tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
IMMUNIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS WITH A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN EXTRACTED FROM PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: René J. Dubos
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1938)

Pneumococci killed by acetic acid at pH 4.2, then allowed to become Gram-negative at pH 7.0, under conditions such that no cellular disintegration takes place, release in solution small amounts of a substance which is precipitable by acetic acid, and soluble at neutral reaction. This soluble fraction injected into rabbits by the intravenous route causes the production of antibodies which afford definite protection to mice infected with virulent pneumococci of Types I, II, and III. Other types were not tried. White mice immunized with this soluble antigen exhibit some active immunity to virulent pneumococci, but the results have been very irregular so far. Soluble fractions, similar in properties and with apparently the same immunizing action, have been obtained from both virulent (S) and avirulent (R) cells of pneumococci.
Pathogenesis of Gastric Mucosal Injury
Authors: P H Guth
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1982)

During the past two decades considerable insight has been gained into the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury and the mechanisms by which the gastric mucosa defends itself against injury. In spite of high concentrations of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, the stomach does not digest itself. In the 19608 Davenport demonstrated the presence of a gastric mucosal barrier to the back-diffusion of acid, which prevents such autodigestion. Certain topi­ cal agents, however, disrupt this barrier and gastric mucosal injury then occurs. Davenport described the sequence of pathophysiological events following such barrier breaking. In the past decade Robert, Whittle, and others showed that the gastric mucosal synthesis of prostaglandins plays an important role in the gastric defensive mechanism. Exogenously adminis­ tered prostaglandin as well as endogenously synthesized prostaglandin can protect the gastric mucosa against a variety of injurious agents even in the presence of acid. Conversely, depletion of endogenous gastric mucosal pros­ taglandin by agents that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, such as the non­ steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds, is an important pathogenetic factor in gastric mucosal injury induced by such agents. The protection of the gastric mucosa against injury by a mechanism other than inhibition of acid secretion has been called cytoprotection. This article reviews the cur­ rent status of our knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury and how the gastric mucosa defends itself against injury, including both barrier mechanisms and cytoprotection and their relevance to clinical disease.
Maspin and mammaglobin genes are specific markers for RT-PCR detection of minimal residual disease in patients with breast cancer
Authors: P. Corradini, C. Voena, M. Astolfi, S. Dell’Oro, S. Pilotti, G. Arrigoni, M. Bregni, A. Pileri, A.M. Gianni
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2001)
Commentaries on this month's Cardiovascular Controversy: the merits and demerits of animal experimentation From W C Bowman
Authors: W C Bowman
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Journal Article Commentaries on this month's Cardiovascular Controversy: the merits and demerits of animal experimentation From W C Bowman Get access W C Bowman W C Bowman Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 28, Issue 7, July 1994, Pages 1105–1106, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/28.7.1105 Published: 01 July 1994
Cases of Oxaluria
Authors: P. M. Duncan
Journal: BMJ (1848)

to the Essex and Colchester Hospital.The three cases about to be described were nearly as difficult to relieve as those reported in a former number were easy of cure.CASE IV.Anne Stradling, aged 36, married, and the mother of several children, was admitted as an out-patient in the Colchester Hospital, on July 23rd.She attributes her ailments to having caught cold, and.subsequent acute rheumatism, by exposure to the night air, about a year ago.Before that timie had always robust healtb.She is a middle-sized woman, with the appearance of having been much stouter than she is at present.Complains of constant frontal head- ache, a sensation of weight and uneasiness in the loins, and pain in the right side, not extending to the
Cytotoxicity Inhibition Assay: Cryopreservation and Standardization: Brief Communication
Authors: R. K. Oldham, J. R. Ortaldo, H. T. Holden, R. B. Herberman
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1977)

