tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
β-Lactam Antibiotic and β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations
Authors: Nelson L. S. Lee
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The Individual vs Society
Authors: David M. Eddy
Journal: JAMA (1991)

AN INDIVIDUAL can be in conflict with society whenever the individual uses a disproportionate amount of a health care service without paying for it.<sup>1</sup>This either forces others to cover the cost of replacing the service or, if the cost is not repaid and the service is not replaced, deprives others of the benefits of the service. The first causes others financial harm. The second causes harm to their health. In either case, the "others" are what we call "society." If the individual is incapable of paying, and if the service is considered essential,<sup>2</sup>then the use of such a service is considered acceptable; it is viewed as part of society's obligation to individuals in need. However, as the individual's ability to pay increases, as the benefit provided by the service decreases, and as the cost of the service increases, the conflict grows. <h3>The Source of the Conflict</h3>
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Wade H. Brown, Louise Pearce
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1923)

Data bearing on the occurrence and distribution of metastases, as recorded in the preceding papers of the series, are analyzed with reference to the parts played by the tumor cell and by conditions which influence cell distribution and cell growth. It is shown that, while the tumor cell is an essential element in the production of metastases, its influence is relatively constant, and that the prime factors responsible for variations in the occurrence and distribution of metastatic growths are conditions that influence cell distribution or that affect the viability of the cell during transport, and conditions that affect the nutrition of the cell wherever it may become lodged. It is further shown that both the presence and the absence of metastases, as well as peculiarities of distribution and of growth, are susceptible of a comparatively simple explanation upon the basis of well recognized principles of pathological action. In brief, it was found that, while the tumor cells might be distributed by either the blood stream or the lymphatics, the mode of distribution and the fate of the cells were determined in accordance with the same general principles that are applicable to the distribution and disposal of foreign cells introduced into the animal body. It was pointed out, however, that in applying these principles to tumor metastasis, it was necessary to recognize the fact that tumor cells bear a definite relation to the tissues of the host and that they are living and agressive agents. Hence, the reaction that they arouse differs in some respects from that produced by inert or unorganized foreign material or by living cells of a foreign species.
Serial electrocardiograms in hypertensive cardiovascular disease.
Authors: R A Dunn, R J Zenner, H V Pipberger
Journal: Circulation (1977)

A graphic method for depicting serial changes in electrocardiograms is described and demonstrated for patients being treated in an antihypertension clinic. For these patients, the diagnostic categories, normal, left ventricular hypertrophy, and biventricular hypertrophy, are of primary interest. For each electrocardiogram, 14 measurements are used to compute posterior probabilities for each of the three categories. A triangular grid is used to plot each set of probabilities for an electrocardiogram as one point, which by its position in the triangle can be related to the three categories simultaneously. Points representing successive electrocardiograms can be plotted in the same triangle, giving a pattern of change with time. This pattern of change has been corroborated with associated clinical information on a number of patients. This display, which can be produced quickly and efficiently on a computer graphics terminal, should be considered as a possible tool in evaluating the status of individual hypertensive patients in terms of increase or decrease of ventricular hypertrophy and the efficacy of therapeutic measures.
The Sickly Stuarts
Authors: Graham Brack
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

In his review of Professor Holmes' book The Sickly Stuarts— the Medical Downfall of a Dynasty (June 2004 JRSM1) Milo Keynes indicates that the name Stuart (or Stewart) originated with Lord Darnley. In fact it came from Robert II's father two centuries earlier. The dates of Henry, Duke of Gloucester were 1640–1660, not 1620–1640 as noted. Keynes suggests that hyperparathyroidism might explain the ills of James VI and I, but porphyria seems more likely. His complex of symptoms is difficult to disentangle, including gout, rickets and arthritis, but he complained of darkened urine and realized that his reasoning was impaired when this happened. His mother, Mary Queen of Scots, suffered from blistering of her hands in strong sunlight, suggesting a familial porphyria. A more detailed account of James' illness may be found in Purple Secret: Genes, 'Madness' and the Royal Houses of Europe by Rohl, Warren and Hunt.2
Preferential oxidation of glycogen in isolated working rat heart.
Authors: G W Goodwin, F Ahmad, H Taegtmeyer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

