tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
US Preventive Services Task Force. Automobile injury--selected risk factors and prevention in the health care setting
Authors: M. R. Polen
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Every year, highway crashes cause tens of thousands of deaths and millions of nonfatal injuries, many of which can be prevented. Following a mandate from the US Preventive Services Task Force, in this article we describe the magnitude of the automobile injury problem, identify injury risk factors that might be reduced by clinically based preventive programs, and review reports of interventions by health professionals to promote the use of child restraint devices, the only area in which we found published evaluations. We conclude that despite the lack of experimental evidence of the long-term effectiveness of clinically based efforts to promote occupant restraint use, such efforts may be warranted because of the enormous social and economic costs of automobile injury. In addition, physicians and other health professionals are urged to consider promoting nonclinical automobile injury prevention measures.
Mortality in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) and the Swiss general population
Authors: Christian Jaggy, Jan von Overbeck, Bruno Ledergerber, Claude Schwarz, Matthias Egger, Martin Rickenbach, Hans-Jakob Furrer, Amalio Telenti, Manuel Battegay, Markus Flepp, Pietro Vernazza, Enos Bernasconi, Bernard Hirschel
Journal: The Lancet (2003)
INTRAVENOUS NICORANDIL THERAPY REDUCES MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-2 IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE HEART FAILURE SYNDROMES
Authors: Megumi Kunishige, Shuichi Ishizuka, Kuniyasu Ikeoka, Akiko Matsuo, Minoru Ichikawa, Akira Nishibe, Yusuke Nakagawa, Yoshiyuki Kijima, Takeshi Hata
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
The Biological Basis of Radiation Therapy
Authors: James L. Quinn
Journal: JAMA (1967)

This outstanding contribution to the literature of radiation biology serves as an important bridge between the clinic and basic research radiation biology. As in most multiple author works there is variation of quality and depth of coverage of the material, but in the main the editor has done a very good job. The first chapter on "Physical Considerations" is somewhat brief. That on pathologic effects is good, but in the renal discussion no mention was made of the significant effect hypertension has on sensitizing the kidney to radiation. Also the statement was made that glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were temporarily depressed by as little as 400 rem. This is not borne out by the author's reference. These functions were depressed as long as they were measured (12 months) in their small series. Lionel Cohen's chapter on "Radiation Response and Recovery" is outstanding. This subject is covered in
Effect of nationwide injury prevention programme on serious spinal injuries in New Zealand rugby union: ecological study
Authors: Kenneth L Quarrie, Simon M Gianotti, Will G Hopkins, Patria A Hume
Journal: BMJ (2007)

<h3>OBJECTIVE:</h3> To study strength-duration properties of motor and sensory axons to evaluate whether there is a change in current through the persistent sodium (Na+) channels of sensory and motor axons in peripheral nerves of epileptic patients before and after valproic acid (VPA) and carbamazepine (CBZ) treatment due to the presence of similar channels in the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS). <h3>METHODS:</h3> This study, conducted in Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey from January 2011 to February 2012, involved 10 patients with partial epilepsy, 10 patients with primary generalized epilepsy who were not currently prescribed anticonvulsant therapy, and 10 control subjects. Using an electromyography machine, stimulus intensity was performed to produce the target (40% of maximum) compound muscle action potentials and compound sensory action potentials. The currents required for different stimulus durations, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 ms, were produced. Stimulus-response curves were then constructed, and the strength-duration time constants were estimated using Weiss’s formula. <h3>RESULTS:</h3> The rheobase of motor and sensory fibres was lower in the control group than the values of patients before and after CBZ and VPA therapy. <h3>CONCLUSION:</h3> In the PNS of epileptic patients, CBZ and VPA therapy results in decreased axonal excitability. This method may be used in investigating the underlying pathology of peripheral nerve diseases in vivo.
