tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA23: The genomic landscape of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Charles Mullighan
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest childhood tumor and a leading cause of cancer related death in young people. The last decade has witnessed intense activity in the field of ALL genomics, initially with microarrays and more recently with next generation sequencing, with the goal of comprehensively identifying all genetic alterations contributing to leukemogenesis, treatment failure and relapse. These studies have defined new entities of ALL, and have shown that each ALL subtype is typically defined by constellations of recurring chromosomal alterations and sequence mutations that target key cellular pathways including lymphoid maturation, cellular proliferation, tumor suppression, and chromatin modification. Genomic profiling has also identified genetic alterations that have clear implications for leukemia diagnosis and therapy in several subtypes of high-risk leukemia, including early T-cell precursor ALL, hypodiploid ALL, and BCR-ABL1-like ALL. Several genetic alterations are associated with an increased risk of leukemia relapse, including IKZF1, CREBBP, and NT5C2. Moreover, studies interrogating germline genetic variation have identified common variants associated with leukemia susceptibility, including risk of specific subtypes of ALL and ALL in different ethnic groups, and inherited mutations in familial ALL. Ongoing efforts are completing the genomic characterization of the spectrum of ALL cases, dissecting the genetic basis of clonal heterogeneity of ALL, and expanding these studies into integrated analysis of structural variation with the leukemia epigenome and transcriptome. Citation Format: Charles Mullighan. The genomic landscape of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr IA23.
Microscopical Examination of the Stool for Steatorrhea
Authors: G. D. Drummey, J. A. Benson, C. M. Jones
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THE microscopical examination of random stools for the presence of increased amounts of fat has proved to be a valuable screening procedure in the detection of malabsorptive syndromes in this laboratory. Although questioning the accuracy and reproducibility of such estimates of fat by microscopy, Weijers and van de Kamer1 gave data that indicate the clinical usefulness of this procedure, which in their hands showed an error of only 11 to 14 per cent. Their results suggest to us that even with the error noted by them the method could be a valuable screening technic. Because of heightened interest in the . . .
Evidence for regional catecholamine uptake and storage sites in the transplanted human heart by positron emission tomography.
Authors: M Schwaiger, G D Hutchins, V Kalff, K Rosenspire, M S Haka, S Mallette, G M Deeb, G D Abrams, D Wieland
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Positron emission tomography in combination with the newly introduced catecholamine analogue [11C]hydroxyephedrine ([11C]HED) enables the noninvasive delineation of sympathetic nerve terminals of the heart. To address the ongoing controversy over possible reinnervation of the human transplant, 5 healthy control subjects and 11 patients were studied after cardiac transplant by this imaging approach. Regional [11C]HED retention was compared to regional blood flow as assessed by rubidium-82. Transplant patients were divided into two groups. Group I had recent (less than 1 yr, 4.4 +/- 2.3 mo) surgery, while group II patients underwent cardiac transplantation more than 2 yr before imaging (3.5 +/- 1.3 yr). [11C]HED retention paralleled blood flow in normals, but was homogeneously reduced in group I. In contrast, group II patients revealed heterogeneous [11C]HED retention, with increased uptake in the proximal anterior and septal wall. Quantitative evaluation of [11C]HED retention revealed a 70% reduction in group I and 59% reduction in group II patients (P less than 0.001). In group II patients, [11C]HED retention reached 60% of normal in the proximal anterior wall. These data suggest the presence of neuronal tissue in the transplanted human heart, which may reflect regional sympathetic reinnervation.
