tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Plasma Coagulation Markers in Patients with Solid Tumors and Venous Thromboembolic Disease Receiving Oral Anticoagulation Therapy
Authors: Sabah Sallah, Aisha Husain, Vaia Sigounas, Jim Wan, Francesco Turturro, George Sigounas, Nam P. Nguyen
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

To correlate the concentration of plasma coagulation markers at baseline and during follow-up in patients with solid tumors and venous thromboembolic disease with the risk of recurrence and death.Patients (N = 223) with first episode of venous thromboembolic disease received oral anticoagulation with warfarin for a target international normalized ratio of 2 to 3. Plasma coagulation markers were measured before instituting warfarin and at 3 monthly intervals, thereafter.The median duration of oral anticoagulation was 6.7 months (range 2 weeks to 11 months). Major bleeding episodes occurred in 18 patients (8%), and minor hemorrhagic events occurred in 15 (6.7%) patients. Patients with advanced malignancy (P = 0.032), history of surgery (P = 0.057), and those with poor performance status (P = 0.001) were more likely to encounter major bleeding episodes. Recurrence of venous thromboembolic disease was diagnosed in 31 patients (14%). At univariate analysis, advanced stage of cancer (P = 0.03), performance status > 1 (P = 0.001), treatment with chemotherapy (P = 0.01), the presence of metastatic liver disease (P = 0.03), higher d-dimer (P = 0.001), and thrombin antithrombin complex levels (P = 0.01) were features predictive of recurrent venous thromboembolic disease. At multivariate analysis, poor performance status (P = 0.01) and d-dimer levels (P = 0.001) were predictors of recurrent venous thromboembolic disease. Persistent activation of coagulation as indicated by an upward trend in d-dimer (P = 0.001) and antithrombin (P = 0.001) was observed in patients who developed recurrent thrombosis. Similar upward trends in d-dimer (P = 0.001), antithrombin (P = 0.001), and prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 (P = 0.001) was observed in the 76 patients who died during the study period and in the patients who received chemotherapy.Successful oral anticoagulation with warfarin in patients with cancer and venous thromboembolic disease is more likely to be achieved in patients with early stage tumors and good performance status. The persistence of activation of hemostasis as shown by plasma coagulation markers is a strong predictor of recurrence and poor outcome.
Gamma interferon induces monocytoid differentiation in the HL-60 cell line.
Authors: E D Ball, P M Guyre, L Shen, J M Glynn, C R Maliszewski, P E Baker, M W Fanger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