Prospective study of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and the risk of diabetes in men
Authors: E. B Rimm, J. Chan, M. J Stampfer, G. A Colditz, W. C Willett
Journal: BMJ (1995)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To examine the association between smoking, alcohol consumption, and the incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in men of middle years and older. <b>Design</b>: Cohort questionnaire study of men followed up for six years from 1986. <b>Setting</b>: The health professionals9 follow up study being conducted across the United States. <b>Subjects</b>: 41810 male health professionals aged 40-75 years and free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in 1986 and followed up for six years. <b>Main outcome measure</b>: Incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus diagnosed in the six years. <b>Results</b>: During 230 769 person years of follow up 509 men were newly diagnosed with diabetes. After controlling for known risk factors men who smoked 25 or more cigarettes daily had a relative risk of diabetes of 1.94 (95% confidence interval 1.25 to 3.03) compared with non-smokers. Men who consumed higher amounts of alcohol had a reduced risk of diabetes (P for trend &lt;0.001). Compared with abstainers men who drank 30.0-49.9 g of alcohol daily had a relative risk of diabetes of 0.61 (95% confidence interval 0.44 to 0.91). <b>Conclusions</b>: Cigarette smoking may be an independent, modifiable risk factor for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Moderate alcohol consumption among healthy people may be associated with increased insulin sensitivity and a reduced risk of diabetes. <h3>Key messages</h3> Key messages Epidemiological studies have not adequately examined the independent associations between smoking, alcohol, and the risk of diabetes after accounting for obesity This paper shows that current smoking roughly doubles the risk of diabetes among a healthy population of men Moderate alcohol consumption, however, significantly decreases the risk of diabetes Smoking and alcohol may alter the risk of diabetes through long term effects on insulin secretion and insulin resistance
False-Positive Uptake of I-131 in a Laryngocele Mimicking Thyroid Remnant After Thyroidectomy for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Matthias Schmidt, Markus Dietlein, Ursula Schröder, Harald Schicha
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

A 66-year-old woman underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma stage pT4 followed by radioiodine therapy with 3.7 GBq (100 mCi) iodine-131. Radioiodine therapy revealed intense radioiodine uptake of the neck, which was interpreted as thyroid remnant tissue. Follow-up whole-body scans with iodine-131 in hypothyroidism 3 months and 1 year after radioiodine therapy revealed focal uptake in the neck. Computed tomography and gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the neck demonstrated an ovoid lesion in the larynx without gadolinium enhancement. Neither thyroid remnant tissue nor enlarged cervical lymph nodes could be demonstrated either on CT or on MRI. Further examination of the patient in the ear, nose and throat department confirmed the finding of a laryngocele and biopsies demonstrated benign tissue. Follow-up whole-body scans with iodine-131 in hypothyroidism 3 years and after injection of rhTSH 5 years after radioiodine therapy reproduced the focal uptake in the neck. After initial radioiodine therapy thyroglobulin levels were never measurable, not at any of the whole-body scans in hypothyroidism, after rhTSH, or at intermediate follow-up examinations under TSH-suppressive levothyroxine therapy. The patient declined definitive operative revision of the laryngocele and is in good health 8 years after the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Splenoportography: Diagnostic Phlebography of the Portal Venous System
Authors: John L. Doppman
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Professor Leger is eminently qualified to write about splenoportography. He performed the first human splenoportogram in 1951 and has, since that time, accumulated a unique personal series of 2,000 cases. Unfortunately, his monograph, which should be the definitive article in the field, fails for two reasons: a clumsy difficult style and a complete absence of bibliography. Following the introductory chapters on techniques and complications, the normal and abnormal splenoportograms are systematically presented. The author discusses and illustrates obstructive lesions of the splenic vein, the portal vein, the intrahepatic circulation, and the hepatic venous drainage. For each site of obstruction, he details the associated collateral circulation. Chapters on undiagnosed splenomegaly, pancreatic masses, celiac adenopathy, and benign and malignant hepatic lesions stress the diagnostic value of splenoportography apart from the bleeding cirrhotic. There is an interesting comparison of postoperative splenoportograms following end-to-side and side-to-side portocaval shunts. In spite of the author's extensive
