tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Approaches to evaluating reproductive hazards and risks.
Authors: C A Kimmel
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Development of approaches to risk assessment for reproductive toxicity has aided in the critical evaluation of the scientific basis for interpretation of data and the description of assumptions underlying the process. In addition, it has helped to standardize, to the extent possible, the use of qualitative and quantitative data in the hazard identification and dose-response processes and to identify research needed to fill gaps in the available database. The standard study protocols for evaluating reproductive and developmental hazards include developmental toxicity studies and both short-term and longer-term reproductive studies. These study protocols have been in use for several decades, but development of risk assessment approaches has prompted the recommendation of additional end point measures to these protocols. These include evaluation of specific neurologic and behavioral function of offspring following prenatal and postnatal exposure, evaluation of sperm production and quality, reproductive organ weights, and more in-depth testicular histopathology in males, as well as measures of age at vaginal opening, vaginal cytology, oocyte toxicity, time to mating, gestation length, and reproductive organ weights in females. Current approaches to risk assessment in reproductive toxicity involve the determination of a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and the application of uncertainty factors (UFs) to account for differences between the experimental animal species and humans, variability in sensitivity within the human population, and other factors as necessary to derive the reference dose (RfD), or a specified RfD for developmental toxicity to account for the short period of exposure required.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The majority of cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphomas expresses class-switched immunoglobulins and develops in a T-helper type 2 inflammatory environment
Authors: Febe van Maldegem, Remco van Dijk, Thera A. M. Wormhoudt, Philip M. Kluin, Rein Willemze, Lorenzo Cerroni, Carel J. M. van Noesel, Richard J. Bende
Journal: Blood (2008)
Etretinate-induced skeletal muscle damage
Authors: EMMILIA HODAK, M. DAVID, N. GADOTH, MIRIAM SANDBANK
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