We investigated the ability of purified, recombinant DNA-derived interferons (IFN) to induce phenotypic changes in cells of the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Changes in cell surface markers detected by monoclonal antibodies as well as morphologic, histochemical, and functional changes were monitored. We found that gamma-IFN, but not alpha- or beta-IFN, induced the expression of antigens characteristic of monocytes and granulocytes (AML-2-23, 63D3, and 61D3), as well as changes in morphology consistent with monocytoid differentiation. These included induction of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, increased cell size, and a decrease in azurophilic granules. The gamma-IFN dose dependency and time course of the effect on antigen expression suggest that de novo protein synthesis was induced by gamma-IFN. The activity of gamma-IFN and of mixed-lymphocyte culture supernatant was blocked by a monoclonal antibody to gamma-IFN. Significant augmentation in the ability of the HL-60 cells to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was induced by gamma-IFN. These findings suggest that gamma-IFN plays a role in the regulation of hematopoiesis.
Comparative Efficiency of Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening Strategies for Prostate Cancer Detection
Authors: Kevin S. Ross
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextDespite widespread use of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing to detect prostate cancer, the relative effectiveness of different PSA screening strategies is unknown.ObjectiveTo compare prostate cancer mortality, PSA testing rates, and biopsy rates using various PSA screening strategies, including the standard strategy of annually testing men aged 50 through 75 years.Design and SettingA Monte-Carlo simulation based on a Markov model was used to simulate the natural history of prostate cancer using different starting ages, testing intervals, and PSA thresholds for prostate biopsy. Age-specific PSA levels and prostate biopsy detection probabilities were determined from population data and surgical series.Main Outcome MeasuresNumbers of prevented prostate cancer deaths, PSA tests, and prostate biopsies per 1000 men aged 40 through 80 years, compared among 7 different strategies vs no screening.ResultsCompared with annual PSA testing beginning at age 50 years, the strategy of PSA testing at ages 40 and 45 years followed by biennial testing beginning at age 50 years was estimated to simultaneously reduce prostate cancer mortality and number of PSA tests and biopsies performed per 1000 men. Specifically, compared with no screening, the standard strategy prevents 3.2 deaths, with an additional 10,500 PSA tests and 600 prostate biopsies, while the earlier but less frequent strategy prevents 3.3 deaths, with an additional 7500 PSA tests and 450 prostate biopsies. Strategies that lowered the PSA threshold for prostate biopsy to below 4.0 ng/mL or strategies that used age-specific PSA levels were not more efficient than use of a PSA threshold of 4.0 ng/mL. These 2 findings remained true under all sensitivity analyses performed to test assumptions of the model.ConclusionRecognizing that the efficacy of PSA screening is unproved, the standard strategy of annual PSA screening beginning at age 50 years appears to be less effective and more resource intensive compared with a strategy that begins earlier but screens biennially instead of annually.
Invasive Group A<i>Streptococcus</i>Infections Associated With Liposuction Surgery at Outpatient Facilities Not Subject to State or Federal Regulation
Authors: Amanda L. Beaudoin, Lauren Torso, Katherine Richards, Maria Said, Chris Van Beneden, Allison Longenberger, Stephen Ostroff, Joyanna Wendt, Kathleen Dooling, Matthew Wise, David Blythe, Lucy Wilson, Mària Moll, Joseph F. Perz
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

Liposuction is one of the most common cosmetic surgery procedures in the United States. Tumescent liposuction, in which crystalloid fluids, lidocaine, and epinephrine are infused subcutaneously before cannula-assisted aspiration of fat, can be performed without intravenous or general anesthesia, often at outpatient facilities. However, some of these facilities are not subject to state or federal regulation and may not adhere to appropriate infection control practices.To describe an outbreak of severe group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections among persons undergoing tumescent liposuction at 2 outpatient cosmetic surgery facilities not subject to state or federal regulation.Outbreak investigation (including cohort analysis of at-risk patients), interviews using a standardized questionnaire, medical record review, facility assessment, and laboratory analysis of GAS isolates.Patients undergoing liposuction at 2 outpatient facilities, one in Maryland and the other in Pennsylvania, between July 1 and September 14, 2012.Confirmed invasive GAS infections (isolation of GAS from a normally sterile site or wound of a patient with necrotizing fasciitis or streptococcal toxic shock syndrome), suspected GAS infections (inflamed surgical site and either purulent discharge or fever and chills in a patient with no alternative diagnosis), postsurgical symptoms and patient-reported experiences related to his or her procedure, and emm types, T-antigen types, and antimicrobial susceptibility of GAS isolates.We identified 4 confirmed cases and 9 suspected cases, including 1 death (overall attack rate, 20% [13 of 66]). One instance of likely secondary GAS transmission to a household member occurred. All confirmed case patients had necrotizing fasciitis and had undergone surgical debridement. Procedures linked to illness were performed by a single surgical team that traveled between the 2 locations; 2 team members (1 of whom reported recent cellulitis) were colonized with a GAS strain that was indistinguishable by laboratory analysis of the isolates from the case patients. Facility assessments and patient reports indicated substandard infection control, including errors in equipment sterilization and infection prevention training.This outbreak of severe GAS infections was likely caused by transmission from colonized health care workers to patients during liposuction procedures. Additional oversight of outpatient cosmetic surgery facilities is needed to assure that they maintain appropriate infection control practices and other patient protections.
Immunopathogenic Mechanisms in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection
Authors: Anthony S. Fauci, Steven M. Schnittman, Guido Poli, Scott Koenig, Giuseppe Pantaleo
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

