tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Preterm Birth and Random Plasma Insulin Levels at Birth and in Early Childhood
Authors: Guoying Wang, Sara Divall, Sally Radovick, David Paige, Yi Ning, Zhu Chen, Yuelong Ji, Xiumei Hong, Sheila O. Walker, Deanna Caruso, Colleen Pearson, Mei-Cheng Wang, Barry Zuckerman, Tina L. Cheng, Xiaobin Wang
Journal: JAMA (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> Although previous reports have linked preterm birth with insulin resistance in children and adults, it is not known whether altered insulin homeostasis is detectable at birth and tracks from birth through childhood. <h3>Objective</h3> To investigate whether preterm birth is associated with elevated plasma insulin levels at birth and whether this association persists into early childhood. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> A prospective birth cohort of 1358 children recruited at birth from 1998 to 2010 and followed-up with prospectively from 2005 to 2012 at the Boston Medical Center in Massachusetts. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Random plasma insulin levels were measured at 2 time points: at birth (cord blood) and in early childhood (venous blood). The median age was 1.4 years (interquartile range [IQR], 0.8-3.3) among 4 gestational age groups: full term (≥39 wk), early term (37-38 wk), late preterm (34-36 wk), and early preterm (&lt;34 wk). <h3>Results</h3> The geometric mean of insulin levels at birth were 9.2 µIU/mL (95% CI, 8.4-10.0) for full term; 10.3 µIU/mL (95% CI, 9.3-11.5) for early term; 13.2 µIU/mL (95% CI, 11.8-14.8) for late preterm; and 18.9 µIU/mL (95% CI, 16.6-21.4) for early preterm. In early childhood, these levels were 11.2 µIU/mL (95% CI, 10.3-12.0) for full term; 12.4 µIU/mL (95% CI, 11.3-13.6) for early term; 13.3 µIU/mL (95% CI, 11.9-14.8) for late preterm; and 14.6 µIU/mL (95% CI, 12.6-16.9) for early preterm. Insulin levels at birth were higher by 1.13-fold (95% CI, 0.97-1.28) for early term, 1.45-fold (95% CI, 1.25-1.65) for late preterm, and 2.05-fold (95% CI, 1.69-2.42) for early preterm than for those born full term. In early childhood, random plasma insulin levels were 1.12-fold (95% CI, 0.99-1.25) higher for early term, 1.19-fold (95% CI, 1.02-1.35) for late preterm, and 1.31-fold (95% CI, 1.10-1.52) for early preterm than those born full term. The association was attenuated after adjustment for postnatal weight gain and was not significant after adjustment for insulin levels at birth. Infants ranked in the top insulin tertile at birth were more likely to remain in the top tertile (41.2%) compared with children ranked in the lowest tertile (28.6%) in early childhood. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> There was an inverse association between gestational age and elevated plasma insulin levels at birth and in early childhood. The implications for future development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes warrant further investigation.
A NEW STRAIN OF TRANSMISSIBLE LEUCEMIA IN FOWLS (STRAIN H)
Authors: Vilhelm Ellermann
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1921)

1. A new strain of fowl leucosis has been transmitted through twelve generations of fowls. 2. An increase in virulence was observed during its passage. This was shown in a shortening of the interval between inoculation and death. The increase in virulence does not affect the number of successful inoculations, which remains approximately constant in from 20 to 40 per cent of the birds employed. 3. As with former strains, the disease manifests itself in various forms; i.e., myeloid and intravascular lymphoid types. A single lymphatic case was observed. 4. In several intravascular cases a diminution in the hemolytic power of the serum was established. This phenomenon was absent in a number of myeloid cases. 5. Active immunization cannot be produced by means of the subcutaneous injection of virulent material. 6. The finding of previous experiments that the virus is filterable has been confirmed. 7. The inoculation of human leucemic material into fowls gave negative results.
On the Active Constituent of the Thyroid Gland
Authors: R. Hutchison
Journal: BMJ (1897)

