tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PREVENTION OF SMALLPOX.
Authors: ELMER LEE
Journal: JAMA (1896)

It is not my intention to rudely characterize the world-wide process instituted by Jenner just one century ago, as either inefficient or a failure. As there was more than one road which led to Rome, it may be that there is other than one method by which a given disease may be prevented. It was 100 years ago, on the 14th day of May, that the English physician perceived the effect of a slight accident and gave the world the deductions by which vaccination with cowpox, made his name forever to be remembered, and rendered universal aid to the people. It has not been in my power, personally, to inaugurate experiments for determination of the correctness of conclusions concerning prophylaxis by vaccination; indeed, it is the privilege of few physicians, to know the exact facts by personal knowledge. It is not my purpose to question the validity of the statistics
Involution of mucocutaneous pigmentation of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
Authors: P W Keeling, N Aston, H J Anderson
Journal: BMJ (1977)

The patient is now very well and leading a normal, active life, though the subdermal tissues in his arms and legs remain bound down and tight.Skin biopsy shows no skin atrophy or loss of appendages but some subdermal fibrosis.
INCREMENTAL PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING FOR CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: ALPS AMI SUBANALYSIS
Authors: Masatoshi Minamisawa, Hirohiko Motoki, Atushi Izawa, Yuichiro Kashima, Takashi Miura, Souichiro Ebisawa, Yuji Shiba, Takeshi Tomita, Yusuke Miyashita, Jun Koyama, Uichi Ikeda
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Response to Open Commentaries for “The Effectiveness and Ethical Justification of Psychiatric Outpatient Commitment”
Authors: Paul F. Stavis, Guido Zanni
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2007)

"Response to Open Commentaries for “The Effectiveness and Ethical Justification of Psychiatric Outpatient Commitment”." The American Journal of Bioethics, 7(11), pp. W3–W4 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of their affiliate institutions.
Tocainide: A New Oral Antiarrhythmic Agent
Authors: STEVEN P. KUTALEK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Tocainide, a newly released class IB antiarrhythmic agent, has membrane stabilizing and electrophysiologic characteristics similar to those of lidocaine, but it can be prescribed for oral administration. Investigational studies in both animals and humans have shown tocainide's effectiveness for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in chronic and acute settings. The drug has nearly 100% bioavailability after oral administration and an effective half-life of 9 to 37 hours (mean, 15 hours). Antiarrhythmic efficacy is similar to that of other class I medications currently in use. Serious side effects most frequently involve the central nervous or gastrointestinal system and occur in 10% to 20% of patients. Tocainide has minimal negative inotropic effects and a tendency to shorten effective refractory periods.
Diffuse large B cell lymphomas relapsing in the CNS lack oncogenic MYD88 and CD79B mutations
Authors: M J Kersten, W Kraan, J Doorduijn, J Bromberg, K Lam, P M Kluin, B J van der Holt, M Spaargaren, S T Pals
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2014)

Diffuse large B cell lymphomas relapsing in the CNS lack oncogenic  MYD88  and  CD79B  mutations
A workable week
Authors: A. S Garrett
Journal: BMJ (1975)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Open schools in winter in highly epidemic areas pose a controversial issue: ventilation of classrooms (an essential mitigation factor for airborne transmission) is expected to sensibly decrease due to outdoor temperatures getting colder and regulators going to allow less restrictive policies on windows closure. Fundamental questions to be addressed are therefore: to which extent can we contain airborne transmission risk in schools? what would be the optimal ventilation strategy during the cold season considering the fact that most schools are not provided with mechanical ventilation systems? To try answering these questions a risk model for airborne transmission of covid-19 in classrooms has been develped based on previous models for tubercolosis and influenza. The separate cases of infective student and infective teacher, as well as infective teacher with microphone are investigated. We explored 3500 different air ventilation cycles for different lesson+break times and carried out a numerical optimization of the risk function. Safety risk-zones for breaks and lessons durations were estimated combining the effect of surgical masks and optimal windows opening cycles.
Influence of dietary factors on the clinical course of ulcerative colitis: a prospective cohort study
Authors: S L Jowett
Journal: Gut (2004)

