tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional changes of the duodenum in human norovirus infection
Authors: H. Troeger, C. Loddenkemper, T. Schneider, E. Schreier, H.-J. Epple, M. Zeitz, M. Fromm, J.-D. Schulzke
Journal: Gut (2008)

Background: Norovirus infection is the most frequent cause of infectious diarrhoea in the western world. This study aimed to characterise functionally and histomorphologically the diseased duodenum in human biopsies. Methods: Norovirus infection was diagnosed by the Kaplan criteria and confirmed by PCR of stool samples. Duodenal biopsies were obtained endoscopically. In miniaturised Ussing chambers, short circuit current, flux measurements and impedance spectroscopy were performed. Histological analysis including apoptosis staining and characterisation of intraepithelial lymphocytes was performed. Tight junction proteins were quantified by immunoblotting. Results: In norovirus infection, epithelial resistance decreased from (mean (SEM)) 24 (2) Ω cm2 in controls to 10 (1) Ω cm2. Mannitol flux increased from 113 (24) nmol h−1 cm−2 in controls to 242 (29) nmol h−1 cm−2. Microdissection revealed a villus surface area reduced by 47% (6.6%). Intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased to 63 (7) per 100 enterocytes, with an increased rate of perforin-positive cytotoxic T cells. Expression of tight junctional proteins occludin, claudin-4 and claudin-5 was reduced. The epithelial apoptotic ratio was doubled in norovirus infection. Furthermore, the basal short circuit current was increased in norovirus infection and could be reduced by bumetanide and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB). Conclusions: Norovirus infection leads to epithelial barrier dysfunction paralleled by a reduction of sealing tight junctional proteins and an increase in epithelial apoptosis, which may partly be mediated by increased cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes. Furthermore, active anion secretion is markedly stimulated. Thus, the diarrhoea in norovirus infection is driven by both a leak flux and a secretory component.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: systematic review
Authors: A. Raghunath
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To ascertain the prevalence of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and its association with the disease. <b>Design:</b> Systematic review of studies reporting the prevalence of <i>H pylori</i> in patients with and without gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. <b>Data sources:</b> Four electronic databases, searched to November 2001, experts, pharmaceutical companies, and journals. <b>Main outcome measure:</b> Odds ratio for prevalence of <i>H pylori</i> in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. <b>Results:</b> 20 studies were included. The pooled estimate of the odds ratio for prevalence of <i>H pylori</i> was 0.60 (95% confidence interval 0.47 to 0.78), indicating a lower prevalence in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Substantial heterogeneity was observed between studies. Location seemed to be an important factor, with a much lower prevalence of <i>H pylori</i> in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in studies from the Far East, despite a higher overall prevalence of infection than western Europe and North America. Year of study was not a source of heterogeneity. <b>Conclusion:</b> The prevalence of <i>H pylori</i> infection was significantly lower in patients with than without gastro-oesophageal reflux, with geographical location being a strong contributor to the heterogeneity between studies. Patients from the Far East with reflux disease had a lower prevalence of <i>H pylori</i> infection than patients from western Europe and North America, despite a higher prevalence in the general population. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> The relation between <i>H pylori</i> infection and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is controversial Studies on the prevalence of <i>H pylori</i> in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease have given conflicting results Recent guidelines recommend eradication of <i>H pylori</i> in patients requiring long term proton pump inhibitors, essentially for reflux disease <h3>What this study adds</h3> Despite heterogeneity between studies, the prevalence of <i>H pylori</i> was significantly lower in patients with than without gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Further well designed studies are required to establish the clinical relevance of the findings, particularly in eradication therapy
Factors influencing morbidity and mortality in acute pancreatitis; an analysis of 279 cases.
Authors: A C de Beaux, K R Palmer, D C Carter
Journal: Gut (1995)

