tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The urinary concentrating defect in the Gunn strain of rat. Role of bilirubin.
Authors: N B Call, C C Tisher
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

The role of high serum and tissue levels of unconjegated bilirubin in the pathogenesis of the impaired urinary concentrating ability was investigated in homozygous (jj) Gunn rats with the congenital absence of hepatic glucuronyl transferase. Continuous phototherapy with blue fluorescent lights at a wave length of 460 nm or oral cholestyramine feeding or both reduced serum levels of unconjugated hilirubin to levels consistently below 3.0 mg/100 ml for several weeks in both weanling and adult jj Gunn rats. The renal concentrating defect was already present in weanling jj Gunn rats by 21 days of age. In treated weanling jj animals, maximum concentrating ability and the concentration of urea and nonurea solutes in the papilla and medulla, determined after 24 h of fluid deprivation, were normal when compared to unaffected heterozygous (Jj) littermates. Solute-free water reabsorption which is reduced in jaundiced jj Gunn rats was restored to normal in treated weanling jj rats. The tissue concentration of unconjugated bilirubin was reduced throughout the papilla and inner and outer medulla in the treated jj rats in comparison with untreated jj littermates. The defect in urinary concentrating ability was only partially reversible and sometimes irreversible in adult jj rats, probably because of permanent renal parenchymal damage occurring secondary to massive crystalline deposits in the papilla and medulla. It is concluded that unconjugated bilirubin is directly involved in the pathogenesis of the concentrating defect in jaundiced jj Gunn rats.
SAFETY AND OUTCOMES OF BIVALIRUDIN IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION
Authors: Cedric Delhaye, Gabriel Maluenda, Kohei Wakabayashi, Itsik Ben-Dor, Sara D. Collins, Asmir I. Syed, Manuel A. Gonzalez, Michael A. Gaglia, Rebecca Torguson, Zhenyi Xue, William O. Suddath, Lowell F. Satler, Kenneth M. Kent, Joseph Lindsay, Augusto D. Pichard, Ron Waksman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
A Reappraisal of Nitrate Therapy
Authors: Jonathan Abrams
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Nitroglycerin and the long-acting nitrates are beneficial in stable and unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction and as adjunctive therapy in congestive heart failure. Nitroglycerin compounds relax vascular smooth muscle, producing venous, arterial, and arteriolar dilatation. These actions are modulated by stimulation of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Nitrate efficacy in ischemic heart disease is due to peripheral venous and arterial vasodilatation that results in decreased myocardial oxygen consumption. Nitrates also dilate coronary arteries and collaterals, reverse coronary vasoconstriction, and enlarge some coronary atherosclerotic lesions. Nitrates improve exercise performance in stable angina pectoris. Intravenous nitroglycerin should be used in the initial treatment of unstable angina. Nitrates may be beneficial in myocardial infarction for control of ischemic pain, acute hypertension, and left ventricular failure. In subjects with congestive heart failure, nitrates reduce symptoms and improve exercise tolerance. Nitrate tolerance is a problem with continuous nitrate therapy. Tolerance is most likely to occur with frequent dosing or the use of long-acting nitrates, particularly transdermal nitroglycerin disks, and can be prevented or reversed with intermittent-dosing regimens.
Supraventricular Arrhythmias Caused by Parenteral Hyperalimentation
Authors: Victor E. Schulze
Journal: JAMA (1974)

PARENTERAL hyperalimentation has been used in the treatment of malnutrition resulting from the patient's inability to eat.<sup>1</sup>In recent years, many such patients have benefitted dramatically from the intravenous infusion of liquids containing both glucose and amino acids. Some complications have been described, including hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis, hypoglycemia following discontinuance of therapy, thrombophlebitis secondary to catheter placement, and electrolyte imbalance.<sup>2</sup>The following is a case report of a patient who exhibited a previously unreported complication, supraventricular arrhythmias. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 68-year-old woman with a lengthy history of peptic ulcer disease and a previous gastrectomy with gastroileostomy was admitted to the hospital. She complained of weight loss and vomiting of approximately three weeks' duration. Upper gastrointestinal roentgenograms showed a marginal ulcer at the edge of the efferent loop of the gastroileostomy, as well as extensive edema of the surgical stoma with almost total obstruction. Accordingly, a
Treatment of Haemorrhage after Rectal Operations
Authors: S. Benton
Journal: BMJ (1884)

