tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
T. Duckett Jones Memorial Lecture. The Jones criteria and the challenges of clinimetrics.
Authors: A R Feinstein
Journal: Circulation (1982)

THE MEDICAL IMMORTALITY of being commemorated with an eponym has been achieved by physi- cians and pathologists who discover or describe some ailment, such as Addison's disease and von Reckling- hausen's disease, and by surgeons who have invented operative procedures and instruments.For T. Duckett Jones, an eponymic title was attained with a different achievement: He created a set of rules for making an intellectual decision.It was not the first time that a medical eponym had been given to a decision rule.Robert Koch is well known not only for having found the tubercule bacil- lus, but also for proposing a strategy of etiologic infer- ential reasoning, borrowed from Henle, that we now call Koch's postulates..' The work of Duckett Jones was unique in providing a formal rule for diagnostic designation rather than for etiologic inference.Realiz- ing that many clinical ailments could not be identified with a specific histologic pattern or with other forms of pathognomonic evidence, Jones in 1944 published a set of criteria2 for diagnosing acute rheumatic fever.He is known as the source of the first medical eponym for a set of rules for making a diagnostic decision: the Jones criteria.Like all scientific innovations, the criteria were not perfect; they have been improved during two revi- sions.3 4 Their basic ideas and contents, however, are intact; and the criteria have had a profound, fundamen- tal impact in clinical science.Many people believe that our major progress of the past few decades in control- ling rheumatic heart disease has been primarily a result of the immunologic antibody techniques that allowed the group A streptococcus to be confirmed as the cause and the antibiotics that allowed streptococcal infec- tions to be eradicated or prevented.Nevertheless, just
WldS but not Nmnat1 protects dopaminergic neurites from MPP+ neurotoxicity
Authors: Jo Ann V Antenor-Dorsey, Karen L O'Malley
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2012)

The Wld S mouse mutant ("Wallerian degeneration-slow") delays axonal degeneration in a variety of disorders including in vivo models of Parkinson's disease. The mechanisms underlying Wld S -mediated axonal protection are unclear, although many studies have attributed Wld S neuroprotection to the NAD+-synthesizing Nmnat1 portion of the fusion protein. Here, we used dissociated dopaminergic cultures to test the hypothesis that catalytically active Nmnat1 protects dopaminergic neurons from toxin-mediated axonal injury. Using mutant mice and lentiviral transduction of dopaminergic neurons, the present findings demonstrate that Wld S but not Nmnat1, Nmnat3, or cytoplasmically-targeted Nmnat1 protects dopamine axons from the parkinsonian mimetic N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Moreover, NAD+ synthesis is not required since enzymatically-inactive Wld S still protects. In addition, NAD+ by itself is axonally protective and together with Wld S is additive in the MPP+ model. Our data suggest that NAD+ and Wld S act through separate and possibly parallel mechanisms to protect dopamine axons. As MPP+ is thought to impair mitochondrial function, these results suggest that Wld S might be involved in preserving mitochondrial health or maintaining cellular metabolism.
A Comparison of Japanese and American Psychiatrists’ Attitudes towards Patients Wishing to Die in the General Hospital
Authors: Douglas Berger, Isao Fukunishi, Mary Alice O’Dowd, Takashi Hosaka, Tomifusa Kuboki, Yoshihiro Ishikawa
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1997)

Background: The attitudes of the psychiatrists in Japan and the US were compared in order to investigate their ideas on whether patients in general medical hospitals who have a desire to die should be allowed to do so or be assisted in this regard, and whether they require psychiatric evaluation and intervention, and the cultural influences on these attitudes. Methods: Japanese and American general hospital psychiatrists' attitudes towards the reasonability of suicide, physician-assisted suicide, and removal of life supports under various medical and psychosocial situations were compared. Seventy-two American and 62 Japanese psychiatrists' data were collected using the Suicidal Attitudes Inventory. Results: The majority of both American and Japanese psychiatrists agreed that there may be times when suicidal ideation or completed suicide in med-surg patients could be reasonable. Significantly more Japanese psychiatrists responded with some agreement to the reasonability of suicide when one is unable to fulfill social role expectations, and had more concern about causing suicidal ideation by informing terminal patients of their diagnosis. Conclusions: The results indicate that psychiatrists' attitudes towards the relationship of psychopathology with suicidal ideation, the effect of depression, and other cultural factors on the desire to die in the medically ill are issues that need better clarification among both the medical profession as well as within society. Looking at how other societies handle these matters may help to understand one's own approach to them.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): One process or many?
Authors: A. Charles Catania
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

