tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Debits and credits: a current account of cholesterol gall stone disease.
Authors: I A Bouchier
Journal: Gut (1984)

Leading articleDebits and credits: a current account of cholesterol gall stone diseaseThe past 25 years has seen both progress and disappointment in our understanding of cholesterol cholelithiasis.Although there was much activity in the latter part of the 19th century' 2the developments during the late 1950s and early 60s laid the foundation for our present concepts of gall stone formation which culminated in the dissolution of stones by drug therapy. PathogenesisAn improved understanding of bile acid chemistry,3 the development of techniques permitting clarification of bile acid physiology and of the enterohepatic circulation"6 and an appreciation of the solubility relationship of cholesterol in bile,7 8 provided the background against which cholesterol gall stone disease appeared as the consequence of a metabolic disorder whereby the liver secretes bile saturated, or supersaturated with cholesterol.The concept of a primary hepatic defect was encouraged by reports of an abnormality in the rate binding enzymes for biliary lipid synthesis: an increased activity of 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (rate limiting for the synthesis of cholesterol) and a decreased 7ot-hydroxylase activity (rate limiting for the synthesis of bile acids).9Subjects with this hepatic defect secrete bile saturated with cholesterol and can form crystals, microspheroliths and stones.This relatively simple and4attractive hypothesis has been found wanting.It is now apparent that in many non-obese individuals with gall stones the hepatic HMG CoA reductase activity does not differ from stone-free persons.10" Patients with cholesterol gall stones may have a smaller total body pool of bile acids, but nonetheless the bile salt secretion will be normal12 and the correlation between total bile acid pool size and biliary cholesterol saturation is poor.13It is possible that the small pool of bile acids is related to increased recycling of bile acids within the enterohepatic circulation, which reflects the capacity of the gall bladder to fill and empty.14It is recognised that nocturnal storage in the gall bladder is an important factor determining cholesterol saturation of bile.'3 15 Any statement regarding the metabolic background to the formation of cholesterol gall stones must take account of the numerous conditions known to be associated with an increased prevalence of gall stones: race, age, sex, obesity, high calorie diet, disease of the distal ileum, clofibrate therapy, cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, use of oral contraceptives and, more recently, total parenteral nutrition.'6-9An awareness of the many factors known to influence biliary cholesterol secretion and saturation has 1021
Abstract 17590: Long Term Results of Septal Defect Occlusion Using the Transcatheter Patch
Authors: Eleftherios Sideris, Savvas Toumanides, Benjamin Macuil, Keyhan Zanjani, Spyridon D Moulopoulos
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Introduction: The Transcatherer Patch (TP) is a bioabsorbale device used in the occlusion of septal defects including atrial septal defects(ASDs) and ventricular septal defects(VSDs) the last 15 years. Acute results have been described as effective occlusions with rare small residual shunts and occasional instability of the immediately release patch on the septum. Hypothesis: Long term results of successful implantations were critically examined to determine effectiveness of occlusion and the extent of septal reconstruction. Method: The records of 200 successfully implanted devices (149 ASDs, 51 VSDs) were analyzed. ASDs were of secundum type with the exception of five that were ostium primum and sinus venosus types. All VSDs were peri-membranous except for four malalignment (Fallot Tetralogy) and one muscular defect. Defect size varied from 13 to 35mm for ASDs and 4-16mm for VSDs. The TP was deployed in three versions including, temporary double balloon support (48hrs), temporary double balloon support with surgical adhesive (45min - 2hrs), and extended single balloon support with immediate release. Results: Long term results were free from deaths or serious complications including perforation, erosion, heart block, thrombus, and arrhythmia. All occlusions were effective with occasional persistence of trivial residual shunts. The septum was normalized and the patch was undetectable by echocardiography 1-2yrs after implantation. Normalization of the septum required a longer period of time with the immediate release patch. Conclusions: Long term results of the TP in septal defect occlusion were excellent. Serious complications seen with metallic devices did not occur. The TP offers a promising alternative in septal defect occlusion although further improvements must be made to eliminate rare acute problems and residual shunts. A double balloon immediately released patch could be a solution. B
Mechanism of the postreceptor defect in insulin action in human obesity. Decrease in glucose transport system activity.
Authors: T P Ciaraldi, O G Kolterman, J M Olefsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

