tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE OCCURRENCE OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ IN THE NORMAL THROAT
Authors: Agnes I. Winchell, Ernest G. Stillman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1919)

1. The frequency of occurrence of Baculus influenzoe in the throats of normal individuals has been as great in the period subsequent to the epidemic of influenza as it was during the period of the epidemic. 2. Bacillus influenzoe may persist in the throats of healthy carriers for a considerable period of time. 3. A considerable proportion of individuals not exposed during the epidemic has been found to carry Bacillus influenzoe in their throats. 4. Oleate hemoglobin agar has been found to be a very satisfactory selective medium for cultivation of Bacillus influenzoe from the throat. To give optimum results it should have a reaction of from pH 7.2 to 7.5.
Collective commissioning is better
Authors: S. Sethi, A. Rylands, C. O'Donnell
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Hawkes argues against commissioning becoming a multidisciplinary cooperative enterprise.1 But what does excellent commissioning, best commissioning policies, and robust decision making for consortium populations and individual patients mean?

A well defined process should be at the heart of commissioning to identify the most important disease areas and risk factors associated with mortality and morbidity in the population, as well as any socioeconomic and geographical inequalities. Once population groups have been …
Measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction by mechanical cross-sectional echocardiography.
Authors: K W Carr, R L Engler, J R Forsythe, A D Johnson, B Gosink
Journal: Circulation (1979)

Cross-sectional echocardiography is a new noninvasive technique for imaging the heart. We developed a method for using mechanical cross-sectional echocardiograms (sector scans) to determine left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. Using left ventricular cineangiography as a standard, sector scan ejection fraction correlated better (r = 0.93) than M-mode echocardiography by any of three established methods, and the sector scan regression line did not differ from the line of identity (p greater than 0.33). Interobserver variability for sector scan ejection fraction was 2.3 +/- 1.2% (mean +/- SD). Variation between two studies performed within 24 hours and analyzed by the same observer was 1.4 +/- 1.5%. However, the sector scans consistently underestimated left ventricular end-diastolic volume. We conclude that sector scan echocardiography is more reliable than conventional M-mode technique for estimating left ventricular ejection fraction, but estimation of left ventricular end-diastolic volume is unreliable with the methods currently available.
Support mounts for a social protection guarantee for the world's most vulnerable people
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Governments, employers, and labour unions are backing the International Labour Organization (ILO) to develop a basic social protection guarantee that would provide essential healthcare and income for the world’s most vulnerable people.

Michael Cichon, director of social security at the ILO, said one billion people receive no help or support if they are sick, fall into poverty, or are unemployed. A further five billion people have inadequate social security coverage.

The social protection floor is a global social policy approach promoting …
Postpartum Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Ronen Zalts, Tony Hayek
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

A previously healthy 34-year-old woman, gravida 7, para 5, presented on postpartum day 14 with severe low back pain, chest pain, dyspnea, and substantial swelling of both legs after an uneventful cesarean section, performed with combined spinal–epidural anesthesia. During that period she was bedridden. Examination of the pelvis and legs with Doppler ultrasonography revealed bilateral deep venous thrombosis extending to the iliac veins. A computed tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed the thrombus extending through the inferior vena cava and both ovarian veins (Panel A, arrowheads). A CT scan of the chest showed pulmonary embolism in the . . .
STUDIES ON ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION
Authors: Harold K. Faber, Rosalie J. Silverberg, Lester A. Luz, Luther Dong
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1950)

