tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increased Cell and Matrix Accumulation During Atherogenesis in Mice With Vessel Wall–Specific Deletion of Discoidin Domain Receptor 1
Authors: Christopher Franco, Pamela J. Ahmad, Guangpei Hou, Eric Wong, Michelle P. Bendeck
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

Discoidin domain receptor (DDR)1 is a collagen receptor expressed on both smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages, where it plays important roles regulating cell and matrix accumulation during atherogenesis. Systemic deletion of DDR1 resulted in attenuated plaque growth but accelerated matrix accumulation in LDLR-deficient mice. Deletion of DDR1 solely on bone marrow-derived cells resulted in decreased macrophage accumulation and plaque growth but no change in matrix accumulation.These findings led us to hypothesize that accelerated matrix accumulation was attributable to the increased synthetic ability of Ddr1(-/-) resident vascular wall SMCs.We used bone marrow transplantation to generate chimeric mice and investigate the role of SMC DDR1 during atherogenesis. Mice with deficiency of DDR1 in vessel wall-derived cells (Ddr1(+/+-->-/-)) or control mice (Ddr1(+/+-->+/+)) were fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. We observed a 3.8-fold increase in the size of aortic sinus plaques in Ddr1(+/+-->-/-) compared to Ddr1(+/+-->+/+) mice. This was attributed to pronounced accumulation of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin and resulted in a thickened fibrous cap. The enhanced matrix accumulation decreased the proportion of plaque area occupied by cells but was associated with a shift in the cellular composition of the lesions toward increased numbers of vessel wall-derived SMCs compared to bone marrow-derived macrophages. In vitro studies confirmed that Ddr1(-/-) SMCs expressed more matrix, proliferated more, and migrated farther than Ddr1(+/+) SMCs.DDR1 expression on resident vessel wall SMCs limits proliferation, migration and matrix accumulation during atherogenesis.
An autoantibody with poten antithrombin activity whose action could be inhibited by toluidine blue or methylene blue
Authors: A. Majid Shojania, Gisele Meilleur, Abdul W. Alvi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Abstract A 41‐year‐old man with posthepatitic liver cirrhosis and bleeding tendency was found to have a circulating anticoagulant with potent antithrombin activity. The thrombin time of the patient's purified fibrinogen was normal. This anticoagulant was residing in the patient's IgG fraction, and his IgG fraction could prolong the thrombin time of purified fibrinogen, suggesting that this circulating anticoagulant was an antibody. No heparin was detected in the patient's plasma. However, the antithrombin activity of this anticoagulant could be neutralized by toluidine blue or methylene blue ex vivo.
TREATMENT OF PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA WITH HOG'S STOMACH: REPORT OF 108 CASES
Authors: J. F. Wilkinson
Journal: BMJ (1931)

The successful results of some experiments upon the value of hog's stomach tissues in the treatment of pernicious anaemia were published in a preliminary report upon nine cases so treated in the laboratory.1 It was found that very good results could be obtained either with uncooked fresh hog's stomach tissues or desiccated preparations of the same. By using such active products in cases of pernicious anaemia remissions were initiated more quickly and progress was better maintained than with the liver treatment. Subjective symptoms, such as glossitis, par aesthesiae, and gastro-intestinal disturbances, were mucli more rapidly and satisfactorily relieved without the aid of the mixture of hydrochloric acid and pepsin so often necessary in liver therapy. In 1929 Sturgis, Isaacs, and Sharp,2 working independently along similar lines, reported remission in three cases, using a desiccated preparation. More recently they have made observations upon thirty nine cases of pernicious anaemia for periods up to ten weeks.3 These results have been confirmed by workers in other countries, but the number of cases reported has been few, while the periods of observation have not been sufficiently long to indicate the real value of this form of therapy. Conner4 has reported six cases and Rosenow5 two where similar treatment was employed for pernicious anaemia. Meulengracht and Hecht-Johansen6 obtained satisfactory responses using desiccated preparations, but failed to get an active extract (one case) according to Cohn's method with liver. Ungley7 also failed to produce remissions in two cases treated with fresh sheep's stomach. I have confirmed this result using the desiccated prepara tion. Five cases have been recorded by Snapper and Dupreez8 as having been successfully treated with hog's stomach, while Hitzenberger,9 Faber,10 Winge,11 and Lambin and Steenhoudt12 have also obtained satisfactory results in a smaller number of cases.
THE PREVENTION OF CERTAIN FORMS OF CHRONIC CARDIAC VALVULAR DISEASE
Authors: WARREN COLEMAN
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Until recently, perhaps few persons, even physicians of long experience in large general hospitals, have realized the magnitude of the "cardiac problem," from whatever standpoint it is approached. Heart disease has become, in this country at least, the most important of the causes of death. According to the estimate of Knight,<sup>1</sup>some 180,000 persons in continental United States and Canada died last year of heart disease. Tables and estimates of mortality, however, give but incomplete evidence of the prevalence of heart disease, because many deaths recorded as from pneumonia and other infections, for example, probably would not have occurred except for coexisting disease of the heart. It has been estimated that 200,000 children of school age in the United States have heart disease. Facts such as these make it apparent that heart disease is perhaps the most pressing public health problem confronting the medical profession today. And because of
Prevalence of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Constantine G. Lyketsos, Oscar Lopez, Beverly Jones, Annette L. Fitzpatrick, John Breitner, Steven DeKosky
Journal: JAMA (2002)

