tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Physiology and pathophysiology of pleural fluid turnover
Authors: G Miserocchi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

The pleural space contains a tiny amount (approximately 0.3 mL.kg-1) of hypooncotic fluid (approximately 1 g.dL-1 protein). Pleural fluid turnover is estimated to be approximately 0.15 mL.kg-1.h-1. Pleural fluid is produced at parietal pleural level, mainly in the less dependent regions of the cavity. Reabsorption is accomplished by parietal pleural lymphatics in the most dependent part of the cavity, on the diaphragmatic surface and in the mediastinal regions. The flow rate in pleural lymphatics can increase in response to an increase in pleural fluid filtration, acting as a negative feedback mechanism to control pleural liquid volume. Such control is very efficient, as a 10 fold increase in filtration rate would only result in a 15% increase in pleural liquid volume. When filtration exceeds maximum pleural lymphatic flow, pleural effusion occurs: as an estimate, in man, maximum pleural lymph flow could attain 30 mL.h-1, equivalent to approximately 700 mL.day-1 (approximately 40% of overall lymph flow). Under physiological conditions, the lung interstitium and the pleural space behave as functionally independent compartments, due to the low water and solute permeability of the visceral pleura. Pleural fluid circulates in the pleural cavity and intrapleural fluid dynamics may be represented by a porous flow model. Lubrication between lung and chest wall is assured by oligolamellar surfactant molecules stratified on mesothelial cells of the opposing pleurae. These molecules carry a charge of similar sign and, therefore, repulse each other, assuring a graphite-like lubrication.
A systematic review of drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Authors: G. Lowe, C.L. Henderson, R.H. Grau, C.B. Hansen, R.D. Sontheimer
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2010)

The initial appearance of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) skin lesions in conjunction with Ro/SS-A autoantibodies occurring as an adverse reaction to hydrochlorothiazide [i.e. drug-induced SCLE (DI-SCLE)] was first reported in 1985. Over the past decade an increasing number of drugs in different classes has been implicated as triggers for DI-SCLE. The management of DI-SCLE can be especially challenging in patients taking multiple medications capable of triggering DI-SCLE. Our objectives were to review the published English language literature on DI-SCLE and use the resulting summary data pool to address questions surrounding drug-induced SCLE and to develop guidelines that might be of value to clinicians in the diagnosis and management of DI-SCLE. A systematic review of the Medline/PubMed-cited literature on DI-SCLE up to August 2009 was performed. Our data collection and analysis strategies were prospectively designed to answer a series of questions related to the clinical, prognostic and pathogenetic significance of DI-SCLE. One hundred and seventeen cases of DI-SCLE were identified and reviewed. White women made up the large majority of cases, and the mean overall age was 58·0 years. Triggering drugs fell into a number of different classes, highlighted by antihypertensives and antifungals. Time intervals ('incubation period') between drug exposure and appearance of DI-SCLE varied greatly and were drug class dependent. Most cases of DI-SCLE spontaneously resolved within weeks of drug withdrawal. Ro/SS-A autoantibodies were present in 80% of the cases in which such data were reported and most remained positive after resolution of SCLE skin disease activity. No significant differences in the clinical, histopathological or immunopathological features between DI-SCLE and idiopathic SCLE were detected. There is now adequate published experience to suggest that DI-SCLE does not differ clinically, histopathologically or immunologically from idiopathic SCLE. It should be recognized as a distinct clinical constellation differing clinically and immunologically from the classical form of drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus.
Relation between the occurrence of bony union and outcome for fractures of the lateral process of the talus: a case report and analysis of published reports
Authors: S J Parsons
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

Fractures of the lateral process of the talus are uncommon, but the incidence has probably risen because of the increased popularity of snowboarding, an increased awareness of doctors, and the ready availability of computed tomography scanning. One case report and a review of the literature are provided. Aggressive management rarely resulted in non-union (7%) and was always associated with a good outcome (100%), even if the fracture fragments were excised initially. The relations between method of treatment, bony union, and outcome were significant (Fisher’s exact test, p&lt;0.01).
The 6-min walk distance in healthy subjects: reference standards from seven countries
Authors: C. Casanova, B.R. Celli, P. Barria, A. Casas, C. Cote, J.P. de Torres, J. Jardim, M.V. Lopez, J.M. Marin, M. Montes de Oca, V. Pinto-Plata, A. Aguirre-Jaime
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