Excretion of poliomyelitis virus has been demonstrated in monkeys after four different parenteral routes of inoculation. Virus has been found in both the pharyngeal secretions and the stools after infraorbital nerve dip and after inoculation of the Gasserian ganglion; in the pharyngeal secretions after intrathalamic inoculation; and in the stools after inoculation of the celiac ganglion. Excretion began as early as the 2nd and as late as the 7th day after inoculation, in all instances before the onset of symptoms. The immediate source of the excreted virus appeared to be infected peripheral ganglia with neural connections to the mucous membranes of the upper and lower portions of the alimentary tract, notably the pharynx. Primary infection of the body surfaces was excluded in the experiments and therefore could not account for the excretion of virus. The mode of elimination was probably by centrifugal spread through axons of peripheral nerve fibers and not by way of the blood stream or lymphatics. Evidence was obtained that when excretion of virus has once occurred, reinvasion from the implicated surface to other, previously uninfected peripheral ganglia ensues, thus providing new sources for excretion and other potential pathways for invasion of the CNS. It is suggested that such reinvasion may occur serially until the immunological defenses come into play. Our experiments lend support to the view that during the initial stage of poliomyelitis, and perhaps throughout its course in some cases, e.g. the asymptomatic and the mild cases without central nervous symptoms, infection is confined to the peripheral nervous system. Involvement of the CNS when it occurs is a secondary phase of the infective process and is not a necessary prelude to elimination of the virus. Excretion is explainable on the basis of the established neurocytotropism and axonal conduction of the virus without resort to the hypothesis of extraneural infection.
US-style health organisations are likely in Britain
Authors: J. Cresswell
Journal: BMJ (1997)

A report from top health service analysts predicts the development of US-style health maintenance organisations in Britain's NHS.

The report's authors, from the Health Services Management Centre at the University of Birmingham and the Centre for Health Planning and Management at Keele University, who studied developments in primary care, state that this is the likely outcome of the NHS reforms and the primary care white paper.

Beyond Fundholding illustrates that embryonic health maintenance organisations already exist in the form of total purchasing projects and multifunds and argues that with the emergence of these organisation …
Albert Chisholm Harvey Dorothy Jacobs Geoffrey Clinton Hewett Knight Peter Henry Dalziel Lewars Donald Edwin Olliff
Authors: J. Duncan, P. Jacobs, J. Campbell, P. Bramley, J M Olliff, S P Olliff
Journal: BMJ (2001)

After completing his training in Edinburgh as a general physician with a special interest in cardiology, Al moved his family to Canada in 1969, joining the Winnipeg Clinic as a specialist in internal medicine.He was an active member of the Health Sciences Centre, the Concordia Hospital, and the Misericordia Health Centre, where from 1966 to 1999, he was head of the department of medicine, and received the meritorious service award in 1999.It was typical of Al's generosity of spirit that he was also associated
Student-Community Health Projects
Authors: Richard C. Levy
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Health science students seeking to become involved in community health situations face a variety of problems. The most formidable one relates to establishing rapport with poverty area communities. In the past, students involved in community health projects have often tended to burden local community leaders with more responsibility than they are prepared to handle. Any health science students interested in establishing a community health project should first approach the local leadership with a specific proposal which clearly outlines both student and community responsibilities. The community leadership should be asked to advise student groups during the initial planning stage rather than to control any policy decisions. Once a project is established, the local leadership may assume increasing responsibility in nonmedical policy decisions and serve as a source of both positive and negative feedback.
Association of serum lipids and obesity with cardiovascular mortality.
Authors: R Pelkonen, E A Nikkila, S Koskinen, K Penttinen, S Sarna
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Serum lipid concentrations, relative body weight, and smoking habits were assessed in a cohort of 1648 middle-aged Finnish men who were subsequently followed for seven years. Multivariate analysis showed that serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and smoking were all independently associated with cardiovascular mortality. High serum triglyceride concentrations increased the risk of cardiovascular death only when they exceeded 1.7 mmol/l (150 mg/100 ml), but this occurred at all cholesterol and relative body weight levels. Obesity influenced death rates only in men with raised serum lipid levels, while smoking was associated with increased mortality when any combination of the other factors was present. Men who had raised triglyceride concentrations combined with smoking or obesity had the highest risk of cardiovascular death.
Buckley's syndrome
Authors: A. REBORA, E. NUNZI, MARIA PEZZUOLO, F. PATRONE, F. DALLEGRI, C. SACCHETTI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1978)

