tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Relationships and Biogeography of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) with Implications Regarding Its Role as Host of the Human Bloodfluke, Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Randall J. DeJong, Jess A. T. Morgan, W. Lobato Paraense, Jean-Pierre Pointier, Manuel Amarista, Patrick F. K. Ayeh-Kumi, Ahmed Babiker, Constança S. Barbosa, Philippe Brémond, Andrés Pedro Canese, Cecilia Pereira de Souza, Claudio Dominguez, Sharon File, Alfredo Gutierrez, R. Nino Incani, Toshie Kawano, Francis Kazibwe, John Kpikpi, Nicholas J. S. Lwambo, Remy Mimpfoundi, Flobert Njiokou, Jean Noël Poda, M. Sene, Luz Elena Velásquez, Mary Yong, Coen M. Adema, Bruce V. Hofkin, Gerald M. Mkoji, Eric S. Loker
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

The wide geographic distribution of Schistosoma mansoni, a digenetic trematode and parasite of humans, is determined by the occurrence of its intermediate hosts, freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria (Preston 1910). We present phylogenetic analyses of 23 species of Biomphalaria, 16 Neotropical and seven African, including the most important schistosome hosts, using partial mitochondrial ribosomal 16S and complete nuclear ribosomal ITS1 and ITS2 nucleotide sequences. A dramatically better resolution was obtained by combining the data sets as opposed to analyzing each separately, indicating that there is additive congruent signal in each data set. Neotropical species are basal, and all African species are derived, suggesting an American origin for the genus. We confirm that a proto-Biomphalaria glabrata gave rise to all African species through a trans-Atlantic colonization of Africa. In addition, genetic distances among African species are smaller compared with those among Neotropical species, indicating a more recent origin. There are two species-rich clades, one African with B. glabrata as its base, and the other Neotropical. Within the African clade, a wide-ranging tropical savannah species, B. pfeifferi, and a Nilotic species complex, have both colonized Rift Valley lakes and produced endemic lacustrine forms. Within the Neotropical clade, two newly acquired natural hosts for S. mansoni (B. straminea and B. tenagophila) are not the closest relatives of each other, suggesting two separate acquisition events. Basal to these two species-rich clades are several Neotropical lineages with large genetic distances between them, indicating multiple lineages within the genus. Interesting patterns occur regarding schistosome susceptibility: (1) the most susceptible hosts belong to a single clade, comprising B. glabrata and the African species, (2) several susceptible Neotropical species are sister groups to apparently refractory species, and (3) some basal lineages are susceptible. These patterns suggest the existence of both inherent susceptibility and resistance, but also underscore the ability of S. mansoni to adapt to and acquire previously unsusceptible species as hosts. Biomphalaria schrammi appears to be distantly related to other Biomphalaria as well as to Helisoma, and may represent a separate or intermediate lineage.
Lipopolysaccharide inhibition of glucose production through the Toll-like receptor-4, myeloid differentiation factor 88, and nuclear factor κb pathway
Authors: Carl F. Raetzsch, Natasha L. Brooks, J. McKee Alderman, Kelli S. Moore, Peter A. Hosick, Simon Klebanov, Shizuo Akira, James E. Bear, Albert S. Baldwin, Nigel Mackman, Terry P. Combs
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Acute exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can cause hypoglycemia and insulin resistance; the underlying mechanisms, however, are unclear. We set out to determine whether insulin resistance is linked to hypoglycemia through Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor κB (NFκB), a cell signaling pathway that mediates LPS induction of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). LPS induction of hypoglycemia was blocked in TLR4−/− and MyD88−/− mice but not in TNFα−/− mice. Both glucose production and glucose utilization were decreased during hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia was associated with the activation of NFκB in the liver. LPS inhibition of glucose production was blocked in hepatocytes isolated from TLR4−/− and MyD88−/− mice and hepatoma cells expressing an inhibitor of NFκB (IκB) mutant that interferes with NFκB activation. Thus, LPS-induced hypoglycemia was mediated by the inhibition of glucose production from the liver through the TLR4, MyD88, and NFκB pathway, independent of LPS-induced TNFα. LPS suppression of glucose production was not blocked by pharmacologic inhibition of the insulin signaling intermediate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in hepatoma cells. Insulin injection caused a similar reduction of circulating glucose in TLR4−/− and TLR4+/+ mice. These two results suggest that LPS and insulin inhibit glucose production by separate pathways. Recovery from LPS-induced hypoglycemia was linked to glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia in TLR4+/+ mice, but not in TLR4−/− mice. Conclusion: Insulin resistance is linked to the inhibition of glucose production by the TLR4, MyD88, and NFκB pathway. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
