tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects of Zinc fertilizer application on the incidence of rice stem borers (Scirpophaga species) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop
Authors: Muhammad Sarwar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Use of fertilizer within plant protection system can prove a key factor for pest management strategy. The effects of Zinc sulfate (33% - Zn) fertilizer on the incidence of rice stem borers (Scirpophaga species) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in rice crop were investigated. The Zn was applied using broadcast method at three levels (20, 25 and 30 kg/ha) in the vicinity of the roots, 30 days after crop transplantation. The results of field experiment on rice cultivars Shadab and Mehak showed that Zn had significant influences on the stem borers population and paddy yield over the unfertilized control. Average yield per hectare was increased at all doses of Zn and by applying it at the rates of 20, 25 and 30 kg/ha, the differences in grain yield were not significant, but production increased significantly over the untreated crop due to varying pest prevalence. With respect to borers incidence, higher dose 30 kg Zn/ha markedly decreased infestation, while, applications at 20 and 25 kg permitted slightly more deadhearts and whiteheads incidence, but differed significantly from unfertilized control. The present study implies that due to suppressive effects of Zn fertilizer on the incidence of the rice stem borers at crop maturity stage increased grain yield, and the use of soil amendments strategy can create an unfavorable environment for pest inducing resistance through anti biosis or feeding inhibition.

	 

	Key words: Rice, Oryza sativa, Scirpophaga, insect control, rice stem borer, Zinc.
MECHANISM OF CELL WALL PENETRATION BY VIRUSES
Authors: Theodore T. Puck, Howard H. Lee
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1954)

Treatment of radioactively labelled host cells with T1 or T2 bacteriophages induces a leakage of cellular P and S into the medium. Evidence is presented showing that this increased cell permeability is not the result of complete lysis of a small fraction of the cells, but rather is made up of contributions from all or most of the infected population. This leakage of cellular constituents exhibits the following characteristics: (a) Infection of a cell with a single virus suffices to evoke the reaction; (b) Increasing the multiplicity up to 7 to 8 virus particles per cell does not affect the extent of leakage produced; (c) Some leakage does occur at 0 degrees C., but much less than at 37 degrees C.; (d) Infection by T1 virus results in a smaller amount of leakage than in the case of T2, but the pattern of response to varying virus multiplicity is the same; (e) The P resulting from such leakage contains no DNA and chemically resembles that which elutes in smaller amounts from uninfected cells; (f) At 37 degrees C. the virus-induced leakage reaction appears within a matter of seconds, and usually decreases after 2 to 3 minutes; (g) The reaction is inhibited by 0.025 M Mg(++). Theoretical considerations are presented suggesting the place of this reaction in the sequence of events constituting the virus penetration reaction; its relationship to the phenomenon of lysis-from-without; and its resemblance to the leakage reaction produced by electrostatic binding of ionized compounds to cell surfaces. The existence of similar effects in avian-mammalian virus systems is noted.
Myocardial monovalent cation transport during the quinidine-digoxin interaction in dogs.
Authors: N J Warner, J T Barnard, E B Leahey, T J Hougen, J T Bigger, T W Smith
Journal: Circulation Research (1984)

To study the relationship of the serum digoxin concentration to the digoxin effect on monovalent cation transport during the quinidine-digoxin interaction, we used radiolabeled rubidium to measure monovalent cation active transport in myocardial biopsy samples from dogs. In a preliminary study, we showed that quinidine did not affect rubidium uptake by myocardial samples from intact dogs. Then, we studied four groups, each consisting of 13 dogs, which received either saline, low dose digoxin, high dose digoxin, or low dose digoxin plus quinidine treatment. In these groups of dogs, the following steady state serum digoxin concentrations were achieved: saline-treated, 0 ng/ml; low dose digoxin, 1.2 +/- 0.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SD); high dose digoxin, 2.4 +/- 0.4 ng/ml; and low-dose digoxin plus quinidine treated, 2.3 +/- 1.1 ng/ml. Compared to control values, rubidium uptake was decreased by 17% in dogs treated with low dose digoxin (P less than 0.05) and by 38% in dogs treated with high dose digoxin (P less than 0.01 vs. saline-treated, P less than 0.01 vs. low dose digoxin). Although low dose digoxin plus quinidine-treated dogs had the same mean serum digoxin concentration as the high dose digoxin-treated dogs, rubidium uptake in low dose digoxin plus quinidine-treated dogs was decreased by only 17% compared to control (P less than 0.05 vs. saline-treated, (P less than 0.01 vs. high dose digoxin). During the quinidine-digoxin interaction in the intact dog, the reduction in myocardial rubidium uptake is less than expected from the increase in serum digoxin concentration.
Rapid Turnover of Effector–Memory CD4+ T Cells in Healthy Humans
Authors: Derek C. Macallan, Diana Wallace, Yan Zhang, Catherine de Lara, Andrew T. Worth, Hala Ghattas, George E. Griffin, Peter C.L. Beverley, David F. Tough
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2004)