An infant girl with chronic eczema, recurrent infections, elevated IgE and impaired neutrophil chemotaxis appeared to belong to the group of patients described by Buckley, Wray & Belmaker (1972). An hereditary influence is suggested by a similar defect found in the patient's mother. Levamisole improved the in vitro defect and the clinical picture.
Abstract 1044: Role of autophagic mediators in the transition from endometriosis to endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers
Authors: Kyle A. Bauckman, Idhaliz Flores, Meera Nanjundan
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Endometriosis, a common painful and inflammatory gynecological disease, has been proposed to contribute to the development of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer, specifically the endometrioid and clear cell subtypes. The mechanism underlying this transition is unclear; however, many characteristics of endometriosis and endometrioid-ovarian cancer are similar with the exception of loss of cell cycle control. Autophagy, a survival mechanism which is activated in response to multiple stresses promotes tumorigenic development and may be an ideal target for therapy. To date, the role of autophagy in the development of endometrioid-ovarian carcinomas is unknown with the exception of attenuated mRNA levels of the autophagic marker, beclin-1, in an endometriosis-related condition. Since we have shown that SnoN/SkiL, a TGFβ co-transcriptional regulator, modulates autophagy in ovarian cancer cell lines, we propose that SnoN and/or autophagic mediators may be involved in the transition from endometriosis to ovarian cancer. Thus, we determined the basal expression levels of markers of TGFβ and autophagic pathways in primary and SV40 LTg immortalized endometriotic cells isolated from patients with endometriosis and compared their levels to endometrial/ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Cell lysates were prepared from confluent cultures of (1) five endometrial carcinoma cell lines (MFE296, MFE319, AN3-CA, KLE, and HEC-1A), (2) endometrioid-ovarian carcinoma cell line (TOV112D), (3) a clear cell carcinoma cell line (TOV21G), (4) three serous epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines (OVCAR8, HEY, and SKOV3), and (5) two primary (PNEs) as well as four SV40 LTg immortalized (INEs) normal endometriotic cells (derived from patients with endometriotic lesions). These were then assessed for protein expression levels of markers in various signaling pathways (autophagy, TGFβ, cell survival, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition) via western analysis and densitometric analysis. Relative to endometrial/serous epithelial ovarian carcinomas, PNEs and INEs expressed (1) low levels of oncogenes (EVI1, SnoN, and EGFR), (2) elevated levels of tumor suppressors (PTEN), (3) elevated levels of the EMT marker N-Cadherin, and (4) low levels of autophagic markers (i.e. ATG5, ATG7, and hVps34). Since we have observed marked differences in expression of autophagy and TGFβ signaling mediators, studies are ongoing to investigate the effects of knockdown and overexpression of ATGs and SnoN/SkiL in TOV112D and INEs, respectively, to determine their role in modulating this transition event. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1044. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1044
Re: the use of offspring sex ratios in the search for endocrine disruptors.
Authors: W H James
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Re: The Use of Offspring Sex Ratios in the Search for Endocrine Disruptors Crisp et al. (1) reviewed the methods of detecting endocrine-disrupting chemicals, but did not mention the use of offspring sex ratios (proportions male) in this context.The nematocide dibromochloropropane (DBCP) depresses men's sperm counts and lowers their testosterone/gonadotropin ratios (4.There is overwhelming evidence that mammalian hormone levels around the time of conception are associated with the sex of the resulting offspring (3).In accor- dance with this hypothesis, the offspring sired by men during exposure to, or recov- ery from, DBCP showed a highly significant female excess (4).
Increased RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) activity contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Byoung Kwon Yoo, Prasanna K. Santhekadur, Rachel Gredler, Dong Chen, Luni Emdad, Sujit Bhutia, Lewis Pannell, Paul B. Fisher, Devanand Sarkar