Calcipotriol cream with or without concurrent topical corticosteroid in psoriasis: tolerability and efficacy
Authors: None Kragballe, None Barnes, None Hamberg, None Hutchinson, None Murphy, None MØller, None Ruzicka, None Van DE Kerkhof
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

The objectives of the study were to determine whether concurrent treatment with calcipotriol (50 μg/g) and either clobetasone 17-butyrate cream (0.5 mg/g) (moderate potency) or betamethasone 17-valerate cream (1 mg/g) (potent) or placebo (vehicle of calcipotriol) was more effective and/or caused less skin irritation than calcipotriol cream (50 μg/g) used twice daily. It was a multicentre, double-blind, parallel group study. Patients applied calcipotriol cream in the morning and either vehicle (n = 174), calcipotriol (n = 174), clobetasone (n = 175) or betamethasone creams (n = 176) in the evening for up to 8 weeks. Adverse events led to withdrawal in 20 patients (2.9%). The mean percentage change in PASI (psoriasis area and severity index) was −40.6 in the calcipotriol/vehicle group, −48.3 in the calcipotriol/calcipotriol group, −53.7 in the calcipotriol/clobetasone 17-butyrate group and −57.5 in the calcipotriol/betamethasone 17-valerate group. A statistically significant difference was seen between the four treatment groups (P = 0.006) with calcipotriol/vehicle being less effective than the other treatments. A statistically significant difference in favour of calcipotriol/betamethasone 17-valerate was seen between the calcipotriol/calcipotriol group and the calcipotriol/betamethasone 17-valerate group. The majority of adverse events were skin irritations, which were reported for 31.2% of patients treated with calcipotriol/vehicle, 34.3% of patients treated with calcipotriol twice daily and 23.8% vs. 17.1% of patients treated with calcipotriol/clobetasone 17-butyrate and calcipotriol/betamethasone 17-valerate, respectively. Skin irritation was seen statistically significantly less frequently in patients treated with calcipotriol/ clobetasone 17-butyrate or calcipotriol/betamethasone 17-valerate (P = 0.001), whereas no difference was seen between the other groups. In conclusion, calcipotriol applied twice daily was as effective as calcipotriol/clobetasone 17-butyrate, but slightly less effective than calcipotriol/betamethasone 17-valerate. The incidence of skin irritation was less for patients using concurrent corticosteroids, whereas treatment with calcipotriol/vehicle did not reduce the incidence of skin irritation when compared with calcipotriol twice daily.
Preliminary results of conformal radiation therapy for medulloblastoma
Authors: Thomas E. Merchant, Laura Happersett, Jonathan L. Finlay, Steven A. Leibel
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (1999)

Radiation therapy for medulloblastoma consists of postoperative irradiation of the intracranial and spinal subarachnoid volume with an additional boost to the primary site of disease in the posterior fossa. The entire posterior fossa is usually included in the boost volume. Conformal radiation therapy techniques may be used to boost the primary site alone and substantially reduce the dose received by normal tissues, including the supratentorial brain, the middle and inner ear, and the hypothalamus. Using these techniques to irradiate only the tumor bed or residual tumor and not the entire posterior fossa represents a new paradigm in the treatment of medulloblastoma. In this study, we examine the use of conformal radiation therapy in the treatment of 14 patients with medulloblastoma. These patients were treated with multiple static, individually shaped, noncoplanar beams directed at the primary site after craniospinal irradiation. Excluding two patients who had previously received irradiation to the posterior fossa, the mean dose delivered to the primary site was 5715 cGy. Among the medulloblastoma patients (n = 10) who received immediate postoperative radiation therapy, no failures have occurred with a median follow-up of 42 months (range from 30 to 54 months). To demonstrate the differences in the distribution of dose to normal tissues when comparing conventional and conformal techniques, dose-volume histograms of the total brain, middle and inner ear, hypothalamus, and temporal lobe were created and presented for an example case. The neurologic, neuroendocrine, and neurocognitive outcome for patients with medulloblastoma may be influenced with the use of conformal radiation therapy. The use of these techniques should be formally tested in prospective studies of rigorously staged patients with failure rate monitoring.
