tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Strain differences in response to diethylstilbestrol and the induction of mammary gland and bladder cancer in the rat.
Authors: W. F. Dunning, M. R. Curtis, A. Segaloff
Journal: Cancer Research (1947)

The response of 3 inbred lines of rats to unphysiological stimulation from diethylstilbestrol are reported.  Pellets of compressed crystalline diethylstilbestrol weighing 15-25 mg were implanted in the scapular region of 30 rats of both sexes of each of 3 distinct inbred lines and were replaced individually as soon as the previous pellet was completely absorbed.  The rats of the 3 lines varied in survival and in the absorption rate of the diethylstilbestrol.  Rats of Fischer line 344 succumbed first after the most rapid absorption of the hormone.  Females of this line lived an average of only 67 days and absorbed an average of 19 mg/rat.  The males survived an average of 136 days and absorbed 29 mg/rat.  The Copenhagen line 2331 males survived for 289 days and the females for 200 days having absorbed an average of 38 and 30 mg of hormone respectively.  The rats of A X C line 9935 were intermediate; the males survived for 167 days and the females for 186 days in which time the average absorption of diethylstilbestrol was 24 and 25 mg/rat.  The most conspicuous pathological lesions included pituitary adenomas fatty livers and bladder calculi and papillomas.  Pronounced strain differences were observed in the expression of these lesions.  Pellets of 75% cholesterol containing 4-15 mg of diethylstilbestrol were implanted in the scapular region of a 2nd and similar series of rats and no reimplantations were necessary to keep the rats in a constant state of hyperestrinism for the remainder of their lives.  The average survival period for the Fischer line 344 rats was increased to 200 days for the females and 367 days for the males with the more slowly absorbed diethylstilbestrol.  The A X C males lived an average of 388 days and the females 422 days whereas the Copenhagen males and females survived 528 days and 499 days respectively.  Mammary cancer was observed in 17 or 80% of the A X C males in 22 of 85% of the A X C females.  Only 1 or 17% of the Fischer line 344 females and 5 or 22% of the Fischer line 344 males had mammary cancer.  No mammary cancers were observed in treated male or female Copenhagen line 2331 rats but 16 or 62% of the males and 6 or 29% of the females had either bladder papillomas or squamous cell cancer associated with urinary calculi.
Internet papers show links between scientists and tobacco industry
Authors: Annette Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2005)

New allegations have been made that German scientists who received major funds from the tobacco industry played down the health effects of smoking. The allegations are in a report published online on 29 November in the American Journal of Public Health (doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061507).

Earlier this year an article in the magazine Der Spiegel accused several German public health scientists of receiving funds for tobacco friendly research ( BMJ 2005;331:70). The article was based on an analysis of tobacco industry documents available on the internet.

The new publication, by researchers from the Royal Free Hospital, London, and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, names eminent …
SHELL WOUND OF LEFT SIDE OF NECK: INJURY OF GREAT VESSELS AND DIVISION OF VAGUS NERVE: Recovery and Return to Firing Line
Authors: G. Bell
Journal: BMJ (1919)

minutes at this temperature.The thermal doath-point is betweenl 650 and 700 (.Resistance to Glycerine.-Animportant feature, and one which can be put to practical use, as already noted, is the resistance of the organisms to the actioni of 50 per cent.glycerin.It is not of the same degree in all instances.In the case of polyneuritis, encephalitis, and rabies the organisms remain viable in glycerin for some months.The virus of trench fever resists its action for about three months.On the other hand, the organ- isms of influenza and nephritis show a feeble resistance, at the most three or four weeks being the viable period. CONCLUSION.Such, then, is a brief account of certain filter-passing organisms.In tlhree of the diseases -influenza, trenci fever, trenclh nephritis, and possibly in encephalitis-micro- scopical examination is sufficient foe the purposes of clinic'al iiagnosis.In polyneuritis, and in most cases of encepliplitis, blood during the febrile stage is the only means of diagnosis.As far as can-be determined these organisms are definite' entities-that is, they are not stages in' the life-historv of a more complex organism.No evidence could be obtai'ned that they were mere products of the breaking down of' larger cocci, as suggested by Rosenow.In rabies no naturally acquired cases have come under review, nor has there been timeto go into the microscopic distribution of the virus in the tissues.
Quantitative determination of steroid hormone receptor positive cells in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: is there a link to inflammation?
Authors: S Capellino, B Riepl, L Rauch, P Angele, M Cutolo, R H Straub
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2006)

