tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Points from letters: Training the young doctor
Authors: I B Chait, P Reder
Journal: BMJ (1975)

<h3>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</h3> Blood flow should be interrupted during mechanical thrombectomy to prevent embolization of clot fragments. The purpose of our study was to provide a handy overview of the most common aspiration devices and to quantify their flow characteristics. <h3>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</h3> We assessed volumetric flow rates generated by a 60-mL VacLok vacuum pressure syringe, a Pump MAX aspiration pump, and a Dominant Flex suction pump connected to the following: 1) an 8F long sheath, 2) an 8F balloon-guide catheter, 3) an ACE 64 distal aspiration catheter, and 4) an AXS Catalyst 6 Distal Access Catheter. We used a water/glycerol solution, which was kept at a constant temperature of 20°C (viscosity, 3.7 mPa · s). <h3>RESULTS:</h3> Aspiration with the syringe and the Dominant Flex suction pump achieved the highest flows, whereas aspiration with the Pump MAX was significantly lower (<i>P</i> &lt; .001). Resistors in the aspiration system (tubing, connectors, and so forth) restricted flows, especially when the resistance of the catheter was small (due to its large diameter) and the connected resistors became the predominant resistance (<i>P</i> &lt; .001). The syringe achieved an average vacuum pressure of −90 kPa, and the resulting flow was constant during almost the entire procedure of filling the syringe. <h3>CONCLUSIONS:</h3> Sixty-milliliter VacLok vacuum pressure syringes and the Dominant Flex suction pump achieved high and constant flows likely sufficient to reverse blood flow during thrombectomy with an 8F sheath or balloon-guide catheter in the ICA and modern distal aspiration catheters in the MCA. The Pump MAX aspiration pump is dedicated for use with distal aspiration catheters and is unlikely to reverse blood flow in the ICA and MCA without balloon protection.
Subcutaneous Injection of Mercury: “Warding Off Evil”
Authors: Venkat L. Prasad
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

Deliberate injection of mercury, especially subcutaneous injection, is rare but is seen in psychiatric patients, individuals who attempt suicide, those who are accidentally injected, and boxers who wish to build muscle bulk. Metallic mercury plays a major role in ethnic folk medicine. Neurologic and renal complications can result from high systemic levels of mercury, and subcutaneous injection usually results in sterile abscesses. Urgent surgical evacuation and close monitoring for neurologic and renal functions as well as chelation (if toxicity is indicated) are key aspects of treatment. Education of the adverse effects and dangers of mercury is important, especially in pregnant women and children. As increased immigration changes demographic patterns, proper disposal of mercury and preventing its sale and use should become urgent societal priorities. Psychiatric consultation should be obtained whenever appropriate.
A global health disaster network is needed
Authors: E. W Ferguson, A. Villasenor, S. Cunnion, C. D. V. De Goyet, F. E Young, R. E Laporte
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Result ofHeaftests and chest radiography and interventions offered in 170 studentsfrom overseas Heaftest Chest radiography Outcome Grade No (%) Result No(%) Intervention No (%/) 0 8 (5) Abnormal 2 (1) Chemoprophylaxis 7 (4) 1 28 (17) Child (no radiography) 8 (5) Offered BCG 1 (1) 2 105 (62) Old tuberculosis 1(1) Followed up 11(7) 3 12 (7) Refused 10 (6) Discharged 151 :89) 4 8 (5) Normal 149 (88) Refused test 9 (5)
???Cold??? Vertebrae on F-18 FDG PET: Causes and Characteristics
Authors: Sandip Basu, Narendra Nair
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Photon deficiency in the vertebrae on FDG PET can arise as a result of varying etiologies, and a proper interpretation of this incidental observation is essential for an accurate diagnosis.Cases with "cold" vertebrae on FDG PET resulting from different causes were selected and analyzed from a population of patients with cancer who underwent conventional whole-body FDG PET for staging, disease viability assessment, or treatment monitoring purposes. The patterns were studied and correlated with the appropriate clinical setting.Three distinct causes were observed. Postexternal radiotherapy photopenia involving multiple vertebrae corresponding to the radiotherapy portals represented the most common setting for such findings followed by the destruction of the vertebral marrow cavity in the center by metastatic tumor cells. The third situation was vertebral hemangioma, in which relative photon deficiency in the concerned vertebra was incidentally observed amid generalized marrow uptake after colony-stimulating factor therapy. The characteristics and features of "cold" vertebrae in prototype cases selected from each etiology are described with illustrations.Pattern recognition coupled with further correlation of this observation is the key to the correct diagnosis of the underlying etiology, which can at times have a bearing on subsequent management. With the growing use of FDG PET, this observation is likely to be encountered with increasing frequencies and possibly newer etiopathologies.
Tests of Blood Coagulation and Hemostasis
Authors: Paul Didisheim
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Of the numerous techniques for measuring coagulation (clotting) time (CT), the method of Lee and White<sup>1</sup>is certainly the most frequently cited. More often than not, however, the test is not done exactly as its originators described it. Recent criticisms that the CT is unreliable and insensitive stem at least in part from this fact.<i>Any</i>value can be obtained, depending on how the test is done.<sup>2</sup> Variables include the number of syringes used, whether one discards some of the blood, the degree and frequency of tilting the tubes, the diameter of the tubes, the number of tubes, the volume of blood, prerinsing the tubes with saline, and temperature. All affect the result. The test may be invalidated by a traumatic venipuncture; by delayed flow or bubbling of the blood; by a "dirty" needle, syringe, or tube; by traces of water in the syringe; by failure to remove
3D Genome Tuner: Compare Multiple Circular Genomes in a 3D Context
Authors: Qi Wang, Qun Liang, Xiuqing Zhang
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2009)

