tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cognitive systems for revenge and forgiveness
Authors: Michael E. McCullough, Robert Kurzban, Benjamin A. Tabak
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Minimizing the costs that others impose upon oneself and upon those in whom one has a fitness stake, such as kin and allies, is a key adaptive problem for many organisms. Our ancestors regularly faced such adaptive problems (including homicide, bodily harm, theft, mate poaching, cuckoldry, reputational damage, sexual aggression, and the infliction of these costs on one’s offspring, mates, coalition partners, or friends). One solution to this problem is to impose retaliatory costs on an aggressor so that the aggressor and other observers will lower their estimates of the net benefits to be gained from exploiting the retaliator in the future. We posit that humans have an evolved cognitive system that implements this strategy – deterrence – which we conceptualize as a revenge system. The revenge system produces a second adaptive problem: losing downstream gains from the individual on whom retaliatory costs have been imposed. We posit, consequently, a subsidiary computational system designed to restore particular relationships after cost-imposing interactions by inhibiting revenge and motivating behaviors that signal benevolence for the harmdoer. The operation of these systems depends on estimating the risk of future exploitation by the harmdoer and the expected future value of the relationship with the harmdoer. We review empirical evidence regarding the operation of these systems, discuss the causes of cultural and individual differences in their outputs, and sketch their computational architecture.
Music, imagery, touch, and prayer as adjuncts to interventional cardiac care: the Monitoring and Actualisation of Noetic Trainings (MANTRA) II randomised study
Authors: Mitchell W Krucoff, Suzanne W Crater, Dianne Gallup, James C Blankenship, Michael Cuffe, Mimi Guarneri, Richard A Krieger, Vib R Kshettry, Kenneth Morris, Mehmet Oz, Augusto Pichard, Michael H Sketch, Harold G Koenig, Daniel Mark, Kerry L Lee
Journal: The Lancet (2005)
What is the evolutionary basis for colic?
Authors: Kim A. Bard
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

An evolutionary model of crying requires consideration of nonhuman primate data. Chimpanzees do not have colic. Although they have a peak of fussiness at 6 weeks with a decline by 12 weeks whether raised by biological mothers or in a human nursery, their crying is always consolable. Colic may be a by-product of delayed rates of brain development; that is, neoteny.
A novel subpopulation of monocyte-like cells in the human lung after lipopolysaccharide inhalation
Authors: Mairi Brittan, Laura Barr, Andrew Conway Morris, Rodger Duffin, Fiona Rossi, Shonna Johnston, Graham Monro, Niall Anderson, Adriano G. Rossi, Danny F. McAuley, Christopher Haslett, Nik Hirani, Kev Dhaliwal, A. John Simpson
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

