tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Different Procarcinogenic Potentials of Lymphocyte Subsets in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Yasunari Nakamoto, Takashi Suda, Takashi Momoi, Shuichi Kaneko
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The immune response to hepatitis viruses is believed to be involved in the development of chronic hepatitis; however, its pathogenetic potential has not been clearly defined. The current study, using a transgenic mouse model of chronic hepatitis B, was designed to determine the relative contributions of the immune cell subsets to the progression of liver disease that induces hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Hepatitis B virus transgenic mice were adoptively transferred with CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-enriched or -depleted and B cell-depleted splenocytes obtained from hepatitis B surface antigen-primed, syngeneic nontransgenic donors. The resultant liver disease, hepatocyte apoptosis, regeneration, and tumor development were assessed and compared with the manifestations in mice that had received unfractionated spleen cells. Transfer of CD8+-enriched splenocytes caused prolonged disease kinetics, and a marked increase in the extent of hepatocyte apoptosis and regeneration. In 12 of 14 mice the transfer resulted in multiple hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) comparable with the manifestations seen in the mice transferred with total splenocytes. In contrast, mice that had received CD4+-enriched cells demonstrated lower levels of liver disease and developed fewer incidences of HCC (4 of 17). The experiment also revealed that all of the groups of mice complicated with HCC developed comparable mean numbers and sizes of tumors. B-cell depletion had no effect on disease kinetics in this model. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the pathogenetic events induced by CD8+ T-cell subset are primarily responsible for the induction of chronic liver disease that increases tumor incidence, suggesting their potential in triggering the process of hepatocarcinogenesis.
Binge Drinking in College-Reply
Authors: Henry Wechsler
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —Dr Bohlmann, Dr Meilman, and Ms Dimeff and colleagues raise important points in their letters commenting on our article. We agree with Bohlmann that secondary binge effects on nonbinging students are a major component of alcohol problems in colleges and may occur in all types of institutions from junior colleges to graduate or medical schools. Heavy episodic drinking among young people is a societal problem and not one limited to a few institutions of higher learning.  Meilman is correct in identifying two active and preexisting national databases: the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey 1 and the Monitoring the Future Project. 2 The first consists principally of schools participating in Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary Education (FIPSE), which is funded by the US Department of Education and is an invaluable tool for monitoring student drinking in participating institutions. It has amassed the largest US database on college drinking,
THREE SIGNS OF SOME VALUE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF UNUSUAL CASES OF INFLUENZA
Authors: Thomas F. Reilly
Journal: JAMA (1918)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The last epidemic of influenza has been confined almost entirely to inflammatory changes in the respiratory tract. While it is true that there have been occasional instances in which the whole brunt of the disease has been borne by other systems, these could be diagnosticated only by inference as (1) the presence of the epidemic; (2) attacks of well-marked respiratory influenza in other members of the same family, or (3) previous similar attacks, unquestionably of influenzal nature in the same individual. Even here, in many instances, on close questioning, it could be ascertained that there was an occasional sneeze four or five days before the onset of the disease. In these out-of-the-ordinary attacks, the nervous system was the one commonly involved. However, 95 per cent. of the cases seen in this epidemic involved the respiratory system, and the diagnosis was almost always made within two or three
Iatrogenic Vascular Injuries
Authors: John J. Bergan
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Medical libraries contain shelves full of books on trauma. Some contain the several specialized volumes dealing with vascular trauma, but none display a volume dedicated to iatrogenic vascular injuries. This volume, authoritatively prepared by two well-recognized and experienced vascular surgeons, will erase that deficit. It is packed with facts; clear diagrams relieve the monotony of the printed page, and the references provided are complete, accurate, and up-to-date. Predictably, this volume will be useful to general surgeons, vascular surgeons, and attorneys concerned with plaintiff and defense medical litigation. Vascular trauma is epidemic because of the mobility and velocity of today's society. Iatrogenic vascular injury is endemic because of the nature of diagnostic and therapeutic arterial and venous catheterization. Furthermore, proximity of important vascular structures to designated fields in operative surgery places these vessels at hazard during conventional and unconventional surgical procedures. "... [A] physician's knowledge of iatrogenic injuries and of how to
Major Risk Factors as Antecedents of Fatal and Nonfatal Coronary Heart Disease Events
Authors: Philip Greenland, Maria Deloria Knoll, Jeremiah Stamler, James D. Neaton, Alan Richard Dyer, Daniel B. Garside, Peter W. Wilson
Journal: JAMA (2003)

