tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
American Diabetes Association Annual Meeting, June 2003: Gastrointestinal and dietary aspects of diabetes
Authors: Zachary T. Bloomgarden
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

At the 63rd annual scientific session of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), held in New Orleans, Louisiana, June 2003, a number of fascinating topics were discussed. This is the first of approximately six articles reviewing presentations at this meeting.

Mark Burge, Albuquerque, New Mexico, introduced the topic of diabetic gastroparesis. The role of the stomach is to mix, pulverize, and deliver food to the duodenum. Gastric motor activity is controlled by many factors, including extrinsic parasympathetic and sympathetic and intrinsic enteric nerves and hormones such as gastrin, motilin, glucagon-like peptide-1, neuropeptide-Y, and nitric oxide. The glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist NN-211 delays gastric emptying in people with diabetes and may be beneficial for the overly rapid gastric emptying, which appears to worsen postprandial glycemia, of many individuals with type 1 diabetes. Gastric peristalsis is controlled by electrical impulses originating from gastric pacemaker cells, depolarizing three times per minute, with the fundus exhibiting receptive relaxation, while the antrum has regular contractions leading to vigorous mixing and grinding. Gastroparesis is potentiated by a number of factors, including gastric dysrhythmia, discoordination of antral contractions, failure of the fundus to relax, and hypomotility or inappropriate dilation of the antrum. Nausea, particularly following meals, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating with malodorous eructation, early satiety, and anorexia are usual symptoms, although not typically with weight loss, which may indicate an eating disorder or additional gastrointestinal illness.

There is poor relationship between the severity of gastropathy and the symptoms exhibited by a given person. For many patients, erratic glycemia, Burge noted, are “the only clue.” This is complicated, however, as hyperglycemia delays gastric emptying of solids and liquids in individuals without diabetes; therefore, those with poorly controlled diabetes may only appear to have gastroparesis, showing the importance of achieving glycemic control. As symptoms alone are insufficient, it is important to …
The clinical implication and molecular mechanism of preferential IL-4 production by modified glycolipid-stimulated NKT cells
Authors: Shinji Oki, Asako Chiba, Takashi Yamamura, Sachiko Miyake
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

OCH, a sphingosine-truncated analog of α-galactosylceramide (αGC), is a potential therapeutic reagent for a variety of Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases through its selective induction of Th2 cytokines from natural killer T (NKT) cells. We demonstrate here that the NKT cell production of IFN-γ is more susceptible to the sphingosine length of glycolipid ligand than that of IL-4 and that the length of the sphingosine chain determines the duration of NKT cell stimulation by CD1d-associated glycolipids. Furthermore, IFN-γ production by NKT cells requires longer T cell receptor stimulation than is required for IL-4 production by NKT cells stimulated either with immobilized mAb to CD3 or with immobilized "αGC-loaded" CD1d molecules. Interestingly, transcription of IFN-γ but not that of IL-4 was sensitive to cycloheximide treatment, indicating the intrinsic involvement of de novo protein synthesis for IFN-γ production by NKT cells. Finally, we determined c-Rel was preferentially transcribed in αGC-stimulated but not in OCH-stimulated NKT cells and was essential for IFN-γ production by activated NKT cells. Given the dominant immune regulation by the remarkable cytokine production of ligand-stimulated NKT cells in vivo, in comparison with that of (antigen-specific) T cells or NK cells, the current study confirms OCH as a likely therapeutic reagent for use against Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases and provides a novel clue for the design of drugs targeting NKT cells.
Reconsideration of the Lifetime Ban on Blood Donation by Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: I. Glenn Cohen, Jeremy Feigenbaum, Eli Y. Adashi
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Parental understanding of wheeze and its impact on asthma prevalence estimates
Authors: G. Michel, M. Silverman, M-P. F. Strippoli, M. Zwahlen, A. M. Brooke, J. Grigg, C. E. Kuehni
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

The epidemiology of wheeze in children, when assessed by questionnaires, is dependent on parents' understanding of the term “wheeze”. In a questionnaire survey of a random population sample of 4,236 children aged 6–10 yrs, parents' definition of wheeze was assessed. Predictors of a correct definition were determined and the potential impact of incorrect answers on prevalence estimates from the survey was assessed. Current wheeze was reported by 13.2% of children. Overall, 83.5% of parents correctly identified “whistling or squeaking” as the definition of wheeze; the proportion was higher for parents reporting wheezy children (90.4%). Frequent attacks of reported wheeze (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.0), maternal history of asthma (OR 1.5) and maternal education (OR 1.5) were significantly associated with a correct answer, while the converse was found for South Asian ethnicity (OR 0.6), first language not English (OR 0.6) and living in a deprived neighbourhood (OR 0.6). In summary, the present study showed that misunderstanding could lead to an important bias in assessing the prevalence of wheeze, resulting in an underestimation in children from South Asian and deprived family backgrounds. Prevalence estimates for the most severe categories of wheeze might be less affected by this bias and questionnaire surveys on wheeze should incorporate measures of parents' understanding of the term wheeze.
Intracellular activation of digestive zymogens in rat pancreatic acini. Stimulation by high doses of cholecystokinin.
Authors: S D Leach, I M Modlin, G A Scheele, F S Gorelick
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

