tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Psychological Outcomes One Year After a Motor Vehicle Accident
Authors: Richard Mayou, Bridget Bryant, Anke Ehlers
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

The authors' goal was to identify predictors of 1-year outcomes for consecutive patients in a hospital emergency department following motor vehicle accidents and to describe the prevalence and course of four types of psychiatric outcomes after such accidents.Consecutive patients aged 17-69 years who attended a general hospital emergency department following a motor vehicle accident were identified. Medical information for these patients was extracted from case notes, and the patients completed self-report questionnaires at baseline (soon after the accident), 3 months after the accident, and 1 year after the accident. Measures included a self-report scale for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and questions about phobic travel anxiety. Logistic regression was used to examine predictors of outcome.Different frequencies and courses of PTSD, phobic travel anxiety, general anxiety, and depression were reported by a third of the subjects at both 3-month and 1-year follow-up. Many of the subjects reported improvements between 3 and 12 months, but others described late onset of psychiatric outcomes after the accident. There were differences in baseline and 3-month predictors of each type of 1-year outcome.The four types of psychiatric outcomes after a motor vehicle accident that were noted overlap, are persistent, and have different early predictors. These findings have implications for the early recognition of psychiatric consequences of motor vehicle accidents that would enable early intervention.
Disruption by interferon-alpha of an autocrine interleukin-6 growth loop in IL-6-dependent U266 myeloma cells by homologous and heterologous down-regulation of the IL-6 receptor alpha- and beta-chains.
Authors: M Schwabe, A T Brini, M C Bosco, F Rubboli, M Egawa, J Zhao, G L Princler, H F Kung
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

IL-6 is an autocrine growth factor for U266 myeloma cells and their growth is inhibited by IFN-alpha or IL-6 mAb. We asked, therefore, whether IFN-alpha-induced growth inhibition involved IL-6. IFN-alpha and mAb against IL-6, the IL-6R alpha-(gp80) or beta-chain (gp130) potently inhibited U266 cells. Remarkably, this effect occurred despite IFN-alpha-augmented secretion of endogenous IL-6. However, examining the IL-6R revealed that IFN-alpha drastically curtailed expression of the IL-6R alpha- and beta-chain. This effect occurred on two different levels (protein and mRNA) and by two different mechanisms (directly and indirectly through IL-6). First, IFN-alpha, but not IL-6, greatly decreased gp80 and, to a lesser extent, gp130 mRNA levels which resulted in a loss of IL-6 binding sites. Second, IFN-alpha-induced IL-6 predominantly down-regulated membrane-bound gp130. IFN-alpha-mediated decrease of gp80 levels was not detected on IL-6-independent myeloma (RPMI 8226) or myeloid cells (U937). We conclude that IFN-alpha inhibited IL-6-dependent myeloma cell growth by depriving U266 cells of an essential component of their autocrine growth loop, a functional IL-6R.
Early embryonic vascular development
Authors: H. Scott Baldwin
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

Establishment of a functional vascular system is imperative for normal embryonic growth and development. Building on the excellent descriptive studies of endothelial cell position and behavior, it is now possible to begin to define the mechanisms directing endothelial cell differentiation, commitment, migration and organization into a tube. What are the factors that control differentiation of mesoderm into angioblasts and what is needed for these angioblasts to organize into a vascular bed? These processes involve the careful orchestration of a diverse group of molecules including components of the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion receptors, growth factors and their receptors. This review has discussed just a few of the components that have been implicated as potentially important in the establishment of the vascular system. However, our understanding of how vessels form in the embryo is really quite rudimentary. We are just beginning to understand the delicate balance of both angiogenic and angiostatic processes that result in the intricate patterning and diverse function that is characteristic of developing endothelial cells. We have not even discussed important factors such as the role of blood flow and apoptosis in maintaining and remodeling vascular beds within the embryo nor have we addressed the development of endothelial heterogeneity in the mature animal [reviewed in Ref. 98]. There are certain to be new molecules identified as well as the delineation of new roles for known molecules. In addition, advances in genetic manipulation and improvements in both in vitro and in vivo model systems should provide important new insights into this critical process of vascular ontogeny.
Publication Bias in Editorial Decision Making
Authors: Carin M. Olson
Journal: JAMA (2002)