A frequently cited concept is that individual major risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) are absent in many patients (perhaps >50%) with CHD. However, prior studies have not systematically evaluated the extent to which CHD patients have previous exposure to at least 1 risk factor, including diabetes, cigarette smoking, or clinically elevated levels of cholesterol or blood pressure.To determine the frequency of exposure to major CHD risk factors.Three prospective cohort studies were included: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry, with a population sample of 35 642 employed men and women aged 18 to 59 years; screenees for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, including 347 978 men aged 35 to 57 years; and a population-based sample of 3295 men and women aged 34 to 59 years from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). Follow-up lasted 21 to 30 years across the studies.Fatal CHD in all cohorts and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) in the FHS, compared by exposure to major CHD risk factors, defined as total cholesterol of at least 240 mg/dL (> or =6.22 mmol/L), systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure of at least 90 mm Hg, cigarette smoking, and diabetes. Participants were stratified by sex and age (18-39 vs 40-59 years).For fatal CHD (n = 20 995), exposure to at least 1 clinically elevated major risk factor ranged from 87% to 100%. Among those aged 40 to 59 years at baseline with fatal CHD (n = 19 263), exposure to at least 1 major risk factor ranged from 87% to 94%. For nonfatal MI, prior exposure was documented in 92% (95% CI, 87%-96%) (n = 167) of men aged 40 to 59 years at baseline and in 87% (95% CI, 80%-94%) (n = 94) of women in this age group.Antecedent major CHD risk factor exposures were very common among those who developed CHD, emphasizing the importance of considering all major risk factors in determining CHD risk estimation and in attempting to prevent clinical CHD. These results challenge claims that CHD events commonly occur in persons without exposure to at least 1 major CHD risk factor.
Allergy to nondairy proteins in mother's milk as assessed by intestinal permeability tests
Authors: D. de Boissieu, C. Dupont, J. Badoual
Journal: Allergy (1994)

The intestinal permeability test is a noninvasive method which, when done during a food provocation procedure, can detect the deleterious effect of food on the intestinal mucosa in allergic children. We report on a 1‐month‐old breast‐fed boy with a history of regurgitation, diarrhea, difficult feeding, and malaise suggesting food allergy. Intestinal permeability tests were done with the mother's milk and showed breast‐milk‐induced alterations of intestinal permeability. No improvement occurred in the child's clinical symptoms or in the results of the intestinal permeability test when the mother withdrew dairy products from her diet. Disappearance of the child's symptoms and normalization of intestinal permeability during provocation with the milk were obtained after elimination of egg and pork from the mother's diet. This observation suggests that dietary proteins different from cow's milk antigens may be transferred to breast milk and induce adverse reactions in hypersensitive infants.
Selection of vasodilator therapy for severe Raynaud's phenomenon by sequential arterial infusion.
Authors: I J Russell, R A Walsh
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1985)

Two young adults with impending gangrene due to persistent Raynaud9s vasospasm were studied by sequential intra-arterial (IA) infusion of three vasodilatory drugs while arterial pressure and plethysmographic digital pulse volume were continuously monitored. The results of the IA infusion accurately predicted relief from vasospastic symptoms by oral drugs of the same class. This method may be useful in selecting the most effective vasodilator for patients with severe vasospasm.
Thermal environment and sudden infant death syndrome: case-control study.
Authors: A. L. Ponsonby, T. Dwyer, L. E. Gibbons, J. A. Cochrane, M. E. Jones, M. J. McCall
Journal: BMJ (1992)