The mechanism by which digestive zymogens become activated during acute pancreatitis remains poorly understood. Given the ability for cholecystokinin (CCK) to induce pancreatitis in vivo, the effects of high dose CCK on preparations of isolated pancreatic acini were examined. Using an immunologic technique for the detection of zymogen activation, CCK was found to stimulate the conversion of procarboxypeptidase A1 to a 35-kD form having the same net charge and electrophoretic mobility as purified recombinant carboxypeptidase A1. This enhanced conversion was proportional to the dose of CCK (maximal at 100 nM), and time dependent. CCK also produced changes in the electrophoretic mobility of procarboxypeptidase B and chymotrypsinogen 2 immunoreactivity, consistent with activation of these zymogens. These events were detectable only within acinar cell pellets and not in the incubation medium, suggesting an intracellular site of conversion. The conversion of procarboxypeptidase A1 to its active form was inhibited by pretreatment with the weak base chloroquine (40 microM) and the protonophore monensin (10 microM). This conversion was also inhibited by pretreatment with the serine protease inhibitor benzamidine (10 mM) but not the cysteine protease inhibitor E64 (100 microM). The results suggest that high dose CCK stimulates the intracellular activation of digestive zymogens within isolated pancreatic acini. This event appears to require an acidic subcellular compartment and serine protease activity.
Caring for Women's Health -- What Is the Problem?
Authors: Marcia Angell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

In this issue of the Journal are three articles about the health of women. Nanette Wenger and her colleagues1 review what is known about the differences in cardiovascular health between men and women: cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women as well as men, although it occurs later in life; it is less likely to be treated aggressively in women, and the mortality is higher. Ruth Merkatz and others at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)2 review the recent reversal of the agency's policy that excluded women of reproductive age from participating in new drug studies; according . . .
Parent Report of Mealtime Behavior and Parenting Stress in Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes and in Healthy Control Subjects
Authors: Scott W. Powers, Kelly C. Byars, Monica J. Mitchell, Susana R. Patton, Debbie A. Standiford, Lawrence M. Dolan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

OBJECTIVE—This study assessed parent report of mealtime behavior and parenting stress in preschoolers with type 1 diabetes. It was hypothesized that children with type 1 diabetes would be seen as exhibiting more mealtime behavior problems and that their parents would evidence greater parenting stress when compared with healthy subjects. It was also hypothesized that report of mealtime behavior problems would be positively correlated with parenting stress. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 40 children (aged 1–6 years) with type 1 diabetes were recruited from a pediatric hospital. Another 40 children matched for age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic status were used as control subjects. Reliable and valid parent report measures, such as the Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale and the Parenting Stress Index, were used for data collection. RESULTS—Parents of children with type 1 diabetes reported more behavioral feeding problems than parents of healthy control subjects. Additionally, parents of children with type 1 diabetes reported higher frequencies of parenting behaviors associated with poor nutritional intake and a greater number of parenting problems concerning mealtimes when compared with parents of healthy control subjects. Parents of children with type 1 diabetes also reported higher stress levels than parents of control subjects. A moderate relationship between mealtime behavior problems and general parenting stress was observed for families coping with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS—Mealtime problems reported in preschool children with type 1 diabetes are appropriate targets for behavioral intervention. Behavioral observation techniques and training in child behavior management skills should be used in future research aimed at assessing and treating barriers to effective nutrition management in young children with type 1 diabetes.
Adjuvant Therapy in Lymph Node–Positive Vulvar Cancer: The AGO-CaRE-1 Study
Authors: Sven Mahner, Julia Jueckstock, Felix Hilpert, Petra Neuser, Philipp Harter, Nikolaus de Gregorio, Annette Hasenburg, Jalid Sehouli, Annika Habermann, Peter Hillemanns, Sophie Fuerst, Hans-Georg Strauss, Klaus Baumann, Falk Thiel, Alexander Mustea, Werner Meier, Andreas du Bois, Lis-Femke Griebel, Linn Woelber
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2015)

Background:Women with node-positive vulvar cancer have a high risk for disease recurrence. Indication criteria for adjuvant radiotherapy are controversial. This study was designed to further understand the role of adjuvant therapy in node-positive disease.
Pericardiectomy in children.
Authors: R L Van Der Horst, B T Le Roux
Journal: Thorax (1976)

