tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Restriction-map variation in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster: white-locus region.
Authors: C H Langley, C F Aquadro
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1987)

Restriction-map variation among 38 chromosomes collected from natural populations from around the world was surveyed using probes for a 45-kb region containing and surrounding the white locus. Insertion and deletion variation was more common in the regions flanking the white transcriptional unit, and restriction-site polymorphism appears to be most common 5' of the white locus. The frequencies of individual large insertions (suspected transposable elements) were low, although 37% of the chromosomes had at least one insertion in the white-locus region. The estimated level of nucleotide heterozygosity over the whole region was 0.012. There was little linkage disequilibrium among the polymorphic sites. In contrast to earlier reports of the variation in other regions of the Drosophila melanogaster genome, there seemed to be less linkage disequilibrium and perhaps more nucleotide polymorphism.
Combining Comparative Sequence and Genomic Data to Ascertain Phylogenetic Relationships and Explore the Evolution of the Large GDSL-Lipase Family in Land Plants
Authors: M. Volokita, T. Rosilio-Brami, N. Rivkin, M. Zik
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

The GDSL-lipase gene family is a very large subfamily within the supergene family of SGNH esterases, defined by the distinct GDSL amino acid motif and several highly conserved domains. Plants retain a large number of GDSL-lipases indicating that they have acquired important functions. Yet, in planta functions have been demonstrated for only a few GDSL-lipases from diverse species. Considering that orthologs often retain equivalent functions, we determined the phylogenetic relationships between GDSL-lipases from genome-sequenced species representing bryophytes, gymnosperms, monocots, and eudicots. An unrooted phylogenetic tree was constructed from the amino acid sequences of 604 GDSL-lipases from seven species. The topology of the tree depicts two major and one minor subfamily. This division is also supported by the unique gene structure of each subfamily. Because GDSL-lipase genes of all species are present in each of the three subfamilies, we conclude that the last common ancestor of the land plants already possessed at least one ancestral GDSL-lipase gene of each subfamily. Combined gene structure and synteny analyses revealed events of segmental duplications, gene transposition, and gene degeneration in the evolution of the GDSL-lipase gene family. Furthermore, these analyses showed that independent events of intron gain and loss also contributed to the extant repertoire of the GDSL-lipase gene family. Our findings suggest that underlying many of the intron losses was a spliceosomal-mediated mechanism followed by gene conversion. Sorting the phylogenetic relationships among the members of the GDSL-lipase gene family, as depicted by the tree and supported by synteny analyses, provides a framework for extrapolation of demonstrated functional data to GDSL-lipases, whose function is yet unknown. Furthermore, function(s) associated with specific lineage(s)-enriched branches may reveal correlations between acquired and/or lost functions and speciation.
Intestinal absorption of carnosine and its constituent amino acids in man
Authors: A. M. Asatoor, J. K. Bandoh, A. F. Lant, M. D. Milne, F. Navab
Journal: Gut (1970)

Serum concentrations of beta-alanine and l-histidine are compared in five normal adults after ingestion of the dipeptide carnosine (beta-alanyl-l-histidine) and after equivalent amounts of the constituent free amino acids. The results indicate that absorption is significantly more rapid after the ingestion of the amino acids than after the dipeptide. The use of the test in a case of Hartnup disease suggests that carnosine is taken up by intestinal cells as the dipeptide, but subsequent hydrolysis and delivery of the constituent amino acids to the portal blood is a slower process than transport of the free amino acids themselves.
Chemoprevention of Gastric Dysplasia: Randomized Trial of Antioxidant Supplements and Anti-Helicobacter pylori Therapy
Authors: P. Correa
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2000)