Three patients who received etretinate, two for psoriasis vulgaris and one for exfoliative dermatitis, developed clinical and electromyographic features of muscle damage during treatment. In one patient histological and ultrastructural findings indicated segmental muscle necrosis. Withdrawal of the drug led to clinical recovery and normalization of muscle enzyme levels and electromyogram. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to show etretinate‐induced reversible skeletal muscle damage.
Abstract 4101: Prognostic significance of LINE-1 mathylation level in gastric cancer
Authors: Shiro Iwagami, Yoshifumi Baba, Masayuki Watanabe, Hironobu Shigaki, Keisuke Miyake, Jyunji Kurashige, Takatsugu Ishimoto, Masayuki Iwatsuki, Hideo Baba
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Genome-wide DNA hypomethylation plays a role in genomic instability and carcinogenesis. DNA methylation in the long interspersed nucleotide element-1, L1 (LINE-1) repetitive element is a good indicator of the global DNA methylation level. In some types of human neoplasms, the LINE-1 methylation level is attracting interest as a useful marker for predicting cancer prognosis. However, the prognostic significance of LINE-1 hypomethylaiton in gastric cancer remains unclear. Methods: Using 96 resected gastric cancer specimens, we quantified the LINE-1 methylation using bisulfite-pyrosequencing technology. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR), adjusted for tumor stage. Results: Gastric cancers showed significantly lower LINE-1 methylation levels compared to matched normal gastric mucosa (p&amp;lt;0.0001; N=50). The distribution of the LINE-1 methylation level in the 96 cancers was as follows: mean, 71.0; median, 72.9; SD, 12.2; range, 28.0-97.5; interquartile range, 66.7-77.7 (all in 0-100 scale). LINE-1 methylation level was not associated with tumor stage, T status, or N status (all P&amp;gt;0.05). In univariate analysis, LINE-1 hypermethylation tumor (more than 77.7) tended to have longer overall survival (log-rank p=0.10; univariate HR=0.50, 95% CI 0.19-1.12, p=0.097), although that was not statistically significant. However, in stage-adjusted analysis, LINE-1 hypermethylation was significantly associated with overall survival (HR=0.38, 95% CI 0.14-0.87, p=0.021). Conclusions: LINE-1 hypermethylation in gastric cancer is associated with longer survival, suggesting that it has potential for use as a prognostic biomarker. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4101. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4101
A costly revolution for a subgroup of patients with metastatic melanoma
Authors: A.C.J. van Akkooi, T. Nijsten
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Demidov LV et al. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 380: 358–65. Background Dabrafenib, an inhibitor of mutated BRAF, has clinical activity with a manageable safety profile in phase I and II studies in patients with BRAF (V600)-mutated metastatic melanoma. Hauschild et al. aimed to assess the efficacy of dabrafenib in a phase III trial of patients with BRAF (V600)-mutated metastatic melanoma. Methods Patients were enrolled into a phase III trial between December 2010 and September 2011. This report is based on the cut-off date of 19 December 2011. Patients with previously untreated stage IV or unresectable stage III BRAF (V600)-mutated melanoma were randomly assigned (3:1) to receive dabrafenib (150 mg twice daily, orally) or dacarbazine (1000 mg m−2 intravenously every 3 weeks). Patients were stratified according to American Joint Committee on Cancer stage. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) and was analysed by intention to treat. Safety was assessed per protocol. Findings Of the 733 patients screened, 250 were randomly assigned to receive either dabrafenib (187 patients) or dacarbazine (63 patients). Median PFS was 5·1 months for dabrafenib and 2·7 months for dacarbazine, with a hazard ratio of 0·30 (95% confidence interval 0·18–0·51, P < 0·0001). At cut-off, 107 (57%) patients in the dabrafenib group and 14 (22%) in the dacarbazine group remained on randomized treatment. Treatment-related adverse events (grade 2 or higher) occurred in 100 (53%) of the 187 patients who received dabrafenib and in 26 (44%) of the 59 patients who received dacarbazine. The most common adverse events with dabrafenib were skin-related toxic effects, fever, fatigue, arthralgia and headache. The most common adverse events with dacarbazine were nausea, vomiting, neutropenia, fatigue and asthenia. Grade 3–4 adverse effects were uncommon in both groups. Interpretation Dabrafenib significantly improved PFS compared with dacarbazine.
Some Aetiological Aspects of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: R. P. Malhotra, N. S. Pathania
Journal: BMJ (1958)

