tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Policy Coherence in US Tobacco Control: Beyond FDA Regulation
Authors: Joshua S. Yang, Thomas E. Novotny
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2009)

As the Obama administration moves to enact meaningful and comprehensive health care reform in the United States, tobacco control must be elevated as a public health priority [1]. Though tobacco control efforts have been recognized as a top public health achievement of the 20th century [2], tobacco use continues to be the leading preventable cause of death in the US [3]. As Box 1 shows, the US bears a heavy burden from the health and fiscal effects of smoking. Thus, continued progress in preventing tobacco use and promoting smoking cessation must be a leading priority for health care reform under the new administration. This policy paper gives the current status of tobacco control policies, initiatives, and legislative action at the time of going to press.


Box 1. Health and Economic Burdens of Smoking, United States
Tobacco use…
…is the leading preventable cause of death. At least 443,000 annual premature deaths in the United States from 2000–2004 were attributable to smoking [33].

…leads to premature death. During 2000–2004, 5.1 million years of productive life were lost due to cigarette smoking and exposure to passive smoking per year [33].

…contributes to health disparities. African Americans, Native Americans/Alaska Natives, the poor, and people with lower educational attainment suffer from a higher burden of disease and disability from smoking.

…is a major cause of cancer in the lung, larynx, pharynx, mouth, and bladder. It also causes cancer in the pancreas, cervix, kidney, and stomach.

…causes deaths from heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

…is a fiscal burden. Cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke results in productivity losses of $96.8 billion annually [33] and over $75 billion in annual US medical expenditures [6].
Fetal obstructive uropathy.
Authors: M. T. Longaker, N. S. Adzick, M. R. Harrison
Journal: BMJ (1989)

25 mg sodium fluoride tablets for managing estab- lished vertebral crush fractures.This preparation has been used with success in increasing trabecular bone growth by Mamelle et al, who reported no increase in gastrointestinal disorders compared with a group not given fluoride.To date we have treated eight patients (one man and seven women), none of whom have developed any new epigastric symptoms.All achieved satisfactory serum fluoride concentrations of 150-200 ~tg/l within one month of starting treatment at a daily dose of 50 mg enteric coated sodium fluoride-that is, 22 6mg fluoride ion -supplemented with 1 5 g oral calcium daily and 50 000 U oral vitamin D once a week.Indeed, fluoride absorption has been so efficient that in some patients it has been possible to reduce the dose, based on the serum fluoride concentration two hours after giving the tablets.Although our patients have not undergone gastroscopy to look for mucosal damage, none of them has shown a reduction in haemoglobin concentration or positive results of a faecal occult blood test.This is preliminary experience with enteric coated fluoride, but it is none the less encouraging as an alternative method of giving orally an agent that is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Repetitive Ozone Exposure of Young Adults
Authors: ROBERT FRANK, MARK C. LIU, ERNST W. SPANNHAKE, STEVEN MLYNAREK, KRIS MACRI, GAIL G. WEINMANN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

Earlier, we found that acute ozone (O 3) exposure caused, along with inflammation, greater, more protracted changes in small airway function (isovolumetric V˙ max at intermediate to low lung volumes) than in FVC or FEV1. To test if this distinction prevailed with repetitive O3 exposure, we exposed eight healthy adults on four consecutive days alternatively to filtered air (FA) and O3 (0.25 ppm × 2 h). Isovolumetric FEF25–75, V˙max50, and V˙max75, were grouped into a single value representing small airway function (SAWgrp); respiratory frequency (f) and tidal volume (Vt) were monitored during exercise. On Day 5, peripheral airway resistance (Rp) was measured followed by lavage. All daily spirometric and ventilatory changes declined in magnitude (adapted) after one or more days of O3 exposure. In addition, SAWgrp, f, and Vt showed persistent changes beginning with Day 2, denoted either by depression of the preexposure baseline (SAWgrp) or exaggerated tachypnea during exercise. O3-induced neutrophilia (p = 0.04) was present in lavage fluid. The possible relationship between these persistent changes in small airway function, measured in days, and the likelihood of cumulative injury in the same region if exposure is long term, is unknown.
THE BIOLOGIC TEST FOR SEMEN.
Authors: C. G. FARNUM
Journal: JAMA (1901)

In this work I have applied to semen the biologic test for blood. This test is based upon the fact that when certain substances, such as bacterial filtrates, peptone, milk, egg albumin, albuminous urine, blood serum, etc., are injected into animals at intervals for a period of time they produce in the blood of the animals substances which form specific precipitates with the substances injected. Rabbits have been injected intraperitoneally with either semen or testicular emulsions of the dog, bull or man, at intervals of from two to six days and in quantities of from 5 to 10 c.c. at each injection. They received from five to eight injections each. The blood serum for the tests was diluted from twelve to eighty times and the semen or testicular emulsions from four to twenty-five times in physiologic salt solution. The blood serum of the rabbits injected with dog semen and with
Health Care and the Recession
Authors: Thomas H. Lee, James J. Mongan, Jonathan B Oberlander, Meredith B. Rosenthal
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