some commentaries suggest that the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) theory of this condition does not explain enough. because the theory includes parameters of the delay gradient that vary across individuals and developmental modulation of behavioral outcomes by different environments, it accommodates a wide range of manifestations of adhd symptoms. thus, the argument could instead be made that the theory allows too many degrees of freedom. for many purposes, behavior is better defined in terms of function (e.g., consequences) than in terms of structure (e.g., muscle movements), so cognition is treated here as a variety of behavior rather than as a different category of phenomena. the commentaries are discussed in the context of these and other distinctions, including those between association and selection, between operant and respondent behavior, and between fundamental processes and those that are derivative. other issues include: prosthetic environments, rapidity of developmental change, the concept of inhibition, the form of the delay gradient, and possible directions for experimental research.
Indicanuria as a Screening Test for the Stagnant Loop Syndrome After Gastric Surgery.
Authors: Gerald H. Tomkin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1972Indicanuria as a Screening Test for the Stagnant Loop Syndrome After Gastric Surgery.Gerald H. Tomkin, M.D., D. G. Weir, M.D.Gerald H. Tomkin, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, D. G. Weir, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-76-5-861_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptFactors controlling the excretion of indican in patients after gastric surgery and in control subjects have been examined to determine the value of the measurement of indican. One hundred and forty-one control subjects and 150 patients who had had gastric surgery were examined. Indican and dietary tryptophan were assessed in both groups. Weight change, bowel movements, hemoglobin, and B12were examined in the patients after gastric surgery. Fecal fat and small-bowel flora were measured in those patients found to have raised indican levels and compared with those in matched control subjects. There was a positive correlation between dietary tryptophan and... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Belfast, Ireland PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1972Volume 76, Issue 5Page: 861-861KeywordsExcretionFatsHemoglobinSurgeryTryptophan Issue Published: 1 May 1972 PDF DownloadLoading ...
The significance of hypersensitivity to nuts in patients with birch pollen allergy
Authors: M. Foglé‐Hansson, M. Bende
Journal: Allergy (1993)

This study was performed in patients with allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis to birch pollen to determine whether patients with additional hypersensitivity to nuts and apples differed from patients without such hypersensitivity; the determination was in terms of results of skin prick test (SPT), specific IgE antibodies (RAST), and symptoms during the pollen season. Forty‐seven patients with birch pollen allergy were investigated by RAST against birch and hazel pollen and by SPT. They were treated in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study with fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray or placebo. The area of the SPTs was larger and the specific IgE values higher in patients with hypersensitivity to nuts and apples. These patients also had more symptoms during the pollen season. We conclude that hypersensitivity to nuts is an indication of a more severe allergy in patients with birch pollen allergic rhinitis.
US drug control efforts have made little progress, report finds
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

US drug control agencies have not made progress in achieving most of the goals set in a 2010 national drug policy strategy document, concludes a report by the US Government Accounting Office (GAO), an auditing and investigative agency of the US Congress.

In the 2010 National Drug Control Strategy the US Office of National Drug Control Policy laid out strategy that President Barack Obama’s administration said would emphasize prevention and treatment. It set seven goals to be achieved by 2015 (box).

