tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CLINICAL LECTURE DELIVERED NOVEMBER 13, 1889, AT THE HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Authors: W. GOODELL
Journal: JAMA (1889)

<h3>ABDOMINAL TUMOR, WITH ADHESIONS.</h3> <i>Gentlemen:</i>I must do a little gold beating to-day. By this I mean, that as a small piece of gold is beaten out into a large leaf, so I shall have to spin out what I have to say to-day out of a very small text. I have comparatively little material to bring before you and no operations to fill up the hour. To begin our gold beating:—Day before yesterday, I received from a physician a note, telling me that there was in a small alley in the suburbs of this city, a very poor woman with a uterine tumor, and asking me to get her into the hospital. Therefore, yesterday the ambulance was sent for her and she was brought into the female ward. This morning I bring her before you without having seen her, in order that you may learn how to make
Environmental risk factors of childhood asthma in urban centers.
Authors: F J Malveaux, S A Fletcher-Vincent
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Asthma morbidity and mortality are disproportionately high in urban centers, and minority children are especially vulnerable. Factors that contribute to this dilemma include inadequate preventive medical care for asthma management, inadequate asthma knowledge and management skills among children and their families, psychosocial factors, and environmental exposure to allergens or irritants. Living in substandard housing often constitutes excess exposure to indoor allergens and pollutants. Allergens associated with dust mites (DM) and cockroaches (CR) are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents. Young children spend a great deal of time on or near the floor where these allergens are concentrated in dust. Of children (2 to 10 years of age) living in metropolitan Washington, DC, 60% were found to be sensitive to CR and 72% were allergic to DM. Exposure to tobacco smoke contributes to onset of asthma earlier in life and is a risk factor for asthma morbidity. Since disparity of asthma mortality and morbidity among minority children in urban centers is closely linked to socioeconomic status and poverty, measures to reduce exposure to environmental allergens and irritants and to eliminate barriers to access to health care are likely to have a major positive impact. Interventions for children in urban centers must focus on prevention of asthma symptoms and promotion of wellness.
Poststenotic Dilatation (Aneurysm) of the Subclavian Artery Associated with Cervical Rib
Authors: Israel Steinberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

DILATATION of the blood vessel distal to a point of constriction has become a recognized phenomenon and apparently follows physical and hydrodynamic principles.1 , 2 The poststenotic dilatation that accompanies stenosis of the pulmonic and aortic valves and coarctation of the aorta seemingly also occurs when a cervical rib constricts the third part of the subclavian artery.Hitherto, the poststenotic dilatation of the subclavian artery associated with a cervical rib has been called an aneurysm. Such a designation implies local disease or injury of the arterial wall — a condition that seems unlikely in view of general agreement that removal of the . . .
Neuroparalytic Illness and Human Diploid Cell Rabies Vaccine
Authors: Kenneth W. Bernard, Philip W. Smith, Fred J. Kader, Michael J. Moran
Journal: JAMA (1982)

An 11-year-old boy had a transient neuroparalytic illness that began three days after completing postexposure rabies prophylaxis with human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV); he completely recovered within 12 weeks. Of 47,000 persons treated with HDCV in the United States from June 1980 through May 1982, this is the only verified case of neuroparalytic illness temporally associated with the vaccine administration. No cause-and-effect relationship was established. (<i>JAMA</i>1982;248:3136-3138)
Colchicine in the treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of Behcet's disease
Authors: YOSHIKI MIYACHI, SHINKICHI TANIGUCHI, MOTOAKI OZAKI, TAKESHI HORIO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

Five patients with Behçet's disease were satisfactorily treated with colchicine. Oral aphthosis, erythema nodosum-like lesions and genital erosions improved greatly within a month as did laboratory findings. We believe colchicine to be the first choice in the management of the cutaneous and ocular lesions of Behçet's disease.
Rosen's Breast Pathology
Authors: Wendy M. Recant
Journal: JAMA (1997)

This new book provides a comprehensive description of breast pathology in a clinical context. Discussion of each disease includes, where relevant, clinical and mammographic correlates, epidemiology, treatment, and prognosis. Detailed descriptions of gross and microscopic pathologic findings include pertinent ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features and differential diagnoses. The text is lavishly illustrated with high-quality gross pictures and photomicrographs, many of which are reproduced in color, which greatly enhances their pedagogic value. Radiographic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical depictions are well chosen and add to the overall visual presentation, which is outstanding. An exhaustive bibliography, including classic works along with the most current references, accompanies each chapter. The text begins predictably with a chapter devoted to normal gross and microscopic anatomy of the breast and is notable for detailed description and illustration of the spectrum of normal physiologic alterations that the practicing pathologist might encounter. Sections on specific infections and inflammatory and reactive processes
Idiopathic myelofibrosis terminating in erythroleukemia
Authors: Sonia Garcia, Amparo Miguel, Alicia Miguel, Mariano Linares, Miguel Navarro, Pedro Colomina
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1989)

