tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
DETERIORATION IN DEMENTIA PARALYTICA
Authors: V. A. KRAL, HERBERT DÖRKEN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1953)

A comparative serological and psychological investigation was conducted of 52 institutionalized cases of dementia paralytica. In general, it was found that the treated cases with negative spinal fluid showed a more pronounced deficit both of intelligence and of personality resources than those cases still in an active phase. There was evidence, on the one hand, that part of the impairment to psychological functioning is reversible when the disease process is arrested early in the psychotic stage and, on the other hand, that some of the cases may continue to deteriorate even though treatment has rendered their spinal fluid negative. To explain these 2 opposite trends it would seem necessary to consider that there are at least 2 pathogenetic factors of general paresis. As judged from the test results, the psychological deficit found in dementia paralytica appears to differ from that of senile dementia.
Idiopathic CD4+ T‐lymphocytopenia in HIV seronegative men with hemophilia and sex partners of HIV seropositive men
Authors: Thomas R. O'Brien, Laura Diamondstone, Michael W. Fried, Louis M. Aledort, Sabine Eichinger, M. Elaine Eyster, Margaret W. Hilgartner, Gilbert White, Adrian M. Di Bisceglie, James J. Goedert
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1995)

Persons with hemophilia or other HIV-1 risk factors may be more likely to have idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia (ICL). We determined the frequency of ICL in prospectively followed cohorts of HIV-1 seronegative hemophilic men and seronegative female sex partners of HIV-1 infected hemophilic men, and examined factors potentially associated with ICL. Seven of 304 (2.3%) seronegative hemophilic men and one of 160 (0.6%) female partners met the ICL definition, but the condition resolved for two of the men and for the sole female partner. All five men with persistent ICL had lymphocytopenia (< 1,200 total lymphocytes/microliters) and < 300 total CD4+ lymphocytes/microliters; only one had a low CD4+ percentage. On the most recent measurement, 14.5% of the 304 seronegative hemophilic men had lymphocytopenia. Compared with matched hemophilic controls, men with persistent ICL more often had a history of liver disease (3/5 cases, 0/21 controls, P = 0.007) or splenomegaly (3/5 cases, 4/21 controls; P = 0.04), but not severe hemophilia, greater clotting factor concentrate exposure, high alanine aminotransferase levels, hepatitis B virus antigenemia, or detectable hepatitis C virus RNA in plasma. All five cases and 20/21 controls had antibodies to hepatitis C virus present in their serum. In this cohort of hemophilic men, ICL was related to lymphocytopenia associated with liver disease rather than selective loss of CD4+ lymphocytes.
THE MECHANISM OF CARDIAC PAIN
Authors: O. May
Journal: BMJ (1910)

BRITISHTib to be removed further experience may gaide us; but it would seem reasonable to make the thoracic window of good size, and at least to remove any bone upon which the -heart can have a direct impact.Much stress is laid by several German writers upon the 'importance of removing all periosteum and perichondrium to prevent bone regeneration, while others emphasize the 'danger of so doing, and even claim that the posterior periosteum cannot be removed without injury to the pleura, which might, under the conditions, prove a most grave complication (Konig).Of actual facts to support -either contention there are few, if any; but the dread of bone regeneration appears to be at least greatly exag- gerated and based on the results of thoracoplasty for -empyema, in.which the conditions are very different.It would seem to the writer probable that, even if regenera.'tion did tend to occur over the bulging heart, the latter would readily provide space for its action in the thin layers of bone which would first be formed, and that, as the cartilages would in no case regenerate, there would ,always be an ample gap in the chest wall; while the ends
THE VALUE OF THE SKIN TEST WITH TYPE-SPECIFIC CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE IN THE SERUM TREATMENT OF TYPE I PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA
Authors: Thomas Francis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1933)

Skin tests were made with Type I S.S.S. in 53 cases of Type I pneumococcus lobar pneumonia, 48 of which were treated with antipneumococcus Type I serum. In all but 1 of the 46 recovered cases a positive, immediate skin reaction was obtained at about the time of recovery. In 7 fatal cases reactions were consistently negative, even in the presence of circulating type-specific antibodies. The skin test has proved to be an extremely valuable guide to serum therapy, and a definite prognostic aid. The test has distinct advantages over the agglutination reaction in that it is not merely an index of circulating antibodies. When positive, it invariably denotes that recovery has begun; when negative, it indicates further serum therapy. The mechanism of the positive skin test is closely related to that operative in recovery from pneumonia, and is apparently the resultant of antibody and tissue activity.
Anaphylaxis with Orally Administered Penicillin
Authors: David Krapin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