Studies with positive results are more likely to be published than studies with negative results (publication bias). One reason this occurs is that authors are less likely to submit manuscripts reporting negative results to journals. There is no evidence that publication bias occurs once manuscripts have been submitted to a medical journal. We assessed whether submitted manuscripts that report results of controlled trials are more likely to be published if they report positive results.Prospective cohort study of manuscripts submitted to JAMA from February 1996 through August 1999. We classified results as positive if there was a statistically significant difference (P<.05) reported for the primary outcome. Study characteristics and indicators for quality were also appraised. We included manuscripts that reported prospective studies in which participants were assigned to an intervention or comparison group and statistical tests compared differences between groups.Among 745 manuscripts, 133 (17.9%) were published: 78 (20.4%) of 383 with positive results, 51 (15.0%) of 341 with negative results, and 4 (19.0%) of 21 with unclear results. The crude relative risk for publication of studies with positive results compared with negative results was 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.88). After being adjusted simultaneously for study characteristics and quality indicators, the odds ratio for publishing studies with positive results was 1.30 (95% CI, 0.87-1.96).Among submitted manuscripts, we did not find a statistically significant difference in publication rates between those with positive vs negative results.
Attitudes of Psychiatrists and Psychologists Toward Alcoholism
Authors: WILMA J. KNOX
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

Responses to a survey of attitudes on alcoholism were obtained from 345 psychiatrists and 480 psychologists employed by the Veterans Administration. Their attitudes were remarkably similar. Both groups rejected the disease concept in preference to characterizing alcoholism as a behavior problem, symptom complex, or escape mechanism. Both groups were inconsistent in advocating neuropsychiatric hospitalization while considering treatment benefits very limited. Members of both groups were reluctant to participate personally to any degree in rendering this treatment.
Progression From High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia to Cancer: A Randomized Trial of Combination Vitamin-E, Soy, and Selenium
Authors: Neil E. Fleshner, Linda Kapusta, Bryan Donnelly, Simon Tanguay, Joseph Chin, Karen Hersey, Anne Farley, Ken Jansz, D. Robert Siemens, Kiril Trpkov, Louis Lacombe, Martin Gleave, Dongsheng Tu, Wendy R. Parulekar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is a putative precursor of invasive prostate cancer (PCa). Preclinical evidence suggests vitamin E, selenium, and soy protein may prevent progression of HGPIN to PCa. This hypothesis was tested in a randomized phase III double-blind study of daily soy (40 g), vitamin E (800 U), and selenium (200 μg) versus placebo.Three hundred three men in 12 Canadian centers were analyzed. The main eligibility criterion was confirmed HGPIN in at least one of two biopsies within 18 months of random assignment. Treatment was administered daily for 3 years. Follow-up prostate biopsies occurred at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months postrandomization. The primary end point was time to development of invasive PCa. Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank tests were used to compare two treatment groups for this end point.For all patients, the median age was 62.8 years. The median baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA; n = 302) was 5.41 ug/L; total testosterone (n = 291) was 13.4 nmol/L. Invasive PCa developed among 26.4% of patients. The hazard ratio for the nutritional supplement to prevent PCa was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.67 to 1.60; P = .88). Gleason score distribution was similar in both groups with 83.5% of cancers graded Gleason sum of 6. Baseline age, weight, PSA, and testosterone did not predict for development of PCa. The supplement was well tolerated with flatulence reported more frequently (27% v 17%) among men receiving micronutrients.This trial does not support the hypothesis that combination vitamin E, selenium, and soy prevents progression from HGPIN to PCa.
Discordance of Species Trees with Their Most Likely Gene Trees: A Unifying Principle
Authors: N. A. Rosenberg
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2013)

