tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Alcoholic Myopathy and Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ivan Diamond
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

People who drink two fifths of whiskey a day obtain enough calories to survive without eating food, but they are bound to have protein and vitamin malnutrition. Many physicians believe that such nutritional deficiencies cause the medical disorders associated with chronic alcoholism. However, alcohol-related diseases of the liver, heart, and nervous system also develop in patients with chronic alcoholism who have an adequate diet, and only a few such conditions can be related to specific nutritional deficiencies. For example, of the neurologic disorders associated with alcoholism, Wernicke's encephalopathy is the only one that can be corrected by a specific vitamin . . .
STUDY OF THE ACTION OF FOUR AROMATIC CINCHONA DERIVATIVES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS. A COMPARISON WITH OPTOCHIN
Authors: Lloyd D. Felton, Katharine M. Dougherty
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1922)

It has been shown with one strain of pneumococcus (Type 1, Neufeld), that hydroquinine chloroacetanilide (C 29), hydroquinine p-chloroacetylaminophenol hydrochloride (C 36), hydroquinine m-chloroacetylaminophenol hydrochloride (C 40), and hyroquinine 4-chloroacetylaminopyrocathecol hydrochloride (C 110) have a rapid pneumococcidal activity both in vitro and in the peritoneal cavity of mice, and to a lesser extent in rabbits. In comparison, optochin is slower in action, but its power is not so easily destroyed either in vitro or in vivo. The introduction of the hydroxy group of the benzene nucleus of hydroquinine chloroacetanilide changes the relationship between organotropism and bacteriotropism. In comparing the rapidity of in vitro bactericidal action and intraperitoneal toxicity, C 29 exhibits the most rapid pneumococcidal action and is the most toxic for mice. C 36, the para-hydroxy derivative, is one-fifth as toxic as C 29 and only one-tenth less active bactericidally. C 40 is one-half as toxic and has approximately the same bactericidal power, while C 110 is one-eigth as toxic and one-fifth as pneumococcidal; and optochin is one-sixth as toxic and has one-fifth the bactericidal action. Arranged in the order of their ability to kill pneumococci when injected simultaneously with them into the peritoneal cavity, the drugs are: C 40, C 110, C 36, optochin, and C 29. The chemotherapeutic action of the aromatic compounds is essentially local in character. But by per os therapy there is demonstrated a certain amount of diffusion of this activity, not shown by any other method of administration, C 40 and C 110 having about the same value as optochin. Intravenous injection of the drugs in small doses destroyed to a greater or less extent the natural defenses of the animal, optochin being perhaps less injurious than the aromatic compounds. This same destruction of natural resistance followed intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections of the chemicals as measured by intravenous injections of the organisms. The maximum tolerant dose in a single injection (intraperitoneal) is not so efficacious as the same dose divided in fifths and injected at hour intervals. Optochin under these conditions is not so active as the aromatic compounds. In general, repeated doses are more curative than single. There is a zone between the therapeutic and toxic doses, both single and repeated, for all these chemicals alike, where the natural resistance of the animal to an infection is reduced. This effect is noted especially with C 29, C 36, and C 40. In the case of optochin the therapeutic dose is nearer the toxic than with C 110, C 36, and C 40. Apparently these chemicals exhibit a variability in in vivo bactericidal activity according to different strains of pneumococci and numerical virulence.
Intracellular Complement Activation Sustains T Cell Homeostasis and Mediates Effector Differentiation
Authors: M. Kathryn Liszewski, Martin Kolev, Gaelle Le Friec, Marilyn Leung, Paula G. Bertram, Antonella F. Fara, Marta Subias, Matthew C. Pickering, Christian Drouet, Seppo Meri, T. Petteri Arstila, Pirkka T. Pekkarinen, Margaret Ma, Andrew Cope, Thomas Reinheckel, Santiago Rodriguez de Cordoba, Behdad Afzali, John P. Atkinson, Claudia Kemper
Journal: Immunity (2013)