with petechial spots on the abdomen, and the patient be- came very comatose and drowsy.On April 24th she became quite unconscious, and died about 3.15 P.M.There appeared to be a good deal of local inflammation in the site of the growth, and shortly before death petechioe appeared upon the face.THE CHARACTERS OF THF FLUID USED FOR INJECTION.It may be here especially noted: (i) That the fluid was cultivated by Dr. Slater, and proved sterile.(2) That just after the last injection an injection of equal magnitude was made in a case of carcinoma, with but slight effects; the fluid was taken from the same bottle.(3) The fluid was obtained from the British Institute of Preventive Medicine, and was prepared by mixing the toxins of erysipelas and the bacillus prodigiosus.It was twice cultivated and found to be sterile.The general treatment of the case may thus be summarised.Stimulants were freely given, and the patient's general health well supported.When the serious symptoms appeared towards the close of the case, cold sponging was resorted to to attempt to reduce the hyperpyrexia and at the last, when respiratory embarrassment became evident, liquor strychninle was administered.The injections were carried out with the same syringe, always carefully sterilised by boiling before use.SUMMARY OF RESULTS.A summary of the symptoms observed in this case would be as follows: Smart reaction followed the first two injections.After that three injections made in increasing quantities failed to have effect.After a week's interval severe reaction was agfain established.The effect on the growth injected was certainly very marked.It caused its undoubted shrinkage and apparent disappearance.This seemed due purely to in- flammatory action in a soft neoplasm, rather than to any purely specific action of the fluid itself.The fatal end of the case will be discussed after the post-mortem appearances are described.POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES.At the post-mortem examination, conducted by Dr. Rolleston, signs of general pyoemia were apparent.Thus secondary abscesses and infarets were found in the liver, myocardium, kidneys, and right knee-joint.The growth beneath the clavicle was necrotic, and it was particularly important to note that beneath the site of the two nodules which had dis- appeared was some purulent infiltration of the thoracic muscles..A bacteriological examination was kindly per- formed by Dr. Russell Wells, and the staphylococcus aureus was found in the secondary.abscesses.This -is noteworthy, as the original fluid was prepared from streptococci.There were no visceral deposits of sarcoma.REMARKS..I have thought it right
KLF4-dependent epigenetic remodeling modulates podocyte phenotypes and attenuates proteinuria
Authors: Kaori Hayashi, Hiroyuki Sasamura, Mari Nakamura, Tatsuhiko Azegami, Hideyo Oguchi, Yusuke Sakamaki, Hiroshi Itoh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

The transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) has the ability, along with other factors, to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Here, we determined that KLF4 is expressed in kidney glomerular podocytes and is decreased in both animal models and humans exhibiting a proteinuric. Transient restoration of KLF4 expression in podocytes of diseased glomeruli in vivo, either by gene transfer or transgenic expression, resulted in a sustained increase in nephrin expression and a decrease in albuminuria. In mice harboring podocyte-specific deletion of Klf4, adriamycin-induced proteinuria was substantially exacerbated, although these animals displayed minimal phenotypical changes prior to adriamycin administration. KLF4 overexpression in cultured human podocytes increased expression of nephrin and other epithelial markers and reduced mesenchymal gene expression. DNA methylation profiling and bisulfite genomic sequencing revealed that KLF4 expression reduced methylation at the nephrin promoter and the promoters of other epithelial markers; however, methylation was increased at the promoters of genes encoding mesenchymal markers, suggesting selective epigenetic regulation of podocyte gene expression. Together, these results suggest that KLF4 epigenetically modulates podocyte phenotype and function and that the podocyte epigenome can be targeted for direct intervention and reduction of proteinuria.
Letter from Chile: Re-establishing health care in Chile
Authors: J. Jimenez
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Chile's long term social policy has produced very impressive outcomes in general health indicators, with a national health service established as early as 1952. During the years of the Pinochet dictatorship (1973-89) public health institutions were greatly affected, with sharp diminution in financing which affected investment and salaries. The democratic government initiated in 1990 faced a difficult situation, with underpaid staff and decrepit hospitals. The ministry took immediate action to improve salaries and start an ambitious health sector reform including investment in infrastructure, technology, and modern management. Decentralisation and autonomy, changes in payment for service mechanisms, and a public-private mix are the main objectives of this reform, keeping the public role as predominant in the proposed structure. This process has been affected by union unrest and public opinion dissatisfaction, which tend to present obstacles to progress in this complicated issue.
1159-194 Cystatin C, a novel risk marker for mortality in the general population: Data obtained from the PREVEND study
Authors: Hans L Hillege, Jacobien C Verhave, Stephan J.L Bakker, Ron T Gansevoort, Dirk J van Veldhuisen, Paul E de Jong, Dick de Zeeuw
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Midwives would prefer a vaginal delivery
Authors: M. J. Dickson, M. Willett
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—In 1997 a survey of female obstetricians found that 31% would choose to have a caesarean section rather than any other mode of delivery.1 To determine whether a similarly high proportion of other women who provided intrapartum care would choose a caesarean section as their preferred mode of delivery, we surveyed 135 female midwives.