Background and aims: The causes of relapses of ulcerative colitis (UC) are unknown. Dietary factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of UC. The aim of this study was to determine which dietary factors are associated with an increased risk of relapse of UC. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed with UC patients in remission, recruited from two district general hospitals, who were followed for one year to determine the effect of habitual diet on relapse. Relapse was defined using a validated disease activity index. Nutrient intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and categorised into tertiles. Adjusted odds ratios for relapse were determined using multivariate logistic regression, controlling for non-dietary factors. Results: A total of 191 patients were recruited and 96% completed the study. Fifty two per cent of patients relapsed. Consumption of meat (odds ratio (OR) 3.2 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.3–7.8)), particularly red and processed meat (OR 5.19 (95% CI 2.1–12.9)), protein (OR 3.00 (95% CI 1.25–7.19)), and alcohol (OR 2.71 (95% CI 1.1–6.67)) in the top tertile of intake increased the likelihood of relapse compared with the bottom tertile of intake. High sulphur (OR 2.76 (95% CI 1.19–6.4)) or sulphate (OR 2.6 (95% CI 1.08–6.3)) intakes were also associated with relapse and may offer an explanation for the observed increased likelihood of relapse. Conclusions: Potentially modifiable dietary factors, such as a high meat or alcoholic beverage intake, have been identified that are associated with an increased likelihood of relapse for UC patients. Further studies are needed to determine if it is the sulphur compounds within these foods that mediates the likelihood of relapse and if reducing their intake would reduce relapse frequency.
Institutionalization Patterns Among Civilly Committed Addicts
Authors: John C. Kramer
Journal: JAMA (1969)

An examination of institutionalization patterns of 121 civilly committed addicts over a period of 58 to 80 months (approximately 5 to 6 1/2 years) shows that while some succeed in supervised outpatient status, most do not, and those who do not will probably spend a majority of their commitment within the institution during repeated readmissions. We are left with the question whether the limited success of the program justifies such long periods of incarceration.
Fatty Acid and Vitamin D Status in the EPIC Trials of Crohn Disease Treatment
Authors: Gregory A. Plotnikoff
Journal: JAMA (2008)

To the Editor: The study of treatment of Crohn disease by Dr Feagan and colleagues 1 is important because smaller clinical trials are more susceptible to bias, are often less methodologically rigorous, and produce relatively less precise estimates of the true effect of treatment than large multicenter studies. However, the methodology of this study overlooked 2 potential sources of type II error. First, no measurements were made of essential fatty acid status at the start or end of the trial. It is not possible to assess the quality of the randomization for either the baseline omega-3 status, the baseline intake of the proinflammatory omega-6 fatty acids, or the baseline ratios of omega-6 to omega-3. Additionally, the quality of the intervention cannot be assessed, including omega-3 fatty acid absorption in these patients or their actual adherence to the protocol. Second, no measurements were made of the vitamin D status in this population. This is unfortunate given the extremely high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this population 2 ; the frequent use of prednisone, which affects vitamin D function at the cellular level 3,4 ; and the plausible mechanism of action for clinically relevant vitamin D immunomodulation in Crohn disease. 5 The lack of sufficient vitamin D in both trial arms would confound the intervention and its analysis.
What is the significance of macrosomia?
Authors: R Schwartz, K A Teramo
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