Complement is viewed as a critical serum-operative component of innate immunity, with processing of its key component, C3, into activation fragments C3a and C3b confined to the extracellular space. We report here that C3 activation also occurred intracellularly. We found that the T cell-expressed protease cathepsin L (CTSL) processed C3 into biologically active C3a and C3b. Resting T cells contained stores of endosomal and lysosomal C3 and CTSL and substantial amounts of CTSL-generated C3a. While "tonic" intracellular C3a generation was required for homeostatic T cell survival, shuttling of this intracellular C3-activation-system to the cell surface upon T cell stimulation induced autocrine proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, T cells from patients with autoimmune arthritis demonstrated hyperactive intracellular complement activation and interferon-γ production and CTSL inhibition corrected this deregulated phenotype. Importantly, intracellular C3a was observed in all examined cell populations, suggesting that intracellular complement activation might be of broad physiological significance.
Diffuse Vesicular Rash With Intractable Pruritus
Authors: Meredith A. Olson, Carilyn N. Wieland, Catherine C. Newman
Journal: JAMA (2015)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Carvedilol, a new nonselective beta-blocker with intrinsic anti-alpha<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic activity, has a greater portal hypotensive effect than propranolol in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Rafael Bañares, Eduardo Moitinho, Belén Piqueras, Marta Casado, Juan-Carlos García-Pagán, Alejandro de Diego, Jaume Bosch
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Only some patients show a substantial hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) reduction after propranolol, which makes it desirable to investigate drugs with greater portal hypotensive effect. The aim of this study was to investigate whether carvedilol, a nonselective beta-blocker with anti-alpha1 –adrenergic activity, may cause a greater HVPG reduction than propranolol. Thirty-five cirrhotic patients had hemodynamic measurements before and after the random administration of carvedilol (n = 14), propranolol (n = 14), or placebo (n = 7). Carvedilol markedly reduced HVPG, from 19.5 ± 1.3 to 15.4 ± 1 mm Hg (P < .0001). This HVPG reduction was greater than after propranolol (−20.4 ± 2 vs. −12.7 ± 2%, P < .05). Moreover, carvedilol decreased HVPG greater than 20% of baseline values or to ≤12 mm Hg in a greater proportion of patients (64% vs. 14%, P < .05). Both drugs caused similar reductions in hepatic and azygos blood flows, suggesting that the greater HVPG decrease by carvedilol was because of reduced hepatic and portocollateral resistance. Propranolol caused greater reductions in heart rate and cardiac output than carvedilol, whereas carvedilol caused a greater decrease in mean arterial pressure (−23.1 vs. −11%, P < .05). Thus, carvedilol has a greater portal hypotensive effect than propranolol in patients with cirrhosis, suggesting a greater therapeutic potential. However, it causes arterial hypotension, which calls for careful evaluation before its long-term use
The Water and Electrolyte Content of the Human Heart in Congestive Heart Failure with and without Digitalization
Authors: NORMAN E. CLARKE, ROBERT E. MOSHER
Journal: Circulation (1952)

The hearts of 25 patients have been serially analyzed for water, chloride, sodium and potassium content. Sixteen hearts were of patients who died in circulatory heart failure; some received digitalis and some did not. The water content of all hearts was the same. In circulatory heart failure, the sodium increases and potassium decreases but the sum of the two remains the same as in normal hearts, indicating a reciprocal relationship. Digitalis in circulatory heart failure restores the alkali metal values and ratios of heart muscle to near normal levels. Digitalis exerts a direct chemical action on the heart muscle.
Alcohol intake: measure for measure
Authors: R E Ferner, J. Chambers
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The festive season is a testing time, and those who wish to drink sensibly might use the “unit of alcohol”—a glass of wine or beer or a single measure of spirits—as a yardstick. But what is a unit, and how many is it safe to drink?

