tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound molecular imaging of atherosclerosis
Authors: B. A. Kaufmann
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis have created the need for better non-invasive imaging of vascular phenotype. Ultrasound is widely available, inexpensive, and well suited for high-throughput screening in populations that are at risk for atherosclerosis. Novel ultrasonic approaches for the diagnosis of vascular changes in atherosclerosis include (1) assessment of plaque composition by evaluation of the backscattering properties of tissue, (2) assessment of the changes in arterial wall biomechanics, (3) assessment of plaque neovascularization, and (4) molecular imaging of vascular phenotype changes on a subcellular level. It is thought that such new imaging methodologies will lead to earlier detection of atherosclerosis, and better assessment of the risk for aggressive disease progression. Novel therapies for atherosclerosis will undoubtedly become available within the next decades, and non-invasive imaging techniques will be needed for cost-efficient application of existing and new drugs.
THE SEDIMENTATION RATE OF THE ERYTHROCYTES IN EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Russell L. Haden, Thomas G. Orr
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1926)

The results of the study of the suspension stability of the blood after upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction are reported. After obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach, of the pylorus, and of the jejunum the red cells separate from the plasma much more rapidly than normal. The variation in sedimentation time is due to a variation in the physicochemical status of the blood.
Family History of Cancer and Colon Cancer Risk: the Utah Population Database
Authors: Martha L. Slattery, Richard A. Kerber
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Journal Article Family History of Cancer and Colon Cancer Risk: the Utah Population Database Get access Martha L. Slattery, Martha L. Slattery Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Richard A. Kerber Richard A. Kerber Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 86, Issue 21, 2 November 1994, Pages 1618–1626, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.21.1618 Published: 02 November 1994 Article history Received: 06 January 1994 Revision received: 04 August 1994 Accepted: 26 August 1994 Published: 02 November 1994
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome
Authors: R. S. Paik, D. Pepples, M. R. Hutchinson
Journal: BMJ (2013)

NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Clinics in Sports Medicine. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Clinics in Sports Medicine, VOL 31, ISSUE 2, 2012

© 2012 by WB Saunders, Clinics in Sports Medicine
doi:10.1016/j.csm.2011.09.013
High-Risk Individuals’ Willingness to Pay for Diabetes Risk-Reduction Programs
Authors: F. Reed Johnson, Ranjani Manjunath, Carol A. Mansfield, Laurel J. Clayton, Thomas J. Hoerger, Ping Zhang
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

