tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gallium-67 Imaging of Unsuspected Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in AIDS
Authors: VANITA GILBERTSON, ELIZABETH OATES
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

This case demonstrates the importance of whole body imaging when performing gallium-67 imaging for Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). These patients are susceptible to a variety of opportunistic infections that can involve the central nervous system as well as the lungs. As this case illustrates, the initial clinical presentation does not always direct the clinician to the involved organ system.
Transient Paralysis of the Phrenic Nerve Associated With Head Injury
Authors: Srinivas Prasad
Journal: JAMA (1976)

DIAPHRAGMATIC paralysis in patients with head injury is clinically important for two reasons: (1) it can aggravate the inevitable respiratory problems in the immediate postinjury period, and (2) it can contribute to recurrent pulmonary problems during the recovery phase. The clinical course of two children described here document these problems. During the first few days of treatment of acute head injury, attention is directed toward life-threatening problems such as intracranial bleeding, cerebral edema, and internal bleeding. Some of the less important injuries, such as fractures of the clavicle and fingers, are very often recognized during the recovery phase. One such injury that is important to be recognized during the rehabilitation phase of head injury is phrenic nerve paralysis. We have treated two children with head injury in whom recurrent respiratory problems have been associated with phrenic nerve paralysis. A third child had a clinical picture compatible with this diagnosis, but
"Gold standard" is an appropriate term.
Authors: E. Versi
Journal: BMJ (1992)

by the questionnaire, allowing treatment before admission.Surgical clinics fulfil three objectives: the diagnosis is considered, the patient's suitability for surgery and in particular anaesthesia is assessed, and diagnosis and treatment are discussed.Taking these points in reverse order, the implications of the diagnosis and treatment could easily be conveyed by letter, and the second objective could be covered by the questionnaire.I reviewed only patients admitted for operation and therefore did not address the first objective, but in most cases the diagnosis of hernia is obvious, and uncertain cases could still be assessed in outpatient clinics.Collins points out that general practitioners are usually willing to follow up surgical cases, and it seems that the function of the preoperative outpatient appointment could often be undertaken by the patient's general practitioner.This would help to allow more complex consultations the 20 minutes that Collins recommends and prevent unnecessary waiting in busy clinics for patients with straightforward problems.
Effects of instilled fibrogenic particles on the clonal growth of murine pulmonary alveolar macrophages.
Authors: Y Oghiso, Y Yamada, Y Shibata
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1992)

Murine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) form macrophage colonies in vitro with colony-stimulating factors, which stimulate the clonal growth of radioresistant alveolar colony-forming cells (AL-CFC). The toxic effects of fibrogenic mineral dust particles on AL-CFC were investigated after intratracheal instillation into mice. Exposure to either crocidolite asbestos or silica (Min-u-sil) induced a significant depletion of AL-CFC as well as a decrease in PAM recovery compared to either untreated or titanium dioxide-exposed animals. Such effects were also noted with different doses (50-200 micrograms/animal) of instilled particles. The plating efficiency of AL-CFC was depleted in PAM exposed to fibrogenic particles in vitro, but not when exposed to nonfibrogenic titanium dioxide particles. These results indicate the toxic effects of fibrogenic dust particles on the clonal growth of PAM, cells which play a role in the clearance of inhaled particles from the lung and in subsequent pathologic processes.
Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and CD14 interaction induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha generation and neutrophil sequestration in lungs after intratracheal endotoxin.
Authors: Y Ishii, Y Wang, A Haziot, P J del Vecchio, S M Goyert, A B Malik
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