The U.S. economy has been in recession for more than a year, the unemployment rate is climbing, the ranks of the uninsured are growing rapidly, and health care provider organizations are feeling the squeeze. What help can the federal government offer as part of the economic stimulus package? What will the increasing pressure mean for proposed health care reforms? And is there any silver lining in the clouds for the future of the U.S. health care system? In a roundtable discussion moderated by Dr. Thomas Lee, three experts in health policy, economics, and health care delivery — Drs. James Mongan, . . .
Application of Current Guidelines to the Management of Unstable Angina and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Eugene Braunwald
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) is a common but heterogeneous disorder with patients exhibiting widely varying risks. Early risk stratification is at the center of the management program and can be achieved using clinical criteria and biomarkers, or a combination. In addition to anti-ischemic therapy and aspirin, the thienopyridine clopidogrel is indicated except in patients who are potential candidates for urgent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists are indicated in high-risk patients likely to undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) but are not indicated in the management of lower-risk patients who do not undergo PCI. There is a growing body of evidence to support the substitution of the low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) enoxaparin for unfractionated heparin (UFH). Three recent trials have demonstrated the benefit of an early invasive strategy with catheterization followed by revascularization in patients at high and intermediate risk. Lower-risk patients should undergo early noninvasive stress testing. An intensive program of secondary prevention is mandatory and should be begun before hospital discharge.
Cigarette smoking, blast crisis, and survival in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Ray Herr, Jan Ferguson, Nicole Myers, Douglas Rovira, William A. Robinson
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1990)

Abstract We reviewed the records of all patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) seen in the CML Clinic of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center between 1968 and 1987 for a history of cigarette smoking. Patients who smoked for five or more pack/years within the ten years preceding, or after the diagnosis of CML, were defined as smokers. Adequate smoking histories were obtained on 122 patients. Eighty‐seven of these were non‐smokers and 35 were smokers by the above criteria. The smoking group had a higher predominance of males, an older median age, and were diagnosed earlier in the course of the 20 year study. Seventy‐two patients had died at the time of analysis. All but one, a non‐smoker, died from the development of blast crisis. The overall median actuarial survival was significantly reduced for smokers (35 months) as compared to non‐smokers (47 months). This was particularly striking for patients who had succumbed to the disease, with a median survival of 30 months in smokers versus 46 months in non‐smokers. Although various explanations could explain the differences noted, we conclude that cigarette smoking has an adverse effect on the development of blast crisis and survival in chronic myeloid leukemia.
Enterobacteriaceae peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis: A review of 210 consecutive cases
Authors: C.-C. Szeto, V.C.-Y. Chow, K.-M. Chow, R.W.-M. Lai, K.-Y. Chung, C.-B. Leung, B.C.-H. Kwan, P.K.-T. Li
Journal: Kidney International (2006)
Effect of oxandrolone and timing of pubertal induction on final height in Turner's syndrome: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial
Authors: E. J. Gault, R. J. Perry, T. J. Cole, S. Casey, W. F. Paterson, P. C. Hindmarsh, P. Betts, D. B. Dunger, M. D. C. Donaldson
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objective</b> To examine the effect of oxandrolone and the timing of pubertal induction on final height in girls with Turner's syndrome receiving a standard dose of growth hormone. <b>Design</b> Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. <b>Setting </b>36 paediatric endocrinology departments in UK hospitals. <b>Participants</b> Girls with Turner's syndrome aged 7-13 years at recruitment, receiving recombinant growth hormone therapy (10 mg/m<sup>2</sup>/week). <b>Interventions</b> Participants were randomised to oxandrolone (0.05 mg/kg/day, maximum 2.5 mg/day) or placebo from 9 years of age. Those with evidence of ovarian failure at 12 years were further randomised to oral ethinylestradiol (year 1, 2 µg daily; year 2, 4 μg daily; year 3, 4 months each of 6, 8, and 10 μg daily) or placebo; participants who received placebo and those recruited after the age of 12.25 years started ethinylestradiol at age 14. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Final height. <b>Results </b>106 participants were recruited, of whom 14 withdrew and 82/92 reached final height. Both oxandrolone and late pubertal induction increased final height: by 4.6 (95% confidence interval 1.9 to 7.2) cm (P=0.001, n=82) for oxandrolone and 3.8 (0.0 to 7.5) cm (P=0.05, n=48) for late pubertal induction with ethinylestradiol. In the 48 children who were randomised twice, the effects on final height (compared with placebo and early induction of puberty) of oxandrolone alone, late induction alone, and oxandrolone plus late induction were similar, averaging 7.1 (3.4 to 10.8) cm (P&lt;0.001). No cases of virilisation were reported. <b>Conclusion</b> Oxandrolone had a positive effect on final height in girls with Turner's syndrome treated with growth hormone, as did late pubertal induction with ethinylestradiol at age 14 years. However, these effects were not additive, so using both had no advantage. Oxandrolone could, therefore, be offered as an alternative to late pubertal induction for increasing final height in Turner's syndrome. <b>Trial registration</b> Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN50343149.
A Clinical View of the Biology of Plasmodia
Authors: LESLIE B. ALTSTATT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Parasites that cause human malaria differ in their response to drugs according to species as well as to strains within species. There is also a variation in response to drugs in any given strain depending upon the stage of the life cycle of the parasite. The proper use of drugs for managing malaria demands that all these factors be taken into account.
A Curious Old Man
Authors: Thomas B. Cole
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2024 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Albert James Myer, M.D.
Authors: Rollin J. Bauchspies, Merrill Moore
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