The purpose of this study was to estimate how much at-risk individuals are willing to pay for type 2 diabetes primary prevention programs.An Internet-based, choice-format conjoint survey was presented to individuals at elevated risk for type 2 diabetes. Hypothetical diabetes risk-reduction programs included seven features: diet, exercise, counseling, medication, weight loss goal, risk reduction, and program costs. The sample included 582 individuals aged > or =45 years, two-thirds of whom were obese. Conditional logit models were used to calculate participants' willingness to pay for risk reduction programs. Each respondent's self-assessed risk of developing diabetes was compared with an objective measure based on a diabetes screening tool.Many respondents underestimated their personal risk of developing diabetes. Those with a low perceived risk were less likely to indicate that they would participate in a diabetes prevention program. Individuals had the strongest preference for programs with large weight loss goals, fewer restrictions on diet, and larger reductions in the risk of diabetes. Respondents were willing to pay approximately $1,500 over 3 years to participate in a lifestyle intervention program similar to the Diabetes Prevention Program. Individuals with a high perceived risk were willing to pay more than individuals with lower perceived risk.Many individuals will be willing to participate in interventions to delay or prevent diabetes if the interventions are subsidized, but most will be unwilling to pay the full program cost. Our results also offer insights for designing risk-reduction programs that appeal to potential participants.
BNIP3 as a Progression Marker in Primary Human Breast Cancer; Opposing Functions in <i>In situ</i> Versus Invasive Cancer
Authors: Ern Yu Tan, Leticia Campo, Cheng Han, Helen Turley, Francesco Pezzella, Kevin C. Gatter, Adrian L. Harris, Stephen B. Fox
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: BNIP3 is involved in cell death and cell survival via autophagy. Its perinecrotic localization within ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) suggests an involvement in neoplastic cellular adaptation to low oxygen tension. This study has investigated the role of BNIP3 in normal and neoplastic breast. Experimental Design: Whole sections from 11 normal breast and microarrayed tissue cores from 81 DCIS and 251 invasive carcinomas were stained for BNIP3 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. The pattern and level of BNIP3 expression were correlated with clinicopathologic variables and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Results: BNIP3 expression was significantly up-regulated in the cytoplasm of DCIS and invasive carcinoma compared with normal breast (P = 0.0005 and P &amp;lt; 0.0001, respectively). Nuclear BNIP3 expression was associated with smaller tumor size (P = 0.04), low tumor grade (P = 0.005), and estrogen receptor positivity (P = 0.008) in invasive tumors. Nuclear BNIP3 expression was also associated with a longer disease-free survival among low-grade and estrogen receptor–positive tumors. (P = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). Conversely, nuclear BNIP3 expression in DCIS was associated with a 3-fold increase in recurrence and a shorter disease-free survival (P = 0.03). Conclusions: Up-regulation of BNIP3 expression in DCIS and invasive carcinoma suggests a significant role in breast tumor progression. Its association with good survival outcome in invasive carcinoma but with an increased risk of recurrence and shorter disease-free survival in DCIS may suggest a pivotal switch from a cell death to survival function during the transition from preinvasive to invasive breast cancer.
The structure-activity relations of synthetic peptides as chemotactic factors and inducers of lysosomal secretion for neutrophils.
Authors: H J Showell, R J Freer, S H Zigmond, E Schiffmann, S Aswanikumar, B Corcoran, E L Becker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

24 di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides have been synthesized as a start of a systematic study of the structural requirements for chemotactic activity and lysosomal enzyme-releasing ability in rabbit neutrophils. All but two of them are N-formyl methionyl peptides. Using the method of Zigmond and Hirsch (10), two representative peptides, F-Met-Leu-Phe and F-Met-Met-Met, were shown to stimulate directed, as well as, random locomotion; thus, they were truly chemotactic. The various peptides showed a wide spread in activity. F-Met-Leu-Phe, the most active peptide studied, had an ED50 for induced migration of 7 X 10(-11) M and for lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase release of 2.4 X 10(-10) M and 2.6 X 10(-10) M, respectively; the least active, Met-Leu-Glu was 26 million times less active in these respects. The relation of activity to structure is exceedingly specific, very small changes in structure making large changes in activity. Moreover, this specificity exhibits a definite regularity and pattern; the activity of a given peptide depends not only on its constituent amino acids but on the position of the amino acid in the peptide chain. Most striking in this last regards is the high activity conferred by phenylalanine when it is in the carboxyl terminal position of a tripeptide, whereas, as the second amino acid from the NH2 terminal end whether in a tripeptide or a dipeptide, it contributes no more to the activity than other amino acids with hydrophobic side chains such as leucine or methionine. The high activity and the specificity and nature of the structural requirements strongly suggest that the primary interaction of peptide and neutrophil leading to either chemotaxis or lysosomal enzyme release is a binding of the peptide with a stereospecific receptor on the neutrophil surface. Whether all chemotactic factors act through the same receptor is not known. An essentially exact correlation exists between the concentrations of the various synthetic peptides required to induce migration and their ability to induce release of lysozyme or beta-glucuronidase. This implies that these two neutrophil functions are triggered by teh same primary interaction; possibly, the binding of the peptides to the same putative receptor. A higher concentration of a given peptide is required to stimulate lysosomal enzyme release than a corresponding migratory response. A slightly but significantly higher concentration of peptide is required to induce beta-glucuronidase secretion than lysozyme release.
Scaling-up coverage with insecticide-treated nets against malaria in Africa: who should pay?
Authors: Christopher Curtis, Caroline Maxwell, Martha Lemnge, WL Kilama, Richard W Steketee, William A Hawley, Yves Bergevin, Carlos C Campbell, Jeffrey Sachs, Awash Teklehaimanot, Sam Ochola, Helen Guyatt, Robert W Snow
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2003)
Bedside end-tidal CO2 tension as a screening tool to exclude pulmonary embolism
Authors: A. R. Hemnes, A. L. Newman, B. Rosenbaum, T. W. Barrett, C. Zhou, T. W. Rice, J. H. Newman
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

