tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Specific Accumulation of Lipoprotein(a) in Balloon-Injured Rabbit Aorta In Vivo
Authors: Lars B. Nielsen, Steen Stender, Knud Kjeldsen, Børge G. Nordestgaard
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Abstract To explore whether lipoprotein(a), Lp(a), may accumulate preferentially to LDL in the arterial wall at sites of injury, cholesterol-fed rabbits were injected intravenously with radiolabeled Lp(a) and/or LDL 3.1±0.1 days (mean±SEM, n=30) after a balloon injury of the thoracic aorta. After 5 to 10 minutes’ exposure to labeled lipoproteins, more labeled LDL than labeled Lp(a) was recovered in the intima–inner media of the balloon-injured segment (n=9; paired t test, P &lt;.0001); however, the amount of tightly bound labeled lipoprotein was similar for the two lipoprotein fractions. In the second set of experiments, 131 I-Lp(a) (or 131 I-LDL) was injected 26 hours before and 125 I-Lp(a) (or 125 I-LDL) 3 hours before the aorta was removed. Permeability and fractional loss of labeled Lp(a) (n=8) versus LDL (n=7) in the balloon-injured aortic intima–inner media were: permeability, 0.46±0.10 μL/cm 2 per hour versus 1.41±0.32 μL/cm 2 per hour (nonpaired t test, P &lt;.0001); and fractional loss, 0.12±0.02 h −1 versus 0.44±0.05 h −1 (nonpaired t test, P =.0001), respectively. Finally, after 23 hours’ exposure to labeled lipoproteins, the total accumulation and the amount of tightly bound labeled Lp(a) in the balloon-injured intima–inner media were, respectively, 174% (n=6; ANOVA, P =.03) and 256% (ANOVA, P =.005) of the values for labeled LDL. For labeled Lp(a) in the balloon-injured compared with the normal aortic intima–inner media, the recovery after 5 to 10 minutes, the permeability, and the accumulation after 23 hours were all increased, whereas the fractional loss was unchanged. These data suggest that the accumulation of Lp(a) is much larger in injured vessels than in normal vessels. Moreover, the data support the idea of a specific accumulation of Lp(a) compared with LDL in injured vessels.
Ethical practice and sports physician protection: a proposal
Authors: Søren Holm, Michael J McNamee, Fabio Pigozzi
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

It is in the nature of medical practice that it is always likely to yield ethical problems because of the role that health, illness and injury play in the lives of patients. Sports physicians can find themselves in particularly difficult (though not unique) contexts because of the role of the body in athletic performance, especially at elite and professional levels. Contrary to recent articles,1,–,4 however, Sports Medicine should not be viewed as giving rise to distinct or unique ethical difficulties. Such difficulties as arise in Sports Medicine merely reflect the kinds of challenges and dilemmas (eg, confidentiality, conflicts of interest, consent, disclosure, working with vulnerable populations) as are found in other branches of medicine, though not necessarily in precisely in the same configurations.

One common professional response to the recognition of ethical demands and professional ambiguity is to establish codes of conduct such as those published by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM),5 the Australasian College of Sports Physicians (ACSP),6 the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS)7 and the Faculty of Sport and Exercise Medicine (FASEM).8 Within the literature of applied ethics,9 sports ethics10 and sports medicine ethics,11 the limitations of these codes as instruments of education, guidance and punishment have long been noted.

