked improvements in hematologic parameters and the decreased frequency of severe painful crises observed during this study offer sufficient promise to warrant further exploration, hopefully using more efficient techniques, of the clinical efficacy of extracorporeal erythrocyte carbamylation in sickle cell anemia.
What Distinguishes Top-Performing Hospitals in Acute Myocardial Infarction Mortality Rates?
Authors: Leslie A. Curry, Erica Spatz, Emily Cherlin, Jennifer W. Thompson, David Berg, Henry H. Ting, Carole Decker, Harlan M. Krumholz, Elizabeth H. Bradley
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Background: Mortality rates for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) vary substantially across hospitals, even when adjusted for patient severity; however, little is known about hospital factors that may influence this variation. Objective: To identify factors that may be related to better performance in AMI care, as measured by risk-standardized mortality rates. Design: Qualitative study that used site visits and in-depth interviews. Setting: Eleven U.S. hospitals that ranked in either the top or the bottom 5% in risk-standardized mortality rates for 2 recent years of data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2005 to 2006 and 2006 to 2007), with diversity among hospitals in key characteristics. Participants: 158 members of hospital staff, all of whom were involved with AMI care at the 11 hospitals. Measurements: Site visits and in-depth interviews conducted with hospital staff during 2009. A multidisciplinary team performed analyses by using the constant comparative method. Results: Hospitals in the high-performing and low-performing groups differed substantially in the domains of organizational values and goals, senior management involvement, broad staff presence and expertise in AMI care, communication and coordination among groups, and problem solving and learning. Participants described diverse protocols or processes for AMI care (such as rapid response teams, clinical guidelines, use of hospitalists, and medication reconciliation); however, these did not systematically differentiate high-performing from low-performing hospitals. Limitation: The qualitative design informed the generation of hypotheses, and statistical associations could not be assessed. Conclusion: High-performing hospitals were characterized by an organizational culture that supported efforts to improve AMI care across the hospital. Evidence-based protocols and processes, although important, may not be sufficient for achieving high hospital performance in care for patients with AMI. Primary Funding Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, United Health Foundation, and the Commonwealth Fund.
Tumor Inside a Pearl Drop
Authors: Tina Arbatan, Aswan Al‐Abboodi, Fatemeh Sarvi, Peggy Pui Yik Chan, Wei Shen
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2012)

The confined internal space of a liquid marble, as well as its porous and non-adhesive shell, offers an attractive application possibility - accommodating living cells inside liquid marbles. Cancer cells in suspension may aggregate to form three dimensional structures, also known as cancer cell spheroids (CCS). In this study, CCS formation inside liquid marble is investigated. This liquid marble application opens significant and novel avenues for biomedical applications and cancer research.
Implantable venous access devices
Authors: D. L Smith, D. E Stableforth, M. Goldmann
Journal: BMJ (1991)

suffer from greater underascertainment than we estimated the incidence of childhood diabetes would be correspondingly increased throughout the British Isles, indicating an even greater dif- ference between the incidence in 1988 compared with that reported by Bloom et al for 1973-4.2The cause for public concern remains: urgency is added to the case for further national studies such as ours and multinational studies such as EURODIAB.
PHENACETIN AS A TOXIC AGENT.
Authors: DAVID CERNA
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Phenacetin has such a wide range of usefulness as a remedial agent, that it may not be uninteresting to bear in mind some of the toxic effects which the drug is liable to produce. Notwithstanding the fact that phenacetin (with the exception, perhaps of phenocoll) seems to be the least poisonous of the coal-tar derivatives, yet in sufficiently large amounts it may cause serious after effects and undoubtedly, death. With the collaboration of Dr. William S. Carter, I have carefully studied the physiologic actions of phenacetin in an extended series of experiments upon the lower animals.<sup>1</sup>Dr. Carter and myself did not notice marked untoward symptoms, even when the remedy was administered in comparatively large doses, nor did we observe any particular changes in the character of the blood itself, changes which, according to other investigators are sometimes produced. Later observations, however, lead me to the belief that phenacetin,
Combinatorial Regulation of Neuroblastoma Tumor Progression by N-Myc and Hypoxia Inducible Factor HIF-1α
Authors: Guoliang Qing, Nicolas Skuli, Patrick A. Mayes, Bruce Pawel, Daniel Martinez, John M. Maris, M. Celeste Simon
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

