tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in young people: a review and quality synthesis of prospective studies
Authors: Léonie Uijtdewilligen, Joske Nauta, Amika S Singh, Willem van Mechelen, Jos W R Twisk, Klazine van der Horst, Mai J M Chinapaw
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Objective The aim of this systematic review was to summarise and update the existing literature on determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in young people, considering the methodological quality of the studies. Methods Prospective studies were identified from searches in PubMed and PsycINFO, from April 2004 through November 2010. The authors included studies investigating the association between determinants of overall physical (in)activity and/or sedentary behaviour in healthy children or adolescents. When a determinant was investigated for its association with physical (in)activity and sedentary behaviour assessed between ages of 4–12, or mean age ≤12, it was classified as ‘child determinant’. When a determinant was investigated for its association with physical activity and sedentary behaviour assessed between ages of 13–18 or mean age &gt;12, it was classified as ‘adolescent determinant’. Included articles were scored on their methodological quality and a best-evidence synthesis was applied to summarise the results. Results The authors identified 30 papers, of which seven were of high methodological quality. Intention was found as a determinant of children's physical activity. Determinants of adolescents' physical activity were age (ie, older children were more active), ethnicity (ie, being of African–American descent determined being less physically active) and planning. The authors found insufficient evidence for determinants of sedentary behaviour. Conclusion Studies on determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour were in general of poor methodological quality. To develop long-term effective interventions that increase physical activity and decrease time spent in sedentary behaviours in young people, we need more high quality prospective evidence on the determinants of these behaviours.
Localization of ?2-macroglobulin protein and messenger RNA in rat liver fibrosis: Evidence for the synthesis of ?2-macroglobulin withinSchistosoma mansoni egg granulomas
Authors: A M Tiggelman, W Boers, A F Moorman, A J P de Boer, C M Van der Loos, J P Rotmans, R A Chamuleau
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) in the rat is a strong-reacting acute-phase protein with potent protease-inhibiting and cytokine-binding properties. Production of alpha 2M is ascribed mainly to liver parenchymal cells. In the present study, we investigated, by means of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, whether fibrosis in the rat liver induced by Schistosoma mansoni eggs leads to local production of alpha 2M. alpha 2M protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) in the unaffected liver tissue, as well as serum values of alpha 2M, were comparable in control rats and egg-injected rats, at 1, 3, and 8 weeks after injection of the eggs. alpha 2M was homogeneously distributed across the liver lobule. In contrast, at the sites of the granulomas, a strong increase in alpha 2M was observed. alpha 2M mRNA was expressed by granuloma cells, but not by the surrounding liver parenchymal cells. Within the granulomas, alpha 2M protein was present in numerous spindle-shaped cells and was diffusely distributed in the extra-cellular matrix. Using double-staining techniques, a subpopulation of the alpha 2M-positive cells in the granulomas appeared to be desmin-positive, suggesting a myofibroblast origin. In addition, parenchymal cells directly surrounding the granulomas contained alpha 2M protein in approximately 50% of the granulomas 1 week after injection of the eggs. In situ hybridization on consecutive sections revealed that these parenchymal cells showed only background activity of alpha 2M mRNA, suggesting uptake of alpha 2M-protein by these parenchymal cells and previous activation of alpha 2M by proteases within the granuloma. The significance of the present study is that alpha 2M is produced locally at sites of inflammation and liver fibrosis, without measurable increase of serum levels of alpha 2M. Unexpectedly, alpha 2M present at the sites of the granulomas is not produced by the liver parenchymal cells, but rather by granuloma cells.
Radiology work load.
Authors: M J Brindle
Journal: BMJ (1978)

correct the impression that only ER-positive tumours contain PgR.Although the number of cases of PgR-positive, ER-negative tumours is small, they do exist.The importance of recognising this group of mammary carcinomas is that it may provide new insights into the interrelationship that exists between various hormones, their receptors, and tumour regression.
Environmental chemical exposures and risk of herpes zoster.
Authors: V Arndt, M F Vine, K Weigle
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