The cytotoxicity inhibition assay is an extremely useful tool for examination of the specificity of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. With this demonstration of cryopreservation of the attacker, target, and inhibitor cells, a powerful new tool is available for the standardization of this assay to better examine the specificity of cytotoxicity assays. Not only can cryopreservation be used to standardize the assay within a single laboratory, but also reagents may now be exchanged between laboratories to better understand the differences in cell-mediated cytotoxicity as observed by different investigators.
Synovial protease/inhibitor ratios in erosive and nonerosive arthropathies.
Authors: M H Pritchard
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1984)

Although rheumatoid joint fluids contain numerous polymorphs capable of secreting neutral proteases known to be able to digest cartilage, the high level of inhibitors (mainly alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin) has always been considered to be more than sufficient to inhibit their activity completely. Consequently little interest has been paid to the potential role of these enzymes in cartilage damage. Four arthropathies of different erosive potential are here compared: spondyloarthropathies, rheumatoid arthritis with and without gold or D-penicillamine therapy, and septic arthritis. The synovial concentration of the inhibitors alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin has been compared with the polymorph enzyme output, as measured by beta-glucuronidase. Total haemolytic complement, white cell count, and C-reactive protein have also been measured in the joint fluid. The range of white cell count and inhibitors was the same in all 4 groups, while the enzyme output varied substantially from low levels in the spondyloarthropathies to very high levels in the septic joints. The higher the erosive potential of the disease, therefore, the more disadvantageous is the inhibitor/enzyme ratio. It is also pointed out that cartilage has physiochemical properties which facilitate and enhance polymorph enzyme output while severely curtailing the activity of the inhibitors. The observation that synovial fluid is inhibitory in vitro may therefore bear little relationship to the situation at the cartilage surface in vivo.
Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of purine bases (uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine) and oxypurinol after rigorous exercise
Authors: Mitsuharu Kaya, Yuji Moriwaki, Tuneyoshi Ka, Taku Inokuchi, Asako Yamamoto, Sumio Takahashi, Zenta Tsutsumi, Junzou Tsuzita, Yoshitaka Oku, Tetsuya Yamamoto
Journal: Metabolism (2005)
Mediators of Diabetic Renal Disease
Authors: Fuad N. Ziyadeh
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

ABSTRACT. The critical role of hyperglycemia in the genesis of diabetic nephropathy has been established by cell culture studies, experimental animal models, and clinical trials. Certain cytokines and growth factors have been identified as likely mediators of the effects of high ambient glucose on the kidney, but prominent among these is TGF-β, a prototypical hypertrophic and fibrogenic cytokine. Overexpression of TGF-β has been demonstrated in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments of experimental diabetic animals. The TGF-β receptor signaling system is also triggered, as evidenced by upregulation of the TGF-β type II receptor and activation of the downstream Smad signaling pathway. Treatment of diabetic mice with neutralizing anti–TGF-β antibodies prevents the development of renal hypertrophy, mesangial matrix expansion, and the decline in renal function. Antibody therapy also reverses the established lesions of diabetic glomerulopathy. These studies argue strongly in support of the hypothesis that overactivity of the TGF-β system in the kidney is a crucial mediator of diabetic renal hypertrophy and mesangial matrix expansion.
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor D761Y Mutation and Effect of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: Shinichi Toyooka, Hiroshi Date, Akiko Uchida, Katsuyuki Kiura, Minoru Takata
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

To the Editor: We read with great interest the November 1, 2006 article by Balak et al. ([1][1]) reporting that the epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) D761Y mutation was a “novel secondary mutation” that appeared in a metastatic brain lesion after the acquisition of gefitinib resistance.
Use of adhesive strapping in sport.
Authors: D A McLean
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1989)

Portfolios with well-diversified monthly returns can have significant long-term exclusion risk. We use 30 sector portfolios with 90 years of returns. Including 10 to 15 of these sectors in an investment portfolio is sufficient to eliminate almost all idiosyncratic risk in monthly returns. We propose a simple measure for exclusion risk for long-term investors. By compounding the monthly returns over our 90-year sample period, we show that portfolios with 10 to 15 sectors are not well diversified for long-term investors; including more sectors significantly reduces the exclusion risk.
Bevacizumab treatment for human glioblastoma. Can it induce cognitive impairment?
Authors: A. Pakzad, N. Obad, H. Espedal, D. Stieber, O. Keunen, P. O. Sakariassen, S. P. Niclou, R. Bjerkvig
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