An understanding of the immunopathogenic mechanisms of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is fundamental in developing successful approaches to designing effective therapeutic and vaccine strategies. In this regard, we have investigated the mechanisms by which HIV inserts itself into the human immune system and uses the elaborate cytokine network to its own replicative advantage. We have also shown that the burden of HIV in CD4+ T cells is directly associated with a decline in this cell population in vivo and a progression to disease. Mononuclear phagocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection by serving as reservoirs of the virus. Of note is the fact that monocytes in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals are rarely infected in vivo, whereas infected-tissue macrophages may play a role in organ-specific HIV-related pathogenesis. The role of HIV-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity in HIV infection is not well understood. However, fine specificity of responses against HIV have been delineated in some in-vitro systems. It is unclear why these responses, particularly HIV-specific cytolytic T-cell responses, diminish over the course of infection and are unable to contain progression of infection.
REAL-TIME ASSESSMENT OF DOBUTAMINE-STRESS-INDUCED WALL MOTION ABNORMALITIES BY GATED SPECT MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING WITH CADMIUM-ZINC-TELLURIDE DETECTORS
Authors: Aju Pazhenkottil, René Nkoulou, Mathias Wolfrum, Silke Kuest, Jelena Ghadri, Michael Fiechter, Ronny Buechel, Bernhard Herzog, Oliver Gaemperli, Philipp Kaufmann
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Distinctions among various modes of empathy-related reactions: A matter of importance in humans
Authors: Nancy Eisenberg
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Preston &amp; de Waal minimized differences among constructs such as empathy, sympathy, and personal distress. However, such distinctions have been shown to relate differently to altruistic behavior. Moreover, although the authors discussed the role of regulation in empathy, they did not consider the possibility that sometimes empathy is not well-regulated and likely leads to personal distress rather than sympathy.
Diabetic Charcot Joint
Authors: Henry J. Boehm
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

SINCE Jordan1 first described Charcot's joint in diabetic neuropathy, case reports have sporadically appeared in the literature. To date, at least 13 authors have presented a total of at least 52 cases, and others have commented on this condition without reporting a case. Various clinical manifestations have been described, various etiologies postulated, and various treatments suggested.This paper presents an additional case of diabetic neuropathic arthropathy; the literature is reviewed, and information is brought together. The specific intent of this article is to clarify the clinical manifestations and the therapeutic course to be taken in diabetic neuropathy in Charcot's joint. . . .
Method for Establishing Authorship in a Multicenter Clinical Trial
Authors: David J. Whellan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

With the emergence of large multicenter trials over the past 20 years, the numbers of investigators involved and publications resulting from each study have grown exponentially. An efficient, fair, and effective way to establish authorship on study-related manuscripts could diminish conflict among the investigators and help ensure robust and timely dissemination of study results. This article describes a process developed by the investigators in the HF-ACTION (Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00047437) to establish authorship of the manuscripts describing the baseline characteristics, study design, and trial outcomes in an equitable and transparent manner based on objective, quantifiable contributions to the study as a whole. The HF-ACTION investigators developed a scoring system that assigned points to investigators by using the criteria established for enrollment, adherence to the exercise program, data completion, committee service, and other trial efforts. The scoring system has been successfully implemented for baseline manuscripts and has allowed many investigators to participate in the HF-ACTION publication process.
STUDIES IN BILIARY TRACT DISEASE
Authors: I. S. RAVDIN
Journal: JAMA (1934)