tion of the forimier.It is more than prol)able, however, wvhen oneo considers the complexity of tlhe cord, that restoration of tl mlsicle- lharmony may follow in tlhe couirse of tinmc, an,d eveittually the knieejork be recovered, non-uniiioni of the iferve still existing.
Ethics, Biotechnology, and Global Health: The Development of Vaccines in Transgenic Plants
Authors: Jason Scott Robert, Dwayne D. Kirk
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2006)

As compared with conventional vaccine production systems, plant-made vaccines (PMVs) are said to enjoy a range of advantages including cost of production and ease of storage for distribution in developing countries. In this article, we introduce the science of PMV production, and address ethical issues associated with development and clinical testing of PMVs within three interrelated domains: PMVs as transgenic plants; PMVs as clinical research materials; and PMVs as agents of global health. We present three conclusions: first, while many of the ethical issues raised by PMVs are familiar, PMVs add a new dimension to old issues, and raise some novel issues for ethicists and policy-makers; secondly, it is premature to promise broad applicability of PMVs across the developing world without having demonstrated their feasibility; thirdly, in particular, proponents of PMVs as a solution to global health problems must, as a condition of the ethical conduct of their research, define the commercial feasibility of PMVs for distribution in the developing world.
ANTACIDS IN THE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER
Authors: HOWARD F. SHATTUCK
Journal: JAMA (1924)

Alkalis play a varying part in the different plans that have been advocated for the medical management of peptic ulcer. They are not used at all in some forms of treatment, while in other forms they are used in small quantities for short periods only. But it has remained for Sippy to work out a thorough, detailed method of using alkalis with ulcer-bearing patients, which is one of the most important parts of his form of treatment. He insists on the necessity of destroying the corrosive, disintegrating and digestive effect of the gastric juice, pointing out that it is best done by continuously neutralizing the free hydrochloric acid with alkalis; for the digestive properties of pepsin are lost in the absence of free acid. It is true that it is not yet known just what part the acidity of the gastric juice plays in the formation or the delayed healing
Use of Lumbar Radiographs for the Early Diagnosis of Low Back Pain
Authors: Maria E. Suarez-Almazor
Journal: JAMA (1997)

The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) has recently published guidelines for the management of patients with acute low back pain, which include recommendations for the use of lumbar radiographs, based on the identification of "red flags" for fractures, tumors, or infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of these guidelines in patients with new episodes of low back pain seen in primary care settings.Retrospective cohort study.Four family clinics (18 physicians) in Edmonton, Alberta.The records of all patients seen in 1992 and 1993 with a new episode of low back pain were reviewed: 963 patients had a history of back pain of less than 3 months.Lumbar radiograph utilization at the initial low back pain visit. Charts were also reviewed to determine subsequent occurrence of spinal tumors, infection, or fractures that could be related to low back pain.One hundred twenty-seven (13%) of the 963 patients with acute low back pain had lumbar radiographs during their first visit, 68 (54%) with oblique views. If the AHCPR guidelines had been applied to this population, 426 (44%) of the patients would have undergone radiography, increasing current utilization by 238%. Eight of the 963 patients had a diagnosis of fracture or bone tumor during follow-up. The sensitivity of the guidelines to potentially detect these diseases was higher than the physicians' utilization patterns, but their specificity and positive predictive values were low.The implementation of the AHCPR guidelines for the initial use of radiographs in patients with low back pain may increase utilization and economic costs. A more restricted and cost-efficient set of guidelines should be proposed.
Single center experience with transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure for paradoxical embolism
Authors: John F. Rhodes, Alex Abou-Chebl, Geoffrey K. Lane, Tamar J. Preminger, Cesar I. Mesia, Theresa Fischer, Penelope A. Radvansky, Anthony Furlan, Larry A. Latson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Menstrual Blood Loss and Fibrin Degradation Products
Authors: S. K. Cole, A. R. Clarkson
Journal: BMJ (1972)