Pathways of Rb <sup>+</sup> Influx and Their Relation to Intracellular [Na <sup>+</sup> ] in the Perfused Rat Heart
Authors: Valerie V. Kupriyanov, Laura C. Stewart, Bo Xiang, June Kwak, Roxanne Deslauriers
Journal: Circulation Research (1995)

Abstract The aims of this study were to characterize the routes of influx of the K + congener, Rb + , into cardiac cells in the perfused rat heart and to evaluate their links to the intracellular Na + concentration ([Na + ] i ) using 87 Rb and 23 Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The rate constant for Rb + equilibration in the extracellular space was 8.5 times higher than that for the intracellular space. The sensitivity of the rate of Rb + accumulation in the intracellular space of the perfused rat heart to the inhibitors of the K + and Na + transport systems has been analyzed. The Rb + influx rates were measured in both beating and arrested hearts: both procaine (5 mmol/L) and lidocaine (1 mmol/L) halved the Rb + influx rate. In procaine-arrested hearts, the Na + ,K + -ATPase inhibitor ouabain (0.6 mmol/L) decreased Rb + influx by 76±24% relative to that observed in untreated but arrested hearts. Rb + uptake was insensitive to the K + channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (1 mmol/L). The inhibitor of Na + /K + /2 Cl − cotransport bumetanide (30 μmol/L) decreased Rb + uptake only slightly (by 9±8%). Rb + uptake was dependent on [Na + ] i : it increased by 58±34% when [Na + ] i was increased with the Na + ionophore monensin (1 μmol/L) and decreased by 48±9% when [Na + ] i was decreased by the Na + channel blockers procaine and lidocaine. Dimethylamiloride (15 to 20 μmol/L), an inhibitor of the Na + /H + exchanger, slightly reduced [Na + ] i and Rb + entry into the cardiomyocytes (by 15±5%). 31 P NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the energetic state and intracellular pH (pH i ) in a parallel series of hearts. Treatment of the hearts with lidocaine, 4-aminopyridine, dimethylamiloride, or bumetanide for 15 to 20 minutes at the same concentrations as used for the Rb + and Na + experiments did not markedly affect the levels of the phosphate metabolites or pH i . These data show that under normal physiological conditions, Rb + influx occurs mainly through Na + ,K + -ATPase; the contribution of the Na + /K + /2 Cl − cotransporter and K + channels to Rb + influx is small. The correlation between Rb + influx and [Na + ] i during infusion of drugs that affect [Na + ] i indicates that, in rat hearts at 37°C, Rb + influx can serve as a measure of Na + influx. We estimate that, at normothermia, at least 50% of the Na + entry into beating cardiac cells is provided by the Na + channels, with only minor contributions (&lt;15%) from the Na + /K + /2 Cl − cotransporter and the Na + /H + exchanger.
Effects of Digitalis on the Functional Refractory Period of the AV Node: Studies in Awake Dogs with and without Cardiac Denervation
Authors: S. F. Schaal, T. Sugimoto, A. G. Wallace, W. C. Sealy
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1968)

Experiments on dogs revealed that cardiac vagotomy attenuates, and total cardiac denervation abolishes the effects of digitalis on the functional refractory period of the AV node (FRPAVN). These studies indicate that an anti-adrenergic influence of digitalis contributes importantly to its action on the FRPAVN.
Regulatory Effects of Fenofibrate and Atorvastatin on Lipoprotein A-I and Lipoprotein A-I:A-II Kinetics in the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Dick C. Chan, Gerald F. Watts, Esther M.M. Ooi, Kerry-Anne Rye, Juying Ji, Anthony G. Johnson, P. Hugh R. Barrett
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE Subjects with the metabolic syndrome have reduced HDL cholesterol concentration and altered metabolism of high-density lipoprotein (Lp)A-I and LpA-I:A-II particles. In the metabolic syndrome, fenofibrate and atorvastatin may have differential effects on HDL particle kinetics. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eleven men with metabolic syndrome were studied in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of 5-week intervention periods with placebo, fenofibrate (200 mg/day), and atorvastatin (40 mg/day). LpA-I and LpA-I:A-II kinetics were examined using stable isotopic techniques and compartmental modeling. RESULTS Compared with placebo, fenofibrate significantly increased the production of both LpA-I:A-II (30% increase; P &amp;lt; 0.001) and apoA-II (43% increase; P &amp;lt; 0.001), accounting for significant increases of their corresponding plasma concentrations (10 and 23% increases, respectively), but it did not alter LpA-I kinetics or concentration. Atorvastatin did not significantly alter HDL concentration or the kinetics of HDL particles. CONCLUSIONS In the metabolic syndrome, fenofibrate, but not atorvastatin, influences HDL metabolism by increasing the transport of LpA-I:A-II particles.
