tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparative Immunogenicity of Plasma and Recombinant Hepatitis B Virus Vaccines in Homosexual Men
Authors: Nancy Odaka
Journal: JAMA (1988)

A randomized, double-blind clinical trial of plasma-derived and DNA recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccines was conducted in 186 homosexual men. Nine months after the immunization series (three doses) began, the seroconversion rate in the plasma vaccine group was 88% (68/77); this was significantly higher than the 74% (60/81) response rate of the recombinant vaccine group. Men positive for antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) had a considerably higher nonresponse rate to either vaccine than expected in non—HIV-infected homosexual men. The odds ratios of nonresponse to hepatitis B virus vaccine for HIV-seropositive vs HIV-seronegative subjects were 12.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.7to 89.3) and 13.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.3 to 148.3) for the plasma and DNA recombinant vaccines, respectively. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:3635-3637)
Decision Involvement and Receipt of Mastectomy Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: S. T. Hawley, J. J. Griggs, A. S. Hamilton, J. J. Graff, N. K. Janz, M. Morrow, R. Jagsi, B. Salem, S. J. Katz
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2009)

Few studies have evaluated the association between patient decision involvement and surgery received among racially and ethnically diverse patients or patients' attitudes about surgery and the role of family and friends in surgical treatment choices. Women diagnosed with nonmetastatic breast cancer from June 2005 through February 2007 and reported to the Los Angeles or Detroit Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries were mailed a survey after diagnosis (N = 3133). Latina and African American women were oversampled. The response rate was 72.4%. The analytic sample (N = 1651) excluded those with stage IIIA or higher disease, self-reported clinical contraindications to breast-conserving surgery with radiation, and unclear race or ethnicity. The dependent variable was receipt of mastectomy initially. The primary independent variables were patient involvement in decision making, race or ethnicity, attitudes about recurrence, the effects of radiation, the impact of surgery on body image, and the role of others in decision making. Latinas were categorized as low or high acculturated. The association between patient involvement in decision making and the receipt of mastectomy was evaluated using logistic regression while controlling for other independent variables. All statistical tests were two-sided. The analytic sample was 23.9% Latina (12.0% low acculturated, 11.9% high acculturated), 27.1% African American, and 48.9% white, and 17.2% received a mastectomy initially. For each racial or ethnic group, more women who reported a patient-based decision received mastectomy than those who reported a shared or surgeon-based decision (P = .022 for low-acculturated Latinas, P < .001 for other groups). Women who reported that concerns about recurrence or radiation effects were very important in their surgery decision were more likely to receive mastectomy than those less concerned (for recurrence concerns, estimated relative risk [RR] = 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28 to 2.10; for radiation concerns, estimated RR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.88 to 2.85). Women who reported that body image concerns and their spouse's opinion were very important in their surgery decision less often received mastectomy than those less concerned about body image or who placed less weight on their spouse's opinion (for body image concerns, estimated RR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.30 to 0.74; for spouse's opinion, estimated RR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.78). Greater patient involvement in decision making was associated with receipt of mastectomy for all racial and ethnic groups. Patient attitudes about surgery and the opinions of family and friends contribute to surgical choices made by women with breast cancer.
Low-Abundance Biofilm Species Orchestrates Inflammatory Periodontal Disease through the Commensal Microbiota and Complement
Authors: George Hajishengallis, Shuang Liang, Mark A. Payne, Ahmed Hashim, Ravi Jotwani, Mehmet A. Eskan, Megan L. McIntosh, Asil Alsam, Keith L. Kirkwood, John D. Lambris, Richard P. Darveau, Michael A. Curtis
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2011)