Of 279 patients admitted to a specialist unit with acute pancreatitis, 210 were admitted directly and 69 were transferred for treatment of local or systemic complications. Outcome was assessed in terms of mortality and morbidity and in relation to aetiology, predicted severity of disease (modified Glasgow score), organ failure (modified Goris multiple organ failure score), and need for surgical intervention. The death rate was 1.9% in patients admitted directly but was 18.8% in those transferred from other units. Mortality in gall stone related pancreatitis was 3% compared with 15% (p = 0.03) in pancreatitis of unknown aetiology and 27% (p = 0.01) in post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. Mortality was related to age (mortality > 55 years old 11% v 2%; p = 0.003) and Goris score (score 0, mortality 0% v score 5-9, mortality 67%; p = 0.001). In patients transferred from other units, mortality was 11% in those transferred within a week of diagnosis and 35% when transfer was delayed (p = 0.04). Thirty six patients had pancreatic necrosis on dynamic computed tomography of whom 29 underwent pancreatic necrosectomy with a 34% mortality. Mortality was related to the modified Goris score (median score 2 in survivors v 6 in non-survivors; p = 0.005) and was higher when necrosectomy was performed within the first two weeks of admission (100% vs 21%; p = 0.004). In conclusion, mortality in acute pancreatitis is influenced by age, aetiology of the disease, and presence of organ failure. Patients transferred for specialist care have a 10-fold greater mortality than those admitted directly and mortality is greatest when transfer is delayed. Early necrosectomy carries a prohibitively high mortality.
Liver injury related to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid: interlobular bile-duct lesions and extrahepatic manifestations
Authors: Marc L. Hautekeete, Réginald Brenard, Yves Horsmans, Jean Henrion, Louis Verbist, Geneviève Derue, Patrick Druez, Mohamed Omar, Marc Kockx, Hubert Hubens, Israel Haber, Jacques Rahier, André P. Geubel
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1995)
Effect of the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc on the occurrence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV (CADIRIS): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Juan G Sierra-Madero, Susan S Ellenberg, Mohammed S Rassool, Ann Tierney, Pablo F Belaunzarán-Zamudio, Alondra López-Martínez, Alicia Piñeirúa-Menéndez, Luis J Montaner, Livio Azzoni, César Rivera Benítez, Irini Sereti, Jaime Andrade-Villanueva, Juan L Mosqueda- Gómez, Benigno Rodriguez, Ian Sanne, Michael M Lederman
Journal: The Lancet HIV (2014)
Prostate Cancer Imaging Trends After a Nationwide Effort to Discourage Inappropriate Prostate Cancer Imaging
Authors: D. V. Makarov, S. Loeb, D. Ulmert, L. Drevin, M. Lambe, P. Stattin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2013)

Reducing inappropriate use of imaging to stage incident prostate cancer is a challenging problem highlighted recently as a Physician Quality Reporting System quality measure and by the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the American Urological Association in the Choosing Wisely campaign. Since 2000, the National Prostate Cancer Register (NPCR) of Sweden has led an effort to decrease national rates of inappropriate prostate cancer imaging by disseminating utilization data along with the latest imaging guidelines to urologists in Sweden. We sought to determine the temporal and regional effects of this effort on prostate cancer imaging rates.
Data dredging, bias, or confounding
Authors: G. Davey Smith
Journal: BMJ (2002)

On 4 October 2002, women who were moderate drinkers received good news: their risk of breast cancer was not raised, according to a report in the Lancet that was widely covered by the British media.1 The bad news was that smoking at an early age was now implicated as a risk factor for breast cancer. However, after they had enjoyed guilt-free drinks (without cigarettes) for only a few days, on 13 November the message was reversed: alcohol did increase the risk of breast cancer after all, but smoking was declared innocent.2 The press release proclaimed “Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer: the definitive answer.” A reader was driven to complain in the letters page of the Guardian (14 November 2002): “So let me get this right—alcohol's no good anymore, and if you smoked within five years of getting your periods, that's bad news too. Oh no, that was a couple of weeks ago; smoking's okay now … Do things stop being bad for us if we just forget about them for a bit, do you think?”