OBJECTIVE--To compare the thermal environment of infants who died of the sudden infant death syndrome with that of age matched control infants. DESIGN--Case-control study. Infants who died were matched with two controls, one for age and one for age and birth weight. Thermal measurements were conducted at the death scene for cases and at the scene of last sleep for control infants, who were visited unexpectedly within four weeks of the index infant9s death on a day of similar climatic conditions. A follow up questionnaire was administered to parents of cases and controls. SETTING--The geographical area served by the professional Tasmanian state ambulance service, which includes 94% of the Tasmanian population. SUBJECTS--41 infants died of the sudden infant death syndrome at home; thermal observations at death scene were available for 28 (68%), parental questionnaire data were available for 40 (96%). 38 controls matched for age and 41 matched for age and birth weight. RESULTS--Cases had more excess thermal insulation for their given room temperature (2.3 togs) than matched controls (0.6 togs) (p = 0.009). For every excess thermal insulation unit (tog) the relative risk of the sudden infant death syndrome was 1.26 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.52). The average thermal bedding value calculated from parental recall was similar to that observed by attendant ambulance officers (mean difference = 0.4 tog, p = 0.39). Cases were more likely to have been found prone (odds ratio 4.58; 1.48 to 14.11). Prone sleeping position was not a confounder or effect modifier of the relation between excess thermal insulation and the syndrome. CONCLUSIONS--Overheating and the prone sleeping position are independently associated with an increased risk of the sudden infant death syndrome. Further work on infant thermal balance and sudden infant death is required and guidelines for appropriate infant thermal care need to be developed.
Hepatotoxicity of Fluorouracil with <i>N</i>-Phosphonacetyl-<scp>L</scp>-Aspartate
Authors: Unne Stenram
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Letters1 July 1992Hepatotoxicity of Fluorouracil with N-Phosphonacetyl-L-AspartateUnne Stenram, MD, PhDUnne Stenram, MD, PhDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-117-1-90_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors:Kemeny and colleagues (1) have reported a new side effect in patients given bolus fluorouracil andN-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA). They cannot explain why this effect did not occur with infusional fluorouracil and PALA. As the authors state, the toxicity must be caused by the incorporation of fluorouracil into liver RNA. Little DNA synthesis occurs in the liver. Valeriote and Santelli (2) believe that bolus doses of fluorouracil are the optimal mode of administration for RNA cytotoxicity. In studies in rats, we found a general tendency toward higher incorporation of fluorouracil into the RNA of tumor and normal tissue,...References1. KemenySeiterMartinUrmacherNiedzwieckiKurtz NKDCDR. A new syndrome: ascites, hyperbilirubinemia, and hypoalbuminemia after biochemical modulation of fluorouracil with N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA). Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:946-51. LinkGoogle Scholar2. ValerioteSantelli FG. 5-fluorouracil (FUra). Pharmacol Ther. 1984; 24:107-32. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. ErichsenChristenssonJacobssonJönssonStenram CPBPU. Effects of dosage and infusion time on the incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into DNA and RNA of normal tissues and an adenocarcinoma transplanted to rat liver. J Surg Oncol. 1988;38:155-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. ErichsenChristenssonJakobssonErikssonYngnerJönsson CPBGTP. Effect of N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate and D-glucosamine on the incorporation of 5-fluorouridine into normal tissues and an adenocarcinoma in the rat. Anticancer Res. 1987;7:77-80. MedlineGoogle Scholar5. Stenram U. Cytological, radioautographic and ultrastructural studies on the effect of 5-fluorouracil on rat liver. Z Zellforsch. 1966;71:207-16. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. KemenySeiterMartinUrmacherNiedzwieckiKurtz NKDCDR. A new syndrome: ascites, hyperbilirubinemia, and hypoalbuminemia after biochemical modulation of fluorouracil with N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA). Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:946-51. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Lund University S-221 85 Lund Sweden PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 July 1992Volume 117, Issue 1Page: 90-91KeywordsDNA synthesisLiverRNAToxicity Issue Published: 1 July 1992 PDF downloadLoading ...
Bioactivity of xerogels as modulators of osteoclastogenesis mediated by connexin 43
Authors: Kristina Glenske, Alena-Svenja Wagner, Thomas Hanke, Elisabetta A. Cavalcanti-Adam, Sascha Heinemann, Christiane Heinemann, Benjamin Kruppke, Stefan Arnhold, Andreas Moritz, Elisabeth H. Schwab, Hartmut Worch, Sabine Wenisch
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Survey shows juniors are still overworked
Authors: L Dillner
Journal: BMJ (1994)

One in six junior doctors in Britain is still contracted to work over 83 hours a week, according to a survey released this week by the Junior Doctors Committee of the BMA (JDC). Such contracts contravene the new deal negotiated on junior doctors' working conditions, which says that no junior doctor should now be contracted to work more than 83 hours a week.

Over 12 000 doctors responded to …
Effects of Maintenance Digoxin Therapy on Systolic Time Intervals and Serum Digoxin Concentrations
Authors: NATHAN H. CARLINER, CHARLES A. GILBERT, ALBERT W. PRUITT, LEON I. GOLDBERG
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Systolic time intervals (STI) and serum digoxin concentrations (SDC) were measured in eight patients with compensated atherosclerotic and/or hypertensive heart disease who received oral digoxin 0.25 mg/day or 0.5 mg/day for alternate two-week periods without a loading dose. Control data were obtained both before and after the four weeks of treatment. After 13 days treatment with digoxin, 0.5 mg/day, there was a significant decrease in total electromechanical systole corrected for heart rate (QS 2 i), pre-ejection period (PEP), pre-ejection period corrected for heart rate (PEP 1 ) and PEP/left ventricular ejection time (LVET). After the thirteenth dose of 0.25 mg/day there was significant shortening of PEP 1 and PEP/LVET. Shortening of QS 2 i correlated significantly with SDC 24 hours after the thirteenth dose of 0.5 mg. These data suggest that after 13 days of treatment with 0.25 and 0.5 mg/day of digoxin, a positive inotropic effect occurs as reflected by STI shortening. A greater effect was recorded with the 0.5 mg dose.
The Significance of Vertebrate Metamorphosis
Authors: GEORGE WALD
Journal: Circulation (1960)