Memory T cells can be divided into central-memory (T(CM)) and effector-memory (T(EM)) cells, which differ in their functional properties. Although both subpopulations can persist long term, it is not known whether they are maintained by similar mechanisms. We used in vivo labeling with deuterated glucose to measure the turnover of CD4(+) T cells in healthy humans. The CD45R0(+)CCR7(-) T(EM) subpopulation was shown to have a rapid proliferation rate of 4.7% per day compared with 1.5% per day for CD45R0(+)CCR7(+) T(CM) cells; these values are equivalent to average intermitotic (doubling) times of 15 and 48 d, respectively. In contrast, the CD45RA(+)CCR7(+) naive CD4(+) T cell population was found to be much longer lived, being labeled at a rate of only 0.2% per day (corresponding to an intermitotic time of approximately 1 yr). These data indicate that human CD4(+) T(EM) cells constitute a short-lived cell population that requires continuous replenishment in vivo.
Influence of Rituximab Plus Bendamustine Chemotherapy on the Immune System in Lymphoma Patients
Authors: K. Ito, M. Okamoto, Y. Ando, M. Ando, S. Kumazawa, A. Okamoto, Y. Inaguma, H. Ohta, S. Yamada, N. Emi
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
Observations on autoregulation in skeletal muscle: the effects of arterial hypoxia
Authors: G. M. POHOST, J. B. NEWELL, N. P. HAMLIN, W. J. POWELL
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1976)

Autoregulation of blood flow in skeletal muscle, as manifested by steady-state resistance changes, has been shown to be present in the low range of perfusion pressure but has been demonstrated by some observers to be lacking at higher perfusion pressures. Transient responses have often been neglected or observed only qualitatively in analyses of autoregulation. The present study was undertaken (1) to determine the relative importance of steady-state and transient responses in flow in demonstrating autoregulation of blood flow over a broad range of perfusion pressures, (2) to establish a means of quantitating autoregulation, and (3) to observe the effect of hypoxia on autoregulation. In isolated, perfused canine gracilis muscle, perfusion pressure was increased and subsequently returned to baseline (9.7 ± 0.13 kPa [73 ±1 mmHg]) during perfusion with normally oxygenated blood (PO2 = 9.3−13.3 kPa [70−100 mmHg]), and mildly (PO2 = 6.1−9.2 kPa [46−69 mmHg]), moderately (PO2 = 4.5−6.0 kPa [34−45 mmHg]), or severely (PO2 = 2.7−4.4 kPa [20−33 mmHg]) hypoxic blood. Consistent with other studies canine gracilis muscle was often found to possess passive vascular responses when only steady-state parameters were considered. However, quantitation of the transient response in flow with step increases in perfusion pressure demonstrated substantial transient responses under conditions of normal oxygenation, and progressive attenuation of flow transients with increasing hypoxia.
Sex-Specific Manifestations of Löfgren's Syndrome
Authors: Johan Grunewald, Anders Eklund
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Motivation: It has been debated whether patients need to have erythema nodosum to be classified as having Löfgren's syndrome. In this study, we have therefore in detail evaluated and compared a large number of patients with an acute onset of sarcoidosis and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL), with or without erythema nodosum (EN). This study is important because it may lead to a more accurate definition of Löfgren's syndrome, and an exact phenotype of patients is crucial in modern medical research.Background: Löfgren's syndrome is commonly regarded as a distinct clinical entity.Methods: We have in detail evaluated a large group of patients (n = 150) with an acute onset of sarcoidosis with BHL, in most cases with fever, EN, and/or bilateral ankle arthritis or periarticular inflammation. Within this group, 87 patients had EN (EN positive), whereas 63 were without EN (EN negative), though with distinct symmetric ankle inflammation.Results: EN-positive and EN-negative patients were identical in every aspect except that there were significantly more women in the EN-positive group: 58 women (67%) in the EN-positive group compared with only 17 (27%) women in the EN-negative group (p < 0.0001). In all other aspects, such as age, smoking habits, seasonal clustering of disease onset, rate of positive biopsies, chest radiography, pulmonary function, bronchoalveolar lavage cell distributions including the typically increased CD4/CD8 ratio, and clinical development of the disease, the EN-positive and EN-negative groups were close to identical. The two groups were also identically strongly associated with HLA-DRB1*0301/DQB1*0201, with 60 (69.0%) and 44 (69.8%) patients having this particular HLA type in the EN-positive and EN-negative groups, respectively. Such patients recovered to the same degree—that is, at almost 100%.Conclusions: We conclude that manifestations of Löfgren's syndrome differ between men and women, with EN found predominantly in women, whereas a marked periarticular inflammation of the ankles or ankle arthritis without EN is seen preferentially in men.
THE CYCLECAR AND LIGHT CAR SHOW: SITUATION REVIEWED FROM THE MEDICAL MAN'S POINT OF VIEW
Authors: H. M. Buist
Journal: BMJ (1913)