It has been proposed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bound to the 60-kD LPS binding protein (LBP) forms an LPS/LBP complex that, in turn, binds to the CD14 receptor on monocytes/macrophages and stimulates the release of cytokines. We examined the role of LBP and CD14 in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production and neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte [PMN]) sequestration in lungs induced by intratracheal instillation of LPS using rabbit lungs perfused at constant flow with lactated Ringer-albumin solution. LPS alone (Salmonella minnesota, wild type; 20 ng) or in the presence of LBP (500 ng) was injected intratracheally. In some experiments, human PMNs (5 x 10(7)) were added to the perfusate after a 2-hour period of perfusion. Samples of lung perfusate were collected every 30 minutes for 180 minutes when bronchoalveolar lavage was also performed. TNF-alpha concentrations in the perfusate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined by use of a bioassay with L-929 fibroblasts, and PMN accumulation in lungs was determined by myeloperoxidase assay of lung homogenates. LPS alone did not significantly increase TNF-alpha production or lung PMN accumulation, whereas the LPS/LBP complex increased TNF-alpha concentration in perfusate twofold and PMN accumulation twofold compared with the effect of LPS alone. Intratracheal instillation of anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody MY4 (40 micrograms) with the LPS/LBP complex prevented TNF-alpha release and PMN sequestration, whereas an isotype-matched control monoclonal antibody was ineffective. Therefore, LBP in the airspace enhances the LPS effect on TNF-alpha production via a CD14-dependent pathway, and as a result, CD14 activation can contribute to lung PMN sequestration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Activation and Differentiation of Autoreactive B-1 Cells by Interleukin 10 Induce Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in Fas-deficient Antierythrocyte Immunoglobulin Transgenic Mice
Authors: Norihiko Watanabe, Koichi Ikuta, Sazuku Nisitani, Tsutomu Chiba, Tasuku Honjo
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

The Fas (CD95) gene is among critical genetic factors in some autoimmune diseases, which are characterized by autoantibody (autoAb) productions. In mice, mutations in the Fas gene cause lymphoproliferation (lpr) which predominantly develops glomerulonephritis, whereas the mutations in human cause autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) characterized by autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and thrombocytopenia. Although the mechanism of antinuclear Ab in Fas-deficient background has been well characterized, that of antierythrocyte Ab production in ALPS has been still unclear. To investigate this mechanism, we developed a mouse line by crossing the antierythrocyte antibody transgenic mice (H+L6 mice) and Fas-deficient mice. Although Fas deficiency did not break tolerance of autoreactive B-2 cells in H+L6 mice, autoreactive B-1 cells in Fas-deficient H+L6 homozygous mice became activated and differentiated into autoAb-producing cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and lamina propria of intestine, resulting in severe anemia. In addition, serum levels of interleukin (IL)-10 significantly increased in Fas−/− × H+L6 homozygous mice and administration of anti–IL-10 Ab prevented exacerbation of autoAb production and AIHA. These results suggest that activation of B-1 cells is responsible for induction of AIHA in Fas-deficient condition and that IL-10 plays a critical role in terminal differentiation of B-1 cells in these mice.
Abstract P4-07-14: The effects of calorie restriction on microRNA expression profiles and DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis in a model of luminal A breast cancer
Authors: KL Devlin, T Sanford, E Mambo, SD Hursting
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract MicroRNA (miR) are small, post-transcriptional regulators that play an integral role in maintenance of cellular functions and whose dyregulation has been shown to promote many types of cancer, including breast cancer. While it has been shown that microRNA are dyregulated through the stages of breast cancer development, it was our goal to define the microRNA expression profiles of the individual stages in a model of luminal A breast cancer in order to identify which are specifically associated with progression. In addition, we aim to establish the effects of calorie restriction, which is known to inhibit breast cancer progression, on relevant microRNA. To address these questions, 100 female Sprague Dawley rats were administered either dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or vehicle control at 50 days of age, then randomized to receive either control (AIN-76A) diet ad-libitum (n = 40) or a 30% CR diet regiment (n = 60). Resultant mammary tumors were allowed to develop for 12 weeks. Calorie restriction significantly increased survival to study endpoint relative to control diet (75% vs 35%, respectively) (p = 0.0047). Furthermore, of the animals that developed tumors, CR significantly decreased median tumor area by 56% compared to control diet (109.4 mm2 vs 250.9 mm2, respectively) (p = 0.0286). To analyze the impact of microRNA modulation on tumor progression, mammary tumors from control animals were microdissected in a stage-dependent fashion, with areas of normal epithelium, intraductal proliferation, ductal carcinoma in-situ, and invasive ductal carcinoma collected and analyzed separately. We have identified 10 microRNAs that are associated with cancer progression in this model (miR-10a, -10b, -21, -92b, -124, -125b, -126, -145, -200a, -658). We are currently analyzing which of these microRNAs are CR-responsive and how their modulation affects tumorigenic indices. The results obtained will provide insights into the mechanisms of breast cancer progression and how calorie restriction inhibits progression through microRNA modulation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P4-07-14.
Exercise Training in Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Authors: Richard Casaburi, Karlman Wasserman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