End tidal carbon dioxide tension (P(ET,CO(2))) is a surrogate for dead space ventilation which may be useful in the evaluation of pulmonary embolism (PE). We aimed to define the optimal P(ET,CO(2)) level to exclude PE in patients evaluated for possible thromboembolism. 298 patients were enrolled over 6 months at a single academic centre. P(ET,CO(2)) was measured within 24 h of contrast-enhanced helical computed tomography, lower extremity duplex or ventilation/perfusion scan. Performance characteristics were measured by comparing test results with clinical diagnosis of PE. PE was diagnosed in 39 (13%) patients. Mean P( ET,CO(2)) in healthy volunteers did not differ from P( ET,CO(2)) in patients without PE (36.3+/-2.8 versus 35.5+/-6.8 mmHg). P(ET,CO(2 )) in patients with PE was 30.5+/-5.5 mmHg (p<0.001 versus patients without PE). A P(ET,CO(2)) of >or=36 mmHg had optimal sensitivity and specificity (87.2 and 53.0%, respectively) with a negative predictive value of 96.6% (95% CI 92.3-98.5). This increased to 97.6% (95% CI 93.2-99.) when combined with Wells score <4. A P(ET,CO(2)) of >or=36 mmHg may reliably exclude PE. Accuracy is augmented by combination with Wells score. P( ET,CO(2)) should be prospectively compared to D-dimer in accuracy and simplicity to exclude PE.
Longitudinally Extensive Nitrous Oxide Myelopathy With Novel Radiographic Features
Authors: Lia D. Ernst, Kenneth Brock, Luis H. Barraza, Adam Davis, Melissa J. Nirenberg
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2015)

This case report describes a previously healthy 30-year-old man who developed limb paresthesias and incoordination. Initial magnetic resonance imaging was normal, but over the subsequent 8 weeks, he developed a bandlike sensation across the torso and profound sensory ataxia.
Mechanisms of ischemic injury are different in the steatotic and normal rat liver
Authors: Markus Selzner, Hannes A. RüDiger, David Sindram, John Madden, Pierre-Alain Clavien
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

Hepatic steatosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality after liver resection and transplantation. Although apoptosis is a key mechanism of reperfusion injury in the normal liver, the pathway leading to cell death in steatotic hepatocytes is unknown. A model of hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury in fatty and lean Zucker rats was used. Fatty animals had increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) release and decreased survival after 60 minutes of ischemia compared with lean animals. Apoptosis was the predominant form of cell death in the lean rats (82%), whereas necrosis was minimal. In contrast, fatty animals developed only moderate amounts of apoptosis but showed massive necrosis (73%) after 24 hours of reperfusion. Intracellular mediators of apoptosis, such as caspase 8, caspase 3, and cytochrome c, were significantly lower in the steatotic than in the lean liver indicating dysfunction in activation of the apoptotic pathway. The high percentage of necrosis in the steatotic rats was associated with renal acute tubular necrosis after 24 hours of reperfusion in the fatty, but not in lean rats. Caspase inhibition significantly decreased reperfusion injury in lean animals, but was ineffective in fatty animals. The results indicate that the increased susceptibility of fatty livers to reperfusion injury is associated with a change from an apoptotic form of cell death to necrosis. We conclude that new therapeutic strategies are necessary in the fatty liver.
CD4 memory T cells survive and proliferate but fail to differentiate in the absence of CD40
Authors: Megan MacLeod, Mark J. Kwakkenbos, Alison Crawford, Sheila Brown, Brigitta Stockinger, Koen Schepers, Ton Schumacher, David Gray
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