FEW people know about the origin of military signaling in the United States, on which so much depends, especially in time of war.The use of a simple system of visual signals for the transmission of important news between neighboring cities was known to the ancient Greeks. A code described by the historian Polybius (204–122 B.C.) enabled each letter of the Greek alphabet to be signaled by means of the display of a certain number of lights to the right and left of a fixed central position. Although instances of the transmission for warning messages by lights and other visual . . .
1117. Gene Therapy in a Rat Model of Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Stacy L. Porvasnik, Tankut Onal, Yoshi Sakai, Raquel Torres, Glenn A. Walter, Barry J. Byrne, Carolyn T. Spencer
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Top of pageAbstract
Primary pulmonary hypertension is a life threatening disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance. This results in right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy, dilation, and potential RV failure due to increased right ventricular afterload. Current treatment strategies involve the use of various pulmonary vasodilators, including intravenous administration of prostacyclin (PGI2) which improves symptoms, morbidity and mortality of patients. The goal of this project is to develop a clinically relevant gene therapy treatment strategy for patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Preliminary studies have involved the characterization of a monocrotaline (MCT)-induced rat model of pulmonary hypertension (PH) to be used for evaluation of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector-mediated correction. Using this model, we can recapitulate many of the PH-associated symptoms such as; endothelial cell damage and pulmonary vascular injury, after a single MCT injection. Pulmonary artery pressure was significantly different between the 60 mg/kg test group and the PBS control group (0.44 |[plusmn]| 0.1 mmHg vs 0.22 |[plusmn]| 0.04 mmHg; p=0.0006). The right ventricle weight per body weight also differed between the two groups (0.727 |[plusmn]| 0.1 vs 0.605 |[plusmn]| 0.087). Using a single injection of MCT to induce PH, we currently are assessing intratracheal delivery of rAAV serotype 5 vectors expressing the prostacyclin synthase gene to produce sufficient levels of prostacyclin for prevention of PH. Four week after intratracheal delivery of 3 |[times]| 1011 P rAAV5-hPGIS, a single 60 mg/kg dose of MCT was administered. Currently the animals are being weighed weekly and will have MRI images, echocardiograms and pulmonary artery pressures measured by catheterization to evaluate the success of treatment. Preliminary data of MRI images suggest no RV enlargement at seven weeks post gene delivery and three weeks post induction of PH. Long term over expression of PGIS using AAV has the potential to be a useful treatment strategy in PH.
A Critical Role for the RelA Subunit of Nuclear Factor κB in Regulation of Multiple Immune-response Genes and in Fas-induced Cell Death
Authors: Fateh Ouaaz, Ming Li, Amer A. Beg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

Binding sites for the nuclear factor (NF)-κB transcription factor have been identified within control regions of many genes involved in inflammatory and immune responses. Such κB sites are often found adjacent to those of interferon (IFN)-γ–inducible transcription factors, suggesting a requirement for multiple signaling pathways for gene regulation. Using fibroblasts from RelA (p65)-deficient mice generated by gene targeting, we have investigated the role of this subunit of NF-κB in gene activation by microbial lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor α, and in possible synergism with the IFN-γ–signaling pathway. Our results indicate not only that RelA is required for activation of key genes involved in adaptive (acquired) immune responses, including major histocompatibility complex class I, CD40, and the Fas death receptor, but also that both NF-κB–inducing signals and IFN-γ are necessary for maximal activation. In contrast, neutrophil-specific chemokine genes KC and MIP-2, which can function as nonspecific mediators in innate immune responses, were strongly induced by RelA in the absence of IFN-γ. Our results show that RelA plays a critical role in activation of immune system genes in response to nonspecific stimuli and demonstrate a novel proapoptotic function for this protein in Fas-induced cell death.
An immunodominant epitope present in multiple class I MHC molecules and recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Authors: D W Mann, E McLaughlin-Taylor, R B Wallace, J Forman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

