tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary selenium on hepatic and renal tumorigenesis induced in rats by diethylnitrosamine
Authors: Russell D. Dorado, Eduardo A. Porta, Therese M. Aquino
Journal: Hepatology (1985)

Seven groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats (˜200 gm initial body weight) were injected i.p. with a single subcarcinogenic dose of diethylnitrosamine (40 mg per kg body weight) between 8 to 10 hr after partial hepatectomy, and after a recovery period of 3 weeks (herein called induction stage) received 0.05% phenobarbital in the diet for the rest of the experiment (promotion stage). The rats were fed a 20% casein-based diet containing 0.16 ppm of selenium or the same diet supplemented with 4 or 6 ppm of selenium as sodium selenite. The effects of these three dietary regimens were tested when administered 9 to 11 days before and during induction, 1 week before and during promotion or during the entire experiment. Pair-feeding conditions were used to minimize influences due to differences in food intake and growth. Despite similarities in food intakes, the growth rates in groups receiving the 6 ppm-selenium diet during promotion or during the entire experiment were in general significantly lower than in rats fed the 4 ppm-selenium diet or the 0.16 ppm-selenium basal diet. Survival rates were also significantly reduced in rats fed the 4 and 6 ppm-selenium diets during promotion or during the entire experiment. In rats killed at the 19th week for interim assessment of the experiment's progress, the stereologically analyzed numerical and volumetric densities of hepatic premalignant hyperplastic nodules did not differ significantly between groups. All the remaining rats were killed at the 46th week. The statistical analysis of the total incidence of hepatic carcinomas and renal tumors encountered in rats during the course of the experiment and in those killed at the end of the study showed no significant differences between groups. Toxic effects of selenium on liver structure were quite conspicuous in rats under prolonged treatment with 4 and 6 ppm-selenium diets.
Cysteine Oxidative Posttranslational Modifications
Authors: Heaseung S. Chung, Sheng-Bing Wang, Vidya Venkatraman, Christopher I. Murray, Jennifer E. Van Eyk
Journal: Circulation Research (2013)

In the cardiovascular system, changes in oxidative balance can affect many aspects of cellular physiology through redox-signaling. Depending on the magnitude, fluctuations in the cell's production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can regulate normal metabolic processes, activate protective mechanisms, or be cytotoxic. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can have many effects including the posttranslational modification of proteins at critical cysteine thiols. A subset can act as redox-switches, which elicit functional effects in response to changes in oxidative state. Although the general concepts of redox-signaling have been established, the identity and function of many regulatory switches remains unclear. Characterizing the effects of individual modifications is the key to understand how the cell interprets oxidative signals under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we review the various cysteine oxidative posttranslational modifications and their ability to function as redox-switches that regulate the cell's response to oxidative stimuli. In addition, we discuss how these modifications have the potential to influence other posttranslational modifications' signaling pathways though cross-talk. Finally, we review the increasing number of tools being developed to identify and quantify the various cysteine oxidative posttranslational modifications and how this will advance our understanding of redox-regulation.
Transdiaphragmatic pressure in quadriplegic individuals ventilated by diaphragmatic pacemaker.
Authors: H Garrido-Garcia, P Martin-Escribano, J Palomera-Frade, O Arroyo, J L Alonso-Calderon, J Mazaira-Alvarez
Journal: Thorax (1996)