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a low-abundance oral anaerobic bacterium implicated in periodontitis, a polymicrobial inflammatory disease, and the associated systemic conditions. However, the mechanism by which P. gingivalis contributes to inflammation and disease has remained elusive. Here we show that P. gingivalis, at very low colonization levels, triggers changes to the amount and composition of the oral commensal microbiota leading to inflammatory periodontal bone loss. The commensal microbiota and complement were both required for P. gingivalis-induced bone loss, as germ-free mice or conventionally raised C3a and C5a receptor-deficient mice did not develop bone loss after inoculation with P. gingivalis. These findings demonstrate that a single, low-abundance species can disrupt host-microbial homeostasis to cause inflammatory disease. The identification and targeting of similar low-abundance pathogens with community-wide impact may be important for treating inflammatory diseases of polymicrobial etiology.
Users' Guides to the Medical Literature
Authors: W. Scott Richardson, Mark C. Wilson, Gordon H. Guyatt, Deborah J. Cook, James Nishikawa, None for the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
A micropuncture study of the early phase of acute urate nephropathy.
Authors: J D Conger, S A Falk, S J Guggenheim, T J Burke
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

The early pathophysiological changes in acute urate nephropathy were investigated in a rat model using micropuncture, clearance, and morphologic methods. Plasma urate was increased from 1.2 +/- 0.6 to 20.1 +/- 3.1 mg/100 ml (P less than 0.001). Urinary urate rose from 24.3 +/- 5.1 to 142.2 +/- 21.0 mg/100 ml (P less than 0.001). Renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate fell to 17 and 14% of control values, respectively, and urine flow rate decreased from 11.3 +/- 4.8 to 4.2 +/- 2.2 mul/min (all P less than 0.005) Superficial nephron filtration rate fell less than that of the whole kidney (70 vs. 86%). Both proximal and distal tubular pressures were increased from 10.6 to 26.1 mm Hg and from 7.2 to 24.7 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.005). Efferent arteriolar and peritubular capillary pressures were increased twofold. Vascular resistance beyond the peritubular capillaries increased from 4.8 X 10(9) to 21.6 X 10(9) dynes s/cm5. Extensive deposits of uric acid and urate were found in the tubular system and vasa recti from the corticomedullary junction to the tip of the papilla. It is concluded from these experiments that not only tubular obstruction in the collecting ducts, but also obstruction of the distal renal vasculature, are the primary early pathogenetic events in acute urate nephropathy.
Why don't cancer patients get entered into clinical trials? Experience of the Sheffield Lymphoma Group's collaboration in British National Lymphoma Investigation studies
Authors: B W Hancock, M Aitken, C Radstone, G V. Hudson
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Objective: To investigate if the incidence of disorders of spermatogenesis and testicular tissue morphology have changed in middle aged Finnish men over 10 years.Design: Two necropsy series completed in 1981 and in 1991.
Anti-Jo-1 antibody: a marker for myositis with interstitial lung disease.
Authors: R M Bernstein, S H Morgan, J Chapman, C C Bunn, M B Mathews, M Turner-Warwick, G R Hughes
Journal: BMJ (1984)

An autoantibody known as anti-Jo-1 antibody is found in 25% of patients with myositis. Its prevalence in patients with both myositis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis was 68% (13 out of 19 patients), compared with 7.5% in patients with myositis alone (four of 53) and 3% in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis alone (two of 62). Anti-Jo-1 antibody may be useful in indicating patients with myositis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Raynaud9s phenomenon, the sicca syndrome, and mild arthritis are also often part of the syndrome.
Study finds that cancer survival rates are low in many poor nations
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Cancer patients in poorer nations have much lower survival rates after diagnosis compared with those in richer nations, says a global study ( Lancet Oncology ; doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70335-3). It attributes the stark gap to weak, or non-existent in some instances, treatment and diagnostic services, and emphasises the need for urgent investments in oncology health services, especially in sub-Saharan African countries.

