tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Geographic Distribution of Staphylococcus aureus Causing Invasive Infections in Europe: A Molecular-Epidemiological Analysis
Authors: Hajo Grundmann, David M. Aanensen, Cees C. van den Wijngaard, Brian G. Spratt, Dag Harmsen, Alexander W. Friedrich
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2010)

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens and methicillin-resistant variants (MRSAs) are a major cause of hospital and community-acquired infection. We aimed to map the geographic distribution of the dominant clones that cause invasive infections in Europe.In each country, staphylococcal reference laboratories secured the participation of a sufficient number of hospital laboratories to achieve national geo-demographic representation. Participating laboratories collected successive methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and MRSA isolates from patients with invasive S. aureus infection using an agreed protocol. All isolates were sent to the respective national reference laboratories and characterised by quality-controlled sequence typing of the variable region of the staphylococcal spa gene (spa typing), and data were uploaded to a central database. Relevant genetic and phenotypic information was assembled for interactive interrogation by a purpose-built Web-based mapping application. Between September 2006 and February 2007, 357 laboratories serving 450 hospitals in 26 countries collected 2,890 MSSA and MRSA isolates from patients with invasive S. aureus infection. A wide geographical distribution of spa types was found with some prevalent in all European countries. MSSA were more diverse than MRSA. Genetic diversity of MRSA differed considerably between countries with dominant MRSA spa types forming distinctive geographical clusters. We provide evidence that a network approach consisting of decentralised typing and visualisation of aggregated data using an interactive mapping tool can provide important information on the dynamics of MRSA populations such as early signalling of emerging strains, cross border spread, and importation by travel.In contrast to MSSA, MRSA spa types have a predominantly regional distribution in Europe. This finding is indicative of the selection and spread of a limited number of clones within health care networks, suggesting that control efforts aimed at interrupting the spread within and between health care institutions may not only be feasible but ultimately successful and should therefore be strongly encouraged.
BLOOD LEVELS OF ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES 1
Authors: Harry G. Albaum, Theodore Cayle, Arthur Shapiro
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1951)

Recently a rapid reliable method was developed by one of us (13) for measuring total adenine, adenylic acid (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). We have applied this method to the study of blood since it is the only human tissue which can be conveniently studied. Before studies could be undertaken on pathologic bloods, we felt that normal bloods should be examined for total nucleotide content as well as for possible content of adenylic acid, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate. That adenine nucleotides are present in blood has been known since 1914. The first completely adequate quantitative data are those of Buell in 1935 (14) who estimated total nucleotide nephelometrically after precipitating with uranium and then silver, from a neutralized trichloracetic acid filtrate. Apart from describing the procedure itself, Buell reported that the nucleotides are present principally in the red cells (indeed the value varies with the hematocrit); that the level for any one individual over a period of several months is fairly constant, and that the average value for males is about 11.5 mgm.%b and for females 10.0 mgm.%o (expressed as adenine). Our interest, as indicated above, was not only in the total nucleotide, but also in the constitution of the nucleotide. We also felt that the Buell procedure for estimating nucleotides was much too cumbersome. We, therefore, concentrated our attention on the preparation of filtrates which could
Augmentation effect of postprandial hyperinsulinaemia on growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: K Saito, S Inoue, T Saito, S Kiso, N Ito, S Tamura, H Watanabe, H Takeda, H Misawa, H Togashi, Y Matsuzawa, S Kawata
Journal: Gut (2002)