<b>Background:</b> Steroid hormone receptors such as glucocorticoid receptors, androgen receptors, and oestrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ) have been identified in synovial cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. <b>Objectives:</b> To find a quantitative relationship between the number of receptor positive cells and markers of inflammation, and to compare the two groups of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 36 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 17) and osteoarthritis (n = 19) were included, and receptor positive cells and cellular markers of synovial inflammation were quantified by immunohistochemistry and ELISA (interleukin 6 (IL6) and IL8). <b>Results:</b> Patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed a higher degree of histologically determined inflammation compared with those with osteoarthritis. However, synovial density of gluco-corticoid receptor positive (GR+), androgen receptor positive (AR+), ERα+ and ERβ+ cells were not different among patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. In patients with osteoarthritis, the density of GR+ cells positively correlated with the density of AR+, ERα+ and ERβ+ cells (p = 0.007), which was not observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This indicates positively coupled steroid hormone receptor expression in patients with osteoarthritis but not in those with rheumatoid arthritis. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, secretion of synovial IL6 and IL8 positively correlated with the density of ERα+ and ERβ+ cells (not with gluco-corticoid receptor and androgen receptor), which was not found in the synovium of patients with osteoarthritis. This indicates that inflammatory factors might up regulate the expression of oestrogen receptors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, or vice versa. <b>Conclusions:</b> In patients with osteoarthritis, expression of different steroid receptors is positively coupled, which was not observed in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This uncoupling phenomenon in rheumatoid arthritis might lead to an imbalance of the normal synovial homeostasis.
Comorbidity Considerations in Geriatric Oncology Research
Authors: J. W. Yates
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2001)

Although it is generally acknowledged that comorbidity has a significant impact on treatment selection and outcomes for elderly patients with cancer, an understanding of how comorbid conditions should influence clinical decisions is quite incomplete. This issue remains an important and challenging area of geriatric oncology research. Measures of comorbidity require recognition, documentation, and accurate data extraction. Extensive prospective evaluations and medical chart reviews have the greatest reliability but are costly. Administrative data are convenient and applicable to large populations, but suffer from relatively poor reliability and therefore should be used with caution. Perhaps in the future more refined nosology and better information systems will improve our understanding and ability to use administrative data sets to study comorbidity in the elderly--the eventual goal of such investigation being evidence-based criteria for care of elderly cancer patients.
Time-Action Profiles of Novel Premixed Preparations of Insulin Lispro and NPL Insulin
Authors: Tim Heise, Christian Weyer, Andreas Serwas, Sebastian Heinrichs, Johannes Osinga, Paris Roach, Jim Woodworth, Uwe Gudat, Lutz Heinemann
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacodynamic properties of three premixed formulations of the rapid-acting insulin analog insulin lispro and its protamine-retarded preparation, neutral protamine lispro (NPL) insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this open, single-center, euglycemic glucose clamp study, 30 healthy volunteers (12 women, 18 men) aged 27 ± 2 years (mean ± SD), whose BM1 was 23.0 ± 2.3 kg/m2, received subcutaneous injections of 0.3 U/kg body wt of insulin mixture (high-mixture 75/25, mid-mixture 50/50, or low-mixture 25/75 insulin lispro/NPL insulin), insulin lispro, or NPL insulin on one of the five study days in randomized order. Glucose infusion rates were determined over a period of 24 h after administration. RESULTS Maximal metabolic activity decreased after subcutaneous injection of the mixtures with lower insulin lispro content; however, the time point of maximal and of early halfmaximal metabolic activity was comparable among the three mixtures. Higher proportions of insulin lispro resulted in higher values for area under the curve within the first 360 min after injection and a more rapid decline to late half-maximal activity. Serum insulin concentrations showed a similar pattern. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of insulin lispro are preserved in stable mixtures with NPL insulin.
Thyroid Storm and Its Management
Authors: J. F. Mackin, J. J. Canary, C. S. Pittman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