In its new report the GAO found that the government was set to achieve only one of five goals for which preliminary data were available. On that goal—to cut by 15% the lifetime prevalence of eighth graders who …
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH NON-ST SEGMENT ELEVATION ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, SWEDEN AND THE UNITED STATES: A COMPARISON OF MINAP/NICOR, SWEDEHEART/RIKS-HIA AND ACTION REGISTRY-GWTG
Authors: Robert L. McNamara, Sheng-Chia Chung, Tomas Jernberg, DaJuanicia Holmes, Matthew Roe, Adam Timmis, Stefan James, John Deanfield, Gregg Fonarow, Eric Peterson, Anders Jeppsson, Harry Hemingway
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Xanthine Oxidase and Folic Acid
Authors: JOHN PLACHETKA
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Letters and Corrections1 August 1977Xanthine Oxidase and Folic AcidJOHN PLACHETKAJOHN PLACHETKASearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-87-2-252_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In the March 1977 issue a letter by Oster (1) stated that folic acid has been neglected for its xanthine oxidase-inhibiting effect by the medical profession. Dr. Oster further claimed that he has used this drug in 180 patients without any untoward effects.I was fascinated by Dr. Oster's claims of a nontoxic, potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor. I have been unable, however, to find any documentation in the literature from controlled studies that it is effective as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor in treating hyperuricemia. The data presented by Dr. Oster in his original work (2) cannot be...References1. OSTER K: Folic acid and xanthine oxidase. Ann Intern Med 86:367, 1977 LinkGoogle Scholar2. OSTER K: Evaluation of serum cholesterol reduction and xanthine oxidase inhibition in the treatment of atherosclerosis, in Myocardial Metabolism, vol. 3, edited by DHALLA NS. Baltimore, University Park Press, 1973, pp. 73-80 Google Scholar1. ROSS D, PTASZYNSKI M, and OSTER K: The presence of ectopic xanthine oxidase in atherosclerotic plaques and myocardial tissue. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 144:523-526, 1973 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. OSTER K and MULINOS M: Tissue aldehydes and their reaction with amines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 80:132-138, 1944 Google Scholar3. OSTER K and HOPE-ROSS P: Plasmal reaction in a case of recent myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 17:83-85, 1966 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. OSTER K, OSTER J, and ROSS D: Immune response to bovine xanthine oxidase in atherosclerotic patients. Am Lab 6:41, 1974 Google Scholar5. POVOA H, MARCONDES N, FERNANDES L, and VICENTE M: Plasmalogens in arterial wall, submitted for publication Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: JOHN PLACHETKA PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byHomogenized bovine milk xanthine oxidase: a critique of the hypothesis relating to plasmalogen depletion and cardiovascular disease 1 August 1977Volume 87, Issue 2Page: 252-253KeywordsDrugsFolic acid ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 August 1977 PDF downloadLoading ...
Muscle protein turnover and glucose uptake in acutely uremic rats. Effects of insulin and the duration of renal insufficiency.
Authors: A S Clark, W E Mitch
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

Acute renal failure (ARF) in rats is associated with increased amino acid release from peripheral tissues and insulin resistance. To study whether abnormal protein and carbohydrate metabolism are linked in ARF, the effects of insulin on net muscle protein degradation (T) and on glucose uptake were measured in the perfused hindquarters of paired ARF and sham-operated (SO) rats. The basal rate of T increased 40% after 24 and 98% after 48 h of ARF. Insulin was less effective in decreasing T in ARF (-79% SO vs. -22% ARF 24 h and -64% SO vs. -23% ARF 48 h; P less than 0.01). Protein synthesis (PS) and protein degradation (PD) were measured independently in incubated epitrochlearis muscles; the increase in T after 24 h of ARF was due specifically to increased PD, while PS was unchanged. At this stage, insulin was less effective in decreasing PD in ARF (-10% ARF vs. -23% SO; P less than 0.02), although PS responded normally. After 48 h of ARF, the further increment in T was caused by the additional appearance of depressed basal and insulin-stimulated PS. This was confirmed in the perfused hindquarter (26 +/- 3 ARF vs. 38 +/- 3 SO, basal; 54 +/- 5 ARF vs 73 +/- 7 SO, insulin-stimulated, nmol phenylalanine/g per h; P less than 0.05). Although basal glucose uptake by hindquarters of ARF and SO rats was comparable, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was 33% less at 24 and 44% less after 48 h of ARF. After 48 h of ARF, lactate and alanine release were increased and net glycogen synthesis in muscle was depressed. These abnormalities were even more apparent in the presence of insulin. Inefficient glucose utilization, estimated as the ratio of lactate release to glucose uptake, was correlated with T (r = +0.78; P less than 0.001). In conclusion, after 24 h of ARF, both increased PD and altered glucose utilization could be detected. After 48 h of ARF, T increased further because PS was depressed. At this time, glucose utilization was clearly abnormal and the results suggest that abnormal net protein degradation in ARF may be a consequence of defective glucose utilization.
Decreased platelet inhibition by nitric oxide in two brothers with a history of arterial thrombosis.
Authors: J E Freedman, J Loscalzo, S E Benoit, C R Valeri, M R Barnard, A D Michelson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Highly reactive oxygen species rapidly inactivate nitric oxide (NO), and endothelial product which inhibits platelet activation. We studied platelet inhibition by NO in two brothers with a cerebral thrombotic disorder. Both children had hyperreactive platelets, as determined by whole blood platelet aggregometry and flow cytometric analysis of the platelet surface expression of P-selectin. Mixing experiments showed that the patients'platelets behaved normally in control plasma; however, control platelets suspended in patient plasma were not inhibited by NO. As determined by flow cytometry, in the presence of plasma from either patient there was normal inhibition of the thrombin-induced expression of platelet surface P-selectin by prostacyclin, but not NO. Using a scopoletin assay, we measured a 2.7-fold increase in plasma H2O2 generation in one patient and a 3.4-fold increase in the second patient, both compared woth control plasma. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was decreased in the patients' plasmas compared with control plasma. The addition of exogenous GSH-Px led to restoration of platelet inhibition by NO. These data show that, in these patients' plasmas, impaired metabolism of reactive oxygen species reduces the bioavailability of NO and impairs normal platelet inhibitory mechanisms. These findings suggest that attenuated NO-mediated platelet inhibition produced by increased reactive oxygen species or impaired antioxidant defense may cause a thrombotic disorder in humans.
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE RELATION OF HUMAN AND BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS.
Authors: D. E. SALMON
Journal: JAMA (1902)