The discerning drinker could calculate the dose of ethanol in a drink knowing its volume and ethanol concentration. However, even the sober can find this difficult. Firstly, there are several ways of defining concentration. It is expressed as percentage ethanol by volume (% v/v) in Europe and as percentage proof in the United States, where 100% proof is 50% v/v (in England 100% proof was 57% v/v). The density of ethanol is 0.79 g/ml at room temperature, so, for example, 100 ml of ethanol 10% v/v contains almost 8 g of ethanol. Secondly, concentration can differ widely among apparently similar drinks. The strengths of beers range from about 3.4% to 9% v/v; white wine from 8% to 13% v/v; and …
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Authors: A L Caforio, J T Stewart, W J McKenna
Journal: BMJ (1990)

patients, but the numbers were small and the length of follow up only between one and five years.9A in many aspects of the management of massive haemoptysis no hard and fast rules have been proved to apply, and decisions will often depend on the preferences of the physicians or surgeons.
Diabetes Mellitus: The Search for Genetic Markers
Authors: Jerome I Rotter, David L Rimoin
Journal: Diabetes Care (1979)

The search for genetic markers has established that idiopathic diabetes mellitus is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that have glucose intolerance in common. The types of genetic markers—subclinical linkage, and association—and how they are utilized to delineate the genetic basis of the diabetic syndrome are discussed. The use of such markers as insulin levels, pancreatic islet cell antibodies, and HLA antigens has permitted the separation of insulin-dependent (juvenile) and not insulin-dependent (maturity) diabetes. Such studies have also started to reveal heterogeneity within these broad groups of insulin-dependent and not insulin-dependent types. This extensive heterogeneity has major implications for understanding the pathogenesis and genetics of diabetic mellitus and is of potentially great clinical significance, since the natural history and complications may well differ between these different disorders.
Severe pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza disease due to pathogenic immune complexes
Authors: Ana Clara Monsalvo, Juan P Batalle, M Florencia Lopez, Jens C Krause, Jennifer Klemenc, Johanna Zea Hernandez, Bernardo Maskin, Jimena Bugna, Carlos Rubinstein, Leandro Aguilar, Liliana Dalurzo, Romina Libster, Vilma Savy, Elsa Baumeister, Liliana Aguilar, Graciela Cabral, Julia Font, Liliana Solari, Kevin P Weller, Joyce Johnson, Marcela Echavarria, Kathryn M Edwards, James D Chappell, James E Crowe, John V Williams, Guillermina A Melendi, Fernando P Polack
Journal: Nature Medicine (2010)
SURGERY IN MOVING PICTURES
Authors: Richard B. Stout
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Surgical practice lends itself admirably to the taking of motion pictures to perpetuate the transient phases of operative technic. Unfortunately, many difficulties confront a camera man who may. want to photograph an operation in progress. First of all, the surgeons cannot be inconvenienced by the intrusion of photographic equipment. In any case, the camera man is kept so far away from the sterile field that his film usually records more elbows and backs than it does the operation. To record what the surgeon sees and does, the camera is best placed somewhere above the patient but far enough away not to interfere with the surgeons or nurses. The accompanying illustration shows how a 16 mm. Filmo camera was attached to a regular Operay light, which may be conceded as being one of the most logical positions for it. To do this, an iron ring was fastened between the main lens
Thomas Beddoes or, Medicine and Social Conscience
Authors: Jacques Barzun
Journal: JAMA (1972)

In a remarkable piece of scholarly detection<i>In Search of Swift</i>, Mr. Denis Johnston refers to an opinion expressed in 1807 by "a certain Dr. Beddoes." As an historian of letters Mr. Johnston might have suspected that he was speaking of the father of Thomas Lovell Beddoes, the poet. Had he done so, he might have found that the subject of his dismissive phrase was also the great-grandfather of Gerard Manley Hopkins, another poet; and perhaps our critic might have gone on to catch a glimpse of a remarkable figure in the history of science and medicine. But it must be admitted that the elder Beddoes is not easy to get at. His works are in few libraries.<i>The Dictionary of National Biography</i>is cool about him, and the recent<i>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</i>, though more sympathetic, adopts the dying Beddoes' own view that he had wasted his talents by
Dermatologie und Venerologie: Einschliesslich Berufskrankheiten dermatologischer Kosmetik und Andrologie
Authors: Thomas P. Kugelman
Journal: JAMA (1966)