The study examined the five year age standardised relative survival experience of 341  658 cancer patients diagnosed with one of 10 cancers during 1990-2001 in 25 regions in 12 low and middle income nations from Africa, Asia, and Central …
Objective Evaluation of Demethylchlortetracycline Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Acne
Authors: Joseph A. Witkowski
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Ninety-four patients with inflammatory acne were treated with demethylchlortetracycline hydrochloride in a doubleblind, modified, crossover study. Good to excellent responses were obtained in 58% of the patients receiving demethylchlortetracycline, and in 24% of those receiving placebo. The drug, when used in a dosage of 150 mg three times daily without concomitant therapy, primarily affected inflammatory papules and pustules. Response to treatment was determined by counting lesions on the involved sites.
SCHIZOPHRENIC REACTIONS FOLLOWING INFLUENZA
Authors: GORDON R. KAMMAN
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Since patients suffering from dementia praecox form the great bulk of the permanent population of asylums, the prognosis in this disease is generally considered to be very unfavorable. Therefore, to many people "dementia praecox" is a prejudicial term and once an individual is stamped with it he is given up as being hopelessly insane. It is my purpose in this paper to show that there are many cases which in former days would have been called dementia praecox and considered hopeless that are now amenable to treatment. Of course, cases of dementia praecox with characteristic delusions, hallucinations and personality splittings ending in a permanent terminal dementia still exist, but the psychoses under discussion here usually terminate in recovery, although at the outset they may resemble orthodox dementia praecox in all their details. Adolf Meyer<sup>1</sup>recognized the difference between cases of dementia praecox which terminated in a permanent dementia and
Juvenile mycosis fungoides: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with frequent follicular involvement
Authors: Emmilia Hodak, Iris Amitay-Laish, Meora Feinmesser, Batya Davidovici, Michael David, Alex Zvulunov, Felix Pavlotsky, Isaac Yaniv, Gali Avrahami, Dan Ben-Amitai
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2014)
Hyperosmolar Diabetic Coma— Ketotic and Nonketotic
Authors: Samuel Vaisrub
Journal: JAMA (1974)

When Sament and Schwartz first reported the occurrence of diabetic coma without ketosis, they broke up a seemingly inseparable cause-and-effect relationship. No longer was it necessary to suspect a laboratory error when ketone bodies were reported absent from the urine or blood of a comatose diabetic; nor was it incumbent to seek an auxiliary diagnosis in order to explain unconsciousness or unexpected death. Nonketotic diabetic coma has emerged as a distinct syndrome mediated by the hyperosmolarity of the blood.  Typically, the patient, a middle-aged or old person with diabetes mellitus of recent onset or without previous history of the disease, lapses into stupor and unconsciousness after manifesting prodromal neurological symptoms, such as convulsions, aphasia, or hemiplegia. His serum glucose level is alarmingly high. His serum sodium content rises with the increasing osmotic diuresis, thus contributing in turn to the serum hyperosmolarity. If left untreated, the extracellular and intracellular dehydration, responsible
The National Council on Patient Information and Education-Reply
Authors: Ray Bullman
Journal: JAMA (1997)

In the<i>JAMA</i>article, a remark I made at the 11th National Conference of the NCPIE was misquoted. In actuality, I said that all 33 of the original steering committee organizations that drafted the Action Plan for the Provision of Useful Prescription Medicine Information were invited to participate in an implementation meeting convened by NCPIE following the acceptance of the MedGuide by the secretary of the DHHS. Of the 5 organizations signing the above letter, the Citizen Advocacy Center attended our coalition meeting. Representatives of both the AIDS Treatment Data Network and the Center for Medical Consumers were unable to attend because of schedule conflicts, but they had expressed interest in participating. In all, 2 dozen organizations attended the implementation meeting. The NCPIE is a unique, broad-based, voluntary coalition with members that represent consumer organizations, health care professionals, voluntary health agencies, the pharmaceutical industry, managed care organizations, and the FDA.
Allergic Reaction to the Tine Test-Reply
Authors: Vincent J. M. DiMaio
Journal: JAMA (1976)

