tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Divine Banquet of the Brain, and Other Essays
Authors: Samuel Vaisrub
Journal: JAMA (1980)

True to its title, this book is a veritable<i>haute cuisine</i>of neurology. It is generously garnished with choice bits of psychiatry, linguistics, biography, history, philosophy, art, and literature—all flavored with compassion and sprinkled with humor. With the exception of a previously unpublished essay on Gordon Holmes, its 28 chapters are compiled from a variety of articles rescued from the oblivion of publication in obscure volumes of academic lore. Although without an avowed thesis, the essays do not lack unifying themes. Of particular importance to clinicians are the seven chapters on speech and its disorders, which illuminate, as medical texts rarely do, not only the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of aphasia but also its devastating emotional and sociological effects. Closely related to disorders of speech are those of body image, to which are accorded seven chapters ranging from man's attitude toward his nose and his hatred of hemiplegia to self-portraiture
Guinea-pigs, green boas, and gastroenteritis.
Authors: J MacLeod
Journal: BMJ (1979)

The Hospital de Rimac, attached to the Universidad Cayetano Heredia, is situated in one of the poorer parts of Lima.It has only 250 beds to serve a population of more than a million.Our arrival in Lima from a cold and strike-bound England brought us relief from only the cold: all non-medical hospital workers were striking for a weekly wage of £10.The pickets eventually let us through the hospital gates on the condition that we were COLOMBIA not to go near any of the few emergency patients they let in.The three of -SECUADOR x A us had two main aims -LW >
Hepatitis C is a predictor of acute liver injury among hospitalizations for acetaminophen overdose in the United States: A nationwide analysis
Authors: Geoffrey C. Nguyen, Justina Sam, Paul J. Thuluvath
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Acute liver injury (ALI) following acetaminophen overdose (AO) occurs in less than 10% of cases, but that risk is increased among alcoholics and those with chronic alcoholic liver disease. We sought to assess whether coexistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection potentiated the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen. We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1998-2005), a 20% sample of U.S. hospitals, to identify admissions for AO using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. Outcomes were development of ALI (ICD-9-CM: 570.0, 572.2, 573.3), in-hospital mortality, severe liver failure, and resource utilization. There were 42,781 admissions for AO in the sample, yielding a national estimate of 210,436 AO hospitalizations. HCV prevalence increased from 0.5% to 1.5% between 1998 and 2005 (P < 0.0001). The rate of ALI was 7.2%. After adjusting for confounders and excluding patients with cirrhosis, the risk of ALI increased with HCV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-2.48), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (aOR 7.43; 95% CI: 3.30-16.7), alcoholic liver disease (aOR 6.46; 95% CI: 4.53-9.21), and malnutrition (aOR 3.84; 95% CI: 2.61-5.65). HCV was associated with greater risk of progression to severe liver failure (aOR 3.55; 95% CI: 1.88-6.70). Crude mortality was higher in patients with HCV compared to those without HCV (2.1% versus 0.9%, P = 0.01); patients with ALI had an overall mortality of 8.6%. Length of stay was longer in patients with HCV (4.0 versus 2.6 days, P < 0.0001). Admissions with coexistent HCV also incurred two-fold higher hospital charges than those that did not ($21,400 versus $11,400, P < 0.0001).Our retrospective analysis suggests that patients with HCV may be at increased risk of ALI following AO. These findings warrant further confirmation in prospective studies.
Death and Blindness from Wood Alcohol.
Authors: Casey A. Wood
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Chicago, April 23, 1904. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The following circular letter has been sent to members of the Section on Ophthalmology of the American Medical Association and to some other physicians who would be most likely to furnish the desired information. If any of your readers, who have not received the circular, will assist in the investigation, by sending a report of unpublished cases, it will be gratefully received and acknowledged: In my judgment the time has arrived for placing preparations containing wood alcohol on the list of poisons. It would also, in my opinion, be appropriate if the initial steps were to proceed from the Section on Ophthalmology of the American Medical Association. As representative of that body in the House of Delegates I am gathering evidence to prove the toxicity of methylated preparations, a short account of which I propose to lay, first of all, before the Section,
Alexithymia: a Psychoanalytic Viewpoint
Authors: Joyce McDougall
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1982)