Abstract Circular genomes, being the largest proportion of sequenced genomes, play an important role in genome analysis. However, traditional 2D circular map only provides an overview and annotations of genome but does not offer feature-based comparison. For remedying these shortcomings, we developed 3D Genome Tuner, a hybrid of circular map and comparative map tools. Its capability of viewing comparisons between multiple circular maps in a 3D space offers great benefits to the study of comparative genomics. The program is freely available (under an LGPL licence) at http://sourceforge.net/projects/dgenometuner.
Results of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Consortium protocols for children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1981–1995)
Authors: LB Silverman, L Declerck, RD Gelber, VKimball Dalton, BL Asselin, RD Barr, LA Clavell, CA Hurwitz, A Moghrabi, Y Samson, MA Schorin, JM Lipton, HJ Cohen, SE Sallan
Journal: Leukemia (2000)
Same day testing for HIV
Authors: D. J Morris, G. Corbitt, E. Crosdale
Journal: BMJ (1991)

rapid initiation of prophylaxis after exposure in those who decide to receive it.Rapid delivery ofprophylaxis will be much more difficult to achieve for health care workers.Pro- fessor Jeffries makes no detailed suggestions of how to do this.Options that are perhaps impracticable include counselling all health care staff before any exposure occurs and completing counselling and starting prophylaxis within the first hour after exposure.Two more feasible alternatives are available: accepting that the delay consequent on counselling and on getting the drug means that prophylaxis will not be started within one hour after exposure; and selecting for counselling before any exposure health workers who are considered to be at increased risk of exposure, and counselling after exposure those workers considered to be at lower risk, thus delaying prophylaxis for them.The second alternative is likely to be divisive (who is at increased risk of exposure?) and is difficult to justify as there is no proof that prophylaxis must be started within one hour (as opposed to, say, six hours).Until practical guidelines for starting prophylaxis with zidovudine in health care workers emerge implementation of Professor Jeffries's proposal will be delayed.
Priming of macrophages for enhanced oxidative metabolism by exposure to proteolytic enzymes.
Authors: R B Johnston, D A Chadwick, Z A Cohn
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