THYROID storm is a syndrome characterized by exaggerated thyrotoxic manifestation, fever, and prominent symptoms of the cardiovascular, the gastrointestinal, and the central nervous systems. The clinical presentation is extremely variable. Its severity varies from a febrile reaction after a subtotal thyroidectomy to hypotension, coma and ultimately, death.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Fever and jaundice are useful clues to the presence of thyroid storm, but laboratory studies cannot differentiate it from the garden variety of hyperthyroidism.Currently, in the United States, nearly all hyperthyroid patients are treated with antithyroid drugs or a combination of antithyroid drugs and iodine for some weeks before thyroidectomy or radioactive . . .
Fluoxetine and Fluvoxamine Combined with Individual Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy in Binge Eating Disorder: A One-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Valdo Ricca, Edoardo Mannucci, Barbara Mezzani, Sandra Moretti, Milena Di Bernardo, Marco Bertelli, Carlo M. Rotella, Carlo Faravelli
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2001)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; The treatment of binge eating disorder (BED) is still the object of debate. In the present study, the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs (fluoxetine – FLX – 60 mg/day, fluvoxamine – FLV –300 mg/day), cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and combined treatments (CBT + FLX, CBT + FLV) has been evaluated in a randomized, clinical trial. Results at the end of the active treatment (in the 24th week) and 1-year follow-up outcomes have been evaluated. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; One hundred eight (44 M, 64 F) BED patients were randomly assigned to either CBT, FLX (60 mg/day), FLV (300 mg/day), CBT + FLX or CBT + FLV, for 24 weeks. At the beginning (T0), at the end (T1) of treatment and after 1 year (T2), body mass index (BMI) and eating attitude and behaviours (by EDE 12.0D) were assessed. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; At T1, BMI and EDE scores were significantly reduced in CBT, CBT + FLX and CBT + FLV, but not in the FLX and FLV treatment groups. In the CBT + FLV group, a greater (p &lt; 0.05) reduction of EDE total scores was observed, when compared to CBT + FLX or CBT treatment groups. At T2, BMI was significantly higher than at T1, but still significantly lower than at T0 in the CBT, CBT + FLX and CBT + FLV groups, while EDE scores remained unchanged from T1 in all treatment groups. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; CBT was more effective than FLX or FLV in the treatment of BED. The addition of FLX to CBT does not seem to provide any clear advantage, while the addition of FLV could enhance the effects of CBT on eating behaviours. Modifications of eating behaviours are maintained at the 1-year follow-up, although the lost weight was partly regained.
Reduction of exercise‐induced asthma oxidative stress by lycopene, a natural antioxidant
Authors: I. Neuman, H. Nahum, A. Ben‐Amotz
Journal: Allergy (2000)

Background: Lycopene has previously been shown to have high antioxidative activity. In view of the controversy regarding the beneficial effect of antioxidants on asthma, the acute effects of lycopene (LYC‐O‐MATO TM ) on airway hyperreactivity were assessed in patients with exercise‐induced asthma (EIA). Methods: Twenty patients with EIA participated in our study to verify the antioxidative effects. The test was based on the following sequence: measurement of baseline pulmonary function, 7‐min exercise session on a motorized treadmill, 8‐min rest and again measurement of pulmonary function, 1‐week, oral, randomly administered, double‐blind supplementation of placebo or 30 mg/day of lycopene (LYC‐O‐MATO), measurement of pulmonary function at rest, 7‐min exercise session, and 8‐min rest and again measurement of pulmonary function. A 4‐week washout interval was allowed between each protocol. Results: All patients given placebo showed significant postexercise reduction of more than 15% in their forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ). After receiving a daily dose of 30 mg of lycopene for 1 week, 11 (55%) patients were significantly protected against EIA. Serum analyses of the patients by high‐pressure liquid chromatography detected in the lycopene‐supplemented patients an elevated level of lycopene compared to the placebo group, with no change in retinol, tocopherols, or in the other carotenoids. Conclusions: Our results indicate that a daily dose of lycopene exerts a protective effect against EIA in some patients, most probably through an in vivo antioxidative effect.
Concanavalin A inhibits tissue factor coagulant activity.
Authors: F A Pitlick
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