Alexithymic phenomena may result from a variety of psychological sources. Psychoanalytic observation of psychosomatic patients (and others as well) reveals that the inability to name, recognize, contain or work through one's affective states is frequently one manifestation of defensive structures of a psychotic kind (more radical than denial which deals with certain neurotic anxieties). Such massive defense has been created as a bulwark against various dangers, such as (1) psychotic anxieties (fear of mental or physical fragmentation; loss of identity-feeling; danger of uncontrollable, explosive action); (2) profound perturbation concerning the narcissistic self-image and its fluctuations, and (3) pathological formation of the ego-ideal structure concerning affective experience. All of these may contribute to the creation of alexithymic defects.
Predictors of response and loss of response to infliximab therapy for crohn's disease: a large UK single centre experience
Authors: M. Sprakes, A. C. Ford, L. Warren, D. Greer, P. J. Hamlin
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Infliximab (IFX) is licensed for use in Crohn9s disease (CD) in the UK. Data from randomised controlled trials demonstrate that IFX is more effective than placebo at inducing remission of active CD, healing fistulising CD and preventing relapse once remission is achieved. Factors predicting response to IFX, and sustained clinical benefit are still emerging. The authors analysed which patient characteristics may predict response, and also loss of response, to IFX, from a large prospective database of CD patients. <h3>Methods</h3> All patients who receive IFX therapy for CD in our referral centre for CD were included on a prospective database. Data stored included sex, age at diagnosis, duration of disease, surgical history, smoking history and Montreal classification. Concomitant therapy, IFX regimen, duration of therapy and number of infusions, Harvey-Bradshaw indices (HBI), were collected prospectively on commencement of IFX. Response to IFX, following induction or during continuing therapy (sustained clinical benefit), was defined as a ≥2 decrease in HBI, or by physician9s global assessment (PGA). <h3>Results</h3> In total, 3165 IFX infusions were delivered to 210 patients over a median of 24 (IQR 7–48) months (median of 12 (IQR 4–22) infusions per patient). In total, 173 (82.4%) patients responded to IFX induction as determined by PGA and HBI scores (mean HBI pre- of 9.0 and 4.3 post-IFX induction). There were 18 (8.6%) patients with primary non-response (NR) to IFX induction (mean HBI of 10.1 pre-IFX and 10.3 post-IFX induction). A further 19 (9.0%) patients discontinued IFX during induction for other reasons including adverse events. At the last point of follow-up, 114 (65.9%) of the 173 responders (54.3% of the original cohort) to induction therapy experienced sustained clinical benefit from IFX, as determined by HBI and/or PGA (mean HBI of 3.9, with 84 (40% of the original cohort) having an HBI≥4, indicating remission). Predictors of response to IFX included male sex (p=0.01 for response to induction and p=0.006 for sustained clinical benefit), luminal disease (p=0.02 for sustained clinical benefit) and scheduled 8 weekly therapy (p=0.03 for sustained clinical benefit). There were 32 (18.5%) with secondary NR, 14 received IFX episodically initially and 18 received IFX as scheduled therapy. Patients were significantly more likely to experience secondary NR if treated episodically at induction (p=0.01). Secondary NR occurred sooner in patients with a stricturing or penetrating phenotype (p=0.007). <h3>Conclusion</h3> IFX therapy is efficacious for treatment of CD. The authors identify a number of predictors of response to therapy. This data support the proposal of scheduled maintenance therapy for IFX responders as per the new NICE guidance.
What can randomized controlled trials tell us about nutrition and cancer prevention?
Authors: T. Byers
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1999)