The 6-min walk distance (6MWD) predicted values have been derived from small cohorts mostly from single countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences between countries and identify new reference values to improve 6MWD interpretation. We studied 444 subjects (238 males) from seven countries (10 centres) ranging 40-80 yrs of age. We measured 6MWD, height, weight, spirometry, heart rate (HR), maximum HR (HR(max)) during the 6-min walk test/the predicted maximum HR (HR(max) % pred), Borg dyspnoea score and oxygen saturation. The mean ± sd 6MWD was 571 ± 90 m (range 380-782 m). Males walked 30 m more than females (p < 0.001). A multiple regression model for the 6MWD included age, sex, height, weight and HR(max) % pred (adjusted r² = 0.38; p < 0.001), but there was variability across centres (adjusted r² = 0.09-0.73) and its routine use is not recommended. Age had a great impact in 6MWD independent of the centres, declining significantly in the older population (p < 0.001). Age-specific reference standards of 6MWD were constructed for male and female adults. In healthy subjects, there were geographic variations in 6MWD and caution must be taken when using existing predictive equations. The present study provides new 6MWD standard curves that could be useful in the care of adult patients with chronic diseases.
Angiotensin-1 Converting Enzyme Polymorphisms in Chronic Beryllium Disease
Authors: LISA A. MAIER, MARY V. RAYNOLDS, DAVID A. YOUNG, ELIZABETH A. BARKER, LEE S. NEWMAN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

To test the hypothesis that the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genotype is associated with chronic beryllium disease (CBD) and disease severity, we studied 50 cases of CBD and compared their ACE genotype to that of two different control groups, consisting of: (1) 50 participants from a beryllium machining facility; and (2) 50 participants from a non-beryllium-associated workplace. We found no statistically significant difference in the frequency of the I or D allele or of the DD genotype among cases of CBD and either control group. The odds ratio (OR) for the CBD DD genotype as compared with the non-DD genotype was 1.58 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68 to 3.66, p = 0.12) for the beryllium-exposed control group, and 1.09 (95% CI: 0.48 to 2.46, p = 0.56) for the non-beryllium–exposed controls. We found an association between serum ACE activity and the ACE genotype, with DD cases having the highest median serum ACE activity (p = 0.005). We evaluated the beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell components, chest radiography, pulmonary function test results, and exercise physiology in our CBD cases. No statistically significant associations with these disease markers were found for the CBD cases with the DD genotype. Although the difference was not statistically significant, the DD cases had a shorter median duration of exposure to beryllium before diagnosis of CBD, and tended to have a weaker response in their blood and BAL BeLPT than did the non-DD cases. These findings may indicate that the ACE genotype is important in the immune response to beryllium and in progression to beryllium disease.
Importance of Donor- and Recipient-Derived Selectins in Cardiac Allograft Rejection
Authors: Atsushi Izawa, Takuya Ueno, Mollie Jurewicz, Toshiro Ito, Katsunori Tanaka, Masafumi Takahashi, Uichi Ikeda, Olga Sobolev, Paolo Fiorina, Rex Neal Smith, Richard O. Hynes, Reza Abdi
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