Abstract A 55‐year‐old woman with a one‐year history of idiopathic myelofibrosis progressed to erythroleukemia. This is the first reported occurrence of erythroleukemia progression from idiopathic myelofibrosis. Certain patterns of leukemia transformation from myelo‐proliferative disorders are favored: Myeloblastic or myelomonocytic. The rare incidence of erythroblastic transformation is discussed.
The Effect of Exercise on Insulin Action in Diabetes
Authors: R. D. Lawrence
Journal: BMJ (1926)

JOlRrrSAJOich cases apart from digestion.My own impression is that all these activities are so reduced that the stomach is Actually put out of action, and the value of the gastro- 4nterostomy has a bearing on the deformity whiclh may iesult from cicatrization rather than on the actual healing of the ulcer.My experience confirms Moynihan's suggestioIn that ulcers niot ameniable to gastrectomy may nevertheless be treated by jejunostomy.Possibly medical treatment withotut artificial feeding could show similar results, but it seems a pity that phaysicians are apt to rely oni clinical signs, and do niot appear to subnmit tlheir patienits to rioutinie x-ray examination, which alone affords coni- cluisive evidence of cure so lonig as the abdominal wall stands iti the way of inspection of the stomach itself.Even epigastric tenlderness is unreliable at times, and it may disappear when the x rays still show a hold-up of tlhe opaque meal.Jejunostomy lhas a further use in coninexion with gastr'ic ulcer-namely, as a preliminary to gastrectomy.A poosly iourished patient, worn out with gastric pain, may b"e m(ade into a " good surgical risk " by simple jejunial feeding, and the large operation, which in the first instanice could not be tolerated, may be undertaken with every prospect of success.Jejunostomy in Intestinal Obstruction.In opening the' discussion on acute intestinal obstru'ctionl at the meeting of the British Medical Association in Batl, Sir William Taylor" considered the treatment according to the stage of the illness in which the patient was first seen.The early stage of obstruction need not concern us unless it involves the jejunum directly.Full exploration is per- missible,.and it is only necessary to deal with the obstruct- ing lesion laid bare to the surgeon's view.The second stage is characterized by distension of bowel.Here the obstruction should be relieved, but in addition Sir William advises a temporary jejunostomy-; it may be needed only for twenty-four or forty-eight hours.In the third stage the patient's condition will not warrant abdominal explora- tion.Relief of distension, alnd that under local anaes-
Paul Henry Walter Rayner
Authors: J. R. Mann, A. S. McNeish
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Paul H W Rayner pioneered home care for children with diabetes.

Many children throughout the world now benefit from the adoption of Paul Rayner’s philosophy of the management of diabetes, whereby all but the most serious aspects of the condition can generally be managed at home. The provision of effective home care services reduces the stress to affected children and their parents, particularly at the time of the initial diagnosis and during inter-current illnesses. It also greatly reduces the need for hospital admission and allows diabetic children to lead a more normal life.

Rayner trained when paediatrics and its subspecialties were at an early stage of development and, like most of his generation, he came to paediatrics via adult medicine. His preclinical training at Birmingham University included a BSc (Hons) course in the Department of Physiology, where his interest in the application of physiological principles to clinical medicine was first kindled. After qualifying in 1960, he did house jobs in London and Birmingham, including six months as house physician at Birmingham Children’s Hospital to Professor (later Sir Douglas) Hubble, professor of paediatrics at the University of Birmingham. He then progressed to registrar posts in general medicine and paediatrics at Warwick and Stratford upon Avon, and gained his MRCP (London) in 1964.

In 1966 Rayner …
Osmolality Changes during Hemodialysis
Authors: FRANCISCO RODRIGO
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

We studied the influence of both a high-glucose-concentration dialysate (717 mg/dl) and intravenous mannitol (1g/kg) on the serum osmolality changes in stable patients on chronic dialysis. During regular dialysis, serum osmolality fell 10 mosmol/kg H2O. This fall was reduced to 5.2 mosmol/kg H2O when the high-glucose-concentration dialysate was used, and to 4.3 mosmol/kg H2O when intravenous mannitol was used. When the two methods were combined, the serum osmolality fall was reduced to 1.7 mosmol/kg H2O. The clinical signs of disequilibrium declined (from 67% to 10%) in parallel with the decline in serum osmolality changes. This fall was independent of the ultrafiltration rate. A high-glucoseconcentration dialysate and intravenous mannitol can each reduce the osmolality changes that occur during hemodialysis, but when used alone, intravenous mannitol is more effective of the two. The reduction of osmolality changes also leads to reduction of the mild clinical signs usually associated with disequilibrium.
SPECT/CT of Axillofemoral Graft Infection
Authors: Allen Lee, Heather Biggs, Stephanie Chen, Nicolas Urriola, Smeer Aggarwal, Hashim Al-Gailani, Robert Mansberg
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

