tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Respiratory changes during defecation in patients with chronic respiratory failure
Authors: M. Delmastro, C. Santoro, S. Nava
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

Oxygen (O2) desaturation may occur in patients affected by respiratory diseases during daily activities, although most of these activities, e.g. walking, washing and cooking, can be avoided or eventually performed with an external aid. In this prospective study, the respiratory changes induced by the mandatory effort of defecation were assessed in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. Twenty-four consecutive patients with chronic respiratory failure due to obstructive or restrictive pulmonary disorders, showing a marked O2 desaturation during the 6-min walk test, were enrolled. Thirteen of them were already established on long-term O2 therapy (LTOT), while 11 were not. O2 saturation (Sa,O2), respiratory rate (RR), cardiac frequency (fC) and dyspnoea were measured at rest, and during and after defecation. Sa,O2 decreased significantly during defecation, while RR, fC and dyspnoea increased, both in the subgroup of patients without significant resting hypoxaemia and in the subgroup of patients receiving their usual resting flow of LTOT, as compared to resting values. In conclusion, the respiratory system of patients with chronic respiratory failure may be significantly strained by defecation.
Familial association of rheumatoid arthritis and fibrosing alveolitis.
Authors: R.D Hilton, D.A Pitkeathly
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1974)

Fibrosing alveolitis (interstitial pulmonary fibrosis) was first described in detail by Hamman and Rich (1944) and familial cases were first published by Peabody, Peabody, Hayes, and Hayes (1950).MacMillan (1951) described the condition in identical twin sisters and Hughes (1964) listed 28 previously reported cases with familial fibrosing alveolitis and added three of his own.Further patients have been reported by Swaye, van Ordstrand, McCormack, and Wolpaw (1969) and Bonanni, Frymoyer, and Jacox (1965).Fibrosing alveolitis has been reported in 23 chil- dren, fourteen of whom were less than 12 months old.Rheumatoid lung disease in children is rare and was first reported by Brinkman and Chaikof (1959).Familial fibrosing alveolitis with rheumatoid arthritis is even more unusual, the only report being of 63-year-old identical twin sisters (Coltorti, di Simone, Vitale, Scognamillo, 1967).In view of the rarity of this familial association we felt justified in reporting another family, comprising a father and his six children (Figure). Table I Serological investigationsThe serological investigations are detailed in Table I and the pulmonary function studies in Table II (overleaf). Case reportsCase 1, a 33-year-old man, first developed joint symptoms in 1962 at the age of 22 years and a diagnosis ofrheumatoid arthritis was made.Early in 1968 he developed a cough with slight haemoptysis and 4 weeks later became pyrexial and dyspnoeic.Pneumococci were isolated from the sputum and treatment with penicillin was started.The response was poor and he developed signs of a right * Rheumatoid arthritis and fibrosing alveolitis 3 Fibrosing alveolitis
PSYCHOSEXUAL FACTORS IN THE PARANOID PHENOMENA
Authors: HENRIETTE R. KLEIN, WILLIAM A. HORWITZ
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1949)

(1) The character structure of patients with paranoid syndromes varied considerably and indicated that projective phenomena are seen in widely different types of personality organization. In these, there are likewise varying conflicts or constellations of them. (2) Most of the patients in this series came from distrust-provoking backgrounds —unstable, cruel, and punitive, or highly moralistic and demanding, or indulging, pampering ones. (3) The group showed histories of preoccupation with competitive and social strivings, with failure or unsuccessful attempts to maintain ego stature. (4) Crucial precipitating situations were widely prevalent. Failures in love or sex situations were conspicuous. (5) Psychosexual history antedating illness emphasized prevalent guilty attitudes toward sexuality, particularly masturbation. (6) Chief sexual preoccupations during illness were (a) infidelity of mate, (b) being a phantasied love object, (c) victim of heterosexual attack, (d) fear of being considered a pervert, (e) concern of injury to body or sex organs. (7) In many patients, the fear of being or becoming homosexual was an expression of failure, blow to pride, or general distrust of acceptance. These fears did not, of necessity, represent homosexual strivings. (8) In the study of the hostile figures, the majority picked a male for the first hostile figure and even more picked a male figure as the chief persecutor. The hostile figure frequently symbolized a strong, punitive parental figure. (9) The paranoid mechanism cannot be explained solely by homosexual conflict despite the convincing evidence of its pertinence in certain cases. It is so obvious in the cases in which it occurs, that the limits of its application are all the more surprising. One point for the universal application of the relationship of homosexual conflict to paranoid reaction is the inadequacy, and indeed almost absence, of alternative theories. However, if the relationship of homosexuality to the paranoid mechanism is assumed to be invariable, other important considerations will be neglected.
Renal Function: Mechanisms Preserving Fluid and Solute Balance in Health.
Authors: Heinz Valtin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