THE subject of anaphylactoid reaction to oral administration of penicillin has previously been reviewed in adequate detail.† Proper emphasis was given to the paucity of such reactions, and to reasonable precautions to minimize them.Repetition here is considered unnecessary. In the following case added to the literature, an unusual picture of convulsive seizures was present, occurring in a patient with no previous known sensitivities.Case ReportW.L., a 59-year-old man, awakened at 10 a.m. on April 4, 1962, with a sore throat and swallowed 1 250-mg. tablet of potassium penicillin, or potassium phenoxymethyl penicillin (V-Cillin K). The last exposure to . . .
blockers for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: F. H. Rutten, R. H. H. Groenwold
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Don’t withhold treatment after a myocardial infarction 

In a large observational study (doi:10.1136/bmj.f6650), Quint and colleagues show that β blockers started before or during hospital admission after myocardial infarction are associated with substantial survival benefits for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They found an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.59 (95% confidence interval 0.44 to 0.79) in those who were already taking β blockers and 0.50 (0.36 to 0.69) in those who started taking them in hospital.1

Randomised controlled trials have already shown that β blockers reduce mortality after myocardial infarction in the general population,2 and a decade ago two large observational studies suggested that this was also true for people with COPD.3 4 Other observational studies have even suggested that β blockers may be beneficial for a wider population of patients with COPD.4 5 A recent meta-analysis of nine cohort studies that comprised nearly 100 000 patients with COPD showed a consistent pattern, with a pooled relative risk of mortality of 0.69 (0.62 to 0.78) with β blockade.6 In one study, β blockade was associated with a reduction …
Prevention of chronic experimental pyelonephritis by suppression of acute suppuration.
Authors: M P Glauser, J M Lyons, A I Braude
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

In order to evaluate the importance of suppuration, persistent infection, and scar formation in the evolution of Escherichia coli chronic pyelonephritis, we treated rats with different antibiotic regimens at different stages of the disease. The results show that (a) if acute suppurative pyelonephritis is aborted with early antibiotic therapy, chronic pyelonephritis is prevented; (b) chronic pyelonephritis can develop even after eradication of infection if acute suppuration persists beyond 3 days; (c) persistent infection does not lead to chronic pyelonephritis, if the acute suppuration is suppressed; and (d) residual infection, antigen-load, antibody, and(or) cell-dependent autoimmune processes did not play a significant role. We interpret these results as evidence that the pathologic entity recognized as chronic pyelonephritis results from kidney damage, scarring and shrinkage secondary to acute suppuration.
Is Our Behavior Written in Our Genes?
Authors: Dennis Drayna
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Scientists recently reached an important milestone in the understanding of genetic contributions to behavior. A new study demonstrated the role of a single gene in specifying sexual behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.1 The findings prompt provocative thinking about the contribution of genetic factors to sexual orientation in humans, as well as about genes that might underlie a broader spectrum of human behaviors.The investigators in the fruit-fly study, Demir and Dickson, focused on a gene called fruitless that has long been known to have strong effects on mating, fertility, and reproduction in fruit flies. The messenger RNA . . .
Against Our Will
Authors: S. Bewley
Journal: BMJ (2011)

As a medical student I thought rape was an individual sex crime that happened to so called “bad girls” who “asked for it”—a crime committed on dark nights by impulsive strangers. Then I read Against Our Will , with its explosive challenge: “Rape is nothing more or less than a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear.” 

The author, Susan Brownmiller, had not been raped, nor was she an embittered feminist, but a journalist who had researched the subject meticulously. She changed her mind about rape and would wish to change yours. Painfully and painstakingly, she recounts testimonials of rape and historical distortions and dismissals of women’s experiences. She explains how rape is used as a calculated weapon of aggression and humiliation on women directly and on women as …
FoxP3<sup>+</sup> Regulatory T Cells Suppress Effector T-Cell Function at Pathologic Site in Miliary Tuberculosis
Authors: Prabhat K. Sharma, Pradip K. Saha, Amar Singh, Surendra K. Sharma, Balaram Ghosh, Dipendra K. Mitra
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

The inadequacy of effector T-cell response in containment of tubercle bacilli is believed to result in the development of disseminated forms of tuberculosis (TB), such as miliary tuberculosis (MTB). Regulatory T cells (Treg) plausibly play a critical role in the immunopathogenesis of disseminated TB by suppression of effector immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the pathologic site(s). To understand the role of Treg cells in disseminated tuberculosis, we studied the frequency and function of Treg cells derived from the local disease site specimens (LDSS) of patients with TB pleural effusion and MTB as clinical models of contained and disseminated forms of disease, respectively.To (1) enumerate the frequency of Treg cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients with MTB and compare with that of peripheral blood, (2) study the role of Treg cells in suppression of local T-cell response, and (3) study the selective recruitment of Treg cells at the local disease site(s).Flow cytometry, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT)-based cell proliferation assay.Frequency of Treg cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)) was significantly higher in LDSS in MTB along with higher levels of FoxP3 mRNA. Importantly, FoxP3(+) Treg cells obtained from the BAL of patients with MTB predominantly produced IL-10 and could suppress the autologous T-cell proliferation in response to M. tuberculosis antigen.Our results highlight the importance of Treg cells in suppression of effector immune response and their influence on bacillary dissemination, disease manifestation, and severity.
Risks of low-level radiation--the evidence of epidemiology.
Authors: D Gloag
Journal: BMJ (1980)