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Abstract There is virtually no effective treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and novel targets need to be identified to develop effective treatment. We recently documented that the oncogene Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) plays a seminal role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Employing yeast two-hybrid assay and coimmunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, we identified staphylococcal nuclease domain containing 1 (SND1), a nuclease in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) facilitating RNAi-mediated gene silencing, as an AEG-1 interacting protein. Coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization studies confirmed that AEG-1 is also a component of RISC and both AEG-1 and SND1 are required for optimum RISC activity facilitating small interfering RNA (siRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA)-mediated silencing of luciferase reporter gene. In 109 human HCC samples SND1 was overexpressed in ≈74% cases compared to normal liver. Correspondingly, significantly higher RISC activity was observed in human HCC cells compared to immortal normal hepatocytes. Increased RISC activity, conferred by AEG-1 or SND1, resulted in increased degradation of tumor suppressor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that are target of oncomiRs. Inhibition of enzymatic activity of SND1 significantly inhibited proliferation of human HCC cells. As a corollary, stable overexpression of SND1 augmented and siRNA-mediated inhibition of SND1 abrogated growth of human HCC cells in vitro and in vivo , thus revealing a potential role of SND1 in hepatocarcinogenesis. Conclusion: We unravel a novel mechanism that overexpression of AEG-1 and SND1 leading to increased RISC activity might contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis. Targeted inhibition of SND1 enzymatic activity might be developed as an effective therapy for HCC. (Hepatology 2011;)
Patients with drug-free long-term graft function display increased numbers of peripheral B cells with a memory and inhibitory phenotype
Authors: Annaick Pallier, Sophie Hillion, Richard Danger, Magali Giral, Maud Racapé, Nicolas Degauque, Emilie Dugast, Joanna Ashton-Chess, Ségolène Pettré, Juan José Lozano, Régis Bataille, Anne Devys, Anne Cesbron-Gautier, Cécile Braudeau, Catherine Larrose, Jean-Paul Soulillou, Sophie Brouard
Journal: Kidney International (2010)
The Politics of Drugs: Marijuana to Mainlining
Authors: Barry I. Liskow
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Current debate concerning abuse of drugs has focused on the political consequences of drug control. This is reflected in recent books and articles covering such topics as the Central Intelligence Agency's support of the heroin trade in Southeast Asis, widespread corruption with the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the tremendous domestic expense and international antagonism generated by America's drug control policies. The volume under review, which touches on all these subjects, is intended for the general public. It is of value to the physician who has not had the opportunity to consider the political consequences of drug control, consequences that affect physicians, by virtually eliminating certain areas of medical research and by dictating treatment modalities. This dictation takes the form of deciding for physicians which substances will be considered medicinal and which harmful. Despite the title, this book concerns mainly marihuana and, to a lesser degree, heroin. It provides a concise
Two new inherited defects of the thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) molecule presenting as partial TBG deficiency.
Authors: J Takamatsu, S Refetoff, M Charbonneau, J H Dussault
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Serum-denatured TBG (dnTBG) measured in 32 families deficient in native TBG (nTBG) was undetectable in all subjects with complete nTBG deficiency and was high in 2 of 16 families with partial nTBG deficiency. nTBG (in mean micrograms per decaliter +/- SD) in members of the Quebec and Montreal families, respectively were: 258 +/- 54 and 230 in affected men, 747 +/- 190 and 927 +/- 90 in affected women, and 1568 +/- 151 and 1300 +/- 195 in unaffected relatives. Corresponding mean dnTBG levels were: 14.3 +/- 2.9 and 21.3 in affected men, 8.6 +/- 1.0 and 11.6 +/- 3.1 in affected women, and less than 2.1 and less than 2.6 in unaffected relatives. All were euthyroid with normal free thyroxine and thyrotropin levels. In comparison to common type TBG, TBG-Quebec was more heat labile by 10 degrees C and TBG-Montreal by 12 degrees C. The degree of dnTBG elevation and nTBG lability at 37 degrees C were correlated (r = 0.99). Isoelectric focusing showed cathodal shift of all TBG bands: TBG-Quebec by 0.06 isoelectric points (pI) and TBG-Montreal by 0.02 pI. These two TBG variants represent different mutations most likely affecting the polypeptide chain of the molecule. Their inheritance is X-chromosome linked. The instability of these TBGs at 37 degrees C may lead to more rapid degradation in vivo resulting in low nTBG and high dnTBG concentrations in serum.