Most recently, within BJSM, the ACSP has presented and defended their new Code within the broad aim of contributing to the development of a professional community of practitioners.12 One of the merits of the Code that the article draws attention to is the articulation of standards of expectation, differentiating among other things between those actions that are, on the one hand, compulsory from exhortations to best practice on the other. (They capture the distinction in ‘must’ and ‘should’ statements.) Nevertheless, that code …
Mouse Lysozyme M Is Important in Pulmonary Host Defense against<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>Infection
Authors: Philipp Markart, Thomas R. Korfhagen, Timothy E. Weaver, Henry T. Akinbi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common virulent causative agent for pneumonia. Lysozyme has previously been shown to play an important role in nonimmune host defense of the airways. This study was undertaken to assess the role of lysozyme M, the major isoform of lysozyme in mouse lung, in the killing of K. pneumoniae in lysozyme M(-/-) mice and transgenic mice with increased expression of lysozyme (lysozyme(tg) mice). The airways of lysozyme M(-/-) mice maintained in a pathogen-free facility were colonized by Lactobacilli, a component of the oropharyngeal flora. No lactobacilli were detected in the lungs of wild-type (WT) or lysozyme(tg) mice. Twenty-four hours after intratracheal infection with K. pneumoniae, bacterial killing was enhanced 9-fold in lysozyme(tg) mice compared with WT mice and 43-fold compared with lysozyme M(-/-) mice. In survival studies, no lysozyme M(-/-) mice survived beyond 72 hours after infection, whereas 75% of lysozyme(tg) (p < 0.01) and 25% of WT mice survived to 120 hours (p < 0.01). Deficiency of lysozyme M in the lungs increased susceptibility to K. pneumoniae infection, whereas increased expression of lysozyme conferred resistance to infection and enhanced survival.
AcrySof Phakic Angle-supported Intraocular Lens for the Correction of Moderate-to-High Myopia: One-Year Results of a Multicenter European Study
Authors: Thomas Kohnen, Michael C. Knorz, Béatrice Cochener, Ralf H. Gerl, Jean-Louis Arné, Joseph Colin, Jorge L. Alió, Roberto Bellucci, Antonio Marinho
Journal: Ophthalmology (2009)
The prevalence of human rhinovirus C is low in children from the community without respiratory symptoms
Authors: Desmond Cox, Siew-Kim Khoo, Joelene Bizzintino, Jack Goldblatt, Ingrid Laing, Peter Le Souef
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Background: We have shown that human rhinovirus strains from group C (HRVC) are associated with more frequent and severe asthma exacerbations in children. The occurrence in HRVC in well children, with or without asthma and no current respiratory symptoms is unknown. Previous studies of patients with asthma without current symptoms have shown 12-44% had HRV detected.  Aim: To document the prevalence of HRVC in a population of well children from the community.  Methods: We prospectively recruited children from the community or from the hospital with no signs of an upper respiratory infection and with no respiratory condition other than asthma. Either a nasal flocked swab or nasal wash specimen were collected from all children and tested for HRV. Viral RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed. A two-step PCR of the HRV 59 NCR was used for detection, followed by sequencing for typing.  Results: We collected nasal specimens from 34 children. The age range was 8 months to 18 years (mean 11.8 years). Male to female ratio was 1:1. Twenty five (73.5%) children were recruited directly from the community. Ten (29.4%) children were recruited in spring and 13 (38.2%) in autumn, the peak seasons for HRV. Seventeen (50%) children had a nasal swab and 17 (50%) children had a nasal wash specimen. Thirteen (38.3%) had doctor-diagnosed asthma. Ten (29.4%) had atopy. We found HRV in only 6 (17.6%) of the 34 children studied. HRVA was present in 2 of the samples and HRVB in 4. All of these were detected in spring or autumn. However, no HRVC was detected.  Conclusion: In our community, HRVC has a low prevalence in children who are well and without respiratory symptoms.
Effects of solar-simulated radiation dose fractionation on CD1a+ Langerhans cells and CD11b+ macrophages in human skin
Authors: L. Novakovic, S. Lee, G.E. Orchard, J.M. Sheehan, A.R. Young, S.L. Walker
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2001)

Background There are few human studies investigating the immunosuppressive effects of exposure to solar‐simulated radiation (SSR) and its relationship with sunburn/erythema, and few comparative data on the importance of SSR exposure regimens. Objectives To evaluate whether SSR‐induced erythema is a reliable end‐point for assessing damage to antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) in human skin. Methods We compared the relationship between SSR‐induced erythema and alterations in epidermal CD1a+ Langerhans cells (LCs) and CD11b+ macrophages in human volunteers after single exposures to 0, 0·5, 1, 2 or 3 minimal erythema doses (MED). We also investigated whether SSR exposure leads to an accumulation or accommodation of the same end‐points by comparing the effects of a relatively low cumulative SSR dose (3 MED) given in varying daily dose fractions (4 × 0·75 MED, 2 × 1·5 MED and 1 × 3 MED). Results Single SSR exposures induced a dose‐dependent increase in erythema. CD1a+ LCs remaining in the irradiated epidermis showed a dose‐dependent increase in cell size and altered morphology. Significant depletion of CD1a+ LCs and presence of CD11b+ macrophages only occurred in sites irradiated with 2 MED and 3 MED. Dose fractionation had no effect on the final erythemal response but the 4 × 0·75 MED and 1 × 3 MED protocols were better tolerated than 2 × 1·5 MED for alterations in CD1a+ LC and CD11b+ cell numbers. In contrast, dose fractionation protected against alterations in CD1a+ LC morphology or cell size. Conclusions We found that erythema is a poor indicator of alterations in epidermal APCs and that dose fractionation is an important parameter in the immunological effects of ultraviolet radiation.
The Ephrin A1–EphA2 System Promotes Cardiac Stem Cell Migration After Infarction
Authors: Polina Goichberg, Yingnan Bai, Domenico D'Amario, João Ferreira-Martins, Claudia Fiorini, Hanqiao Zheng, Sergio Signore, Federica del Monte, Sergio Ottolenghi, David A. D'Alessandro, Robert E. Michler, Toru Hosoda, Piero Anversa, Jan Kajstura, Marcello Rota, Annarosa Leri
Journal: Circulation Research (2011)

