tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Primary Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma: A Review of Pathology and Management
Authors: Koen van Besien, Mohammed Kelta, Pranay Bahaguna
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2001)

Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) is recognized as a separate disease entity in the REAL classification. There is uncertainty about the relevance and especially the optimal management of this disorder. In this review, we discuss clinical presentation, pathology, pathobiology, and management of PMBL in order to provide a platform for initiation of further clinical and biologic studies.Studies were identified through a MEDLINE search and from the bibliographies of relevant articles.PMBL is a tumor of young adults who present with a rapidly proliferating tumor. At diagnosis, the tumor is usually limited to intrathoracic organs. Spread to parenchymal organs such as liver, kidneys, and CNS is common at recurrence. Fibrosis and the presence of so-called clear cells are distinctive morphologic features of PMBL, although they are not pathognomonic or even necessary for diagnosis. On the other hand, biologic features relating to oncogene rearrangement and overexpression as well as cytogenetic features clearly differentiate PMBL from other types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Phase II studies and retrospective series indicate cure rates that range from 38% to 88%. The role of chemotherapy, radiation, and high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue in the management of PMBL is reviewed.PMBL has unique clinical and biologic characteristics that are radically different from those of other types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Although relatively rare, its aggressive growth and its occurrence in young patients increase the clinical relevance of this entity. The consistent recognition and study of PMBL will allow the development of new approaches to its management.
Reproductive failure due to spontaneous abortion and recurrent miscarriage
Authors: C Bulletti
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (1996)

The epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis and clinical management of spontaneous and recurrent abortion and of the failure of embryo implantation are discussed in a retrospective overview of the major studies conducted since 1975 identified through a Medline search. Infertile women who experienced spontaneous single (32%) and recurrent (0.5%) abortion as well as those who became pregnant after induction of ovulation with gonadotrophins (abortion rate 17-31%) and those who underwent assisted fertilization programmes (abortion rate 18-34%) are considered. Causes and treatments are here reported. Medical treatments for immunologically mediated abortion (IMA) are based on prednisolone, heparin, aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin. Efficacy of the medical treatment of patients with a history of IMA has yet to be completely demonstrated. Genetic disorders are possible causes of both failure in implantation and early abortion; this cause is more prominent with advanced age and currently cannot be treated. Endocrine factors may also be responsible for miscarriage, and correction of hormone abnormalities is discussed. Infections, endometriosis and psychological factors are other possible important causes of embryo loss without specific widely accepted treatments. Prominent areas of research are the identification of genetic preimplantation abnormalities, and pharmacological intervention for abnormal spontaneous uterine contractility. The data here reported are encouraging, but the efficacy of different treatments is still not convincing. The information available is sufficient to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools to evaluate their efficacy in reducing spontaneous abortion at an early stage. Keywords: embryo implantation/miscarriage/sponaneous and/or recurrent abortion
UK government acts to curb rise in tuberculosis
Authors: Rebecca Coombes
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The government has launched an action plan to curb a 25% rise in cases of tuberculosis in England over the past decade. A series of measures will target groups at high risk, such as homeless people, prisoners, drug misusers, and recent arrivals from countries with high prevalence.

The chief medical officer, Liam Donaldson, announced a batch of measures including new tuberculosis clinical networks, along the lines of cancer networks; named case managers for every tuberculosis patient; and higher vaccination coverage of babies in high risk groups.

Modern techniques to tackle the disease will be focused on, to bring about quicker and more effective screening, …
Advance in the pathogenesis and treatment of Wilson disease
Authors: Qin-Yun Dong, Zhi-Ying Wu
Journal: Translational Neurodegeneration (2012)

Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism. Diagnosis depends primarily on clinical features, biochemical parameters and the presence of the Kayser-Fleischer ring. Genetic analysis for mutations within ATP7B is a convincing diagnostic tool. The traditional treatment for WD includes chelation of excessive copper accumulation and reduction of copper intake. Medical therapy is effective but WD is not yet curable. Liver transplantation is especially helpful for patients who fail to respond to medical therapy or present with fulminant liver failure, although evaluation of its long-term effect are still in need.
Risk of lymphoproliferative cancer among patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis, 1996–2002: Table 1
Authors: L J Herrinton, L Liu, S Shoor, D Mines
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of lymphoma,1–4 and anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents may further increase this risk.5 6 We conducted a retrospective cohort study of this question using the computerised data of Kaiser Permanente (KP; http://www.kaiserpermanente.org/). We defined a “severe RA cohort” of potential candidates for anti-TNF therapy as those aged 18 years and older from 1996–2002 who received at least two diagnoses of RA and were prescribed a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) after receiving methotrexate (n = 3982). Patients who had a previous history of anti-TNF agent were excluded. Follow-up began with the prescription of the first DMARD after methotrexate …
Differential Genetic Effects of &lt;EMPH TYPE="ITAL"&gt;ESR1&lt;/EMPH&gt; Gene Polymorphisms on Osteoporosis Outcomes
Authors: John P. A. Ioannidis
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Both bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk have a strong genetic component. Estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) is a candidate gene for osteoporosis, but previous studies of ESR1 polymorphisms in this field were hampered by small sample size, lack of standardization, and inconclusive results.To generate large-scale evidence on whether 3 common ESR1 polymorphisms (intron 1 polymorphisms XbaI [dbSNP: rs9340799] and PvuII [dbSNP: rs2234693] and promoter TA repeats microsatellite) and haplotypes thereof are associated with BMD and fractures.Meta-analysis of individual-level data involving standardized genotyping of 18 917 individuals in 8 European centers.BMD of femoral neck and lumbar spine; all fractures and vertebral fractures by genotype.No between-center heterogeneity was observed for any outcome in any genetic contrast. None of the 3 polymorphisms or haplotypes had any statistically significant effect on BMD in adjusted or unadjusted analyses, and estimated differences between genetic contrasts were 0.01 g/cm2 or less. Conversely, we found significant reductions in fracture risk. In women homozygous for the absence of an XbaI recognition site, the adjusted odds of all fractures were reduced by 19% (odds ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]; P = .002) and vertebral fractures by 35% (odds ratio, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.49-0.87]; P = .003). Effects on fractures were independent of BMD and unaltered in adjusted analyses. No significant effects on fracture risk were seen for PvuII and TA repeats.ESR1 is a susceptibility gene for fractures, and XbaI determines fracture risk by mechanisms independent of BMD. Our study demonstrates the value of adequately powered studies with standardized genotyping and clinical outcomes in defining effects of common genetic variants on complex diseases.
Atypical Disease after Bordetella pertussis Respiratory Infection of Mice with Targeted Disruptions of Interferon-γ Receptor or Immunoglobulin μ Chain Genes
Authors: Bernard P. Mahon, Brian J. Sheahan, Fiona Griffin, Geraldine Murphy, Kingston H.G. Mills
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

Using a murine respiratory challenge model we have previously demonstrated a role for Th1 cells in natural immunity against Bordetella pertussis, but could not rule out a role for antibody. Here we have demonstrated that B. pertussis respiratory infection of mice with targeted disruptions of the genes for the IFN-γ receptor resulted in an atypical disseminated disease which was lethal in a proportion of animals, and was characterized by pyogranulomatous inflammation and postnecrotic scarring in the livers, mesenteric lymph nodes and kidneys. Viable virulent bacteria were detected in the blood and livers of diseased animals. An examination of the course of infection in the lung of IFN-γ receptor–deficient, IL-4–deficient and wild-type mice demonstrated that lack of functional IFN-γ or IL-4, cytokines that are considered to play major roles in regulating the development of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively, did not affect the kinetics of bacterial elimination from the lung. In contrast, B cell–deficient mice developed a persistent infection and failed to clear the bacteria after aerosol inoculation. These findings demonstrate an absolute requirement for B cells or their products in the resolution of a primary infection with B. pertussis, but also define a critical role for IFN-γ in containing bacteria to the mucosal site of infection.
The Destructive Potential of Humor in Psychotherapy
Authors: LAWRENCE S. KUBIE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