<b>Background:</b> Cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently have impaired glucose metabolism. <b>Aims:</b> To investigate whether impaired glucose metabolism affects the growth rate of the tumour. <b>Patients and methods:</b> Tumour doubling time (DT), assessed by ultrasound imaging analysis, was measured in 60 patients with single small HCC (diameter &lt;30 mm). DT was compared with plasma insulin and glucose concentrations following the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The effect of continuous infusion of octreotide (a somatostatin analogue 200 μg/day) for three months on DT in five cases was assessed. <b>Results:</b> The 60 patients were divided into two groups because the median DT was 140 days: rapid growth group (DT ≤140 days, n=30) and slow growth group (DT &gt;140 days, n=30). Fasting plasma insulin concentration and area under the plasma insulin curve (AUC<sub>ins</sub>) of the OGTT (10.4 (6.2) μU/ml and 262 (152) μU/ml/h, respectively; mean (SD)) in the rapid growth group were significantly higher than those in the slow growth group (7.6 (4.3) and 146 (140), respectively) (p=0.041 and p=0.0006, respectively). In contrast, fasting plasma glucose concentration and area under the plasma glucose curve (AUC<sub>gluc</sub>) in the rapid growth group were significantly lower than those in the slow growth group (p=0.0003 and p=0.0012, respectively). Univariate and multivariate analyses of logistic regression models demonstrated that AUC<sub>ins</sub> was a significant factor contributing to the growth rate of HCC (p=0.001 and p=0.016, respectively). AUC<sub>ins</sub> significantly decreased after octreotide treatment (p&lt;0.02) but AUC<sub>gluc</sub> did not significantly change. DT after treatment increased in three of the five patients and could not be calculated in the remaining two patients because of no change in the diameter of the tumour. <b>Conclusions:</b> These data suggest that postprandial hyperinsulinaemia is associated with accelerated HCC growth.
Effects of Sibutramine Treatment in Obese Adolescents
Authors: Robert I. Berkowitz, Ken Fujioka, Stephen R. Daniels, Alison G. Hoppin, Stanford Owen, Arlette C. Perry, Melinda S. Sothern, Cheryl L. Renz, Mark A. Pirner, Julia K. Walch, Olga Jasinsky, Ann C. Hewkin, Vicky A. Blakesley
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2006)

Background: Increased prevalence of adolescent obesity requires effective treatment options beyond behavior therapy. Objective: To see whether sibutramine reduced weight more than placebo in obese adolescents who were receiving a behavior therapy program. Design: 12-month, 3:1 randomized, double-blind trial conducted from July 2000 to February 2002. Setting: 33 U.S. outpatient clinics. Participants: 498 participants 12 to 16 years of age with a body mass index (BMI) that was at least 2 units more than the U.S. weighted mean of the 95th percentile based on age and sex, to the upper limit of 44 kg/m2. Interventions: Site-specific behavior therapy plus 10 mg of sibutramine or placebo. Blinded study medication dose was uptitrated to 15 mg or placebo at month 6 if initial BMI was not reduced by 10%. Measurements: Body mass index, waist circumference, body weight, fasting lipid and glycemic variables, safety, and tolerability. Results: Seventy-six percent of patients in the sibutramine group and 62% of patients in the placebo group completed the study. The estimated mean treatment group difference at month 12 (linear mixed-effects model) favored sibutramine for change from baseline in BMI (−2.9 kg/m2 [95% CI, −3.5 to −2.2 kg/m2]) and body weight (−8.4 kg [CI, −9.7 to −7.2 kg]) (P < 0.001 for both). The sibutramine group had greater improvements in triglyceride levels, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, insulin levels, and insulin sensitivity (P ≤ 0.001 for all). The rate of tachycardia was greater with sibutramine vs. placebo (12.5% vs. 6.2%; difference, 6.3 percentage points [CI, 1.0 to 11.7 percentage points]) but did not lead to increased withdrawal (2.4% vs. 1.5%; difference, 0.9 percentage point [CI, −1.7 to 3.5 percentage points]). Limitations: The 1-year study duration precluded assessment of long-term weight maintenance and putative health benefits and harms, and 24% and 38% of the sibutramine and placebo groups, respectively, did not complete follow-up. Conclusions: Sibutramine added to a behavior therapy program reduced BMI and body weight more than placebo and improved the profile of several metabolic risk factors in obese adolescents. *For members of the Sibutramine Adolescent Study Group, see the Appendix.
Hyponatraemic encephalopathy despite a modest rate of fluid intake during a 109 km cycle race
Authors: J P Dugas, T D Noakes
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Objective: To report a case of exertional hyponatraemic encephalopathy that occurred despite a modest rate of fluid intake during a 109 km cycling race. Methods: Men and women cyclists were weighed before and after the race. All subjects were interviewed and their water bottles measured to quantify fluid ingestion. A blood sample was drawn after the race for the measurement of serum Na + concentration. Results: From the full set of data (n = 196), one athlete was found to have hyponatraemic encephalopathy (serum [Na + ] 129 mmol/l). She was studied subsequently in the laboratory for measurement of sweat [Na + ] and sweat rate. Conclusions: Despite a modest rate of fluid intake (735 ml/h) and minimal predicted sweat Na + losses, this female athlete developed hyponatraemic encephalopathy. The rate of fluid intake is well below the rate currently prescribed as optimum. Drinking to thirst and not to a set hourly rate would appear to be the more appropriate behaviour.
Usefulness of nutritional indices and classifications in predicting death of malnourished children.
Authors: A Briend, C Dykewicz, K Graven, R N Mazumder, B Wojtyniak, M Bennish
Journal: BMJ (1986)

