tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE FIRST USE OF ETHER AS ANESTHETIC.AT THE BATTLE OF THE WILDERNESS IN THE CIVIL WAR
Authors: W. T. G. MORTON
Journal: JAMA (1904)

On previous occasions it had been my privilege to visit battlefields, and there to administer the pain-destroying agent which it pleased God to make me the human agent to introduce for the benefit of suffering humanity. How little did I think, however, when originally experimenting with the properties of sulphuric ether on my own person, that I should ever successfully administer it to hundreds in one day, and thus prevent an amount of agony fearful to contemplate. When the news of the commencement of the Battle of the Wilderness reached Washington, the surgeon general at once said that there would be work for his corps, and for such volunteer surgeons as could be obtained. Previously notified that a requisition would be made for my professional services, I was a "minute man," and left with the first party, taking a steamer for the landing-place called Belle Plain. . . . I
Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation and the Gene Expression Change in Lung Cancer
Authors: Yong-Jae Kwon, Seog Joo Lee, Jae Soo Koh, Sung Han Kim, Hae Won Lee, Moon Chul Kang, Jae Bum Bae, Young-Joon Kim, Jong Ho Park
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
Understanding Anesthesia Equipment: Construction, Care and Complications
Authors: Ronald M. Meyer
Journal: JAMA (1985)

As a resident, I was told that I must read this book in order to understand anesthesia equipment; I was well advised. At the time, I found the volume to be very slow going and a bit dull, so full of important facts that absorbing much of the information was difficult in one reading. Now, nine years after the first edition, a second edition well worth the wait has appeared. Expanding their work, the authors have made a very good book into an excellent one. My perception of their work has also changed. Rereading this work after a few years of practicing anesthesia, I find it much easier to digest and more relevant than ever. "Dorsch and Dorsch" remains a "must read" for anesthesia trainees; rare is the residency that can provide equally detailed knowledge about this often neglected subject. Here is a book written by physicians for other physicians
Right-Ventricular Pacing Catheterization
Authors: Leonard M. Birch
Journal: JAMA (1972)

To the Editor.—  In answer to a question concerning the method of inserting a right-ventricular pacing catheter in a patient with acute myocardial infarction and complete heart block ( 219 :766, 1972), Dr. Samet responded by minimizing the usefulness of the combined central venous pressure monitoring-pacing electrode catheter.  I feel that the usefulness of this means of pacing should be emphasized. It has adequately been proven 1 that bedside pacing via insertion of an Elecath through the subclavian vein is a safe, rapid, reliable, and relatively simple method and can be performed by any physician who is able to insert a central venous pressure catheter and can interpret an intracardiac electrogram. The catheter used has good mobility and, if necessary, can be visualized on fluoroscopy but in most cases, fluoroscopy is not necessary. It is a method which can be utilized in large centers but even more importantly can easily be
BIOLOGIC PREPARATION FOR STUDY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY
Authors: FREDERICK C. WAITE
Journal: JAMA (1926)

If we are to get any critical conception of what should be the aim in the ten to thirteen years of high school, college and professional school preparation of students, we must first get a clear idea of the major requirements in the subsequent careers of these students. I believe that in this particular the teachers in undergraduate colleges have a somewhat hazy appreciation. What are the characteristics and capabilities demanded of the practitioner of medicine and dentistry? There are many, but from them stand out a few that are paramount. <h3>SOME REQUISITES FOR PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE</h3> First of all is intellectual honesty. The practitioner must be scholastically and professionally honest with himself and with his clientele. He not only must know well what he knows, but he must be cognizant of what he does not know. He must appreciate clearly and acknowledge his own limitations of knowledge and skill, in
Recurrent Obstruction of an Obturator Hernia
Authors: B. W. T. Pender
Journal: BMJ (1950)