T3 _ _I1 ;Nt-wo at mllost ao.lfh they lhave been put to bed, buit they are wvilling to ,cmaii, until.they are discharged.The -ielapse is, we believe, duc more to want of care in dieting tlhemilselves after they leave hospital than to premature dis- chlarge.The author slhows from} statistics tiat the results of stirgica, treatmnent in ulcer of the stomnach are not so uiiformlly successful as some sulgeons would claim, and it muiiist iot be forgotteni that 8 oo 10 per cent.die directly f-oin .theoperation; in the lhanids of a few specially skilful surgeons this miiortality may be reduded, buLt of those wlho lecover from the operation the numiiber in wlhom a per- nianient cuire cannot be claimed -varies with the operator, and is from 8 to 25 per cent.In tlle treatnment of gastroptosis Dr. Lockwood advises the application of strappina according to a plan whiich seems indistiniguislhable from that originally devised by Gle'nard; the diagaram illtustratilng it seems to be identical, yet tllis is called " Rose's belt"; elsewlhere he describes the miethod of putting on a Priessnitz bandage, but not exactly as prescribed by its originator, and the modification is a dotubtful implrovemenlt.-.
Epitope-optimized alpha-fetoprotein genetic vaccines prevent carcinogen-induced murine autochthonous hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yuan Hong, Yibing Peng, Z. Sheng Guo, Jose Guevara-Patino, Junfeng Pang, Lisa H. Butterfield, Nahid F. Mivechi, David H. Munn, David L. Bartlett, Yukai He
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Immunization with effective cancer vaccines can offer a much needed adjuvant therapy to fill the treatment gap after liver resection to prevent relapse of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, current HCC cancer vaccines are mostly based on native shared-self/tumor antigens that are only able to induce weak immune responses. In this study we investigated whether the HCC-associated self/tumor antigen of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) could be engineered to create an effective vaccine to break immune tolerance and potently activate CD8 T cells to prevent clinically relevant carcinogen-induced autochthonous HCC in mice. We found that the approach of computer-guided methodical epitope-optimization created a highly immunogenic AFP and that immunization with lentivector expressing the epitope-optimized AFP, but not wild-type AFP, potently activated CD8 T cells. Critically, the activated CD8 T cells not only cross-recognized short synthetic wild-type AFP peptides, but also recognized and killed tumor cells expressing wild-type AFP protein. Immunization with lentivector expressing optimized AFP, but not native AFP, completely protected mice from tumor challenge and reduced the incidence of carcinogen-induced autochthonous HCC. In addition, prime-boost immunization with the optimized AFP significantly increased the frequency of AFP-specific memory CD8 T cells in the liver that were highly effective against emerging HCC tumor cells, further enhancing the tumor prevention of carcinogen-induced autochthonous HCC. Conclusions: Epitope-optimization is required to break immune tolerance and potently activate AFP-specific CD8 T cells, generating effective antitumor effect to prevent clinically relevant carcinogen-induced autochthonous HCC in mice. Our study provides a practical roadmap to develop effective human HCC vaccines that may result in an improved outcome compared to the current HCC vaccines based on wild-type AFP. (Hepatology 2014;59:1448-1458)
Inhibition by sulfonamides of the candidacidal activity of human neutrophils
Authors: Robert I. Lehrer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