A thorough, easy-to-read coverage of basic renal physiology for medical students. The book moves from the general to the specific: chapter 1 is an overview of renal physiology, chapters 2 through 6 cover the general principles of renal structure and function, and chapters 7 through 11 provide more detailed information about how the kidney performs its specific functions. Each chapter is followed by several clinically oriented problems for students to solve (answers are provided at the back of the book). This edition has been completely redesigned to make it easier to use and more appealing to students. Many figures have been redrawn to make them easier to comprehend. The content has been completely revised to reflect the latest understanding of physiologic mechanisms down to molecular level and clinically relevant problems are mentioned at the end of chapters. Key points are boxed in margins to reinforce important points in each chapter.
Intravascular haemolysis after valve replacement: comparative study between Starr-Edwards (ball valve) and Bjork-Shiley (disc valve) prosthesis.
Authors: R H Falk, J Mackinnon, J Wainscoat, V Melikian, A H Bignell
Journal: Thorax (1979)

Seventy-four patients with single prosthetic valves (Björk-Shiley or Starr-Edwards) in the mitral or aortic position and 18 controls with rheumatic valvar heart disease were investigated for evidence of intravascular haemolysis. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was used as the most sensitive indicator of haemolysis. Raised concentrations were found in a third of 39 patients with Björk-Shiley prostheses (mean 281 IU/l) and in all 35 patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses (mean 859 IU/l. Values were considerably higher in patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses and particularly in those with aortic prostheses (mean 927 IU/l). Eight out of 12 patients with haemosiderinuria had Starr-Edwards valves. Intravascular haemolysis was of little clinical significance in patients with Björk-Shiley prostheses, but some patients with Starr-Edwards prostheses became iron deficient as a result.
WELSH PHYSICIANS AND THE RENAISSANCE
Authors: E. R. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1928)

liacniroglobiis aid of 380,000 red blood cells pei cubic milfi- im (tie lhad taken place in the seven days followving admliissioni to hospital, anid before transfusioni wvas resorted to.The colour inidex in their case was below unity iunitil the red blood cell count anid haemoglobini value lhad becomle aipproxinately normal-some ten weeks after admiiissioni to lhospital.The questioni arises whether a genuinie cure-security from relapse-has been attained in our case.We venture to think that it has, and have delayed reporting-the case for more tlhani twelve months to afford stronger grouLneds for our belief.The blood now slhows no indication of pernicious anaemia, and the patient is in excellent health.Twenity-three months after her confinenmient she still takes hyAldrochloric acid regularly.
The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management
Authors: Robert A Hegele, Henry N Ginsberg, M John Chapman, Børge G Nordestgaard, Jan Albert Kuivenhoven, Maurizio Averna, Jan Borén, Eric Bruckert, Alberico L Catapano, Olivier S Descamps, G Kees Hovingh, Steve E Humphries, Petri T Kovanen, Luis Masana, Päivi Pajukanta, Klaus G Parhofer, Frederick J Raal, Kausik K Ray, Raul D Santos, Anton F H Stalenhoef, Erik Stroes, Marja-Riitta Taskinen, Anne Tybjærg-Hansen, Gerald F Watts, Olov Wiklund
Journal: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (2013)
PML-RARα is associated with leptin-receptor induction: the role of mesenchymal stem cell–derived adipocytes in APL cell survival
Authors: Yoko Tabe, Marina Konopleva, Mark F. Munsell, Frank C. Marini, Claudia Zompetta, Teresa McQueen, Twee Tsao, Shourong Zhao, Sherry Pierce, Jun Igari, Elihu H. Estey, Michael Andreeff
Journal: Blood (2003)
Home spirometry and asthma severity in children
Authors: A. F. J. Brouwer, R. J. Roorda, P. L. P. Brand
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