A 73-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital via the emergency room with increasing pain and tenderness in the right axilla and high fevers. She had a long history of peripheral vascular disease with multiple graft failures and recent insertion of a right axillofemoral graft. A computed tomography study of the chest obtained at admission confirmed graft patency and a small fluid collection around the graft at the level below the right axilla. It also confirmed a saccular aneurysm of the aortic arch. A SPECT/CT study of the chest at 3 hours after reinjection of autologous leukocytes labeled with Tc-99m showed intense labeled leukocyte uptake around the vascular graft in the lateral chest wall. Culture of the infected tissue around the excised graft grew Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to all tested antibiotics. Vascular graft infections are rare, with few reported cases of axillofemoral graft infections utilizing Ga-67. Labeled leukocytes have been used successfully in the setting together with CT scanning. This is a rare case of labeled leukocyte uptake in an infected axillofemoral graft by SPECT/CT.
Mental-Health Aspects of Civil Defense
Authors: Dana L. Farnsworth
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1952)

CIVIL defense as now known has been in existence about five years. Officials responsible for working out the various programs on the national, state and local levels meet with a wide variety of responses from the citizens they are trying to protect, ranging from infrequent enthusiastic co-operation to more general apathy and occasional outright opposition. The eventual development of civil-defense organization and plans adequate to function in case of dire emergency is extremely difficult but equally necessary.Because of the present uncertain times, the war that is neither hot nor cold, the tense, almost malignant, way of criticizing officials who . . .
Evident Exception in Clinical Practice Not Sufficient to Break Traditional Hypothesis
Authors: Milan Sarek
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

I would like to thank PLoS Medicine for publishing Lacasse and Leo's important and methodical Essay that debunks the "chemical imbalance" advertisements for psychiatric drugs [1].Why would the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve such ads?Our human rights group, MindFreedom International, has been asking that question for a long time.On behalf of MindFreedom, US Senator Ron Wyden contacted the FDA for an explanation about why they approve such advertising.In their responsewhich took over one year to receive-the FDA could cite no scientifi c literature or studies.It turns out there's a good reason that the FDA can't fi nd any scientifi c evidence for the claims of a "chemical imbalance" in these ads: the scientifi c evidence in support of the serotonin hypothesis is very weak.Readers who would like more information about the psychiatric industry's advertising suggesting a "chemical imbalance" in depression may be interested in the following:(1) MindFreedom's debate with Pfi zer, manufacturer of Zoloft, available at http:⁄⁄www.mindfreedom.org/mindfreedom/pfi zerlies.shtml,and (2) a historic debate with the American Psychiatric Association resulting from MindFreedom's 2003 hunger strike, available at http:⁄⁄www.mindfreedom.org/mindfreedom/hungerstrike.shtml
Elevated Expression of the Oncogene <i>c-fms</i> and Its Ligand, the Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-1, in Cervical Cancer and the Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Inducing <i>c-fms</i> Expression
Authors: Nameer Kirma, Luciano S. Hammes, Ya-Guang Liu, Hareesh B. Nair, Philip T. Valente, Shantha Kumar, Lisa C. Flowers, Rajeshwar Rao Tekmal
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Cervical cancer is the third most common gynecologic cancer in the United States. The presence and possible involvement of several cytokines have been studied in cervical cancer; however, very little data, if any, are available on whether cervical tumors are responsive to stimulation by the macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1). Given the involvement of c-fms and its ligand CSF-1 in gynecologic cancers, such as that of the uterus and the ovaries, we have examined the expression of c-fms and CSF-1 in cervical tumor (n = 17) and normal cervix (n = 8) samples. The data show that c-fms and its ligand are significantly higher in cervical carcinomas compared with normal samples. Immunohistochemistry not only showed that tumor cells expressed significantly higher levels of c-fms but also c-fms levels were markedly higher in tumor cells than tumor-associated stromal cells. Blocking c-fms activity in cervical cancer cells, which express CSF-1 and c-fms, resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased motility compared with control, suggesting that CSF-1/c-fms signaling may be involved in enhanced survival and possibly invasion by cervical cancer cells via an autocrine mechanism. Combined, the data show for the first time the induction of CSF-1 and c-fms in cervical carcinomas and suggest that c-fms activation may play a role in cervical carcinogenesis. Additionally, our data suggest that transforming growth factor-β1 may be a factor in inducing the expression of c-fms in cervical cancer cells. The data suggest that c-fms may be a valuable therapeutic target in cervical cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):1918–26]
Environmental and Public Health
Authors: Theodore C. Doege
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Startling advances in public health contrasted with some less favorable developments during the 1970s, but the general trend was one of progress, including progress with some problems of major public health significance. <h3>Immunization</h3> Prevention of infectious diseases through immunization has always been a primary aim in public health. During the 1970s a strong effort by workers of many nations, which was spearheaded by some imaginative and energetic US epidemiologists, combined a decades-old vaccine, an approach emphasizing outbreak control and interruption of transmission, and improvements in vaccination techniques to produce for the first time the worldwide eradication of an infectious disease, smallpox.<sup>1,2</sup> There were other important developments concerning immunizing agents: Rho(D) immune globulin was licensed in 1968, and from 1970 to 1977, Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn decreased in the United States from 41 cases per 10,000 births to 19 cases per 10,000 births, a decline of 54%.<sup>3</sup>
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Janet M. Torpy, Cassio Lynm, Richard M. Glass
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Polycystic Ovary SyndromeP olycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an inherited disease that affects women of childbearing age.The disorder causes multiple abnormal cysts in enlarged ovaries, so that they do not produce the normal number of eggs and do not ovulate (release eggs) normally.The disease is present at birth but does not cause symptoms until women enter puberty.PCOS occurs in up to 10% of women and is a leading cause of female infertility.Women with PCOS have irregular and infrequent menstrual periods and may develop amenorrhea (complete absence of menstrual periods).Women with PCOS are likely to have high blood pressure, obesity (especially central obesity, around the midsection of the abdomen), facial acne, hirsutism (excessive facial and body hair growth), and thinning scalp hair.They also have insulin resistance, which may lead to development of type 2 diabetes.The February 7, 2007, issue of JAMA includes an article about polycystic ovary syndrome.
C1-01: Phase II open-label study to investigate PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK) orally administered as a second-line monotherapy in patients with stage IIIB or stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: T.C. Gauler, B Besse, J.B. Meric, V Gounant, B Fischer, T Overbeck, H Krissel, D Laurent, J.C. Soria, W.E.E. Eberhardt
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Splenectomy of rats selectively reduces lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression on B-cell subsets in blood and lymph nodes
Authors: Novica M. Milićević, Birgit Luettig, Christian Trautwein, Torsten Wüstefeld, Michael Mähler, Peter Jecker, Kurt Wonigeit, Jürgen Westermann
Journal: Blood (2001)
Modernizing Disease Management: A Question of Priorities
Authors: Stuart P. Weisberg
Journal: JAMA (2000)