THE SIMPLEST, EASIEST AND BEST METHOD OF IRRIGATING THE BLADDER.
Authors: J. D. SOUTHARD
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Insert one end of a glass pipette into the open end of a soft rubber catheter, over the other end of the pipette slip a piece of rubber tubing. Prepare the irrigating solution in a graduate of proper size. Introduce the catheter and allow the bladder contents to flow out into a convenient vessel; grasp the rubber tubing with left thumb and index finger just as the flow ceases and press it firmly together, thus preventing the entrance of air into the bladder. While thus holding the tube insert into it the stem of a glass funnel and elevate it over the abdomen; at the same time, with the right hand, begin pouring the solution into the funnel, being careful to keep enough in the funnel to prevent the entrance of air. When the desired quantity has been introduced, press the rubber tube again, lower the funnel and allow the
Stroke — An Equal Opportunity for the Initiation of Statin Therapy
Authors: David M. Kent
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Given the disparity in the numbers of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular clinical trials and the similarities in the interventions tested, it seems that stroke neurologists have had to peer at clinical-trial results over the shoulders of their cardiologist colleagues so often that they are at risk for chronic neck ailments. If only for evening the score a little, the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) investigators deserve our gratitude.In their randomized clinical trial that was specifically designed to test statin therapy for the prevention of stroke recurrence in patients who had had a stroke or transient ischemic . . .
Pharmacological Inhibition of Signaling through the Activin Receptor Type IIa Prevents Primary Tumor Growth and Skeletal Metastases in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer.
Authors: A. Mulivor, D. Barbosa, R. Kumar, K. Underwood, J. Ucran, J. Seehra, R. Pearsall
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Breast cancer cells have a strong propensity to metastasize to bone, resulting in debilitating complications such as intractable bone pain, spinal compression, pathological fractures, or loss of mobility and function. Anti-resorptive agents, such as bisphosphonates, are commonly used to halt the loss of bone, but do not stimulate the formation of new bone. Previous data demonstrated that treatment with an activin antagonist, a soluble form of the extracellular domain of the activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA) fused to a murine IgG-Fc fragment (RAP-011), can restore bone mass in ovariectomized mice with established bone loss and prevent bone loss in a murine model of multiple myeloma.The goal of the current studies was to establish the ability of RAP-011 to directly inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation, delay primary tumor growth and prevent skeletal metastases. Bioluminescent breast cancer cells (MCF-7-luc and MDA-MB-231-luc-D3H2LN) were administered orthotopically to establish a primary tumor model or by intracardiac injection to establish a metastatic breast cancer model. Both studies were performed using athymic nude mice that had been pretreated for 2 weeks with RAP-011 (10 mg/kg S.C. twice weekly) or vehicle (VEH).In vitro studies demonstrated that activin A stimulated proliferation of some tumor cell lines, while the addition of soluble ActRIIa blocked the stimulation. In the orthotopic models of breast cancer RAP-011 treated mice had significantly smaller primary tumors as early as 3 weeks post-inoculation. RAP-011 treated mice had tumors that remained significantly smaller for the duration of the 10 week study (-60%, p&amp;lt;0.02).In the model of metastatic breast cancer, RAP-011 treated mice displayed lower levels of hind limb, mandible and lung metastases compared to VEH-treated mice. RAP-011 treated mice had reduced tumor burden (-70%, p&amp;lt;0.001), fewer osteolytic lesions (-45%, p&amp;lt;0.05) and increased overall survival by 11 days compared to VEH-treated mice. DXA scanning of the mice revealed RAP-011 treated mice had a significant increase in bone mineral density compared to the VEH treated mice (+10%, p&amp;lt;0.05), reflecting the decreased levels of osteolytic metastases. Histological analysis of the femur and tibia confirmed increased levels of tumor growth and osteolytic lesions, as well as decreased levels of trabecular bone volume in VEH treated mice.These data support the role of Activin in the establishment and growth of tumors and that the use of a soluble ActRIIA receptor can prevent primary tumor growth and inhibit metastases in patients with breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 5058.