tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Endovascular Therapies for Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Christopher J. White, William A. Gray
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Peripheral arterial disease is one manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease increases with the age of the population. It is important to remember the significant association of coincident coronary artery disease, which is the major cause of mortality in these patients. Remarkable technological advances in the past decade, along with patient preference, have shifted revascularization strategies from traditional open surgical approaches toward lower-morbidity percutaneous endovascular treatments. The availability of stents, more than any other advance, has fueled the growth of catheter-based procedures by improving the safety, durability, and predictability of percutaneous revascularization.
Remarks on CONSERVATIVE GYNAECOLOGICAL SURGERY
Authors: W. B. Bell
Journal: BMJ (1931)

Graves of Harvard University, spoken in 1927 at the British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology22:Conservative surgery of the pelvis is one of the most important branches of all gynaecology, in that its proper performance requires great skill, expert judgement, and a thorough knowledge of pelvic pathology.Succe ss depends, therefore, in a great measure on the indlividual capacity of the operator."
High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity as a Risk Factor for Secondary Prevention After Coronary Stent Revascularization
Authors: Gilles Montalescot, Grégoire Rangé, Johanne Silvain, Jean-Louis Bonnet, Ziad Boueri, Olivier Barthélémy, Guillaume Cayla, Loic Belle, Eric Van Belle, Thomas Cuisset, Simon Elhadad, Christophe Pouillot, Patrick Henry, Pascal Motreff, Didier Carrié, Hélène Rousseau, Pierre Aubry, Jacques Monségu, Pierre Sabouret, Stephen A. O’Connor, Jérémie Abtan, Mathieu Kerneis, Christophe Saint-Etienne, Farzin Beygui, Eric Vicaut, Jean-Philippe Collet
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Background— Individualizing antiplatelet therapy after platelet function testing did not improve outcome after coronary stenting in the Assessment by a Double Randomization of a Conventional Antiplatelet Strategy Versus a Monitoring-Guided Strategy for Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation and of Treatment Interruption Versus Continuation One Year After Stenting (ARCTIC) study. Whether results are different during the phase of secondary prevention starting after hospital discharge, when periprocedural events have been excluded, is unknown. Methods and Results— In ARCTIC, 2440 patients were randomized before coronary stenting to a strategy of platelet function monitoring (VerifyNow P2Y 12 /aspirin point-of-care assay) with drug adjustment in suboptimal responders to antiplatelet therapy or to a conventional strategy without monitoring and without drug or dose changes. We performed a landmark analysis starting at the time of hospital discharge evaluating the primary end point of death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, or urgent revascularization through 1 year. After discharge, the primary end point occurred in 8.6% of patients in the monitoring arm and 7.9% in the conventional arm (hazard ratio, 1.105; 95% confidence interval, 0.835–1.461; P =0.48). Stent thrombosis or urgent revascularization occurred in 4.4% and 4.5% in the monitoring and conventional arms, respectively ( P =0.99). There was no difference for any of the other ischemic end points. Major bleeding event rates were 1.8% in the monitoring arm and 2.8% in the conventional arm ( P =0.11), whereas major or minor bleeding event rates were 2.3% and 3.4%, respectively ( P =0.10). Conclusions— Detection of platelet hyper-reactivity by platelet function testing in patients undergoing coronary stenting with further therapeutic adjustment does not reduce ischemic recurrences after intervention. On-treatment platelet hyperreactivity cannot be considered as a risk factor requiring intervention for secondary prevention after percutaneous coronary revascularization. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00827411.
The Vitamin D Endocrine System: Steroid Metabolism, Hormone Receptors, and Biological Response (Calcium Binding Proteins)*
Authors: ANTHONY W. NORMAN, JÜRGEN ROTH, LELIO ORCI
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1982)