health problem with an increasing prevalence because of the aging of the population. 1 Dementia is characterized by global cognitive decline sufficient to affect functioning. 2It is a chronic illness with seriously disabling effects for patients, their families, and society. 2 Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) describes cognitive impairment in elderly persons not of sufficient severity to qualify for a diagnosis of dementia. 3Individuals with MCI have complaints of impairment in memory or other areas of cognitive functioning usually noticeable to those around them.In addition, their performance on memory and cognitive tests is below that expected for their age and education.However, their day-to-day functioning is generally preserved.Several operational definitions for MCI have been proposed. 3,4Mild cognitive impairment is a chronic condition and may be a precursor to Alzheimer-type dementia. 4Mild cognitive impairment is often worrisome to patients and families, and is increasingly a presenting complaint for care.Neuropsychiatric symptoms are a common accompaniment of demen-
Bacteriology, Spectrophotometry. and Toxicity in Strangulation Intestinal Obstruction
Authors: George H. Bornside
Journal: JAMA (1962)

THIS report is a summary of current progress in our studies of experimental strangulation obstruction, and extends recent investigations by Cohn and associates. Changes in the intestinal bacterial flora and studies of peritoneal fluid toxicity in experimental strangulation obstruction in rabbits have pointed to a major role for clostridial toxins. The bacterial changes in guinea pigs and dogs have been examined similarly with the thought that uniform lethal pathways might exist in different animal species with strangulation obstruction.  Guinea Pigs  The intestine was occluded with umbilical tape approximately 10 cm. proximal to the ileocecal junction. A 7 cm. segment proximal to the obstruction was strangulated by ligating the venous supply to this segment and the vessels parallel to the intestine at the proximal end of the segment. At death the contents of the intestine proximal to the obstruction were aspirated and cultured.   Bacteriology .—The bacterial genera most frequently isolated from the
PLASMA REGRESSION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OF RADIOMERCURY IN RELATION TO DIURESIS FOLLOWING THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF Hg203 LABELLED CHLORMERODRIN TO THE DOG 1
Authors: R. R. M. Borghgraef, R. H. Kessler, R. F. Pitts, M. E. Parks, W. Van Woert, M. B. MacLeod
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1956)
Prognosis of Untreated Strokes Due to Anterior Circulation Proximal Intracranial Arterial Occlusions Detected by Use of Computed Tomography Angiography
Authors: Fabricio O. Lima, Karen L. Furie, Gisele S. Silva, Michael H. Lev, Érica C. S. Camargo, Aneesh B. Singhal, Gordon J. Harris, Elkan F. Halpern, Walter J. Koroshetz, Wade S. Smith, Raul G. Nogueira
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