Secondary T cell responses are enhanced because of an expansion in numbers of antigen-specific (memory) cells. Using major histocompatibility complex class II tetramers we have tracked peptide-specific endogenous (non–T cell receptor transgenic) CD4 memory T cells in normal and in costimulation-deficient mice. CD4 memory T cells were detectable after immunization for more than 200 days, although decay was apparent. Memory cells generated in CD40 knockout mice by immunization with peptide-pulsed wild-type dendritic cells survived in the absence of CD40 and proliferated when boosted with peptide (plus adjuvant) in a CD40-independent fashion. However, differentiation of the memory cells into cytokine-producing effector cells did not occur in the absence of CD40. The data indicate that memory cells can be generated without passing through the effector cell stage.
Systematic Review: Effective Management Strategies for Lactose Intolerance
Authors: Aasma Shaukat, Michael D. Levitt, Brent C. Taylor, Roderick MacDonald, Tatyana A. Shamliyan, Robert L. Kane, Timothy J. Wilt
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Background: Lactose intolerance resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms is a common health concern. Diagnosis and management of this condition remain unclear. Purpose: To assess the maximum tolerable dose of lactose and interventions for reducing symptoms of lactose intolerance among persons with lactose intolerance and malabsorption. Data Sources: Multiple electronic databases, including MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library, for trials published in English from 1967 through November 2009. Study Selection: Randomized, controlled trials of individuals with lactose intolerance or malabsorption. Data Extraction: Three investigators independently reviewed articles, extracted data, and assessed study quality. Data Synthesis: 36 unique randomized studies (26 on lactase- or lactose-hydrolyzed milk supplements, lactose-reduced milk, or tolerable doses of lactose; 7 on probiotics; 2 on incremental lactose administration for colonic adaptation; and 1 on another agent) met inclusion criteria. Moderate-quality evidence indicated that 12 to 15 g of lactose (approximately 1 cup of milk) is well tolerated by most adults. Evidence was insufficient that lactose-reduced solution or milk with a lactose content of 0 to 2 g, compared with greater than 12 g, is effective in reducing symptoms of lactose intolerance. Evidence for probiotics, colonic adaptation, and other agents was also insufficient. Limitations: Most studies evaluated persons with lactose malabsorption rather than lactose intolerance. Variation in enrollment criteria, outcome reporting, and the composition and dosing of studied agents precluded pooling of results and limited interpretation. Conclusion: Most individuals with presumed lactose intolerance or malabsorption can tolerate 12 to 15 g of lactose. Additional studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of lactose intolerance treatment. Primary Funding Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Pepsin like activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is suggestive of gastric aspiration in lung allografts
Authors: C Ward
Journal: Thorax (2005)