We have studied insulin-stimulated 3-O-methyl glucose transport by isolated adipocytes prepared from 10 normal and 11 obese individuals. The results demonstrated that the insulin-glucose transport dose-response curves were shifted to the right in cells from the obese patients, and that the magnitude of this rightward shift was significantly correlated to the reduction in adipocyte insulin receptors in individual subjects (r = 0.48, P less than 0.01). In three obese patients a rightward shift in the dose-response curve could be demonstrated and there was no decrease in maximal insulin effect. This corresponded to in vivo glucose clamp results showing only a rightward shift in the insulin dose-response curve for overall glucose disposal in these three subjects (1980. J. Clin. Invest. 65: 1272-1284). In the remaining eight obese patients, the in vitro glucose transport studies showed not only a rightward shift in the dose-response curves but also a marked decrease in basal and maximally insulin-stimulated rates of transport, indicating a postreceptor defect in insulin action. Again, this was consistent with the in vivo glucose clamp studies demonstrating a marked postreceptor defect in these individuals. In conclusion, these results indicate that the mechanism of the postreceptor defect in insulin action, which exists in many obese patients, is related to a decrease in the activity of the glucose transport effector system.
Noninvasive Coronary Vessel Wall and Plaque Imaging With Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: René M. Botnar, Matthias Stuber, Kraig V. Kissinger, Won Y. Kim, Elmar Spuentrup, Warren J. Manning
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Conventional x-ray angiography frequently underestimates the true burden of atherosclerosis. Although intravascular ultrasound allows for imaging of coronary plaque, this invasive technique is inappropriate for screening or serial examinations. We therefore sought to develop a noninvasive free-breathing MR technique for coronary vessel wall imaging. We hypothesized that such an approach would allow for in vivo imaging of coronary atherosclerosis. Methods and Results —Ten subjects, including 5 healthy adult volunteers (aged 35±17 years, range 19 to 56 years) and 5 patients (aged 60±4 years, range 56 to 66 years) with x-ray–confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD), were studied with a T2-weighted, dual-inversion, fast spin-echo MR sequence. Multiple adjacent 5-mm cross-sectional images of the proximal right coronary artery were obtained with an in-plane resolution of 0.5×1.0 mm. A right hemidiaphragmatic navigator was used to facilitate free-breathing MR acquisition. Coronary vessel wall images were readily acquired in all subjects. Both coronary vessel wall thickness (1.5±0.2 versus 1.0±0.2 mm) and wall area (21.2±3.1 versus 13.7±4.2 mm 2 ) were greater in patients with CAD (both P &lt;0.02 versus healthy adults). Conclusions —In vivo free-breathing coronary vessel wall and plaque imaging with MR has been successfully implemented in humans. Coronary wall thickness and wall area were significantly greater in patients with angiographic CAD. The presented technique may have potential applications in patients with known or suspected atherosclerotic CAD or for serial evaluation after pharmacological intervention.
Response of nitrogen and foliar spray of nutrient mixture on yield attributes and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Latief Ahmad, M. Kaleem, R. A. Bhat
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen and foliar spray of nutrient mixture on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). The obtained data showed that both grain and straw yield, and different yield attributing characters viz., number of spikes plant-1, spike weight and grain spike-1 were significantly maximum with application of 120 kg Nha-1 and the least with application of 30 kg Nha-1. Foliar spray of 2% DAP + 1% KCl + nutrient mixture (F2) significantly increased the periodic plant height , dry weight plant-1 and number of tillers plant-1 over 2% DAP + 1% KCl + 100 ppm maleic hydrazide (F4). Foliar spray of 2% DAP + 1% KCl + 100 ppm salicylic acid 100 ppm (F3) and 2% DAP + 1% KCl (F1) also recorded significantly higher values of these growth characters over F4 treatments. Both grain and straw yield and different yield contributing characters viz., spikes plant-1, spike weight, grains spike-1 and test weight were significantly higher with foliar spray of 2% DAP + 1% KCl + 100 ppm nutrient mixture (F2) and significantly least with foliar spray of 2% DAP + 1% KCl + 100 ppm maleic hydrazide (F4).

	 

	Key words: Nitrogen, nutrient mixture, foliar spray, yield and yield attributes.
WISP-1, a novel target for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: A Singanayagam
Journal: Thorax (2009)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterised by formation of fibroblast foci and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the lung interstitium. This results in distorted lung architecture, impaired gas exchange and reduced respiratory function. Impaired crosstalk between alveolar type 11 (AT11) cells and subepithelial fibroblasts has previously been shown to contribute to ECM deposition in IPF. …
Demonstration of a specific receptor for human C5a anaphylatoxin on murine macrophages.
Authors: D E Chenoweth, M G Goodman, W O Weigle
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