N-Acetyltransferase (NAT) polymorphism has been implicated in differences in the susceptibility of individuals to the toxicity of chemicals metabolized by this enzyme system. Investigation into the toxicological consequences of acetylator polymorphism and the mechanism of these effects in humans, however, has been greatly hindered due to the lack of a suitable human tissue culture system for determination of hepatic NAT activity and acetylator status of individuals. An in vitro system has been developed to study NAT activity using human liver slices in dynamic organ culture. Acetylation of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) by human liver slices was monitored by measuring the disappearance of the parent amine from the incubation medium using the colorimetric procedure of Bratton and Marshall. Presence of the acetyl conjugate was confirmed using HPLC. PABA acetylation rates varied from 0.72-2.52 nmol/hr/mg protein (N = 8). This small variation (less than 4-fold) is consistent with the classification of PABA as a monomorphic substrate. The variation in the rate of SMZ acetylation was greater than 20-fold (0.144-3.68 nmol/hr/mg protein; N = 9). This larger variation is characteristic of SMZ as a polymorphic substrate. A good correlation of N-acetylation activities for SMZ was also found between cytosol and slices prepared from the same human livers. The results obtained indicate that human liver slices in dynamic organ culture can be used for the determination of hepatic NAT activity in humans. These slices may be useful in toxicological studies that seek to relate N-acetylation of chemicals in the human liver with potential toxicity.
Clinical Pattern and Therapeutic Results Achieved in 1490 Patients with Germ-Cell Tumours of the Testis: the Experience of the Spanish Germ-Cell Cancer Group (GG)
Authors: J.R Germà-Lluch, X Garcia del Muro, P Maroto, L Paz-Ares, J.A Arranz, J Gumà, E Alba, J Sastre, J Aparicio, A Fernández, A Barnadas, J Terrassa, A Sáenz, D Almenar, M López-Brea, M.A Climent, M.A Sánchez, R Lasso de la Vega, G Berenguer, X Pérez
Journal: European Urology (2002)
Marginal decline in forced vital capacity is associated with a poor outcome in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: C. J. Zappala, P. I. Latsi, A. G. Nicholson, T. V. Colby, D. Cramer, E. A. Renzoni, D. M. Hansell, R. M. du Bois, A. U. Wells
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