Tripelennamine Aqueous Jelly Two Per Cent
Authors: J. Fenimore Cooper
Journal: JAMA (1960)

The clinical use of intraurethral anesthetic agents during cystoscopic procedures has been associated with a significant incidence of local and systemic reactions. Such phenomena are secondary not only to the rich vascular supply and readily permeable mucosal surfaces of the urethra but to the specific antigenic nature of the various anesthetic agents used. A number of allergic reactions to procaine hydrochloride (Novocain) and other procaine derivatives have been reported in the medical literature. A few fatalities due to the instillation of various anesthetic agents intraurethrally have been reported. The purpose of this paper is to record recent experience with an antihistamine jelly, tripelennamine (Pyribenzamine) jelly 2%. Rosenthal and Minard<sup>1</sup>first demonstrated the local anesthetic action of antihistaminic drugs in 1939. In a later paper Rosenthal<sup>2</sup>postulated that histamine or a similar chemical agent may be the initiator or mediator of pain impulses from tactile nerve endings in the
Elevation of acetylpolyamine levels in mouse tissues, serum and urine after treatment with radical-producing drugs and lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Hiroyuki Sugimoto, Shoji Yamada, Takayuki Arai, Setsuo Kobayashi, Koei Hamana, Shigeru Matsuzaki
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

Polyamines and acetylpolyamines were analyzed in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography on a column of cation-exchange resin after administering various cytotoxic substances to male mice. All of the compounds tested more or less affected the tissue levels of polyamines, including putrescine, spermidine, spermine and acetylpolyamines (N1-acetylspermidine and N1-acetylspermine). It was found that they were classified into two groups of substances: one group (including radical-producing drugs and lipopolysaccharide) which elevated the tissue levels of N1-acetylspermidine, especially in the liver, while another group of drugs (such as D-galactosamine and DL-ethionine) had little effect on the acetylpolyamine levels. When the acetylpolyamine levels rose, the levels of spermidine and spermine declined, and then putrescine levels were elevated. N1-Acetylspermine was detected only when N1-acetylspermidine levels were very high after treatment with radical-producing drugs and lipopolysaccharide. Halogenated carbon, such as carbon tetrachloride and halothane, elevated the levels of acetylpolyamines especially in the liver, while paraquat elevated them in all tissues examined.
Abstract A29: Cooption of the reactive stroma by brain metastasis relies on protease inhibitors
Authors: Manuel Valiente, Derek J. Lee, Anna Obenauf, Jason T. Huse, Jamie E. Chaft, Mark G. Kris, Edi Brogi, Joan Massagué
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Metastatic cancer cells are known to get benefit from the interaction with their microenvironment. The presence of metastatic cells in a target organ induces changes in the stroma. This reactive stroma is very evident in the brain, where cancer cells are ubiquitously associated with reactive glia. Since reactive astrocytes are known sources not only of trophic factors but also deleterious signals, we hypothesized that the ability of metastatic cells to develop in a target organ requires the ability to neutralize these deleterious signals. We detected reactive astrocytes in the proximity of brain metastasis producing plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA), which activate Plasmin, one of the main proteases in the brain. Plasmin activity in the brain acts as a deleterious factor to metastatic cells in this organ. Cancer cells selected in vivo for their ability to metastasize in the brain overexpress Serine Protease Inhibitors (SERPINs) that block Plasmin activation. Moreover, a significant cohort of human brain metastasis samples from both lung and breast adenocarcinoma scored positive for specific members of the SERPIN family. When the cancer cells were depleted of SERPINs their brain metastatic activity was significantly reduced in all experimental models, including breast and lung adenocarcinoma xenografts and syngeneic mouse models. Brain metastatic cells are sensitive to Plasmin activated killer cytokines (sFASL), and their ability to survive and to grow in the brain depends on genes whose products are inactivated by Plasmin cleavage (VEGFA and L1CAM). The cooption of SERPINs by brain metastatic cells is required to avoid the deleterious consequences of the reactive stroma and subsequently benefit from the interaction with the microenvironment. Citation Format: Manuel Valiente, Derek J. Lee, Anna Obenauf, Jason T. Huse, Jamie E. Chaft, Mark G. Kris, Edi Brogi, Joan Massagué. Cooption of the reactive stroma by brain metastasis relies on protease inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A29.
Memantine in Moderate-to-Severe Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Barry Reisberg, Rachelle Doody, Albrecht Stöffler, Frederick Schmitt, Steven Ferris, Hans Jörg Möbius
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Overstimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor by glutamate is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. Accordingly, we investigated memantine, an NMDA antagonist, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Novel approach to quantify duodenogastric reflux in healthy volunteers and in patients with type I gastric ulcer.