Sulfonamides reduced substantially the ability of normal human neutrophils to kill strains of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, and impaired to a lesser extent their activity against Staphylococcus aureus 502A and Serratia marcescens. Sulfonamides also inhibited (a) iodination of Candida cells by normal neutrophils; (b) candidacidal activity in cell-free systems containing purified human myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium iodide; and (c) accumulation of molecular iodine in analogously constructed cell-free systems. In contrast to these effects on reactions catalyzed by myeloperoxidase, sulfonamides exerted relatively little effect on the levels of microbicidal activity manifested by human neutrophils that lacked myeloperoxidase. Sulfonamides appear to influence the function of human neutrophils predominantly by interfering with myeloperoxidase-mediated pathways. Certain basic and clinical implications of these data are discussed.
Inactivation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Bound Ca2+-Independent Phospholipase A2 in Renal Cells during Oxidative Stress
Authors: Brian S. Cummings, Andrew K. Gelasco, Gilbert R. Kinsey, Jane Mchowat, Rick G. Schnellmann
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

The purpose of this study was to determine the actions of oxidants on endoplasmic reticulum bound Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) (ER-iPLA(2)) and phospholipids in renal cells. Exposure of renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC) to the oxidants tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), cumene hydroperoxide, and cisplatin resulted in time- and concentration-dependent decreases in the activity of ER-iPLA(2). TBHP-induced ER-iPLA(2) inactivation was reversed by the addition of dithiothreitol to microsomes isolated from treated RPTC. TBHP also directly inactivated ER-iPLA(2) in microsomes isolated from untreated RPTC. Similar to RPTC, dithiothreitol prevented TBHP-induced ER-iPLA(2) inactivation in microsomes as did the reactive oxygen scavengers butylated hydroxytoluene and N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and the iron chelator deferoxamine. Electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping demonstrated that TBHP initiated a carbon-centered radical after 1 min of exposure in microsomes, preceding ER-iPLA(2) inactivation, and further studies suggested that the formation of the carbon-centered radical species occurred after or in concert with the formation of oxygen-centered radicals. Phospholipid content was determined after TBHP exposure in the presence and absence of the ER-iPLA(2) inhibitor bromoenol lactone. Treatment of RPTC with TBHP resulted in 35% decreases in (16:0, 20:4)-phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), (18:0, 18:1)-plasmenylethanolamine (PlsEtn), a 30% decrease in (16:0, 18:3)-phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), and a 25% decrease in (16:0, 20:4)-phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). In contrast, treatment of RPTC with bromoenol lactone before TBHP exposure decreased the content of 11 phospholipids, decreasing a majority of PlsEtn phospholipids 60%, and 4 of the 8 PlsCho phospholipids 40%, while PtdCho and PtdEtn were marginally affected compared with TBHP. These data demonstrate that ER-iPLA(2) is inactivated by oxidants, that the mechanism of inactivation involves the oxidation of ER-iPLA(2) sulfhydryl groups, and that ER-iPLA(2) inhibition increases oxidant-induced RPTC phospholipid loss.
Increases in Regional Subarachnoid CSF Without Apparent Cortical Gray Matter Deficits in Schizophrenia: Modulating Effects of Sex and Age
Authors: Katherine L. Narr, Tonmoy Sharma, Roger P. Woods, Paul M. Thompson, Elizabeth R. Sowell, David Rex, Sharon Kim, Dina Asuncion, Seonah Jang, John Mazziotta, Arthur W. Toga
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2003)