Electrophrenic pacing can be used in the management of ventilatory failure in quadriplegic patients. A study was undertaken to determine the pattern of transdiaphragmatic pressure (PDI) during the conditioning phase of electrophrenic pacing to see if it had a possible role in optimising the process of conditioning.The tidal volume (TV) and PDI were measured in a group of six quadriplegic patients commencing ventilation by low frequency pulse stimulation (7-10 Hz) and low respiratory rate stimulation (< 10 breaths/min).Tidal volume increased between baseline and month 1 (4.33 ml/kg, p < 0.001) and between months 1 and 2 (3.00 ml/kg, p < 0.05) and then stabilised. PDI was higher during bilateral diaphragmatic pacing (mean (SD) 1.73 (0.30) kPa) than with either left (1.15 (0.34) kPa) or right (0.86 (0.37) kPa) unilateral pacing. PDI varied throughout the observation period, probably by interaction between recovery of the diaphragmatic fibres and the pacing regimen.Patients with quadriplegia due to high spinal injury can be maintained with ventilation by continuous electrophrenic pacing. The control criteria used in this study for pacing were tidal volume and the patient's tolerance, and the PDI measurement did not contribute any additional information to help with managing the conditioning process.
Preoperative Radiotherapy With or Without Concurrent Fluorouracil and Leucovorin in T3-4 Rectal Cancers: Results of FFCD 9203
Authors: Jean-Pierre Gérard, Thierry Conroy, Franck Bonnetain, Olivier Bouché, Olivier Chapet, Marie-Thérèse Closon-Dejardin, Michel Untereiner, Bernard Leduc, Éric Francois, Jean Maurel, Jean-François Seitz, Bruno Buecher, Rémy Mackiewicz, Michel Ducreux, Laurent Bedenne
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

In 1992, preoperative radiotherapy was considered in France as the standard treatment for T3-4 rectal cancers. The present randomized trial compares preoperative radiotherapy with chemoradiotherapy.Patients were eligible if they presented a resectable T3-4, Nx, M0 rectal adenocarcinoma accessible to digital rectal examination. Preoperative radiotherapy with 45 Gy in 25 fractions during 5 weeks was delivered. Concurrent chemotherapy with fluorouracil 350 mg/m2/d during 5 days, together with leucovorin, was administered during the first and fifth week in the experimental arm. Surgery was planned 3 to 10 weeks after the end of radiotherapy. All patients should receive adjuvant chemotherapy with the same fluorouracil/leucovorin regimen. The primary end point of the trial was overall survival.A total of 733 patients were eligible. Grade 3 or 4 acute toxicity was more frequent with chemoradiotherapy (14.6% v 2.7%; P < .05). There was no difference in sphincter preservation. Complete sterilization of the operative specimen was more frequent with chemoradiotherapy (11.4% v 3.6%; P < .05). The 5-year incidence of local recurrence was lower with chemoradiotherapy (8.1% v 16.5%; P < .05). Overall 5-year survival in the two groups did not differ.Preoperative chemoradiotherapy despite a moderate increase in acute toxicity and no impact on overall survival significantly improves local control and is recommended for T3-4, N0-2, M0 adenocarcinoma of the middle and distal rectum.
Risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in travellers to areas of high tuberculosis endemicity
Authors: Frank GJ Cobelens, Henk van Deutekom, Inez WE Draayer-Jansen, Ank CHM Schepp-Beelen, Paul JHJ van Gerven, Rob PM van Kessel, Marlies EA Mensen
Journal: The Lancet (2000)
RELATIONSHIP OF THE VIRUS OF LOUPING ILL IN SHEEP AND THE VIRUS OF RUSSIAN SPRING-SUMMER ENCEPHALITIS IN MAN
Authors: J. Casals, L. T. Webster
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1944)