This is a familiar story—so much so that in Bristol we set our medical students the exercise of examining the “health scare of the week” that appears each Friday, generally from a study reported in the BMJ or Lancet .w1

The widespread perception that epidemiological studies generate conflicting and often meaningless findingsw2 has received support from recent randomised controlled trials, which have failed to confirm even apparently robust findings from observational epidemiological studies. The most topical of these relates to hormone replacement therapy. In 1991 a meta-analysis of epidemiological results relating the use of hormone replacement therapy to the risk of coronary heart disease concluded that it halved the risk, and that the evidence was statistically robust (relative risk 0.50; 95% …
Mutations in the Insulin Receptor Gene
Authors: SIMEON I. TAYLOR, ALESSANDRO CAMA, DOMENICO ACCILI, FABRIZIO BARBETTI, MICHAEL J. QUON, MARIA DE LA LUZ SIERRA, YOSHIFUMI SUZUKI, ELIZABETH ROLLER, RACHEL LEVY-TOLEDANO, EFRAT WERTHEIMER, VICTORIA Y. MONCADAJ, HIROKO KADOWAKI, TAKASHI KADOWAKI
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1992)

THE insulin receptor is a cell surface glycoprotein that mediates the action of insulin upon target cells. The receptor was originally identified by its ability to bind the hormone (1–3). Over the past two decades, considerable progress has been made in defining the structure of the receptor molecule (4–7) as well as the biochemical mechanism by which it mediates insulin action (8–10). In addition, the insulin receptor has been identified as a target for pathological processes in human disease. In this review, we describe mutations in the insulin receptor gene that have been identified in patients with genetic forms of insulin resistance (6). Identification of these mutations has elucidated the molecular mechanisms that cause disease in these patients. In addition, the mutations have provided significant insights into the structure and function of the insulin receptor. The human insulin receptor gene contains 22 exons, and occupies in excess of 150 kilobase pairs of DNA on the short arm of chromosome 19 (bands pl3.2→pl3.3) (11, 12). Typical of a "housekeeping" type of promoter, the promoter is GC-rich, lacks a TATA box, but contains several Spl binding sites (11, 13–16). In addition, an enhancer element has been identified 410–481 base pairs (bp) upstream from the initiator AUG codon (16). Several potential CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) binding sites have been identified in the human insulin receptor gene, two in the 5'-flanking domain and one in the first intron (17). The precise importance of these various potential regulatory sites has not been completely elucidated. In addition, it seems likely there are other regulatory sites in the gene that remain to be identified.
First-line bevacizumab plus taxane-based chemotherapy for locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer: safety and efficacy in an open-label study in 2251 patients
Authors: I.E. Smith, J.-Y. Pierga, L. Biganzoli, H. Cortés-Funes, C. Thomssen, X. Pivot, A. Fabi, B. Xu, D. Stroyakovskiy, F.A. Franke, B. Kaufman, P. Mainwaring, T. Pienkowski, B. De Valk, A. Kwong, J.L. González-Trujillo, I. Koza, K. Petrakova, D. Pereira, K.I. Pritchard
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2010)
Electrophysiological effects of acute ischaemia on electrically stable myocardial infarction
Authors: T. SAKAI, S. OGAWA, T. MIYAZAKI, M. HOSOKAWA, K. SAKURAI, H. YOSHINO, Y. NAKAMURA
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1989)