The co-ordinated recruitment of monocyte subpopulations, neutrophils and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) during the early stages of human acute lung inflammation remains poorly understood. We therefore performed a detailed characterisation of these lineages in the blood and lungs in a model of human acute lung inflammation. Healthy volunteers inhaled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline (n=6 for each group). Blood was collected at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) performed at 8 h. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to characterise monocyte subpopulations, neutrophils and Tregs in the blood and lung. Inhalation of LPS was associated with significant blood and BAL fluid neutrophilia. Blood populations of monocyte subpopulations and Tregs were unaltered by LPS. In contrast, LPS induced an accumulation of a pulmonary monocyte-like cell (PMLC) population, which was further subdivided into “inducible” CD14 ++ CD16 - and “resident” CD14 ++ CD16 + subsets. Inducible PMLCs were significantly increased following LPS inhalation (p=0.0046), whereas resident PMLCs were unchanged. In addition, we noted a significant decrease in Tregs in BAL fluid with LPS inhalation (p=0.027). The early stages of LPS-induced inflammation in humans is characterised by pulmonary accumulation of a novel inducible monocyte-like subpopulation, accompanied by significant changes in both neutrophil and Treg numbers.
Big Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 5 Signaling Pathway Is Essential for Tumor-Associated Angiogenesis
Authors: Masaaki Hayashi, Colleen Fearns, Brian Eliceiri, Young Yang, Jiing-Dwan Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Although big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (BMK1) has been shown to be critical for embryonic angiogenesis, the role of BMK1 in tumor-associated neovascularization is poorly understood. Exogenous tumors were established in BMK1+/+, BMK1flox/+, or BMK1flox/flox mice carrying the Mx1-Cre transgene. Induced deletion of host BMK1 gene significantly reduced the volumes of B16F10 and LL/2 tumor xenografts in BMK1flox/flox mice by 63% and 72%, respectively. Examining the tumors in these induced BMK1-knockout animals showed a significant decrease in vascular density. Localized reexpression of BMK1 in BMK1-knockout mice by administration of adenovirus encoding BMK1 restored tumor growth and angiogenesis to the levels observed in wild-type mice. These observations were further supported by in vivo Matrigel plug assays in which vascular endothelial growth factor– and basic fibroblast growth factor–induced neovacularization was impaired by removing BMK1. Through screening with the Pepchip microarray, we discovered that in BMK1-knockout endothelial cells, phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) at Ser235/236 was mostly abrogated, and this BMK1-dependent phosphorylation required the activity of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). Immunofluorescent analysis of tumor vasculature from BMK1-knockout and control animals revealed a strong correlation between the presence of BMK1 and the phosphorylation of rpS6 in tumor-associated endothelial cells of blood vessels. As both RSK and rpS6 are known to be important for cell proliferation and survival, which are critical endothelial cell functions during neovascularization, these findings suggest that the BMK1 pathway is crucial for tumor-associated angiogenesis through its role in the regulation of the RSK-rpS6 signaling module.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRACTICE
Authors: E.D. Acheson, N.J. Blacklock, P.C. Elmes, R.F. Heller, R.G. Moore, G.A. Rose, D.J.P. Barker, R.B. Cole, N.S. Galbraith, W. McKee, M.F. Oliver, M. Shepherd, M.D. Warren
Journal: The Lancet (1980)
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Walter Parks Bliss
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1922)

1. Hemolytic streptococcus has been found in 100 per cent of the throats of patients with scarlet fever during the 1st week of the disease. 2. The average length of time that these organisms are present in the throat varies from 10 to 20 days. 3. No morphological or cultural characteristics peculiar to the hemolytic streptococcus from scarlet fever can be demonstrated. 4. Ten immune sera have been prepared from different strains of scarlet fever streptococci and each of the sera agglutinated more than 80 per cent of the strains isolated from scarlatinal throats. On the other hand, scarlatinal streptococci are not agglutinated by immune sera prepared from hemolytic streptococci isolated from other pathological sources. 5. Serum from patients convalescent from scarlet fever agglutinates weakly or not at all the homologous strain of hemolytic streptococcus. 6. The specificity of the agglutination reaction of scarlatinal streptococci is confirmed by absorption experiments. 7. Scarlatinal antistreptococcic serum affords some degree of protection against virulent scarlet fever streptococci but has no protective power against hemolytic streptococci from other diseases. 8. In a small epidemic of scarlet fever a healthy carrier of hemolytic streptococcus was detected; the organism carried was identical in its serological reactions with strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated from active cases of scarlet fever. 9. In a study of a number of contacts with a case of scarlet fever, in only one instance was a scarlatinal type of hemolytic streptococcus recovered from the throat.
Acute Respiratory Disease and Meningococcal Infection in Army Recruits
Authors: Malcolm S. Artenstein
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The chronologic association of acute respiratory disease and meningococcal infection was examined in army recruits by weekly surveys of 17 basic training platoons. Nine platoons had received live, attenuated adenovirus vaccine, type 4, orally; the other eight platoons were given placebo. Severe viral respiratory disease was reduced significantly in the vaccinated group compared to the control platoons, yet meningococcal carrier rates were almost identical. Carrier rates increased progressively in both groups from initial rates of 33% to levels over 80% in the sixth week of basic training. The majority of meningococcal acquisitions occurred prior to or in the absence of viral proliferation in the upper-respiratory tract. No case of meningococcal meningitis occurred in the more than 950 individuals studied. These results suggest that viral respiratory disease is not a significant factor in meningococcal dissemination in recruits and is unlikely to be the cause of invasion following acquisition of the meningococcus in the nasopharynx.
The repopulation of murine Langerhans cells after depletion by mild heat injury
Authors: None Ghaznawie, None Papadimitriou, None Heenan
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1999)