An experimental study of three strains of Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus and one of louping ill virus has yielded the following results:- 1. The sera of mice hyperimmunized to the viruses of Russian encephalitis and louping ill respectively have produced complement fixation with both antigens in almost precisely the same titer. 2. In neutralization tests hyperimmune sera against the Russian virus strains protected against louping ill virus to the same extent as against the Russian virus strains. Conversely, hyperimmune sera against the louping ill virus protected against the Russian viruses, although to a less degree than against louping ill virus. 3. In cross-resistance tests in mice, a vaccine consisting of formolized Russian virus gave strong protection against this latter and moderate protection against louping ill virus. Formolized louping ill virus gave moderate protection against infection with louping ill and considerably less against the Russian virus. 4. Serum from an individual recovered from a laboratory infection with louping ill virus contracted in 1933 gave positive complement fixation and neutralization tests with the Russian spring-summer encephalitis, as well as with louping ill virus. 5. Serum from a patient who became infected with either Russian or louping ill virus or both while working with the viruses in the laboratory in the fall of 1942, gave positive reactions on complement fixation and neutralization tests against them both. 6. No such similarities have been found with other central nervous system viruses. Hence it would appear that they are specific.
Shared decision making: really putting patients at the centre of healthcare
Authors: A. M. Stiggelbout, T. V. d. Weijden, M. P. T. D. Wit, D. Frosch, F. Legare, V. M. Montori, L. Trevena, G. Elwyn
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Although many clinicians feel they already use shared decision making, research shows a perception-reality gap. A M Stiggelbout and colleagues discuss why it is important and highlight some best practices.
Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: effects of in vivo statin treatment
Authors: Patricia Ruiz-Limon, Nuria Barbarroja, Carlos Perez-Sanchez, Maria Angeles Aguirre, Maria Laura Bertolaccini, Munther A Khamashta, Antonio Rodriguez-Ariza, Yolanda Almadén, Pedro Segui, Husam Khraiwesh, Jose Antonio Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose Manuel Villalba, Eduardo Collantes-Estevez, Maria Jose Cuadrado, Chary Lopez-Pedrera
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

Statins may have beneficial vascular effects in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) beyond their cholesterol-lowering action, although the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. We investigated potential mechanisms involved in the efficacy of fluvastatin in preventing atherothrombosis in SLE.Eighty-five patients with SLE and 62 healthy donors were included in the study. Selected patients (n=27) received 20 mg/day fluvastatin for 1 month. Blood samples were obtained before the start and at the end of treatment. Monocytes from five patients were treated in vitro with fluvastatin.Increased prothrombotic and inflammatory variables were found in patients with SLE. SLE monocytes displayed altered mitochondrial membrane potential and increased oxidative stress. Correlation and association analyses demonstrated a complex interplay among autoimmunity, oxidative stress, inflammation and increased risk of atherothrombosis in SLE. Fluvastatin treatment of patients for 1 month reduced the SLE Disease Activity Index and lipid levels, oxidative status and vascular inflammation. Array studies on monocytes demonstrated differential expression in 799 genes after fluvastatin treatment. Novel target genes and pathways modulated by fluvastatin were uncovered, including gene networks involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial activity. Electron microscopy analysis showed increased density volume of mitochondria in monocytes from fluvastatin-treated patients, who also displayed higher expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. In vitro treatment of SLE monocytes confirmed the results obtained in the in vivo study.Our overall data suggest that fluvastatin improves the impairment of a redox-sensitive pathway involved in processes that collectively orchestrate the pathophysiology of atherothrombosis in SLE.
Functional outcomes of multi-condition collaborative care and successful ageing: results of randomised trial
Authors: M. Von Korff, W. J. Katon, E. H. B. Lin, P. Ciechanowski, D. Peterson, E. J. Ludman, B. Young, C. M. Rutter
Journal: BMJ (2011)

To evaluate the effectiveness of integrated care for chronic physical diseases and depression in reducing disability and improving quality of life.A randomised controlled trial of multi-condition collaborative care for depression and poorly controlled diabetes and/or risk factors for coronary heart disease compared with usual care among middle aged and elderly peopleFourteen primary care clinics in Seattle, Washington.Patients with diabetes or coronary heart disease, or both, and blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg, low density lipoprotein concentration >3.37 mmol/L, or glycated haemoglobin 8.5% or higher, and PHQ-9 depression scores of ≥ 10.A 12 month intervention to improve depression, glycaemic control, blood pressure, and lipid control by integrating a "treat to target" programme for diabetes and risk factors for coronary heart disease with collaborative care for depression. The intervention combined self management support, monitoring of disease control, and pharmacotherapy to control depression, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia.Social role disability (Sheehan disability scale), global quality of life rating, and World Health Organization disability assessment schedule (WHODAS-2) scales to measure disabilities in activities of daily living (mobility, self care, household maintenance).Of 214 patients enrolled (106 intervention and 108 usual care), disability and quality of life measures were obtained for 97 intervention patients at six months (92%) and 92 at 12 months (87%), and for 96 usual care patients at six months (89%) and 92 at 12 months (85%). Improvements from baseline on the Sheehan disability scale (-0.9, 95% confidence interval -1.5 to -0.2; P = 0.006) and global quality of life rating (0.7, 0.2 to 1.2; P = 0.005) were significantly greater at six and 12 months in patients in the intervention group. There was a trend toward greater improvement in disabilities in activities of daily living (-1.5, -3.3 to 0.4; P = 0.10).Integrated care that covers chronic physical disease and comorbid depression can reduce social role disability and enhance global quality of life. Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT00468676.
Trends in Indoor Tanning Among US High School Students, 2009-2013
Authors: Gery P. Guy, Zahava Berkowitz, Sherry Everett Jones, Dawn M. Holman, Erin Garnett, Meg Watson
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