Journal Article Electrophysiological effects of acute ischaemia on electrically stable myocardial infarction Get access TAKASHI SAKAI, TAKASHI SAKAI From the Cardiopulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Address for correspondence and reprints: Takashi Sakai, MD, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160, Japan. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar SATOSHI OGAWA, SATOSHI OGAWA From the Cardiopulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar TOSHIHISA MIYAZAKI, TOSHIHISA MIYAZAKI From the Cardiopulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar MICHIYO HOSOKAWA, MICHIYO HOSOKAWA From the Cardiopulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar KENJI SAKURAI, KENJI SAKURAI From the Cardiopulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar HIDEAKI YOSHINO, HIDEAKI YOSHINO From the Cardiopulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar YOSHIRO NAKAMURA YOSHIRO NAKAMURA From the Cardiopulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 23, Issue 2, February 1989, Pages 169–176, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/23.2.169 Published: 01 February 1989 Article history Accepted: 10 October 1988 Published: 01 February 1989
Cost–utility analysis of chemotherapy in symptomatic advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: C. A. Dooms, Y. N. Lievens, J. F. Vansteenkiste
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

When using chemotherapy in patients with a short life expectancy, outcomes such as symptom improvement or clinical benefit receive increasing attention. Outcomes of subjective benefit to the patient can be rated as a utility in order to perform health economic analyses and comparisons with other treatment conditions. A cost-utility analysis has been performed alongside a prospective randomised clinical trial comparing single agent gemcitabine to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in symptomatic advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer patients. Global quality of life as well as resource utilisation data were collected during first-line chemotherapy for both treatment arms. Incremental costs, utilities and cost-utility ratio were calculated. Per patient, an incremental cost of 1,522 was obtained for gemcitabine compared to cisplatin-vindesine, mainly as a consequence of the direct cost of the cytotoxic drugs. When combined with utilities, this resulted in an incremental cost-utility ratio for gemcitabine of 13,836 per quality-adjusted life year gained. In conclusion, although the least expensive strategy is cisplatin-vindesine, the greater clinical benefit of gemcitabine, resulting in an acceptable incremental cost-utility ratio as compared with other healthcare interventions, balances its higher cost. The gains in subjective outcome achieved with palliative chemotherapy are critical from both a clinical and a health economic point of view.
Abstract 17308: Mechanical Unloading of Failing Hearts Normalises Calcium-Induced Calcium Release by Reverse Remodelling of the T-Tubule System.
Authors: Michael Ibrahim, Manoraj Navaratnarajah, Urszula Siedlecka, Alexey V Moshkov, Julia Gorelik, Magdi H Yacoub, Cesare M Terracciano
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Ca2+ -induced Ca2+ release (CICR) is critical for contraction in cardiomyocytes. The t-tubule system guarantees the proximity of the triggers for Ca2+ release (L-type Ca2+ channel) and the sarcopla...
BINDING OF SOLUBLE IMMUNE COMPLEXES TO HUMAN LYMPHOBLASTOID CELLS
Authors: Argyrios N. Theofilopoulos, Curtis B. Wilson, Viktor A. Bokisch, Frank J. Dixon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1974)

Cells from a human lymphoblastoid cell line (Raji), with B-cell characteristics, and having receptors for human IgG Fc, C3b, and C3d, were used in an immunofluorescence test as in vitro detectors of immune complexes in animal and human sera. By this test, as little as 200-300 ng aggregated human gamma globulin or immune complexes per ml serum could be detected. The receptors for IgG Fc on the Raji cells were shown to be inefficient in detecting aggregated human gamma globulin and binding of aggregates to these receptors was inhibited by physiologic concentrations of 7S human IgG. Enhancement of aggregated human gamma globulin binding and binding of immune complexes formed in vitro to Raji cells was observed when the receptors for complement on these cells were used. By using the receptors for complement on Raji cells, circulating immune complexes were detected in rabbits with acute serum sickness, in mice with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, and in humans with immune complex type glomerulonephritis. The Raji cell test may be useful in detecting complement fixing immune complexes in different disease states, in monitoring circulating complexes in patients with immune complex diseases and in identifying the antigen(s) responsible for the induction of pathogenic immune complexes in humans and animals.
No evidence for a spirochaetal origin of localized scleroderma
Authors: G. RAGUIN, S. BOISNIC, P. SOUTEYRAND, G. BARANTON, J.C. PIETTE, P. GODEAU, C. FRANCE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