Recent results from 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trials (RTOG 0825) and (AVAglio) for first-line treatment of glioblastoma patients with the VEGF antibody bevacizumab, showed similar results, related to overall and progression-free survival. The RTOG 0825 trial indicated, opposed to the AVAglio trial, that patients treated with bevacizumab showed a decline in global neurocognitive function compared to untreated patients, -a decline that was most obvious after prolonged treatment. At present, there is a considerably controversy related to these observations. In the present work we point at the possibility that bevacizumab treatment of the normal brain can reduce synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. We believe that such a phenomenon may partly explain the reduced cognitive function observed in patients in the RTOG 0825 trial. Since the same effects were not clearly defined in the AVAglio trial, further studies on putative neurocognitive effects after bevacizumab treatment are warranted.
Increased Risk of Colon Cancer Associated with a Genetic Polymorphism of <i>SMAD7</i>
Authors: Martha L. Slattery, Jennifer Herrick, Karen Curtin, Wade Samowitz, Roger K. Wolff, Bette J. Caan, David Duggan, John D. Potter, Ulrike Peters
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified SMAD7 on 8q21 as being associated with colorectal cancer. We evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the SMAD7 gene, including rs4939827, rs12953717, and rs4464148, previously identified from GWAS in a large population-based case-control study of colon cancer. We observed that rs12953717 was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of colon cancer [odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.13-1.68; P linear trend < 0.01] for the TT genotype compared with the CC genotype, whereas the CC genotype of the rs4939827 SNP was inversely associated with colon cancer (0.77; 95% CI, 0.64-0.93) relative to the TT genotype. There were no significant differences in association for either of these polymorphisms when stratified by age, tumor site, sex, or family history. The odds ratios between SMAD7 and colon cancer among individuals reporting recent aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.43-0.85) for the CC genotype of the rs4939827 polymorphism and 1.69 (95% CI, 1.20-2.38) for the TT genotype of the rs1295371 polymorphism. This result compares to odds ratios of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.68-1.09) for rs4939827 and 1.22 (95% CI, 0.96-1.56) among individuals who did not use aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. An assessment of SMAD7 genotypes with tumor markers did not reveal any significant differences by KRAS2, TP53, CpG island methylator phenotype, or microsatellite instability status. No significant associations were observed for the rs4464148 SNP or other SNPs evaluated in the SMAD7. These results corroborate the findings of GWAS in colon cancer pointing to SMAD7 and reinforce interest in SNPs in this gene.
Ultrastructural, Cellular, and Clinical Features of the Immotile-Cilia Syndrome
Authors: J Palmblad, B Mossberg, B A Afzelius
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1984)

Ultrastructural, Cellular, and Clinical Features of the Immotile-Cilia Syndrome, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/med/35/1/annurev.me.35.020184.002405-1.gif
G<scp>ASTROINTESTINAL</scp>N<scp>EMATODES</scp>, N<scp>UTRITION AND</scp>I<scp>MMUNITY</scp>: Breaking the Negative Spiral
Authors: Kristine G Koski, Marilyn E Scott
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (2001)