We have developed a model of focal Langerhans cell depletion by mild heat injury and used it to investigate the mechanisms of Langerhans cell repopulation in the injured epidermis. The possibility whether repopulation occurred by recruitment of precursor cells from the circulation or dermis or, alternatively, by migration from the surrounding normal epidermis into the injured area was considered. Repopulation was studied by evaluating the pattern of Langerhans cell reappearance and calculating the rate of change in the density. Heat injury followed by whole-body irradiation with shielding of the injured skin was used to assess repopulation in the absence of bone marrow precursors. Using tritiated thymidine autoradiography, we also investigated whether the newly arrived Langerhans cells (be they from circulating precursors or surrounding normal epidermis) actually divide. The results showed that heat injury completely eliminated the Langerhans cells within the area delineated by the injury. Two hours after injury, the Langerhans cells were fragmented and 2 days later, they could not be detected. Regeneration of the epidermis occurred 2 days after injury and Langerhans cells reappeared scattered somewhat sparsely in the centre of the lesion on day 3. These cells were small and slender, bearing one or two short dendrites. As the dendrites increased in number and in length, the cells became similar morphologically and phenotypically to normal Langerhans cells. The rate of repopulation increased dramatically between days 5 and 7 and reached normal density on day 11. The pattern of Langerhans cell repopulation in the injured area and the lack of repopulation in the irradiated animals indicated that repopulation occurs by immigration of precursors from the circulation or dermis. There was no indication of migration of Langerhans cells from surrounding normal epidermis. Lastly, the newly arrived Langerhans cells failed to divide at the site of injury.
Multimodal management of malignant pleural mesothelioma: where are we today?
Authors: Paul E. Van Schil, Isabelle Opitz, Walter Weder, Christophe De Laet, Andreas Domen, Patrick Lauwers, Jeroen M. Hendriks, Jan P. Van Meerbeeck
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

The prognosis of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma remains poor and although it is clear that multimodal therapy is necessary to improve long-term results, precise treatment schemes have not yet been unequivocally established. Single-modality therapy does not have a major impact on long-term survival and combined-modality therapies are being further evaluated. However, the relative contributions of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery have not been clearly determined at the present time. Moreover, the extent of resection and precise surgical procedure remain a highly debated topic. To better compare and combine results from different institutions and trials, uniform definitions of surgical procedures including extrapleural pneumonectomy and different forms of pleurectomy have recently been introduced. Due to the relatively higher morbidity and mortality of extrapleural pneumonectomy, there is currently a shift towards pleurectomy/decortication when a macroscopic complete resection of all tumour can be obtained by this procedure. In most recent trials, induction chemotherapy was administered to improve surgical resection rates but pathological complete responses are infrequently observed. The role of post-operative radiotherapy has to be further elucidated. Further treatment options that are currently explored include hyperthermic intrapleural chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy and photodynamic therapy. However, no randomised comparisons are available yet.
Coverage of intermittent preventive treatment and insecticide-treated nets for the control of malaria during pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a synthesis and meta-analysis of national survey data, 2009–11
Authors: Anna Maria van Eijk, Jenny Hill, David A Larsen, Jayne Webster, Richard W Steketee, Thomas P Eisele, Feiko O ter Kuile
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2013)
Hydrocortisone Therapy for Patients With Multiple Trauma
Authors: Antoine Roquilly, Pierre Joachim Mahe, Philippe Seguin, Christophe Guitton, Hervé Floch, Anne Charlotte Tellier, Laurent Merson, Benoît Renard, Yannick Malledant, Laurent Flet, Véronique Sébille, Christelle Volteau, Damien Masson, Jean Michel Nguyen, Corinne Lejus, Karim Asehnoune
Journal: JAMA (2011)