It is generally recognized that the anatomical metamorphosis of the vertebrates seems to recapitulate their evolutionary history. However, little attention has been paid to the biochemical changes which precede or accompany the anatomical changes. In the present paper, the author uses the biochemistry of vision as the point of departure for considering the parallel changes in biochemistry, anatomy, and ecology which are involved in vertebrate metamorphosis.
Injury rates in team sport events: tackling challenges in assessing exposure time
Authors: Steven D Stovitz, Ian Shrier
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

Determination of time at risk for game injuries in sports is best assessed with actual minutes of play per athlete. Since individual-level playing time is often unavailable, sports injury epidemiologists currently use one of two general methods to determine the amount of time athletes are exposed to risk during team sporting events. Some determine the amount of exposure time by counting only the number of athletes on the field during the game of the particular sport. This method closely replicates the results of the individual-level exposure time if studies have full team enrolment and games are played with a consistent number of players. Others in the field of sports injury surveillance use a method of applying a full unit of exposure time to every member of a team who plays in a game, however briefly, or to everyone on the game roster whether they play in the game or not. This latter method underestimates game injury rates (because it overestimates exposure time) with a magnitude related to the proportion of players on the field (ie, those at risk) divided by the number of players on the team who are considered to have participated. Recognising this is necessary to properly assess risk factors for injuries in team sport events, appropriately target injury prevention efforts and accurately combine studies using different methods in systematic reviews or meta-analyses.

In epidemiology, incidence rate is calculated as the number of events divided by some unit of person time for a population at risk.1 In assessing injury rates during team sporting events, sports teams are dynamic cohorts where athletes are exposed to game-time injury risk only when on the playing field. Assuming no other problems with the study methodology, the unbiased …
Plasmodium vivax and Mixed Infections Are Associated with Severe Malaria in Children: A Prospective Cohort Study from Papua New Guinea
Authors: Blaise Genton, Valérie D'Acremont, Lawrence Rare, Kay Baea, John C Reeder, Michael P Alpers, Ivo Müller
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

Severe malaria (SM) is classically associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection. Little information is available on the contribution of P. vivax to severe disease. There are some epidemiological indications that P. vivax or mixed infections protect against complications and deaths. A large morbidity surveillance conducted in an area where the four species coexist allowed us to estimate rates of SM among patients infected with one or several species.This was a prospective cohort study conducted within the framework of the Malaria Vaccine Epidemiology and Evaluation Project. All presumptive malaria cases presenting at two rural health facilities over an 8-y period were investigated with history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory assessment. Case definition of SM was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria adapted for the setting (i.e., clinical diagnosis of malaria associated with asexual blood stage parasitaemia and recent history of fits, or coma, or respiratory distress, or anaemia [haemoglobin < 5 g/dl]). Out of 17,201 presumptive malaria cases, 9,537 (55%) had a confirmed Plasmodium parasitaemia. Among those, 6.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.7%-6.8%) fulfilled the case definition of SM, most of them in children <5 y. In this age group, the proportion of SM was 11.7% (10.4%-13.2%) for P. falciparum, 8.8% (7.1%-10.7%) for P. vivax, and 17.3% (11.7%-24.2%) for mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax infections. P. vivax SM presented more often with respiratory distress than did P. falciparum (60% versus 41%, p = 0.002), but less often with anaemia (19% versus 41%, p = 0.0001).P. vivax monoinfections as well as mixed Plasmodium infections are associated with SM. There is no indication that mixed infections protected against SM. Interventions targeted toward P. falciparum only might be insufficient to eliminate the overall malaria burden, and especially severe disease, in areas where P. falciparum and P. vivax coexist.
Ascorbic Acid and Urinary pH-Reply
Authors: James Blanchard
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> We agree with Dr Axelrod regarding our choice of terminology and feel that the ascorbic acid effect could be more accurately described as "preventing the alkalinization of urine rather than by producing an acid urine." Upon review of Dr Axelrod's letter, there are several comments that we would like to make. The statement that the inhibition of bacterial urease is "undoubtedly" the cause of the change is somewhat overstated, since, as noted by Dr Axelrod, the effect of ascorbic acid on the pH of voided urine can be influenced by a number of factors, including the number of urease-producing bacteria, the concentration of urea, the concentration of ascorbic acid, the incubation time of the urine in the bladder and collecting system, and the presence of cysteine and copper in the urine. The inhibition of urease activity presented in the Table represents in vitro data. It would be informative
Reunifying autism and early-onset schizophrenia in terms of social communication disorders
Authors: Sylvie Tordjman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract Autism and early-onset schizophrenia share common dimensions of social communication deficits. The possible role of common genetic factors has to be seriously considered, such as the serotonin transporter gene that influences the severity of social communication impairments (negative symptoms) and hallucinations (positive symptoms). Autism and the negative syndrome of schizophrenia might be at one extreme of a continuum, and paranoid schizophrenia (positive symptoms) at the other extreme.