In human neuroblastoma, amplification of the MYCN gene predicts poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. Because hypoxia contributes to aggressive tumor phenotypes, predominantly via two structurally related hypoxia inducible factors, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, we examined hypoxia responses in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells. We demonstrate here that HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α, is preferentially expressed in both MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells and primary tumors in comparison to samples without MYCN amplification. Our results showed that interplay between N-Myc and HIF-1α plays critical roles in neuroblastoma. For example, high levels of N-Myc override HIF-1α inhibition of cell cycle progression, enabling continued proliferation under hypoxia. Furthermore, both HIF-1α and N-Myc are essential for the Warburg effect (aerobic glycolysis) in neuroblastomas by activating the transcription of multiple glycolytic genes. Of note, expressions of Phosphoglycerate Kinase 1 (PGK1), Hexokinase 2 (HK2), and Lactate Dehydrogenase A (LDHA) were each significantly higher in MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas than in tumors without MYCN amplification. Interestingly, MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells are "addicted" to LDHA enzymatic activity, as its depletion completely inhibits tumorigenesis in vivo. Thus, our results provide mechanistic insights explaining how MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells contend with hypoxic stress and paradoxically how hypoxia contributes to neuroblastoma aggressiveness through combinatorial effects of N-Myc and HIF-1α. These results also suggest that LDHA represents a novel, pharmacologically tractable target for neuroblastoma therapeutics.
Systolic and Diastolic Mechanics in Stress Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Keith Medeiros, Mark J. O’Connor, Catalin F. Baicu, Timothy P. Fitzgibbons, Peter Shaw, Dennis A. Tighe, Michael R. Zile, Gerard P. Aurigemma
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Stress cardiomyopathy (SCM) is a peculiar form of reversible left ventricular dysfunction seen predominantly in women and occurs in response to emotional or physical stress. Because dysfunction in SCM is reversible and that of acute myocardial infarction (MI) is not, we hypothesized that these fundamental mechanistic differences between SCM and MI would be associated with different systolic and diastolic properties.We examined 3 groups, all women: patients with SCM (n=24; mean age, 63±12 years), those with left anterior (LAD) ST-segment-elevation MI (n=36; mean age, 63±10 years), and referent control subjects (n=30; mean age, 62±8 years). All underwent angiography, ventriculography, and pressure measurements within 48 hours of presentation. Left ventricular volumes, diastolic pressures, and diastolic stiffness were higher in SCM and LAD MI patients than in control subjects but no different from each other. Similarly, left ventricular diastolic pressures and diastolic stiffness were elevated in the SCM and LAD MI groups compared with the control group. Left ventricular ejection fraction in SCM and LAD MI were 40.8±12.3% and 49.6±5.6%, respectively, versus 70.4±9.4% in control subjects (P<0.001), and stroke work less than half the value of control subjects. Indexes of contractility and ventricular-arterial coupling were similarly abnormal in SCM and LAD MI.SCM and LAD MI show severe diastolic dysfunction. At similar left ventricular volumes, their diastolic pressures are more than twice as high as in control subjects, and systolic dysfunction is equally reduced in SCM and LAD MI. Despite a completely different pathophysiology in terms of systolic and diastolic function, SCM is indistinguishable from acute LAD-territory MI.
Doctors hope consensus on brain death in China will boost transplants
Authors: Jane Parry
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Doctors, ethicists, and lawyers are to agree a definition for brain death for use by China’s medical community, which many doctors hope will boost organ transplants.

More than 200 delegates from the disciplines of neurosurgery, organ donation, and transplantation from China and elsewhere are expected to attend a conference at the end of April in Beijing hosted by the Organ Transplant Committee to develop a consensus on brain death. The conference is being administered by China’s Ministry of Health …
Atypical haplotypes linked to the β<sup>s</sup> gene in Africa are likely to be the product of recombination
Authors: Rao Srinivas, Olga Dunda, Rajagopal Krishnamoorthy, Mary E. Fabry, Alain Georges, Dominique Labie, Ronald L. Nagel
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1988)

Abstract We report here the haplotypes of 10 Mstll‐defined SS patients and a S/β 0 thalassemia from the Central African Republic, exhibiting 7 different atypical haplotypes that are different from the typical Bantu haplotype that characterize over 93% of the β s bearing chromosomes in that region of Africa. Of the seven atypical haplotypes, six can be easily interpreted as the result of recombination around the “hot spot” 5′ of the β gene, between a typical Bantu haplotype and other haplotypes available in the normal population. Except for one case that requires further study, this result demonstrates that the main mutational event leading to sickle hemoglobin in Bantu‐speaking Africa was the mutation of the β gene in a Bantu haplotype background.
Preliminary Experience with a Gastrointestinal Endoscope Using a White Light-Emitting Diode
Authors: H. Yanai, K. Okita, K. Kikuchi, K. Tadatomo, H. Nakamura, J. Nishikawa, T. Yoshida, T. Taguchi
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

In the conventional video endoscope system, a large light source apparatus and light-guiding fibre bundle are essential [1]. The capsule endoscope is mainly useful for disease of the small intestine [2]. Recently, the light-emitting diode (LED) has been rapidly developed as a new compact, powerful light source [3]. We have developed an new experimental prototype LED-illuminated gastrointestinal endoscope.
A CASE OF ARTERIO-VENOUS ANEURYSM OF THE SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY AND VEIN: TREATED BY EXCISION OF THE SAC AND THE SECOND AND THIRD PARTS OF THE ARTERY
Authors: C. Berkeley, V. Bonney
Journal: BMJ (1916)