Vitamin D is generally accepted as being essential for life in higher animals (278). It is one of the most important biological regulators of calcium and phosphorus (406) metabolism. Along with the two peptide hormones PTH and calcitonin, vitamin D is responsible for the minute-to-minute as well as the day-to-day establishment and maintenance of calcium homeostasis. The substance vitamin D, or cholecalciferol, was first identified through the nutritional studies of Sir Edward Mellanby (243), which identified rickets as a disease state resulting from a deficiency of vitamin D, as well as through the biochemical/chemical studies of McCollum and co-workers (242), who demonstrated that there was more than one fat-soluble vitamin. Together these studies established a deficiency state, namely rickets, which was attributable to the newly discovered, nutritionally important fat-soluble component, vitamin D. In retrospect, however, the most important discovery related to the appreciation by Huldschinsky (167, 168) and Hess and Gutman (148) of the importance of ultraviolet light or radiant energy to the cure and etiology of rickets; they showed that the UV rays from a mercury vapor lamp were quite effective in increasing the degree of calcification of the epiphyses of rachitic infants.
High-dose cyclophosphamide with autologous lymphocyte–depleted peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) support for treatment of refractory chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Richard D. Huhn, Patrick F. Fogarty, Ryotaro Nakamura, Elizabeth J. Read, Susan F. Leitman, Margaret E. Rick, Janice Kimball, Adeira Greene, Kristin Hansmann, Alois Gratwohl, Neal Young, A. John Barrett, Cynthia E. Dunbar
Journal: Blood (2002)
Intracellular serpin SERPINB6 (PI6) is abundantly expressed by human mast cells and forms complexes with β-tryptase monomers
Authors: Merel C. M. Strik, Angela Wolbink, Dorine Wouters, Bellinda A. Bladergroen, Angelique R. Verlaan, Inge S. van Houdt, Sanne Hijlkema, C. Erik Hack, J. Alain Kummer
Journal: Blood (2003)
Dry air-induced late phase responses in the canine lung periphery
Authors: AN Freed, None Adkinson NF
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1990)

Although controversial, late phase responses in asthmatic subjects have been reported several hours after exercise. We previously showed that exposure to dry air increases collateral system resistance (Rcs) in the canine lung periphery, and produces acute airway responses analogous to those that characterize human exercise-induced asthma. We used a dual wedged bronchoscope technique in anaesthetized male mongrel dogs to monitor Rcs in: 1) control segments continuously exposed to 200 ml.min-1 of 5% CO2 in air and 2) dry air challenged segments exposed to 2000 ml.min-1 5% CO2 for 5 min. We examined Rcs at 5 min and approximately 5 h post-challenge in an attempt to document late phase airway obstruction. Five min after dry air challenge Rcs initially increased 114 +/- SE 22%; contralateral control segments remained unchanged (n = 9). Five hour post-challenge, Rcs in dry air exposed segments was elevated 81 +/- 20% above pre-challenge baseline (p less than 0.01); contralateral control segments did not change significantly over the 5 h period. Cell profile analyses of lavage samples at 5 hours revealed that neutrophils and eosinophils were significantly increased (p less than 0.03) in dry air challenged segments when compared to controls. Leukotriene C4/D4 concentration in lavage was correlated (p less than 0.02) with neutrophil infiltration. Thus, we conclude that the canine lung periphery represents a reproducible model of a dry air-induced late phase reaction.
“A Disease Like Any Other”? A Decade of Change in Public Reactions to Schizophrenia, Depression, and Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Bernice A. Pescosolido, Jack K. Martin, J. Scott Long, Tait R. Medina, Jo C. Phelan, Bruce G. Link
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2010)

Objective: Clinicians, advocates, and policy makers have presented mental illnesses as medical diseases in efforts to overcome low service use, poor adherence rates, and stigma. The authors examined the impact of this approach with a 10-year comparison of public endorsement of treatment and prejudice. Method: The authors analyzed responses to vignettes in the mental health modules of the 1996 and 2006 General Social Survey describing individuals meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, major depression, and alcohol dependence to explore whether more of the public 1) embraces neurobiological understandings of mental illness; 2) endorses treatment from providers, including psychiatrists; and 3) reports community acceptance or rejection of people with these disorders. Multivariate analyses examined whether acceptance of neurobiological causes increased treatment support and lessened stigma. Results: In 2006, 67% of the public attributed major depression to neurobiological causes, compared with 54% in 1996. High proportions of respondents endorsed treatment, with general increases in the proportion endorsing treatment from doctors and specific increases in the proportions endorsing psychiatrists for treatment of alcohol dependence (from 61% in 1996 to 79% in 2006) and major depression (from 75% in 1996 to 85% in 2006). Social distance and perceived danger associated with people with these disorders did not decrease significantly. Holding a neurobiological conception of these disorders increased the likelihood of support for treatment but was generally unrelated to stigma. Where associated, the effect was to increase, not decrease, community rejection. Conclusions: More of the public embraces a neurobiological understanding of mental illness. This view translates into support for services but not into a decrease in stigma. Reconfiguring stigma reduction strategies may require providers and advocates to shift to an emphasis on competence and inclusion.
NOD2 mutations and Crohn's disease: are Paneth cells and their antimicrobial peptides the link?
Authors: M C Grimm
Journal: Gut (2004)