Exercise capacity is normally limited by the maximal rate of oxygen transport to the mitochondria of the exercising muscles. The limiting symptoms are skeletal-muscle fatigue and discomfort caused by local anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid accumulation.In contrast, exercise capacity in patients with chronic airflow obstruction is limited by the maximal level of ventilation they can sustain. The limiting symptom is dyspnea or generalized fatigue. Exercise training is commonly used in programs of pulmonary rehabilitation in an attempt to improve exercise tolerance. To understand the benefits and limitations of exercise training in pulmonary rehabilitation, it is necessary to consider the . . .
ESMO takes a stand on supportive and palliative care
Authors: N.I. Cherny, R. Catane, P. Kosmidis, M. Tonato, M. Maltoni, K. Winand Lange, H. Kappauf, M. Kloke, A.-C. Grigorescu, S. Tjulandin, V. Bryuzgin, P. Siedlecki, K. Holli, Dirk Schrijvers, Ö. Özyilkan, Martin Chasen, M. Wagnerova, J. Szanto, J. Oliveira
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2003)
Both Preoperative Perinuclear Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody and Anti-CBir1 Expression in Ulcerative Colitis Patients Influence Pouchitis Development After Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis
Authors: Phillip Fleshner, Andrew Ippoliti, Marla Dubinsky, Eric Vasiliauskas, Ling Mei, Konstantinos A. Papadakis, Jerome I. Rotter, Carol Landers, Stephan Targan
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2008)
Temozolomide Does Not Impair Gene Therapy-Mediated Antitumor Immunity in Syngeneic Brain Tumor Models
Authors: Marianela Candolfi, Kader Yagiz, Mia Wibowo, Gabrielle E. Ahlzadeh, Mariana Puntel, Homayon Ghiasi, Neha Kamran, Christopher Paran, Pedro R. Lowenstein, Maria G. Castro
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common primary brain cancer in adults. Chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) significantly prolongs the survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme. However, the three-year survival is still approximately 5%. Herein, we combined intratumoral administration of an adenoviral vector expressing Flt3L (Ad-Flt3L) with systemic temozolomide to assess its impact on therapeutic efficacy.Wild-type or immunodeficient mice bearing intracranial glioblastoma multiforme or metastatic melanoma were treated with an intratumoral injection of Ad-Flt3L alone or in combination with the conditionally cytotoxic enzyme thymidine kinase (Ad-TK), followed by systemic administration of ganciclovir and temozolomide. We monitored survival and measured the tumor-infiltrating immune cells.Although treatment with temozolomide alone led to a small improvement in median survival, when used in combination with gene therapy-mediated immunotherapy, it significantly increased the survival of tumor-bearing mice. The antitumor effect was further enhanced by concomitant intratumoral administration of Ad-TK, leading to 50% to 70% long-term survival in all tumor models. Although temozolomide reduced the content of T cells in the tumor, this did not affect the therapeutic efficacy. The antitumor effect of Ad-Flt3L+Ad-TK+TMZ required an intact immune system because the treatment failed when administered to knock out mice that lacked lymphocytes or dendritic cells.Our results challenge the notion that chemotherapy leads to a state of immune-suppression which impairs the ability of the immune system to mount an effective antitumor response. Our work indicates that temozolomide does not inhibit antitumor immunity and supports its clinical implementation in combination with immune-mediated therapies.
Integrative Genomic Analysis Identifies <i>NDRG2</i> as a Candidate Tumor Suppressor Gene Frequently Inactivated in Clinically Aggressive Meningioma
Authors: Eriks A. Lusis, Mark A. Watson, Michael R. Chicoine, Meghan Lyman, Peter Roerig, Guido Reifenberger, David H. Gutmann, Arie Perry
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Although meningiomas are common central nervous system tumors, little is known about the genetic events responsible for malignant progression. In this study, we employed gene expression profiling to identify transcripts whose expression was lost in anaplastic (WHO grade III) versus benign (WHO grade I) meningioma. Approximately 40% of genes down-regulated in anaplastic meningioma were localized to chromosomes 1p and 14q. One specific gene located at 14q11.2, NDRG2, was consistently down-regulated in grade III meningioma, a finding which we validated at both the transcript and protein levels in independent sets of clinically and pathologically diverse meningiomas. Loss of NDRG2 expression was also seen in a subset of lower-grade meningiomas, including atypical meningiomas (WHO grade II) with clinically aggressive behavior. Furthermore, we found that the loss of NDRG2 expression was significantly associated with hypermethylation of the NDRG2 promoter. Collectively, these data identify NDRG2 as the first specific candidate tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 14q that is inactivated during meningioma progression. In addition, these findings highlight the utility of combining genomic, epigenetic, and expression data to identify clinically significant tumor biomarkers, and suggest that NDRG2 expression will be a useful and functionally relevant biomarker to predict aggressive behavior in patients with meningioma.
Diagnosis and management of autism in childhood
Authors: S. Blenner, A. Reddy, M. Augustyn
Journal: BMJ (2011)