A labeled gene tree topology that disagrees with a labeled species tree topology is said to be anomalous if it is more probable under a coalescent model for gene lineage evolution than the labeled gene tree topology that matches the species tree. It has previously been shown that as a consequence of short internal branches of the species tree, for every labeled species tree topology with five or more taxa, and for asymmetric four-taxon species tree topologies, an assignment of species tree branch lengths can be made which gives rise to anomalous gene trees (AGTs). Here, I offer an alternative characterization of this result—a labeled species tree topology produces AGTs if and only if it contains two consecutive internal branches in an ancestor–descendant relationship—and I provide a proof that follows from the change in perspective. The reformulation and alternative proof of the existence result for AGTs provide the insight that it is not merely short internal branches that generate AGTs, but instead, short internal branches that are arranged consecutively.
Recurrence risks in offspring of adults with major heart defects: results from first cohort of British collaborative study
Authors: J Burn, P Brennan, J Little, S Holloway, R Coffey, J Somerville, NR Dennis, L Allan, R Arnold, JE Deanfield, M Godman, A Houston, B Keeton, C Oakley, O Scott, E Silove, J Wilkinson, M Pembrey, AS Hunter
Journal: The Lancet (1998)
Prevalence of asthma in Rhodesian Africans.
Authors: J B Cookson, G Makoni
Journal: Thorax (1980)

The prevalence of asthma in a small African town has been assessed using two questionnaires. The first was put to 9768 subjects aged 5 years and older and the second, more detailed, questionnaire to random selections of these subjects grouped according to their replies. The overall prevalence of asthma was 1.40%. In those under 20 years of age it was 1.20% and in adults, 1.57%. This adult rate is similar to those in developed countries but that in children is lower. The relative paucity of childhood asthma is compatible with the suggestion that infestation with parasites may protect against the disease.
T Cell Response in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE): Role of Self and Cross-Reactive Antigens in Shaping, Tuning, and Regulating the Autopathogenic T Cell Repertoire
Authors: Vijay K. Kuchroo, Ana C. Anderson, Hanspeter Waldner, Markus Munder, Estelle Bettelli, Lindsay B. Nicholson
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2002)

T cells that can respond to self-antigens are present in the peripheral immune repertoire of all healthy individuals. Recently we have found that unmanipulated SJL mice that are highly susceptible to EAE also maintain a very high frequency of T cells responding to an encephalitogenic epitope of a myelin antigen proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151 in the peripheral repertoire. This is not due to lack of expression of myelin antigens in the thymus resulting in escape of PLP 139-151 reactive cells from central tolerance, but is due to expression of a splice variant of PLP named DM20, which lacks the residues 116-150. In spite of this high frequency, the PLP 139-151 reactive cells remain undifferentiated in the periphery and do not induce spontaneous EAE. In contrast, SJL TCR transgenic mice expressing a receptor derived from a pathogenic T cell clone do develop spontaneous disease. This may be because in normal mice, autoreactive cells are kept in check by an alternate PLP 139-151 reactive nonpathogenic repertoire, which maintains a balance that keeps them healthy. If this is the case, selective activation of one repertoire or the other may alter susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Since T cells are generally cross-reactive, besides responding to nonself-antigens, they also maintain significant responses to self-antigens. Based on the PLP 139-151 system, we propose a model in which activation with foreign antigens can result in the generation of pathogenic memory T cells that mediate autoimmunity. We also outline circumstances under which activation of self-reactive T cells with foreign antigens can generate selective tolerance and thus generate protective/regulatory memory against self while still maintaining significant responses against foreign antigens. This provides a mechanism by which the fidelity and specificity of the immune system against foreign antigens is improved without increasing the potential for developing an autoimmune disease.
The Atomic Mobility Component of Protein Antigenicity
Authors: John A. Tainer, Elizabeth D. Getzoff, Yvonne Paterson, Arthur J. Olson, Richard A. Lerner
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1985)