Background: Previous research has identified a high risk of gastric carcinoma as well as a high prevalence of cancer precursor lesions in rural populations living in the province of Nariño, Colombia, in the Andes Mountains. Methods: A randomized, controlled chemoprevention trial was conducted in subjects with confirmed histologic diagnoses of multifocal nonmetaplastic atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia, two precancerous lesions. Individuals were assigned to receive anti-Helicobacter pylori triple therapy and/or dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid, β-carotene, or their corresponding placebos. Gastric biopsy specimens taken at baseline were compared with those taken at 72 months. Relative risks of progression, no change, and regression from multifocal nonmetaplastic atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were analyzed with multivariate polytomous logistic regression models to estimate treatment effects. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: All three basic interventions resulted in statistically significant increases in the rates of regression: Relative risks were 4.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6–14.2) for anti-H. pylori treatment, 5.1 (95% CI = 1.7–15.0) for β-carotene treatment, and 5.0 (95% CI = 1.7–14.4) for ascorbic acid treatment in subjects with atrophy. Corresponding relative risks of regression in subjects with intestinal metaplasia were 3.1 (95% CI = 1.0–9.3), 3.4 (95% CI = 1.1–9.8), and 3.3 (95% CI = 1.1–9.5). Combinations of treatments did not statistically significantly increase the regression rates. Curing the H. pylori infection (which occurred in 74% of the treated subjects) produced a marked and statistically significant increase in the rate of regression of the precursor lesions (relative risks = 8.7 [95% CI = 2.7–28.2] for subjects with atrophy and 5.4 [95% CI = 1.7–17.6] for subjects with intestinal metaplasia). Conclusions: In the very high-risk population studied, effective anti-H. pylori treatment and dietary supplementation with antioxidant micronutrients may interfere with the precancerous process, mostly by increasing the rate of regression of cancer precursor lesions, and may be an effective strategy to prevent gastric carcinoma.
Genome-Wide Impact of Androgen Receptor Trapped clone-27 Loss on Androgen-Regulated Transcription in Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Jerome C. Nwachukwu, Paolo Mita, Rachel Ruoff, Susan Ha, Qianben Wang, S. Joseph Huang, Samir S. Taneja, Myles Brown, William L. Gerald, Michael J. Garabedian, Susan K. Logan
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

The androgen receptor (AR) directs diverse biological processes through interaction with coregulators such as AR trapped clone-27 (ART-27). Our results show that ART-27 is recruited to AR-binding sites by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. In addition, the effect of ART-27 on genome-wide transcription was examined. The studies indicate that loss of ART-27 enhances expression of many androgen-regulated genes, suggesting that ART-27 inhibits gene expression. Surprisingly, classes of genes that are up-regulated upon ART-27 depletion include regulators of DNA damage checkpoint and cell cycle progression, suggesting that ART-27 functions to keep expression levels of these genes low. Consistent with this idea, stable reduction of ART-27 by short-hairpin RNA enhances LNCaP cell proliferation compared with control cells. The effect of ART-27 loss was also examined in response to the antiandrogen bicalutamide. Unexpectedly, cells treated with ART-27 siRNA no longer exhibited gene repression in response to bicalutamide. To examine ART-27 loss in prostate cancer progression, immunohistochemistry was conducted on a tissue array containing samples from primary tumors of individuals who were clinically followed and later shown to have either recurrent or nonrecurrent disease. Comparison of ART-27 and AR staining indicated that nuclear ART-27 expression was lost in the majority of AR-positive recurrent prostate cancers. Our studies show that reduction of ART-27 protein levels in prostate cancer may facilitate antiandrogen-resistant disease.
REGIONALIZATION OF THE PROSENCEPHALIC NEURAL PLATE
Authors: John L. R. Rubenstein, Kenji Shimamura, Salvador Martinez, Luis Puelles
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1998)