#### Summary points

Autism spectrum disorder is a commonly used umbrella term for a class of neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by a triad of deficits in social reciprocity, impaired communication, and repetitive restricted patterns of behaviour or interests. Symptoms are evident in early childhood, often before age 3 years, and result in functional impairment. Autism was first described in the 1940s; it was originally thought to be relatively rare because only the most severely affected people were identified. However, epidemiological studies have documented an increasing prevalence over the past 15 years, with one UK cohort study from 2006 reporting a prevalence rate of about one in 110 children compared with four to five cases per 10 000 before the 1990s.1 This reflects, in part, recognition of a broader phenotype of affected individuals who share impairments within the three core areas.2

It is crucial that general clinicians are familiar with the diagnosis and management of autism because the importance of early identification and intervention, and the benefit of supporting families in navigating the myriad of decisions once …
Relation of Diet to Caloric Expenditure
Authors: Elena Citkowitz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Letters15 March 1994Relation of Diet to Caloric ExpenditureElena Citkowitz, MD, PhDElena Citkowitz, MD, PhDHospital of Saint Raphael; New Haven, CT 06511Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-6-199403150-00016 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:That the composition of a diet can affect the way in which calories are expended is a fascinating concept. Hill and colleagues [1] state that the impact of diet composition on the thermic effect of food is not significant. They base part of their argument on what appears to be a miscalculation. Table 1 and the text state that the total thermic effect of food is 230 kcal for a person on a low-fat diet who consumes 2500 kcal/d. The total is, in fact, 310 if the numbers for the individual components are correct: carbohydrate (120), fat ...REFERENCE1. Hill JO, Drougas H, Peters JC. Obesity treatment: Can diet composition play a role? Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119(7 pt 2):694-7. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Hospital of Saint Raphael; New Haven, CT 06511 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 March 1994Volume 120, Issue 6Page: 522-523KeywordsAerobic exerciseCarbohydratesDietEatingExerciseFatsFoodProteinsWeight gainWeight loss Issue Published: 15 March 1994 CopyrightCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
The Influence of Position on the Breath Sounds
Authors: Andrew Kerr
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1951)