The usefulness of nutritional indices and classifications in predicting the death of children under 5 years old was evaluated by comparing measurements of 34 children with diarrhoea who died in a Dhaka hospital with those of 318 patients who were discharged in a satisfactory condition. In a logistic regression analysis mid-upper arm circumference was found to be as effective as other nutritional indices in predicting death. Combinations of different indices did not improve the prediction. Arm circumference might be preferable to more complex criteria for predicting the death of malnourished children.
Baby talk and the emergence of first words
Authors: Peter F. MacNeilage, Barbara L. Davis
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Words denoting “mother” in baby talk and in languages usually include nasal sounds, supporting Falk's suggestion that infant nasalized demand vocalizations might have motivated a first word. The linguistic contrast between maternal terms and paternal terms, which favor oral consonants, and the simple phonetic patterns of parental terms in both baby talk and languages also suggest parental terms could have been first words.
Deep Intronic<i>GBE1</i>Mutation in Manifesting Heterozygous Patients With Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease
Authors: H. Orhan Akman, Or Kakhlon, Jorida Coku, Lorenzo Peverelli, Hanna Rosenmann, Lea Rozenstein-Tsalkovich, Julie Turnbull, Vardiella Meiner, Liat Chama, Israela Lerer, Shoshi Shpitzen, Eran Leitersdorf, Carmen Paradas, Mary Wallace, Raphael Schiffmann, Salvatore DiMauro, Alexander Lossos, Berge A. Minassian
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2015)

We describe a deep intronic mutation in adult polyglucosan body disease. Similar mechanisms can also explain manifesting heterozygous cases in other inborn metabolic diseases.To explain the genetic change consistently associated with manifesting heterozygous patients with adult polyglucosan body disease.This retrospective study took place from November 8, 2012, to November 7, 2014. We studied 35 typical patients with adult polyglucosan body disease, of whom 16 were heterozygous for the well-known c.986A>C mutation in the glycogen branching enzyme gene (GBE1) but harbored no other known mutation in 16 exons.All 16 manifesting heterozygous patients had lower glycogen branching activity compared with homozygous patients, which showed inactivation of the apparently normal allele. We studied the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) structure and the genetic change due to the elusive second mutation.When we reverse transcribed and sequenced the mRNA of GBE1, we found that all manifesting heterozygous patients had the c.986A>C mutant mRNA and complete lack of mRNA encoded by the second allele. We identified a deep intronic mutation in this allele, GBE1-IVS15+5289_5297delGTGTGGTGGinsTGTTTTTTACATGACAGGT, which acts as a gene trap, creating an ectopic last exon. The mRNA transcript from this allele missed the exon 16 and 3'UTR and encoded abnormal GBE causing further decrease of enzyme activity from 18% to 8%.We identified the deep intronic mutation, which acts as a gene trap. This second-most common adult polyglucosan body disease mutation explains another founder effect in all Ashkenazi-Jewish cases.
Maturational Patterns of Iodothyronine Phenolic and Tyrosyl Ring Deiodinase Activities in Rat Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Hypothalamus
Authors: Michael M. Kaplan, Kimberlee A. Yaskoski
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