Corticosteroids Are Associated with Repression of Adaptive Immunity Gene Programs in Pediatric Septic Shock
Authors: Hector R. Wong, Natalie Z. Cvijanovich, Geoffrey L. Allen, Neal J. Thomas, Robert J. Freishtat, Nick Anas, Keith Meyer, Paul A. Checchia, Scott L. Weiss, Thomas P. Shanley, Michael T. Bigham, Sharon Banschbach, Eileen Beckman, Kelli Harmon, Jerry J. Zimmerman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Corticosteroids are prescribed commonly for patients with septic shock, but their use remains controversial and concerns remain regarding side effects.To determine the effect of adjunctive corticosteroids on the genomic response of pediatric septic shock.We retrospectively analyzed an existing transcriptomic database of pediatric septic shock. Subjects receiving any formulation of systemic corticosteroids at the time of blood draw for microarray analysis were classified in the septic shock corticosteroid group. We compared normal control subjects (n = 52), a septic shock no corticosteroid group (n = 110), and a septic shock corticosteroid group (n = 70) using analysis of variance. Genes differentially regulated between the no corticosteroid group and the corticosteroid group were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.The two study groups did not differ with respect to illness severity, organ failure burden, mortality, or mortality risk. There were 319 gene probes differentially regulated between the no corticosteroid group and the corticosteroid group. These genes corresponded predominately to adaptive immunity-related signaling pathways, and were down-regulated relative to control subjects. Notably, the degree of down-regulation was significantly greater in the corticosteroid group, compared with the no corticosteroid group. A similar pattern was observed for genes corresponding to the glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.Administration of corticosteroids in pediatric septic shock is associated with additional repression of genes corresponding to adaptive immunity. These data should be taken into account when considering the benefit to risk ratio of adjunctive corticosteroids for septic shock.
Body Fluid Volume Regulation in Health and Disease: A Unifying Hypothesis
Authors: Robert W. Schrier
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

In studies in experimental animals and in edematous patients, the nonosmotic release of vasopressin has been found to be consistently associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous and reninangiotensin-aldosterone systems. Moreover, the sympathetic nervous system is known to modulate the nonosmotic release of vasopressin and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. These findings led to our proposal that body fluid volume regulation involves dynamic interaction between cardiac output and peripheral arterial resistance. In this context, neither total extracellular fluid volume nor total blood volume are determinants of renal sodium and water excretion. With a decrease in effective arterial blood volume (EABV) initiated by either decreased cardiac output or peripheral arterial vasodilation, the acute response involves vasoconstriction mediated by angiotensin, sympathetic mediators, and vasopressin. The renal vasoconstriction, which accompanies either decreased cardiac output or peripheral arterial vasodilation, causes a decreased distal tubular delivery of sodium and water, thus maximizing the water-retaining effect of vasopressin and impairing normal escape from the sodium-retaining effect of aldosterone. The elevated glomerular filtration rate and filtered sodium load seen in pregnant women allow increased distal sodium and water delivery despite a decrease in EABV, thus limiting edema formation during gestation.
The Rattlesnake-Venom Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: Thomas J. Mays
Journal: JAMA (1913)

<h3>To the Editor</h3> —InThe Journalfor March 29, 1913, appears an editorial on "The Rattlesnake-Venom Treatment of Epilepsy," which, although chiefly aimed at another worker on this subject, is, in many instances, so manifestly unfair that I, who am wholly responsible for the origination of this method of treatment, cannot allow it to stand without a protest. In the first place, you seem to think that the essential feature in the setting aside of the epileptic seizures by crotalin resides in the injurious shocks and "severe reactions" which are incidental to its injection. Nothing could be farther from the truth. It is a fact that when the drug was first injected it was given in larger doses than have since been shown to be necessary to produce the desired results; but that it is absolutely indispensable to call forth a profound local or general reaction is not true, and
Jaundice after open heart surgery: a prospective study.