CITRATE INTOXICATIONJBmO of the circumstances which depress the rate of clearance of citrate from the plasma are present, by having available blood collected without the use of citrate.Heparin may be used-though this is often undesirable, particularly in vascular surgery-or blood may be collected over an ion- exchange resin (Walter, 1950).The use of commercial packs for the latter purpose has been satisfactory in our hands, though they are expensive and the blood may be safely stored for only about 10 days. SummaryHigh plasma citrate levels occurred during the infu- sion of citrated blood into four patients undergoing surgery under hypothermia.One patient died with signs attributable to citrate intoxication.A linear relationship between the rate of infusion of citrate and the rise in plasma citrate level was demon- strated in normal man and dogs.For each 1 mg. of citrate infused per kg.per minute the rise was about 20 mg./100 ml. in dogs and about 12.5 mg./100 ml. in humans.By using a constant infusion technique it was shown that in dogs some 40 % and in man some 20 % of infused citrate was excreted in the urine, and the remainder was metabolically destroyed.In both dog and man hypothermia to 28 to 290 C. was shown to reduce the rate of metabolic destruction of citrate by 30 to 40%.From our findings it would seem that the infusion of citrated blood at less than about 1 pint (540 ml.) in five minutes in an adult is unlikely to cause a dangerous rise of plasma citrate, provided that the rate of citrate metabolism is not reduced.Circumstances which impair citrate metabolism in patients are discussed.We thank Professor C. G.
Lichenoid erythrodermic bullous pemphigoid of the African patient
Authors: P. Joly, S. Tanasescu, P. Wolkenstein, H. Bocquet, D. Gilbert, E. Thomine, J. Wechsler, J.C. Roujeau, J. Revuz, F. Tron, Ph. Lauret
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1998)
Reviewing the Software: Microcomputers and the Clinician
Authors: Robert Hogan
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Our first reviews of clinical software appear in this issue's BOOKS column on page 268.The Journalreceives about 2,500 books for review each year and may ultimately receive an equal number of clinical software programs as suppliers continue to proliferate. Currently, more than 250 publishers furnish us with medical and related books for review, while a recent directory of software producers contains listings of 330 vendors of medical software, about a third of whom produce clinical software specifically. We think that personal computers are additions to our libraries rather than replacements for them. In surveying<i>JAMA</i>'s most prolific book reviewers, we found that 60% of respondents are interested—indeed, extremely enthusiastic—in reviewing computer software. Since practicing medicine means acquiring and using new material, including technology, it is no surprise that physicians have shown both the aptitude and the desire to use microcomputers. Computers, as far as the individual physician
Reviews and Notes: Endocrinology: Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical Aspects
Authors: Graham A. Colditz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Literature of Medicine15 November 1994Reviews and Notes: Endocrinology: Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical AspectsGraham A. ColditzGraham A. ColditzChanning Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-121-10-199411150-00026 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical AspectsRogerio A. Lobo; ed. 443 pages. New York: Raven Press; 1994. $138.00.As the number of postmenopausal women in the United States increases, so does the number of popular-press books that address menopause. Under these circumstances, do physicians need another text on menopause?As Rinzler has recently described, many women either do not accept the use of postmenopausal hormones or feel that their physicians have not given them sufficient information about the risks and benefits of such therapy or about alternatives to it. Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman provides the information ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 November 1994Volume 121, Issue 10Page: 824KeywordsBreast cancerCardiovascular therapyEstrogensHip fracturesHormonesMenopauseOsteoporosisProgestogensQuality of lifeSmoking cessation ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 November 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Biological changes of human cutaneous nerves caused by ultraviolet irradiation: an ultrastructural study
Authors: MASANOBU KUMAKIRI, KEN HASHIMOTO, ISAAC WILLIS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1978)

Three white male volunteers were irradiated by long wave ultraviolet (UV‐A) and by solar simulating radiation (SSR). An acute change of cutaneous nerves was found following a single exposure of UV‐A irradiation. Non‐myelinated Schwann cells and perineural cells in the papillary and reticular dermis were degenerated. Axoplasms appeared to be electron‐dense, but were less affected than Schwann cells. After long‐term repeated exposure, many free nerve endings were found in the dermo‐epidermal junction above the basal lamina and some of them made a terminal enlargement. In one instance an axon made a swelling. Dermal free nerve endings also seemed to be increased in number and some of them were situated immediately beneath the melanocytes which were active in melano‐genesis. Multiplication of basal lamina of the Schwann cells and perineural cells was observed. Amorphous material was precipitated around the non‐myelinated Schwann cells. After a single exposure of SSR irradiation the degeneration of Schwann cells and axons in the dermo‐epidermal junction was less severe than after UV‐A and changes were minor in the reticular dermis. After repeated exposure, intra‐epidermal proliferation of free nerve endings was detected. Dermal nerves were slightly affected. No intra‐epidermal free nerve endings were observed in controls. The intra‐epidermal proliferation of free nerve endings was confirmed following repeated UV exposures. Melanocyte‐nerve association is suggested to be the cause of stimulating melanocyte activity.
Ye olde Tudor health market
Authors: Wendy Moore
Journal: BMJ (2010)