There might have been a number of explanations for this. 1. Renal Disease.-Cushing(1933) and MacMahon, Close, and Haas (1934) mention hypertension, chronic nephritis, and even malignant nephrosclerosis in associa- tion with Cushing's syndrome.However, in the present case output was adequate, specific gravity between 1010 and 1020 at all times, albuminuria never severe enough (40-80 mg./100 ml.) to explain the massive oedema, and blood urea and urea clearance were within normal limits, as were plasma total and fractional proteins and the albumin/globulin ratio.One point of interest is that on her first admission the patient's serum cholesterol was 408 mg./100 ml.(a feature together with physical signs suggesting Type II nephritis), but at the time of her second admission it was only 200 mg./100ml.At necropsy there was neither macroscopic nor microscopical evidence of renal disease.2. Disturbance of Salt-Water Metabolism.-It has been found that in Addison's disease there is a lowering of serum sodium and chloride concentration and an increase in serum potassium (Loeb, 1932), leading to loss of fluids, dehydration, and collapse.It would seem reasonable to assume that in a case such as ours, in which there was an excess of actively-secreting cortical substance, evidenced by raised ketosteroid excretion, there might be retention of serum sodium and loss of serum potassium, leading to increase of the crystalloid concentration of the blood, fluid retention, and oedema.In our patient, at a time when the oedema was extreme, we obtained and checked a normal blood sodium and potassium reading.In conclusion, I must admit that the cause of the oedema in the patient remains elusive.
Non-melanoma skin cancer risk in the Queensland renal transplant population
Authors: H.M. Ramsay, A.A. Fryer, C.M. Hawley, A.G. Smith, D.L. Nicol, P.N. Harden
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Summary Background Non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is an important complication of solid organ transplantation, especially in areas of high ultraviolet light exposure. Registry data may underestimate the scale of the problem. Objectives A single‐observer study of a Queensland renal transplant population was conducted between July 1999 and April 2000 utilizing both cross‐sectional and retrospective data. The aims were to determine accurately the risk of NMSC following renal transplantation and compare this with currently available registry data. Patients and methods A structured interview and full skin examination was completed by 398 renal transplant recipients. Case notes and histology reports were examined for details of previous skin tumours. Independently collected data on 341 subjects from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplantation Registry (ANZDATA) were also examined. Results One hundred and eighty‐seven of 361 (51·8%) transplant recipients of Fitzpatrick skin types I–IV had developed 3979 histologically diagnosed NMSCs since first transplantation. The ratio of SCC/BCC was reversed from 1 : 3·7 before transplantation to 2 : 1 after transplantation. NMSC increased with duration of immunosuppression; 29·1%, 52·2%, 72·4% and 82·1% of those immunosuppressed for < 5, 5–10, 10–20 and > 20 years, respectively, had developed at least one tumour. The ANZDATA registry under‐recorded the numbers of patients with NMSC by 28·4% and gave no indication of tumour numbers. Conclusions NMSC is a greater clinical problem in renal transplant recipients living in subtropical Queensland, Australia, than is shown by currently available registry data. This has implications for the development of prevention and surveillance strategies.
Deletion polymorphism upstream of IRGM associated with altered IRGM expression and Crohn's disease
Authors: Steven A McCarroll, Alan Huett, Petric Kuballa, Shannon D Chilewski, Aimee Landry, Philippe Goyette, Michael C Zody, Jennifer L Hall, Steven R Brant, Judy H Cho, Richard H Duerr, Mark S Silverberg, Kent D Taylor, John D Rioux, David Altshuler, Mark J Daly, Ramnik J Xavier
Journal: Nature Genetics (2008)
Immunotherapy for Tuberculous Pericarditis
Authors: Richard E. Chaisson, Wendy S. Post
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Pericardial tuberculosis is an important clinical problem in resource-limited countries, particularly in those with concomitant epidemics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Tuberculosis involving closed anatomical spaces such as the pericardium or meninges can cause devastating inflammatory injury, and management with antimicrobial therapy alone may not prevent complications. Host-directed therapies that attenuate destructive inflammatory responses may prevent serious sequelae. Current American and World Health Organization guidelines strongly recommend treatment with glucocorticoids in addition to antituberculosis drugs in patients with tuberculous pericarditis, but expert European guidelines are more muted, reflecting the uncertainty of the evidence.13 Mayosi and colleagues now report . . .
Vitamin K as a regulator of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. Studies with rat microsomes and tumorigenesis in mice.
Authors: L G Israels, G A Walls, D J Ollmann, E Friesen, E D Israels
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

