tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Transjugular Liver Biopsy
Authors: John H. McAfee, Emmet B. Keeffe, Randall G. Lee, Josef Rösch
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

Although transjugular liver biopsy requires the availability of trained personnel, takes more time than percutaneous biopsy and is moderately expensive, it is a safe alternative technique for obtaining adequate liver tissue for diagnosis in special clinical situations. The usual indications for transjugular rather than percutaneous liver biopsy are (a) coagulation disorder (prothrombin time greater than 3 sec over control value and/or platelet count less than 60,000/cm3), (b) massive ascites and (c) desire to perform ancillary procedures, such as measurement of pressures or opacification of the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava. Less common indications for transjugular liver biopsy include failed percutaneous biopsy, massive obesity, small cirrhotic liver (increased risk and lower success rate) and suspected vascular tumor or peliosis hepatis. Results from several centers indicate that adequate or diagnostic liver tissue is obtained in 81% to 97% of cases. The typical length of the biopsy core ranges from 0.3 cm to 2.0 cm. Modification of the classic technique, particularly the adaptation of a Tru-Cut needle, shows promise in yielding longer cores of tissue with less fragmentation. Transjugular liver biopsy is performed with an acceptable complication rate that ranges 0% to 20%. The reported mortality of transjugular liver biopsy was 0 in three major centers and ranged from 0.1% to 0.5% in three other centers. Transjugular liver biopsy may be useful in obtaining diagnostic liver tissue not only in advanced chronic liver disease with coagulopathy, ascites or both, but also in patients with fulminant hepatic failure to better determine prognosis and the need for liver transplantation.
"Pressure-volume" relations in isolated cat trabecula.
Authors: G Elzinga, N Westerhof
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

We studied isolated cat trabecula under conditions closely resembling those present for muscle fibers in the left ventricular wall. The purpose of the study was to see if muscle contraction under those circumstances could be described by a time-varying compliance as reported for intact canine left ventricle. We found the time of the end of systole to depend on the history of contraction. This time varied between 100 and 160 msec as measured from the onset of contraction. Similar dependency, although less percentage-wise, was found by reanalysis for intact feline left ventricles. We conclude that the behavior of the canine left ventricle as a time-varying compliance may be related to the complex organization of the cardiac muscle fibers in the wall of the heart rather than to muscle properties.
Altering cytokine soups: a recipe for inflammatory bowel disease?
Authors: J L VINEY
Journal: Gut (1998)

The precise aetiology of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has remained elusive despite many years of investigation. Both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are characterised by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, but the regions of intestine that can be affected and the histopathological features are quite different between the two forms of IBD. It has been hypothesised that the persistent intestinal inflammation seen in either case is likely to be the result of increased or aberrant immunological responsiveness to normal constituents of the gut lumen, or an overall immune dysregulation and imbalance. Are cytokines responsible for tipping the balance?

### CYTOKINE DEFICIENCY CAN LEAD TO IBD SYMPTOMS IN MICE

The recent establishment of experimental animal models for studying the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation has provided some insight into potential disease mechanisms and has had particular impact within the mucosal immunology field. The advent of genetically targeted mice bearing modified or disrupted immune systems, and the observation that spontaneous development of IBD is a prominent feature in many of these mice lacking T cells or cytokines, is highly suggestive that an immune imbalance is a critical factor in IBD pathogenesis.

IBD arises spontaneously in mice deficient for αβ+ T cells and in mice deficient for either Th1 or Th2 regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 2 or IL-10.1-4 The fact that mice deficient in either one of the contrary Th1 or Th2 type cytokines are equally susceptible to developing inflammation of the intestinal tract is hard to reconcile, but it tells us that the mucosal microenvironment is an exquisitely regulated system. Disrupting the homoeostatic cytokine balance in any way might thus lead to the development of an aberrant or uncontrolled inflammatory response in the gut.