The paradox of ionising radiation is that we probably know more about it than about any other environmental agent yet are still uncertain of the total extent of its risks at low levels? indeed, out of the welter of data support can easily be found for opposing points of view. The main worry stems from the belief that for most long-term effects there is no threshold below which radiation is completely safe.12 The so-called non stochastic effects such as haematological damage and damage to skin and lens, which depend on cell killing, will be found in everyone given a high enough dose of radiation but in no one below a certain threshold dose, at least for low-LET radiation (see box). The stochastic effects of cancer and genetic abnormality, however, which derive from damage to the cell nucleus, will occur with a smaller and smaller probability as the dose decreases?but few scientists now believe that the probability ever reaches zero. Risk estimates for cancer are more firmly based on human data than those for genetic defects and are the main subject of this article.
Vegetable dust and airway disease: inflammatory mechanisms.
Authors: J A Cooper, M G Buck, J B Gee
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1986)

Exposure to cotton or grain dust causes an obstructive bronchitis in certain subjects, mechanisms of which are poorly understood. A difficulty encountered in discerning mechanisms of this airway disease is the lack of knowledge of the active components of these dusts. Clinical features suggest common but not exact mechanisms of the airway disease associated with these vegetable dusts. Human and animal studies show evidence of acellular and cellular inflammatory mechanisms of the bronchoconstriction and inflammation associated with these disorders. Potential cellular sources include alveolar macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes. Acellular origins include the complement and humoral antibody systems, both of which have been implicated, although their pathogenic role in grain or cotton dust disorders is uncertain. In this review we critically address potential inflammatory mechanisms of airway alterations resulting from cotton or grain dust exposure. General mechanisms of bronchoconstriction are first presented, then specific studies dealing with either of the two dusts are discussed. We believe this area of research may be fruitful in dissecting mechanisms of bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation, especially as more human studies are undertaken.
A 76-Year-Old Man With Macular Degeneration
Authors: Jorge G. Arroyo
Journal: JAMA (2006)