This study investigated whether residence in Aberdeen, North Carolina, the location of the Aberdeen pesticides dumps site (a national priority list Superfund site containing organochlorine pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and metals), is associated with immune suppression as indicated by a higher incidence of herpes zoster and recent occurrences of other common infectious diseases. Study participants included 1,642 residents, 18-64 years of age, who responded to a telephone survey concerning potential occupational and recreational exposures to pesticides and other chemicals, lifetime history of herpes zoster (shingles), and the recent occurrence of other common infectious diseases. Stratified and logistic regression analyses were used to compare the cumulative incidence of herpes zoster among Aberdeen residents and residents of nearby communities. There was little evidence of an overall increased risk of herpes zoster among Aberdeen residents during the period 1951-1994 [relative risk (RR), 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8-2.1]. However, an elevated risk of herpes zoster was noted consistently among Aberdeen residents of younger ages as compared to residents of the nearby communities. The RR was 2.0 (CI, 1.0-4.0) among those 18-40 years of age and was not affected by controlling for potential confounders. The RR of herpes zoster was also consistently elevated in all age groups for the period before 1985. No differences were noted between residents of Aberdeen and those of the nearby communities with respect to the recent occurrence of other common infectious diseases. These results support the plausibility of an association between exposure to the Aberdeen pesticides dumps site and immune suppression and the potential use of herpes zoster as a marker of immune suppression in studies of environmental chemical exposures.
Site-Specific Drug Delivery by Photochemical Internalization Enhances the Antitumor Effect of Bleomycin
Authors: Kristian Berg, Andreas Dietze, Olav Kaalhus, Anders Høgset
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: Photochemical internalization is under development for improving macromolecular therapy by inducing photochemical damage to endocytic vesicles. This damage leads to the release of therapeutic macromolecules entrapped in endocytic vesicles into the cytosol. The macromolecules may in this way be able to interact with therapeutic targets instead of being degraded by lysosomal hydrolases. Bleomycin is used in several standard cancer chemotherapy regimens. Its hydrophilic and relatively large chemical structure limits its ability to penetrate membrane structures, which causes the accumulation of bleomycin in endocytic vesicles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate (AlPcS2a)–based photochemical delivery of bleomycin. Experimental Design: Three tumors of different origin were grown s.c. in BALB/c (nu/nu) mice. The photosensitizer AlPcS2a and bleomycin were systemically administered and the tumor area was exposed to red light when the tumor volume had reached 100 mm3. The tumor volume was measured frequently after treatment and the time for the tumor volume to reach 800 to 1,000 mm3 was selected as the end point. Results: The photochemical delivery of bleomycin induced a delayed tumor regrowth, and in two out of three tumor models, lead to 60% complete response, whereas no complete responses were seen after treatment with bleomycin alone. A statistical model to assess synergism was established. Combination of the photochemical treatment and bleomycin was found to induce a synergistic delay in tumor growth. Conclusion: AlPcS2a-based photochemical internalization of bleomycin induces a synergistic inhibition of tumor growth in three different tumor models. This treatment combination should be further considered for clinical utilization.
Chronological supplement to the Carcinogenic Potency Database: standardized results of animal bioassays published through December 1982.
Authors: L S Gold, M de Veciana, G M Backman, R Magaw, P Lopipero, M Smith, M Blumenthal, R Levinson, L Bernstein, B N Ames
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1986)

This paper is a chronological supplement to our earlier publication, "A Carcinogenic Potency Database of the Standardized Results of Animal Bioassays.¿ We report here results of carcinogenesis bioassays published in Technical Reports of the National Cancer Institute/National Toxicology Program between July 1980 and December 1982, and the general literature between July 1981 and December 1982. This supplement includes results of 280 long-term, chronic experiments of 114 test compounds, and reports the same information about each experiment in the same plot format as the earlier paper: e.g., the species and strain of test animal, the route and duration of compound administration, dose level and other aspects of experimental protocol, histopathology and tumor incidence, TD50 and its statistical significance, dose response, author's opinion about carcinogenicity, and literature reference. While a number of appendices are provided to facilitate use of this supplement, we have not duplicated here the material published earlier. Instead, we refer the reader to the earlier publications (Peto et al. and Gold et al.) for a thorough description of the numerical index of carcinogenic potency (TD50), a guide to the plot of the database, and a discussion of the sources of data, the rationale for the inclusion of particular experiments and particular target sites, and the conventions adopted in summarizing the literature. For 44 of the 114 chemicals reported in this second plot, results of earlier experiments are also given in the first plot; since only 1981-1982 results are reported here, the first plot is required for these repeated compounds. In this paper we also give corrections for errors that appeared in the earlier publication.
New model needed for consultant contract
Authors: M. Forsythe
Journal: BMJ (1993)