### HUMAN IBD CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED CYTOKINE CONCENTRATIONS

Although there is sufficient evidence from the mouse models to indicate that abrogation of regulatory cytokines can lead to intestinal inflammation, there is not …
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: James B. Murphy, J. Heng Liu, Ernest Sturm
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1922)

Lymphoid cells, prepared from the thymus and lymph glands of rats, when suspended in the serum of x-rayed rats and incubated for 2 hours, increase in number from 15 to 30 per cent, and mitotic figures are found among these cells in fairly large numbers. A like suspension of cells in normal serum undergoes rapid disintegration and in only one instance among a large number of films examined was a mitotic figure found. The stimulative effect of the serum from x-rayed rats endures from 1 to 2 hours after the exposure but is not detectable in the serum taken 17 hours or later after the treatment. Serum x-rayed in vitro is devoid of stimulative action. The lymphoid cells of rabbits and guinea pigs are so fragile as to make impossible the obtaining of counts accurate enough for experimental purposes. The serum of one species caused such rapid disintegration of the cells of another that it was impossible to determine the specificity of the reaction.
Identification of Myocardial and Vascular Precursor Cells in Human and Mouse Epicardium
Authors: Federica Limana, Antonella Zacheo, David Mocini, Antonella Mangoni, Giovanna Borsellino, Adamo Diamantini, Roberta De Mori, Luca Battistini, Elisa Vigna, Massimo Santini, Vincenzo Loiaconi, Giulio Pompilio, Antonia Germani, Maurizio C. Capogrossi
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

During cardiac development, the epicardium is the source of multipotent mesenchymal cells, which give rise to endothelial and smooth muscle cells in coronary vessels and also, possibly, to cardiomyocytes. The aim of the present study was to determine whether stem cells are retained in the adult human and murine epicardium and to investigate the regenerative potential of these cells following acute myocardial infarction. We show that c-kit + and CD34 + cells can indeed be detected in human fetal and adult epicardium and that they represent 2 distinct populations. Both subsets of cells were negative for CD45, a cell surface marker that identifies the hematopoietic cell lineage. Immunofluorescence revealed that freshly isolated c-kit + and CD34 + cells expressed early and late cardiac transcription factors and could acquire an endothelial phenotype in vitro. In the murine model of myocardial infarction, there was an increase in the absolute number and proliferation of epicardial c-kit + cells 3 days after coronary ligation; at this time point, epicardial c-kit + cells were identified in the subepicardial space and expressed GATA4. Furthermore, 1 week after myocardial infarction, cells coexpressing c-kit + , together with endothelial or smooth muscle cell markers, were identified in the wall of subepicardial blood vessels. In summary, the postnatal epicardium contains a cell population with stem cell characteristics that retains the ability to give rise to myocardial precursors and vascular cells. These cells may play a role in the regenerative response to cardiac damage.
Prevention of cardiomyopathy in -sarcoglycan knockout mice after systemic transfer of targeted adeno-associated viral vectors
Authors: C. Goehringer, D. Rutschow, R. Bauer, S. Schinkel, D. Weichenhan, R. Bekeredjian, V. Straub, J. A. Kleinschmidt, H. A. Katus, O. J. Muller
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