▪ Abstract Nutritionists have long understood that intestinal nematode parasites have deleterious effects on host nutritional status, but only recently has the importance of malnutrition as a predisposing factor to intestinal nematodes been recognized. Here we review experimental and field studies on the effects of protein, energy, zinc, vitamin A, and iron deficiencies on gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes of humans, livestock, and laboratory rodents, and draw certain conclusions about the state of our current understanding. In general, malnutrition promotes the establishment, survival, and fecundity of these parasites, but the magnitude of the effect depends on factors such as host species, parasite species, particular infection protocol used, magnitude of the infection, severity of the nutritional deficiency, and presence of single or multiple infections and single or multiple nutritional deficiencies. We highlight the Th2 arm of the immune system as a component of primary importance in the association between malnutrition and GI nematode infections. We summarize what is known about underlying mechanisms that may account for the observed patterns. Finally, we suggest future research directions.
Chronic α-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation Modulates the Contractile Phenotype of Cardiac Myocytes In Vitro
Authors: Naoya Satoh, Thomas M. Suter, Ronglih Liao, Wilson S. Colucci
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Heart failure is characterized by contractile dysfunction of the myocardium and elevated sympathetic activity. We tested the hypothesis that chronic α-adrenergic (α-ADR) stimulation modifies the molecular and contractile phenotype of cardiac myocytes. Methods and Results —Adult rat ventricular myocytes in culture were exposed to α-ADR stimulation (norepinephrine + propranolol) for 48 hours. α-ADR stimulation decreased the mRNAs for sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase and Ca 2+ release channel by 56% and 52%, respectively, and increased mRNA and protein for the Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger by 70% and 39%, respectively. After washout of the α-ADR agonist, simultaneous measurement of [Ca 2+ ] i transients with fura 2 and myocyte shortening by video edge-detection showed that [Ca 2+ ] i amplitude and myocyte shortening were decreased in α-ADR–treated myocytes, and the time to peak and time from peak to 80% decline of both [Ca 2+ ] i and myocyte shortening were increased. The concentration-response curve for myocyte shortening by the Na + channel activator veratridine was shifted leftward in α-ADR–stimulated myocytes (EC 50 , 21.6±4.6 versus 105.8±10.5 nmol/L, P &lt;0.001). Conclusions —Chronic α-ADR stimulation of cardiac myocytes causes decreases in the expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase and the Ca 2+ release channel that are associated with decreases in [Ca 2+ ] i and contractility. α-ADR stimulation simultaneously increases Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger expression, thereby increasing sensitivity to intracellular Na + .
Comparison of imaging techniques in the diagnosis of bridging bronchus
Authors: W. Baden, J. Schaefer, M. Kumpf, N. Tzaribachev, T. Pantalitschka, A. Koitschev, G. Ziemer, J. Fuchs, M. Hofbeck
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

Bridging bronchus (BB) is a rare, congenital bronchial anomaly that is frequently associated with congenital cardiac malformations, especially left pulmonary artery sling. It represents an anomalous bronchus to the right originating from the left main bronchus. Discrimination from other bronchial anomalies is important, since BB is frequently associated with bronchial stenoses due to abnormal cartilage rings. This case study describes the findings of bronchoscopy, bronchography and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in three patients. Bronchoscopy was helpful in the description of the severity and length of bronchial stenoses. However, it was not possible to establish a diagnosis of BB based on this method in two patients, since it is difficult or even impossible to differentiate the bifurcation from the pseudocarina. It was not possible to establish the correct diagnosis in all patients based on bronchography or MDCT. MDCT was able to depict the relationship of bronchial and vascular structures, which is particularly important in patients with pulmonary artery sling. Multidetector computed tomography is preferable to bronchography as it is less invasive and due to its short acquisition time it can be performed in children with severe respiratory disease. In the current authors' experience, detection of cartilage rings still requires flexible bronchoscopy.
The role of EGF-R expression on patient survival in lung cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: A-P. Meert, B. Martin, P. Delmotte, T. Berghmans, J-J. Lafitte, C. Mascaux, M. Paesmans, E. Steels, J-M. Verdebout, J-P. Sculier
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

The prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) for survival of patients with lung cancer remains controversial. The authors performed a systematic review of the literature in order to clarify its impact. Published studies were identified using an electronic search in order to aggregate the available survival results, after a methodological assessment using a scale specifically designed by the European Lung Cancer Working Party (ELCWP). To be eligible, a study had to have dealt with EGF-R assessment in lung cancer patients on the primary site and to have analysed survival according to EGF-R expression. Among the 16 eligible studies, 14 assessed any nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtype, one adenocarcinoma only and one squamous-cell carcinoma only. The overall median quality score was 56.3%, with no significant difference either between studies assessable or not assessable for meta-analysis or between studies with significant and nonsignificant results. One individual trial reported a survival benefit for patients with EGF-R expression, three a survival disadvantage and 12 no statistically significant difference. Eleven studies (2,185 patients) provided sufficient data to allow a meta-analysis of the survival results. EGF-R expression positivity was determined according to the cut-off as determined by the authors. The meta-analysis showed that EGF-R expression was not a statistically significant prognostic factor for survival in NSCLC. In the subgroup of studies using immunohistochemistry, statistical tests reached a significant level against EGF-R. Epidermal growth factor receptor might be a poor prognostic factor for survival in nonsmall-cell lung cancer. The amplitude of the impact is small, however, and may be subject to publication bias.
Research Guideline Recommendations for Broad Consent Forms in Biobank Research and How They Are Currently Addressed in Practice
Authors: Daniel Strech, Hannes Kahrass, Irene Hirschberg
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2015)

Grady and colleagues (2015) observe that broad consent is ethically acceptable as long as participants are provided with sufficient information to make a reasonably informed decision (besides other...
Chromosomal Aberrations in Viral Leukemogenesis. I. Friend and Rauscher Leukemia&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Ryoichi Tsuchida, Marvin A. Rich
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1964)

As part of an over-all study on chromosome changes in viral leukemogenesis, we investigated these alterations in Friend and Rauscher virus leukemia. An increased incidence of secondary constrictions was coincident with the early preleukemic period of splenic hyperplasia. The chromosome number was 40, with minimal variation about the diploid mode during this period. The late leukemic period was characterized by an increase in chromosome number and incidence of aberrations. An inverse relationship between hyperdiploidy and the incidence of distinct multiple secondary constrictions was observed.
Chylothorax and pseudochylothorax
Authors: G Hillerdal
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

Chylothorax is the occurrence of chylus (lymph) in the pleura due to damage to the thoracic duct. There is a high content of triglycerides, and chylomicrons can be seen. It is usually right-sided, since most of the duct is within the right hemithorax. With damage at the level of the aorta, the chyle will appear on the left. Traumatic rupture occurs after accidents or surgery. Of nontraumatic causes, the most common is a malignant lymphoma. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax and upper abdomen should be performed. Lymphography can show where the leakage or blockage is situated. With repeated drains, large amounts of fat, proteins, and lymphocytes are lost. Treatment is with low-fat diet or parenteral nutrition to decrease the amount of chyle, but chemical pleurodesis or ligation of the thoracic duct, usually via thoracoscopy, is often necessary. Pseudochylothorax (cholesterol pleurisy) occurs with long-standing fluid in a fibrotic pleura. The fluid has a high content of cholesterol but no triglycerides or chylomicrons. In both conditions, the pleural fluid is thick, opalescent, whitish or the colour of cafe-au-lait.
Compulsory Premarital Screening for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Paul D. Cleary, Michael John Barry, Kenneth Hugh Mayer, Allan M. Brandt, Larry Gostin, Harvey V. Fineberg
Journal: JAMA (1987)

The effectiveness of a mandatory premarital screening program was examined as a means of curtailing the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States. The epidemiology of the HIV, the technical characteristics of tests for antibodies to HIV, and the logistic, economic, and legal implications of such a program were considered. In one year, universal premarital screening in the United States currently would detect fewer than one tenth of 1% of HIV-infected individuals at a cost of substantially more than $100 million. More than 100 infected individuals would be told that they were probably not infected, and there would likely be more than 350 false-positive results. Public education, counseling of individuals, and discretionary testing can be important tools in reducing the spread of HIV infection, but mandatory premarital screening in a population with a low prevalence of infection is a relatively ineffective and inefficient use of resources. (<i>JAMA</i>1987;258:1757-1762)