Indoor tanning increases the risk of skin cancer, particularly among frequent users and those initiating use at a young age.1,2 While previous research has demonstrated that indoor tanning is common among youth,3 to our knowledge, this study provides the first national estimates of indoor tanning trends among this population.
Activated Injectable Vitamin D and Hemodialysis Survival
Authors: Ming Teng, Myles Wolf, M. Norma Ofsthun, J. Michael Lazarus, Miguel A. Hernán, Carlos A. Camargo, Ravi Thadhani
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2005)

Patients with ESRD commonly experience secondary hyperparathyroidism, a condition primarily managed with activated injectable vitamin D. The biologic effects of vitamin D, however, are widespread, and it is possible that activated injectable vitamin D alters survival in ESRD. This hypothesis was tested in a historical cohort study of incident hemodialysis patients who lived throughout the United States between January 1996 and December 1999. The primary outcome was 2-yr survival among those who survived for at least 90 d after initiation of chronic hemodialysis. During this period, 51,037 chronic hemodialysis patients survived for at least 90 d from the initiation of hemodialysis, and in the ensuing 2 yr, 37,173 received activated injectable vitamin D and 13,864 did not. At 2 yr, mortality rates were 13.8/100 person-years in the group that received injectable vitamin D compared with 28.6/100 person-years in the group that did not (P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards analyses adjusting for several potential confounders and examining injectable vitamin D therapy as a time-dependent exposure suggested that compared with patients who did not receive injectable vitamin D, the 2-yr survival advantage associated with the group that did receive injectable vitamin D was 20% (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.76 to 0.83). The incidence of cardiovascular-related mortality was 7.6/100 person-years in the injectable vitamin D group, compared with 14.6/100 person-years in the non-vitamin D group (P < 0.001). The benefit of injectable vitamin D was evident in 48 of 49 strata examined, including those with low serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone and elevated levels of serum calcium and phosphorus, situations in which injectable vitamin D is often withheld. Repeating the entire analysis using marginal structural models to adjust for time-dependent confounding by indication yielded a survival advantage of 26% (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.71 to 0.79) associated with the injectable vitamin D group. In this historical cohort study, chronic hemodialysis patients in the group that received injectable vitamin D had a significant survival advantage over patients who did not. Randomized clinical trials would permit definitive conclusions.
Double dummy trials incorporating factorial designs
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Researchers investigated whether treatment with statins reduced blood pressure as well as cholesterol concentrations in patients being concurrently treated for mild hypertension. A randomised, placebo controlled, double blind, double dummy trial incorporating a factorial design was performed. Participants were 508 patients with mild hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia (aged 45-70 years).1 Patients were randomised to antihypertensive treatment—hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg once daily or fosinopril 20 mg once daily. The double dummy technique was used to investigate the antihypertensive treatment. In addition to the antihypertensive treatment, patients were randomised to a statin (pravastatin 40 mg once daily) or placebo. The main outcome measures included clinic and ambulatory blood pressure measured every year. The researchers concluded that administration of a statin does not have an additional blood pressure lowering effect in hypertensive patients in whom blood pressure is effectively reduced by concomitant antihypertensive treatment. Which of the following statements, if any, are true?
Effect of multivitamin and multimineral supplements on morbidity from infections in older people (MAVIS trial): pragmatic, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial
Authors: Alison Avenell, Marion K Campbell, Jonathan A Cook, Philip C Hannaford, Mary M Kilonzo, Geraldine McNeill, Anne C Milne, Craig R Ramsay, D Gwyn Seymour, Audrey I Stephen, Luke D Vale
Journal: BMJ (2005)

