tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dietary Fiber in Management of Diabetes
Authors: Aaron I Vinik, David J A Jenkins
Journal: Diabetes Care (1988)

Current evidence suggests that high-fiber diets, especially of the soluble variety, and soluble fiber supplements may offer some improvement in carbohydrate metabolism, lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and have other beneficial effects in patients with non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Diets enriched with wheat bran and guar gum induce 10–20% reductions in serum cholesterol and LDL in both normoand hypercholesterolemic subjects and have the ability to blunt the hypertriglyceridemic effects of diets high in carbohydrate and low in fiber. In insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) the situation is less clear, but a decrement of the circadian glucose profile has been shown. Americans, in general, consume too little fiber. With the need to restrict fat and reduce protein, an increase in carbohydrates is mandatory. A practical goal would be to establish the present level of fiber intake (15–30 g/day) and to gradually increase it. An intake of up to 40 g of fiber per day or 25 g/1000 kcal of food intake appears beneficial; in many individuals on weight-reducing diets higher levels may be unacceptable because of gastrointestinal side effects. The level of maximum benefit has not been determined. Fiber supplementation appears beneficial only if given with a diet comprising approximately half of the calories as carbohydrate. Foods should be selected with moderate to high amounts of dietary fiber from a wide variety of choices to include both soluble and insoluble types of fiber. Insufficient data are available on the long-term safety of high-fiber supplements. People at risk for deficiencies, such as postmenopausal women, the elderly, or growing children, may require supplements of calcium and trace minerals. People with upper gastrointestinal dysfunction are at risk of bezoar formation and cautioned against a diet high in fiber of the leafy vegetable type. Careful attention must be paid to insulin dose because hypoglycemia can result if there is a radical change in fiber intake and insulin dose is not reduced appropriately. Care must be exercised in the use of “novel” fibers, including the wood celluloses, because little is known of their safety and efficacy.
Studies in alcoholic liver disease in Britain: 1 Clinical and pathological patterns related to natural history
Authors: P. W. Brunt, M. C. Kew, P. J. Scheuer, S. Sherlock
Journal: Gut (1974)

A group of 258 patients with various forms of alcoholic liver disease-steatosis, mild and severe hepatitis, and cirrhosis-has been studied. Severity of disease as judged histologically did not correlate very well with clinical presentation although signs of hepatocellular failure were certainly commoner in severe hepatitis and cirrhosis. Fever, pigmentation, and clubbing were also pointers to these two conditions. Alcoholic hepatitis is probably precirrhotic and carries a poor prognosis and the best laboratory indicators of this are moderate elevation of white cell count and bilirubin. Prognosis in alcoholic liver disease is significantly improved by abstinence from alcohol.
TERT promoter mutations: a novel independent prognostic factor in primary glioblastomas
Authors: Matthias Simon, Ismail Hosen, Konstantinos Gousias, Sivaramakrishna Rachakonda, Barbara Heidenreich, Marco Gessi, Johannes Schramm, Kari Hemminki, Andreas Waha, Rajiv Kumar
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

BackgroundActivating somatic mutations in the promoter region of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) have been detected in several cancers. In this study we investigated the TERT promoter mutations and their impact on patient survival in World Health Organization grade IV glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).
TUMOR INDUCTION BY MURINE SARCOMA VIRUS IN AKR AND C58 MICE
Authors: Luigi Chieco-Bianchi, Alfonso Colombatti, Dino Collavo, Fujiro Sendo, Tadao Aoki, Peter J. Fischinger
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1974)