This commentary/review briefly considers the diverse criteria recommended for classification of overweight infants. Macrosomia continues to be a vexing problem for both obstetricians and pediatricians. Among the various techniques possible for use in assessing body composition, none are more practical than body weight relative to gestational age. The criteria for normative data from large populations are reviewed. The stringent definition, i.e., exceeding +2 SD of an appropriate normative population, is reaffirmed. Using these criteria, infants of diabetic mothers showed a significant relationship of body weight to fetal hyperinsulinemia.
Personal Use of Drug Samples by Physicians and Office Staff
Authors: John M. Westfall
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Pharmaceutical samples are commonly used in ambulatory care settings. There is limited research on their use or impact on health care providers and patients.To determine the extent of personal use of drug samples over a 1-year period by physicians and medical office staff.An anonymous cross-sectional survey of all physicians, resident physicians, nursing staff, and office staff in a family practice residency.Quantity of drug samples taken for personal or family use.Of 55 surveys issued, 53 (96%) were returned. A total of 230 separate drug samples were reported taken in amounts ranging from 1 dose to greater than 1 month's supply. Two respondents reported no use of drug samples, while 4 respondents reported taking more than 10 different samples.Drug samples are commonly taken by physicians and office staff for personal and family use. The ethical implications of this practice warrant further discussion.
Austerity and the rise of food banks
Authors: T. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (2015)

In the first of the four pre-election television debates, interviewer Jeremy Paxman asked the UK prime minister, David Cameron, “How many food banks were there in this country when you came to power?” Looking slightly flummoxed, Cameron replied, “I don’t know the exact figures, but I know use of food banks has gone up.” Paxman pointed out that since 2010 the number of food banks had risen from 66 to 421, while around 900 000 people had received free food parcels last year. Paxman then challenged the prime minister to say whether or not it was “acceptable in a rich country like ours that there are that number of people dependent on free food aid.” Cameron …
Medical Management of Drug Dependence
Authors: Philip Solomon
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Drug dependence includes addiction and habituation. Physicians should attempt to diagnose the underlying conditions that lead to drug taking. These may be classified as social, neurotic, and psychotic. Social drug taking, especially of marihuana, occurs widely today in dissatisfied youths fearful of unfulfillment and rejection, and seeking "identity," status, and pleasure. Its danger is waste and crime, and its treatment largely educational. Neurotic drug taking, like other neurotic symptoms and behavior, occurs as an attempt to relieve anxiety. The danger is addiction, and the treatment psychological. Psychotic drug taking occurs as an attempted escape from severe deepseated intrapsychic misery; a psychosis can also be precipitated by the drug taking. The danger is violence, the treatment medical and psychiatric. There are mixed types.
Home births in England and Wales, 1979: perinatal mortality according to intended place of delivery.
Authors: R Campbell, I M Davies, A Macfarlane, V Beral
Journal: BMJ (1984)