The midwives (all practising) were directly approached and asked what mode of delivery they would choose if they were pregnant for the first time, had an uncomplicated singleton …
Disorders of Ventilation
Authors: Frederick L. Glauser
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<i>Disorders of Ventilation</i>by John Shneerson is an in-depth, well-written, excellent, and much-needed monograph concerning ventilatory dysfunction induced by diseases<i>not</i>primarily involving the airways. The book concentrates on abnormalities of ventilatory control, respiratory movement, respiratory muscles, and the effects of sleep on respiration. The book has four parts: (1) physiology of ventilation, (2) ventilatory failure and dysrhythmias and their assessment, (3) disorders causing ventilatory failure, and (4) treatment of ventilatory failure. As the author states in the preface, "... the study of the disorders of ventilation and their treatment has been neglected to a remarkable extent until recently." Indeed, this book is unique and fills a needed niche in the field of ventilatory failure. Part 1, which is lucid and zconcise, is an overview of the physiology of ventilation. The "meat" of the text (part 3) discusses, in depth, individual disorders causing ventilatory failure. The ordering of chapters is somewhat
Thyroid functions of mouse cathepsins B, K, and L
Authors: Bianca Friedrichs, Carmen Tepel, Thomas Reinheckel, Jan Deussing, Kurt von Figura, Volker Herzog, Christoph Peters, Paul Saftig, Klaudia Brix
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

Thyroid function depends on processing of the prohormone thyroglobulin by sequential proteolytic events. From in vitro analysis it is known that cysteine proteinases mediate proteolytic processing of thyroglobulin. Here, we have analyzed mice with deficiencies in cathepsins B, K, L, B and K, or K and L in order to investigate which of the cysteine proteinases is most important for proteolytic processing of thyroglobulin in vivo. Immunolabeling demonstrated a rearrangement of the endocytic system and a redistribution of extracellularly located enzymes in thyroids of cathepsin-deficient mice. Cathepsin L was upregulated in thyroids of cathepsin K–/– or B–/–/K–/– mice, suggesting a compensation of cathepsin L for cathepsin K deficiency. Impaired proteolysis resulted in the persistence of thyroglobulin in the thyroids of mice with deficiencies in cathepsin B or L. The typical multilayered appearance of extracellularly stored thyroglobulin was retained in cathepsin K–/– mice only. These results suggest that cathepsins B and L are involved in the solubilization of thyroglobulin from its covalently cross-linked storage form. Cathepsin K–/–/L–/– mice had significantly reduced levels of free thyroxine, indicating that utilization of luminal thyroglobulin for thyroxine liberation is mediated by a combinatory action of cathepsins K and L.
Copper associated childhood cirrhosis.
Authors: S P Horslen, M S Tanner, T D Lyon, G S Fell, M F Lowry
Journal: Gut (1994)