Preincubation for 10-30 min with trypsin, pronase, chymotrypsin, or papain primed macrophages to undergo a twofold to sixfold increase in oxidative metabolism, measured as release of superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide, during stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate or ingestion of Candida parapsilosis. Preincubation of macrophages with inactivated proteases, nonenzyme proteins, or neuraminidase did not affect their oxidase response. Exposure of macrophages to proteases generated at sites of inflammation could prime these cells for a more effective oxidase response to phagocytosis or for greater tissue damage from release of toxic oxygen metabolites.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Upper Airway Structure of Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: RAANAN ARENS, JOSEPH M. McDONOUGH, ANDREW T. COSTARINO, SOROOSH MAHBOUBI, CATHERINE E. TAYAG-KIER, GREG MAISLIN, RICHARD J. SCHWAB, ALLAN I. PACK
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

The anatomical relationships between lymphoid, bony, and other tissues affecting the shape of the upper airway in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have not been established. We therefore compared the upper airway structure in 18 young children with OSAS (age 4.8 ± 2.1 yr; 12 males and 6 females) and an apnea index of 4.3 ± 3.9, with 18 matched control subjects (age, 4.9 ± 2.0 yr; 12 males and 6 females). All subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging under sedation. Axial and sagittal T1- and T2-weighted sequences were obtained. Images were analyzed with image-processing software to obtain linear, area, and volumetric measurements of the upper airway and the tissues comprising the airway. The volume of the upper airway was smaller in subjects with OSAS in comparison with control subjects (1.5 ± 0.8 versus 2.5 ± 1.2 cm3; p < 0.005) and the adenoid and tonsils were larger (9.9 ± 3.9 and 9.1 ± 2.9 cm3 versus 6.4 ± 2.3 and 5.8 ± 2.2 cm3; p < 0.005 and p < 0.0005, respectively). Volumes of the mandible and tongue were similar in both groups; however, the soft palate was larger in subjects with OSAS (3.5 ± 1.1 versus 2.7 ± 1.2 cm3; p < 0.05). We conclude that in children with moderate OSAS, the upper airway is restricted both by the adenoid and tonsils; however, the soft palate is also larger in this group, adding further restriction.Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A NEW PROSTATIC TRACTOR
Authors: A. J. Crowell
Journal: JAMA (1918)

While performing a seminal vesiculectomy some time ago, it occurred to me that the operation could be greatly facilitated by the use of a tractor inserted into the bladder, through the urethra, which has the same curve as that of a sound. For this purpose I therefore designed the one shown in the accompanying illustration. It consists of two fenestrated blades attached to shafts, the inner one of which has a cable in the curved portion which allows one of the blades to revolve around the other. There are two handles at the outer end of the shaft which regulate the rotation of the blades after insertion into the bladder through the urethra. When inserted, the handles are rotated from each other to open the blades within the bladder. The gland is thus pulled into the operative field and at the same time the handle of the instrument is out
Aspirin for prophylaxis against headache at high altitudes: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial
Authors: M. Burtscher, R. Likar, W. Nachbauer, M. Philadelphy
Journal: BMJ (1998)

At altitudes of 3000-5000 m about 20-50% of skiers and mountaineers experience headache, the main symptom of acute mountain sickness.1 Although most mountaineers know that they should avoid climbing great heights too early on and too fast, they may not always act accordingly. The use of drugs to prevent and treat headaches at high altitudes is therefore widespread, aspirin being one of the most commonly taken. We tested the efficacy of aspirin as prophylaxis against headache at high altitudes.

Twenty nine volunteers with a history of headache at high altitude were randomly assigned in a double blind fashion to receive placebo (eight men, six women, mean age 38 (SD 12) years) or 320 mg aspirin (nine men, six women, mean age 38 (14) years). After examination at low altitude (600 m), subjects were transported to high altitude (3480 m) …
Naproxen and Agranulocytosis
Authors: Neal Nygard
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Agranulocytosis has been reported as a rare complication of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy. Specific nonsteroidals that have been reported to cause this include phenylbutazone,<sup>1</sup>indomethacin,<sup>2</sup>fenoprofen,<sup>3</sup>benoxaprofen,<sup>4</sup>ibuprofen,<sup>5</sup>and tolmetin.<sup>5</sup>A case of agranulocytosis during naproxen therapy that resolved when administration of the drug was discontinued is reported herein. Evidence from a search for the mechanism of the neutropenia is also presented. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> An 87-year-old man with long-standing seropositive rheumatoid arthritis was admitted for elective hernia repair. His arthritis had been managed in the four years prior to admission with naproxen, 250 mg twice a day. On admission he was noted to have a white blood cell count of 0.0023 ×10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup>(0.0023 ×10<sup>9</sup>/L), with 16% (0.16) polymorphonuclear leukocytes (0.000368 × 10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup>[0.000368 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L]) and 0% (0.00) band forms.
Argon plasma coagulation treatment in patients with chronic radiation proctitis
Authors: C. Rodrigues, S. Alberto, J. Felix, E. Pires, J. de Deus
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