Authors: S A Muller-Lissner, C J Fimmel, A Sonnenberg, N Will, W Muller-Duysing, F Heinzel, R Muller, A L Blum
Journal: Gut (1983)

A new method is described which allows simultaneous measurement of gastric emptying and duodenogastric reflux and avoids transpyloric intubation. After intragastric instillation of a liquid lipid meal in six healthy volunteers the fractional gastric emptying rate was 2.9 +/- 0.3 in the upright and 2.5 +/- 0.6 SEM X 10(-2)/min in the supine position, respectively (p greater than 0.5). The duodenogastric reflux rate (expressed as fraction of the intraduodenal amount of duodenal marker) was 0.30 (range 0.03-0.81) and 0.22 (0.01-0.55) X 10(-2)/min, respectively (p greater than 0.2). Atropine (40 micrograms/kg) decreased the supine gastric emptying rate to 1.1 +/- 0.2 (p less than 0.05) and increased the supine duodenogastric reflux rate to 2.74 (0.04-9.80) X 10(-2)/min (p less than 0.05). Fasting duodenogastric reflux rate was similar in the supine and upright position, 0.49 (0.04-0.89) and 0.42 (0.06-0.97) X 10(-2)/min, respectively (p greater than 0.5). Fractional gastric emptying rate was similar in 10 volunteers and 17 patients with type I gastric ulcer (2.1 +/- 0.4 vs 1.7 +/- 0.2 SEM X 10(-2)/min, p greater than 0.2). Their duodenogastric reflux rates were also similar, 0.65 (0.01-5.24) vs 1.10 (0.01-10.83) X 10(-2)/min (p greater than 0.5). We conclude therefore that (1) gastric emptying and both fasting and postprandial duodenogastric reflux are independent of the posture; (2) fasting and postprandial reflux are of similar magnitude; (3) atropine shows gastric emptying and increases duodenogastric reflux; and (4) patients with type I gastric ulcer have neither slowed gastric emptying nor increased duodenogastric reflux.
Pathogenesis of human urinary bladder cancer
Authors: George T. Bryan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

The pathogenesis of bladder cancer is being analyzed at several levels of biological organization, i.e., population groups, individual whole animal, tissue, cell, molecule, etc. Each of these levels provides opportunities for mechanistic studies. Yet the integration of these several levels into a cohesive fabric is incomplete. From a clinical point of view, the following seem of importance to human bladder cancer pathogenesis. The initiation, promotion, and progression of bladder cancer involves several factors acting concurrently or sequentially. These factors appear to be naturally occurring or synthetically created chemicals present in the external environment. Human exposures to these agents may begin in utero, and varying, dynamic qualitative and quantitative exposure patterns continue through developmental and adult life. Apparent latent periods of development of clinical bladder cancer may be as short as one, or as long as 50 years or more. Individuals may exhibit differential susceptibility to vesical carcinogens, perhaps through phenotypic differences in quantitative biotransformation routes. Differences in bladder epithelial cell susceptibilities probably also occur, as well as varying local tissue and generalized resistance to neoplasia formation. Older individuals do not appear to be more resistant to bladder carcinogenesis. A number of animal model systems have been developed for the study of the in vivo, cellular, and molecular pathogenesis of bladder cancer. These models replicate many of the known salient features of human bladder cancer. Through use of appropriate whole animal models in conjunction with investigations of human and animal bladder cells and tissues in culture, controlled mechanistic and quantitative studies of bladder cancer pathogenesis should rapidly develop.
Current clinical laboratory practice: investigation of plasma lipids--which tests and when?
Authors: W J Marshall, F C Ballantyne
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Clinical interest in the lipoproteins stems mainly from the association between serum cholesterol concentrations and coronary heart disease. Investigations of lipoproteins should be performed in patients with premature coronary heart disease, with a strong family history of coronary heart disease, or with certain cutaneous stigmata of hyperlipoproteinaemia and when fasting serum samples are seen to be lipaemic. Family studies should be performed in appropriate cases to identify relatives at increased risk of developing coronary heart disease. Patients with conditions known to cause secondary hyperlipoproteinaemia should be investigated if they fall into one of these categories but only after treatment of the underlying condition. Non-specialist laboratories should be able to measure total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Lipoprotein electrophoresis has a limited role in such laboratories and is not necessary as a routine procedure. Specialist laboratories should in addition be able to measure individual lipoproteins and identify apolipoprotein E phenotypes.
Survival after Resuscitation from Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: ROBERT S. BAUM, HERNAN ALVAREZ, LEONARD A. COBB
Journal: Circulation (1974)

During the first three years in operating a comprehensive system for the management of out-of-hospital medical emergencies, 146 patients were resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation, hospitalized, and discharged home. The diagnosis of acute transmural myocardial infarction associated with the episode of ventricular fibrillation was confirmed in only 17% of the patients. The presence of myocardial necrosis, based on either evidence of new transmural infarction or LDH-isoenzyme criteria was established in 49.5% of the patients. During the follow-up period, averaging 418 days, 43 of the 146 patients died. Thirty-four of the 43 deaths occurred suddenly outside the hospital. Patients whose aborted sudden cardiac death was associated with acute transmural infarction had a mortality rate of 14% after two years of follow-up. In contrast, patients without evidence of acute myocardial necrosis had a high mortality rate — 47% at two years. It is concluded that: 1) out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation is common and treatable; 2) the phenomenon of sudden cardiac death should not be equated with acute myocardial infarction; 3) patients resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation without associated acute myocardial infarction are prone to sudden death — most likely from ventricular fibrillation.