As part of a large-scale study of menstrual blood loss in the community serum fibrin degradation products were measured soon after menstruation in 331 women. No significant correlation was found between the amount of blood lost and the serum level of fibrin degradation products. These findings conflict with reports suggesting that excessive intrauterine fibrinolysis, which may play a part in menorrhagia, is associated with raised serum F.D.P. concentrations.
Angiogenesis in chronic inflammatory liver disease
Authors: Jesús Medina, Alicia G. Arroyo, Francisco Sánchez-Madrid, Ricardo Moreno-Otero
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Intrahepatic hypoxia may occur during the inflammatory and fibrotic processes that characterize several chronic liver diseases of viral and autoimmune origin. As a consequence, new vascular structures are formed to provide oxygen and nutrients. Angiogenesis involves a tightly regulated network of cellular and molecular mechanisms that result in the formation of functional vessels. Of particular importance are growth factors, molecules involved in matrix remodeling and cell migration, and vessel maturation—related factors. In recent years, a number of studies have examined the expression and function of many pro- and antiangiogenic molecules in the setting of nontumoral chronic liver diseases and liver regeneration. This review examines the potential pathogenetic role of angiogenesis in the context of viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and alcoholic liver disease. The future perspectives for research in this field are outlined. (Hepatology 2004;39:1185-1195.)
Assessment of the Contribution That Direct Allorecognition Makes to the Progression of Chronic Cardiac Transplant Rejection in Humans
Authors: Philip I. Hornick, Philip D. Mason, Magdi H. Yacoub, Marlene L. Rose, Richard Batchelor, Robert I. Lechler
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Two populations of T cells contribute to allograft rejection. T cells with direct allospecificity are activated after recognition of intact MHC alloantigens displayed at the surface of donor passenger leukocytes carried within the graft. In contrast, T cells with indirect allospecificity recognize donor alloantigens as processed peptides associated with self (recipient)–MHC class II molecules. In small animal models of transplantation, direct pathway T cells dominate the acute rejection process and are rendered tolerant to the graft after the loss of donor passenger leukocytes. It has been argued that indirect pathway T cells contribute substantially to continual graft damage after passenger cell loss. The purpose of this study was to determine whether donor-specific tolerance could be detected in T cells with direct anti-donor allospecificity in human heart transplant recipients after prolonged graft residence. Methods and Results —Alloreactive helper (HTLf) and cytotoxic (CTLf) T cells were enumerated by use of limiting dilution analysis. These assay systems were refined to make them specific for the direct pathway of allorecognition and more sensitive in the case of the HTLf assay. Recipient:anti-donor frequencies were generated in 10 long-term recipients of heart grafts with progressive chronic rejection and compared with those against equivalently HLA mismatched recipient:third-party controls. For HTLf, direct pathway donor-specific hyporesponsiveness was detected in 5 of the 10 recipients (HTLf &lt;1:100 000). Of these 5 recipients, 4 also had low anti-donor CTLf (&lt;1:100 000). In the 5th recipient, although the CTLf was &gt;1:100 000, it was significantly lower than that estimated against the third-party control. Conclusions —Donor-specific hyporesponsiveness is demonstrated in 50% of recipients in both the HTLf and CTLf compartments of the direct alloresponse. Direct allorecognition therefore appears unlikely to be responsible for the progression of chronic rejection, implicating indirect allorecognition as the predominant immunological driving force. Furthermore, these data have potential implications for graft outcome, adjustment of immunosuppression, and recipient monitoring.
The Role of New Modalities in the Early Detection and Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer
Authors: J. R. Drago
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1989)