We have read with great interest the article by Karamanolis et al. [1] on the role of argon plasma coagulation (APC) treatment in patients with chronic radiation proctitis. Chronic radiation proctitis represents a challenging condition that is seen with increased frequency due to the common use of radiation for the treatment of pelvic cancer, and for which current treatment modalities are unsatisfactory [2]. Rectal bleeding is one of the most feared complications. It can be severe enough to result in significant anemia and transfusion dependency. There is still no consensus for its management, which remains essentially empirical [2] [3].
The Use of Indigo Carmine for Dye Dilution Curves
Authors: WILLIAM W. LACY, CARLOS UGAZ, ELLIOT V. NEWMAN, Thomas G. Arnold, Lloyd H. Ramsey
Journal: Circulation Research (1955)

Investigation of the properties of indigo carmine reveals that it may be more suitable than the dye, T-1824, for circulatory studies that are now commonly carried out using the dye dilution principle of Stewart and Hamilton. Comparison is made of simultaneous dilution curves of indigo carmine and radioactive iodinated serum albumin. Apparently, indigo carmine is bound to protein firmly enough to remain the plasma in one passage through the heart and lungs, but not too firmly to be extracted rapidly from the plasma by excretory systems in the kidney and liver. This allows repeated injections without accumulation.
Human inhibitor of growth 1 inhibits hepatoma cell growth and influences p53 stability in a variant-dependent manner
Authors: Zhi Zhu, Zhigang Luo, Yongmei Li, Canrong Ni, Honghua Li, Minghua Zhu
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Inhibitor of growth 1 (ING1) is a type II tumor suppressor that affects cell function by altering chromatin structure and regulating transcription. Recently, three ING1 splice variants have been cloned, but their roles in apoptosis and p53 regulation in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been fully elucidated. The present study found that ING1, in a variant-dependent manner, inhibited hepatoma cell proliferation and colony formation, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, and postponed tumor formation in nude mice. Expression of p33ING1b and p24ING1c variants, but not p47ING1a, was markedly reduced in HCC samples. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis revealed that ectopic overexpression of p33ING1b or p24ING1c variant increased the expression of p53 downstream genes such as p21waf1 and bax, and repressed bcl-2 expression (P < 0.01), whereas p47ING1a inactivated p21waf1 promoter (P < 0.01). Furthermore, we found that p33ING1b and p24ING1c repressed Mdm2 expression (P < 0.01) and competed with Mdm2 for binding to p53. Interestingly, p33ING1band p24ING1c did not directly bind to Mdm2 protein but strongly increased p14arf expression (P < 0.01) and interacted with p14arf protein to stimulate p53. Moreover, we found that ectopic overexpression of p33ING1b or p24ING1c significantly induced p53 protein acetylation at Lys-373/Lys-382 residue, but did not alter the phosphorylation status of p53. Conclusion: ING1 variants p33ING1b and p24ING1c may modulate p53 activity and subsequently inhibit hepatoma cell growth by at least two possible mechanisms: interacting with Mdm2 and p14arf to stabilize and activate p53, or increasing p53 acetylation. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
Rasaratnam ("Esha") Sarvesvaran
Authors: C. Mahendra
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former lecturer in forensic medicine Charing Cross Hospital (b 1931; q Colombo Medical College 1956; MD, MRCPath), died from a heart attack on 8 August 2003.​2003.