In Reply.—  In regard to the question by Drs Pierach and Burchell, we were unable to obtain any history of prior inoculation with tuberculin or infection with tuberculosis.  Sudden, unexpected death in an adult, in which the cause of death is undetermined, is quite uncommon. At the Dallas County Medical Examiners' Office, in only 1% of cases coming to autopsy is the cause of death undetermined. A significant percentage of these cases involve decomposed bodies or skeletonized remains.  It is our opinion that, in view of the circumstances leading up to the death and the absence of any anatomical or toxicologic cause of death, one must reasonably consider that death was due to an anaphylactic reaction to a constituent of the tine test. While one may speculate about other possibilities, this is the most reasonable one.
*Nonimmediate reactions to betalactams: prevalence and role of the different penicillins
Authors: S. Terrados, M. Blanca, J. Garcia, J. Vega, M. J. Torres, M. J. Carmona, A. Miranda, M. Moya, C. Juarez, J. Fernandez
Journal: Allergy (1995)

In patients treated with penicillins, adverse cutaneous reactions can occur within minutes or may take several days to develop. IgE antibody‐mediated reactions are well documented, but other mechanisms may also be involved. In particular, nonimmediate reactions have not been studied extensively, and the purpose of the present work was to establish the incidence of such reactions among a large group of patients and to study the penicillins involved. A total of 380 subjects with a history of a cutaneous reaction following administration of a penicillin antibiotic was included in the study. Skin tests and specific IgE measurements (RAST) were carried out using various penicillins and penicillin‐related reagents, and patients were also challenged with various penicillins. In some patients with delayed skin test responses, skin biopsies were carried out. The tests confirmed that 74 subjects (19.4% of total investigated) had suffered a cutaneous reaction to a penicillin derivative, and 29 of these subjects (7.6%, of total or 39% of confirmed) showed evidence of having suffered a nonimmediate reaction. The latter group were identified by giving a positive delayed direct challenge, and in 65% of the cases a delayed skin test response was detected. In most cases, these responses were to amino penicillins. Skin biopsies showed a lymphomonocytic cell infiltrate. Nonimmediate reactions to penicillins are a reproducible phenomenon, suggesting that a specific mechanism is responsible. By direct challenge, 93 Q of responders were positive to amino penicillins (10.3% ampicillin, 82.7% amoxicillin), indicating a major role for these penicillins in nonimmediate reactions. The high percentage (65%) of subjects in this group who showed delayed skin test responses, taken together with the biopsy results, suggests that a lymphocyte‐mediated reaction occurred. However, the possibility that other mechanisms may also have been involved cannot be ruled out
Molecular markers of ionizing radiation-induced gene mutations in mammalian cells.
Authors: A W Hsie, R C Porter, Z Xu, Y Yu, J Sun, M L Meltz, J L Schwartz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