A full understanding of the cellular immune response requires a detailed knowledge of the structural basis for protein antigenicity at a molecular level that approaches atomic resolution. The development of techniques using anti-peptide antibodies ( 1 , 2) as well as the continued growth of information derived using monoclonal antibodies to whole proteins (3) makes it possible to examine the antigenicity of specific protein sites. As a result, recent studies, using both anti-peptide antibodies corresponding to protein sites and monoclonal antibodies that are directed against proteins of known three-dimensional structure have produced new information concerning the relationship between antigenicity and protein structure. In the simplest sense, antigenic determinants or epitopes of proteins represent those amino acid residues that interact with the binding site of an antibody molecule. It is now apparent that the set of antigenic specificities seen after immunization with the native protein is not representative of the entire potential antigenic repertoire. Yet, certain sequences and residues have been identified as immunodominant sites in that they represent epitopes to which most of the immune response is directed. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, immunodominance has been attributed to either intrinsic structural properties of the antigen or host regvlatory mechanisms including tolerance, immune gene response, and specificity of T-cell help. While it is likely that both intrinsic and regulatory mechanisms
Neonatally Induced Inactivation of the Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Gene Impairs B Cell Localization and T Cell–Dependent Humoral Immune Response
Authors: Christoph E. Leuker, Mark Labow, Werner Müller, Norbert Wagner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

Vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 is a membrane-bound cellular adhesion molecule that mediates adhesive interactions between hematopoietic progenitor cells and stromal cells in the bone marrow (BM) and between leukocytes and endothelial as well as dendritic cells. Since VCAM-1-deficient mice die embryonically, conditional VCAM-1 mutant mice were generated to analyze the in vivo function of this adhesion molecule. Here we show that interferon-induced Cre-loxP-mediated deletion of the VCAM-1 gene after birth efficiently ablates expression of VCAM-1 in most tissues like, for example, BM, lymphoid organs, and lung, but not in brain. Induced VCAM-1 deficiency leads to a reduction of immature B cells in the BM and to an increase of these cells in peripheral blood but not in lymphoid organs. Mature recirculating B cells are reduced in the BM. In a migration assay, the number of mature B cells that appears in the BM after intravenous injection is decreased. In addition, the humoral immune response to a T cell-dependent antigen is impaired. VCAM-1 serves an important role for B cell localization and the T cell-dependent humoral immune response.
Prognostic Value of Serial B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Testing During Follow-up of Patients With Unstable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: David A. Morrow, James A. De Lemos, Michael A. Blazing, Marc S. Sabatine, Sabina A. Murphy, Petr Jarolim, Harvey D. White, Keith A. A. Fox, Robert M. Califf, Eugene Braunwald
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Elevated concentrations of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) at presentation in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are associated with long-term mortality. Few data exist regarding serial assessment of BNP levels during follow-up.To determine whether concentrations of BNP at study entry (prior to hospital discharge for ACS) and at outpatient follow-up at 4 months and 12 months are associated with subsequent clinical outcomes.Prospective observational substudy of 4497 patients with non-ST-elevation or ST-elevation ACS who were enrolled in phase Z of the A to Z trial, which was conducted in 41 countries at 322 acute care hospitals between 1999 and 2003.Death from any cause or new onset of congestive heart failure (CHF) through 2 years.Levels of BNP were available in 4266 patients at study entry (prior to hospital discharge), 3618 patients at 4 months, and 2966 patients at 12 months. During follow-up there were 230 deaths and 163 incident cases of CHF. Adjusting for age, sex, index event, renal function, hypertension, prior heart failure, and diabetes, elevated levels of BNP (>80 pg/mL) were associated with subsequent death or new CHF when measured at study entry (111 [21%] vs 246 [7%]; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-3.3), at 4 months (34 [19%] vs 125 [4%]; adjusted HR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.6-6.0), and at 12 months (19 [11%] vs 37 [1%]; adjusted HR, 4.7; 95% CI, 2.5-8.9). Patients with newly elevated levels of BNP at 4 months were at increased risk of death or new CHF (10 [15%] vs 105 [3%]); HR, 4.5; 95% CI, 2.3-8.6). Patients with elevated levels of BNP at study entry and with BNP levels lower than 80 pg/mL at 4 months tended to have only modestly increased risk (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.9) compared with patients with BNP levels lower than 80 pg/mL at both visits.Serial determinations of BNP levels during outpatient follow-up after ACS predict the risk of death or new CHF. Changes in BNP levels over time are associated with long-term clinical outcomes and may provide a basis for enhanced clinical decision making in patients after onset of ACS.Clinical Trials Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00251576.
Additive Effects of Hyperinsulinemia and Ischemia on Myocardial GLUT1 and GLUT4 Translocation In Vivo
Authors: Raymond R. Russell, Renfu Yin, Michael J. Caplan, Xiaoyue Hu, Jianming Ren, Gerald I. Shulman, Albert J. Sinusas, Lawrence H. Young
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Myocardial ischemia increases glucose uptake through the translocation of GLUT1 and GLUT4 from an intracellular compartment to the sarcolemma. The present study was performed to determine whether hyperinsulinemia causes translocation of myocardial GLUT1 as well as GLUT4 in vivo and whether there are additive effects of insulin and ischemia on GLUT1 and GLUT4 translocation. Methods and Results —Myocardial glucose uptake and transporter distribution were assessed by arteriovenous measurements, cell fractionation, and immunofluorescence. In fasted anesthetized dogs, hyperinsulinemia increased myocardial glucose extraction 3-fold ( P &lt;0.01) and the sarcolemmal content of GLUT4 by 90% and GLUT1 by 50% ( P &lt;0.05 for both) compared with saline infusion. In subsequent experiments, glucose uptake and transporter distribution were determined in ischemic and nonischemic regions of hearts from hyperinsulinemic animals during regional myocardial ischemia. Glucose uptake was 50% greater in the ischemic region ( P &lt;0.05). This was associated with a 20% increase in sarcolemmal GLUT1 and a 60% increase in sarcolemmal GLUT4 contents in the ischemic region ( P &lt;0.05 for both). Conclusions —Insulin stimulates myocardial glucose utilization through translocation of GLUT1 as well as GLUT4. Insulin and ischemia have additive effects to increase in vivo glucose utilization and augment glucose transporter translocation. We conclude that recruitment of both GLUT1 and GLUT4 contributes to increased myocardial glucose uptake during moderate reductions in coronary blood flow under insulin-stimulated conditions.
Comparison of helium dilution and plethysmographic lung volumes in pregnant women
Authors: F Garcia-Rio, JM Pino-Garcia, S Serrano, MA Racionero, JG Terreros-Caro, R Alvarez-Sala, C Villasante, J Villamor
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