The author believes that the use of humor by the psychiatrist is potentially destructive to the psychotherapeutic relationship. Sometimes experienced therapists can use humor without doing harm, but beginning therapists who imitate them may do irremediable damage. Too often the patient's stream of feeling and thought is diverted from spontaneous channels by the therapist's humor; it may even be arrested and blocked. While humor has its place in life, psychiatrists should acknowledge that it has a very limited role in psychotherapy.
Biologic lung volume reduction therapy for advanced homogeneous emphysema
Authors: Y. Refaely, M. Dransfield, M. R. Kramer, M. Gotfried, W. Leeds, G. Mclennan, S. Tewari, M. Krasna, G. J. Criner
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

This report summarises phase 2 trial results of biologic lung volume reduction (BioLVR) for treatment of advanced homogeneous emphysema. BioLVR therapy was administered bronchoscopically to 25 patients with homogeneous emphysema in an open-labelled study. Eight patients received low dose (LD) treatment with 10 mL per site at eight subsegments; 17 received high dose (HD) treatment with 20 mL per site at eight subsegments. Safety was assessed in terms of medical complications during 6-month follow-up. Efficacy was assessed in terms of change from baseline in gas trapping, spirometry, diffusing capacity, exercise capacity, dyspnoea and health-related quality of life. There were no deaths or serious medical complications during the study. A statistically significant reduction in gas trapping was observed at 3-month follow-up among HD patients, but not LD patients. At 6 months, changes from baseline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (-8.0+/-13.93% versus +13.8+/-20.26%), forced vital capacity (-3.9+/-9.41% versus +9.0+/-13.01%), residual volume/total lung capacity ratio (-1.4+/-13.82% versus -5.4+/-12.14%), dyspnoea scores (-0.4+/-1.27 versus -0.8+/-0.73 units) and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire total domain scores (-4.9+/-8.3 U versus -12.2+/-12.38 units) were better with HD than with LD therapy. BioLVR therapy with 20 mL per site at eight subsegmental sites may be a safe and effective therapy in patients with advanced homogeneous emphysema.
CONTRIBUTION A L'ETUDE DU POLLEN ET DES MOISISSURES ATMOSPHERIQUES DES VILLES DE B. ET DE G. B. (REGION SOUS‐CARPATIQUE MERIDIONALE DE LA ROUMANIE)
Authors: I. GR. POPESCO, E. CAPETTI, C. OLARU, I. DOBRE, C. NASTASE
Journal: Allergy (1969)
The concurrent presence of systemic disease pathogens and cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma in the same lesion: Histoplasma capsulatum and Kaposi's sarcoma coexisting in a single skin lesion in a patient with AIDS
Authors: M. Celeste Cole, Philip R. Cohen, Karin H. Satra, Marc E. Grossman
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1992)

The concurrent presence of infectious organisms within cutaneous lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in persons with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been demonstrated. We report the first patient with AIDS in whom both KS and Histoplasma capsulatum were documented within the same cutaneous lesion. Pathogenic organisms of other fungal, mycobacterial, and viral diseases in KS lesions in other patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus are reviewed. Possible explanations for the coexistence of a focus of infection within a lesion of KS are discussed. It may be that in some patients the infection acts as a stimulus to induce vascular proliferation and subsequent development of sarcoma. There is also support for the idea of organism seeding in vascular tissues in the course of dissemination of infection. It is important to rulerout the presence of coexistent infections or more than one pathologic process in skin lesions in patients with AIDS. The concurrent presence of infectious organisms within cutaneous lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in persons with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been demonstrated. We report the first patient with AIDS in whom both KS and Histoplasma capsulatum were documented within the same cutaneous lesion. Pathogenic organisms of other fungal, mycobacterial, and viral diseases in KS lesions in other patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus are reviewed. Possible explanations for the coexistence of a focus of infection within a lesion of KS are discussed. It may be that in some patients the infection acts as a stimulus to induce vascular proliferation and subsequent development of sarcoma. There is also support for the idea of organism seeding in vascular tissues in the course of dissemination of infection. It is important to rulerout the presence of coexistent infections or more than one pathologic process in skin lesions in patients with AIDS.
Referral to an Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Center and Mortality Among Patients With Severe 2009 Influenza A(H1N1)
Authors: Moronke A. Noah, Giles J. Peek, Simon J. Finney, Mark J. Griffiths, David A. Harrison, Richard Grieve, M. Zia Sadique, Jasjeet S. Sekhon, Daniel F. McAuley, Richard K. Firmin, Christopher Harvey, Jeremy J. Cordingley, Susanna Price, Alain Vuylsteke, David P. Jenkins, David W. Noble, Roxanna Bloomfield, Timothy S. Walsh, Gavin D. Perkins, David Menon, Bruce L. Taylor, Kathryn M. Rowan
Journal: JAMA (2011)

XTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYgenation (ECMO) can support gas exchange independently of mechanical ventilation in patients with severe acute respiratory failure.ECMO may be used either as a rescue intervention or to minimize ventilator-associated lung injury 1 and its associated multiple organ dysfunction, 2 both crucial determinants of survival for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Comment on Krul-Poel et al. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (SUNNY Trial): A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care 2015;38:1420–1426
Authors: Giovanna Muscogiuri, Annamaria Colao, Francesco Orio
Journal: Diabetes Care (2015)

Krul-Poel et al. (1) provided elegant evidence that vitamin D supplementation had no significant effect on insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) enrolled subjects with type 2 diabetes and vitamin D insufficiency, i.e., a cohort that according to previous studies should take advantage from vitamin D treatment (2). Although the findings of Krul-Poel et al. clearly did not show any effect of vitamin D supplementation on diabetes management, it must be highlighted that these data are of paramount importance regarding vitamin …
A Phylogenetic Model for the Detection of Epistatic Interactions
Authors: Chris A. Nasrallah, John P. Huelsenbeck
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2013)

Paired epistatic interactions, such as those in the stem regions of RNA, play an important role in many biological processes. However, unlike protein-coding regions, paired epistatic interactions have lacked the appropriate statistical tools for the detection of departures from selective neutrality. Here, a model is presented for the analysis of paired epistatic regions that draws upon the population genetics of the compensatory substitution process to detect the relative strength of natural selection acting against deleterious combinations of alleles. The method is based upon the relative rates of double and single substitution, and can differentiate between nonindependent interactions and negatively epistatic ones. The model is implemented in a fully Bayesian framework for parameter estimation and is demonstrated using a 5S rRNA data set. In addition to the detection of selection, modeling the double and single substitution processes in this manner inherently accounts for a substantial proportion of rate variation among stem positions.
Forced Smoking Abstinence
Authors: Jennifer G. Clarke, L. A. R. Stein, Rosemarie A. Martin, Stephen A. Martin, Donna Parker, Cheryl E. Lopes, Arthur R. McGovern, Rachel Simon, Mary Roberts, Peter Friedman, Beth Bock
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

Millions of Americans are forced to quit smoking as they enter tobacco-free prisons and jails, but most return to smoking within days of release. Interventions are needed to sustain tobacco abstinence after release from incarceration.
Steatorrhoea in rats with an intestinal cul-de-sac
Authors: P. P. Hoet, H. Eyssen
Journal: Gut (1964)

Steatorrhoea in rats with an intestinal cul-de-sac is mainly due to malabsorption of alimentary fats but faecal lipids of endogenous origin are also increased. Steatorrhoea depends on the site of the blind loop in the small intestine and is mainly caused by bacterial proliferation in the lumen of the gut. The aetiological role of Gram-positive anaerobic microbes, especially Clostridium welchii, is suggested.
Treatment of Osteo-arthritis of the Hip with Indomethacin: A Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: J. Wanka, A. St. J. Dixon
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1964)