Human C5a anaphylatoxin is known to be a potent mediator of the acute inflammatory response. It serves to trigger a wide variety of neutrophil responses after binding to a specific cellular receptor. We have now demonstrated that this bioactive glycopolypeptide is also bound to a specific receptor found on murine resident peritoneal macrophages, thioglycollate-induced exudate macrophages, and the murine cell line P388D1. The apparent Kd of the C5a receptors. Resident macrophages appear to have an average of 2 x 10(5) binding sites per cell, whereas thioglycollate- induced cells have only 4-5 x 10(4) binding sites. The continuous cell line P388D1 is intermediate between these two cell types, exhibiting 8-10 x 10(4) C5a receptors per cell. Neither murine lymphocytes nor the parent cell line P388 displays a measurable number of C5a receptors. Macrophage receptor-C5a binding interactions are followed by cellular uptake and degradation of 125I-C5a, much as is observed with neutrophils. As demonstrated in another paper, binding of C5a to macrophages results in augmentation of the primary humoral immune response as well as enhancement of mixed lymphocyte reactions. These observations suggest that C5a should not only be considered as an acute inflammatory mediator but as an immunopotentiating modulator as well, thus serving as a critical link between complement activation and subsequent immune responses.
Serum retinol-binding protein 4 is inversely correlated with disease severity of chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Jee-Fu Huang, Chia-Yen Dai, Ming-Lung Yu, Shyi-Jang Shin, Ming-Yen Hsieh, Chung-Feng Huang, Li-Po Lee, Kun-Der Lin, Zu-Yau Lin, Shinn-Chern Chen, Ming-Yuh Hsieh, Liang-Yen Wang, Wen-Yu Chang, Wan-Long Chuang
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Tumor-Stromal Interaction through the Estrogen-Signaling Pathway in Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Yuri Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Takei, Kimito Suemasu, Yasuhito Kobayashi, Masafumi Kurosumi, Nobuhiro Harada, Shin-ichi Hayashi
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract In postmenopausal breast cancers, locally produced estrogen by adipose stromal cells causes the progression of tumor growth. Although aromatase, a key enzyme of estrogen synthesis, is highly expressed in the adipose stromal cells, and aromatase inhibitors show greater efficacy in postmenopausal breast cancers, the mechanism of increasing aromatase activity in the stromal cells remains unclear. To analyze the estrogen signals and to detect the estrogen receptor (ER)–activating ability of adipose stromal cells for individual human breast cancers, we developed a new reporter cell system. To visualize the activation of ER, we first established a stable transformant, named E10, of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by transfection with the estrogen-responsive element-green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. E10 cells specifically express GFP when ER is activated by estrogen or by coculture with adipose stromal cells isolated from breast tumor tissues in the presence of testosterone, a substrate for aromatase. Treatment of adipose stromal cells with dexamethasone, a stimulator of aromatase gene expression, resulted in an increase in the expression of GFP in E10 cells in the coculture. Using this system, we characterized the adipose stromal cells of 67 human breast cancers and found that GFP expression levels vary among the cases, suggesting that the ability of adipose stromal cells to activate ERs is unique for individual breast cancers. High induction levels of GFP were observed more frequently in postmenopausal cases than in premenopausal cases, whereas they did not significantly correlate with the ER expression status. Aromatase inhibitors inhibited the induction of GFP expression in the coculture, but the sensitivities to the drugs varied among the individual cases. Aromatase gene expression levels in adipose stromal cells did not always correlate with their ability to induce GFP. These results suggest that this system to detect total ER activation based on the interaction with adipose stromal cells is a useful tool for analyzing local estrogen signals and for tumor-stromal interactions.
Contractile elements and myosin light chain phosphorylation in myometrial tissue from nonpregnant and pregnant women.
Authors: R A Word, J T Stull, M L Casey, K E Kamm
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Smooth muscle contraction is initiated primarily by an increase in intracellular Ca2+, Ca(2+)-dependent activation of myosin light chain kinase, and phosphorylation of myosin light chain. In this investigation, we identified pregnancy-associated alterations in myosin light chain phosphorylation, force of contraction, and content of contractile proteins in human myometrium. Steady-state levels of myosin light chain phosphorylation and contractile stress were correlated positively in both tissues, but the myometrial strips from pregnant women developed more stress at any given level of myosin light chain phosphorylation. During spontaneous contractions and during conditions that favor maximal generation of stress, the rate and extent of myosin light chain phosphorylation were attenuated in myometrial strips from pregnant women. The content of myosin and actin per milligram of protein and per tissue cross-sectional area was similar between myometrium of nonpregnant and pregnant women. Although cell size was significantly increased in tissues obtained from pregnant women, the amounts of contractile proteins per cellular cross-sectional area were similar. In addition, myosin light chain kinase and phosphatase activities were similar in the two tissues. The content of caldesmon was significantly increased in myometrium of pregnant women, whereas that of calponin (a smooth muscle-specific protein associated with the thin filaments) was not different. We conclude that adaptations of human myometrium during pregnancy include (a) cellular mechanisms that preclude the development of high levels of myosin light chain phosphorylation during contraction and (b) an increase in the stress generating capacity for any given level of myosin light chain phosphorylation.
Cytogenetic and Immunohistochemical Evidence for the Germ Cell Origin of a Subset of Acute Leukemias Associated With Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: M. Ladanyi, F. Samaniego, V. E. Reuter, R. J. Motzer, S. C. Jhanwar, G. J. Bosl, R. S. K. Chaganti
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Cytogenetic and Immunohistochemical Evidence for the Germ Cell Origin of a Subset of Acute Leukemias Associated With Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors Get access Marc Ladanyi, Marc Ladanyi * Cytogenetics Service, Department of PathologyNew York, NY * Correspondence to: Marc.Ladanyi, M.D., Cytogenetics Service, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Felipe Samaniego, Felipe Samaniego Cytogenetics Service, Department of PathologyNew York, NY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Victor E. Reuter, Victor E. Reuter Surgical Pathology Service, Department of PathologyNew York, NY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert J. Motzer, Robert J. Motzer Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Suresh C. Jhanwar, Suresh C. Jhanwar Cytogenetics Service, Department of PathologyNew York, NY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar George J. Bosl, George J. Bosl Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. S. K. Chaganti R. S. K. Chaganti Cytogenetics Service, Department of PathologyNew York, NY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 3, 7 February 1990, Pages 221–227, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.3.221 Published: 07 February 1990 Article history Received: 23 June 1989 Revision received: 20 October 1989 Accepted: 27 October 1989 Published: 07 February 1990
The locally acting glucocorticosteroid budesonide enhances intestinal sugar uptake following intestinal resection in rats
Authors: A. Thiesen, G. E. Wild, Kelly Anne Tappenden, L. Drozdowski, M. Keelan, B. K.A. Thomson, M. I. McBurney, M. T. Clandinin, A. B.R. Thomson
Journal: Gut (2003)