Adult AKR and C58 mice injected intramuscularly with murine sarcoma virus, Moloney isolate (M-MSV), developed high incidence of nonregressing local tumors. Histologically, these tumors revealed the typical pleomorphism of M-MSV sarcomas; in some cases, however, neoplastic tissue showed a nodular or diffuse growth of monomorphic myoblastlike cells, reminiscent of clonal aggregates. No depression of immune reactivity was found in M-MSV-injected mice as evaluated by direct hemolytic plaque-forming cells against SRBC and by virus-neutralizing antibody production. The MSV recovered from the induced tumors proved to be, by neutralization assay, a Gross (G)-MSV pseudotype. Moreover, tumor cell suspensions absorbed out cytotoxic antibody directed against G-cell surface antigens. Therefore, the conclusion was drawn that MSV with envelope characteristics of endogenous G leukemia virus had formed in vivo through a phenotypic mixing phenomenon. The failure of tumors to regress has been interpreted as mainly due to the partial unresponsiveness of host immune reactivity towards G-MuLV specified antigens. Since MSV-tumors arose in AKR mice after a very long latent period, the possibility was considered that this relative resistance might depend on immunologic mechanisms. In fact, M-MSV-injected AKR mice immunodepressed by goat antimouse lymphocyte serum or rendered partially tolerant by neonatal M-MuLV inoculation developed sarcomas with higher incidence and with a shorter latency. Furthermore, the MSV recovered from these early tumors proved to be the original Moloney pseudotype.
IL-10 inhibits allergen-specific Th2 chemokine production but not chemokine receptor expression by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in ragweed allergic subjects
Authors: B. Wong, E. Cates, M. Conway, A. Dalrymple, S. Goncharova, M. Stampfli, J. Sun, S. Waserman, M. Jordana
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)
Cross refractoriness between sodium metabisulphite and exercise induced asthma.
Authors: I Pavord, H Lazarowicz, D Inchley, D Baldwin, A Knox, A Tattersfield
Journal: Thorax (1994)

Exercise and inhaled sodium metabisulphite are thought to cause bronchoconstriction in asthma through different mechanisms. The response to both stimuli becomes refractory with repeat challenge. The mechanism of refractoriness is unclear, although depletion of mast cell derived mediators or neurotransmitters has been suggested. Recent studies suggest a common mechanism involving release of inhibitory prostaglandins. If this is true, exercise and sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction should show cross refractoriness.Thirteen subjects with mild asthma and previously established exercise and sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction performed two sodium metabisulphite challenges (giving a single dose previously shown to cause a 20% fall in FEV1) on one study day, and two exercise tests on another. The second challenge proceeded after recovery (FEV1 > 95% baseline) from the first. Subjects then attended on two further occasions when an exercise test was performed after sodium metabisulphite and a sodium metabisulphite challenge after exercise.When expressed as the percentage reduction in the area under the change in percentage FEV1 curve over 20 minutes (AUC) the response to exercise was reduced by a mean 62.3% (95% CI 46.5% to 78.1%) following a first exercise challenge, and by 50.7% (95% CI 27.8% to 73.6%) following a sodium metabisulphite challenge. The response to a sodium metabisulphite challenge was reduced by a mean of 80.2% (95% CI 68.9% to 91.5%) when it followed a sodium metabisulphite challenge, and by 37.3% (95% CI 15.1% to 59.5%) following an exercise challenge.This study shows some cross refractoriness between exercise and sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction, in keeping with a partially shared mechanism of refractoriness.
The usefulness of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis
Authors: Goohyeon Hong, Kyung-Jong Lee, Kyeongman Jeon, Won-Jung Koh, Gee Young Suh, Man Pyo Chung, Hojoong Kim, O. Jung Kwon, Sang-Won Um
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