To examine whether supplementation with multivitamins and multiminerals influences self reported days of infection, use of health services, and quality of life in people aged 65 or over.Randomised, placebo controlled trial, with blinding of participants, outcome assessors, and investigators.Communities associated with six general practices in Grampian, Scotland.910 men and women aged 65 or over who did not take vitamins or minerals.Daily multivitamin and multimineral supplementation or placebo for one year.Primary outcomes were contacts with primary care for infections, self reported days of infection, and quality of life. Secondary outcomes included antibiotic prescriptions, hospital admissions, adverse events, and compliance.Supplementation did not significantly affect contacts with primary care and days of infection per person (incidence rate ratio 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.78 to 1.19 and 1.07, 0.90 to 1.27). Quality of life was not affected by supplementation. No statistically significant findings were found for secondary outcomes or subgroups.Routine multivitamin and multimineral supplementation of older people living at home does not affect self reported infection related morbidity.ISRCTN: 66376460.
Outcome of MDR-TB patients, 1983-1993. Prolonged survival with appropriate therapy.
Authors: M M Park, A L Davis, N W Schluger, H Cohen, W N Rom
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

We analyzed the clinical and laboratory findings and outcome of 173 patients hospitalized at our institution from 1983 to 1994 with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and evaluated outcome. The 173 patients (mean age 40 +/- 1 yr) were predominantly male (92%), African American or Hispanic (80%), and mostly undomiciled. Over half (52%) were known to be HIV-infected. HIV-positive MDR-TB patients had significantly more pulmonary and constitutional symptoms, more extrapulmonary disease, and fewer cavitary lesions on chest radiographs. Fifty-five percent of the patients in the cohort have died; mortality was significantly greater for HIV-positive than HIV-negative (72% versus 20%, p < 0.01). The median duration of survival of MDR-TB patients was 22 +/- 1 mo. Overall, extrapulmonary involvement was a risk factor for shorter survival, while a cavitary lesion on initial chest film and institution of appropriate treatment were positive predictors of survival. In HIV+ patients, only appropriate therapy was associated with prolonged survival (median of 14.1 mo). Interestingly, there was a trend toward better outcome in the first half of the decade reviewed. We conclude that although mortality from MDR-TB is high in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients, institution of appropriate therapy is the factor most strongly associated with a favorable outcome. Development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MDR-TB are urgently needed.
Trans-basement Membrane Migration of Human Basophils: Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
Authors: M. Suzukawa, A. Komiya, M. Iikura, H. Nagase, C. Yoshimura-Uchiyama, H. Yamada, H. Kawasaki, K. Ohta, K. Matsushima, K. Hirai, K. Yamamoto, M. Yamaguchi
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Definitive Organ-Sparing Treatment of Anal Canal Cancer: Can We Afford to Question It?
Authors: Mahmut Ozsahin, Olalla Santa Cruz, Hasna Bouchaab, Oscar Matzinger, Pelagia G. Tsoutsou
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

cancer. 3 Thus, it is logical and insightful to draw treatment parallels with prostate cancer, as have Locati et al.Both of the patients who were discussed in our article 2 were positive for AR according to immunohistochemistry.One of the two patients had an aberration in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (phosphatase and tensin homolog [PTEN]) loss.However, we did not see evidence of the reciprocal negative feedback between the AR pathway and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway that was mentioned by Locati et al 1 as having been observed by Carver et al 4 in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer.If this were the case, we should have seen only tumor growth arrest rather than the rapid and dramatic results that were obtained, given that we were only targeting a single pathway.However, we agree wholeheartedly with the idea of combining both an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and androgen deprivation therapy.This is an interesting and novel therapy to investigate in metastatic SDCs going forward.