The role of stress-dose hydrocortisone in the management of trauma patients is currently unknown.To test the efficacy of hydrocortisone therapy in trauma patients.Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled HYPOLYTE (Hydrocortisone Polytraumatise) study. From November 2006 to August 2009, 150 patients with severe trauma were included in 7 intensive care units in France.Patients were randomly assigned to a continuous intravenous infusion of either hydrocortisone (200 mg/d for 5 days, followed by 100 mg on day 6 and 50 mg on day 7) or placebo. The treatment was stopped if patients had an appropriate adrenal response.Hospital-acquired pneumonia within 28 days. Secondary outcomes included the duration of mechanical ventilation, hyponatremia, and death.One patient withdrew consent. An intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis included the 149 patients, a modified ITT analysis included 113 patients with corticosteroid insufficiency. In the ITT analysis, 26 of 73 patients (35.6%) treated with hydrocortisone and 39 of 76 patients (51.3%) receiving placebo developed hospital-acquired pneumonia by day 28 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-0.83; P = .007). In the modified ITT analysis, 20 of 56 patients (35.7%) in the hydrocortisone group and 31 of 57 patients (54.4%) in the placebo group developed hospital-acquired pneumonia by day 28 (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.25-0.86; P = .01). Mechanical ventilation-free days increased with hydrocortisone by 4 days (95% CI, 2-7; P = .001) in the ITT analysis and 6 days (95% CI, 2-11; P < .001) in the modified ITT analysis. Hyponatremia was observed in 7 of 76 (9.2%) in the placebo group vs none in the hydrocortisone group (absolute difference, -9%; 95% CI, -16% to -3%; P = .01). Four of 76 patients (5.3%) in the placebo group and 6 of 73 (8.2%) in the hydrocortisone group died (absolute difference, 3%; 95% CI, -5% to 11%; P = .44).In intubated trauma patients, the use of an intravenous stress-dose of hydrocortisone, compared with placebo, resulted in a decreased risk of hospital-acquired pneumonia.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00563303.
Adherence to inhaled therapy, mortality and hospital admission in COPD
Authors: J Vestbo, J A Anderson, P M A Calverley, B Celli, G T Ferguson, C Jenkins, K Knobil, L R Willits, J C Yates, P W Jones
Journal: Thorax (2009)

<b>Aim:</b> To study the expression of claudins in mesothelioma and metastatic pleural adenocarcinoma. <b>Methods:</b> Immunohistochemical staining of claudins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 was studied in 35 malignant mesotheliomas and the expression compared with 24 cases of pleural metastatic adenocarcinoma. All cases were also immunostained with calretinin. <b>Results:</b> Claudin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 expression was seen in 40%, 80%, 18%, 23%, 14%, and 43% of mesotheliomas, respectively, while the corresponding figures for adenocarcinoma were 100%, 88%, 90%, 100%, 50%, and 92%. Claudins 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 were significantly less positive in mesothelioma than in metastatic adenocarcinoma, while no difference was observed for claudin 2. Claudins 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 were also inversely associated with calretinin positivity. Sarcomatoid and biphasic mesothelioma subtypes appeared more negative for these claudins than pure epithelioid subtypes. Claudin expression was not associated with survival of patients with malignant mesotheliomas. <b>Conclusions:</b> The results show that malignant mesotheliomas have a lower expression of claudins 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 than adenocarcinomas, and their expression could thus be used as an adjunct in differential diagnosis between the two. The difference was most evident for claudins 3 and 4, which were nearly as good as calretinin in mesothelioma detection. Sarcomatoid and biphasic mesotheliomas showed expression of these claudins only occasionally, which could be due to or contribute to their less epithelial appearance.
Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: a randomised study
Authors: Giancarlo Comi, Massimo Filippi, Frederik Barkhof, Luca Durelli, Gilles Edan, Oscar Fernández, Hans-Peter Hartung, Pierrette Seeldrayers, Per Soelberg Sørensen, Marco Rovaris, Vittorio Martinelli, Otto R Hommes
Journal: The Lancet (2001)
Exercise intolerance, lactic acidosis, and abnormal cardiopulmonary regulation in exercise associated with adult skeletal muscle cytochrome c oxidase deficiency.
Authors: R G Haller, S F Lewis, R W Estabrook, S DiMauro, S Servidei, D W Foster
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