Concanavalin A (con A) is a potent inhibitor of coagulant activity of native tissue factor. Coagulant activity is recovered by addition of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside to inhibited tissue factor. Inclusion of alpha-methyl-D-glucose during incubation of con A with tissue factor preserves coagulant activity. These data suggest that con A interacts reversibly with a carbohydrate residue in such a way as to inhibit coagulant activity of the molecule. Purified tissue factor apoprotein has been recombined with mixed brain phospholipids or purified phospholipids (phosphatidyl ethanolamine or a mixture of phosphatidyl choline with phosphatidyl serine). These preparations were also completely but reversibly inhibited by con A. Thus, purified tissue factor apoprotein appears to donate the affected carbohydrate residue.
Chronic Myopathy Associated with Coxsackievirus Type A9
Authors: Thomas T. Tang, Gerald V. Sedmak, Kenneth A. Siegesmund, Samuel R. McCreadie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Virus-like crystalline structures in human skeletal muscles have been observed by many electron microspists, but no viruses have been isolated and identified in such cases. An 11-year-old girl who had had muscular weakness and physical retardation since early infancy died of pneumonia due to atrophy of diaphragmatic and intercostal muscles. Electron microscopy of these muscles revealed a heavy infiltration of picornavirus-like particles that measured 19 to 23 nm in diameter. Subsequent inoculation of primary human-amnion cells with a sonic-treated suspension of the patient's diaphragmatic muscle induced an enterovirus-like cytopathic effect. The isolate was identified with use of Lim-Benyesh--Meinick enterovirus typing serum pools as coxsackievirus Type A-9. This viral isolation supports the belief that the organized electron-dense particles in human muscle are indeed virions.
Why is Sweden rethinking its NHS style reforms?
Authors: M. Whitehead, R. A Gustafsson, F. Diderichsen
Journal: BMJ (1997)

During the 1990s Sweden has embarked on a series of changes to health policy heavily influenced by the British NHS reforms. These have included the separation of purchasers and providers, an internal market regulated by contracts, competitive tendering, and the encouragement of the private sector. We discuss the origins and main features of the Swedish reforms, examine the subsequent developments which have led to a rethink, and consider what other countries can learn from this experience. To help answer these questions we interviewed senior politicians and policy makers in Stockholm County, as well as analysing official policy documents and carrying out empirical analysis of activity and cost data.

Why was reform considered necessary? One of the triggers was growing discontent among influential sections of the population, partly rooted in the effects of cost control during the 1980s.1 Through deliberate policies the proportion of gross domestic product spent on health care in Sweden fell from 9.6% in 1983 to 8.8% in 1991—Sweden and Ireland were the only countries in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development to achieve any reduction at all over this period.2 A further decrease to 7.6% in 1993 was largely the result of shifting care of elderly people from counties to municipalities.

#### Summary points

The 1990s reforms of the British NHS stimulated similar market-style changes in Sweden

In the largest county, Stockholm, problems started to surface almost immediately, requiring a series of modifications

By 1996 a rethink was evident; as a result, there was a swing towards cooperation and away from competition

Financial factors behind the rethink included a loss of cost control and problems with productivity incentives

Concerns about maintaining equity and trust within the system were also decisive in the rethink

Although this stabilised the healthcare budget, there were negative effects. As relative priority in …
Methotrexate uptake by psoriatic epidermis
Authors: J. RICHARD TAYLOR, KENNETH M. HALPRIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1977)