Two view mammography at incident screens: cost effectiveness analysis of policy options
Authors: K. Johnston, J. Brown
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To determine the cost effectiveness of two view mammography at incident screens. <b>Design:</b> Incremental cost effectiveness analyses recognising differences in current reading policy, based on effectiveness data from an observational study. <b>Setting:</b> Breast screening programmes in England and Wales. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Health service costs, cancers detected, incremental cost effectiveness ratios per cancer detected, whole time equivalent staff. <b>Results:</b> For programmes currently using one view with some form of double reading, the incremental cost effectiveness ratio of two view mammography at incident screens ranged between £6589 and £6716, depending on the reading policy. For programmes currently using one view with single reading, two policy options were found to be more efficient than two view single reading: one view with double reading (arbitration; incremental cost effectiveness ratio of £210) and two view double reading (arbitration). If programmes using one view with single reading changed to double reading (arbitration) and then subsequently to two views double reading (arbitration), additional cancers could be detected with an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of £7983 The implementation cost of two view mammography at incident screens in programmes in England and Wales would be £2.9 million and would require 13.4 whole time equivalent radiologists. <b>Conclusions:</b> The cost effectiveness of two view mammography at incident screens depends on the film reading policy. A policy of two view mammography at incident screens in England and Wales would be efficient only if programmes using single reading moved to double reading. Given limited resources, priority should be given to introducing double reading in the subset of programmes currently using single reading as this requires fewer additional radiologists and is more cost effective. <h3>Key messages</h3> The NHS breast screening programme is currently considering whether to introduce two view mammography at incident (subsequent) screens in England and Wales. As individual screening programmes operate different reading policies it is important to recognise that both two views and double reading may independently increase the cancer detection rate and thus affect cost effectiveness. A policy of two view mammography at incident screens is efficient only if programmes that use single reading also move to double reading. Implementation of two view mammography at incident screens in programmes in England and Wales would cost £2.9 million and require 13.4 whole time equivalent radiologists. Given the current shortage of radiologists, priority should be given to introducing double reading in the subset of programmes currently using single reading as this requires fewer additional radiologists and is more cost effective.
THE IMPACT OF ANEMIA ON 6-MONTH ANGIOGRAPHIC AND 1-YEAR CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION
Authors: Ji Young Park, Seung-Woon Rha, Amro Elnagar, Byoung Geol Choi, sung il Im, Sunwon Kim, Jin Oh Na, Seongwoo Han, Cheol Ung Choi, Hong Euy Lim, Jin Won Kim, Eung Ju Kim, Hong-Seog Seo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Vascular tumours in infants. Part I: benign vascular tumours other than infantile haemangioma
Authors: P.H. Hoeger, I. Colmenero
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Vascular anomalies can be subdivided into vascular tumours and vascular malformations (VMs). While most VMs are present at birth and do not exhibit significant postnatal growth, vascular tumours are characterized by their dynamics of growth and (sometimes) spontaneous regression. This review focuses on benign vascular tumours other than infantile haemangiomas (IHs), namely pyogenic granuloma, eruptive pseudoangiomatosis, glomangioma, rapidly involuting and noninvoluting congenital haemangioma, verrucous haemangioma and spindle cell haemangioma. While some of them bear clinical resemblance to IH, they can be separated by age of appearance, growth characteristics and/or negative staining for glucose transporter 1. Separation of these tumours from IH is necessary because their outcome and therapeutic options are different. Semimalignant and malignant vascular tumours will be addressed in a separate review.
The FOXO Transcription Factor DAF-16 Bypasses ire-1 Requirement to Promote Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis
Authors: Modi Safra, Rolf Fickentscher, Mor Levi-Ferber, Yehuda M. Danino, Anat Haviv-Chesner, Malene Hansen, Tamar Juven-Gershon, Matthias Weiss, Sivan Henis-Korenblit
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2014)
Geriatricians Want Better End-of-Life Care
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1997)

WHETHER OR NOT the US Supreme Court decides that physicians may legally provide lethal drugs for their patients' use in suicide, the case on which it sat in judgment early last month has sparked discussion over the need for improved quality in care of the dying. "All of us will die. But in our society dying all too often is not meaningful or even tolerable. Most of us will live to old age—the current median age at death is 77 years—and most of us will die of progressive illnesses gradually worsening over the years," said Joanne Lynn, MD, director of the Center to Improve Care of the Dying at George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC. Lynn, who is chair of the American Geriatrics Society (AGS) ethics committee, spoke at a press conference held by the society on the eve of the Supreme Court hearing. <h3>10</h3>