We evaluated the usefulness of endobronchial ultrasound guided-transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis in comparison with transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB), endobronchial biopsy (EBB), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The consecutive patients who were suspicious for sarcoidosis (stage I and II) on chest radiography and chest computed tomography scan were included in the study. All study patients underwent EBUS-TBNA, TBLB, EBB and BAL at the same session. Between July 2009 and June 2011, 33 patients underwent EBUS-TBNA, TBLB, EBB, and BAL. EBUS-TBNA was performed for 71 lymph node stations. Among these 33 patients, 29 patients were diagnosed as histology proven sarcoidosis and two patients were compatible with clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis during follow-up. The other two patients were diagnosed as metastatic carcinoma and reactive lymphadenopathy. Among 29 patients with histology proven sarcoidosis in combination with EBUS-TBNA, TBLB, and EBB, only EBUS-TBNA and TBLB revealed non-caseating granuloma in 18 patients and 1 patient, respectively. Overall diagnostic sensitivities of EBUS-TBNA, TBLB, EBB, and BAL (CD4/CD8 ≥3.5) were 90%, 35%, 6%, and 71%, respectively (P<0.001). Combined diagnostic sensitivity of EBUS-TBNA, TBLB, and EBB were 94%. In conclusions, EBUS-TBNA is most sensitive method for the diagnosis of stage I and II sarcoidosis compared with conventional bronchoscopic procedures. EUBS-TBNA could be considered first for the histopathologic diagnosis of stage I and II sarcoidosis.
Change in the Distribution of Albuminuria According to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Pima Indians With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Meda E. Pavkov, Clinton C. Mason, Peter H. Bennett, Jeffrey M. Curtis, William C. Knowler, Robert G. Nelson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE We examined secular trends in the frequency distribution of albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in subjects with type 2 diabetes in 1982–1988 and 2001–2006, two periods associated with major changes in the management of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The cross-sectional study included Pima Indians ≥15 years old with type 2 diabetes and measures of serum creatinine and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios (ACR). The continuous probability density distributions of ACR and eGFR were compared for the two time periods. eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. RESULTS The overall standardized distribution of ACR shifted toward lower values between time periods (P = 0.001), whereas the standardized distribution of eGFR did not (P = 0.45). In the first period, eGFR was &amp;lt;60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in 6.5% of the 837 subjects. Of these, 9.3% had normal ACR, 7.4% had microalbuminuria, and 83.3% had macroalbuminuria. In the second period, the prevalence of low eGFR was similar (6.6% of the 1,310 subjects). Among those with low eGFR, normal ACR prevalence doubled to 17.2%, microalbuminuria prevalence nearly tripled to 19.5%, and macroalbuminuria prevalence declined to 63.2%. Twice as many subjects in the second period received antihypertensive medicines and 30% more received hypoglycemic medicines than in the first period. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of albuminuria changed significantly among diabetic Pima Indians over the past 20 years, as treatment with medicines to control hyperglycemia and hypertension increased. The distribution of eGFR, however, remained unchanged. Consequently, the frequency of chronic kidney disease characterized by normoalbuminuria and low eGFR doubled.
Iron in fatty liver and in the metabolic syndrome: A promising therapeutic target
Authors: Paola Dongiovanni, Anna Ludovica Fracanzani, Silvia Fargion, Luca Valenti
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)

The dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome (DIOS) is now a frequent finding in the general population, as is detected in about one third of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis is related to altered regulation of iron transport associated with steatosis, insulin resistance, and subclinical inflammation, often in the presence of predisposing genetic factors. Evidence is accumulating that excessive body iron plays a causal role in insulin resistance through still undefined mechanisms that probably involve a reduced ability to burn carbohydrates and altered function of adipose tissue. Furthermore, DIOS may facilitate the evolution to type 2 diabetes by altering beta-cell function, the progression of cardiovascular disease by contributing to the recruitment and activation of macrophages within arterial lesions, and the natural history of liver disease by inducing oxidative stress in hepatocytes, activation of hepatic stellate cells, and malignant transformation by promotion of cell growth and DNA damage. Based on these premises, the association among DIOS, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD is being investigated as a new risk factor to predict the development of overt cardiovascular and hepatic diseases, and possibly hepatocellular carcinoma, but most importantly, represents also a treatable condition. Indeed, iron depletion, most frequently achieved by phlebotomy, has been shown to decrease metabolic alterations and liver enzymes in controlled studies in NAFLD. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate the potential of iron reductive therapy on hard clinical outcomes in patients with DIOS.
Running performance, not anthropometric factors, is associated with race success in a Triple Iron Triathlon
Authors: B Knechtle, G Kohler
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