A survey was carried out of all 8856 births occurring at home in England and Wales in 1979. Of these births, 67% had been booked for delivery at home, 21% had been booked for delivery in hospital, 3% had not been booked, and for 9% the intended place of delivery was unknown. The perinatal mortality varied almost 50-fold according to the intended place of delivery, ranging from 4.1/1000 births in those booked for delivery at home to 196.6/1000 unbooked births. Deliveries that occurred at home but had been booked for a hospital consultant unit were associated with a perinatal mortality of 67.5/1000. Births that had been booked for delivery at home included the smallest proportion of babies of low birth weight: 2.5% weighed 2500 g or less compared with 18% of those booked for consultant units and 29% of those not booked. Within these low birthweight groups there were noticeable differences in perinatal mortality; births booked to occur at home had the lowest mortality and unbooked births had the highest. Perinatal mortality among babies who weighed more than 2500 g was generally low irrespective of the intended place of delivery; the only exception was in babies whose delivery had not been booked. In all groups perinatal mortality was considerably higher in nulliparous than parous women. Women booking a delivery at home are clearly a selected group, and some may have been transferred to hospital during labour and were thus not included in the survey. Nevertheless, these data suggest that the perinatal mortality among births booked to occur at home is low, especially for parous women.
Intake of Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Stroke in Women
Authors: Hiroyasu Iso
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Some prospective studies have shown an inverse association between fish intake and risk of stroke, but none has examined the relationship of fish and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with risk of specific stroke subtypes.To examine the association between fish and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and risk of stroke subtypes in women.Prospective cohort study of women in the Nurses' Health Study cohort, aged 34 to 59 years in 1980, who were free from prior diagnosed cardiovascular disease, cancer, and history of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia and who completed a food frequency questionnaire including consumption of fish and other frequently eaten foods. The 79 839 women who met our eligibility criteria were followed up for 14 years.Relative risk of stroke in 1980-1994 compared by category of fish intake and quintile of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake.After 1 086 261 person-years of follow-up, 574 incident strokes were documented, including 119 subarachnoid hemorrhages, 62 intraparenchymal hemorrhages, 303 ischemic strokes (264 thrombotic and 39 embolic infarctions), and 90 strokes of undetermined type. Among thrombotic infarctions, 90 large-artery occlusive infarctions and 142 lacunar infarctions were identified. Compared with women who ate fish less than once per month, those with higher intake of fish had a lower risk of total stroke: the multivariate relative risks (RRs), adjusted for age, smoking, and other cardiovascular risk factors, were 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-1.34) for fish consumption 1 to 3 times per month, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.55-1.12) for once per week, 0.73 (95% CI, 0.47-1.14) for 2 to 4 times per week, and 0.48 (95% CI, 0.21-1.06) for 5 or more times per week (P for trend =.06). Among stroke subtypes, a significantly reduced risk of thrombotic infarction was found among women who ate fish 2 or more times per week (multivariate RR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26-0.93). Women in the highest quintile of intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids had reduced risk of total stroke and thrombotic infarction, with multivariate RRs of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.53-0.99) and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.42-1.07), respectively. When stratified by aspirin use, fish and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes were inversely associated with risk of thrombotic infarction, primarily among women who did not regularly take aspirin. There was no association between fish or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and risk of hemorrhagic stroke.Our data indicate that higher consumption of fish and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a reduced risk of thrombotic infarction, primarily among women who do not take aspirin regularly, but is not related to risk of hemorrhagic stroke.
Possible mechanism of coronary thrombosis caused by vasospasm in angiographically nearly normal coronary artery: evaluation by plaque appearance and malondialdehyde-modified oxidized LDL
Authors: Shigemasa Tani, Ikuyoshi Watanabe, Takeshi Fujii, Kazutoshi Ishikawa, Michiaki Matsumoto, Takeo Anazawa, Takashi Miyamoto, Ken Nagao, Katsuo Kanmatsuse
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Vitronectin Receptor (α <sub>v</sub> β <sub>3</sub> ) Mediates Platelet Adhesion to the Luminal Aspect of Endothelial Cells
Authors: Meinrad Gawaz, Franz-Josef Neumann, Timm Dickfeld, Armin Reininger, Helmut Adelsberger, Adrian Gebhardt, Albert Schömig
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Platelet interaction with endothelium plays an important role in the pathophysiology of coronary microcirculation. We assessed the role of the vitronectin receptor (integrin α v β 3 ) in platelet/endothelium adhesion. Methods and Results We investigated the effect on platelet/endothelium adhesion of plasma obtained from patients with acute myocardial infarction during reperfusion (before and 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours and 5 to 7 days after direct angioplasty) and with pretreatment with α-thrombin (2 U/mL) and recombinant human interleukin-1β. Platelet/endothelium adhesion was significantly enhanced by ≈20% after pretreatment of endothelium with patient plasma for 4 hours ( P &lt;.05) compared with endothelium treated with pooled control plasma. Plasma-induced platelet/endothelium adhesion was, in part, RGD peptide dependent. Pretreatment of endothelial cells with α-thrombin or recombinant human interleukin-1β enhanced platelet/endothelium adhesion and surface expression of α v β 3 on the luminal aspect of endothelium ( P &lt;.05). The adhesion of platelets, isolated platelet microparticles, and Chinese hamster ovary cells bearing human recombinant α IIb β 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa) to activated endothelial cells was inhibited by antiadhesive peptides GRGDSP and c(RGDfV) and monoclonal antibodies 4F10, LM609, and 7E3. Conclusions The expression of vitronectin receptor exposed on the luminal aspect of activated endothelium is enhanced and mediates platelet/endothelium adhesion. Vitronectin receptor–mediated platelet attachment to activated endothelium during reperfusion may contribute to reperfusion injury and could be a target for antiadhesive therapy.
Consumption of vitamin E in coronary circulation in patients with variant angina
Authors: K Miwa
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