The multibreath helium equilibration method is the technique recommended for routine measurement of static lung volumes in normal subjects. However, pregnancy could be an exception to this general rule, due to airway closure during the second half of gestation. The aim of this study was to compare the measurements of lung volumes by plethysmography and helium dilution during pregnancy. Twenty three healthy women were studied at 12, 24 and 36 weeks of pregnancy, and 4 months postpartum. Total lung capacity (TLC), functional residual capacity (FRC) and residual volume (RV) were measured by multibreath helium equilibration (TLCHe, FRCHe and RVHe) and by plethysmography (TLCbox, FRCbox and RVbox). Only at 36 weeks were there differences between the two methods. RVbox was significantly larger than RVHe (1.01+/-0.18 vs 0.77+/-0.21 L; p&lt;0.001). FRCbox was larger than FRCHe (1.95+/-0.32 vs 1.60+/-0.32 L; p&lt;0.001) and TLCbox was larger than TLCHe (4.83+/-0.52 vs 4.45+/-0.51 L; p&lt;0.05). The 95% limits of agreement for differences between lung volumes measured by the two techniques (helium dilution - plethysmography) at 36 weeks were: -0.42 to -0.06 L for RV; -0.54 to -0.17 L for FRC; and -0.66 to -0.11 L for TLC. We conclude that using the multibreath helium equilibration method to measure lung volumes in at-term pregnant women results in underestimation of functional residual capacity and total lung capacity.
Resolution of vulvitis circumscripta plasmacellularis with topical imiquimod: two case reports
Authors: H.L. Ee, G. Yosipovitch, R. Chan, B.H. Ong
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Vulvitis circumscripta plasmacellularis (VCP) is a rare but well-described entity. It is notorious for its recalcitrant nature to various modalities of treatment. Intralesional interferon-α showed some promise, with complete resolution, but is coupled with the side-effect of myelosuppression. Topical imiquimod is a novel immune response modifier with the ability to induce the production of interferon-α. In this paper, we report two cases of VCP whose lesions were resistant to antibiotics, topical and oral corticosteroids, but resolved after a treatment trial with imiquimod.