The selectins expressed on activated endothelial cells (E- and P-selectin), leukocytes (L-selectin), and platelets (P-selectin) play crucial roles in the rolling and tethering of leukocytes. We explored the importance of donor and recipient selectins in acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection using mice deficient in all three selectins (ELP−/−). In BALB/c recipients, survival of fully allomismatched hearts from ELP−/− C57BL/6 donors was almost double that of wild-type grafts. In ELP−/− cardiac allografts, mononuclear cell infiltration and vasculitis of intramyocardial coronary arteries were significantly reduced. Interestingly, ELP−/− grafts were rejected similarly in both the presence and the absence of recipient selectins, and both wild-type and ELP−/− recipients promptly rejected wild-type hearts. Alternative adhesive molecules such as α4β7 integrin may compensate for the lack of selectins and may mediate rejection in ELP−/− recipients. Chronic rejection was evaluated in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II mismatch model using C57BL/6.C-H2bm12 mice. While lack of selectins in recipients did not offer protection against chronic rejection, luminal stenosis of coronary arteries in ELP−/− grafts was markedly diminished. In conclusion, donor-derived selectins contribute to the development of both acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection, and targeting donor selectins may open novel therapeutic approaches in clinical transplantation.
The Antiangiogenic Activity of rPAI-1 <sub>23</sub> Inhibits Vasa Vasorum and Growth of Atherosclerotic Plaque
Authors: Mary Drinane, Jessica Mollmark, Lyubomir Zagorchev, Karen Moodie, Baiming Sun, Amy Hall, Samantha Shipman, Peter Morganelli, Michael Simons, Mary Jo Mulligan-Kehoe
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

Plaque vascularity has been implicated in its growth and stability. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the origin of plaque vasculature and the role of vasa vasorum in plaque growth. To inhibit growth of vasa vasorum in atherogenic mice and assess its effect on plaque growth, we used a truncated plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 protein, rPAI-1 23 , that has significant antiangiogenic activity. Female LDLR −/− ApoB-48–deficient mice fed Paigen’s diet without cholate for 20 weeks received rPAI-1 23 treatment (n=21) for the last 6 weeks. Plaque size and vasa vasorum density were compared to 2 controls: mice fed Paigen’s diet and treated with saline for the last 6 weeks (n=16) and mice fed Paigen’s diet until the onset of treatment (n=14). The rPAI-1 23 treatment significantly reduced plaque area and plaque cholesterol in the descending aorta and plaque area in the innominate artery. Measurements of reconstructed confocal microscopy images of vasa vasorum demonstrate that rPAI-1 23 treatment decreased vasa vasorum area and length, which was supported by microCT images. Confocal images provide evidence for vascularized plaque in the saline-treated group but not in rPAI-1 23 –treated mice. The increased vessel density in saline-treated mice is attributable, in part, to upregulated fibroblast growth factor-2 expression, which is inhibited by rPAI-1 23 . In conclusion, rPAI-1 23 inhibits growth of vasa vasorum, as well as vessels within the adjacent plaque and vessel wall, through inhibition of fibroblast growth factor-2, leading to reduced plaque growth in atherogenic female LDLR −/− ApoB-48–deficient mice.
Relapsing polychondritis and Behcet's syndrome in a patient with HIV infection.
Authors: J Belzunegui, J Cancio, J M Pego, E Uriarte, J A Iribarren
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1995)

Relapsing polychondritis and Beh,et's syndrome in a patient with HIV infection Relapsing polychondritis is a systemic disorder characterised by recurrent inflam- matory lesions involving cartilaginous struc- tures, the cardiovascular system, the eyes, and the ears.Connective tissue diseases, dysmyelopoietic and myeloproliferative syn- dromes, ulcerative colitis, and thyroid diseases have been reported in association with relapsing polychondritis.'We present a patient with coexisting relapsing polychon- dritis, Behcet's syndrome, and infection with the human immunodeficiencv virus (HIV).A 25 year old man presented with a six
A Report of Dizygous Monochorionic Twins
Authors: Vivienne L. Souter, Raj P. Kapur, Dale R. Nyholt, Kristen Skogerboe, David Myerson, Carl C. Ton, Kent E. Opheim, Thomas R. Easterling, Laurence E. Shields, Grant W. Montgomery, Ian A. Glass
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

It is generally accepted that monochorionic twins are exclusively monozygotic. The authors report a case of monochorionic twins of different sexes, conceived by in vitro fertilization, who proved to be dizygous.
Establishment of an Epstein-Barr Virus-Determined Nuclear Antigen-Negative Human B-Cell Line From Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Brief Communication2
Authors: S. Hiraki, I. Miyoshi, H. Masuji, I. Kubonishi, Y. Matsuda, T. Nakayama, H. Kishimoto, P. Chen, I. Kimura
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1977)

