tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia in childhood.
Authors: N K MacLaren, H B Valman, B Levin
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Clinical history, questionnaire data and response to antisecretory therapy are insufficient to make a conclusive diagnosis of GERD in isolation, but are of value in determining need for further investigation.Conclusive evidence for reflux on oesophageal testing include advanced grade erosive oesophagitis (LA grades C and D), long-segment Barrett's mucosa or peptic strictures on endoscopy or distal oesophageal acid exposure time (AET) >6% on ambulatory pH or pHimpedance monitoring.A normal endoscopy does not exclude GERD, but provides supportive evidence refuting GERD in conjunction with distal AET <4% and <40 reflux episodes on pH-impedance monitoring off proton pump inhibitors.Reflux-symptom association on ambulatory reflux monitoring provides supportive evidence for reflux triggered symptoms, and may predict a better treatment outcome when present.When endoscopy and pH or pH-impedance monitoring are inconclusive, adjunctive evidence from biopsy findings (histopathology scores, dilated intercellular spaces), motor evaluation (hypotensive lower oesophageal sphincter, hiatus hernia and oesophageal body hypomotility on high-resolution manometry) and novel impedance metrics (baseline impedance, postreflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave index) can add confidence for a GERD diagnosis; however, diagnosis cannot be based on these findings alone.An assessment of anatomy, motor function, reflux burden and symptomatic phenotype will therefore help direct management.Future GERD management strategies should focus on defining individual patient phenotypes based on the level of refluxate exposure, mechanism of reflux, efficacy of clearance, underlying anatomy of the oesophagogastric junction and psychometrics defining symptomatic presentations.
Atoh1 Governs the Migration of Postmitotic Neurons that Shape Respiratory Effectiveness at Birth and Chemoresponsiveness in Adulthood
Authors: Wei-Hsiang Huang, Srinivasan Tupal, Teng-Wei Huang, Christopher S. Ward, Jeffery L. Neul, Tiemo J. Klisch, Paul A. Gray, Huda Y. Zoghbi
Journal: Neuron (2012)
Mast cell myositis: a new feature of allergic asthma?
Authors: P. Berger, P.‐O. Girodet, J. Manuel Tunon‐de‐Lara
Journal: Allergy (2005)

There is some evidence that, in asthma, mast cells infiltrate the airway smooth muscle layer and, as a consequence, alter the functional and structural properties of myocytes. This inflammation so-called mast-cell myositis, probably contributes to both bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway remodelling. Previous observations have pointed out the presence of mast cells within airway smooth muscle of atopic patients and recent data obtained in asthmatic patients demonstrate that this infiltration is more important in asthmatic patients with atopy. Although the mechanism of such a mast cell attraction remains to be fully understood, experimental data demonstrate that, upon stimulation by tryptase or cytokines, smooth muscle cells can attract mast cells through the production of TGF-beta1 or SCF. Once at the site of inflammation, activated mast cells are responsible for an important extracellular deposition of inflammatory products that may facilitate the increase in smooth muscle mass. In addition, comparison of asthmatic patients with and without atopy suggests that mast cell myositis is closely related with atopy.
Concentration of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid in Ventricular and Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: O. Carter Snead, George B. Brown, Richard B. Morawetz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRIC acid (GHB) is a metabolite of an important inhibitory neuro-transmitter in the brain, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).1 , 2 However, GHB is itself a neuroactive compound that has several potent neuropharmacologic and neurophysiologic effects.3 Among the latter is the ability to produce an age-dependent seizure state in animals; this condition bears electrical, clinical, and pharmacologic resemblance to myoclonic and absence seizures in human beings.4 5 6 7 GHB has been shown to be present in the human brain and to have a discrete regional distribution8; however, there are no published data on the presence of GHB in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The object of . . .
Comparison of breast carcinomas diagnosed in the 1980s with those diagnosed in the 1940s to 1960s.