Suicide Mortality in the United States: The Importance of Attending to Method in Understanding Population-Level Disparities in the Burden of Suicide
Authors: Matthew Miller, Deborah Azrael, Catherine Barber
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2012)

Suicide mortality varies widely across age, sex, race, and geography, far more than does mortality from the leading causes of natural death. Unlike the tight correlation between cancer mortality and the incidence of cancer, suicide mortality is only modestly correlated with the incidence of suicidal acts and other established risk factors for suicidal behavior, such as major psychiatric disorders. An implication of this modest correlation is that the proportion of all suicidal acts that prove fatal (the case fatality ratio) must account for a substantial portion of the (nonrandom) variation observed in suicide mortality. In the United States, the case fatality ratio is strongly related to the availability of household firearms. Findings from ecologic and individual-level studies conducted over the past two decades illustrate the importance of accounting for the availability of highly lethal suicide methods in efforts to understand (and ultimately reduce) disparities in suicide mortality across populations.
Prognostic value of second generation cardiac troponin T in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: K. Setsuta, T. Ohtsuka, T. Ogawa, Y. Seino, T. Takano, K. Seimiya, N. Takahashi, H. Kishida, H. Hayakawa, K. Sasaki, A. Harada
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Evaluation of the Impact of Chiropodist Care in the Secondary Prevention of Foot Ulcerations in Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Johannes Plank, Waltraud Haas, Ivo Rakovac, Evelyn Görzer, Romana Sommer, Andrea Siebenhofer, Thomas R. Pieber
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the influence of regular chiropodist care on the recurrence rate of diabetic foot ulcers within 1 year. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Ninety-one diabetic outpatients with healed foot ulcers (age 65 ± 11 years, 40 women and 51 men, diabetes type 1 (n = 6) or 2 (n = 85), BMI 28.5 ± 4.4, diabetes duration 16 ± 11 years, HbA1c 8.4 ± 1.6%) were randomized to a group that received monthly remunerated routine chiropodist care (n = 47) or a control group (n = 44). RESULTS—Within a median follow-up of 386 days, ulceration recurred in 18 patients in the chiropodist group and 25 patients in the control group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.60; 95% CI, 0.32, 1.08; P = 0.09). Analysis of ulceration per foot demonstrated a significant reduction (20 vs. 32 ulcerations; Cox relative risk [Cox RR] 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30, 0.93; P = 0.03) in favor of chiropodist care. Per protocol, analysis of patients who actually underwent chiropodist foot care on a regular basis also indicates the beneficial influence of chiropodist care with ulceration in 13 vs. 30 patients (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.30–1.01; P = 0.05) and in 15 vs. 37 feet (Cox RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.24–0.90; P = 0.02) for the intervention and control groups, respectively. Minor amputation was required in two patients in the intervention group and one patient in the control group. Four patients in the control group and two patients in the intervention group died during the trial. CONCLUSIONS—These data suggest that secondary preventive measures by a chiropodist may reduce recurrence of foot ulcers in diabetic patients.
Elective Delivery of the Term Fetus
Authors: M. Jeffrey Maisels
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Of 1,020 consecutive admissions to a regional neonatal center, 38 infants were admitted following elective delivery in which no medical condition of the mother or fetus had necessitated immediate delivery. Twenty infants had problems that were not primarily the result of elective delivery, developed in 18. Fifteen of these 18 infants were delivered by cesarean section; in none of the mothers had any assessment of fetal maturity or size (other than the menstrual history and physical examination) been made. The infants remained in the hospital for an average of 12.7 days at a median cost of $2,678 per patient. One infant died. In the absence of pressing medical indications and without an objective assessment of fetal maturity, elective delivery remains potentially hazardous.