We looked for evidence of a Borrelia infection in 15 patients with morphoea. We were not able to detect antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in any of these 15 patients. None of the 14 skin biopsies examined by immunohistochemistry showed evidence of spirochaetes. Skin biopsies were cultured in 10 patients. All were negative. These results do not support a spirochaetal origin of localized scleroderma.
Accelerating Cancer Therapy Development: The Importance of Combination Strategies and Collaboration. Summary of an Institute of Medicine Workshop
Authors: Patricia M. LoRusso, Renzo Canetta, John A. Wagner, Erin P. Balogh, Sharyl J. Nass, Scott A. Boerner, John Hohneker
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Cancer cells contain multiple genetic changes in cell signaling pathways that drive abnormal cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Unfortunately, patients treated with single agents inhibiting only one of these pathways--even if showing an initial response--often develop resistance with subsequent relapse or progression of their cancer, typically via the activation of an alternative uninhibited pathway. Combination therapies offer the potential for inhibiting multiple targets and pathways simultaneously to more effectively kill cancer cells and prevent or delay the emergence of drug resistance. However, there are many unique challenges to developing combination therapies, including devising and applying appropriate preclinical tests and clinical trial designs, prioritizing which combination therapies to test, avoiding overlapping toxicity of multiple agents, and overcoming legal, cultural, and regulatory barriers that impede collaboration among multiple companies, organizations, and/or institutions. More effective strategies to efficiently develop combination cancer therapies are urgently needed. Thus, the Institute of Medicine's National Cancer Policy Forum recently convened a workshop with the goal of identifying barriers that may be impeding the development of combination investigational cancer therapies, as well as potential solutions to overcome those barriers, improve collaboration, and ultimately accelerate the development of promising combinations of investigational cancer therapies.
Psychiatry's New Role in Corrections
Authors: LUDWIG FINK, WILFRID N. DERBY, J. PETER MARTIN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

The traditional role of the psychiatrist in correctional institutions has been limited to diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. The authors describe an experimental program at Clinton Prison which, under psychiatric direction, is directed toward rehabilitating the persistent offender, training correctional personnel, and doing research into the causes and treatment of criminal behavior.
The windsurfing mentality
Authors: G Morgan-Hughes
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2002)

Objective: To describe and analyse injuries and illness occurring in Australian cricket at first class level.Methods: Injuries occurring to the state and national teams were surveyed prospectively between the seasons 1998/1999 and 2000/2001, and the three preceding seasons were surveyed retrospectively.The definition of an injury was detailed and generally required the player to miss playing time in a major match.Results: Average injury match incidence in the seasons studied prospectively varied from a low of 19.0 injuries per 10 000 player hours in first class domestic matches to a high of 38.5 injuries per 10 000 player hours in one day internationals.The average seasonal incidence was 19.2 injuries per squad (25 players) per season (20 matches).Injury prevalence (the percentage of players missing through injury at any given time) was 14% for pace bowlers, 4% for spin bowlers, 4% for batsmen, and 2% for wicket keepers.The most common injuries were hamstring strains, side strains, groin injuries, wrist and hand injuries, and lumbar soft tissue injuries.Bowlers who had bowled more than 20 match overs in the week leading up to a match had an increased risk of sustaining a bowling injury (risk ratio 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28 to 2.85).A further risk for bowling injury is bowling second in a match-that is, batting first (risk ratio 1.62, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.50).A risk factor for injury in fielding is colliding with the boundary fence.Conclusions: Further study is required to determine ways to minimise the risk of injury in fast bowlers.Cricket grounds should mark a boundary line on the playing field to prevent players colliding with fences in the field. . . . . . . .