DERIVATIVES TO TREAT syphilis at the turn of the 20th century has been viewed as the dawn of the age of chemotherapy and rational drug design. 1When Ehrlich's personal secretary, Martha Marquardt, commented on his life, she reserved her most heartfelt praise not for his brilliance as a chemist but for his mission."Nothing on earth mattered to him except scientific research aimed to overcome suffering and disease." 1 These noble aims, however, were subject to priorities and agendas over which he had no control.English clinic staff viewed patients with syphilis as depraved sexual offenders, which adversely affected their compliance with treatment.In English colonies such as Uganda, eradicating syphilis was not a economic priority. 2,3 For these reasons, syphilis remained an explosive epidemic.Today, it is exciting to imagine the possibilities of biotechnological wonders like the human genome project, stem cells, and microarrays.But the priorities driving these efforts may be leading us astray.Michael R. Reich recently declared that the current drug development system, despite its "extraordinary research and development capacity," has led to "global inequities in health care." 4 He argued that the dependence on large profits from affluent countries created restrictively high drug prices and a penchant for developing drugs that target only the health problems of the wealthy.The solution, according to Reich, is the creation of incentives and reforms to refocus the global pharmaceutical industry on curing the most serious diseases rather than merely the most profitable ones.Articles in this issue explore how existing health management systems and technologies could be optimized "to overcome suffering and disease," often despite severe financial and logistical challenges.June Dahl argues for systematic changes to improve the medical management of pain-one of the most undertreated conditions for which highly effective drugs are readily available.Amit Etkin explains how the human genome data can be made clinically useful.Bret Ball and French Anderson outline how to overcome the major barriers that impede the application of gene therapy in the clinic.David Walton and Paul Farmer call for an end to the policies of negligence that have governed the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in third world countries.Since Ehrlich's time, few of the principles of disease management seem to have changed."Rational drug design" still occurs largely through a process of large-scale screening techniques, moments of serendipity, and years of targeted research.Effective use of available therapies remains hampered by physicians who fail to prescribe drugs rationally.Pathogens may evolve to evade our therapies.But, at the current rate of progress in biotechnology, we may soon have the tools with which to address most of the world's diseases.However, how will we employ these tools and would Martha Marquardt approve?