Understanding the mechanisms that regulate trafficking of human cardiac stem cells (hCSCs) may lead to development of new therapeutic approaches for the failing heart.We tested whether the motility of hCSCs in immunosuppressed infarcted animals is controlled by the guidance system that involves the interaction of Eph receptors with ephrin ligands.Within the cardiac niches, cardiomyocytes expressed preferentially the ephrin A1 ligand, whereas hCSCs possessed the EphA2 receptor. Treatment of hCSCs with ephrin A1 resulted in the rapid internalization of the ephrin A1-EphA2 complex, posttranslational modifications of Src kinases, and morphological changes consistent with the acquisition of a motile cell phenotype. Ephrin A1 enhanced the motility of hCSCs in vitro, and their migration in vivo following acute myocardial infarction. At 2 weeks after infarction, the volume of the regenerated myocardium was 2-fold larger in animals injected with ephrin A1-activated hCSCs than in animals receiving control hCSCs; this difference was dictated by a greater number of newly formed cardiomyocytes and coronary vessels. The increased recovery in myocardial mass with ephrin A1-treated hCSCs was characterized by further restoration of cardiac function and by a reduction in arrhythmic events.Ephrin A1 promotes the motility of EphA2-positive hCSCs, facilitates their migration to the area of damage, and enhances cardiac repair. Thus, in situ stimulation of resident hCSCs with ephrin A1 or their ex vivo activation before myocardial delivery improves cell targeting to sites of injury, possibly providing a novel strategy for the management of the diseased heart.
An Anatomical and Surgical Study of the Extra-thoracic Fascia
Authors: M. Latarjet, P. Juttin
Journal: Thorax (1953)

<h3>Objective</h3> The longitudinal risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with subtypes of serrated polyps (SPs) remains incompletely understood. <h3>Design</h3> This community-based, case–control study included 317 178 Kaiser Permanente Northern California members who underwent their first colonoscopy during 2006–2016. Nested within this population, we identified 695 cases of CRC and 3475 CRC-free controls (matched 5:1 to cases for age, sex and year of colonoscopy). Two expert pathologists reviewed the tissue slides of all SPs identified on the first colonoscopy and reclassified them to sessile serrated lesions (SSLs), hyperplastic polyps (HPs) and traditional serrated adenomas. SPs with borderline characteristics of SSLs but insufficient to make a definitive diagnosis were categorised as unspecified SPs. The association with development of CRC was assessed using multivariable logistic regression. <h3>Results</h3> Compared with individuals with no polyp, the adjusted ORs (aORs) for SSL alone or with synchronous adenoma were 2.9 (95% CI: 1.8 to 4.8) and 4.4 (95% CI: 2.7 to 7.2), respectively. The aORs for SSL with dysplasia, large proximal SSL,and small proximal SSL were 10.3 (95% CI: 2.1 to 50.3), 12.8 (95% CI: 3.5 to 46.9) and 1.9 (95% CI: 0.8 to 4.7), respectively. Proximal unspecified SP also conferred an increased risk (aOR: 5.8, 95% CI: 2.2 to 15.2). Women with SSL were associated with higher risk (aOR: 4.4; 95% CI: 2.3 to 8.2) than men (aOR: 1.7; 95% CI: 0.8 to 3.8). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Increased risk of CRC was observed in individuals with SSLs, particularly large proximal ones or with dysplasia, supporting close endoscopic surveillance. Proximal unspecified SPs were also associated with increased risk of CRC and should be managed as SSLs.
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: William M. Lee
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