We tested the hypothesis that glycogen is preferentially oxidized in isolated working rat heart. This was accomplished by measuring the proportion of glycolytic flux (oxidation plus lactate production) specifically from glycogen which is metabolized to lactate, and comparing it to the same proportion determined concurrently from exogenous glucose during stimulation with epinephrine. After prelabeling of glycogen with either 14C or 3H, a dual isotope technique was used to simultaneously trace the disposition of glycogen and exogenous glucose between oxidative and non-oxidative pathways. Immediately after the addition of epinephrine (1 microM), 40-50% of flux from glucose was directed towards lactate. Glycogen, however, did not contribute to lactate, being almost entirely oxidized. Further, glycogen utilization responded promptly to the abrupt increase in contractile performance with epinephrine, during the lag in stimulation of utilization of exogenous glucose, suggesting that glycogen serves as substrate reservoir to buffer rapid increases in demand. Preferential oxidation of glycogen may serve to ensure efficient generation of ATP from a limited supply of endogenous substrate, or as a mechanism to limit lactate accumulation during rapid glycogenolysis.
Immunohistochemical identification of arteriolar development using markers of smooth muscle differentiation. Evidence that capillary arterialization proceeds from terminal arterioles.
Authors: R J Price, G K Owens, T C Skalak
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

Arteriolar growth is an important event in the adaptation of normal tissues as well as in important pathologies, but the site of origin of new arterioles remains unknown. The network pattern of arteriolar development in skeletal muscle was detected by use of a new immunohistochemical technique that is based on the observation that fully differentiated (mature) vascular smooth muscle (SM) cells express both SM alpha-actin and the two myosin heavy chains (MHCs) SM-1 and SM-2, whereas less differentiated (immature) vascular SM cells do not express MHC. The anterior gracilis muscle microvasculatures of 4- and 9-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were labeled with monoclonal antibodies to SM alpha-actin and to SM MHC. Whole transverse arteriole networks were observed, and terminal arterioles, defined as terminal segments labeled with SM alpha-actin, were classified on the basis of the presence or absence of SM MHC. A significantly different percentage of terminal arteriolar endings per network without SM MHC was observed in the two groups (66.1 +/- 17.3% for 4 weeks and 27.1 +/- 18.5% for 9 weeks), suggesting that arteriolar development is more nearly complete in the older animals. Sparsely distributed capillaries exhibited thin extensions of SM alpha-actin that crossed collecting venules and joined similar extensions from an adjacent transverse arteriole, effectively forming the basis for new arcade arterioles. SM alpha-actin and SM MHC labeling in terminal arterioles was always continuous with upstream arterioles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hypotension and Cardiopulmonary Arrest Associated With Concurrent Haloperidol and Propranolol Therapy
Authors: Harold E. Alexander
Journal: JAMA (1984)

HALOPERIDOL exerts its antipsychotic effect presumably through potent blockade of central dopamine receptors<sup>1</sup>and has caused hypotension in some patients.<sup>2</sup>Propranolol hydrochloride is a β-adrenergic receptor blocking drug that is widely used in treating hypertension. A review of the literature does not disclose adverse effects in patients from a combination of haloperidol and propranolol. We report herein a patient who had three episodes of hypotension and two episodes of cardiopulmonary arrest after taking concurrent oral doses of haloperidol and propranolol. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 48-year-old white woman with a 27-year history of schizophrenia was first admitted to our hospital in 1980. At that time, the patient was treated with haloperidol, 20 mg/day, for an acute exacerbation of her illness. Her symptoms resolved rapidly. The patient was also noted to have hypertension and was treated with a low-sodium diet and with trichlormethiazide, 4 mg/day, which controlled her hypertension. In
GPs make deals with local NHS to vaccinate children against swine flu
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2009)

GPs in London and the north east of England have reached agreements with local NHS bodies to vaccinate children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years against swine flu, after the BMA failed to make a national deal with the government.

Speaking at the weekly press briefing on swine flu, Ian Dalton, national director for NHS flu resilience, said that GPs recognise the clinical importance of vaccinating young children and were making local deals with their primary care organisations.

In a deal between all London primary care trusts and the capital’s strategic health authority, NHS London, GPs will be paid £5.25 (€5.80; $8.50) for every child they vaccinate, the same as they get for delivering the vaccine …
Influence on asthma morbidity of asthma education programs based on self-management plans following treatment optimization.
Authors: J Coté, A Cartier, P Robichaud, H Boutin, J L Malo, M Rouleau, A Fillion, M Lavallée, M Krusky, L P Boulet
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an asthma education program on morbidity, knowledge, and compliance with inhaled corticosteroid treatment using a prospective, randomized, controlled, one-year-before/one-year-after protocol. After rigorous optimization of asthma therapy under the care of respirologists, patients were assigned to one of three groups: Group C (control group: no formal education), Group P (education and action plan based on peak-flow monitoring), and Group S (education with action plan based on monitoring of asthma symptoms). A total of 188 subjects with moderate to severe asthma were enrolled and 149 completed the study. Asthma morbidity decreased significantly in all groups (p = 0.001). Mean values one-year-before/one-year-after in Groups C, P, and S were: unscheduled medical visits, 2.4/0.8, 2.3/0.7, and 1.9/ 0.7; hospitalizations, 0.21/0.04, 0.24/0.04, and 0.40/0.09; oral steroid treatments; 1.3/0.5, 1.2/0.7, and 1.3/0.9; absenteeism from work/school, 9.6/5.2, 8.8/2.2, and 6.3/2.9. Between-group differences did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Asthma knowledge increased in both educated groups compared with the control group (p < 0.001) as did short-term compliance with inhaled corticosteroids. These results confirm that treatment optimization coupled with sustained high quality care in motivated patients can lead to a significant decrease in asthma morbidity. In such clinical settings, structured asthma education significantly improved short-term compliance with treatment and knowledge about asthma, although it could not add extra benefit with regard to morbidity. Nevertheless, this study does not refute the potential benefit of educational interventions aimed at improving asthma-related morbidity over a longer time period or in patients with less optimal care or with high-risk factors.
Changes in diastolic time with various pharmacologic agents: implication for myocardial perfusion.
Authors: H Boudoulas, S E Rittgers, R P Lewis, C V Leier, A M Weissler
Journal: Circulation (1979)