Thirty-five children under 16 years of age were prepared for pericardiectomy on account of constrictive pericarditis; three died in the immediate preparatory period. Pericardiectomy was undertaken in 32; in 28 the cause was tuberculous. The purpose of this report is to draw attention to the high incidence of constrictive pericarditis in African children in Natal.
Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease and Nocturnin in squamous cell lung cancer: prognostic value and impact on gene expression
Authors: Panagiotis Maragozidis, Eirini Papanastasi, Diana Scutelnic, Athina Totomi, Ioanna Kokkori, Sotirios G. Zarogiannis, Theodora Kerenidi, Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis, Nikolaos A. A. Balatsos
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2015)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, mainly due to late diagnosis, poor prognosis and tumor heterogeneity. Thus, the need for biomarkers that will aid classification, treatment and monitoring remains intense and challenging and depends on the better understanding of the tumor pathobiology and underlying mechanisms. The deregulation of gene expression is a hallmark of cancer and a critical parameter is the stability of mRNAs that may lead to increased oncogene and/or decreased tumor suppressor transcript and protein levels. The shortening of mRNA poly(A) tails determines mRNA stability, as it is usually the first step in mRNA degradation, and is catalyzed by deadenylases. Herein, we assess the clinical significance of deadenylases and we study their role on gene expression in squamous cell lung carcinoma (SCC). Computational transcriptomic analysis from a publicly available microarray was performed in order to examine the expression of deadenylases in SCC patient samples. Subsequently we employed real-time PCR in clinical samples in order to validate the bioinformatics results regarding the gene expression of deadenylases. Selected deadenylases were silenced in NCI-H520 and Hep2 human cancer cell lines and the effect on gene expression was analyzed with cDNA microarrays. The in silico analysis revealed that the expression of several deadenylases is altered in SCC. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that four deadenylases, PARN, CNOT6, CNOT7 and NOC, are differentially expressed in our SCC clinical samples. PARN overexpression correlated with younger patient age and CNOT6 overexpression with non-metastatic tumors. Kaplan-Meier analysis suggests that increased levels of PARN and NOC correlate with significantly increased survival. Gene expression analysis upon PARN and NOC silencing in lung cancer cells revealed gene expression deregulation that was functionally enriched for gene ontologies related to cell adhesion, cell junction, muscle contraction and metabolism. Our results highlight the clinical significance of PARN and NOC on the survival in SCC diagnosed patients. We demonstrate that the enzymes are implicated in important phenotypes pertinent to cancer biology and provide information on their role in the regulation of gene expression in SCC. Overall, our results support an emerging role for deadenylases in SCC and contribute to the understanding of their role in cancer biology.
RIFINs are adhesins implicated in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Authors: Suchi Goel, Mia Palmkvist, Kirsten Moll, Nicolas Joannin, Patricia Lara, Reetesh R Akhouri, Nasim Moradi, Karin Öjemalm, Mattias Westman, Davide Angeletti, Hanna Kjellin, Janne Lehtiö, Ola Blixt, Lars Ideström, Carl G Gahmberg, Jill R Storry, Annika K Hult, Martin L Olsson, Gunnar von Heijne, IngMarie Nilsson, Mats Wahlgren
Journal: Nature Medicine (2015)
Cutaneous Active Vasodilation in Humans Is Mediated by Cholinergic Nerve Cotransmission
Authors: Dean L. Kellogg, Pablo E. Pérgola, Kenneth L. Piest, Wojciech A. Kosiba, Craig G. Crandall, Mattias Grossmann, John M. Johnson
Journal: Circulation Research (1995)