Several papers have reported severe liver disease in association with massive hepatic copper accumulation, which do not seem to be either of the recognised copper associated liver diseases, namely Wilson9s disease and Indian childhood cirrhosis. A further case is reported in which novel copper kinetic studies were carried out using the stable isotope 65Cu, showing that this patient did not suffer from Wilson9s disease. It is suggested that these cases can be divided into two groups on the basis of age, clinical course, and history of excessive copper ingestion. The benefits of using 65Cu for in vivo studies of copper metabolism is discussed.
Innovative Program for Mentally Ill Inmates
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Diagnosing Pheochromocytoma in von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Authors: A. K. Jain
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Letters15 September 1994Diagnosing Pheochromocytoma in von Hippel-Lindau DiseaseA. K. Jain, S. L. Chew, and A. GrossmanA. K. JainSt. Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, EnglandSearch for more papers by this author, S. L. ChewSt. Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, EnglandSearch for more papers by this author, and A. GrossmanSt. Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, EnglandSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-121-6-199409150-00027 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Aprill and colleagues [1] report valuable data on small adrenal nodules in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Their patients show the difficulties of a preoperative diagnosis of pheochromocytoma when the adrenal lesions are so small. However, the use of adrenal vein sampling and a catecholamine assay might have helped. The St. Bartholomew's Hospital experience in four unrelated patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease shows its value [2]. In this series, adrenal vein noradrenaline-to-adrenaline ratios were measured in patients with small adrenal masses that had been found on CT scans. Radiolabeled metaiodo-benzylguanidine (MIBG) and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ...References1. Aprill BS, Drake AJ III, Lasseter DH, Shakir KM. Silent adrenal nodules in von Hippel-Lindau disease suggest pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120:485-7. Google Scholar2. Chew SL, Dacie JE, Reznek RH, Newbould EC, Sheaves R, Trainer PJ, et al. Bilateral pheochromocytomas in von Hippel-Lindau disease: diagnosis by adrenal vein sampling and catecholamine assay. Q J Med. 1994; 87:49-54. Google Scholar6. Allison DJ, Brown MJ, Jones DH, Timmis JB. Role of venous sampling in locating a pheochromocytoma. Br Med J. 1983; 286:1122-4. Google Scholar7. Harrison TS, Freier DT. Pitfalls in the technique and interpretation of regional venous sampling for localising pheochromocytoma. Surg Clin North Am. 1974; 54:339-47. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, England PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 September 1994Volume 121, Issue 6Page: 465-466KeywordsAdrenal glandsCatecholaminesComputed axial tomographyLesionsMagnetic resonance imagingPheochromocytomaRadionuclide imagingResearch designVeins Issue Published: 15 September 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Smoking, Sex, and Pregnancy
Authors: Michael J. Rosenberg
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In their article demonstrating reduced fecundity among women smokers, Baird and Wilcox<sup>1</sup>cite two other articles that demonstrated a similar effect, and four that failed to do so; other "negative" studies may remain unpublished because of reluctance to report such work. Another recent article is also consistent with their findings.<sup>2</sup>The degree of decrease of fecundity in their study, 28%, as compared with that of non-smokers, may overestimate the magnitude of effect for two reasons. First, the time to conceive used by the authors may have been artifactually lengthened by their considering sporadic use of contraceptives as half cycles, with rounding down to the nearest full cycle. Since smokers used contraceptives sporadically 1.5 times as often as nonsmokers, this treatment would lengthen the interval to conception differentially for the smokers. Second, only women seeking prenatal services were included. Thus, women with early spontaneous abortions, which are
Monoclonal antibody defines CA 19-9 in pancreatic juices and sera.
Authors: W H Schmiegel, C Kreiker, W Eberl, R Arndt, M Classen, H Greten, K Jessen, H Kalthoff, N Soehendra, H G Thiele
Journal: Gut (1985)