One hundred and ninety three consecutive pregnant women attending peripheral antenatal clinics attached to Ngwelezana Hospital, Empangeni, Kwa-Zulu, were examined for evidence of sexually transmitted pathogens. The following incidences were found: Trichomonas vaginalis 49.2% (95), Candida spp 38.3% (74), Chlamydia trachomatis 11.4% (22), Gardnerella vaginalis 6.2% (12), Neisseria gonorrhoeae 5.7% (11), positive syphilis serology results 11.9% (23), hepatitis B surface antigen 4.1% (eight). No woman had antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Dyskaryotic smears were found in 20 (10.4%). Human papillomavirus (HPV) was detected cytologically in 11 (5.7%). The range of sexually transmitted pathogens found in this rural community was similar to that found in urban groups studied in South Africa.
From break point to advantage: a practical guide to optimal tennis health and performance
Authors: T Wood
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

Edited by Babette Pluim, Marc Safran. Racquet Tech Publishing, 2004, pp 392; softcover; US$29.95 (€24.96 approx; £17.13 approx); ISBN 0972275916

This is the second Tennis Medicine and Science book to be published in recent years. Both authors are well known and highly respected members of this field. The book is aimed at, and indeed caters extremely well for, a wide audience. Players, parents of players, coaches, as well as any number of disciplines involved in the …
Conduct of Pregnancy Complicated by Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: H. H. F. Barns, M. E. Morgans
Journal: BMJ (1952)

MBICJOALNevertheless, the eosinophil level seemed to be of only slight prognostic significance, since it was low in all acutely ill patients even when it was apparent from the nature of their illness that they were not critically ill.The rise in eosinophils usually lagged behind the appearance of clinical improvement, similar to the delayed fall seen in stress.However, a rising level of eosinophils in a patient who continues to appear moribund is a good prognostic sign.This was recognized by ciinicians years ago (Sodeman, 1950).In rare instances a very low level may be an indication of impending death in a patient in whom this is not apparent clinically.This occurred in two of our patients in whom an eosinopenia was discovered before the approach of death was apparent.This study is limited, but is presented in order to stimu- late further exploration into the changes which take place in the organism before death.A larger group of terminal patients should be investigated in an attempt to correlate the histological appearance of the adrenals with the level of corticoid secretion and the eosinophil level as well as any other adrenal functional studies which may be available.This should yield valuable information about the hormonal changes occurring at the end of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome. SummaryA carefully controlled series of 50 moribund patients suffering from a variety of diseases was followed by serial eosinophil counts until death.In 47 (94%) the eosinophil count fell to zero or close to zero and remained so until death.Suddenness of death seemed to be an important factor in the three patients who failed to develop an eosinopenia.The eosinophil count rose from low levels to normal in 12 other patients who recovered from the moribund state.This study indicates that the adrenal cortex apparently does not fail during prolonged stress, but continues to show hyperactivity up to the very moment of death; consequently supportive therapy with cortical sub- stances is not indicated in terminal states.The eosinophil count seems to be of only limited prognostic significance in such cases, since changes usually accompany or lag behind the clinical findings rather than precede them.
Minority groups still show high rates of admission to mental health services in England and Wales
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2007)

People from black and minority groups are continuing to show high rates of admission to mental health and learning disability services, according to a census of the ethnic group of inpatients in England and Wales published last week.

The Count Me In Census 2007 showed that some black and minority ethnic groups were at least three times more likely than average to be admitted to mental health and learning disability services. The pattern was similar to that seen in two previous surveys, in 2006 and 2005.

The census collected information about 31 187 inpatients in mental health wards at 257 NHS and independent healthcare organisations in England and Wales and 4153 in patients in 120 organisations that provide services for people with learning disabilities on one day, 30 March 2007.