Recent embryological studies are beginning to establish that the underlying organization of the forebrain may be reduced to relatively simple elements that are common to all vertebrates. We begin this chapter by reviewing studies that describe the similarities in prospective fate and molecular organization of the developing neural plate in fish, frogs, chickens, and mice. The chapter next addresses mechanisms that regulate regional specification in the anterior central nervous system. There is now evidence that the axial mesendoderm anterior to the notochord (the prechordal plate) has a central role in induction of the floor and basal plate primordia (hypothalamus) of the forebrain. Patterning of the anterolateral neural plate (telencephalon) may be regulated by FGF8 produced in the anterior neural ridge. Thus, the synthesis of information from fate mapping and experimental embryological and genetic studies is illuminating the mechanisms that generate the different components of the forebrain.
Linkage and association analysis of obesity traits reveals novel loci and interactions with dietary n-3 fatty acids in an Alaska Native (Yup’ik) population
Authors: Laura Kelly Vaughan, Howard W. Wiener, Stella Aslibekyan, David B. Allison, Peter J. Havel, Kimber L. Stanhope, Diane M. O’Brien, Scarlett E. Hopkins, Dominick J. Lemas, Bert B. Boyer, Hemant K. Tiwari
Journal: Metabolism (2015)
Cardiac electrophysiological effects of nitric oxide
Authors: Juan Tamargo, Ricardo Caballero, Ricardo Gómez, Eva Delpón
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

Nitric oxide (NO) synthetized by essentially all cardiac cell types plays a key role in the regulation of cardiac function. Recent evidence shows that NO modulates the activity of cardiac ion channels implicated in the genesis of the cardiac action potential and exerts anti-arrhythmic properties under some circumstances. We review the effects of NO on cardiac ion channels and the signalling pathways, including cGMP-dependent (protein kinase G and cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases) and cGMP-independent mechanisms (S-nitrosylation and direct effects on G proteins) and finally the role of NO in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias during ischemia–reperfusion, heart failure, long QT syndrome, atrial fibrillation, and sudden cardiac death.
Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis
Authors: D. J. Gray, A. G. Ross, Y.-S. Li, D. P. McManus
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Schistosomiasis, or bilharzia, is a common intravascular infection caused by parasitic Schistosoma trematode worms. 1 2 A systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2006 estimated that more than 200 million people are infected across Africa, Asia, and South America, and close to 800 million are at risk of infection. 3Meta-analyses have estimated that the current disease burden may exceed 70 million disability adjusted life years. 4 5 The disease is also associated with anaemia, chronic pain, diarrhoea, exercise intolerance, and undernutrition, and female urogenital schistosomiasis may be a risk factor for HIV infection. 4w1 5 Figure 1 shows the proposed pathway of schistosomiasis associated disease and disability derived from meta-analyses of disability-related outcomes. 4histosome transmission requires contamination of water by faeces or urine containing eggs, a specific freshwater snail as intermediate host, and human contact with water inhabited by the intermediate host snail. 1 2 Schistosomiasis transmission is highly dependent on environmental conditions, particularly those affecting the snail host.Climate change will alter aquatic environments and subsequently the transmission and distribution of waterborne diseases.6w2In this review, we introduce the schistosome parasites and describe the pathophysiology and the clinical disease they cause.We discuss current diagnostic tools and the management of schistosomiasis, based on evidence from studies of both high and lower quality as well as information from current international guidelines. What are the clinical features of schistosomiasis?Schistosomiasis progresses in three distinct phases: acute, chronic, and advanced disease.
Quinolones to treat acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in TB endemic areas: a word of caution
Authors: A. Singh
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

To the Editors: 

The meta-analysis by Siempos et al. 1 has shown equivalent efficacy of macrolides, quinolones and amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of patients with acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (ABECB). Although quinolones are associated with better microbiological success and fewer recurrences of ABECB, certain points merit further discussion, especially in tuberculosis (TB) endemic areas.