between patient and doctor, facilitating diagnosis and management, but in hospital it is neglected.In Bath we are setting up video facilities in outpatient clinics to assess, analyse, and, hopefully, improve our techniques.Two weeks' introduction covering all aspects of practice work is not considered unusual for a trainee in general practice.Neither was the protected three hours a week of tutorials, lunchtime lectures, and a day release course and the encouragement to attend outside courses.There was a half day off a week.Learning was centred on the trainee and not arbitrary, responding to the needs of the student.This sort of arrangement, which is structured but in which the student is not spoon fed, puts many hospital specialties to shame; The Royal College of General Practitioners is beginning to put pressure on those hospital posts incorporated into vocational training schemes to offer similar educa- tional programmes.Hopefully, this will filter through to the less privileged members of other institutions.All too often in hospital the reality is of a world that struggles to find adequate time for study, where there is little structured training and no half days to relieve the pressure.Morale is low among juniors; I wonder why.Just as general practitioners spend a proportion of their time training in hospitals so hospital practice can learn from primary care.I join with Cubitt in recommending that all hospital practitioners, trained or in training, should try to spend some time in general practice.
Core Transcriptional Regulatory Circuit Controlled by the TAL1 Complex in Human T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Takaomi Sanda, Lee N. Lawton, M. Inmaculada Barrasa, Zi Peng Fan, Holger Kohlhammer, Alejandro Gutierrez, Wenxue Ma, Jessica Tatarek, Yebin Ahn, Michelle A. Kelliher, Catriona H.M. Jamieson, Louis M. Staudt, Richard A. Young, A. Thomas Look
Journal: Cancer Cell (2012)
Acute Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome after Interferon Therapy for Recurrent HCV Infection in Liver-Transplant Recipients
Authors: Bertrand Dousset, Filomena Conti, Didier Houssin, Yvon Calmus
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

To the Editor: Interferon alfa therapy has been recently proposed1 to treat patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection following liver transplantation2,3. We report on two patients in whom we believe that interferon alfa therapy (interferon alfa-2b, Schering-Plough) may have triggered acute vanishing bile duct syndrome. Among 28 patients who received liver transplants for cirrhosis due to HCV between 1987 and 1992, serologic (enzyme-linked immunosorbent and recombinant immunoblotting assays), viral (polymerase chain reaction), and histologic evidence of recurrent HCV infection was demonstrated in 21. Interferon alfa therapy (3 million units three times weekly) was instituted in five . . .
Evolutionary conservation of the immediate-early gene ZENK
Authors: K. D. Long, J. M. Salbaum
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

Immediate-early genes are part of a cellular response mechanism that reacts to biochemical, electrical, pharmacological, and physiological stimuli as well as changes in behavioral state. In the brain, immediate-early genes-such as egr-1 have been used as markers for neuronal activity. These markers could be invaluable in studies that utilize the chick-quail chimaera system to investigate neural components of behavior. Therefore, we decided to clone avian homologs of immediate-early genes to allow an expression analysis in behavioral paradigms and to determine the degree of conservation among diverse species. We report in this study the cloning of the ZENK gene, an egr-1 homolog, from chicken, quail, zebrafinch, and canary. We show that the coding region of this gene is highly conserved and follows established phylogenetic relationships. In situ hybridization demonstrates that the expression pattern is also conserved among species. We further demonstrate that there are regions in the 3' untranslated area of the ZENK gene that are as highly conserved as the protein-coding region and that may play a role in postranscriptional regulatory mechanisms of ZENK gene expression.
Antihistamines: Their Use and Abuse
Authors: Walter S. Burrage
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1951)