Psoriatic epidermis has been shown to be more sensitive to the effects of methotrexate than normal epidermis. One possible explanation for this observation is more rapid active transport of methotrexate into psoriatic cells. This study compares the uptake of methotrexate by normal and psoriatic epidermis and demonstrates the influence of extracellular pH on this process. Methotrexate uptake was not found to be greater in psoriatic epidermis than normal. A possible explanation for this unexpected finding is discussed.
Use of Sulfonylurea Drugs in Elderly Patients
Authors: Jeffrey B Halter, Linda A Morrow
Journal: Diabetes Care (1990)

Sulfonylureas are used widely to treat hyperglycemia in elderly non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. Because this patient population is growing rapidly, it is likely that use of these agents will continue to increase. There is a considerable knowledge base regarding the clinical pharmacology, mechanism of action, and adverse side effects of these agents and &amp;gt;30 yr of clinical experience with their use. However, there is little specific information about these drugs in patients &amp;gt;65 yr of age and virtually no information about use of these drugs in people &amp;gt;85 yr of age. The effectiveness of sulfonylureas to lower glucose levels, the simplicity of dosing regimens, and their relative safety are all advantages for their use in an elderly NIDDM population. Disadvantages of these agents include the relatively low likelihood of achieving euglycemia, the risk of hypoglycemia, and a number of negative interactions with other drugs. In common with all other modalities used to treat hyperglycemia, of most concern is the lack of established benefit of these drugs to reduce the risk of long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. There is clearly a need for more information about the benefits and risks of the use of sulfonylureas in an elderly diabetic patient population.
Acanthosis Nigricans
Authors: William H. Kaufman, Robert F. Tilley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1948)

ACANTHOSIS nigricans associated with cancer of the thyroid gland has apparently never been recorded in human beings. The following case is therefore of particular interest.A 33-year-old Negress was admitted to the Surgical Service of the University of Virginia Hospital on February 1, 1947, complaining of shortness of breath of 1 month's duration.In December, 1944, the patient had had a rapid onset of tremulousness, palpitation, dysphagia, exertional dyspnea, progressive weight loss and painless tumor formation in the anterior portion of the neck. On February 26, 1945, she had been admitted to another hospital, where the thyroid gland was found . . .
13-cis Retinoic Acid and Complete Androgen Blockade in Advanced Hormone-Naive Prostate Cancer Patients: Report of a Phase II Randomized Study
Authors: A. C. Ferrari
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

PURPOSE: 13 cis Retinoic acid (isotretinoin) is a retinoid with preclinical evidence of anti–prostate cancer activity. This phase II, cross-over, randomized study of advanced, predominantly androgen-dependent prostate cancer patients was designed to assess primarily the effect on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline and toxicity of adding isotretinoin to hormonal therapy and, secondarily, the potential antitumor activity of the combination. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven D0 to D2 patients were randomized soon after initiating luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone agonist with antiandrogen treatment to add (arm 1) or not (arm 2) isotretinoin from weeks 1 to 12. After cross-over on week 13, patients in arm 1 discontinued while patients in arm 2 added isotretinoin from weeks 14 to 25. Observation on hormonal therapy alone continued until week 49. RESULTS: Baseline and randomization median PSA for 30 assessable patients were, respectively, 34 and 18.2 ng/mL for arm 1 and 31 and 13.4 ng/mL for arm 2. Median PSA at week 13 was 0.5 ng/mL (range, < 0.05 to 136 ng/mL) for arm 1 and 0.7 ng/mL (range, < 0.05 to 4.4 ng/mL) for arm 2; at week 25, 0.1 ng/mL (range, < 0.05 to 121 ng/mL) and 0.4 ng/mL (range, < 0.05 to 3.1 ng/mL), respectively. At week 49, arm 1 had median PSA of 0.1 ng/mL (range, < 0.05 to 345 ng/mL) and arm 2, 0.3 ng/mL (range, < 0.05 to 8.8 ng/mL); seven of 15 and three of 15 patients, respectively, had undetectable PSA levels (P = .12). Frequent isotretinoin-related toxicity included grade 1 cheilitis (76%), skin dryness (43%), and elevated triglycerides (50%). CONCLUSION: Isotretinoin does not impair PSA decline or add significant toxicity to hormonal therapy. An adequately powered, randomized study would be required to determine whether the combination is superior to standard hormonal treatment.