During the past year the question of the relation of bovine and human tuberculosis has been discussed by numerous investigators who have brought forward new facts and deductions and thrown much light on the subject. There has undoubtedly been greater activity in pressing the researches relative to this subject than at any other time in the history of medicine. The conclusions presented by Koch<sup>1</sup>at the British Congress on Tuberculosis were so unexpected and so different from the views of the majority of investigators that they have stimulated research, and in that way, far more than by any presentation of facts, have aided in elucidating the question. <h3>THE INOCULATION OF MONKEYS.</h3> One of the first lines of investigation which suggested itself as a means of throwing light on the transmission of bovine tuberculosis to man was the inoculation of monkeys. These animals being more closely related to man than
Observations on Clinical and Immunofluorescent Diagnosis of Parainfluenza Virus Infections
Authors: P. S. Gardner, J. McQuillin, R. McGuckin, R. K. Ditchburn
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Immunofluorescent techniques have been applied to nasopharyngeal secretions for the rapid diagnosis of parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 infections. Seventy-five infections were found by isolation techniques; 55 of these had nasopharyngeal secretions taken and 53 were positive by direct examination. A comparison of the results of 60 neutralization tests with immunofluorescence applied to monkey kidney isolations showed complete agreement. Immunofluorescence appeared to be a satisfactory method for differentiating the various haemadsorption viruses. The importance of parainfluenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus in croup was noted and the association of the parainfluenza viruses with acute respiratory virus infection was confirmed. The clinical relationship between respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 is discussed.
Woodstock '69: Three Days of Peace, Music, &amp; Medical Care
Authors: Cristóbal S. Berry-Cabán
Journal: JAMA (2010)

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S111 Methods To Isolate Basal Cells From The Respiratory Epithelium
Authors: L. Succony, K. Gowers, R. Hynds, M. Hayward, D. Lawrence, A. Giangreco, S. Janes
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Introduction and objectives</h3> Maintenance of a healthy respiratory epithelium is essential in the prevention of airway disease. Perturbations in airway homeostasis have been linked to the pathogenesis of airway disease including asthma, fibrosis and lung cancer. The ‘stem cell hypothesis’ describes how a change within cells responsible for airway maintenance and repair can lead to development of cancer. Basal stem/progenitor cells in the upper airways are suggested to represent the cell of origin in squamous cell carcinoma and therefore are of research interest. Isolation of this cell type has been hampered because established airway enzymatic digestion methods destroy epitopes of interest on the surface of basal cells. We sought an optimised method of digestion for the isolation of viable basal cells from murine, and then human, airway epithelium. <h3>Methods</h3> Conventional enzymatic digestion of the murine upper respiratory epithelium involves an overnight pronase incubation. Using flow cytometry, we compared this strategy to other reported methods: a dispase/trypsin digest,<sup>1</sup> collagenase incubation and a combination of these. A method allowing selection of a pure basal cell population in the mouse trachea was subsequently translated to human airways to assess its efficacy. <h3>Results</h3> Following pronase digestion, only 2% of epithelial cells were basal cells, probably as a result of enzymatic epitope removal. Optimal extraction of murine basal cells involved removal of the epithelium through a dispase/trypsin incubation followed by incubation of tracheal remnants in collagenase to release the remaining basal cells from submucosal glands. We identified a well-defined basal cell population representing 30% of the airway epithelium, consistent with known airway basal cell frequency, which can be isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Application of this strategy to digest human airways revealed a comparable population of basal cells and allowed sorting of a viable cell population. <h3>Conclusions</h3> We optimised a method to facilitate the extraction of basal epithelial cells from both mouse and human airways. This strategy allows sorting of a pure, viable basal cell population for use in further assays. <h3>Reference</h3> Hegab AE <i>et al</i>. Isolation of basal cells and submucosal gland duct cells from mouse trachea. <i>JoVE</i> 2012;67