DR SHIP: Dr G is a 76-year-old semiretired surgeon. He is married, lives in the New York metropolitan area, and has indemnity insurance and Medicare. Dr G’s ophthalmologic history was notable for mild myopia, bilateral drusen, and an episode of self-limited central serous retinopathy in the left eye at the age of 38 years. Approximately 3 years ago, he noted subtle vision changes. These symptoms progressed over a 2-month period and he saw his general ophthalmologist. He was found to have mild nuclear sclerotic cataracts (right greater than left), corrected visual acuity of 20/40 in the right eye and 20/25 in the left eye, and an exudative retinal detachment in the right eye. He was referred to a retinal specialist that day. Since that time, Dr G has received photodynamic therapy (PDT) to the right eye 5 times, twice with the experimental addition of intraocular triamcinolone. His visual acuity in the right eye initially showed some interval improvement, but has ultimately worsened to “count fingers” vision. His course has been complicated by chronic dry eyes, for which he has been unsuccessfully treated with artificial tears and cyclosporine drops, as well as bilateral nuclear sclerotic cataracts. Cataract surgery for the left eye was aborted 3 months ago when he sustained an intraorbital hemorrhage during anesthesia that required treatment by lateral canthotomy. Dr G’s loss of visual acuity has dramatically altered his life. While he continues to teach, he stopped performing surgery when he lost depth perception (stereopsis) because of changes in the right eye. He does not feel he has adequate binocular vision to drive safely, so has become reliant on family, friends, and public transportation with the attendant loss of autonomy. He finds variable but occasionally profound difficulty seeing well enough to do small household repairs, to play the piano, and to read, all activities that used to occupy his time. He has become depressed. Dr G’s past medical history is significant for hypertension, osteopenia, mild anemia, and migraine. Fifteen years ago his purified protein derivative test converted to positive and he took a course of isoniazid. His surgical history is notable for a prostatectomy and thymectomy. His current medications include the following: alendronate (35 mg every week), hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg daily), amlodopine (10 mg daily), aspirin (80 mg every other day), as well as naproxen and misoprostol (200 μg as needed for migraine). He has no drug allergies. He has a remote history of pipe smoking and drinks alcohol socially. At his most recent ophthalmologic examination, his visual acuity in the right eye was 20/400, in the left eye 20/ 30. The left fundus showed large soft drusen larger than 125 μm, mild pigmentary mottling, but no evidence of subretinal fluid or hemorrhage. Dr G wonders what he can do to avoid developing similar sight-threatening changes in his left eye and asks if there are any other treatments for his right eye that he might consider.
GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING IN CIRCULATING MICROPARTICLES OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SINDROME
Authors: Luigi M. Biasucci, Margherita Marcantoni, Maria Teresa Cardillo, Gina Biasillo, annalisa caroli, Giovanni Luigi De Maria, Ilaria Dato, Massimo Gustapane, Luca Di Vito, Filippo Crea
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Selectivity and sensitivity of changes in serum bile acids during induction of cirrhosis in ratsselectivity and sensitivity of changes in serum bile acids during induction of cirrhosis in rats
Authors: Samy A. Azer, Michael Murray, Geoffrey C. Farrell, Neill H. Stacey
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Because some patients with cirrhosis have serum transaminase levels within the normal range, a prospective study was undertaken to determine whether the concentration of individual serum bile acids would be a sensitive indicator of development of cirrhosis. The choline-deficient rat has been used as a model for study of these changes. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we measured the concentrations of individual serum bile acids at 3, 6, 10, 20 and 30 wk of dietary intake. Serum levels of total glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids were elevated at all stages tested as compared with levels in control groups (choline supplemented). Similarly, unconjugated bile acids and, particularly, cholic acid showed significantly higher levels at all stages except with the occurrence of cirrhosis at 30 wk, at which time there was a significantly lower level for unconjugated bile acids (0.48 ± 0.11 vs. 1.40 ± 0.36 in controls) and for cholic acid (0.17 ± 0.05 vs. 0.91 ± 0.39 in controls). The ratio of serum cholic acid to serum chenodeoxycholic acid changed in temporal relationship to progression in the histological lesions in livers of these rats. The ratio was at its highest at 78 ± 3 at 3 wk (no histological change) and decreased with increasing time and changes in histological appearance until 30 wk, at which time it was down to 1.6 ± 0.6. The routinely used markers of liver injury (serum ALT, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin), however, did not match the progression of hepatic histological changes. The relationship of the increase in serum bile acids to the cirrhotic process is supported by qualitatively similar findings in a second rat model. Thus the hepatic pathological changes in cirrhotic rats were reflected by the changes in the individual serum bile acids together with the ratio of serum cholic acid to serum chenodeoxycholic acid, but not with other standard tests of liver function. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:1224-1231).
REPEATED ACIDOSIS AND COMA IN JUVENILE DIABETES
Authors: THOMAS A. CLAWSON
Journal: JAMA (1927)

The eventual prognosis in patients with juvenile diabetes has aroused great interest recently, since it has become quite evident that modern methods of treatment are of especial value in this type of the disease. It has been frequently emphasized that diabetes in childhood and in youth is usually uncomplicated by any of the numerous extra factors that may be present in later life. Diabetic children in the absence of severe infection usually respond very readily to dietary measures and to insulin, and severe acidosis or coma, in general, is quite as amenable to treatment as it is in older patients in whom diabetes is generally considered to be less severe. Recent articles by prominent American students of the disease (Joslin, Geyelin) indicate that the experience gained in the study of large series  of cases since the introduction of insulin gives just cause for a considerable measure of optimism. In sharp
<i>Cryptococcus albidus</i>-induced Summer-type Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Authors: TOSHI MIYAGAWA, SAYO HAMAGAMI, NOBUKO TANIGAWA
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

We studied summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis believed to be induced by Cryptococcus albidus in the home environments of the patients. All patients had antibodies that were reactive to Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichosporon cutaneum in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. Cryptococcus albidus strains were isolated from 62.5% of the patient home environments. Trichosporon cutaneum was found in none of the patient homes. To study local antibody production in the lung, we cultured BAL cells to measure anti-C. neoformans and anti-T. cutaneum antibodies in the culture supernatants by the ELISA method. IgG, IgA, and IgM anti-Cryptococcus and anti-Trichosporon antibodies were found in all culture supernatants. A significant correlation was observed in antibody binding activity between Cryptococcus and Trichosporon antigen. However, the amount of IgA and IgM antibody bound to C. neoformans was significantly higher than was bound to T. cutaneum. Most anti-Cryptococcus and anti-Trichosporon antibody was absorbed by C. albidus. Our results suggest that C. albidus may be an etiologic agent in most of the cases we studied, and that IgA and IgM antibody in BAL fluid may be secreted by plasma cells in the lung.