We have isolated independent Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus from untreated, 60Co gamma-ray-exposed, and 212Bi alpha-exposed cells and identified the molecular changes underlying the mutation determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based exon deletion analysis. Both the parental CHO-K1 cells and the X-ray-sensitive mutant xrs-5 cells were studied. The radiosensitive xrs-5 cells are defective in DNA double-strand break rejoining ability and in V(D)J recombination, which can be complemented by Ku protein. Of the 71 spontaneous CHO-K1 hprt mutants analyzed, 78% showed no change in exon number or size, 20% showed loss of one to eight exons (partial deletion), and 3% showed loss of all nine hprt exons (total deletion). Exposure of CHO-K1 cells to 6 Gy of gamma rays, which reduced survival levels to 10%, produced a high deletion spectrum with 45% of the 20 mutants analyzed showing a loss of one to eight exons and 30% showing total deletion. Exposure to an equitoxic dose of alpha radiation from 212Bi, a 220Rn daughter, resulted in a spectrum similar to the gamma-ray spectrum in that 75% of the 49 mutants analyzed were deletions. To alpha radiation, however, tended to produce larger intragenic deletions than gamma radiation. Of the 92 spontaneous xrs-5 mutants analyzed for deletions, 43% showed a loss of one to eight exons and 14% showed total deletion. This suggests that, in certain regions of the hprt gene, base alterations can be converted into large deletions and alteration in the Ku protein complex can influence this type of mutational process. Exposure to alpha radiation (10% survival) to xrs-5 cells resulted in a deletion spectrum similar to that seen in CHO-K1 cells. Of the 49 mutants analyzed, 43% showed on change in exon number or size, 16% showed a loss of one to eight exons, and 41% showed total deletion. While the defect in xrs-5 cells has a profound effect on spontaneous mutant spectra, this defect does not appear to affect alpha-induced mutation spectra.
Pharmacogenetic (CYP2D6) and gene expression profiles (HOXB13/IL17BR and molecular grade index) for prediction of adjuvant endocrine therapy benefit in the ABCSG 8 trial.
Authors: M Goetz, M Ames, M Gnant, M Filpits, R Jakesz, R Greil, C Marth, H Samonigg, V Suman, S Safgren, M Kuffel, R Weinshilboum, M Erlander, X Ma, J Ingle
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #57 Background: ABCSG 8 is the only prospective trial examining the value of switching patients (pts) to an aromatase inhibitor after tamoxifen (Tam) in which randomization occurred prior to therapy. This trial demonstrated that 2 years (yrs) of Tam followed by 3 yrs of anastrozole (TAM to A) was superior to 5 yrs of Tam (Jakesz SABC 2005). Tam is metabolically activated by CYP2D6 to endoxifen and pts with impaired CYP2D6 metabolism have a higher risk of recurrence (Goetz JCO 2005). The HOXB13/IL17BR (H/I) index (Ma Cancer Cell 2004) is associated with Tam resistance while a 5-gene molecular grade index (MGI) distinguishes outcome in grade II tumors. H/I and MGI are complementary prognostic factors that define low (low MGI), intermediate (low H/I, high MGI) and high risk groups (high H/I and MGI) (Ma Clin Cancer Res 2008). We sought to validate these biomarkers in ABCSG Trial 8, and hypothesized that they may predict the benefit of sequencing TAM to A versus Tam alone.&amp;#x2028; Methods: From 1996-2004, ABCSG 8 randomized 3,901 pts with ER positive breast cancer. The primary endpoint was event-free survival. Assuming 40% of pts had reduced CYP2D6 metabolism, we designed a nested case control study in which 110 Tam treated cases matched to 2 controls would yield 80% power to detect a relative risk of 2.3 for pts with reduced CYP2D6 metabolism. Additionally, we sought to perform an exploratory analysis of the benefit of switching from Tam to A in pts with impaired vs non-impaired CYP2D6 metabolism. DNA and RNA derived from paraffin embedded sections were used to genotype for CYP2D6 and to obtain H/I and MGI RT-PCR profiles.&amp;#x2028; Findings: Thus far, CYP2D6 genotyping is complete in 345 pts corresponding to 53 cases/106 controls (Tam) and 62 cases/124 controls (Tam to A). DNA and RNA yields were excellent with a CYP2D6 genotype call rate of &amp;gt;95%. CYP2D6 allele frequencies were as expected: *3 (.01), *4, (.23), *6 (.01), *10 (.02), *17 (.00), and *41 (.10). 44% of pts had reduced CYP2D6 metabolism (at least one CYP2D6 null allele or intermediate metabolizer) and 8% were CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. For H/I and MGI, 340 pts were profiled with 64%, 20% and 16% in the low, intermediate, and high risk groups, respectively. Tissue sectioning/genotyping for additional cases/controls is ongoing.&amp;#x2028; Discussion: This is the first retrospective analysis of a large Tam versus Tam to A trial to evaluate the association between 1) CYP2D6, HOXB13/IL17BR, and MGI with TAM treatment outcome and 2) the predictive benefit of these biomarkers in pts randomized to switch from Tam to AI versus Tam alone. Final results will be presented at the meeting. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 57.
Surface color perception in constrained environments
Authors: Laurence T. Maloney
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Abstract Byrne &amp; Hilbert propose that color can be identified with explicit properties of physical surfaces. I argue that this claim must be qualified to take into account constraints needed to make recovery of surface color information possible. When these constraints are satisfied, then a biological visual system can establish a correspondence between perceived surface color and specific surface properties.