<b>Background and aims:</b> Locally and systemically acting corticosteroids alter the morphology and transport function of the intestine. This study was undertaken to assess the effect of budesonide, prednisone, and dexamethasone on sugar uptake. <b>Methods:</b> Adult male Sprague Dawley rats underwent transection or resection of 50% of the middle portion of the small intestine, and in vitro uptake of sugars was measured. <b>Results:</b> The 50% enterectomy did not alter jejunal or ileal uptake of glucose or fructose. Prednisone had no effect on the uptake of glucose or fructose in resected animals. In contrast, in resected rats budesonide increased by over 120% the value of the jejunal maximal transport rate for the uptake of glucose, and increased by over 150% ileal uptake of fructose. Protein abundance and mRNA expression of the sodium dependent glucose transporter in brush border membrane (SGLT1), sodium independent fructose transporter in the brush border membrane (GLUT5), sodium independent glucose and fructose transporter in the basolateral and brush border membranes (GLUT2), and Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ATPase α1 and β1 did not explain the enhancing effect of budesonide on glucose or fructose uptake. Budesonide, prednisone, and dexamethasone reduced jejunal expression of the early response gene c-jun. In resected animals, expression of the mRNA of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in the jejunum was reduced, and corticosteroids reduced jejunal expression of the mRNA of proglucagon. <b>Conclusions:</b> These data suggest that the influence of corticosteroids on sugar uptake in resected animals may be achieved by post translational processes involving signalling with c-jun, ODC, and proglucagon, or other as yet unknown signals. It remains to be determined whether budesonide may be useful to stimulate the absorption of sugars following intestinal resection in humans.
Parental Divorce in Early Childhood
Authors: JOHN F. MCDERMOTT
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

Although it is only the culmination of a more traumatic emotional upheaval in the family, the legal event of parental divorce presents acute problems for the very young child since it involves an abrupt change in his daily life. During the immediate period of parental divorce, ten of the 16 nursery school children discussed here showed dramatic changes in behavior, often characterized by impairment of the ability to master anxiety and depression through play. Preventive efforts channeled through the school at this time may ease the immediate shock for the child and help him to resume the normal tasks of maturation more quickly.
Signal transduction by the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, c-met. Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
Authors: L G Cantley, L C Cantley
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1995)

Signal transduction by tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors involves the activation of multiple intracellular signaling pathways. In many cases, this occurs via direct binding of a downstream signaling protein to the phosphorylated receptor via src-homology 2 domains on the signaling protein. In this review of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-met, the ability of the amino acid sequence of the receptor to dictate which signaling proteins are activated is described, with particular emphasis on association with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Recent developments that provide new understanding of the mechanisms of downstream signal transduction by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase are discussed, including how these might be involved in the mitogenic, motogenic, and tubulogenic effects of hepatocyte growth factor on renal epithelial cells.