Diastolic time (DT) is calculated as the cycle length (RR) minus electromechanical systole (QS2). The ratio of DT (RR-QS2) to RR interval times 100, or the percent diastole (%D), varies nonlinearly with heart rate (HR), increasing rapidly with decreasing HR. The effect of commonly used cardioactive agents on %D was studied in five groups of normal subjects. In group 1 (n = 12), propranolol (160 mg daily) increased %D from 55.9 +/- 1.7 to 64.7 +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.001) by slowing HR. In group 2 (n = 12), dobutamine (2.5 micrograms/kg/min) increased %D from 56.4 +/- 1.4 to 61.8 +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.005) by shortening the QS2. In group 3 (n = 10), Cedilanid-D (1.6 mg i.v.) increased %D from 55.5 +/- 1 to 63.2 +/- 0.7 (p less than 0.001), both by slowing the HR and shortening the QS2. In group 4 (n = 12), isoproterenol (2 micrograms/min) increased HR and shortened the QS2 significantly. The net result was a significant reduction of %D from 56.1 +/- 1.4 to 53.5 +/- 1.1, (p less than 0.05). In group 5 (n = 15), a 100-mg bolus of i.v. lidocaine did not have a significant effect on %D. This study indicates that cardiovascular drugs may have significant effects on the relative duration of diastole either by affecting HR or the duration of systole. This may have clinical implications for patients with coronary artery disease and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, since in both cases coronary flow in mostly diastolic.
The Saga of Thalidomide
Authors: Gilbert W. Mellin, Michael Katzenstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

PolyneuritisEarly in 1960 isolated reports were received by Burley,72 of Distillers Company (Biochemicals), Limited, from various parts of Great Britain describing symptoms and signs suggestive of peripheral neuritis occurring in patients receiving thalidomide regularly for periods of six months or more. Florence,73 however, recorded the first report in the literature in December, 1960. In 4 patients polyneuritis had developed while they were taking thalidomide, and he thought that the symptoms could possibly be a toxic effect of the drug. Kuenssberg et al.74 soon added 5 similar cases in January, 1961. It was not till the more detailed report of . . .
Cyclosporin A in atopic dermatitis: therapeutic resonse is disociated form effects on allergic reactons
Authors: C.S. MUNORO, ELIZABETH M. HIGGINS, JANET M. MARKS, B. MARTINA DALY, P.S. FRIEDMANN, S. SHUSTER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

Fourteen patients with severe chronic atopic dermatitis were treated with cyclosporin A (CyA, Sandimmun; 5 mg/kg/day) for 7-16 weeks. All showed a marked clinical improvement and half could omit topical corticosteroid treatment during therapy. Adverse effects were minor, but two patients relapsed despite continued treatment. In the others, the disease recurred soon after stopping CyA. Serum IgE levels and prick-test responses were unchanged by CyA. Immediate and late-phase cutaneous responses to intradermal house dust mite antigen (HDM) were significantly increased during treatment; but a delayed response, present at 24 and 48 h, was unaffected. Four of six patients challenged with HDM patch tests to tape-stripped skin during treatment showed eczematous reactions at 48 h. Thus, cyclosporin A has a powerful therapeutic effect in atopic dermatitis but does not reduce allergic responses to inhalant antigens.
What Led to the Nigerian Boycott of the Polio Vaccination Campaign?
Authors: Ayodele Samuel Jegede
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