Authors: H Joensuu, S Toikkanen
Journal: BMJ (1991)

OBJECTIVE--To find out if breast carcinomas diagnosed in the 1980s differ from those diagnosed a few decades ago. DESIGN--Retrospective comparative cohort study. SETTING--City of Turku, south western Finland. PATIENTS--439 patients with breast carcinoma diagnosed in 1945-65 with a median follow up of 27 years (95% of all those histologically diagnosed in Turku); and 370 patients with breast carcinoma diagnosed in 1980-4 with a median follow up of 6 years (94% of all those histologically diagnosed in Turku). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Breast cancer incidence, mortality from breast cancer, age at diagnosis, stage of cancer, seven histological factors, DNA ploidy. RESULTS--Age adjusted incidence of breast cancer increased from 30.8/100,000 person years in 1953-7 to 62.2/100,000 in 1983-7; mortality in breast cancer increased from 16.7 to 17.2/100,000 person years. Survival of patients with stages II to IV (but not with stage I) improved. The mean age at diagnosis increased from 55.5 years in 1945-55 to 62.5 years in 1980-4 (p less than 0.0001); the proportion of patients with T0-1 carcinomas increased from 13% to 41% (p less than 0.0001) and with pN0 carcinomas from 43% to 55% (p = 0.003) from 1945-65 to 1980-4. There was no change in histological type or DNA ploidy of breast cancer, but in the 1980-4 cohort carcinomas were more often well differentiated, had lower mitotic counts and less nuclear pleomorphism, more often had a well defined tumour margin, and had less tumour necrosis. There was, however, no difference between the two cohorts in these histological characteristics except for tumour necrosis when they were compared in a multivariate log linear model at a given size of primary tumour. CONCLUSION--Improved survival with breast cancer can at least partially be explained by detection of increased numbers of small carcinomas with favourable histological characteristics.
Prevention of Deformities Through Orthotics
Authors: Leonard F. Bender
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Our experience with ortheses indicated their usefulness in preventing anticipated deformities: a pillow placed under the shoulder of a hemiplegic and supporting it in mild abduction prevented complete internal rotation; a simple opponens splint with a "C"-Bar holding the thumb of a poliomyelitis patient in an abducted position rendered impossible any thumb web contracture in adduction; a simple opponens splint with a lumbrical bar averted the claw hand in patients suffering ulnar nerve lesions with loss of interosseal function. Ortheses also impeded the progression of already existing deformities: fifth finger adduction splints with pivot hinges prevented ulnar deviation of the fingers and permitted flexion, extension, and adduction at the metacarpophalangeal joints; modified Forrester-type braces maintained good head position in the patient after release of burn contractures. These are some examples of the use of ortheses in preventing deformities.
Weight Cycling and Mortality: Support From Animal Studies
Authors: Paul Ernsberger
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Lee and Paffenbarger<sup>1</sup>demonstrate that weight loss increases cardiovascular mortality, even in overweight subjects. Weight fluctuation increased mortality by over 50%, which overshadows the 18% rise in mortality associated with the top quintile of obesity. Their article supports the emerging hypothesis that cycles of weight loss and regain are harmful. Extensive corroborating evidence from animal studies shows that weight cycling can be detrimental to health. Weight cycling is induced experimentally in numerous species by alternating brief periods of severe caloric restriction with sustained ad libitum refeeding, which leads inevitably to regain of all lost weight.<sup>2-6</sup>Although beneficial effects are usually observed during the weight-loss phase, rebound phenomena during the refeeding phase induce a pathophysiological syndrome. Weight cycling elevates blood pressure in swine,<sup>2</sup>overfed obese rats,<sup>3</sup>and genetically obese spontaneously hypertensive rats (obese SHR).<sup>4,5</sup>Hypertension in weight-cycled animals may stem from increased sympathetic
A high resolution deletion map of human chromosome Xp22
Authors: Laura Schaefer, Giovanni B. Ferrero, Alessandra Grillo, Maria T. Bassi, Elizabeth J. Roth, Martin C. Wapenaar, Gert-Jan B. van Ommen, Thuluvancheri K. Mohandas, Mariano Rocchi, Huda Y. Zoghbi, Andrea Ballabio
Journal: Nature Genetics (1993)
New Arteriographic and Surgical Techniques for Vertebral Arteriopathies
Authors: S. ADAM WESOLOWSKI, EDWARD GILLIE, JAMES D. MCMAHON, DELFIN S. SANTOS, J. ROBERT CALI, HATSUZO UCHIDA
Journal: Circulation (1973)

Vertebral arterial insufficiency syndromes are being diagnosed with greater frequency, and would appear to be at least as common as carotid disease in causing cerebrovascular insufficiency. Carotid lesions are nearly always arteriosclerotic, but vertebral obstructions are caused at least as frequently by nonarteriosclerotic lesions, including tortuosity with kink and external bands, slings, bony compression, and congenital aberrations. A method of cerebral arteriography has been standardized and a new radiographic sign of comparative opacification times of the intracranial carotid and basilar arteries has been tested as a pathognomonic sign of vertebral-basilar arterial insufficiency. The concept of the innominate-subclavian-vertebral complex as a single surgical geometric unit has allowed the development of a graded surgical approach of arteriolysis, endarterectomy, and resection and anastomosis in managing 97% of obstructive vertebral arteriopathies. A new surgical operation of distal subclavian resection and anastomosis to correct vertebral and/or subclavian arterial tortuosity with kinking has proven helpful in ablating symptoms of vertebral-basilar arterial insufficiency.