It is only slightly more than a decade ago that Rous and McMaster 1 published their observations on gallbladder function. Besides extending knowledge their work gave quantitative confirmation of much that had been done previously. Since then a great deal has been accomplished, as can be seen from the review recently published by Ivy; 2 but as yet knowledge of the normal and pathologic physiology of biliary function is incomplete. The excretory, secretory and absorptive functions of the liver and gallbladder and their associated ducts in health and in disease must of course be intimately correlated with the chemistry of the bile. It is with these aspects of function that we, as well as numerous other investigators, have concerned ourselves.  Under normal conditions the hepatic bile of the dog maintains a fairly constant chemical composition (figs. 1 and 2). 3 Although this is very likely true for man also, we
1020 SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF ENTECAVIR AND TENOFOVIR COMBINATION-THERAPY IN HEPATITIS B PATIENTS WITH PREVIOUS TREATMENT FAILURES. AN INTERNATIONAL MULTICENTER COHORT STUDY
Authors: J. Petersen, M. Lütgehetmann, F. Zoulim, H. Janssen, M. Sterneck, A. Brown, T. Berg, P. Buggisch, P. Lampertico, M. Buti, H. Wedemeyer, V. Ratziu, C. Sarrazin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Traffic-Related Particulate Matter and Acute Respiratory Symptoms among New York City Area Adolescents
Authors: Molini M. Patel, Steven N. Chillrud, Juan C. Correa, Yair Hazi, Marian Feinberg, Deepti KC, Swati Prakash, James M. Ross, Diane Levy, Patrick L. Kinney
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Exposure to traffic-related particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse respiratory health outcomes in children. Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are a local driver of urban fine PM [aerodynamic diameter < or = 2.5 microm (PM(2.5))]; however, evidence linking ambient DEP exposure to acute respiratory symptoms is relatively sparse, and susceptibilities of urban and asthmatic children are inadequately characterized.We examined associations of daily ambient black carbon (BC) concentrations, a DEP indicator, with daily respiratory symptoms among asthmatic and nonasthmatic adolescents in New York City (NYC) and a nearby suburban community.BC and PM(2.5) were monitored continuously outside three NYC high schools and one suburban high school for 4-6 weeks, and daily symptom data were obtained from 249 subjects (57 asthmatics, 192 nonasthmatics) using diaries. Associations between pollutants and symptoms were characterized using multilevel generalized linear mixed models, and modification by urban residence and asthma status were examined.Increases in BC were associated with increased wheeze, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Multiple lags of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) exposure were associated with symptoms. For several symptoms, associations with BC and NO(2) were significantly larger in magnitude among urban subjects and asthmatics compared with suburban subjects and nonasthmatics, respectively. PM(2.5) was not consistently associated with increases in symptoms.Acute exposures to traffic-related pollutants such as DEPs and/or NO(2) may contribute to increased respiratory morbidity among adolescents, and urban residents and asthmatics may be at increased risk. The findings provide support for developing additional strategies to reduce diesel emissions further, especially in populations susceptible because of environment or underlying respiratory disease.
Spiral enteroscopy: findings, tolerability and safety in a single UK centre
Authors: E. A. Arthurs, P. Marden, S. Hughes
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Spiral enteroscopy (SE) is an emerging technique for the evaluation and management of small bowel pathology. There is no published data concerning tolerability and safety of this technique under sedation in the UK. We report our single centre experience of the tolerability, safety and efficacy of SE in the investigation and management of small bowel pathology. <h3>Methods</h3> A retrospective analysis of case notes of patients undergoing SE (March 2009–November 2010) was performed. Patient demographics, indications, findings, treatment performed, tolerability and complications were analysed. <h3>Results</h3> We performed 47 procedures in 43 patients. 45 SEs were performed per oral and 2 per annum. M:F 30:17. Mean age was 68.8 (range 35–90). Indications for SE were anaemia (17), angiodysplasia (12), occult GI bleeding (7), polyps (5), upper GI bleeding/melaena (3), abnormal radiology (1), pain (1) and Peutz–Jegher syndrome (1). All procedures were performed under conscious sedation. Mean estimated depth of insertion in 39 patients was 212 cm (range 100–300 cm) per oral. Mean time for the procedure in 41 patients was 40 min (range 15–80). Abnormalities were identified in 30 (63.8%) cases; comprising angiodysplasia (22), small bowel diverticula (3), polyps (2), ulceration (2), lymphoma (1), Blue Rubber Bleb Naevus syndrome (1), presence of altered blood (1), lymphangiectases (2) and upper gastrointestinal pathology (GAVE, hiatus hernia, Barrett9s oesophagus). Seven patients had more than one abnormality. Therapy was performed in 24 cases (51.2%) and comprised APC (21), tattooing (8), multiple polypectomies (1), and dual therapy with adrenaline and clipping/APC (2). Tolerance was recorded by endoscopist and nursing staff as ‘good9, ‘fair9 or ‘poor9. cases. Tolerance was recorded as ‘good9 in 34 (72.3%) cases, ‘fair’ in 8 (17%) cases and ‘poor’ in 5 (10.6%) cases. One patient suffered a complication - mild hypotension and hypoxia resolving with intravenous fluids and oxygen. There was one death within 30 days, in a patient with ischaemic heart disease and cardiac failure (not procedure related). Main limitations of this technique were failure of the spiral to engage the small intestine adequately (3), impaction of the spiral in a large hiatus hernia (1) and in one patient SE did not visualise a tattoo placed previously at double balloon enteroscopy. <h3>Conclusion</h3> In our experience, spiral enteroscopy appears to be a safe and effective way of diagnosing and treating small bowel pathology. It is safe to perform under conscious sedation and well tolerated in most patients.
Maintenance cimetidine instead of surgery for duodenal ulcer: the first decade.
Authors: D T Hansell, M McGushin, R N Meddings, I S Smith, G R Gray, G Gillespie
Journal: Gut (1989)