Authors: C M Chu, C H Chang, Y F Liaw, M J Hsieh
Journal: Thorax (1984)

One hundred and fifty four consecutive adult patients having cardiac surgery for a variety of cardiac lesions were evaluated prospectively for postoperative jaundice, those with a raised preoperative serum bilirubin concentration (greater than 34 mumol/l or 2 mg/100 ml) being excluded. The incidence of early postoperative jaundice, as defined by a serum bilirubin concentration of 50 mumol/l (3.0 mg/100 ml) or greater, was 23.4%. The jaundice was mild (bilirubin concentration 51-100 mumol/l (3.0-6.0 mg/100 ml] in 26 patients (16.9%) and moderate to severe (greater than 100 mumol/l (6.0 mg/100 ml] in 10 patients (6.5%). Important contributing factors were the preoperative severity of right heart failure (raised right atrial pressure at heart catheterisation) and hypotension or hypoxaemia and the amount of blood transfused during or shortly after surgery. Age, sex, underlying cardiac lesion, whether halothane was used, operative procedure, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, and presence or absence of hepatitis B surface antigen were not predictive of postoperative jaundice.
Thyroid Cancer: A Lethal Endocrine Neoplasm
Authors: Jacob Robbins, Maria J. Merino, John D. Boice, Elaine Ron, Kenneth B. Ain, H. Richard Alexander, Jeffrey A. Norton, James Reynolds
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

This conference focuses on the controversies about managing thyroid cancer, emphasizing the possibility that the treatment of patients with potentially fatal thyroid cancer may be improved. Although the mortality rate from thyroid cancer is low, it is the highest among cancers affecting the endocrine glands (excluding the ovary). Exposure to radiation during childhood in the 1930s and 1940s increased the incidence of but not the mortality from thyroid cancer, because these tumors are mainly papillary cancers developing in young adults. These rates may change as the exposed cohort ages. Risk factors that increase mortality include older patient age and the growth characteristics of the tumor at diagnosis, the presence of distant metastases, and cell type (for example, the tall-cell variants of papillary cancer, follicular cancer [to be distinguished from the more benign follicular variant of papillary cancer], medullary cancer, and anaplastic cancer). Local metastases in lymph nodes do not seem to increase the risk for death from papillary cancer, but they do increase the risk for death from follicular and medullary cancer. In the latter, mortality is decreased by the early detection and treatment of patients with the familial multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome 2a. There are excellent tumor markers for differentiated cancer of the parafollicular and of the follicular cells (serum calcitonin and serum thyroglobulin levels, respectively). Measuring the calcitonin level allows early diagnosis of familial medullary cancer, whereas measuring the thyroglobulin level, although useful only after total thyroidectomy, allows early recognition of recurrence or metastases of papillary or follicular cancer. Initial surgery, protocols for follow-up, and the use of radioiodine for the ablation of any residual thyroid and the treatment of metastatic cancer are discussed. Because these tumors resist currently available chemotherapy regimens, possible ways to increase the effectiveness of radioiodine therapy are considered as are new approaches to treatment.
Compact versus Contract — Industry Sponsors' Obligations to Their Research Subjects
Authors: Michelle M. Mello, Steven Joffe
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Research subjects in a clinical trial sued Amgen because they were not provided with experimental treatment after the trial was stopped early because of lack of efficacy and concerns about safety. The informed consent form promised continued treatment after the trial ended, but a U.S. Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Amgen, arguing that the consent form was a contract between the academic investigators and the subjects and was not binding on Amgen.
BIOLOGY OF BACTERIUM LEPISEPTICUM
Authors: Leslie T. Webster
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

1. Bacterium lepisepticum, Type D, inoculated in small amounts into meat extract broth, pH 7.4, under aerobic conditions failed to grow. Larger inoculations underwent a period of lag before the logarithmic growth phase began. 2. In this medium, dissociation of Microbe D to the variant G occurred readily. 3. A lowered oxygen tension in this broth resulted in growth of small numbers of Type D with no lag and great inhibition of the type dissociation process. 4. Similar optimum growth conditions were obtained by adding to extract broth, under aerobic conditions, autoclaved or unautoclaved rabbit blood in very small amounts, 0.0003 per cent, just sufficient to give a positive benzidine test.