There is evidence that CARD15/NOD2 variants in Crohn’s disease are associated with diminished mucosal α-defensin production, resulting in impaired innate immunity

Paneth cells (reviewed by Cunliffe and colleagues1,2) are granulated epithelial cells found at the base of small intestinal crypts. They are most numerous in the terminal ileum and are not found in the normal colon. They secrete a variety of antimicrobial peptides and proteins, including α-defensins, lysozyme, and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), in response to bacterial products and cholinergic agents. There is a link between intestinal inflammation and Paneth cell number. In mouse models of enteric infection, Paneth cell hyperplasia occurs in response to signals from activated T cells, in mouse models of ileocolitis there is Paneth cell metaplasia, and in inflammatory bowel disease, Paneth cell metaplasia is also seen in the colon. Parasite infestations also induce an increase in the number of Paneth cells in the murine small intestine.

Defensins (reviewed by Ganz3) are a family of small (29–45 amino acid) cationic antimicrobial peptides that are divided into two main classes, the α- and β-defensins, on the basis of their disulphide bond pairing pattern. They are encoded by single genes as prepropeptides, which are then processed to mature active forms. The mammalian defensin genes probably evolved from a single ancestral gene but because of selection pressure and rapid evolution, comparisons between species is difficult.4

Six α-defensins have been identified in humans: four are neutrophil peptides and two human defensins (HD-5 and HD-6) are expressed in intestinal Paneth cells. HD-5 is expressed in Paneth cells of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, but is not found in the normal stomach or colon. In cases of gastritis, Crohn’s colitis, and ulcerative colitis, HD-5 is expressed in metaplastic Paneth cells.

In vitro, α-defensins have broad spectrum …
Absence of Detectable HIV-1 Viremia after Treatment Cessation in an Infant
Authors: Deborah Persaud, Hannah Gay, Carrie Ziemniak, Ya Hui Chen, Michael Piatak, Tae-Wook Chun, Matthew Strain, Douglas Richman, Katherine Luzuriaga
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

An infant born to a woman with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection began receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) 30 hours after birth owing to high-risk exposure.ART was continued when detection of HIV-1 DNA and RNA on repeat testing met the standard diagnostic criteria for infection.After therapy was discontinued (when the child was 18 months of age), levels of plasma HIV-1 RNA, proviral DNA in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells, and HIV-1 antibodies, as assessed by means of clinical assays, remained undetectable in the child through 30 months of age.This case suggests that very early ART in infants may alter the establishment and long-term persistence of HIV-1 infection.
Liability Crisis or Insurance Problem?
Authors: R. Clark Gillett
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Mr Eugene Pavalon's letter<sup>1</sup>was offered as an attempt to bring some reason to the acrimonious debate over the malpractice issue. Unfortunately, save for the absence of the usual gratuitous criticisms of the medical profession common to statements by the plaintiff's bar, his letter breaks no new ground. Instead, we read an implicit plea for the two professions to unite against a common scapegoat—the insurance industry. Would that the issue were so simple. Those proposing reforms of the legal system are met by arguments such as those of Mr Pavalon, accusing them of attempting "the dismantling of our civil justice system" and the imposition of arbitrary restrictions on the rights of the people. One might even be persuaded that in their zeal to prevent the ravaging of the Constitution, the effect of such proposed changes on the size and number of contingency fees never entered the
Aplidin in patients with advanced dedifferentiated liposarcomas: a French Sarcoma Group Single-Arm Phase II study
Authors: M. Toulmonde, A. Le Cesne, S. Piperno-Neumann, N. Penel, C. Chevreau, F. Duffaud, C. Bellera, A. Italiano
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)
On computational and behavioral evidence regarding Hebbian transcortical cell assemblies
Authors: Michael Spivey, Mark Andrews, Daniel Richardson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Pulverm&amp;uuml;ller restricts himself to an unnecessarily narrow range of evidence to support his claims. Evidence from neural modeling and behavioral experiments provides further support for an account of words encoded as transcortical cell assemblies. A cognitive neuroscience of language must include a range of methodologies (e.g., neural, computational, and behavioral) and will need to focus on the on-line processes of real-time language processing in more natural contexts.
Cardiac sarcoid: a clinicopathologic study of 84 unselected patients with systemic sarcoidosis.
Authors: K J Silverman, G M Hutchins, B H Bulkley
Journal: Circulation (1978)