ANTIHISTAMINES no longer make the headlines. Now and then comments about them appear on the editorial page. More recently they have been found among the advertisements. Time is necessary for the clinical evaluation of any therapeutic agent. It is now five years since the first of these drugs became available to the practicing physician. In that period hundreds of articles, many reviews1 and several books2 3 4 have appeared discussing the chemistry, pharmacology and physiology of the antihistamines and recounting clinical observations on their effect in numerous diseases and conditions.As with the advent of many new types of drugs, the appearance . . .
An in vivo analysis of pancreatic protein and insulin biosynthesis in a rat model for non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Authors: M A Permutt, K Kakita, P Malinas, I Karl, S Bonner-Weir, G Weir, S J Giddings
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

The purpose of these experiments was to estimate insulin biosynthesis in vivo in a rat model for non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Insulin biosynthesis rates were determined in 4-wk-old animals that had been injected with 90 mg/kg of streptozotocin 2 d postpartum. Control and diabetic animals did not differ in body weight or fasting plasma glucose. Fed plasma glucose was significantly elevated (186 +/- 13 micrograms/dl vs. 139 +/- 7 mg/dl, P less than 0.05) and pancreatic insulin content was reduced (41 +/- 2 micrograms/g vs. 63 +/- 8 micrograms/g, P less than 0.05) in the diabetic rats. Insulin biosynthesis was estimated in vivo by measuring and comparing [3H]leucine incorporation into proinsulin with that into total pancreatic protein 45 min after injection. Insulin biosynthesis was 0.391 +/- 0.07% of pancreas protein synthesized in control rats and 0.188 +/- 0.015% (P less than 0.05) in diabetic rats. In animals of the same age, the fractional and absolute rate of pancreatic protein synthesis were determined. Total pancreatic protein synthesis was not reduced in streptozotocin treated animals (185.5 +/- 14.1%/d vs. 158.6 +/- 14.9%/d, NS) but was markedly reduced in control rats after a 48-h fast (to 70.8 +/- 5.5%/d, P less than 0.01). Because total pancreatic protein synthesis was not decreased in the diabetic rats, the decrease in the fraction of radiolabel incorporated into insulin seems to represent an absolute decrease in the rate of insulin biosynthesis in this animal model for diabetes. Through RNA blot hybridization with 32P-labeled cloned rat insulin complementary DNA, proinsulin messenger RNA (mRNA) was estimated as the rate of insulin biosynthesis in control and diabetic animals. There was a 61% reduction in proinsulin mRNA at 4 wk and an 85% reduction at 7 wk (P less than 0.001) in the diabetic animals. After streptozotocin injection in neonatal rats, there is marked beta-cell damage and hyperglycemia. Beta-cell regeneration occurs with return to normoglycemia, but with age hyperglycemia develops. The reduction in insulin synthesis and proinsulin mRNA seemed disproportionate with the more modest reduction in beta-cell number. The importance of these observations is that, in this animal model, diabetes is associated with a limited ability to regenerate beta-cell mass and to synthesize insulin. The relationship between the defect in glucose-stimulated insulin release and impaired insulin biosynthesis has yet to be determined.
Pocket-Sized Echo for Evaluation of Mitral and Tricuspid Regurgitation
Authors: Yasushi Kono, Shota Fukuda, Kenei Shimada, Hiroki Oe, Kumiko Maeda, Toshihiro Kawasaki, Hiromi Fujimoto, Kenichiro Otsuka, Tomoichiro Kubo, Satoshi Jissho, Haruyuki Taguchi, Minoru Yoshiyama, Hiroshi Ito, Junichi Yoshikawa
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2011)
Abstract 3210: Glutamine synthetase is a genetic determinant of cell-type specific glutamine independence in breast epithelia
Authors: Hsiu-Ni Kung, Jeffrey R. Marks, Jen-tsan Ashley Chi
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Although significant variations in the metabolic profiles exist among different cells, little is understood in terms of genetic regulations of such cell-type specific metabolic phenotypes and nutrient requirement. While many cancer cells depend on exogenous glutamine for survival to justify the therapeutic targeting of glutamine metabolism, the mechanisms of glutamine dependence and likely response and resistance of such glutamine-targeting strategies among cancers are largely unknown. In this study, we have found a systematic variation in the glutamine dependence among breast tumor subtypes associated with mammary differentiation: basal but not luminal-type breast cells are more glutamine dependent and may be susceptible to glutamine-targeting therapeutics. Glutamine independence of luminal-type cells is associated mechanistically with lineage-specific expression of glutamine synthetase (GS). Luminal cells can also rescue basal cells in co-culture without glutamine, indicating a potential for glutamine symbiosis within breast ducts. The luminal-specific expression of GS is directly induced by GATA3 and represses glutaminase expression. Such distinct glutamine dependency and metabolic symbiosis is coupled with the acquisition of the GS and glutamine independence during the mammary differentiation program. Understanding the genetic circuitry governing distinct metabolic patterns is relevant to many symbiotic relationships among different cells and organisms. In addition, the ability of GS to predict patterns of glutamine metabolism and dependency among tumors is also crucial in the rational design and application of glutamine and other metabolic pathway targeted therapies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3210. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3210
AN AUTOMATIC CHISEL
Authors: David R. Telson
Journal: JAMA (1925)