<b>Background:</b> A biologically plausible link between gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR), aspiration, and lung allograft dysfunction has been suggested, but there is no systematic evidence indicating the presence of gastric contents in the lung. We have tested the hypothesis that pepsin, as a marker of aspiration, is detectable in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of allograft recipients who had not reported symptoms of GOR. <b>Methods:</b> Standardised 3×60 ml surveillance BAL fluid samples from 13 chronologically sequential stable lung allograft recipients without chronic rejection (10 patients treated with a prophylactic proton pump inhibitor) were studied. Lavage supernatants were assayed by an ELISA based on a monospecific goat antibody for pepsin/pepsinogen. Pepsin levels were compared with those from four normal volunteer controls. <b>Results:</b> Pepsin levels were measurable in all allograft recipients, in keeping with gastric aspiration (median 109 ng/ml (range 35–1375)). In the control group the pepsin levels were below the limit of detection. Treatment with a proton pump inhibitor was not correlated with pepsin levels. There was no correlation between BAL fluid neutrophils and pepsin levels. <b>Conclusion:</b> These data demonstrate lung epithelial lining fluid concentrations of pepsin in lung allograft recipients which are much higher than blood reference levels, with no detectable pepsin in controls. This provides direct evidence of gastric aspiration, which is potentially injurious to the allograft.
Silica dust and lung cancer in the German stone, quarrying, and ceramics industries: results of a case-control study
Authors: K Ulm, B Waschulzik, H Ehnes, K Guldner, B Thomasson, A Schwebig, H Nuss
Journal: Thorax (1999)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> A work force based case-control study of lung cancer was performed in non-silicotic subjects exposed to crystalline silica to investigate the association between silica dust and lung cancer excluding the influence of silicosis. <h3>METHODS</h3> Two hundred and forty seven patients with lung cancer and 795 control subjects were enrolled, all of whom had been employed in the German stone, quarrying, or ceramics industries. Smoking was used as a matching criterion. Exposure to silica was quantified by measurements, if available, or otherwise by industrial hygienists. Several indices (peak, average and cumulative exposure) were used to analyse the relationship between the level of exposure and risk of lung cancer as odds ratios (OR). <h3>RESULTS</h3> The risk of lung cancer is associated with the year of and age at first exposure to silica, duration of exposure, and latency. All odds ratios were adjusted for these factors. Considering the peak exposure, the OR for workers exposed to high levels (⩾0.15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> respirable silica dust which is the current occupational threshold value for Germany) compared with those exposed to low levels (&lt;0.15 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) was 0.85 (95% CI 0.58 to 1.25). For the time weighted average exposure the OR was 0.91 (95% CI 0.57 to 1.46). The OR for the cumulative exposure was 1.02 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.55). No increase in risk was evident with increasing exposure. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> This study shows no association between exposure to crystalline silica and lung cancer. The exclusion of subjects with silicosis may have led to dilution with respect to the level of exposure and therefore reduced the power to detect a small risk. Alternatively, the risk of getting lung cancer may be restricted to subjects with silicosis and is not directly linked to silica dust.
Accuracy of Whole-Body Dual-Modality Fluorine-18–2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-<scp>d</scp>-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT) for Tumor Staging in Solid Tumors: Comparison With CT and PET
Authors: Gerald Antoch, Nina Saoudi, Hilmar Kuehl, Gerlinde Dahmen, Stefan P. Mueller, Thomas Beyer, Andreas Bockisch, Jörg F. Debatin, Lutz S. Freudenberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

Purpose To assess the accuracy of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) when staging different malignant diseases. Patients and Methods This was a retrospective, blinded, investigator-initiated study of 260 patients with various oncological diseases who underwent fluorine-18–2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET/CT for tumor staging. CT images alone, PET images alone, PET + CT data viewed side by side, and fused PET/CT images were evaluated separately according to the tumor-node-metastasis system. One hundred forty patients with tumors not staged according to the tumor-node-metastasis system or a lack of reference standard were excluded from data analysis; 260 patients were included. Diagnostic accuracies were determined for each of the four image sets. Histopathology and a clinical follow-up of 311 (± 125) days served as standards of reference. Results PET/CT proved significantly more accurate in assessing tumor-node-metastasis system stage compared with CT alone, PET alone, and side-by-side PET + CT (P &lt; .0001). Of 260 patients, 218 (84%; 95% CI, 79% to 88%) were correctly staged with PET/CT, 197 (76%; 95% CI, 70% to 81%) with side-by-side PET + CT, 163 (63%; 95% CI, 57% to 69%) with CT alone, and 166 (64%; 95% CI, 58% to 70%) with PET alone. Combined PET/CT had an impact on the treatment plan in 16, 39, and 43 patients when compared with PET + CT, CT alone, and PET alone, respectively. Conclusion Tumor staging with PET/CT is significantly more accurate than CT alone, PET alone, and side-by-side PET + CT. This diagnostic advantage translates into treatment plan changes in a substantial number of patients.
ROLE OF BLOOD FLOW IN THE REGULATION OF MUSCLEGLUCOSE UPTAKE
Authors: Alain D. Baron, Michael G. Clark
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1997)

▪ Abstract Insulin vasodilates skeletal muscle vasculature via an endothelium-derived nitric oxide–dependent mechanism. Data suggests that insulin interacts directly with the endothelium to cause nitric oxide release. This insulin-mediated increase in muscle perfusion accounts for ∼30% of insulin's overall action to stimulate muscle glucose uptake, suggesting a role for insulin and glucose delivery as a determinant of insulin action. Hindlimb perfusion experiments, where perfusion rate is fixed, suggest that changes in distribution of microcirculatory perfusion can modulate substrate uptake. The potential role of insulin to enhance flow through capillary networks that are efficient at nutrient transfer to tissue (nutritive flow) relative to non-nutritive flow is discussed.