In therapeutic studies in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the low prevalence of significant change in pulmonary functional tests (PFTs) has been a major constraint. The prognostic value of "marginal" changes in PFTs in IPF and fibrotic non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) was evaluated. In patients with biopsy-proven IPF (n = 84) and NSIP (n = 72), forced vital capacity (FVC) and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (D( L,CO)) trends at 6 months were categorised as "significant" (FVC >10%; D(L,CO) >15%) or "marginal" (FVC 5-10%; D(L,CO) 7.5-15%). Proportional hazards analysis and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic methodology were used to examine PFT trends against mortality. In IPF, reductions in FVC were significant in 22 cases (26%) and marginal in 19 cases (23%). Mortality was higher in patients with a significant decline in FVC (hazard ratio (HR) 2.80, 95% CI 1.54-5.06; p<0.001) and those with a marginal decline in FVC (HR 2.31, 95% CI 1.19-4.50; p = 0.01) than in those with stable disease. Progression-free survival was lower when the decline in FVC was marginal than in stable disease (HR 2.34, 95% CI 1.19-4.60; p = 0.01). Marginal changes in D(L,CO) in IPF and marginal changes in FVC and D (L,CO) in fibrotic NSIP did not provide useful prognostic information. Marginal change in FVC in IPF denotes a poor outcome. These findings are applicable to clinical practice and to the selection of patients with more progressive disease for therapeutic studies.
* The potential protective effect of metformin against pancreatic cancer: preliminary results from a case-control study in two UK centres
Authors: M. W. Little, T. F. Pugh, F. J. Carey, R. Ndokera, H. Ing, R. J. Robinson, A. R. Dennison, M. S. Metcalfe, A. Clark, A. R. Hart
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> There are plausible biological mechanisms for how metformin, an oral hypoglycaemic agent, may have protective antitumour activity in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Metformin disrupts crosstalk between insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor and G-coupled receptor signalling through its agonist effect on 59 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This inhibits cell proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and reduces tumorigenic factors such as VEGF. The aim of this study was to conduct an epidemiologic aetiological investigation of metformin and pancreatic cancer in two large UK populations. <h3>Methods</h3> All cases of pancreatic cancer diagnosed in Norfolk (2004–2006) and Leicestershire (2007) were identified, and the diagnosis and staging confirmed by reviewing the clinical notes. The use of metformin was recorded in both cancer patients and a group of dermatology controls of similar ages. The OR of developing pancreatic cancer was estimated using unconditional logistic regression adjusted for gender, age at diagnosis, cigarette smoking, and type II diabetes. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 206 cases of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were identified (median age 71 years, range 49–99 years, 52% women) and also 251 controls. The OR for cigarette smokers was 3.71 (95% CI 1.94 to 7.08) and for type II diabetes OR=3.47 (95% CI 1.72 to 7.02). In patients with type 2 diabetes metformin was prescribed less in cancer patients than controls (49% vs 73%, p=0.11). The use of metformin had a borderline statistically significant negative association with the development of pancreatic cancer, OR=0.28 (95% CI 0.06 to 1.22, p=0.09). No effect was found for the sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic drugs (OR= 0.38, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.70, p=0.20). <h3>Conclusion</h3> These results may support the hypothesis that metformin has anticancer effects for pancreatic cancer, although further identification of cases and controls is continuing to more precisely define the association. Currently, the use of metformin should be measured in future aetiological studies of this aggressive tumour. If the results are consistent, then metformin may be assessed in clinical trials as a chemoprotective agent in those at high risk of the disease.
Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 in Stress and Immune Response
Authors: Kohsuke Takeda, Takuya Noguchi, Isao Naguro, Hidenori Ichijo
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2007)

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK pathways. ASK1 is preferentially activated by various cytotoxic stressors and plays pivotal roles in a wide variety of cellular response to them. Recent analyses of ASK1 orthologs in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster have revealed that ASK1 is an evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in stress responses and appears to constitute a primitive but efficient defense system against stimuli harmful to organisms. Consistent with this notion, ASK1 has been shown to be required for the innate immune response, which is essential for host defense against a wide range of pathogens. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms by which ASK1 functions in stress and immune responses and discuss the possible involvement of ASK1 in human diseases.
Neuropsychological Functioning and MRI Signal Hyperintensities in Geriatric Depression
Authors: Elisse Kramer-Ginsberg, Blaine S. Greenwald, K. Ranga Rama Krishnan, Bruce Christiansen, Jian Hu, Manzar Ashtari, Mahendra Patel, Simcha Pollack
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1999)