Changing Continuing Medical Education—Reply
Authors: Steven E. Nissen
Journal: JAMA (2015)

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ATYPICAL TERATOID RHABDOID TUMOR (ATRT)
Authors: M. Hasselblatt, U. Kordes, J. Wolff, A. Jeibmann, M. Fruhwald, W. Paulus, M. Hasselblatt, S. Isken, U. Kordes, R. Siebert, R. Schneppenheim, M. Fruhwald, W. Paulus, M. Benesch, G. Fleischhack, B. Gruhn, P.-G. Schlegel, O. Witt, W. Holter, A. Reiter, C. Urban, M. C. Fruhwald, L. Lafay-Cousin, A. Huang, C. Hawkins, C. Fryer, E. Bouffet, C. Kruchko, J. Propp, B. McCarthy, T. Dolecek, K. Kerl, R. Unland, H. Jurgens, M. Fruhwald, M. W. Kieran, C. W. M. Roberts, J. A. Biegel, L. E. MacConaill, B. E. Rich, K. L. Ligon, S. Chi, A. Kondo, K. Shimoji, I. Ogino, F. Junya, S. Sakaguchi, M. Miyajima, H. Arai, I. Alimova, J. Knipstein, P. Harris, S. Venkataraman, V. Marquez, D. Birks, N. Foreman, R. Vibhakar, K. Bartelheim, M. Hasselblatt, M. Warmuth-Metz, R.-D. Kortmann, J. Gerss, R. Schneppenheim, R. Siebert, M. C. Fruhwald, D. Rizzo, P. Freneaux, H. Brisse, B. Parfait, F. Doz, C. Dufour, J.-L. Stephan, C. Edan, D. Ranchere-Vince, M. Peuchmaur, O. Delattre, F. Bourdeaut, S. Y. Soh, M. Y. Chan, W. T. Seow, K. Chang, W. H. Ng, A. M. Tan, J. Knipstein, I. Alimova, D. Birks, R. Vibhakar, K. Yamasaki, C. Tanaka, K. Okada, H. Fujisaki, Y. Osugi, J. Hara, Y. Matsusaka, H. Sakamoto, T. Inoue, P. Batchelder, D. Birks, B. K. DeMasters, N. Foreman, M. Handler, D. Sumerauer, P. Vasovcak, A. Puchmajerova, M. Zapotocky, A. Vicha, M. Kyncl, J. Zamecnik, Z. Sedlacek, R. Kodet, O. Geludkova, E. Kumirova, A. Korshunov, Y. Kushel, A. Melikyan, L. Shishkina, M. Ryzhova, V. Ozerova, S. Gorbatyh, V. Popov, E. Pavlova, O. Scherbenko, I. Borodina, D. Birks, A. Donson, C. Dunham, E. Algar, R. Vibhakar, M. Handler, N. Foreman, E. Algar, D. Popovski, A. Muscat, D. Ashley, P. Modena, I. Sardi, M. Brenca, L. Giunti, R. Maestro, A. M. Buccoliero, B. Pollo, L. Genitori, F. Giangaspero, M. Massimino, V. Amani, A. Griesinger, D. Birks, A. Donson, L. Bemis, N. Foreman, S. Schittone, D. Puccetti, D. Wargowski, L. Messiaen, N. Patel, S. Salamat, D. Rusinak, B. Iskandar, X. Lun, A. Jayanthan, P. Forsyth, A. Narendran
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2012)
Stage-modified international prognostic index effectively predicts clinical outcome of localized primary gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: S. Cortelazzo, A. Rossi, E. Roggero, E. Oldani, E. Zucca, C. Tondini, A. Ambrosetti, F. Pasini, G. Pinotti, M. Bertini, U. Vitolo, M. Busetto, L. Gianni, F. Cavalli, T. Barbui
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1999)

The definition of prognostic parameters in early stages of gastric lymphoma is still controversial. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to assess the value of the stage-modified international prognostic index (IPI) in predicting the outcome of a large, consecutive series of patients with PGL of diffuse large B-cell histology (DLCL).Three hundred twelve consecutive, newly-diagnosed, patients with localized PGL (stages I-IIE according to the 'Lugano staging system for GI lymphomas') referred from April 1972 to December 1997 to eight Italian and one Swiss centers were reviewed and their outcomes updated to June 1998. One hundred three patients were treated with single-modality therapy, while two hundred four received combined-modality treatment, most of which included surgery and short-term chemotherapy.After a median follow-up of 66 months (range 0.6-300 months), 195 (64%) were alive in first continuous complete remission (CCR). The five-year estimates of overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were 75% and 67%, respectively. OS and EFS varied according to IPI, from, respectively, 90% and 82% for patients with 0-1 risk factors, to 40% and 35% for patients with > or = 3 risk factors (P = 0.00001). Cox regression analysis showed that IPI was the strongest predictor of survival.This study shows that stage-modified IPI is an effective predictive model in patients with primary DLCL of the stomach, enabling identification of patients with significantly different outcomes.