Abstract During heat stress, increases in blood flow in nonglabrous skin in humans are mediated through active vasodilation by an unknown neurotransmitter mechanism. To investigate this mechanism, a three-part study was performed to determine the following: (1) Is muscarinic receptor activation necessary for active cutaneous vasodilation? We iontophoretically applied atropine to a small area of forearm skin. At that site and an untreated control site, we measured the vasomotor (laser-Doppler blood flow [LDF]) and sudomotor (relative humidity) responses to whole-body heat stress. Blood pressure was monitored. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated (LDF÷mean arterial pressure). Sweating was blocked at treated sites only. CVC rose at both sites ( P &lt;.05 at each site); thus, cutaneous active vasodilation is not effected through muscarinic receptors. (2) Are nonmuscarinic cholinergic receptors present on cutaneous arterioles? Acetylcholine (ACh) was iontophoretically applied to forearm skin at sites pretreated by atropine iontophoresis and at untreated sites. ACh increased CVC at untreated sites ( P &lt;.05) but not at atropinized sites. Thus, the only functional cholinergic receptors on cutaneous vessels are muscarinic. (3) Does cutaneous active vasodilation involve cholinergic nerve cotransmission? Botulinum toxin was injected intradermally in the forearm to block release of ACh and any coreleased neurotransmitters. Heat stress was performed as in part 1 of the study. At treated sites, CVC and relative humidity remained at baseline levels during heat stress ( P &gt;.05). Active vasodilator and sudomotor responses to heat stress were abolished by botulinum toxin. We conclude that cholinergic nerve activation mediates cutaneous active vasodilation through release of an unknown cotransmitter, not through ACh.
Emergent group traits, reproduction, and levels of selection
Authors: Samir Okasha
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract All group traits, “emergent” or otherwise, are ultimately dependent on the traits and behaviours of the individuals that constitute the group. Unless a process of “group reproduction” is envisaged, this means that the evolution of group traits can in principle be studied in an individualistic way, by studying the dynamics of the underlying individual traits on which they depend.
Essential Requirement for PP2A Inhibition by the Oncogenic Receptor c-KIT Suggests PP2A Reactivation as a Strategy to Treat c-KIT+ Cancers
Authors: Kathryn G. Roberts, Amanda M. Smith, Fiona McDougall, Helen Carpenter, Martin Horan, Paolo Neviani, Jason A. Powell, Daniel Thomas, Mark A. Guthridge, Danilo Perrotti, Alistair T.R. Sim, Leonie K. Ashman, Nicole M. Verrills
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Oncogenic mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase c-KIT play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, systemic mastocytosis, and some acute myeloid leukemias (AML). Although juxtamembrane mutations commonly detected in gastrointestinal stromal tumor are sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the kinase domain mutations frequently encountered in systemic mastocytosis and AML confer resistance and are largely unresponsive to targeted inhibition by the existing agent imatinib. In this study, we show that myeloid cells expressing activated c-KIT mutants that are imatinib sensitive (V560G) or imatinib resistant (D816V) can inhibit the tumor suppressor activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). This effect was associated with the reduced expression of PP2A structural (A) and regulatory subunits (B55α, B56α, B56γ, and B56δ). Overexpression of PP2A-Aα in D816V c-KIT cells induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation. In addition, pharmacologic activation of PP2A by FTY720 reduced proliferation, inhibited clonogenic potential, and induced apoptosis of mutant c-KIT+ cells, while having no effect on wild-type c-KIT cells or empty vector controls. FTY720 treatment caused the dephosphorylation of the D816V c-KIT receptor and its downstream signaling targets pAkt, pSTAT5, and pERK1/2. Additionally, in vivo administration of FTY720 delayed the growth of V560G and D816V c-KIT tumors, inhibited splenic and bone marrow infiltration, and prolonged survival. Our findings show that PP2A inhibition is essential for c-KIT–mediated tumorigenesis, and that reactivating PP2A may offer an attractive strategy to treat drug-resistant c-KIT+ cancers. Cancer Res; 70(13); 5438–47. ©2010 AACR.
Quantitative Assessment of Alterations in Regional Left Ventricular Contractility With Color-Coded Tissue Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: John Gorcsan, David P. Strum, William A. Mandarino, Vijay K. Gulati, Michael R. Pinsky
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a novel method of color-coding myocardial velocity on-line. The objective of the present study was to evaluate endocardial velocity with TDI as a method of objectively quantifying alterations in regional contractility over a wide range induced by inotropic modulation. Methods and Results Myocardial length crystals were used to simultaneously assess regional left ventricular (LV) function, and high-fidelity pressure and conductance catheters were used to assess global LV contractility by pressure-volume relations in nine open-chest dogs. Mid-LV M-mode and two-dimensional color TDI images were recorded during control and inotropic modulation stages with dobutamine and esmolol. Predicted significant increases in TDI indices occurred with dobutamine: peak systolic velocity of 4.41±1.07 to 6.67±1.07 cm/s*, systolic time-velocity integral (TVI) of 0.43±0.12 to 0.62±0.10 cm*, and diastolic TVI of 0.49±0.11 to 0.71±0.17 cm*. Opposing significant decreases occurred with esmolol: peak systolic velocity of 4.46±0.94 to 2.31±0.81 cm/s*, systolic TVI of 0.47±0.12 to 0.19±0.11 cm*, and diastolic TVI of 0.55±0.11 to 0.33±0.11 cm* (*all P &lt;.001 versus control). Changes in TDI peak systolic velocity were correlated with changes in fractional shortening ( r =.88) and shortening velocity ( r =.87) by sonomicrometry. Changes in TDI peak velocity from multiple mid-LV sites also correlated significantly with maximal elastance ( r =.85±.04) from pressure-volume relations. Conclusions TDI measures reflect directional and incremental alterations in regional and global LV contractility and have the potential to quantify regional LV function.