A human B-cell line designated as BALL-1 was established from the peripheral blood of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Neither Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) particles nor EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) was detectable. The morphologic and growth characteristics were clearly distinct from those of numerous EBV-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines previously reported. BALL-1 cells probably originated from the donor's leukemia cells as judged from their cytogenetic, morphologic, and surface features. The BALL-1 line was the first EBNA-negative B-cell line established from ALL.
Radiology service at Great Ormond Street Hospital
Authors: Kling Chong, Alex Barnacle, Lorenzo Biassoni, Alistair Calder, Samantha Chippington, Marina Easty, Roxana Gunny, Melanie Hiorns, Kieran McHugh, Thara Persaud, Derek Roebuck, Dawn Saunders
Journal: The Lancet (2011)
Current clinical guideline definitions of airflow obstruction and COPD overdiagnosis in primary care
Authors: T. R. J. Schermer, I. J. M. Smeele, B. P. A. Thoonen, A. E. M. Lucas, J. G. Grootens, T. J. van Boxem, Y. F. Heijdra, C. van Weel
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

The aim of the present study was to establish the agreement between two recommended definitions of airflow obstruction in symptomatic adults referred for spirometry by their general practitioner, and investigate how rates of airflow obstruction change when pre-bronchodilator instead of post-bronchodilator spirometry is performed. The diagnostic spirometric results of 14,056 adults with respiratory obstruction were analysed. Differences in interpretation between a fixed 0.70 forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1))/forced vital capacity (FVC) cut-off point and a sex- and age-specific lower limit of normal cut-off point for this ratio were investigated. Of the subjects, 53% were female and 69% were current or ex-smokers. The mean post-bronchodilator FEV(1)/FVC was 0.73 in males and 0.78 in females. The sensitivity of the fixed relative to the lower limit of normal cut-off point definition was 97.9%, with a specificity of 91.2%, positive predictive value of 72.0% and negative predictive value of 99.5%. For the subgroup of current or ex-smokers aged > or =50 yrs, these values were 100, 82.0, 69.2 and 100%, respectively. The proportion of false positive diagnoses using the fixed cut-off point increased with age. The positive predictive value of pre-bronchodilator airflow obstruction was 74.7% among current or ex-smokers aged > or =50 yrs. The current clinical guideline-recommended fixed 0.70 forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity cut-off point leads to substantial overdiagnosis of obstruction in middle-aged and elderly patients in primary care. Using pre-bronchodilator spirometry leads to a high rate of false positive interpretations of obstruction in primary care.
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Is Related to Coronary Artery Calcium in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT)
Authors: Peter D. Reaven, Nicholas Emanuele, Thomas Moritz, Ronald Klein, Mathew Davis, Kathy Glander, William Duckworth, Carlos Abraira
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

Increasing evidence suggests that macrovascular disease and retinopathy may be more closely linked than previously believed. We determined the relationship between retinopathy and coronary atherosclerosis as measured by computed tomography-detectable coronary artery calcium (CAC).The cross-sectional association between CAC and retinopathy was assessed on a Veteran Affairs Diabetes Trial subsample of 204 subjects with a mean duration of type 2 diabetes of 12.3 +/- 8.3 years.Retinopathy was correlated with CAC (r = 0.19, P = 0.006). Median CAC increased across retinopathy categories: 197 in those with no retinopathy, 229 in those with microaneurysms only, 364 in those with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 300 in those with moderate to severe NPDR, and 981 in those with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Stepwise multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to find a parsimonious subset of relevant risk factors to include along with PDR in predicting CAC. After adjustment for either this subset of standard factors (P = 0.047) or a more extensive panel of risk factors (P = 0.035), PDR was significantly associated with CAC. Moreover, using logistic regression, individuals with PDR were approximately sixfold more likely to have CAC >400 than those with no PDR, even after adjustment for other CVD risk factors.These data indicate an important relationship between retinopathy and extent of CAC and suggest the potential to identify and treat shared risk factors for these common micro- and macrovascular complications.
T cell-mediated hepatitis in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Liver cell destruction by H-2 class I-restricted virus-specific cytotoxic T cells as a physiological correlate of the 51Cr-release assay?
Authors: R M Zinkernagel, E Haenseler, T Leist, A Cerny, H Hengartner, A Althage
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