New as well as standard techniques for the detection and diagnosis of early prostate cancer have been described. These include the use of digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen, transrectal ultrasound, prostatic acid phosphatase, the Biopty gun, and cell ploidy, as well as the diagnosis of premalignant lesions of the prostate, such as prostatic dysplasia or, more appropriately, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. All of these innovations may enhance our ability to diagnose and follow patients with early prostate cancer. Full documentation and evaluation of long-term (15 to 20 years) follow-up, however, are needed to determine whether these new techniques will make a difference in the ultimate morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer in the United States. In the meantime, however, the use of these new diagnostic tools should not be avoided. We must advance with technology, and as the technologies grow and develop we should increase our understanding about the utility of each of these new tests and combine them with the older standard tests that have served us well for many years.
Colonic metastasis from carcinoma of the breast presenting with colonic erosion
Authors: C. Feng, J. Chou, S. Huang
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

A 49-year-old woman was diagnosed as having a right invasive ductal breast cancer with right maxillary lymph nodes metastasis (pT2N3M0, stage IIIc) in 2006. She underwent a partial mastectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The disease remained stable until 2008. In May 2008, she was admitted to hospital for investigations because of abdominal pain. Physical examination and laboratory tests showed no remarkable abnormalities. Colonoscopy demonstrated a 2-cm elevated erythematous erosion in the transverse colon near the hepatic flexure ([Fig. 1]). We carried out multiple forceps biopsies of the colonic erosion. Microscopic examination of the biopsy specimens revealed nests of pleomorphic tumor cells, with slightly eccentric nuclei, in the lamina propria ([Fig. 2]). Immunohistochemical study of the tumor cells was positive for cytokeratin 7 ([Fig. 3]) and negative for cytokeratin 20, a pattern similar to that of the primary tumor. On the basis of the pathological features, a diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer was made.
Deficiency of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator–Mediated Plasmin Generation Impairs Vascular Remodeling During Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice
Authors: Marcel Levi, Lieve Moons, Ann Bouché, Steve D. Shapiro, Desiré Collen, Peter Carmeliet
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Chronic hypoxia results in the development of pulmonary hypertension and subsequent right heart failure. A role of the plasminogen system in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling has been suggested.Mice with targeted deficiency of the gene encoding tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA(-/-)), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA(-/-)), u-PA receptor (u-PAR(-/-)), or plasminogen (plg(-/-)) were subjected to hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia caused a significant 2.5-fold rise in right ventricular pressure in wild-type mice. Deficiency of u-PA or plasminogen prevented this increase in right ventricular pressure, t-PA(-/-) mice showed changes that were fully comparable with wild-type mice, and u-PAR(-/-) mice showed a partial response. Hypoxia induced an increase in smooth muscle cells within pulmonary arterial walls and a vascular rarefaction in the lungs of wild-type but not of u-PA(-/-) or plg(-/-) mice. Elastic lamina fragmentation, observed in hypoxic wild-type but not in u-PA or plasminogen-deficient mice, suggested that proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells was dependent on u-PA-mediated elastic membrane degradation. Hypoxia-induced right ventricular remodeling in wild-type mice, characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and increased collagen contents, was not seen in u-PA(-/-) and plg(-/-) mice.Loss of the u-PA or plasminogen gene protects against the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling. These observations point to an essential role of u-PA-mediated plasmin generation in the adaptive response to chronic hypoxia and the occurrence of hypoxic pulmonary vascular disease.
THE DERMAL MELANOBLAST: SOME CYTOLOGICAL AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC FEATURES.
Authors: G. H. Findlay
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1953)

Journal Article THE DERMAL MELANOBLAST: SOME CYTOLOGICAL AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC FEATURES. Get access G. H. Findlay G. H. Findlay Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 65, Issue 12, 1 December 1953, Pages 437–447, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1953.tb13183.x Published: 01 December 1953
Bilateral interstitial pneumonia in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: R. Iyer, Y. Ravindranath, R. Kulkarni, A. Philippart, J. O. Reed, A. J. Brough, W. W. Zuelzer
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1976)