Limited data exist regarding the natural history of proximal intracranial arterial occlusions. OBJECTIVE To investigate the outcomes of patients who had an acute ischemic stroke attributed to an anterior circulation proximal intracranial arterial occlusion. A prospective cohort study at 2 university-based hospitals from 2003 to 2005 in which nonenhanced computed tomography scans and computed tomography angiograms were obtained at admission of all adult patients suspected of having an ischemic stroke in the first 24 hours of symptom onset. Anterior circulation proximal intracranial arterial occlusion. Frequency of good outcome (defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of ≤ 2) and mortality at 6 months. A total of 126 patients with a unilateral complete occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA; 26 patients: median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score, 11 [interquartile range, 5-17]), of the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA; 52 patients: median NIHSS score, 13 [interquartile range, 6-16]), or of the M2 segment of the MCA (48 patients: median NIHSS score, 7 [interquartile range, 4-15]) were included. Of these 3 groups of patients, 10 (38.5%), 20 (38.5%), and 26 (54.2%) with ICA, MCA-M1, and MCA-M2 occlusions, respectively, achieved a modified Rankin Scale score of 2 or less, and 6 (23.1%), 12 (23.1%), and 10 (20.8%) were dead at 6 months. Worse outcomes were seen in patients with a baseline NIHSS score of 10 or higher, with a modified Rankin Scale score of 2 or less achieved in only 7.1% (1 of 14), 23.5% (8 of 34), and 22.7% (5 of 22) of patients and mortality rates of 35.7% (5 of 14), 32.4% (11 of 34), and 40.9% (9 of 22) among patients with ICA, MCA-M1, and MCA-M2 occlusions, respectively. Age (odds ratio, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.91-0.98]), NIHSS score (odds ratio, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.64-0.83]), and strength of leptomeningeal collaterals (odds ratio, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.08-5.20]) were independently associated with outcome, whereas the level of proximal intracranial arterial occlusion (ICA vs MCA-M1 vs MCA-M2) was not. The natural history of proximal intracranial arterial occlusion is variable, with poor outcomes overall. Stroke severity and collateral flow appear to be more important than the level of proximal intracranial arterial occlusion in determining outcomes. Our results provide useful data for proper patient selection and sample size calculations in the design of new clinical trials aimed at recanalization therapies.
INCIDENTAL DETECTION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR THROMBUS BY ROUTINE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: INSIGHTS INTO PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS USING DELAYED ENHANCEMENT (DE) CMR
Authors: Jonathan W. Weinsaft, Han W. Kim, Anna L. Crowley, Igor Klem, Chetan Shenoy, Debbie W. Chen, Rhoda Brosnan, Dipan J. Shah, Eric J. Velazquez, Michele Parker, Robert M. Judd, Raymond J. Kim
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
LA FOLIE ET LA GUERE DE 1914-1918. By<i>A. Rodiet</i>, Medecin chef de l'Asile de Ville-Evrard, et<i>A. Fribourg-Blanc</i>, Professeur au Val-de-Grace. (Paris: Librairie Félix Alcan, 1930.)
Authors: None Notkin
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1933)
Critical role for PI 3-kinase in the control of erythropoietin-induced erythroid progenitor proliferation
Authors: Didier Bouscary, Frédéric Pene, Yann-Erick Claessens, Odile Muller, Stany Chrétien, Michaëla Fontenay-Roupie, Sylvie Gisselbrecht, Patrick Mayeux, Catherine Lacombe
Journal: Blood (2003)
Osteogenesis imperfecta. Rehabilitation and prospects for gene therapy
Authors: J. C. Marini
Journal: JAMA (1997)