To explore the control of thyroid hormone metabolism in brain during maturation, we have measured iodothyronine deiodination in homogenates of rat cerebrum, cerebellum, and hypothalamus from 1 d postnatally through adulthood. Homogenates were incubated with 125I-l-thyroxine (T4) + [131I]3,5,3′-l-triiodothyronine (T3) + 100 mM dithiothreitol. Nonradioactive T4, T3, and 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (rT3) were included, as appropriate. The net production rate of [125I]T3 from T4 in 1-d cerebral homogenates was similar to the rate in adult cerebral homogenates (9.9±2.5[SEM]% vs. 8.9±1.2% T4 to T3 conversion in 2 h). Production of T3 was not detectable in 1-d cerebellar and hypothalamic homogenates. The net T3 production rate in adult cerebellar homogenates was twice as great as, and that in adult hypothalamic homogenates similar to, the rate in cerebral homogenates.
Protective effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist treatment after myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion
Authors: Ulrich Hofmann, Natalie Burkard, Carolin Vogt, Annemarie Thoma, Stefan Frantz, Georg Ertl, Oliver Ritter, Andreas Bonz
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

AimsSeveral experimental studies have demonstrated protection against cardiac ischaemia–reperfusion injury achieved by pre-treatment with exogenous sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We tested the hypothesis that pharmacological S1P receptor agonists improve recovery of function when applied with reperfusion.
Exercise training restores aerobic capacity and energy transfer systems in heart failure treated with losartan
Authors: O KEMI, M HOYDAL, P HARAM, A GARNIER, D FORTIN, R VENTURACLAPIER, O ELLINGSEN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2007)

Clinical and experimental studies demonstrate that exercise training improves aerobic capacity and cardiac function in heart failure, even in patients on optimal treatment with angiotensin inhibitors and beta-blockers, but the cellular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Since myocardial dysfunction is frequently associated with impaired energy status, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of exercise training and losartan on myocardial systems for energy production and transfer in heart failure.Maximal oxygen uptake, cardiac function and energy metabolism were assessed in heart failure after a myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Losartan was initiated one week after infarction and exercise training after four weeks, either as single interventions or combined. Animals were sacrificed 12 weeks after surgery.Heart failure, confirmed by left ventricular diastolic pressure >15 mmHg and by >20 mmHg drop in peak systolic pressure, was associated with 40% lower aerobic capacity and significant reductions in enzymes involved in energy metabolism. Combined treatment yielded best improvement of aerobic capacity and ventricular pressure characteristics. Exercise training completely restored aerobic capacity and partly or fully restored creatine and adenylate kinases, whereas losartan alone further reduced these enzymes. In contrast, losartan reduced left ventricle diastolic pressure, whereas exercise training had a neutral effect.Exercise training markedly improves aerobic capacity and cardiac function after myocardial infarction, either alone or in combination with angiotensin inhibition. The two interventions appear to act by complementary mechanisms; whereas exercise training restores cardiac energy metabolism, mainly at the level of energy transfer, losartan unloads the heart by lowering filling pressure and afterload.
Occupancy of Serotonin Transporters by Paroxetine and Citalopram During Treatment of Depression: A [<sup>11</sup>C]DASB PET Imaging Study
Authors: Jeffrey H. Meyer, Alan A. Wilson, Nathalie Ginovart, Verdell Goulding, Doug Hussey, Karen Hood, Sylvain Houle
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