This may be done in two ways:; The one method is 68 temove a wedge ot' slice from-the posterior part of the head and then apply the cartilage to the raw surface of bone.'XRZ B
IMMUNOSCINTIGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT REJECTION USING IN VIVO IMAGING WITH RADIOLABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO MHC CLASS II ANTIGENS AND TO INTERCELLULAR ADHESIVE MOLECULE ICAM-I
Authors: I. McGhie, L. Lamki, W. Moore, B. Radovancevic, P. Capek, P. Clubb, L. Kasi, K. Grilley, O. H. Frazier, J. T. Willerson
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

McGhie, I.; Lamki, L.; Moore, W.; Radovancevic, B.; Capek, P.; Clubb, P.; Kasi, L.; Grilley, K.; Frazier, O. H.; Willerson, J. T.Author Information
Liver function tests in normal pregnancy: A prospective study of 103 pregnant women and 103 matched controls
Authors: Y Bacq, O Zarka, J Brechot, N Mariotte, S Vol, J Tichet, J Weill
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Except for increased serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels, the changes in liver function test (LFT) values during normal pregnancy have not been clearly established, mainly because most studies do not include matched controls. We therefore measured the serum values of routine liver tests including 5′-nucleotidase and total bile acids in 103 healthy pregnant women (first trimester, n = 34; second trimester, n = 36; third trimester, n = 33) and in 103 age-matched controls not receiving oral contraception. Fasting blood samples were taken. Because of hemodilution, serum albumin levels were significantly lower during all trimesters. As expected, AP activity was significantly higher in the third trimester. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST) activity and total bile acid (TBA) concentrations did not differ between pregnant and nonpregnant women. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity was slightly higher in the second-trimester pregnant women than in controls (6.8 ± 4.5 vs. 8.2 ± 5.8, P = .04), although all values remained within normal limits. In pregnant women, total and free bilirubin concentrations were significantly lower during all three trimesters, as was conjugated bilirubin during the second and third trimesters. Serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity was significantly lower in the second and third trimesters. Serum 5′-nucleotidase activity was slightly but significantly higher in the second and third trimesters. The knowledge of these results is useful for the interpretation of LFT values and the management of liver diseases during pregnancy.
Intracavitary Electrocardiography as a Guide to Pacemaker Positioning
Authors: Gerald L. Evans
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Transvenous cardiac pacing is now routinely used as therapy for heart block. As experience with transvenous pacing has increased, it has become apparent that a significant cause of pacemaker failure has resulted from malposition of the electrode catheter in the coronary veins. A simple technique ensures proper placement of the electrode catheter in the right ventricle by utilizing the intracavitary electrocardiogram.
Hyperglycemia During Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Mordchai Ravid
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and oral glucose tolerance (OGT) were determined in 169 patients within 72 hours of an acute myocardial infarction. Elevated FBG levels were found in 47.5% and a reduced OGT in 72.5%. Of 32 patients who died in the hospital, FBG value was elevated in 72% and the OGT was abnormal in 89%. Of 91 patients who survived longer than six years, the initial FBG level had been elevated in 33%, and the OGT had been abnormal in 67%. Eighty percent of the group with initially raised FBG values had either latent or overt diabetes, while more than 95% of the patients with initially normal FBG values had a normal OGT. Fifty-five percent of the patients with abnormal OGT during myocardial infarction showed normal OGT six years later. The FBG level shortly after an acute myocardial infarction is a better guide to prognosis and to the prediction of subsequent development of diabetes mellitus than the OGT test.
Textbook of Gynecologic Endocrinology
Authors: Richard J. Babcock
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The subject of female endocrinology has grown so rapidly and to such a proportion in the last few years that complete coverage of the field in a single volume is impossible. Highly skilled editing is needed to produce a concise, inclusive, up-to-date text without superfluous material or omission of significant data. The editor, with the assistance of 35 authorities from 11 specialties, has done this well. The book is divided into eight major sections (32 chapters) including the hypothalamo-pituitaryovarian axis, hormone physiology and pharmacology, evaluation and therapy of menstrual disorders, sexual development and function, infertility, diabetes, and laboratory studies. Although basic endocrine mechanisms are well discussed, the overall approach is clinical. Especially valuable are the portions on immunologic problems in infertility, induction of ovulation, and laboratory studies. An excellent chapter on endocrine roentgenology is supplemented by 43 illustrations. A total of 883 biographical references, an average of 28 per chapter,
Fluorine-18 labeled rare-earth nanoparticles for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of sentinel lymph node
Authors: Yun Sun, Mengxiao Yu, Sheng Liang, Yingjian Zhang, Chenguang Li, Tiantian Mou, Wenjiang Yang, Xianzhong Zhang, Biao Li, Chunhui Huang, Fuyou Li
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)