δ-Sarcoglycan is a member of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex linking the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. Similar to patients with defects in the gene encoding δ-sarcoglycan (Sgcd), knockout mice develop cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy. The aim of our study was to develop an approach for preventing cardiomyopathy in Sgcd-deficient mice by cardiac expression of the intact cDNA upon systemic delivery of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. We packaged the Sgcd cDNA under transcriptional control of a myosin light chain-promoter fused with a cytomegalovirus enhancer into AAV-9 capsids. Vectors carrying either the Sgcd cDNA or an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene were intravenously injected into adult Sgcd knockout mice. After 6 months, immunohistochemistry revealed almost complete reconstitution of the sarcoglycan subcomplex in heart but not skeletal muscle of mice with the Sgcd vector. Furthermore, Sgcd gene transfer resulted in prevention of cardiac fibrosis and significantly increased running distance measured by voluntary wheel running. Left ventricular function remained stable in mice expressing Sgcd while it deteriorated in EGFP controls within 6 months, paralleled by increased expression of brain natriuretic peptide, a molecular marker of heart failure. Our study establishes an approach to specifically treat hereditary cardiomyopathies by targeting gene expression into the myocardium upon systemic application of AAV vectors.
Safety and tolerability of an intratumorally injected DNAzyme, Dz13, in patients with nodular basal-cell carcinoma: a phase 1 first-in-human trial (DISCOVER)
Authors: Eun-Ae Cho, Fergal J Moloney, Hong Cai, Annie Au-Yeung, Carlos China, Richard A Scolyer, Benafsha Yosufi, Mark J Raftery, Jason Z Deng, Stephen W Morton, Paula T Hammond, Hendrik-Tobias Arkenau, Diona L Damian, Douglas J Francis, Colin N Chesterman, Ross St C Barnetson, Gary M Halliday, Levon M Khachigian
Journal: The Lancet (2013)
Molecular Predictors of Outcome With Gefitinib in a Phase III Placebo-Controlled Study in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Fred R. Hirsch, Marileila Varella-Garcia, Paul A. Bunn, Wilbur A. Franklin, Rafal Dziadziuszko, Nick Thatcher, Alex Chang, Purvish Parikh, José Rodrigues Pereira, Tudor Ciuleanu, Joachim von Pawel, Claire Watkins, Angela Flannery, Gillian Ellison, Emma Donald, Lucy Knight, Dinah Parums, Nicholas Botwood, Brian Holloway
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

The phase III Iressa Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer (ISEL) trial compared gefitinib with placebo in 1,692 patients with refractory advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. We analyzed ISEL tumor biopsy samples to examine relationships between biomarkers and clinical outcome after gefitinib treatment in a placebo-controlled setting.Biomarkers included epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene copy number by fluorescence in situ hybridization (n = 370); EGFR (n = 379) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) protein expression (n = 382) by immunohistochemistry; and mutations in EGFR (n = 215), KRAS (n = 152), and BRAF (n = 118).High EGFR gene copy number was a predictor of a gefitinib-related effect on survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.61 for high copy number and HR, 1.16 for low copy number; comparison of high v low copy number HR, P = .045). EGFR protein expression was also related to clinical outcome (HR for positive, 0.77; HR for negative, 1.57; comparison of high v low protein expression HR, P = .049). Patients with EGFR mutations had higher response rates than patients without EGFR mutations (37.5% v 2.6%); there were insufficient data for survival analysis. No relationship was observed between p-Akt protein expression and survival outcome, and the limited amount of data collected for KRAS and BRAF mutations prevented any meaningful evaluation of clinical outcomes in relation to these mutations.EGFR gene copy number was a predictor of clinical benefit from gefitinib in ISEL. Additional studies are warranted to assess these biomarkers fully for the identification of patients most likely to benefit from gefitinib treatment.
Electroconvulsive Therapy Versus Pharmacotherapy for Bipolar Depression
Authors: Charles H. Kellner, Max Fink
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2015)

Bilateral electrode placement also seems to carry a higher risk for cognitive side effects (1, 2).In our study, follow-up analysis revealed that the unilateral ECT did not show significantly more cognitive side effects than the algorithm-based pharmacological treatment (3).These results further support the use of ECT for treatment-resistant depression.We assume that the relative low remission rate in our study reflects the chronicity and treatment resistance or the patient group included, but electrode placement may be of importance.This shows that more evidence-based knowledge is needed to optimize ECT treatment strategy in bipolar disorder.
Digital gangrene in small cell lung cancer: response to aspirin treatment.
Authors: J. E. Arrowsmith, M. A. Woodhead, D. H. Bevan, E. M. Nanson, A. R. Cummin
Journal: Thorax (1991)