SELECTED CASE  A 6-year-old girl with type IV osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) was seen initially at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the age of 3 months. She was the product of an uncomplicated term pregnancy delivered by cesarean section. She weighed 2.4 kg at birth and was noted to have a soft skull. At 3 months of age she was noted to have a swollen right thigh, diagnosed as a femur fracture, and was treated with a hip spica cast for 6 weeks. When the radiograph was taken, an old healed left femur fracture was also seen. The diagnosis of OI was made at that time.  On physical examination at the age of 3 months, she could lie prone, support her head, and lift all limbs against gravity. Her knee and ankle joints were lax, and her left femur was bowed 45°. Treatment was to encourage physical activity through
Prenatal Exposure to PBDEs and Neurodevelopment
Authors: Julie B. Herbstman, Andreas Sjödin, Matthew Kurzon, Sally A. Lederman, Richard S. Jones, Virginia Rauh, Larry L. Needham, Deliang Tang, Megan Niedzwiecki, Richard Y. Wang, Frederica Perera
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Animal studies suggest that prenatal PBDE exposure may result in adverse neurodevelopmental effects.In a longitudinal cohort initiated after 11 September 2001, including 329 mothers who delivered in one of three hospitals in lower Manhattan, New York, we examined prenatal PBDE exposure and neurodevelopment when their children were 12-48 and 72 months of age.We analyzed 210 cord blood specimens for selected PBDE congeners and assessed neurodevelopmental effects in the children at 12-48 and 72 months of age; 118, 117, 114, 104, and 96 children with available cord PBDE measurements were assessed at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 months, respectively. We used multivariate regression analyses to evaluate the associations between concentrations of individual PBDE congeners and neurodevelopmental indices.Median cord blood concentrations of PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 100 were 11.2, 3.2, and 1.4 ng/g lipid, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, children with higher concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, or 100 scored lower on tests of mental and physical development at 12-48 and 72 months. Associations were significant for 12-month Psychomotor Development Index (BDE-47), 24-month Mental Development Index (MDI) (BDE-47, 99, and 100), 36-month MDI (BDE-100), 48-month full-scale and verbal IQ (BDE-47, 99, and 100) and performance IQ (BDE-100), and 72-month performance IQ (BDE-100).This epidemiologic study demonstrates neurodevelopmental effects in relation to cord blood PBDE concentrations. Confirmation is needed in other longitudinal studies.
PTH-032 Gut Hormone Screening For Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours – A Quality Improvement Project
Authors: D Mansour, T Lee
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> BSG guidelines advise that, in patients presenting with symptoms suspicious of gastroenteropancreactic neuroendocrine tumour (NET), baseline gut hormone (GH) tests should include Chromogranin A (CgA) and urinary 5HIAA. Other specific biochemistry should be requested depending on the syndrome suspected. We reviewed the use of gut hormone screening in a North East England Trust and examined the association between positive results and NET diagnosis. <h3>Methods</h3> We reviewed all GH screens requested between July 2012 and June 2013. The following data were collected: specialty of requesting physician, indication, results and clinical outcome. We compared results of GH screens (CgA and then other GHs) with the diagnosis of NET to calculate specificity. Finally, we looked at all NET diagnosed in the trust over the same period, reviewing GH levels in those tested following diagnosis,in order to calculate sensitivity. Financial implications of different GH testing strategies were assessed using these results. <h3>Results</h3> Of a total 51 requests for gut hormone screens, 21 were made by gastroenterologists and 8 by surgeons. 19 requests in total were made for investigation of diarrhoea, 12 for upper GI symptoms/peptic ulcers, 5 following positive histology or lesions on imaging and 15 for other symptoms. A total of 459 GH were tested at a cost of £315 per patient. 32/51 patients had normal CgA levels, none of which went on to be diagnosed with NET. 19 had a raised CgA of which 2 were already known to have NET but no new NET were found (specificity 65.31%). Patients with diarrhoea had a particularly high false positive rate (7/19=37%). Of 18 patients newly diagnosed with NETs in the trust, 5 had GHs tested (all following diagnosis)-3/5 had raised CgA (cost £44 per patient),a sensitivity of 60% (this increased to 80% when combined with u5HIAA testing). Measuring other gut hormones only marginally increased sensitivity but greatly reduced specificity of the screening. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Gut hormone screening was not being performed in line with BSG recommendations in our Trust, leading to excessive numbers of tests being performed with low sensitivity and specificity. We worked with the trust biochemistry department to clarify the indications for GH testing and rationalise the screening test performed. We now offer an ‘endocrine diarrhoea screen’ of CgA and u5HIAA. Other hormones are measured only if a specific syndrome is suspected/in patients with known history/family history of NET, representing a cost saving of £271 per patient. It is envisaged that this change in practice will save the trust at least £12,000 per annum whilst improving clinicians` decision making around testing for NET. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Standardizing Units of Measurements
Authors: William R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Quantitative measurements are indispensable in the conduct of science. This is as true for medicine as it is for chemistry or physics. The close interrelationships between the many branches of science and the international character of science and medicine require that a single, worldwide system of measurements be employed. The international system of units (SI) as recognized by the Conference Generale des Poide et Mesures has now been adopted by most countries and is being used in most scientific areas, including engineering.  This system has seven base units and two supplementary units of measurements (Table 1).  From the seven base units, all other measurements can be derived. As examples, volume, area, speed, pressure, force, and work are obtained by algebraically combining with multiplication and division two or more base units. When the base units are combined algebraically, the derived unit is said to be rational, and no prefix is needed
Mathematical guidance for axons
Authors: Geoffrey J. Goodhill
Journal: Trends in Neurosciences (1998)