A SURVEY of 26 standard textbooks on physical diagnosis1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 reveals that in only three15 , 23 , 24 is there a specific reference to the nature of the variation in breath sounds occurring with change in position. According to two of these23 , 24 the breath sounds on the dependent side are diminished, whereas the other15 states that they are increased. The present study seems to clarify this little known, though admittedly insignificant point.Method and MaterialAuscultation of the chest was performed on 58 men and women from the clinics and wards of Charity Hospital in New Orleans, with the subjects in the upright and . . .
Managing depression in general practice.
Authors: R Lane
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Estimnated progressioni of mticroalbuminuria in three patienits with differenit duirationis ofdiabetes Duration of Estimated excretion Estimated time diabetes Excretion rate rate at from entrv to overt at entry at entry Estimated annual rate follow up nephropathy (years) (mg/24 h) of increase (¼) (mg/24 h) (years) 16 75 12
Obesity in children. Part 2: Prevention and management
Authors: R. R Kipping, R. Jago, D. A Lawlor
Journal: BMJ (2008)

#### Summary points

In the first part of this article we described how obesity in children is measured, its prevalence, whether children should be screened, and the risk factors for and consequences of obesity.1 In this part we review the current evidence on the prevention and management of childhood obesity.

#### Sources and selection criteria

This review draws on the Foresight report, guidance from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and the Australian National Health Medical Research Council, and Cochrane review.

In April 2008 we searched the Cochrane Library database of reviews and the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases using the search term “obesity”. We also conducted a Medline search ((Child$ or paediatric or pediatric or adolescent) and (Obes$ or overweight)) limited to 1 January 2005 to 6 May 2008 and “review articles”; this identified 1105 articles. We read the abstracts of these articles and retrieved relevant papers. We also used articles from our own bibliographies collected over the past 10 years.

The evidence to support the measurement, prevention, and management of obesity in children is still relatively weak, with few randomised controlled trials or systematic reviews. The strength of evidence is developing and the updated Cochrane review that will be published in 2009 …
Trends in mortality from 1965 to 2008 across the English north-south divide: comparative observational study
Authors: J. M. Hacking, S. Muller, I. E. Buchan
Journal: BMJ (2011)

To compare all cause mortality between the north and south of England over four decades.Population wide comparative observational study of mortality.Five northernmost and four southernmost English government office regions.All residents in each year from 1965 to 2008.Death rate ratios of north over south England by age band and sex, and northern excess mortality (percentage of excess deaths in north compared with south, adjusted for age and sex and examined for annual trends, using Poisson regression).During 1965 to 2008 the northern excess mortality remained substantial, at an average of 13.8% (95% confidence interval 13.7% to 13.9%). This geographical inequality was significantly larger for males than for females (14.9%, 14.7% to 15.0% v 12.7%, 12.6% to 12.9%, P<0.001). The inequality decreased significantly but temporarily for both sexes from the early 80s to the late 90s, followed by a steep significant increase from 2000 to 2008. Inequality varied with age, being higher for ages 0-9 years and 40-74 years and lower for ages 10-39 years and over 75 years. Time trends also varied with age. The strongest trend over time by age group was the increase among the 20-34 age group, from no significant northern excess mortality in 1965-95 to 22.2% (18.7% to 26.0%) in 1996-2008. Overall, the north experienced a fifth more premature (<75 years) deaths than the south, which was significant: a pattern that changed only by a slight increase between 1965 and 2008.Inequalities in all cause mortality in the north-south divide were severe and persistent over the four decades from 1965 to 2008. Males were affected more than females, and the variation across age groups was substantial. The increase in this inequality from 2000 to 2008 was notable and occurred despite the public policy emphasis in England over this period on reducing inequalities in health.