Most of the randomised controlled trials included in this meta-analysis were published from the Western world, …
Clinical implications of advances in understanding the inheritance of erythropoietic protoporphyria
Authors: R. Sarkany
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2010)

Journal Article Clinical implications of advances in understanding the inheritance of erythropoietic protoporphyria Get access R. Sarkany R. Sarkany St John’s Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K. E‐mail: robert.sarkany@gstt.nhs.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 162, Issue 5, 1 May 2010, Pages 1156–1157, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09747.x Published: 01 May 2010
Identification of a Novel Estrogen Response Element in the <b> <i>Breast Cancer Resistance Protein</i> </b> (<b> <i>ABCG2</i> </b>) Gene
Authors: Pui Lai Rachel Ee, Sitharthan Kamalakaran, Debra Tonetti, Xiaolong He, Douglas D. Ross, William T. Beck
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is an ATP-binding cassette half transporter that confers resistance to anticancer drugs such as mitoxantrone, anthracyclines, topotecan, and SN-38. Initial characterization of the BCRP promoter revealed that it is TATA-less with 5 putative Sp1 sites downstream from a putative CpG island and several AP1 sites (K. J. Bailey-Dell et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1520: 234–241, 2001). Here, we examined the sequence of the 5′-flanking region of the BCRP gene and found a putative estrogen response element (ERE). We showed that estrogen enhanced the expression of BCRP mRNA in the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive T47D:A18 cells and PA-1 cells stably expressing ERα. In BCRP promoter-luciferase assays, sequential deletions of the BCRP promoter showed that the region between −243 and −115 is essential for the ER effect. Mutation of the ERE found within this region attenuated the estrogen response, whereas deletion of the site completely abrogated the estrogen effect. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed specific binding of ERα to the BCRP promoter through the identified ERE. Taken together, we provide evidence herein for a novel ERE in the BCRP promoter.
Cardiomyocyte Death Induced by Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion
Authors: Ewald A. W. J. Dumont, Leo Hofstra, Waander L. van Heerde, Stephan van den Eijnde, Pieter A. F. Doevendans, Ebo DeMuinck, Marc A. R. C. Daemen, Jos F. M. Smits, Peter Frederik, Hein J. J. Wellens, Mat J. A. P. Daemen, Chris P. M. Reutelingsperger
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Introduction —Phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization is regarded as one of the earliest hallmarks of cells undergoing programmed cell death. We studied the use of labeled human recombinant annexin-V, a protein selectively binding to PS, to detect cardiomyocyte death in an in vivo mouse model of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Methods and Results —I/R was induced in mouse hearts by ligation and subsequent release of a suture around the left anterior descending coronary artery. Annexin-V (25 mg/kg) fused to a marker molecule was injected intra-arterially 30 minutes before euthanasia. After 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion, 1.4±1.2% (mean±SD) of the cardiomyocytes in the area at risk were annexin-V positive (n=6). This increased to 11.4±1.9% after 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion (n=7) and to 20.2±3.3% after 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion (n=7). In control mice, including those injected with annexin-V at the binding site of PS, no annexin-V–positive cells were observed. DNA gel electrophoresis showed typical laddering starting after 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion, suggesting activation of the cell death program. Intervention in the cell death program by pretreatment with a novel Na + -H + exchange inhibitor substantially decreased annexin-V–positive cardiomyocytes from 20.2% to 2.2% in mice after 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion. Conclusions —These data suggest that labeled annexin-V is useful for in situ detection of cell death in an in vivo model of I/R in the heart and for the evaluation of cell death–blocking strategies.
PLASMA EXCHANGE IN BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID
Authors: Jean-Claude Roujeau, Patrice Morel, Eric Dalle, Bernard Guillot, Isabelle Gorin, Guy Lorette, Pierre Souteyrand, Jean-Claude Guillaume, Béatrice Crickx, Marie-Sylvie Doutre, William Godard, Bruno Labeille, Gérard Rifle, Raoul Triller, Jean Revuz
Journal: The Lancet (1984)
The effects of atrial fibrillation on atrial pressure-volume and flow relationships.
Authors: C W White, R E Kerber, H R Weiss, M L Marcus
Journal: Circulation Research (1982)