<h3>Objective</h3> The aim of this prospective cohort study was to determine whether dairy product consumption was associated with the incidence of total hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis (OA). <h3>Methods</h3> There were 38,924 participants from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study who had dairy product consumption recorded in 1990–1994. The incidence of total hip arthroplasty for OA during 2001–2013 was determined by linking cohort records to the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry. <h3>Results</h3> Over an average of 11.8 years of followup, 1505 total hip arthroplasties for OA were identified (524 in men, 981 in women). In men, a 1 SD increase in dairy product consumption was associated with a 21% increased incidence of total hip arthroplasty for OA (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.10–1.33), with a dose-response relationship observed for quartiles of dairy product consumption (p for trend = 0.001). These results were independent of age, body mass index, country of birth, education, smoking status, vigorous physical activity, calcium supplementation, energy consumption, circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin D, hypertension, and diabetes. No significant association was observed for women (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.95–1.09). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Increasing dairy product consumption was associated with an increased risk of total hip arthroplasty for men with OA, with no significant association observed for women. Understanding the mechanisms may help identify strategies to prevent hip OA, particularly for men.
In vivo IL-10 gene delivery attenuates bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the production and activation of TGF- in the lung
Authors: K Nakagome
Journal: Thorax (2006)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating disorder for which there is no effective treatment. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta plays a critical role in provoking fibrosis. Interleukin (IL)-10 is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine but its effect on the fibrosing process is unclear. A study was undertaken to examine whether IL-10 affects the production and activation of TGF-beta and thus can attenuate the fibrosis.Mice were given an intratracheal injection of bleomycin. On day 1 or 14, IL-10 gene was delivered by rapid intravenous injection of Ringer's solution containing plasmid. Two weeks after the plasmid injection the mice were examined for fibrosis. The effect of IL-10 on TGF-beta production by alveolar macrophages was assessed.Even when delivered during the fibrosing phase, IL-10 gene significantly suppressed the pathological findings, hydroxyproline content, and production of both active and total forms of TGF-beta1 in the lung. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that alveolar macrophages were one of the major sources of TGF-beta1 and IL-10 diminished the intensity of the staining. IL-10 also suppressed the expression of alphaV beta6 integrin, a molecule that plays an important role in TGF-beta activation, on lung epithelial cells. Alveolar macrophages from bleomycin injected mice produced TGF-beta1 spontaneously ex vivo, which was significantly suppressed by treatment of the mice in vivo or by treatment of the explanted macrophages ex vivo with IL-10.IL-10 suppresses the production and activation of TGF-beta in the lung and thus attenuates pulmonary fibrosis, even when delivered in the chronic phase.
The potential of theragnostic 124I-8H9 convection-enhanced delivery in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
Authors: N. Luther, Z. Zhou, P. Zanzonico, N.-K. Cheung, J. Humm, M. A. Edgar, M. M. Souweidane
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

Reasons for failure in prior human glioma convection-enhanced delivery (CED) clinical trials remain unclear. Concentration-dependent volume of distribution (Vd) measurement of CED-infused agents in the human brain is challenging and highlights a potential technical shortcoming. Activity of iodine isotope 124 ((124)I ) in tissue can be directly measured in vivo with high resolution via PET. With the potential therapeutic utility of radioimmunotherapy, we postulate (124)I conjugated to the antiglioma monoclonal antibody 8H9 may serve as a "theragnostic" agent delivered via CED to diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.Fifteen rats underwent CED of 0.1-1.0 mCi of (131)I-8H9 to the pons for toxicity evaluation. Six additional rats underwent CED of 10 µCi of (124)I-8H9 to the pons for dosimetry, with serial microPET performed for 1 week. Two primates underwent CED of gadolinium-albumin and 1.0 mCi of (124)I-8H9 to the pons for safety and dosimetry analysis. Serial postoperative PET, blood, and CSF radioactivity counts were performed.One rat (1.0 mCi (131)I-8H9 infusion) suffered toxicity necessitating early sacrifice. PET analysis in rats yielded a pontine absorbed dose of 37 Gy/mCi. In primates, no toxicity was observed, and absorbed pontine dose was 3.8 Gy/mCi. Activity decreased 10-fold with 48 h following CED in both animal models. Mean Vd was 0.14 cc(3) (volume of infusion [Vi] to Vd ratio = 14) in the rat and 6.2 cc(3) (Vd/Vi = 9.5) in primate.The safety and feasibility of (124)I dosimetry following CED via PET is demonstrated, establishing a preclinical framework for a trial evaluating CED of (124)I-8H9 for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.