Effects of the calcium channel antagonist mibefradil on haemodynamic parameters and myocardial Ca2+-handling in infarct-induced heart failure in rats
Authors: Steffen Sandmann, Jiang-Yong Min, Achim Meissner, Thomas Unger
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Abnormal intracellular Ca(2+)-handling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of contractile dysfunction and arrhythmias in failing hearts. Calcium channel antagonists (CCA) have been proposed for the prevention of cardiac events after myocardial infarction (MI). Recent studies suggest that the blockade of T-type Ca(2+)-channels induced a heart rate reduction without negative inotropic effects. We investigated the effects of the preferentially T-channel blocking CCA, mibefradil, on haemodynamic parameters and intramyocardial Ca(2+)-handling and contractility in the early and late period after MI.MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left coronary artery in male normotensive Wistar rats. Animals were divided in sham-operated and placebo- or mibefradil-treated MI rats. Placebo or Mibefradil treatment (10 mg/kg/d via gastric gavage) was started 7 days prior to MI-induction. Haemodynamic and intramyocardial Ca2+ measurements were performed 1, 3, 7 and 42 days after surgery. At these time points, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) and cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax) were measured in conscious rats. After haemodynamic measurements, the left ventricular papillary muscle was separated to determine developed tension (DT), time to peak tension (TPT) and systolic and diastolic free intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) using the Ca2+ indicator aequorin. Dose-response curves after extracellular isoproterenol- or Ca(2+)-stimulation were recorded.In the early (1-3 days) period after MI, MAP and dP/dtmax were decreased and LVEDP and HR were increased in placebo-treated MI rats. Mibefradil treatment increased MAP and dP/dtmax and decreased LVEDP and HR in infarcted rats. In the papillary muscle of placebo-treated rats, MI induced a decrease in DT and an increase in TPT and in diastolic and systolic [Ca2+]i. DT of placebo-treated MI rats showed a reduced reactivity after isoproterenol- or Ca(2+)-stimulation. After mibefradil treatment DT was increased and TPT was reduced in the late period (7-42 days) after MI, and diastolic and systolic [Ca2+]i were decreased in the early period after MI (1-3 days). The inotropic response to beta-adrenergic or extracellular Ca(2+)-stimulation was markedly improved by mibefradil 7 and 42 days after MI.We conclude, that mibefradil improves cardiac function, protects the myocardium against ischemia-induced Ca(2+)-overload and increases beta-adrenergic responsiveness in chronically failing rat hearts.
P184Optimalization of isolation and culture conditions of endothelial cells from human heart
Authors: J Skopal, E Szigetfu, K Lakatos, E Gara, S Nardai, M Polos, Z Nagy, B Merkely
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Purpose: Endothelial cells have an essential role in the maintenance of cardiac function. Cardiac endothelial cells in response of different cardiovascular risk factors become activated and this activation is often followed by endothelial dysfunction. The change of endothelial phenotype may influence interactions with surrounding cardiac fibroblasts, myocytes, pericytes.
Exposure to Cigarette Smoke and Cervical Cancer-Reply
Authors: Martha L. Slattery
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In Reply. —  Control patients were matched to case patients by age in our study, while sexual history, education, and church attendance (to help control for sexual activity) were controlled in the smoking analyses so that they also could be examined as independent risk factors in other analyses. 1 Because of the risk of cervical cancer associated with these variables, 1 major differences in their distribution between case and control subjects were noted. These variables, although associated, did not present, in the analysis, a problem of multicolinearity. While logistic regression models have the capability to control for confounding, they can only control to the extent that the data are accurate. Thus, biased risk estimates could result if important confounding variables were reported inaccurately, although they were controlled in the analyses. While there is the possibility that sexual history is reported inaccurately, we do not believe that case patients reported differently