To study whether atrial fibrillation might produce local changes in the atrium which could facilitate the tendency of this arrhythmia to become chronic and self-perpetuating, we compared the effect of atrial fibrillation, atrial pacing, and acute volume loading on the perfusion and oxygen consumption of the atrium in anesthetized dogs. Measurement of atrial perfusion with microspheres indicates that during atrial fibrillation, atrial blood flow increases 2- to 3-fold. Right atrial pacing is a significantly less potent metabolic stimulus for atrial vasodilation. Using Doppler velocity recordings of sinus node artery blood flow velocity, a marked increase in velocity is observed within 5 seconds after the initiation of atrial fibrillation. During atrial fibrillation, the sinus node artery reactive hyperemia response is markedly attenuated. Atrial fibrillation acutely decreases atrial distensibility; atrial pressure increased 81 +/- 19% with only a small increase (9.7 +/- 3%) in atrial diameter measured by echocardiography. During sinus rhythm, volume expansion to equivalent levels of atrial pressure as seen during atrial fibrillation increased atrial diameter 21 +/- 5% P less than 0.05. Atrial oxygen consumption determined by the microspectrophotometric method markedly increases during atrial fibrillation, compared to control conditions (12.3 +/- 2.8 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.6 ml O2/min per 100 g, respectively) P less than 0.05. Atrial O2 extraction was 5.5 +/- 0.4 ml O2/ml blood in the control state, and did not change with interventions. There was a linear relationship between left atrial O2 consumption and blood flow in all experimental conditions. Atrial fibrillation therefore alters atrial hemodynamics and metabolism by increasing atrial blood flow and oxygen consumption and decreasing atrial distensibility. Since atrial perfusion during atrial fibrillation is high and atrial flow reserve is limited, it is possible that additional atrial metabolic requirements might lead to atrial ischemia, fibrosis, and, thereby, perpetuation of the arrhythmia.
688 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM FOLDING AND QUALITY CONTROL IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA: A ROLE FOR ANTERIOR GRADIENT 2
Authors: S. Lepreux, P. Bioulac-Sage, A. Mulot, C. Balabaud, F. Delom, A. Higa-Nishiyama, M. Bouchecareilh, E. Chevet
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Defective Natural Killer and Phagocytic Activities in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Are Restored by Glycophosphopeptical (Inmunoferón)
Authors: ALFREDO PRIETO, EDUARDO REYES, ERICA D. BERNSTEIN, BELÉN MARTINEZ, JORGE MONSERRAT, JOSE LUIZ IZQUIERDO, LUIS CALLOL, PILAR de LUCAS, RUDOLFO ALVAREZ-SALA, JOSÉ LUIS ALVAREZ-SALA, VICENTE G. VILLARRUBIA, MELCHOR ALVAREZ-MON
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

We have investigated both modifications in natural (innate) immunity caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the effects of a glycophosphopeptical immunomodulator (Inmunoferón) treatment on COPD-associated immunoalterations. In a double-blinded clinical trial, 60 patients with COPD received glycophosphopeptical or placebo during 90 consecutive days at oral doses of 3 g/d. Fifty-six sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects were included as a reference group for immunologic parameters. Peripheral blood natural killer (PBNK) cell cytotoxic activity and phagocytic activity of peripheral monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Ma) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells were assessed at baseline and then again at the end of treatments. We found both PBNK activity and phagocytic activity to be significantly decreased in patients with COPD compared with levels in healthy volunteers. The treatment with glycophosphopeptical provoked significant stimulatory effects on PBNK cytotoxic activity. This stimulation was not mediated by an increase in CD3−CD56+ NK cells. Further, glycophosphopeptical significantly increased the percentage of monocytes and PMNs that phagocytize Escherichia coli in vitro, as well as increased phagocytic indices. We conclude that peripheral blood cells of patients with COPD show clear defects in natural immunity that are partially rescued by glycophosphopeptical.
Level of minimal residual disease after consolidation therapy predicts outcome in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Adriano Venditti, Francesco Buccisano, Giovanni Del Poeta, Luca Maurillo, Anna Tamburini, Christina Cox, Alessandra Battaglia, Gianfranco Catalano, Beatrice Del Moro, Laura Cudillo, Massimiliano Postorino, Mario Masi, Sergio Amadori
Journal: Blood (2000)