A 27-yr-old woman with lifelong severe exercise intolerance manifested by muscle fatigue, lactic acidosis, and prominent symptoms of dyspnea and tachycardia induced by trivial exercise was found to have a skeletal muscle respiratory chain defect characterized by low levels of reducible cytochromes a + a3 and b in muscle mitochondria and marked deficiency of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) as assessed biochemically and immunologically. Investigation of the pathophysiology of the exercise response in the patient revealed low maximal oxygen uptake (1/3 that of normal sedentary women) in cycle exercise and impaired muscle oxygen extraction as indicated by profoundly low maximal systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference (5.8 ml/dl; controls = 15.4 +/- 1.4, mean +/- SD). The increases in cardiac output and ventilation during exercise, normally closely coupled to muscle metabolic rate, were markedly exaggerated (more than two- to threefold normal) relative to oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production accounting for prominent tachycardia and dyspnea at low workloads. Symptoms in our patient are similar to those reported in other human skeletal muscle respiratory chain defects involving complexes I and III, and the exaggerated circulatory response resembles that seen during experimental inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. These results suggest that impaired oxidative phosphorylation in working muscle disrupts the normal regulation of cardiac output and ventilation relative to muscle metabolic rate in exercise.
Is stool DNA multitarget testing an unreliable strategy for colorectal cancer screening?
Authors: Silvio Danese, M Sans, Antonio Gasbarrini
Journal: Gut (2005)

The availability of a simple non-invasive test capable of detecting colorectal cancer specific products with reasonable sensitivity and specificity might avoid the invasiveness, unpleasant bowel preparation, and risk of bleeding and perforation related to colonoscopy. Molecular marker combinations in faecal DNA testing have been shown to produce high rates of both colorectal cancer and advanced adenoma detection in selected patient populations,1 and observations from large representative groups are emerging.

Imperiale and colleagues2 …
Effect of electrostatic charge, flow, delay and multiple actuations on the in vitro delivery of salbutamol from different small volume spacers for infants.
Authors: J. H. Wildhaber, S. G. Devadason, E. Eber, M. J. Hayden, M. L. Everard, Q. A. Summers, P. N. LeSouef
Journal: Thorax (1996)

A study was undertaken to determine the influences of electrostatic charge, flow, delay, and multiple actuations on the in vitro delivery of salbutamol generated by a pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) from small volume spacers used in infants.Ten actuations from a salbutamol pMDI were drawn at different flow rates after either single or multiple actuations, with or without delay, through either static or reduced static spacers. An ionic detergent was used to reduce the charge of plastic spacers (Babyhaler, Babyspacer, Aerochamber, Nebuhaler). Electrostatic charge was measured using an electrometer. A multistage liquid impinger was used to determine the particle size distribution of the output of the pMDI through the spacers.Electrostatic charge on the surface of plastic spacers had the greatest influence on delivery, causing a decrease in drug delivery. Reducing charge by coating the surface with ionic detergent resulted in an increase of 46.5-71.1% (p < 0.001) in small (< 6.8 microns) particle delivery from small volume plastic spacers. Lower flow, delay, and multiple actuations resulted in decreased delivery from static spacers. Lower flow resulted in a decrease of 15% in small (< 9.6 microns) particle delivery. Delay and multiple actuations resulted in a decrease of 40.7% and 76.0%, respectively, in small (< 6.8 microns) particle delivery. The influences of lower flow, delay, and multiple actuations were greatly reduced or even eliminated by reducing charge. However, multiple actuations still resulted in a significant decreased delivery (p < 0.05). The reduced static Nebuhaler had a higher delivery than all small volume spacers.Electrostatic charge has a major influence on the delivery of salbutamol from small volume spacers. Using a metal spacer or ionic detergent coating of plastic spacers resulted in no or reduced charge and hence in improved delivery. Lower flow, delay, and multiple actuations played a major part only in static spacers.
Interleukin-36–Receptor Antagonist Deficiency and Generalized Pustular Psoriasis
Authors: Slaheddine Marrakchi, Philippe Guigue, Blair R. Renshaw, Anne Puel, Xue-Yuan Pei, Sylvie Fraitag, Jihen Zribi, Elodie Bal, Céline Cluzeau, Maya Chrabieh, Jennifer E. Towne, Jason Douangpanya, Christian Pons, Sourour Mansour, Valérie Serre, Hafedh Makni, Nadia Mahfoudh, Faiza Fakhfakh, Christine Bodemer, Josué Feingold, Smail Hadj-Rabia, Michel Favre, Emmanuelle Genin, Mourad Sahbatou, Arnold Munnich, Jean-Laurent Casanova, John E. Sims, Hamida Turki, Hervé Bachelez, Asma Smahi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

Generalized pustular psoriasis is a life-threatening disease of unknown cause. It is characterized by sudden, repeated episodes of high-grade fever, generalized rash, and disseminated pustules, with hyperleukocytosis and elevated serum levels of C-reactive protein, which may be associated with plaque-type psoriasis.