Videotape as an Instrument in Psychosomatic Methodology
Authors: P. Pinkerton, G.W.H. Leytham
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1973)

Previous studies of psychosomatic disorder in childhood have confirmed the importance of self attitude and family attitude as factors influencing prognosis and therapeutic response over and above pathophysiological involvement. Standard psychological tests, however, have proved disappointing in assessing these psychodynamic factors. Videotape, on the other hand, does record the interplay of family relationships, relevant to case management, and preserves this information in a form identifiable by other workers. Evidence is presented to support the claim that in the course of standard diagnostic viewing, similar impressions are conveyed to widely differing groups of observers. Videotape is claimed to be superior for this purpose both to audiotape and the written transcript.
Effect of Coupling Interval and Pacing Cycle Length on Morphology of Paced Ventricular Complexes
Authors: Rajiva Goyal, Mark Harvey, Emile G. Daoud, Karin Brinkman, Bradley P. Knight, Marwan Bahu, Raul Weiss, Frank Bogun, K. Ching Man, S. Adam Strickberger, Fred Morady
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Ventricular pace mapping is performed by comparing the QRS morphology of ventricular paced complexes to that of a template arrhythmia, either a premature ventricular depolarization or a QRS complex during ventricular tachycardia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of coupling interval and pacing cycle length on QRS morphology. Methods and Results The study population consisted of 20 patients (mean age, 38±16 years) undergoing a clinically indicated electrophysiology procedure. In the first 10 patients, the effect of coupling interval on the morphology of single paced ventricular complexes was evaluated visually and by signal processing techniques. Visually apparent differences in QRS morphology occurred in a mean of 4/12 electrocardiographic leads with a change in coupling interval of ≥100 ms. In the next 10 patients, the QRS complex morphology during ventricular overdrive pacing at cycle lengths of 600 and 300 ms was found to differ significantly in a mean of 4/12 leads. The QRS morphology during overdrive pacing differed significantly from that of a single paced complex whenever the pacing cycle length differed from the coupling interval of the single paced complex by &gt;80 ms. Conclusions The morphology of single paced QRS complexes may vary, depending on coupling interval, and the QRS morphology during overdrive pacing is affected by the pacing cycle length. During ventricular pace mapping, the coupling interval or cycle length of the template arrhythmia should be matched during pacing. If not, rate-dependent changes in QRS morphology that are independent of the pacing site may confound the results of pace mapping.