A model for immunologically T cell-mediated hepatitis was established in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The severity of hepatitis was monitored histologically and by determination of changes in serum levels of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), and alkaline phosphatase (AP). Kinetics of histological disease manifestations, increases of liver enzyme levels in the serum, and cytotoxic T cell activities in livers and spleens all correlated and were dependent upon several parameters: LCMV-isolate; LCMV-WE caused extensive hepatitis, LCMV-Armstrong virtually none. Virus dose. Route of infection; i.v. or i.p. infection caused hepatitis, whereas infection into the footpad did not. The general genetic background of the murine host; of the strains tested, Swiss mice and A-strain mice were more susceptible than C57BL or CBA mice; BALB/c and DBA/2 mice were least susceptible. The degree of immunocompetence of the murine host; T cell deficient nu/nu mice never developed hepatitis, whereas nu/+ or +/+ mice always did. B cell-depleted anti-IgM-treated mice developed immune-mediated hepatitis comparably or even more extensively than control mice. Local cytotoxic T cell activity; mononuclear cells isolated from livers during the period of overt hepatitis were two to five times more active than equal numbers of spleen cells. Adoptive transfer of nylon wool-nonadherent anti-Thy-1.2 and anti-Lyt-2 plus C-sensitive, anti-L3T4 plus C-resistant lymphocytes into irradiated mice preinfected with LCMV-WE caused a rapid time- and dose-dependent linear increase of serum enzyme levels. This increase was caused by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes if immune cell donors and recipient mice shared class I, but not when they shared class II histocompatibility antigens. The donor cell dose-dependent increase of these enzymes was first measurable 6-18 h after transfer with 2 X 10(8) cells or 3 X 10(6) cells, respectively. The time-dependent increase caused by the adoptive transfer of 1-2 X 10(8) cells was strictly linear during a period of up to 25-40 h. These results indicate single-hit kinetics of liver cell death and suggest that effector T cells destroy infected liver cells via direct contact rather than via soluble toxic mediators. The results may represent the best in vivo correlate of the in vitro 51Cr-release assay that has been analyzed so far, and strongly support the view that antiviral cytotoxic T cells are directly cytolytic in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Quantitative Assessment of the Effect of Angiotensinogen Gene Polymorphisms on the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Ming-Qing Xu, Zheng Ye, Frank B. Hu, Lin He
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background— Angiotensinogen, a key protein in the renin-angiotensin system, plays an important role in cardiovascular hemostasis. Many studies have examined the association between polymorphisms in the angiotensinogen gene and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but the results have been inconsistent. Methods and Results— We performed a meta-analysis of 43 associations studies on 2 angiotensinogen polymorphisms (M235T and T174M) and risk of CHD published before March 2007, including a total of 13 478 CHD cases and 17 024 controls. We also explored potential sources of heterogeneity. In a combined analysis, the summary per-allele odds ratio for CHD of the M235T polymorphism was 1.11 (95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.19). However, when the analyses were restricted to 4 larger studies (n &gt;500 cases), the summary per-allele odds ratio was 0.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.94 to 1.04). Our analyses detected a possibility of publication bias with an overestimate of the true association by smaller studies. A meta-analysis of studies on the 174M variant showed no significant overall association with CHD, yielding a per-allele odds ratio of 1.07 (95% confidence interval, 0.93 to 1.22). Conclusions— This meta-analysis suggested an overall weak association between the M235T polymorphism and CHD risk. However, the association was not observed in several larger studies, suggesting a publication bias. Additional very large-scale studies are warranted to provide conclusive evidence on the effects of the angiotensinogen gene and other genes within the renin-angiotensin system on risk of CHD.