Abstract A patient who had small cell lung cancer complicated by symmetrical peripheral gangrene, secondary to spontaneous platelet aggregation, improved dramatically after starting aspirin treatment.
Systematic review on the maintenance of response during systemic antipsoriatic therapy
Authors: A. Jacobs, S. Rosumeck, A. Nast
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Journal Article Systematic review on the maintenance of response during systemic antipsoriatic therapy Get access A. Jacobs, A. Jacobs Division of Evidence Based Medicine Department of Dermatology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. Rosumeck, S. Rosumeck Division of Evidence Based Medicine Department of Dermatology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Nast A. Nast Division of Evidence Based Medicine Department of Dermatology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany Correspondence Alexander Nast. E‐mail: alexander.nast@charite.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 173, Issue 4, 1 October 2015, Pages 910–921, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14077 Published: 01 October 2015
Analysis of factors predictive of mortality in alcoholic hepatitis and derivation and validation of the Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score
Authors: E H Forrest
Journal: Gut (2005)

Alcoholic hepatitis is associated with a high short term mortality. We aimed to identify those factors associated with mortality and define a simple score which would predict outcome in our population.We identified 241 patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Clinical and laboratory data were recorded on the day of admission (day 1) and on days 6-9. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify variables related to outcome at 28 days and 84 days after admission. These variables were included in the Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score (GAHS) and its ability to predict outcome assessed. The GAHS was validated in a separate dataset of 195 patients.The GAHS was derived from five variables independently associated with outcome: age (p = 0.001) and, from day 1 results, serum bilirubin (p<0.001), blood urea (p = 0.019) and, from day 6-9 results, serum bilirubin (p<0.001), prothrombin time (p = 0.002), and peripheral blood white blood cell count (p = 0.001). The GAHS on day 1 had an overall accuracy of 81% when predicting 28 day outcome. In contrast, the modified discriminant function had an overall accuracy of 49%. Similar results were found using information at 6-9 days and when predicting 84 day outcome. The accuracy of the GAHS was confirmed by the validation study of 195 patients The GAHS was equally accurate irrespective of the use of the international normalised ratio or prothrombin time ratio, or if the diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis was biopsy proven or on the basis of clinical assessment.Using variables associated with mortality we have derived and validated an accurate scoring system to assess outcome in alcoholic hepatitis. This score was able to identify patients at greatest risk of death throughout their admission.
Conduction block in micropatterned cardiomyocyte cultures replicating the structure of ventricular cross-sections
Authors: Nima Badie, James A. Scull, Rebecca Y. Klinger, Ava Krol, Nenad Bursac
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

Structural and functional heterogeneities in cardiac tissue have been implicated in conduction block and arrhythmogenesis. However, the propensity of specific sites within the heart to initiate conduction block has not been systematically explored. We utilized cardiomyocyte cultures replicating the realistic, magnetic resonance imaging-measured tissue boundaries and fibre directions of ventricular cross-sections to investigate their roles in the development of conduction block. The Sprague–Dawley neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were micropatterned to obtain cultures with realistic ventricular tissue boundaries and either random or realistic fibre directions. Rapid pacing was applied at multiple sites, with action potential propagation optically mapped. Excitation either failed at the stimulus site or conduction block developed remotely, often initiating reentry. The incidence of conduction block in isotropic monolayers (0% of cultures) increased with the inclusion of realistic tissue boundaries (17%) and further with realistic fibre directions (34%). Conduction block incidence was stimulus site-dependent and highest (77%) with rapid pacing from the right ventricular (RV) free wall. Furthermore, conduction block occurred exclusively at the insertion of the RV free wall into the septum, where structure-mediated current source–load mismatches acutely reduced wavefront and waveback velocity. Tissue boundaries and sharp gradients in fibre direction uniquely determined the evolution, shape, and position of conduction block lines. Our study suggests that specific micro- and macrostructural features of the ventricle determine the incidence and spatiotemporal characteristics of conduction block, independent of spatial heterogeneities in ion channel expression.
Risk of Death From Accidental Overdose Associated With Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Amy S.B. Bohnert, Mark A. Ilgen, Rosalinda V. Ignacio, John F. McCarthy, Marcia Valenstein, Frederic C. Blow
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2011)