The hepatitis B virus (HBV), discovered in 1966, infects more than 350 million people worldwide.1 Hepatitis B is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, accounting for 1 million deaths annually. Knowledge of the intricacies of viral infection and of the molecular biology of this fascinating virus has led to the successful development of a vaccine and to treatment sometimes capable of eradicating chronic infection. This review addresses many aspects of HBV infection, including the role of the immune system in determining the outcome of clinical infection, recent developments in molecular studies of the virus, and new . . .
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in male workers exposed to dust, gas and fume
Authors: Byung-Soon Choi, Joung Oh Lee, Youlim Lee
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Purpose: It is known that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be developed after exposure to many kinds of dust, gas and fume. But the prevalence of COPD was not investigated extensively, especially after bronchodilator inhalation.

Method: Chest X-ray images were taken in 1,298 male workers exposed to many kinds of dust, gas and fume. Pulmonary function tests were done with short-acting bronchodilator during the periodic health examination from 2008 to 2010. Excluding the workers with the abnormal radiological findings that could affect lung function, the data of a total of 838 workers were analyzed.

Result: The prevalence of COPD increased with age: under age 45, 0.0%; 45 to 64, 31.6%; 65 to 74, 51.8%; 75 and over, 62.2% (p=0.000). COPD was also prevalent in those with high relative exposure index, sum of multiplication of exposure level and exposure duration: under 60, 35.5%; 60 to 99, 37.2%, 100 and over, 47.2% (p=0.009). About half of pneumoconiosis patients had COPD: 43.5% in profusion category 1; 49.6% in 2; 62.5% in 3, but the prevalence in profusion category 0/0 and 0/1 was also high, 30.1% and 30.8%, respectively. The prevalence of COPD in smokers was higher than non-smokers (31.8%), but there was no difference between ex- (41.7%) and current-smokers (41.5%). In ex- and current-smokers, it was 30.0% under 15 pack-years, 42.4% in 15 to 29, and 54.1% in 30 and over.

Conclusion: The prevalence of COPD was very high in workers exposed to many kinds of dust, gas, and fume occupationally. Also, it showed the increasing trend with exposure intensity.
Planned Vaginal Birth or Elective Repeat Caesarean: Patient Preference Restricted Cohort with Nested Randomised Trial
Authors: Caroline A. Crowther, Jodie M. Dodd, Janet E. Hiller, Ross R. Haslam, Jeffrey S. Robinson
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2012)

A study conducted in Australia provides new data on the outcomes for mother and baby associated with either planned vaginal birth, or elective repeat caesarean section following a previous caesarean section.
Klotho Deficiency Causes Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Ming Chang Hu, Mingjun Shi, Jianning Zhang, Henry Quiñones, Carolyn Griffith, Makoto Kuro-o, Orson W. Moe
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2010)

Soft-tissue calcification is a prominent feature in both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and experimental Klotho deficiency, but whether Klotho deficiency is responsible for the calcification in CKD is unknown. Here, wild-type mice with CKD had very low renal, plasma, and urinary levels of Klotho. In humans, we observed a graded reduction in urinary Klotho starting at an early stage of CKD and progressing with loss of renal function. Despite induction of CKD, transgenic mice that overexpressed Klotho had preserved levels of Klotho, enhanced phosphaturia, better renal function, and much less calcification compared with wild-type mice with CKD. Conversely, Klotho-haploinsufficient mice with CKD had undetectable levels of Klotho, worse renal function, and severe calcification. The beneficial effect of Klotho on vascular calcification was a result of more than its effect on renal function and phosphatemia, suggesting a direct effect of Klotho on the vasculature. In vitro, Klotho suppressed Na(+)-dependent uptake of phosphate and mineralization induced by high phosphate and preserved differentiation in vascular smooth muscle cells. In summary, Klotho is an early biomarker for CKD, and Klotho deficiency contributes to soft-tissue calcification in CKD. Klotho ameliorates vascular calcification by enhancing phosphaturia, preserving glomerular filtration, and directly inhibiting phosphate uptake by vascular smooth muscle. Replacement of Klotho may have therapeutic potential for CKD.
Lessons from the RV144 Thai Phase III HIV-1 Vaccine Trial and the Search for Correlates of Protection
Authors: Jerome H. Kim, Jean-Louis Excler, Nelson L. Michael
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2014)