Fifty five patients with severe longstanding dyspepsia originally selected as candidates for elective duodenal ulcer surgery were instead entered into a maintenance cimetidine study. Forty six have been reviewed after 10 years. Twenty patients had required surgery, all in the first three years, but six of them had proven or suspected recurrent ulceration during follow up. Twenty six patients avoided surgery, either with continuous cimetidine 400 mg nocte or intermittent full dose cimetidine. Of the 17 on continuous maintenance cimetidine, six had proven or suspected recurrent ulceration responding to full dose cimetidine. All nine patients on intermittent cimetidine experienced symptomatic relapse within eight to 12 weeks of drug withdrawal. By using cimetidine, 64% of patients selected for surgery have avoided operation over this 10 year period, although none has had drug free remission.
Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Associated with Multiple Genetic Lineages of Virus
Authors: Daniel G. Bausch, Stuart T. Nichol, Jean Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, Matthias Borchert, Pierre E. Rollin, Hilde Sleurs, Patricia Campbell, Florimund K. Tshioko, Catherine Roth, Robert Colebunders, Patricia Pirard, Simon Mardel, Loku A. Olinda, Hervé Zeller, Antoine Tshomba, Amayo Kulidri, Modeste L. Libande, Sabue Mulangu, Pierre Formenty, Thomas Grein, Herwig Leirs, Leo Braack, Tom Ksiazek, Sherif Zaki, Michael D. Bowen, Sheilagh B. Smit, Patricia A. Leman, Felicity J. Burt, Alan Kemp, Robert Swanepoel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

An outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever was first observed in a gold-mining village in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in October 1998.We investigated the outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever most intensively in May and October 1999. Sporadic cases and short chains of human-to-human transmission continued to occur until September 2000. Suspected cases were identified on the basis of a case definition; cases were confirmed by the detection of virus antigen and nucleic acid in blood, cell culture, antibody responses, and immunohistochemical analysis.A total of 154 cases (48 laboratory-confirmed and 106 suspected) were identified (case fatality rate, 83 percent); 52 percent of cases were in young male miners. Only 27 percent of these men reported having had contact with other affected persons, whereas 67 percent of patients who were not miners reported such contact (P<0.001). Most of the affected miners (94 percent) worked in an underground mine. Cessation of the outbreak coincided with flooding of the mine. Epidemiologic evidence of multiple introductions of infection into the population was substantiated by the detection of at least nine genetically distinct lineages of virus in circulation during the outbreak.Marburg hemorrhagic fever can have a very high case fatality rate. Since multiple genetic variants of virus were identified, ongoing introduction of virus into the population helped perpetuate this outbreak. The findings imply that reservoir hosts of Marburg virus inhabit caves, mines, or similar habitats.