Objective: Despite dramatic increases in the rate of fatal accidental overdose in recent years, risk factors for this outcome remain poorly understood, particularly in clinical populations. The authors examined the association of psychiatric and substance use diagnoses with death from accidental overdose. Method: The study followed a cohort of patients from 2000 to 2006. The cohort included all patients treated in Veterans Health Administration facilities during fiscal year 1999 who were alive at the start of fiscal year 2000 (N=3,291,891). Death by accidental overdose was determined using National Death Index records and defined as a death with underlying cause of death coded to ICD-10 codes X40–X45 (N=4,485). Diagnoses were determined by patient medical records. Results: Adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics, hazard ratios of death by accidental overdose associated with prior psychiatric and substance use disorder diagnoses ranged from 1.8 to 8.8. Significant associations of non-substance-related psychiatric disorders with risk of death by accidental overdose persisted after additional adjustment for substance use disorders (hazard ratios from 1.2 to 1.8). Depressive disorders and anxiety disorders other than posttraumatic stress disorder had stronger associations with risk of medication-related overdose death (hazard ratios, 3.02 and 3.07, respectively) than with risk of overdose death related to alcohol or illegal drugs (hazard ratios, 1.89 and 1.23, respectively). Conclusions: Among patients receiving care from the Veterans Health Administration, death from accidental overdose was found to be associated with psychiatric and substance use disorders. The study findings suggest the importance of risk assessment and overdose prevention for vulnerable clinical subpopulations.
Health officials say free prescriptions will not be available to more patients
Authors: Adrian O'Dowd
Journal: BMJ (2006)

There are no plans to review the current list of people in England who are exempt from the prescription charge, MPs heard last week, despite concerns about the system among patients and doctors.

Patients' groups representing people with conditions such as cystic fibrosis and Parkinson's disease have told the Department of Health of their major concerns about exemptions, but no review is imminent.

MPs questioned department officials last week as part of the parliamentary health select committee's inquiry into NHS charges, including prescription charges and dental and optical charges.

The witnesses were quizzed on a description of …
Unequal Death in T Helper Cell (Th)1 and Th2 Effectors: Th1, but not Th2, Effectors Undergo Rapid Fas/FasL-mediated Apoptosis
Authors: Xiaohong Zhang, Thomas Brunner, Laura Carter, Richard W. Dutton, Paul Rogers, Linda Bradley, Takaaki Sato, John C. Reed, Douglas Green, Susan L. Swain
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

T helper cell (Th) 1, but not Th2, effectors undergo rapid Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated, activation-induced cell death upon restimulation with antigen. Unequal apoptosis is also observed without restimulation, after a longer lag period. Both effectors undergo delayed apoptosis induced by a non-Fas-mediated pathway. When Th1 and Th2 effectors are co-cultured, Th2 effectors survive preferentially, suggesting the responsible factor(s) is intrinsic to each population. Both Th1 and Th2 effectors express Fas and FasL, but only Th2 effectors express high levels of FAP-1, a Fas-associated phosphatase that may act to inhibit Fas signaling. The rapid death of Th1 effectors leading to selective Th2 survival provides a novel mechanism for differential regulation of the two subsets.
DISCUSSION ON PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PARASITIC DISEASES.
Authors: P. A. BUXTON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1941)

Journal Article DISCUSSION ON PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PARASITIC DISEASES: Some Recent Work on the Louse Get access P. A. BUXTON P. A. BUXTON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 53, Issue 5, 1 May 1941, Pages 145–160, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1941.tb10541.x Published: 01 May 1941