RV144 remains the only HIV-1 vaccine trial to demonstrate efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition. The prespecified analysis of immune correlates of risk showed that antibodies directed against the V1V2 region of gp120, in particular the IgG1 and IgG3 subclass mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, seem to play a predominant role in protection against HIV-1 acquisition and that plasma envelope (Env)-specific IgA antibodies were directly correlated with risk. RV144 and recent nonhuman primate challenge studies suggest that Env is essential, and perhaps sufficient, to induce protective antibody responses against mucosal HIV-1 acquisition. Follow-up clinical trials are ongoing to further dissect the immune responses elicited by the RV144 ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX® B/E regimen. The study of gp120 Env immunogens and immune correlates of risk has resulted in the development of improved antigens. Whether the RV144 immune correlates of risk will generalize to other populations vaccinated with similar immunogens with different modes and intensity of transmission remains to be demonstrated. Efficacy trials are now planned in heterosexual populations in southern Africa and men who have sex with men in Thailand.
Education level and relapse to smoking
Authors: Michele Davi, Giuseppe Madonia, Franca Impellizzeri, Vincenzo Bellia, Maria Rosaria Bonsignore
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background: Cigarette smoking is the most common risk factor for COPD and lung cancer. Smoking cessation programs are very important for primary prevention of lung disease, but limited data are available on their effectiveness in the long term.  Aim: To investigate the factors responsible for smoking relapse over 24 months after smoking cessation.  Methods: From January 2009 to December 2009, 148 smokers (72 men and 76 women, mean age ± SD 49.9±11.8 yr) undergoing a smoking cessation program were enrolled. The protocol included motivational counselling, drug therapy (Nicotine Therapy Replacement), Fagestrom Test, exhaled CO measurement and spirometry. We assessed cigarette smoking cessation at 12 months. The smoking-abstinent at 12 months were again examined by a telephone interview at 24 months.  Results: After 12 months, 47 subjects (32.7% of the original sample) were abstinent, but no difference was found between abstinent and quitters in any variable. At 24 months, 13 of the 47 subjects (27.7%) had relapsed. No differences were observed at 24 months between relapsing subjects and persistent quitters in the following baseline parameters: age, Fagestrom test score, pack-year, CO, and FEV1. However, 24 month-relapsing subjects showed a statistically lower education level compared to persistent quitters.  Conclusion: About a fourth of the quitters at 12 months restart smoking at 24 months. The level of education seems to be an important factor in late, but not early, relapse to smoking. Both subjective and environmental effects may play a role.
The characterization fo the B-cell repertoire specific for the 2,4-dinitrophenyl and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl determinants in neonatal BALB/c mice.
Authors: N R Klinman, J L Press
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1975)

The (B-cell) repertoire responsive to the DNP and TNP haptenic determinants in BALB/c neonates was analyzed in terms of the specificity of stimulation of neonatal B cells as well as the diversity of specificities available in neonatal populations. The results indicate that the parameters of stimulation of neonatal B cells are similar to those of nonimmune adults, particularly in the exquisitely specific stimulatory process which readily discriminates between haptens as closely related as 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP). The clonotypes of monoclonal anti-DNP and anti-TNP antibodies derived from isolated neonatal BALB/c splenic B cells in fragment culture were analyzed by isoelectric focusing. During the first 4 days of neonatal life almost all of the anti-DNP-specific clones were of clonotypes displaying IgM antibodies with pI's of 5.05, 5.25, or 5.55. These could be distinguished from clonotypes responding to TNP which were also predominantly of three distinct pI's, 5.00, 5.15 or 5.40. These clonotypes, which represent the vast majority of the DNP- and TNP-specific antibody capability during the first 4 days of life, represented less than half of the clones by day 6 and were a small minority by day 9. The observation that individual 1--4-day-old donors had many B cells representative of a given predominant clonotype is evidence for cellular precommitment of specificity and indicates that clones of precommitted B cells exist as the products of normal, antigen-independent, generative processes. The observation of frequently recurring clonotypes in inbred neonates attests to the "germ line" origin of these clonotypes; however, variance in the occurrence of these clonotypes from donor to donor implies a random element in their expression. The finding that several clonotypes occur repeatedly in high numbers early in neonatal development, while other clonotypes occur only sporadically at early times, has been interpreted as a reflection of a sequential ontogenic expression of clonotypes. Thus the DNP- and TNP-specific clonotypes which predominate in neonates may be seen as representative of a total of 5,000-10,000 clonotypes which are expressed as early as the 15th to 17th day of gestation while most clonotypes appear after the 18th day of gestation.