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between signal hyperintensities—a probable marker of underlying pathology—on T2-weighted magnetic resonance brain scans and neuropsychological test findings in elderly depressed and normal subjects. METHOD: Elderly subjects with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of major depression (N=41) and normal elderly comparison subjects (N=38) participated in a magnetic resonance imaging study (1.0-T) of signal hyperintensities in periventricular, deep white matter, and subcortical gray matter. Hard copies of scans were rated in random order by research psychiatrists blind to diagnosis; the modified Fazekas hyperintensity rating scale was used. Cognitive performance was independently assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Clinical and demographic differences between groups were assessed by t tests and chi-square analysis. Relationships between neuropsychological performance and diagnosis and hyperintensities and their interaction were analyzed by using analysis of covariance, with adjustment for age and education. RESULTS: Elderly depressed subjects manifested poorer cognitive performance on several tests than normal comparison subjects. A significant interaction between hyperintensity location/severity and presence/absence of depression on cognitive performance was found: depressed patients with moderate-to-severe deep white matter hyperintensities demonstrated worse performance on general and delayed recall memory indices, executive functioning and language testing than depressed patients without such lesions and normal elderly subjects with or without deep white matter changes. CONCLUSIONS: Findings validate cognitive performance decrements in geriatric depression and suggest possible neuroanatomic vulnerabilities to developing particular neuropsychological dysfunction in depressed subjects. (Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:438–444)
Effect of taping on the shoulders of Australian football players
Authors: T Bradley, C Baldwick, D Fischer, G A C Murrell
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

Background: Taping of the shoulder is common in many sports, particularly Australian football, a contact sport that often involves marking (catching) the ball overhead and has a high incidence of shoulder instability. Hypothesis: Taping of the shoulder reduces glenohumeral joint laxity and improves proprioception without impairing function. Study design: Crossover study design. Methods: 33 male players aged 18–31 years were recruited from a local Australian football club. The dominant shoulder of each player was tested with and without taping in a randomised fashion by an examiner blinded to the presence or absence of taping. The tests were (1) inferior glenohumeral joint laxity (the Orthopaedic Research Institute laxometer), (2) shoulder joint position sense accuracy using an optical tracking system, and (3) handballing accuracy. Results: The methods for testing laxity and joint position sense had good intraobserver reliability and sensitivity. All subjects tolerated the taping and testing. Glenohumeral joint laxity (p = 0.75), joint position sense (p = 0.56) and handballing accuracy (p = 0.6) were not changed by taping. Conclusions: Taping of the shoulder joint in uninjured and non-symptomatic Australian football players in a pattern that attempted not to restrict their range of overhead movement did not significantly affect the accuracy of joint position sense, inferior laxity or handball accuracy. Clinical relevance: These data suggest that taping of the shoulder is unlikely to decrease the incidence of injury—specifically dislocation—of the shoulder in Australian football players.
Occult infection of peripheral B cells by hepatitis C variants which have low translational efficiency in cultured hepatocytes
Authors: T. Durand, G. Di Liberto, H. Colman, A. Cammas, S. Boni, P. Marcellin, A. Cahour, S. Vagner, C. Feray
Journal: Gut (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> Plasma hepatitis C virus (HCV) originates from hepatocytes. However, in certain subjects, B cells may harbour both plasma strains and occult HCV strains tha t are not detected in the plasma. The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of these latter strains is mutated, suggesting that the efficiency of viral translation could drive the cellular tropism of HCV. <h3>Aims</h3> To determine if the translational efficiency of IRES variants in cultured hepatocytes or B cells is correlated with their cellular tropism in vivo. <h3>Methods</h3> The efficiency of IRES of 10 B cell-specific variants and nine plasma variants, isolated from six patients with compartmentalised variants in B cells, was estimated by bicistronic dual luciferase expression in hepatocyte cell types (Huh7), in primary cultured human hepatocytes (PCHs) and in two B cell lines (Raji and Daudi). <h3>Results</h3> For each of the six subjects, the plasma IRESes were significantly and repeatedly more efficient than B cell IRESes in Huh7 (1.7±0.3 vs 0.7±0.2; p&lt;0.01) and PCH cells. In B cell lines, B cell and plasma IRES had similar low efficiencies (0.8±0.1 vs 0.9±0.1; NS). For three subjects, two IRES variants from the same compartment could be analysed, and had the same efficiency in each cell type. Silencing the lupus antigen, a known IRES trans-acting factor, inhibited plasma IRES variants to a greater extent than B cell-specific IRESes. <h3>Conclusions</h3> B cells can harbour occult variants that have a poor translational efficiency in hepatocytes, strongly suggesting their extra-hepatic origin and raising the hypothesis that competition between HCV variants with different IRESes is driven at a translational level in hepatic, as well as in extra-hepatic, sites.