Figure 1




He served in various hospitals in Sri Lanka before being appointed lecturer in forensic medicine at the University of Colombo. On coming to the United Kingdom in 1976 he took up the post of lecturer in forensic medicine at Charing Cross Hospital and police surgeon to the Surrey Constabulary. Three years of his sabbatical were spent in Malaysia as associate professor of forensic medicine. On his retirement in 1994 he worked as an honorary forensic pathologist at Guy's Hospital until his final retirement in 1996. He leaves a wife, Carmela; three children; and four grandchildren.
Hydrocephalus after spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Authors: S Robinson, G Holdstock
Journal: BMJ (1981)

recognition to the part played by ethics committees in considering approval of the ethical aspects of clinical trials of new drugs.In the two months since the introduction of the scheme (11 March-1 1 May) 22 clinical trial certificate exemptions were granted.If this trend continues-and there are indications that it will increase rather than diminish-then there will have been a 50°, increase in early clinical studies conducted in the United Kingdom at the industry's initiative.It therefore appears, even at this early stage, to be achieving its objective.
A dual role for the immune response in a mouse model of inflammation-associated lung cancer
Authors: Michael Dougan, Danan Li, Donna Neuberg, Martin Mihm, Paul Googe, Kwok-Kin Wong, Glenn Dranoff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Both principal factors known to cause lung cancer, cigarette smoke and asbestos, induce pulmonary inflammation, and pulmonary inflammation has recently been implicated in several murine models of lung cancer. To further investigate the role of inflammation in the development of lung cancer, we generated mice with combined loss of IFN-γ and the β-common cytokines GM-CSF and IL-3. These immunodeficient mice develop chronic pulmonary inflammation and lung tumors at a high frequency. Examination of the relationship between these tumors and their inflammatory microenvironment revealed a dual role for the immune system in tumor development. The inflammatory cytokine IL-6 promoted optimal tumor growth, yet wild-type mice rejected transplanted tumors through the induction of adaptive immunity. These findings suggest a model whereby cytokine deficiency leads to oncogenic inflammation that combines with defective antitumor immunity to promote lung tumor formation, representing a unique system for studying the role of the immune system in lung tumor development.
Triton Wr–1339, A Lysosomotropic Compound, Is Excreted Into Bile and Alters the Biliary Excretion of Lysosomal Enzymes and Lipids
Authors: Nicholas F. Larusso, Louis J. Kost, Janet A. Carter, Steven S. Barham
Journal: Hepatology (1982)

In these experiments, we tested two hypothesis: first, that Triton WR-1339, a nonionic detergent which is sequestered in hepatocyte lysosomes, undergoes biliary excretion; and second, that Triton WR-1339, which also alters serum lipid levels and modifies hepatic catabolism of lipoproteins, affects the biliary output of proteins and lipids. When 3H-Triton WR-1339 was administered to rats, biochemical and morphologic studies showed that hepatocyte lysosomes sequestered Triton WR-1339: (i) the subcellular distribution of 3H was identical to that of lysosomal enzymes after liver fractionation by differential or isopycnic centrifugation, and (ii) lysosomes appeared engorged with Triton WR-1339 on electron microscopy. 3H was also excreted into bile in parallel to three lysosomal enzymes. Triton WR-1339 administration caused a coordinate increase in the biliary excretion of three lysosomal enzymes and also increased the biliary output of total protein, bile acids, and phospholipid. Triton WR-1339 administration did not affect bile flow or the biliary outputs of cholesterol, plasma membrane, and cytosolic enzymes, but did decrease biliary cholesterol saturation by 50%. These results demonstrate that an exogenous compound which is sequestered in hepatocyte lysosomes may be excreted directly into bile in parallel with endogenous lysosomal constituents. The data also show that such a lysosomotropic agent may also selectively modify the biliary excretion of proteins and lipids. The findings are consistent with the existence of a lysosome-to-bile hepatic excretory pathway and suggest that hepatocyte lysosomes may be important in modulating biliary protein and lipid secretion.