OBJECTIVE: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are commonly used to treat major depression; however, the percentage of serotonin (5-HT) transporter (5-HTT) sites occupied during clinical dosing is unknown. This study measured the proportion of 5-HTT sites blocked during paroxetine and citalopram treatment of depression and assessed the relationship between serum paroxetine levels and the proportion of 5-HTT sites blocked. METHOD: Twelve medication-free depressed patients completed a 6-week trial of either paroxetine (N=8) or citalopram (N=4). Striatal 5-HTT binding potential was measured with [11C]DASB and positron emission tomography, before and after 4 weeks of treatment. The binding potential is proportional to receptor density. Striatal 5-HTT binding potential was measured twice in six healthy subjects and once in 11 healthy subjects. RESULTS: A significant decrease in striatal 5-HTT binding potential was found after either treatment, compared to changes found over a 4-week period in healthy subjects. For patients treated with 20 mg/day of paroxetine (N=7), the mean proportion of 5-HTT sites occupied was 83%. For patients treated with 20 mg/day of citalopram (N=4), the mean 5-HTT occupancy was 77%. 5-HTT occupancy increased in a nonlinear relationship with serum levels of paroxetine such that a plateau of occupancy around 85% occurred for serum paroxetine levels greater than 28 μg/liter. CONCLUSIONS: During treatment with clinical doses of paroxetine or citalopram, approximately 80% of 5-HTT receptors are occupied. This change in 5-HTT binding potential is greater than the known physiological range of changes in 5-HTT binding potential but may be necessary for some therapeutic effects.
aIr-1, a newly found locus on mouse chromosome 16 encoding a trans-acting activator factor for MHC class II gene expression.
Authors: R S Accolla, M Jotterand-Bellomo, L Scarpellino, A Maffei, G Carra, J Guardiola
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

RJ 2.2.5 is a human B cell line that has lost the capacity to express MHC class II genes. The human class II-positive phenotype is restored in somatic cell hybrids between RJ 2.2.5 and mouse spleen cells. By karyotype and molecular studies of an informative family of hybrids we have now shown that the reexpression of human class II gene products, as well as the maintenance of the mouse class II-positive phenotype, correlates with the presence of mouse chromosome 16. Thus, the existence on this mouse chromosome of a newly found locus, designated by us aIr-1, that determines a trans-acting activator function for class II gene expression, is established. Possible implications of this finding are discussed.
Oral Diuretics in Pregnancy Toxaemia
Authors: C. K. Vartan
Journal: BMJ (1960)

A 25-year-old man developed diminution of vision and redness in both eyes 5 weeks after a conjunctival flap procedure in the right eye. On examination, there was panuveitis and exudative retinal detachment in both eyes. The right eye had an inferotemporal conjunctival flap with iris incarceration. Fundus fluorescein angiography revealed typical pinpoint leaks and optical coherence tomography demonstrated multiple neurosensory detachments in the left eye. The patient received frequent topical steroids and cycloplegics. Intravenous dexamethasone pulse was given followed by high-dose oral prednisone, after which the patient recovered vision. The conjunctival flap in corneal perforation may predispose to sympathetic ophthalmia.
Epstein-Barr virus and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis.
Authors: J C Hogg
Journal: Thorax (1995)

Epstein-Barr virus and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitisThe Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an ubiquitous infectious agent which causes seroconversion with measurable anti- body levels in approximately 90% of young children in tropical regions and 30-40% of children from developed countries in the Northern hemsiphere.'It is a member of
Grey-scale ultrasonography in cholestatic jaundice.
Authors: A G Vallon, W R Lees, P B Cotton
Journal: Gut (1979)

Grey-scale ultrasonography was performed without access to detailed clinical information in a prospective study of 55 jaundiced patients. Forty-one were eventually proved to have an extrahepatic obstructive cause, and 14 had intrahepatic "medical" disease. Satisfactory ultrasound images were obtained in 54 patients, and the bile duct calibre was correctly reported in 53 (96%). All 14 medical cases were correctly identified. Two patients with gallstones (one with a normal sized duct) were incorrectly classified as medical. A specific and correct disease diagnosis was given in five of the 14 medical cases (one metastases, four cirrhosis), and in 23 of the 41 obstructive cases (12/14 pancreatic cancer, 5/15 gallstones), 5/5 bile duct compression, 1/3 bile duct cancer. Ultrasonography is safe, cheap, and acceptable to patients. It should be the first imaging investigation in jaundiced patients, providing remarkable diagnostic accuracy and important guidance for further management.