Results showed that rates of admission to mental health services were particularly high for men …
Letter by Ammirati and Maseri Regarding Article, “Bacterial Signatures in Thrombus Aspirates of Patients With Myocardial Infarction”
Authors: Enrico Ammirati, Attilio Maseri
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Pessi et al 1 showed in 101 cases of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction that bacterial DNA typical for endodontic infection was 16 times higher in thrombi than that found in patients' blood samples.Oral viridans streptococci was measured in 78% of thrombi and periodontal pathogens in 35%. 1 Furthermore, there was a significant association between the presence of periapical abscess and endodontic bacteria in the thrombus aspirates (odds ratio, 7.71) in 30 patients with available dental panoramic tomography.This is an exciting finding that begs the question of how the presence of a chronic oral infection can mediate an acute transition to plaque thrombosis.
Syphilis soars in Russia
Authors: M. Ingram
Journal: BMJ (1995)

The number of adults with syphilis in Russia has increased 15-fold since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The rate in children is 20 times higher than it was 4 years ago. 126,500 cases were registered with the health ministry over the past year, while 7900 were in 1990. The number of cases in children increased from 38 in 1991 to 761 this year; most of these cases were acquired via sexual transmission. Lilia Tikhonova, the health ministry's chief specialist on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), blamed the increases on "the complete perversion of our society's morals," the rapid growth of child prostitution, the influx of homeless people and refugees into the cities, and miracle cures that are used in place of seeing a specialist. In communist Russia, patients were required to register passport details and previous sexual contacts, and future sexual contact was forbidden for a period; anyone breaking these rules faced 5 years in jail. Current law only punishes those who knowingly infect their sexual partners. Health officials in the Ukraine, where a similar increase in the number of STDs has been noted, blame black market condoms. Over the past 5 years, cheap foreign condoms have flooded the market.
Weaver's Bottom
Authors: Ronald F. Buchan
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> This is an affliction long known to man, described frequently in the literature of medicine back to the time of Hippocrates, and much later, Ramazzini. Chaucer makes reference to it in speaking of Weavers Hall, still standing at the very gates of Canterbury. And, of course, the noun itself is in the best Chaucerian Middle English form. Voila—the weavers bottom! When I was a youth, it was considered very daring and provocative to sing— round-fashion—in mixed company about the weavers bottoms! As long as man has sat cross-legged, tailor-fashion, he has placed the weight of his body on the ischiogluteal prominences and the sparse protection of the overlying bursae. Today's generation of youth, much given to the lotus position, has a propensity for squatting on roadsides, curbstones, sidewalks, and floors—almost anywhere. These young people then appear in their "clinics," storefront, drug control, VD, and other out-reach facilities
MY EXPERIENCE IN THE OPERATION FOR CATARACT
Authors: J. L. THOMPSON
Journal: JAMA (1910)

As so much is being written on the extraction of the lens in its capsule by those who number their operations by thousands, as do some operators in India, a few words may not be out of place by one who belongs to the large majority of operators in this country who cannot truthfully report forty cases in one year. I shall mention, therefore, some of the dangers which have beset my path, not in the more difficult operation above mentioned, but in the methods of extraction as usually made.  After practicing medicine and surgery in private, and as surgeon in the army for nearly three years during the civil war, I studied eye diseases under the late Dr. E. Williams of Cincinnati in 1867, and entered his office later as his assistant. Dr. Williams, according to the late Dr. Samuel D. Gross of Philadelphia, was the first regular
Contracts and quality of care.
Authors: A Hopkins, R Maxwell
Journal: BMJ (1990)

What conditions should be included in contracts between hospitals and district health authorities to safeguard the quality of patient care?The white paper Working for Patients outlines (para 4.13) that "in future, each DHA's (District Health Authority) duty will be to buy the best service it can from its own hospitals, from other authorities' hospitals, from self governing hospitals, or from the private sector."'Hospitals for their part will have to satisfy districts that they are delivering the best and most efficient service.Working paper 2' expands these concepts and gives guidance on pricing block contracts, cost and volume, and cost per case contracts (paras 2.10 to 2.19).The only reference to quality of care in these contracts is in working paper 2 (para 2.20) that "it will be the How can referring general practitioners or hospital doctors be satisfied with patient care?