CTL derived from (C3H x B6.K1)F1 animals were sensitized against L cells that express the transfected gene product Q10d/Ld. These CTL were highly crossreactive against three other class I molecules, H-2Kbm1, H-2Ld, and H-2Kd. In an attempt to define this crossreactive epitope it was noted that between 25 and 39% of amino acids in the alpha helices and central beta strands of these three molecules vary from Q10d. These amino acids represent residues that have been proposed to potentially interact with a peptide antigen or TCR (21). However, all four molecules share the amino acid tyrosine at positions 155 and 156. Additionally, Q10d, H-2Kbm1, and H-2Ld share alanine at position 152, while H-2Kd has an aspartic acid. We showed that these residues were important in controlling this epitope by the finding that anti-Q10d CTL did not recognize H-2Kbm1 revertant molecules that had either the position 152 alanine changed back to the wild-type H-2Kb residue (glutamic acid) or position 155 and 156 tyrosines changed back to wild-type residues arginine and leucine. Further evidence that these molecules share a crossreactive epitope was noted by the failure of (C3H x H-2Kbm1)F1 animals to generate CTL that recognized H-2Ld or H-2Kd, and the inability of (C3H x BALB/c)F1 animals to generate CTL reactive against H-2Kbm1. CTL from these mice were still able to recognize Q10d/Ld indicating that other epitopes could be detected if natural tolerance prevented recognition of the crossreactive epitope. To further define the epitope, CTL clones were generated against Q10d/Ld and maintained on either H-2Kbm1 or BALB/c feeder cells. In addition to testing these clones on the target cells described above, mutant molecules derived from H-2Ld, which have amino acid substitutions in their alpha 1 domain, were analyzed. It was noted that some anti-Q10 clones that did not crossreact on H-2Ld did react against H-2Ld mutant antigens that had H-2Dd amino acid substitutions in the alpha 1 domain at positions 63, 65, 66, and 70. Other clones had differential reactivities on these H-2Ld mutants further substantiating that alpha 1 domain amino acids play a role in controlling the expression of the crossreactive epitope. Thus, four class I molecules with multiple amino acid differences in their alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains share a crossreactive epitope readily recognized by alloreactive CTL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pulmonary hypertension in patients with myelofibrosis secondary to myeloproliferative diseases
Authors: Guillermo Garc�a-Manero, Stephen J. Schuster, Herbert Patrick, Jos� Martinez
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1999)

We examined the clinical characteristics of six patients with myelofibrosis secondary to myeloproliferative diseases whose clinical courses were complicated by pulmonary hypertension to determine possible causal links between the two disorders. Six patients (four male, two female), with diagnoses of myeloproliferative disease, myelofibrosis (one with polycythemia vera, three with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, one with unclassified myeloproliferative syndrome, one with essential thrombocytosis), and pulmonary hypertension are presented. Measurement of the pulmonary artery pressure was performed by Doppler echocardiography in all patients and by right sided heart catheterization in four patients. The range of resting pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 35 to 47 mmHg above the mean right atrium by echocardiography. One patient had autopsy evidence of pulmonary myeloid metaplasia and interstitial fibrosis; another had acute leukemic infiltration of the lung parenchyma. All patients had thrombocytosis; symptomatology in one patient with marked thrombocytosis improved with plateletpheresis. Two patients suffered systemic thrombosis. All patients had severe hepatomegaly. Two patients had evidence of left ventricular dysfunction. The interval between the development of dyspnea and death was less than seven months in five of the patients. A causal link between pulmonary hypertension and myelofibrosis secondary to myeloproliferative diseases is suggested for each patient. Hematopoietic infiltration of the pulmonary parenchyma, portal hypertension, thrombocytosis, hypercoagulability, and left ventricular failure may account in part for the development of pulmonary hypertension in these patients. Patients with myelofibrosis and dyspnea should have Doppler echocardiography to evaluate pulmonary artery pressures. Am. J. Hematol. 60:130–135, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
NHS Direct is a "potential victim of its own success"
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2002)

NHS Direct is in danger of becoming a victim of its own success and trying to do too many things at once, warns a report from the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee.

In a report published this week the committee of MPs says the Department of Health should set clear objectives within a medium term development plan, with appropriate measures of the scheme's success, such as patient satisfaction.

The plan should include a clear statement of priorities and a timetable for integrating NHS …