Value of the Autopsy
Authors: Valery A. Portnoi
Journal: JAMA (1980)

To the Editor.—  In their article The Autopsy: Past, Present, and Future, Anderson and coauthors (242:1056, 1979) address an important issue: the unjustifiable and perhaps dangerous decline in the rate of autopsy and its role as focal point in the research, patient care, and educational activity of the hospital. This is particularly true regarding care of the elderly and related research.  Studies show that the autopsy rate decreases with the age of the deceased. With regard to cause of this decline, investigators have stated that Americans are satisfied with 70 years as a normal life span, both physicians and laymen feel no urgency in finding more about the cause of death in persons beyond this age.1 Death is an expected event for those of advanced age; it is perceived as an essential natural course of aging.  In a discussion on aging that incidentally follows a discussion on incurability and death,
LONG-TERM THERAPY WITH BENDAVIA (MTP-131), A NOVEL MITOCHONDRIA-TARGETING PEPTIDE, REVERSES MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES IN LEFT VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIUM OF DOGS WITH ADVANCED HEART FAILURE
Authors: Hani N. Sabbah, Ramesh C. Gupta, Mengjun Wang, Kefei Zhang, Sharad Rastogi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Inhibition of Immunoamphisomes in Dendritic Cells Impairs Early Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
Authors: Fabien P. Blanchet, Arnaud Moris, Damjan S. Nikolic, Martin Lehmann, Sylvain Cardinaud, Romaine Stalder, Eduardo Garcia, Christina Dinkins, Florence Leuba, Li Wu, Olivier Schwartz, Vojo Deretic, Vincent Piguet
Journal: Immunity (2010)
Should Human Cloning Research Be Off Limits?
Authors: Jerome P. Kassirer, Nadia A. Rosenthal
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Cloning captured public attention when Scottish scientists startled the world by announcing the birth of a sheep named Dolly that had been cloned by combining the nucleus of an adult mammary cell and an enucleated sheep egg. Interest intensified when Richard Seed, a physicist with no expertise in cloning, no institutional affiliation, and no funding, announced that he would clone humans for a fee. Fear that human-cloning factories might soon appear before anyone had a chance to digest the implications of this new technology sent Congress into action. Legislation was introduced in both the Senate and House of Representatives that . . .
Magnetic Resonance Angiography of Anomalous Coronary Arteries
Authors: Johannes C. Post, Albert C. van Rossum, Jean G.F. Bronzwaer, Carel C. de Cock, Mark B.M. Hofman, Jacob Valk, Cees A. Visser
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background The clinical significance of anomalously originating coronary arteries depends on their proximal course. Diagnosis of this course by conventional x-ray coronary angiography alone may be equivocal. We postulated that with fast magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, accurate detection of anomalous coronary arteries and unambiguous delineation of their proximal course is feasible. Methods and Results In a selected group of 38 patients, 19 of them having an anomalously originating coronary artery, a fast MR angiographic technique was used to study the proximal coronary anatomy. Blinded analysis of randomly ordered MR studies was performed independently by two observers. Both origin and proximal course of the coronary arteries were defined. Two cardiologists reviewed all x-ray coronary angiograms. After the separate analyses, a final consensus result was defined for each patient. In 37 patients, successful MR coronary angiography could be performed. Interobserver agreement for determining both origin and proximal course was 100%. An x-ray coronary angiogram was available in 36 patients. In 3 patients (all with an anomalous left main coronary artery originating from the right aortic sinus), there was disagreement about the proximal course between the results of MR and x-ray coronary angiography. Review of these cases demonstrated that MR angiography had unambiguously visualized the proximal coronary artery course, whereas the results of x-ray angiography had been equivocal. Thus, sensitivity and specificity for detecting anomalous coronary arteries and delineating their proximal course were 100%. Conclusions These data suggest that fast MR angiography is highly accurate in determining the origin and delineating the proximal course of anomalous coronary arteries, even in those cases in which x-ray coronary angiographic diagnosis is difficult or even erroneous.
Medical Hazards Associated with the Fish Industry in Massachusetts
Authors: John B. Skinner, Clarence C. Maloof
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

THE fish industry in Massachusetts is quite extensive and is to be found primarily near Cape Ann, in Boston and around New Bedford. The principal fish brought to these ports include cod, haddock, mackerel, herring, redfish, pollock, whiting, sole and flounder. The fish may be processed for sale in a number of ways. They may be sold in a fresh state round, dressed or filleted; they may be frozen whole, dressed or filleted, they may be prepared for canning, and they may be salted, although this treatment is becoming obsolete.In the processes in which fillets are obtained, the fish . . .