Although sarcoid may involve the myocardium, there is little information on its incidence or significance. We studied 84 consecutive autopsied patients with sarcoidosis. The patients ranged in age from 18--80 years (average 46 years) and 61% were women; 23 (27%) of them had myocardial granulomas. In eight (35%) these were clinically silent, and in 15 (65%) there was a history of heart failure and/or arrhythmias and conduction defects. Of the 23 patients, only four (17%) had grossly evident, widespread myocardial lesions: three of these four (75%) had documented arrhythmias. All four had sudden, unexpected death at an average age of 36 years; in only two had sarcoid been suspected during life. The other 19 patients (83%) had microscopically evident granulomatous involvement. Of these, eight (42%) had a thythm or conduction disturbance and three (16%) sudden death, although none of those who suffered sudden death had a recognized rhythm or conduction disturbance. Nine (15%) of those without cardiac sarcoidosis had a rhythm or conduction disturbance and eight (13%) suffered a sudden death. The results show that although myocardial involvement occurs in at least 25% of patients with sarcoid, it most often involves a small portion of myocardium and is clinically silent. Since some of the 61 patients in whom myocardial lesions were not identified may still have had small microscopic granulomas, the true incidence of myocardial sarcoid may be even greater than suggested here. Rhythm and conduction disturbances are more common in the cardiac sarcoid group, but the findings suggest that only the small subset of patients with severe, grossly evident myocardial sarcoid are at increased risk for sudden death.
Adductor Pollicis Twitch Tension Assessed by Magnetic Stimulation of the Ulnar Nerve
Authors: MARY LOUISE HARRIS, YUAN M. LUO, ANNA C. WATSON, GERRARD F. RAFFERTY, MICHAEL I. POLKEY, MALCOM GREEN, JOHN MOXHAM
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Many critically ill patients develop significant skeletal muscle weakness in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), which ultimately may cause difficulties in weaning from mechanical ventilation and a protracted, expensive ICU stay. Reliable monitoring of muscle strength in this environment is difficult. The purpose of this study was to develop a reproducible, nonvolitional method of measuring adductor pollicis (AP) muscle function by magnetic stimulation of the ulnar nerve (MSUN) that could be applied to patients in the ICU and operating theater (OT). Fifty subjects (32 healthy control subjects [12 of whom were elderly], 12 ICU patients with critical illness [mean APACHE II score 20], and six otherwise healthy patients requiring minor surgery in the OT) received MSUN. In 12 of the normal subjects electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve (ESUN) and MSUN were compared and AP twitch tension (Tw AP) and surface electromyogram (EMG) were measured. Close agreement was found between supramaximal Tw AP (median [95% CI] for MSUN 6.3 N [5–7.2 N] and ESUN 6.9 N [5.2–7.8 N] [p = NS]). Median (95% CI) values with MSUN for the 20 young and 12 elderly control subjects were 6.9 N (5.3–7.4 N) and 7.1 N (4.4–9.8 N). Median (95% CI) Tw AP for the ICU group was 4.2 (2.2–6.7 N) and for the OT group was 5.8 (4–9.1 N). Tw AP was significantly reduced in ICU patients compared with age-matched controls (p = 0.01). MSUN can be used to measure neuromuscular function in both the laboratory and clinical settings including the ICU.
AMSSM thematic issue: care of the female athlete
Authors: Elizabeth A Joy, Kelsey Logan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Athletic opportunities for females have come a long way since the passage of Title IX in the USA in 1972, and the first Olympic women's marathon in 1984. More than three million girls participate in high-school sports each year in the USA; there have been consecutive increases in participation in the past 24 years. With a steady rise in participation, come the positives and negatives. The positives range from improved academic performance in school age individuals to enhanced well-being in older athletes, in addition to many other benefits that extend across the lifespan. Negative consequences are inevitable, but are largely preventable. In this issue, several articles highlight the impact of sports and exercise on the health of female athletes.