In a retrospective study pancreatic juice samples (n = 213) and corresponding serum samples (n = 110) were assayed for their concentration of monoclonal antibody defined CA 19-9/GICA (gastrointestinal cancer associated antigen). Serum CA 19-9 values were found to be good diagnostic and discriminating markers for pancreatic disorders and were raised (greater than 50 u/ml) in more than 80% of the pancreatic cancer patients compared to 8.5% of the pancreatitis group and none of the control group. In contrast pancreatic juice CA 19-9 values showed a considerable overlap between groups. On the basis of recent molecular data on the monoclonal antibody 19-9 defined antigen(s)--that is, monosialoganglioside, mucin--it is proposed that the discrepancies between serum and pancreatic juice findings are due to a specific undirected endocrine release of the mucin into sera in pancreatic tumour patients while in pancreatic juices of all diagnostic groups high CA 19-9 activities are either owing to coexistence of glycolipid and mucin or that the latter is a physiologically exocrine product.
Paradoxic Action of Amyl Nitrite in Coronary Patients
Authors: STEPHEN CONTRO, OLGA M. HARING, WALTER GOLDSTEIN
Journal: Circulation (1952)

Amyl nitrite inhalation in patients with sclerotic coronary vessels is followed by electrocardiographic changes typical of temporary coronary insufficiency. It is suggested that, in such cases, a slight increase of cardiac work (tachycardia) together with a decrease of blood supply (fall in blood pressure), leads to myocardial ischemia. Comparison between an exercise test and amyl nitrite inhalation in the same patients indicates similar results. Amyl nitrite inhalation may be used as a simple functional test in borderline or questionable cases of coronary heart disease.
Pathophysiology of the cysteinyl leukotrienes and effects of leukotriene receptor antagonists in asthma
Authors: H. Bisgaard
Journal: Allergy (2001)

Cysteinyl leukotrienes, synthesized de novo from cell membrane phospholipids, are proinflammatory mediators that play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma. These mediators are among the most potent of bronchoconstrictors and cause vasodilation, increased microvascular permeability, exudation of macromolecules and edema. The cysteinyl leukotrienes also have potent chemoattractant properties for eosinophils, causing an influx of eosinophils into the airway mucosa, which further fuels the inflammatory process. In addition, the cysteinyl leukotrienes are potent secretagogues and reduce ciliary motility, which may hinder mucociliary clearance. Asthmatic patients demonstrate increased production of cysteinyl leukotrienes during naturally occurring asthma and acute asthma attacks as well as after allergen and exercise challenge. The leukotriene receptor antagonists montelukast, zafirlukast and pranlukast inhibit bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients undergoing allergen, exercise, cold air or aspirin challenge. They attenuate the hallmarks of asthmatic inflammation, including eosinophilia in the airway mucosa and peripheral blood. Moreover, exhaled nitric oxide concentrations, another correlate of airway inflammation, are decreased during montelukast treatment in children. Cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis is not blocked by corticosteroid therapy. This important observation suggests that the leukotriene receptor antagonists represent a novel therapeutic approach, one that may provide benefits that are additive with corticosteroid therapy. This supposition is supported by clinical observations that treatment with leukotriene receptor antagonists significantly improve asthma control when added to inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Moreover, the bronchodilator properties of the leukotriene receptor antagonists are additive with those of beta agonists. These data provide strong support for the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists for treating asthma.
More than defeatism greets patients with ME
Authors: S. E Munn
Journal: BMJ (2010)

I was diagnosed with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) in 2003, referred to the Maudsley for cognitive behaviour therapy and graded exercise therapy, and have recovered fully. When the diagnosis was made I met it with disbelief—I too had misconceptions about ME.1 

My immediate colleagues carried me through the first six months when I could hardly function, needing …