V accination is a crucial tool for preventing and controlling disease, but its use has been plagued by controversies worldwide [1][2][3][4][5][6].In this article, I look at the controversy surrounding the immunization program against polio in Nigeria, in which three states in northern Nigeria in 2003 boycotted the polio immunization campaign.I discuss the problems caused by the boycott, its implications, and how it was resolved.Finally, I make recommendations for the future to prevent a similar situation from arising. MethodsFor this article, I consulted relevant books, journals (online and print), Internet materials, and newspaper articles.In particular, I also searched for documentary materials on the history of vaccination in northern Nigeria, factors responsible for the boycott, and ethical issues arising from the boycott.
Structural and functional consequences of alveolar cell recognition by CD8(+) T lymphocytes in experimental lung disease.
Authors: R I Enelow, A Z Mohammed, M H Stoler, A N Liu, J S Young, Y H Lou, T J Braciale
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

CD8(+) T cells infiltrate the lung in many clinical conditions, particularly in interstitial lung disease. The role(s) that CD8(+) T cells might be playing in the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung disease is unclear at present, as is the direct contribution of CD8(+) T cell effector activities to lung injury. This report describes a transgenic model used to evaluate the impact, on respiratory structure and function, of CD8(+) T lymphocyte recognition of a target antigen expressed endogenously in alveolar epithelial cells. We found that adoptive transfer of cloned CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for an alveolar neo-antigen (influenza hemagglutinin) leads to progressive lethal injury in transgenic mice, which dramatically affects lung structure and function. Transgenic recipients of CD8(+) CTLs exhibited tachypnea and progressive weight loss, becoming moribund over a period of several days. Concomitantly, the animals developed a progressive interstitial pneumonitis characterized initially by lymphocytic infiltration of alveolar walls and spaces, followed by an exuberant mononuclear cell infiltration that correlated with restrictive pulmonary mechanics and a progressive diffusion impairment. These results indicate that antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell recognition of an alveolar epithelial "autoantigen" is, in and of itself, sufficient to trigger an inflammatory cascade that results in the histological and physiological manifestations of interstitial pneumonia.
Allogeneic dendritic cell (DC) vaccination as an “off the shelf” treatment to prevent or delay relapse in elderly acute myeloid leukemia patients: results of Phase I/IIa safety and feasibility study
Authors: Tanja de Gruijl, Saskia Santegoeds, Sandra van Wetering, Satwinder Kaur Singh, Anthony Hall, Arjan A van de Loosdrecht, Ada Kruisbeek
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts A novel immunotherapy platform is represented by the DCOne cell line, which originates from a human myeloid leukemia cell line, endogenously expresses a range of leukemia associated antigens, including PRAME and WT-1, and can be differentiated into mature dendritic cells (DC).
The many roads traveled by<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>to NF-κB activation
Authors: Acacia Lamb, Lin-Feng Chen
Journal: Gut Microbes (2010)

Many of the pathologies linked to Helicobacter pylori are caused by the ability of the bacteria to induce chronic inflammation in the stomach of the host. One of the major transcription factors that regulate inflammation is NFκB, which is constitutively activated in many cancers including some gastric cancers. H. pylori has been shown to activate NFκB using several different bacterial components and host signaling pathways in cell-type and strain-specific ways. Our recent studies demonstrate that H. pylori utilizes its virulence factor CagA to target signaling molecule TAK1 for the activation of NFκB. In this article, we will summarize our findings together with other recent progress in the H. pylori-mediated activation of NFκB and discuss the role of CagA and TAK1 in the H. pylori-mediated activation of NFκB and gastric diseases.
Epidemiology of hepatitis E in Northeastern China, South Korea and Japan
Authors: Miyuki Taniguchi, Soo Ryang Kim, Shunji Mishiro, Kazuaki Takahashi, Myung Hee Shin, Haesun Yun, Man Suk Park, Zhong Min Li, Mi Kyung Kim, Jinnv Fang, Yoshitake Hayashi
Journal: Journal of Infection (2009)
MicroRNAs, fibrotic remodeling, and aortic aneurysms
Authors: Dianna M. Milewicz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Aortic aneurysms are a common clinical condition that can cause death due to aortic dissection or rupture. The association between aortic aneurysm pathogenesis and altered TGF-β signaling has been the subject of numerous investigations. Recently, a TGF-β-responsive microRNA (miR), miR-29, has been identified to play a role in cellular phenotypic modulation during aortic development and aging. In this issue of JCI, Maegdefessel and colleagues demonstrate that decreasing the levels of miR-29b in the aortic wall can attenuate aortic aneurysm progression in two different mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysms. This study highlights the relevance of miR-29b in aortic disease but also raises questions about its specific role.
Chronic HIV infection affects the expression of the 2 transcription factors required for CD8 T-cell differentiation into cytolytic effectors
Authors: Patricia Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Emma L. Turnbull, Marta Monteiro, Agnès Legrand, Karen Conrod, Joshua Baalwa, Pierre Pellegrino, George M. Shaw, Ian Williams, Persephone Borrow, Benedita Rocha
Journal: Blood (2012)