Randomized controlled trials are regarded as the most definitive of study designs. The randomized controlled trials that have tested nutritional factors for cancer prevention are reviewed. Trials that have tested the effects of nutrients given as high-dose supplements have been largely disappointing, typically showing either no or harmful effects. Possible benefits of vitamin E for prostate cancer prevention and selenium for prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer prevention have emerged only as secondary endpoints in trials conducted for other purposes; confirmatory new trials for these nutrients are now underway or are planned. The limitations of both past and current randomized controlled trials for studying diet-cancer relationships are discussed. The disappointing findings that have emerged from short-term studies of high-dose supplements cannot be interpreted as direct tests of the diet-cancer relationship because high-dose supplements cannot fully simulate the effects of whole foods on cancer risk. As we await findings from current and future trials, we should not forget that the ample evidence from observational epidemiologic research—suggesting that diets rich in fruits and vegetables can reduce the risk of many of the most common cancers—can provide a sound basis for nutritional recommendations aimed at reducing cancer risk.
The NHS through American eyes
Authors: S. Leatherman, D. M Berwick
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Criticism from without, demoralisation within, and ubiquitous scepticism besiege the National Health Service. The NHS Plan, released in the summer,1 is the latest in a series of blueprints intended to redefine the resources, programmes, and operating principles of the NHS, but it too has met its share of cynics. We are two Americans, privileged to have an inside view of the NHS and its proposed reforms, and we share an optimism about the NHS that is hard to find in the UK nowadays.

Not that we don't see the trouble. The performance problems of the NHS are no secret. Some reflect random episodes of malfeasance, such as the murderous Harold Shipman, but more chronic problems afflict the NHS as a whole and, in aggregate, cause far more suffering and waste. They include long waiting lists, postal code variation in practice, and poor outcomes in cancer care, and they caused the UK to lag ninth out of 15 European Union countries in the World Health Organization's recent ranking of health systems.2 Yet, while many in the UK wring their hands over the problems, we continue to believe that the NHS has fundamentally “got it right.”

Firstly, the …
Correspondences between the interactive alignment account and Skinner's in Verbal Behavior
Authors: Joseph J. Pear
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Pickering &amp; Garrod's (P&amp;G's) interactive alignment account corresponds directly with the account Skinner (1957) gave in his book Verbal Behavior. This correspondence becomes evident when “properties of verbal stimuli” substitutes for “channels of alignment.” Skinner's account appears to have the dual advantages of requiring fewer basic terms and integrating the field of verbal behavior with the whole field of human behavior.
The beneficial effect of optimized neurohormonal therapy on exercise capacity in heart failure patients is associated with the restoration of endothelial function
Authors: Matthias Frick, Heike Huegel, Benedikt Lackner, Hannes F. Alber, Severin P. Schwarzacher, Otmar Pachinger, Franz Weidinger, Gerhard Poelzl
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Athletic Injury Assessment
Authors: P. N. Sperryn
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1986)

IState anxiety mean scores (mean values) derived from the questionnaires administered Immediately prior to playing In five derent matches Pre-intervention Post intervention Player X 58.0 44.6 Player Y 45.6 30.6Control subject A 43.2 42.0Control subject B 60.3 68.0programme was very valuable and had improved their performance.However, performance was only assessed subjectively and it cannot be concluded that the training procedure was responsible even if they were playing better after intervention.Self-reported anxiety levels indicated that the training was associated with a lower state anxiety immediately prior to playing.This was not the case for the two control subjects.It can be argued, therefore, that while the present observations do not establish unequivocally stress inoculation as the instrument of change in this context, they are certaily consistent with the view that it is a useful technique both for reducing anxiety and augmenting performance in certain competitive sports.
"Magic" mushrooms don't cause renal failure
Authors: E. G. Tuddenham
Journal: BMJ (2012)

“We have had recent experience with renal toxicity caused by deliberate ingestion of psilocybin mushrooms, which are eaten for their hallucinogenic effects. Acute renal failure secondary to the recreational use of mushrooms is rarely reported.”1

Each of these statements is problematic. The authors give no …
1023. Determination of the Maximum Tolerated Dose of the Replication-Competent Adenovirus Vector VRX-007 Following Intravenous Administration in Syrian Hamsters
Authors: Maria A. Thomas, Jacqueline F. Spencer, Jennifer M. Meyer, Marie C. LaRegina, Karoly Toth, Drew L. Lichtenstein, Ann E. Tollefson, Mohan Kuppuswamy, Baoling Ying, Louis A. Zumstein, William S.M. Wold
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