Axon guidance by gradients plays an important role in wiring up the developing nervous system. Growth cones seem to sense a concentration difference across their spatial extent, and convert this into a signal to move up or down a gradient. In this article, a simple mathematical framework is developed to understand when and where gradient detection can occur as a function of gradient shape. This framework is applied to two examples: the guidance of axons by target-derived diffusible factors in vivo and in collagen gels, and guidance by substrate-bound gradients of optimal shape, as might be relevant in the retinotectal system. Two distinct spatial limits on guidance emerge: 1 mm for a target-derived diffusible gradient, and 1 cm for a substrate-bound gradient.
Kathmandu: Soviet vs American Foreign Aid
Authors: Gerard L. Daniel
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The communication on the "Soviet Hospital in Kathmandu" by Dr. Joel Nobel (<i>JAMA</i><b>188:</b>677 [May 18] 1964) provides an excellent description of the hospital, but lacks a good analysis of political implications. Whatever the motives of the Soviets for building a hospital in Nepal, its construction is yet another demonstration that they at least make optimal use of their resources. In contrast, American taxpayers have invested large amounts of money and talent in the health of that nation, but with few apparent benefits. While the Soviets were building the new facility we were attempting to improve the old civilian hospital, but very little betterment was apparent during my last visit, and there is serious doubt that any expenditure—short of that required for a new building—would ever significantly improve the facility. There is no question that the Soviet aid programs improve the "lot of the common man,"
Launching BMJ Learning
Authors: K. Walsh
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Online learning resources based on the best available evidence 

Online textbooks, e-conferences and telemedicine. Cyberpatients and virtual doctors. Lots of learning is available on the web, but much of it is flawed, indecipherable, and biased. Much of it uses new technologies for their own sake rather than as an aid to learning. Drug companies sponsor many of these learning initiatives. But in the United Kingdom the Department of Health has a programme to improve the experience of patients. Providing patients with choice is a key objective of the programme. And it is likely that patients would choose for their doctors to learn from independent sources.

Against this background the BMJ is launching bmjlearning.com–a service initially for general practitioners. Since the last editorial on BMJ Learning in January of this year, we have constructed learning resources based on the best available evidence so that doctors will be better equipped to improve quality of care.1 If they can record their learning experiences systematically they should feel more confident about appraisal. Appraisal has been in place for general practitioners for just over six months. There are concerns that it …
Characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma originating in the caudate lobe
Authors: Mitsuo Shimada, Takashi Matsumata, Takashi Maeda, Katsuhiko Yanaga, Akinobu Taketomi, Keizo Sugimachi
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

Nine patients with hepatocellular carcinoma originating in the caudate lobe who underwent hepatic resection were studied. The caudate lobe was divided into three parts, according to the criteria of Kumon, including the Spiegel lobe, the paracaval portion and the caudate process. The tumors were located in the Spiegel lobe in four, the paracaval portion in four and the caudate process in one. Surgical procedures consisted of right hepatic lobectomy in one, central bisegmentectomy in one and caudate lobectomy in seven. The mean surgical time was 379 +/- 129 min; the mean estimated blood loss was 2,994 +/- 2,303 ml. The above-mentioned surgical risks were more clearly recognized in the paracaval portion than in the Spiegel lobe. In addition, most patients experienced significant post-operative complications. Six of eight patients with 6 mo or longer follow-up had recurrences, and two of six patients died. The characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe were as follows: (a) a higher surgical risk, and more definite risk in the paracaval portion; and (b) a higher rate of early recurrence. A left lobectomy for the Spiegel lobe, a right or left trisegmentectomy for the paracaval portion and a right lobectomy for the caudate process would be ideal from the point of view of the portal supply of the caudate lobe. However, in cirrhotic patients either a caudate lobectomy or partial resection might be preferable because longer survival can be expected.