To investigate the influence of anthropometric parameters on race performance in ultra-endurance triathletes.Descriptive field study.The Triple Iron Triathlon Germany 2006 in Lensahn over 11.6 km swimming, 540 km cycling and 126.6 km running.17 male Caucasian triathletes (mean (SD) 39.2 (7.5) years, 80.7 (8.9) kg, 178 (5) cm, BMI 25.4 (2.4) kg/m(2)).None.Determination of body mass, body height, skin fold thicknesses, circumferences of extremities, as well as calculation of body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle mass (SM), per cent SM (%SM) and per cent body fat (%BF) in order to correlate measured and calculated anthropometric parameters with race performance.Body mass, body height, skin fold thicknesses, circumferences of extremities, BMI, %SM and %BF had no effect (p>0.05) on race performance. No significant correlation (p>0.05) was observed between total race time and any of the directly measured and calculated anthropometric properties. A significant correlation (p<0.05) was observed between total race time and both running time (r(2) = 0.87) and cycling time (r(2) = 0.62). In contrast, no significant correlation (p>0.05) was shown between swimming time and total race time.There is no significant association between anthropometric parameters and race performance in ultra-endurance triathletes. Running performance rather than cycling performance seems to be the most important factor in order to be successful in a Triple Iron Triathlon. Swimming performance seems to be of low importance.
Integrin αvβ3 and Fibronectin Upregulate Slug in Cancer Cells to Promote Clot Invasion and Metastasis
Authors: Lynn M. Knowles, Lisa A. Gurski, Charlotte Engel, James R. Gnarra, Jodi K. Maranchie, Jan Pilch
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The blood clotting cascade is selectively involved in lung metastasis, but the reason for this selectivity is unclear. Here, we show that tumor cells that metastasize predominantly to the lung, such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and soft tissue sarcoma (STS), have an inherent capacity to generate extensive invadopodia when embedded in a blood clot. Compared with other metastatic cancer cells tested, RCC and STS cells exhibited increased levels of expression of fibronectin and an activated form of the integrin αvβ3, which coordinately supported the generation of an elaborate fibronectin matrix and actin stress fibers in fibrin-embedded tumor cells. Together, fibronectin and αvβ3 induced upregulation of the transcription factor Slug, which mediates epithelial–mesenchymal transition as well as fibrin invasion and lung metastasis. This mechanism is clinically significant, because primary cancer cells from patients with metastatic RCC strongly invaded fibrin and this correlated with fibronectin matrix formation and Slug expression. In contrast, tumor cells from patients with localized RCC were largely noninvasive. Together, our findings establish that activated integrin αvβ3 and fibronectin promote lung metastasis by upregulating Slug, defining a mechanism through which cancer cells can colonize blood clots in the lung vasculature. Cancer Res; 73(20); 6175–84. ©2013 AACR.
Ultrastructural examination of bronchial biopsy specimens from children with moderate asthma
Authors: H Cokugras
Journal: Thorax (2001)

Few studies have evaluated the asthmatic airway in childhood. The aim of this study was to assess the histopathological changes occurring in the bronchi of children with moderate asthma using light and electron microscopy.Bronchial biopsy specimens from 10 children with moderate asthma (seven boys) of mean (SD) age 9.3 (3.8) years (range 5-14) were examined by light and electron microscopy. Patients had not had a respiratory infection for at least one month and they had not been treated with steroids or sodium cromoglycate for four weeks before the study. Bronchoscopy was performed under general anaesthesia using a Karl Storz rigid paediatric bronchoscope. Biopsy materials were stained with uracyl acetate and lead citrate and evaluated under a Zeiss-10 electron microscope and light microscope.The most important finding was thickening and hyalinization of the basement membrane in nine patients. The ciliated epithelial cells showed loss of cilia in some cases. Overactive fibroblasts were consistently found. Six patients had degranulating mast cells and lymphocyte infiltration in the submucosa. Eosinophils were seen in only one biopsy sample.Children with moderate asthma develop bronchial inflammation similar to the reaction observed in adults. However, in our study the inflammation was rich in lymphocytes rather than eosinophils.
Rugby football injuries to the cervical spine
Authors: J A M. Gray
Journal: BMJ (1983)