We have developed the Syrian hamster as a permissive immunocompetent model to evaluate the safety and efficacy of replication-competent adenovirus (Ad) vectors for cancer gene therapy. One of our vectors is named VRX-007; VRX-007 overexpresses ADP, an Ad protein that mediates virus release and cell-to-cell spread. In order to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of VRX-007 in hamsters, we administered a single injection of VRX-007 into the jugular vein. Hamsters received 1.9 |[times]| 108 PFU, 1.9 |[times]| 109 PFU, or 1.9 |[times]| 1010 PFU. No morbidity and no gross or histopathologic abnormalities were observed. In a second study, we administered VRX-007 via the jugular vein on three consecutive days. The cumulative doses were 1.9 |[times]| 1010 PFU for the low dose group, 5.7 |[times]| 1010 PFU for the intermediate dose group, and 1.1 |[times]| 1011 PFU for the high dose group. Half of each group was sacrificed on day 4, and the remainder of the animals were sacrificed on day 14. Hamsters in the low dose group did not display signs of morbidity, and no significant findings were observed grossly at either sacrifice date. In the intermediate group, one animal died on day 7; at necropsy, there was mild to moderate gross liver pathology at day 4 but only mild liver pathology at day 14. All animals in the high dose group were either found dead or became moribund and were sacrificed by three days postinjection. Liver enzymes (ALT and AST) in the serum were measured in order to evaluate the degree of hepatotoxicity. These enzymes were normal in the low dose group. For the intermediate group, the ALT and AST levels generally correlated with the degree of gross liver pathology observed at necropsy, with mild to moderate elevation at 4 days that resolved at 14 days. For the low and intermediate groups, elevation of alkaline phosphatase levels as well as a decrease in total protein and albumin levels were observed at 4 but not 14 days. For both groups, hematological analysis revealed a dose-dependent decrease in platelet counts on day four, although platelet counts were normal again at 14 days. Based on these data, we estimate the MTD of VRX-007 when adminstered intravenously on three consecutive days into Syrian hamsters to be the low dose used in this study (1.9 |[times]| 1010 PFU total or 1.7 |[times]| 1011 VP total). This corresponds to a dose of 2.1 |[times]| 1011 PFU/kg (1.9 |[times]| 1012 VP/kg).
Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in two rodent models
Authors: Stephanie Coulon, Vanessa Legry, Femke Heindryckx, Christophe Van Steenkiste, Christophe Casteleyn, Kim Olievier, Louis Libbrecht, Peter Carmeliet, Bart Jonckx, Jean-Marie Stassen, Hans Van Vlierberghe, Isabelle Leclercq, Isabelle Colle, Anja Geerts
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

The pathophysiology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) should be approached as a multifactorial process. In several stages of NASH, a link between disease progression and hepatic microvasculature changes can be made. In this study we investigated the role of angiogenesis in two mouse models for NASH, and the effect of a preventive and therapeutic antiangiogenic treatment in a diet-induced mouse model for NASH. Protein and RNA levels of angiogenic and inflammatory factors were significantly up-regulated in the liver of C56BL/6 and db/db mice with NASH at different timepoints. To examine the effect of angiogenic factors on the disease progression of NASH, a prevention and treatment study was set up, blocking the placental growth factor (PlGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Our study showed that treatment prevents the progression of NASH by attenuating steatosis and inflammation, both in a preventive and therapeutic setting, thereby confirming the hypothesis that angiogenic factors play an early role in the disease progression from steatosis to NASH. Anti-PlGF (αPlGF) did not significantly improve liver histology. Vascular corrosion casting showed a more disrupted liver vasculature in mice with NASH compared to controls. Treatment with αVEGFR2 showed an improvement of the liver vasculature. Moreover, fat-laden primary hepatocytes treated with αVEGFR2 stored significantly less lipids.Our results demonstrate that there is an increased expression of angiogenic factors in the liver in different mouse models for NASH. We found that VEGFR2 blockage attenuates steatosis and inflammation in a diet-induced mouse model for NASH in a preventive and therapeutic setting. Our findings warrant further investigation of the role of angiogenesis in the pathophysiology in NASH.
EXTROVERSION OF THE BLADDER: Its Treatment by Extraperitoneal Implantation of the Ureters into the Rectum
Authors: C. J. Bond
Journal: BMJ (1906)