Imitation is not the “Holy Grail” of comparative cognition
Authors: M. D. Matheson, D. M. Fragaszy
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

We commend Byrne &amp; Russon for their effort to expand and clarify the concept of imitation by addressing the various levels of behavior organization at which it could occur. We are concerned, however, first about the ambiguity with which these levels are defined and second about whether there is any particular need for comparative cognition to keep focusing on imitation as an important intellectual faculty. We recommend stricter definitions of hierarchical behavioral levels that will lend themselves to operational definitions and continued study of how animal subjects organize their goal-directed behavior as opposed to whether it is or is not imitation.
Crucial Role of Interleukin-1 β and Nitric Oxide Synthase in Silica-induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in Mice
Authors: KAMAL D. SRIVASTAVA, WILLIAM N. ROM, JAISHREE JAGIRDAR, TING-AN YIE, TERRY GORDON, KAM-MENG TCHOU-WONG
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Crystalline silica stimulates macrophages in vitro to release interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), and nitric oxide (NO) and induces apoptosis of macrophages. Because the fibrogenic potential of a particulate paralleled its ability to induce apoptosis in macrophages, we investigated the underlying mechanisms by which IL-1 β and NO mediate apoptosis and inflammation in murine silicosis. First, we demonstrated that silica induced NO production and apoptosis in vitro using the IC-21 macrophage cell line. Both NO release and apoptosis could be inhibited by neutralizing anti–IL-1 β antibody or the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N G-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (l-NAME), demonstrating the requirement for IL-1 β –mediated NO release in silica-induced apoptosis. We exposed IL-1 β knockout (IL-1 β− / −) mice, inducible NOS knockout (iNOS− / −) mice, and wild-type mice to 250 mg/m3 silica for 5 h/d for 10 d using an inhalation chamber. Exposure of wild-type mice to silica resulted in lung inflammation, apoptosis, and significantly larger and more numerous silicotic lesions than in IL-1 β− / − mice over a 12-wk course. We also exposed iNOS− / − mice via inhalation in the same protocol and compared with wild-type mice and demonstrated that iNOS− / − mice had significantly reduced apoptosis and inflammation. These results demonstrated an association between apoptosis and inflammation in murine silicosis and support a potential role for IL-1 β –dependent NO-mediated apoptosis in the evolution of silicosis.
Relation between reversal of diastolic creep and recovery of systolic function after ischemic myocardial injury in conscious dogs.
Authors: D D Glower, J Schaper, J S Kabas, H M Hoffmeister, W Schaper, J A Spratt, J W Davis, J S Rankin
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

Although prolonged functional abnormalities after transient myocardial ischemia have been well described, the interrelationship between postischemic systolic and diastolic alterations remains controversial. Therefore, 24 chronically instrumented conscious dogs were studied with left ventricular and pleural micromanometers, ultrasonic dimension transducers in the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary distribution, and vena caval and coronary artery occluders. The LAD was occluded for 15 minutes and reperfused for 24 hours while vena caval occlusions were performed at intervals to measure myocardial segment length at 0 mm Hg transmural diastolic left ventricular pressure (L0). Coronary occlusion produced an immediate fall in systolic function as assessed by ejection shortening and stroke work and also induced a 16 +/- 4% increase in L0, which was termed diastolic creep. Throughout reperfusion, reversal of diastolic abnormalities correlated strongly with recovery of segmental shortening and stroke work (p less than 0.001). Correlation between systolic dysfunction and diastolic creep was also observed during alteration of inotropic state by dopamine, during initial reperfusion hyperfunction, and during pharmacologic manipulation of afterload. In 5 additional dog hearts fixed in diastole by rapid glutaraldehyde infusion after coronary occlusion, myocardial creep measured by the segment length transducers paralleled sarcomere elongation measured by electron microscopy. Thus, the direct correlation between diastolic creep and systolic dysfunction throughout reperfusion and during hemodynamic alterations suggests that diastolic properties of postischemic myocardium may not be entirely passive and that systolic and diastolic dysfunction induced by ischemia may have a common basis at the cellular level.