The chisels shown in the accompanying illustration are constructed on the principles of the steel worker's automatic punch and the dentist's mallet. When pressure is brought to bear on the handle of the instrument, it can be depressed for a short distance, compressing the spring on the inside of the handle. On further pressure the spring is tripped and a short, sharp blow is delivered at the chisel point. I believe this instrument has particular value in chiseling at the bottom of wounds in which the surgeon desires to keep his examining finger in contact with the chisel head, and finds it awkward to have his assistant use the mallet, yet finds on using the ordinary chisel that it is apt to slip, as it is difficult to gage the exact force that is used when merely pushing the ordinary chisel by hand. The instrument can be placed at the
The intrauterine device and ectopic pregnancy.
Authors: M Burke
Journal: BMJ (1977)

The increasing incidence of ectopic pregnancies in Great Britain can be partly attributed to increasing use of IUDs, specifically, type of IUDs used. 1st-generation devices (e.g., Lippes Loop, Dalkon Shield, Saf-T-Coil) have an ectopic pregnancy rate of 5%, while 2nd generation (Copper-7 and Copper-T) devices have about 2% ectopic pregnancy rate. 3rd-generation devices have a higher proportion of ectopic pregnancies compared with 2nd generation devices. A calculation of number of ectopic pregnancies per million users of IUDs per year (derived from data on pregnancy rates and proportion of ectopic pregnancies from the pregnancy rates) shows that 1st generation devices have 4 times the risk of causing ectopic pregnancies among users (or 1-year pregnancy rate of 1.8-5.6 per 100 women) compared with 2nd generation devices. Thus, 1st generation devices should be eliminated from the market to reduce risk of ectopic pregnancy.
NERVE NOSTRUMS AND THEIR DANGERS.
Authors: WILLIAM P. SPRATLING
Journal: JAMA (1903)

Nerve nostrums and their dangers constitute a subject far too comprehensive for full discussion in the brief time at our disposal, and we will omit the presentations of facts that aim to show what a race of nostrum makers and nostrum takers the American people are coming to be, and take up other matters connected with the subject that should engage our undivided attention, and which are as follows: 1. Why do people take nerve nostrums; or, indeed, nostrums of any kind? 2. Wherein does the use of nerve nostrums tend to impair the public health? 3. What measures, if any, can we take to lessen or destroy the nostrum-taking habit? Longfellow plainly expressed a lack of faith in, if not contempt for, nostrums when he wrote Purge with your nostrums and drugs infernal The spouts and gargoyles of these towers; not me;