L B"5'I diagnosis and the condition found at operation.For this information I am indebted to those who kindly supplied me with particulars of the cases I have examined for them in my laboratory, and particularly to Mr. Mayo Robson, who has operated on many of the cases included in Groups 1, 2, and 4. The urines here dealt with form a consecutive series of 100 specimens, derived from 94 persons.
Try a carbon ribbon 'round the old hurt knee (and shoulder)
Authors: Beverly Merz
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Some victims of knee and shoulder injuries— including sidelined athletes—and patients with degenerative joint diseases are moving their limbs freely and without pain, thanks to a carbon-composite implant for ligaments and tendons. The implant, developed by a team of engineers and orthopedic surgeons at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in Newark, provides a biodegradable scaffold upon which torn tissues can regrow. The New Jersey investigators, led by Harold A. Alexander, PhD, director of the orthopedic research laboratories, and Andrew Weiss, MD, director of orthopedic surgery, had been frustrated in their search for a good permanent prosthesis for tendons and ligaments. As Alexander said in an interview with<i>JAMA</i>MEDICAL NEWS, "We couldn't come up with a material that was biocompatible, yet strong and resilient enough to withstand the demands made on these structures. So we concentrated on developing a replacement that was not dependent upon long-term
Alu-Mediated Acquisition of Unstable ATTCT Pentanucleotide Repeats in the Human ATXN10 Gene
Authors: T. Kurosaki, T. Matsuura, K. Ohno, S. Ueda
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 is caused by ATTCT repeat expansion in the ATXN10 gene in humans. We studied the evolutionary history of the human genome to determine the time and mechanism of the acquisition of unstable ATTCT repeats in the genome. We found that long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) was inserted into ATXN10 intron 9; Alu was then inserted in the middle of LINE-1; and endogenous retrovilcus K was lastly retrotransposed in the middle of Alu. The ATTCT repeat was located on the boundary between the 3′-end of the Alu element and the direct repeat arising from LINE-1. We determined nucleotide sequences of the orthologous region of 50 individuals representing 33 primate species and compared them with the human sequence. The analysis revealed that the ATTCT repeat is present only in human and apes. Old World monkeys also possess pentanucleotide repeats, but their motifs are TGTCT and GGTCT. New World monkeys and prosimians are not informative because they lack the corresponding region in ATXN10 intron 9. Our studies dictate two parsimonious scenarios of evolution. First, a TTTCT motif arose from a TTTTT motif at the junction of Alu and LINE-1, which was followed by introduction of A to make an ATTCT motif in hominoids. Second, an ATTCT motif was directly generated from an ancestral ATTTT motif in the common ancestor of catarrhines. We also demonstrate that orangutan uniquely introduced G to make a GTTCT motif and later C to make a GTTCC motif, where newly introduced nucleotides are underlined. Our studies reveal that nucleotide substitutions in a poly(A) tail of the Alu element and the following amplification of pentanucleotides occurred in the lineages of Old World monkeys and hominoids and that unstable ATTCT pentanucleotide repeats originated in the common ancestor of hominoids. These findings also highlight a new aspect of the role of retrotransposons in human disease and evolution, which might be useful in investigating the mystery of human uniqueness.
Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands
Authors: Frederick G. Wenzel, Thomas D. Horn
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1998)

Eccrine glands are uniquely susceptible to a variety of pathologic processes. Alteration in the rate of sweat secretion manifests as hypohidrosis and hyperhidrosis. Obstruction of the eccrine duct leads to miliaria. The excretion of drugs into eccrine sweat may be a contributory factor in neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis (NEH), syringosquamous metaplasia (SSM), coma bulla, and erythema multiforme (EM). Alterations in the electrolyte composition of eccrine sweat can be observed in several systemic diseases, most notably cystic fibrosis. This article summarizes current knowledge of eccrine gland pathophysiology.