Vitamin K3 inhibits the conversion of benzo(a)pyrene to its more polar metabolites in an in vitro rat liver microsomal system. Vitamin K3 also inhibits benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in rat liver fragments and reduces its mutagenicity in the Ames test. Higher concentrations of vitamin K3 are required to comparably reduce benzo(a)pyrene metabolism when the microsomal system has been induced with 3-methylcholanthrene. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis of the products of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism shows a uniform reduction of all the metabolic products. When tumors were induced in ICR/Ha female mice by the intraperitoneal injection of benzo(a)pyrene, those mice given vitamin K3 before or both before and after benzo(a)pyrene had a slower rate of tumor appearance and tumor death rate as compared with those receiving benzo(a)pyrene alone. However, vitamin K1 increased the rate of tumor death while vitamin K deprivation and warfarin decreased the rate of tumor appearance and death in benzo(a)pyrene-injected mice. These studies indicate that vitamin K3 is an inhibitor of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and reduces the carcinogenic and mutagenic metabolites in vitro, and inhibits benzo(a)pyrene tumorigenesis in vivo. That vitamin K1 enhances the benzo(a)pyrene effect while warfarin and vitamin K deficiency inhibit benzo(a)pyrene tumorigenesis indicates that vitamin K1, vitamin K deprivation, or possibly blockade of its metabolic cycle also modulates benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in vivo but by a mechanism or at a site different from the vitamin K3 effect. The vitamin K series should be considered as capable of serving a regulatory function in the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene and possibly other compounds metabolized through the mixed function oxidase system.
Patients' perception of the cause of their melanoma differs from that of epidemiologists
Authors: E. de Vries, J.F. Dore, P. Autier, A.M.M. Eggermont, J.W.W. Coebergh
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Sir, Exposure to sunlight is considered the major environmental cause of melanoma.1 In Europe, 80% of melanomas may have been caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation; the significance of intermittent periods of intensive exposure to UV radiation as a child, sometimes reflected by a history of sunburns during childhood, seems unequivocal.2, 3 We report here on patient perception of the cause of melanoma, based on 69 Dutch patients, aged 19–50 years, who were diagnosed with melanoma in 1998–2000 and participated in a European study on sunbed use and melanoma risk. Before the interview, they received a leaflet stating that exposure to UV radiation is an important risk factor for melanoma. During a face‐to‐face interview, they answered questions regarding sunbathing habits since their youth, including sunbed use. At the end of the interview, they were asked about their perception of the cause of their melanoma. Sixty‐three (91%) of patients responded, 25 males and 38 females, with a median age of 39 (19–50) years. Their answers are listed in Table 1, according to sunburn experience, skin type, anatomical site and level of education, respectively. One‐third of the respondents mentioned exposure to the sun as a possible cause of their melanoma; 12 of 63 (19%) were quite certain that exposure to the sun was the cause of their melanoma, seven (11%) blamed sunbed use and 10 more (16%) did not exclude the possibility that exposure to UV radiation was the cause of their melanoma (Table 1). Males attributed their melanoma directly to the sun or sunbeds more often (32%) than females (22%).
P1-17-04: Phase I Study of PARP Inhibitor ABT-888 (Veliparib) in Combination with Cisplatin and Vinorelbine for Patients with Advanced Triple Negative Breast Cancer and/or BRCA-Mutation Associated Breast Cancer.
Authors: ET Rodler, JM Specht, VK Gadi, BF Kurland, MJ Griffin, JJ Hammond, JR Gralow