circumscribed for the sake of the minority is much more subtle and complex than Dr Richard Smith seems to think."Such reasoning astonishes me.We have a National Health Service; the principle adopted is that the healthy majority should pay taxes to support a service for the unfortunate minority who suffer ill health.How the money is raised is a matter for debate, but let it be clear that any tax, whether national insurance, value added tax, income tax, or duty, reduces the freedom of the majority of the people to purchase and enjoy things they like.The services required to help alcohol problems have to be paid for by taxes.It would be fairer if these funds were raised by increased duty on the product rather than by general taxation.To steal Dr Kessel's metaphor, general taxation is like poisoning of lead in the atmosphere-none can avoid it for we all must breathe.We all must drink too-but not alcohol.
Certain Unusual Radiological Appearances in the Chest of Coal-miners Suffering from Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: A. Caplan
Journal: Thorax (1953)

Some two years ago it was observed that the incidence of massive shadows in chest radiographs of coal-miners suffering from rheumatoid arthritis appeared to be unduly high.The observation was thought to warrant further investigation.From June, 1950, to April, 1952, of about 14,000 claimants for pneumoconiosis disablement benefit seen at the Cardiff Pneumoconiosis Medical Panel, 51 were found on examination to be suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, an incidence of about 0.4%.The original impression of the high incidence of massive shadows in arthritics was confirmed in that about 90% of the 51 cases showed massive fibrosis.This compares with an incidence of about 30% of massive fibrosis in all men examined.It was also noticed that in about 25% of the arthritics the radiological opacities in the chest were of a peculiar type and often easily distinguishable from the usual appearances of progressive massive fibrosis (P.M.F.) (Fletcher, 1948).No reference has been found in the literature to this unusual radiological appearance, and this paper is presented with the object of drawing attention to the lung changes associated with rheumatoid arthritis in coal-miners. THE CHARACTERISTIC RADIOLOGICAL APPEARANCEThe characteristic feature is the presence of multiple, well-defined, round opacities, 0.5 to 5 cm. in diameter, distributed throughout both lung fields but particularly at the periphery (Figs.123).An important finding in these cases is that the back-.ground of simple pneumoconiosis is often slight or absent (category* 1 or 0).Evidence is also available that the opacities appear rapidly, that is, within months, and tend to remain stationary in most but not all cases.The differences between these appearances and those seen in progressive massive fibrosis are * Categories of simple pneumoconiosis as defined by Fletcher, Mann, Davies, Cochrane, Gilson, and Hugh-Jones (1949): category 1 =mninimal, category 2 =moderate, category 3 =marked.Category 0 is not defined.it is read when specific dust opacities are either absent or sparser than in the standard (P.R.U.) category 1 film.
A MAJOR GENETIC LOCUS AFFECTING RESISTANCE TO INFECTION WITH MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUSES
Authors: Theodore Pincus, Janet W. Hartley, Wallace P. Rowe
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

Previous studies have indicated that all naturally occurring murine leukemia viruses propagate significantly more efficiently on embryo cells of either NIH Swiss or BALB/c mice. Studies of the plaquing efficiency of representative viruses on embryo cells of various inbred and hybrid mice indicate that the pattern of sensitivity of the cells is genetically determined. All of 23 strains tested were found to resemble either NIH Swiss (N-type) or BALB/c (B-type) with respect to plaquing efficiency of these viruses. Virus growth on embryo cells derived from (N-type x B-type)F(1) hybrids indicated dominance of resistance to both types of viruses. Backcross hybrid studies indicated that a single locus is the primary determinant of the host-range patterns observed. This locus has no effect on growth of certain laboratory-passaged leukemia viruses which propagate equally well on embryo cells of all mouse strains, F(1), and backcross hybrids. Though other genetic and nongenetic factors influence viral growth or expression in vitro and in vivo, the genetic locus described appears of major significance in the biology of murine leukemia.