Dr De Souza and colleagues1 review the existing literature and present guidelines on clearance …
Negative Chronotropic Effect of Endothelin 1 Mediated Through ET <sub>A</sub> Receptors in Guinea Pig Atria
Authors: Kageyoshi Ono, Koji Eto, Aiji Sakamoto, Tomoh Masaki, Katsushi Shibata, Toshio Sada, Keitaro Hashimoto, Gozoh Tsujimoto
Journal: Circulation Research (1995)

Abstract Endothelins exert potent excitatory cardiac effects by acting on specific receptors on myocytes. In this study, we have examined the signal transduction mechanism for the chronotropic effect of endothelins in guinea pig atria. A competition binding of [ 125 I]endothelin 1 ([ 125 I]ET-1) using the recently developed ET A receptor–selective antagonist BQ123 showed the presence of almost equal populations of ET A (44%) and ET B (56%) receptors in the guinea pig right atria. In a concentration-response study, endothelin 3 (ET-3), an agonist with higher affinity to ET B receptors than to ET A receptors, and sarafotoxin S6c (STXS6c), an ET B receptor–selective agonist, increased the rate of spontaneous beating at all concentrations tested (10 pmol/L to 100 nmol/L). In contrast, ET-1, a nonselective agonist, increased the heart rate at lower concentrations (10 pmol/L to 10 nmol/L) but decreased it at higher concentrations (30 to 100 nmol/L). When ET-1 (100 nmol/L) was applied in a single amount, heart rate was strongly increased; however, this increase was followed by a rapid decline in the response. ET-1 (100 nmol/L) but not ET-3 or STXS6c significantly reduced the heart rate when it was raised by isoproterenol (ISO, 300 nmol/L) either in the absence or presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Correspondingly, ET-1 significantly reduced the ISO-induced elevation of cAMP accumulation (19.1±1.7 pmol/mg protein [n=8] and 12.6±1.2 pmol/mg protein [n=7] in the absence and presence of ET-1, respectively; P &lt;.01), which was also observed even in the presence of IBMX. Treatment with BQ123 (1 μmol/L) abolished these inhibitory effects of ET-1 on both the chronotropy and the cAMP accumulation. Also, pretreatment of guinea pigs with pertussis toxin (5 μg/100 g body wt IV) abolished the inhibitory effects of ET-1. These data showed that ET A receptors are involved in an inhibitory cardiac action of endothelins, which is coupled to a pertussis toxin–sensitive G protein/adenylate cyclase inhibition pathway. This ET A receptor–mediated inhibitory action gives new insights into understanding physiological and pathophysiological modulations of cardiac functions by endothelins.
The Circulatory Adjustments to Posthemorrhagic Anemia in Dogs
Authors: J. D. HATCHER, F. A. SUNAHARA, O. G. EDHOLM, J. M. WOOLNER
Journal: Circulation Research (1954)

Several measures of cardiovascular function were made in nine dogs before, during, and after the production of anemia by daily venesections. Stress is laid on the time sequence of the various changes in the circulation and their relation to each other. From the results obtained it was concluded that the elevated cardiac output observed in anemia was not the result of an increase in right atrial pressure or a decrease in tissue oxygen tension, per se. It is suggested that the increased cardiac output may be due to a slowly elaborated or slow-acting humoral agent produced as a result of tissue anoxia.
Immediate delivery versus expectant monitoring for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation (HYPITAT-II): an open-label, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kim Broekhuijsen, Gert-Jan van Baaren, Maria G van Pampus, Wessel Ganzevoort, J Marko Sikkema, Mallory D Woiski, Martijn A Oudijk, Kitty W M Bloemenkamp, Hubertina C J Scheepers, Henk A Bremer, Robbert J P Rijnders, Aren J van Loon, Denise A M Perquin, Jan M J Sporken, Dimitri N M Papatsonis, Marloes E van Huizen, Corla B Vredevoogd, Jozien T J Brons, Mesrure Kaplan, Anton H van Kaam, Henk Groen, Martina M Porath, Paul P van den Berg, Ben W J Mol, Maureen T M Franssen, Josje Langenveld
Journal: The Lancet (2015)