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) have shown preclinical and clinical activity in targeting tumors with pre-existing DNA repair defects, in particular BRCA1 and BRCA2 deficient tumors. Cisplatin (CP) has demonstrated synergy with ABT-888 (veliparib) in breast cancer xenograft models and has anti-tumor activity in triple negative (TN) and BRCA-1 deficient breast cancer. Vinorelbine (V) combined with CP has shown safety and efficacy in patients with pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Methods: We are conducting a phase I study to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic profiles (PD), and preliminary anti-tumor activity of veliparib in combination with CP and V in patients (pts) with metastatic breast cancer who are either TN or who have BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation associated breast cancer. Cohorts receive escalating doses of ABT-888 orally BID days 1–14, CP 75 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) day 1 and V 25 mg/m2 IV days 1,8 every 21 days, in a 3+3 design. Results: As of 6/14/11, 18 eligible female pts have been enrolled. The median age at registration was 50 years (range 34–78 years). Sixteen pts received at least one prior metastatic regimen (range 0–8). Three pts had previously treated brain metastases. BRCA mutation status was as follows: BRCA1+ (3 pts); BRCA2+ (2 pts); confirmed mutation negative (8 pts); unknown (5 pts). Four pts received the 20 mg BID veliparib dose (one patient in the cohort died of progressive disease early in cycle 1 and was replaced), 3 received 30 mg BID, 6 received 40 mg BID, and 5 have been enrolled at dose level 4 (60 mg BID). Dose limiting toxicities occurred in one patient at the 40 mg BID dose (grade 4 thrombocytopenia), and one patient at the 60 mg BID dose (grade 3 neutropenic fever). Adverse events are typical for a platinum-based chemotherapy regimen and include nausea, fatigue, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. MTD has not been reached. Of 11 pts evaluable for radiographic response to date, 6 (55%) had a PR (3 of whom have a BRCA mutation) and 5 (45%) had stable disease. Correlative studies will use immunohistochemistry and gene expression array to evaluate the profile of TN breast cancer and predictors of response to treatment. Conclusion: Veliparib in combination with CP and V has been generally well tolerated to date. Objective anti-tumor activity was seen in BRCA mutation carriers and in pts with sporadic TN breast cancer. PK, PD, and biomarker analysis is underway. Enrollment continues in the dose escalation cohorts. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-17-04.
Uterotrophic activity of bisphenol A in the immature rat.
Authors: J Ashby, H Tinwell
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Bisphenol A (BPA) is active in immature AP rat uterotrophic assays when evaluated using either the oral or the subcutaneous (sc) injection routes of exposure (three daily administrations of 400-800 mg/kg BPA). Premature vaginal opening was seen for 8 of 14 animals exposed to 600 and 800 mg/kg BPA by sc injection. Vaginal opening was not produced by BPA in the gavage studies. These results are consistent with those of Dodds and Lawson [Nature 137:96 (1936)] who found that BPA induces persistent vaginal cornification in ovariectomized rats exposed to three twice-daily injections of 85 mg/kg BPA (total daily dose 170 mg/kg), but they conflict with the reported inactivity of BPA in the immature mouse uterotrophic assay. The uterotrophic activity of diethylstilbestrol in the rat is also established (0.04 mg/kg/day for three days).
A Practical Guide to Drug Usage in Adult Patients With Impaired Renal Function
Authors: William M. Bennett
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Four tables describe maintenance dosage intervals for common therapeutic agents used in patients with renal disease. Particular emphasis has been given to the use of biological half-life and creatinine clearance for modification of the usual dose schedules, and to the adjustments required by patients undergoing dialysis. Toxic effects that relate directly to drug usage in patients with renal failure are also described.
Outcome in severely ill patients with hematological malignancies who received intravenous chemotherapy in the intensive care unit
Authors: Dominique D. Benoit, Pieter O. Depuydt, Koenraad H. Vandewoude, Fritz C. Offner, Tom Boterberg, Carole A. De Cock, Lucien A. Noens, Ann M. Janssens, Johan M. Decruyenaere
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2005)
Tumour induced hypophosphataemia associated with small cell carcinoma of the bronchus.
Authors: J Banks, M D Penney, E G Anderson
Journal: Thorax (1987)