The plasma status of vitamin E has been suggested to be linked to the activity of coronary artery spasm. This study was designed to determine whether vitamin E is actually consumed in the coronary circulation in patients with active variant angina having repetitive spasm-induced transient myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.Blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the aortic root, coronary sinus and right atrium in 12 patients with variant angina due to spasm of the left coronary artery, nine patients with stable effort angina and nine control subjects. Plasma vitamin E (alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) concentrations were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography and plasma lipid peroxides were measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS).At baseline, both plasma alpha- (p < 0.01) and gamma- (p < 0.05) tocopherol levels were significantly lower in the coronary sinus (5.50 +/- 0.50 and 0.55 +/- 0.07 mg/l, mean +/- SEM) than in the aortic root (6.63 +/- 0.57 and 0.63 +/- 0.08 mg/l) and also in the right atrium (6.44 +/- 0.61 and 0.63 +/- 0.09 mg/l) in the variant angina group. The TBARS level was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the coronary sinus than in the aortic in this group. In contrast, these levels were not significantly different between the samples from the coronary sinus and the aortic root or the right atrium in the control group and also in the stable effort angina group. The coronary sinus-aortic difference in plasma vitamin E levels in the variant angina group was not significantly altered after left coronary artery spasm induced by intracoronary injection of acetylcholine. Also, the plasma vitamin E levels in the aortic root, coronary sinus and right atrium all remained unchanged in the stable effort angina group after pacing-induced angina and in the control group after intracoronary administration of acetylcholine.Transcardiac reduction in plasma vitamin E concentrations concomitant with lipid peroxide formation was demonstrated in patients with active variant angina, suggesting actual consumption of this major endogenous antioxidant. Oxidative stress and vitamin E exhaustion may be involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery spasm.
NICE clinical guidelines: Account of guideline development was inadequate
Authors: Stephen Pilling
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To describe differences in modern contraceptive use among adolescent women aged 15–19 years according to their marital status and to determine factors associated with modern contraceptive use among sexually active women in this population. <h3>Design</h3> Cross-sectional analysis of Adolescent 360 evaluation baseline survey. <h3>Setting</h3> The 15 urban and semiurban wards of Ilemela district, Mwanza region, North-Western Tanzania. <h3>Participants</h3> Adolescent women aged 15–19 years who were living in the study site from August 2017 to February 2018 and who provided informed consent. Women were classified as married if they had a husband or were living as married. Unmarried women were classified as sexually active if they reported having sexual intercourse in the last 12 months. <h3>Outcome measure</h3> Prevalence of modern contraceptive among adolescent women aged 15–19 years. <h3>Results</h3> Data were available for 3511 women aged 15–19 years, of which 201 (5.7%) were married and 744 (22.5%) were unmarried-sexually active. We found strong evidence of differences in use of modern contraceptive methods according to marital status of adolescent women. Determinants of modern contraception use among unmarried-sexually active women were increasing age, increasing level of education, being in education, hearing of modern contraception from interpersonal sources or in the media in the last 12 months, perceiving partner and/or friends support for contraceptive use, as well as higher knowledge and self efficacy for contraception. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Sexual and reproductive health programmes aiming to increase uptake of modern contraceptives in this population of adolescent women should consider the importance of girl’s education and social support for contraceptive use particularly among unmarried-sexually active women.