Abstract Of 148 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 34 had bilateral interstitial pneumonia (BIP). Their records were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the incidence of this pneumonia and delineate the various etiologic factors involved. All but 1 were in remission; 82% of the episodes occurred within the first 6 months, the majority of these occurring during the first 3 months of diagnosis of ALL; 16 were receiving methotrexate (MTX), and 14 were receiving combination chemotherapy with vincristine, prednisone and 6‐mercatopurine (6‐MP) and 4 were on no systemic therapy. Thirty patients with 35 episodes recovered within an average period of 18 days, including clearance of radiologic findings; 4 died. Four had open lung biopsies without complications. There was a single case of pneumocystis carinii infection diagnosed postmortem. Laboratory data and histopathologic findings (of 4 biopsies and 3 remaining autopsies) were suggestive of a viral etiology. The incidence of BIP in ALL at Children's Hospital of Michigan is 22.9% with a mortality rate of 10.3% The incidence of pneumocystis carinii infection appeared to be low. Hypersensitivity to MTX was not substantiated.
Cardiovascular effects of fenoterol under conditions of hypoxaemia.
Authors: P Bremner, C D Burgess, J Crane, D McHaffie, D Galletly, N Pearce, K Woodman, R Beasley
Journal: Thorax (1992)

The reason for the association of increased risk of death with fenoterol in patients with asthma in New Zealand is unknown but may relate to its cardiovascular effects. Most deaths from asthma occur outside hospital, where hypoxaemia is likely to be a complicating factor. The cardiovascular effects of fenoterol have been investigated therefore under conditions of normoxaemia and hypoxaemia.Eight healthy men were studied on two occasions. Measurements of heart rate, blood pressure, total electromechanical systole (QS2I), electrocardiographic QTc interval, cardiac index, stroke volume, and ejection fraction were made under conditions of normoxaemia and hypoxaemia (arterial oxygen saturation 90%) before and after administration of 800 micrograms of fenoterol by a metered dose inhaler. The order in which treatments were applied was according to a Latin square design.Before inhalation of fenoterol hypoxaemia was associated with a significant increase in heart rate (8 beats/min) and QTc interval (15.6 ms). Under conditions of normoxaemia fenoterol caused a significant increase in heart rate (14.3 beats/min), systolic blood pressure (7.7 mm Hg), stroke volume (27.7 ml), cardiac index (1.6 1/min/m2), ejection fraction (11.48), and QTc interval (32.9 ms) and a fall in QS2I (-23.2 ms) and diastolic blood pressure (-8.4 mm Hg). Under conditions of hypoxaemia the changes after inhalation of fenoterol were similar to those recorded during normoxaemia; thus the effects of hypoxaemia and fenoterol were additive (heart rate 21.9 beats/min, QTc 43.5 ms with fenoterol and hypoxaemia).The chronotropic and electrophysiological effects of fenoterol were enhanced by conditions of hypoxaemia.
Method for estimating objectively the comparative merits of biological tests of lead exposure.
Authors: M. K. Williams, E. King, J. Walford
Journal: BMJ (1968)

MEDICAL JOURNALwith positive smears histological sections failed to reveal asbestos bodies in over 50%.Histological evidence of minimal asbestosis was found in 10 cases.There were no cases of classical asbestosis.The series includes one case of mesothelioma of pleura.There was no significant excess of positive smears in patients dying from gastrointestinal or lung carcinoma.The incidence was higher in patients living in urban areas (25.6%) than in those from rural areas (3.5%).Twenty-nine patients definitely or probably were exposed to asbestos dust at work and two further patients had non-occupational exposure.Neighbourhood contamination with asbestos dust is probably not important in this series.When compared with a series of 23 cases of mesothelioma of pleura or peritoneum, 21 (91%) of which showed asbestos bodies in histological sections of lung, the greater incidence of asbestos bodies in the cases of mesothelioma is statistically highly significant.This survey was suggested by Professor A. G. Heppleston, and I am indebted to him for valuable criticism and advice during the work.My thanks are also due to Professor D. J. Newell for statistical advice, to the late Mr. L. Hall
Infectivity in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of plasma collected before HCV RNA detectability by FDA-licensed assays: implications for transfusion safety and HCV infection outcomes
Authors: Michael P. Busch, Krishna K. Murthy, Steven H. Kleinman, Dale F. Hirschkorn, Belinda L. Herring, Eric L. Delwart, Vito Racanelli, Joo Chun Yoon, Barbara Rehermann, Harvey J. Alter
Journal: Blood (2012)