We report a paraneoplastic syndrome complicating small cell bronchogenic carcinoma, characterised by a proximal renal tubular defect, renal phosphate wasting, hypo- phosphataemia, aminoaciduria, glycosuria, and diffuse bone pain. Case reportA 37 year old man gave a two month history of mild dys- phagia, weight loss, haemoptyses, and pain affecting the lumbar spine, buttocks, and thighs.He had been previously well with no relevant past medical history.There were no abnormal physical findings.A barium meal showed nothing abnormal but the chest radiograph showed a left hilar mass and bronchoscopy revealed neoplastic occlusion of the left upper lobe bronchus.Bronchial biopsy specimens confirmed small cell carcinoma.Investigations showed that the serum phosphate concen-
Sodium regulation of angiotensinogen mRNA expression in rat kidney cortex and medulla.
Authors: J R Ingelfinger, R E Pratt, K Ellison, V J Dzau
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

Rat liver angiotensinogen cDNA (pRang 3) and mouse renin cDNA (pDD-1D2) were used to identify angiotensinogen and renin mRNA sequences in rat kidney cortex and medulla in rats on high and low salt diet. Angiotensinogen mRNA sequences were present in renal cortex and medulla in apparently equal proportions, whereas renin mRNA sequences were found primarily in renal cortex. Average relative signal of rat liver to whole kidney angiotensinogen mRNA was 100:3. Densitometric analysis of Northern blots demonstrated that renal cortical angiotensinogen mRNA concentrations increased 3.5-fold (P less than 0.001) and medulla, 1.5-fold (P less than 0.005) on low sodium compared with high sodium diet, whereas renal cortex renin mRNA levels increased 6.8-fold (P less than 0.0005). Dietary sodium did not significantly influence liver angiotensinogen mRNA levels. These findings provide evidence for sodium regulation of renal renin and angiotensinogen mRNA expressions, which supports potential existence of an intrarenally regulated RAS and suggest that different factors regulate renal and hepatic angiotensinogen.
Searching published reports.
Authors: M. Bernadt
Journal: BMJ (1992)

situation.The consumer is reasonably happy with it, it is politically acceptable, and it is probably more equitable.It does, however, mean that we must accept the inevitability of waiting lists as a method of rationing.Well managed waiting lists, for all their prob- lems, are a good method of rationing.They are explicit and can be regulated to ensure that they are equitable.Furthermore, they are reasonably acceptable to the public: far better to be on a waiting list than to be told that an operation on the NHS will never be done under any circumstances.Our view is that economic dogma has held sway for too long in health care.Yet when the hard decisions are being made in health authorities and health boards the dogmatists are nowhere to be seen.We should now formalise the social model of resource allocation along lines that have been suggested previously.'With this method economic appraisal is but one of the four variables-with government priorities, consumer opinion, and formal needs assessment -that determine resource allocation.We would thus ensure that the NHS was, as Smyth puts it, "an element of the national apparatus of justice."
Antagonism of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 causes a selective reduction of portal vein pressure in bile duct-ligated rodents
Authors: Yuko Kageyama, Hitoshi Ikeda, Naoko Watanabe, Masakazu Nagamine, Yoshika Kusumoto, Mitsuru Yashiro, Yumiko Satoh, Tatsuo Shimosawa, Koji Shinozaki, Tomoaki Tomiya, Yukiko Inoue, Takako Nishikawa, Natsuko Ohtomo, Yasushi Tanoue, Hiromitsu Yokota, Takatoshi Koyama, Kazuhiro Ishimaru, Yasuo Okamoto, Yoh Takuwa, Kazuhiko Koike, Yutaka Yatomi
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Sinusoidal vasoconstriction, in which hepatic stellate cells operate as contractile machinery, has been suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension. We investigated whether sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) stimulates contractility of those cells and enhances portal vein pressure in isolated perfused rat livers with Rho activation by way of S1P receptor 2 (S1P2). Rho and its effector, Rho kinase, reportedly contribute to the pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Thus, a potential effect of S1P2 antagonism on portal hypertension was examined. Intravenous infusion of the S1P2 antagonist, JTE-013, at 1 mg/kg body weight reduced portal vein pressure by 24% without affecting mean arterial pressure in cirrhotic rats induced by bile duct ligation at 4 weeks after the operation, whereas the same amount of S1P2 antagonist did not alter portal vein pressure and mean arterial pressure in control sham-operated rats. Rho kinase activity in the livers was enhanced in bile duct-ligated rats compared to sham-operated rats, and this enhanced Rho kinase activity in bile duct-ligated livers was reduced after infusion of the S1P2 antagonist. S1P2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, but not S1P1 or S1P3, was increased in bile duct-ligated livers of rats and mice and also in culture-activated rat hepatic stellate cells. S1P2 expression, determined in S1P Symbol mice, was highly increased in hepatic stellate cells of bile duct-ligated livers. Furthermore, the increase of Rho kinase activity in bile duct-ligated livers was observed as early as 7 days after the operation in wildtype mice, but was less in S1P Symbol mice. Conclusion : S1P may play an important role in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension with Rho kinase activation by way of S1P2. The S1P2 antagonist merits consideration as a novel therapeutic agent for portal hypertension. (Hepatology 2012)