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the modulating effects of biological sex and age on regional decreases in cortical gray matter and increases in subarachnoid CSF in 25 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 28 group-matched healthy comparison subjects. METHOD: Computational cortical pattern-matching methods were employed to measure the local proportions of gray matter and subarachnoid CSF at thousands of homologous cortical surface locations in each subject using high-resolution magnetic resonance images. Principal-component analysis reduced tissue proportion values obtained at each cortical surface point into component scores for each subject. Principal-component analysis scores were used as dependent variables in statistical analyses that included diagnosis, age, and sex as predictor variables. To reveal more regional changes in tissue proportions, statistical differences in gray matter and CSF were compared at each cortical surface location and mapped in three dimensions. RESULTS: Principal-component analyses revealed main effects of diagnosis, sex, and age for the CSF increases seen in the schizophrenia patients, in male subjects, and in association with age. Significant diagnosis-by-age, diagnosis-by-sex, and diagnosis-by-sex-by-age interactions were also observed, revealing CSF increases in male patients at younger ages. Statistical maps showed regional increases in subarachnoid CSF in association with the above effects. For cortical gray matter measurements, only main effects of age were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Regionally specific increases in sulcal and subarachnoid CSF occur during adulthood and appear prematurely in male schizophrenia patients. Cortical gray matter reductions show aging effects but are below the threshold of significance in schizophrenia.
IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies
Authors: Lam-Tung Nguyen, Heiko A. Schmidt, Arndt von Haeseler, Bui Quang Minh
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

Large phylogenomics data sets require fast tree inference methods, especially for maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenies. Fast programs exist, but due to inherent heuristics to find optimal trees, it is not clear whether the best tree is found. Thus, there is need for additional approaches that employ different search strategies to find ML trees and that are at the same time as fast as currently available ML programs. We show that a combination of hill-climbing approaches and a stochastic perturbation method can be time-efficiently implemented. If we allow the same CPU time as RAxML and PhyML, then our software IQ-TREE found higher likelihoods between 62.2% and 87.1% of the studied alignments, thus efficiently exploring the tree-space. If we use the IQ-TREE stopping rule, RAxML and PhyML are faster in 75.7% and 47.1% of the DNA alignments and 42.2% and 100% of the protein alignments, respectively. However, the range of obtaining higher likelihoods with IQ-TREE improves to 73.3–97.1%. IQ-TREE is freely available at http://www.cibiv.at/software/iqtree.
PTU-101 Drugs used in the treatment of fistulae in Crohn's disease preserve mesenchymal stem cell survival
Authors: L Meran, H Rashidi, R Jones, F Rose, K Shakesheff, C Hawkey
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may enhance tissue healing in fistulae of Crohn9s disease, owing to their multilineage differentiation and immunosuppressive capacity. They are currently under investigation in clinical trials in patients with fistulae, whether cryptoglandular in origin or associated with Crohn9s disease. Little is known about the interaction of MSCs with drugs used in the treatment of fistulae in Crohn9s disease. We demonstrate here that on daily exposure to antibiotics commonly used in the management of fistulae (ciprofloxacin and metronidazole), as well as anti-TNFα (infliximab), mesenchymal stem cell retain their proliferation and differentiation capacity. <h3>Methods</h3> Cultured human bone marrow derived MSCs were plated at a density of 5×10<sup>4</sup> cells per square centimeter in 24 well plates and allowed to adhere overnight. Cells were exposed to a range of daily doses of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole (0.1 μg/ml–30 μg/ml) and infliximab (1 μg/ml–500 μg/ml) for a 6-week period. MSC morphology was assessed daily and differentiation capacity into adipocyte, osteocyte and chondrocyte lineages was studied after exposure to the drugs. MSC survival was assessed at 6 weeks using Annexin-V Apodetect assay followed by FACS analysis. Cell survival was expressed as percentages of cells that were negative for Annexin-V and propidium iodide staining. Analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package (V. 19.0). <h3>Results</h3> MSCs exposed to a range of concentrations of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and infliximab daily, consistently displayed a normal morphology as assessed by light microscopy. Following exposure of these drugs, differentiation into adipocyte, osteocyte and chondrocyte lineages was conserved. In the absence of drugs, mean survival (±SD) of MSCs was 81.8 ±8.6%. In the presence of ciprofloxacin, mean survival of MSCs was generally increased compared to control cells, significantly so at the highest concentration of 30 μg/ml: 90.1% (p&lt;0.05). By contrast, with metronidazole and infliximab there was no suggestion of a change in survival level, when compared to control cells at any of the concentrations used. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This study demonstrates that, in vitro, morphological characteristics as well as the proliferation and differentiation capacity of MSCs is preserved in the presence of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and infliximab. These findings are important in the consideration of the combination of MSCs with antibiotics and anti-TNFα therapy and will inform subsequent studies to optimise drug and cell delivery. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.