This final part of Gottron and Schönfeld's ten-volume "little<i>Handbuch</i>" covers venereology, nonvenereal diseases of the genitalia, and related subjects. It should not be mistaken for the recently published, much more detailed, supplement volumes to the great Jadassohn<i>Handbuch</i>. That German zeal for encyclopedic scholarship should produce two undertakings of such magnitude is indeed remarkable. The present work suffers by comparison with its giant predecessor, as well as with current textbooks of venereology, since it lacks both the didactic qualities of a good text and the comprehensive detail necessary in an encyclopedia. It does, however, provide a concise, up-todate reference source with excellent illustrations and bibliographies. About a third of the book is devoted to syphilis, another third to the other venereal and nonvenereal diseases affecting the genitalia, and the remainder to sections on prevention and control of venereal disease, statistics, sex education, sexology, and serology. Despite the large number
Surgical haemorrhage in patients given subcutaneous heparin as prophylaxis against thromboembolism.
Authors: N H Allen, J D Jenkins, C J Smart
Journal: BMJ (1978)

raising the intragastric pH even if PAO is low.Symptoms are relieved in most patients, but in a few some remain, and these may be func- tional.Results were satisfactory in 80% in this study, but only in 32% with previous medical treatment.'Despite reports of possible acute vascular problems,4 cimetidine is unlikely to have caused the death of our two patients.One patient died of a pulmonary embolus only two days after starting cimetidine.The other patient aged 76 had ischaemic heart disease and severe peripheral vascular disease, and died suddenly, presumably of myocardial infarction due to his known atherosclerosis and unconnected with cimetidine.Management ofpatients after the ulcer has healed remains uncertain.All of our patients were put on 400 mg of cimetidine at night; they have been followed now for two to 18 months and no ulcer has yet been known to have recurred.Further studies are needed to discover if long-term results are as good with cimetidine as with surgery.Nevertheless, cimetidine may be used successfully in patients unfit for operation.We thank Mr J Alexander-Williams and all the consultants who allowed us to
Diagnosing Osteomyelitis in Gaucher??s Disease Observations on Two Cases
Authors: JOHN J. SZIKLAS, JORDAN A. NEGRIN, WERNER ROSSHIRT, RONALD J. ROSENBERG, RICHARD P. SPENCER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1991)

Bone scans in two patients with Gaucher's disease were reported as consistent with Gaucher's-associated osseous crises. A bone-radiogallium subtraction study was also initially negative in each individual (although it later became positive in one). At surgery both patients were seen to have osteomyelitis. These two cases point out the difficulty in attempting to diagnose osteomyelitis in the presence of Gaucher's bone disease. A possible role for MRI in such instances was mentioned. Also noted was clinical reluctance to accept a diagnosis of osteomyelitis (positive bone-radiogallium subtraction study) in an afebrile Gaucher's patient.
Timing of tracheostomy in adult patients: Authors' reply
Authors: J Duncan Young, John Griffiths, Vicki Barber, Lesley Morgan
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Timing of tracheostomy in adult patients Potential ramifications are alarmingEditor-In their systematic review and meta-analysis Griffiths et al conclude that tracheostomies should be performed earlier in critically ill patients. 1As ear, nose, and throat surgeons we find the potential ramifications quite alarming, primarily as undertaking this major operation is not without potential morbidity in patients who are already systemically unwell. 2 3 These patients are often anaemic and have coagulopathies and sepsis among other comorbidities-points that we thought the authors had not discussed, and factors that have implications for the surgical procedure.In our experience, many patients listed for tracheostomy from intensive care units are extubated or sometimes die while waiting for their procedure; if tracheostomy were performed immediately these patients would be subjected to unnecessary procedures.The postoperative sequelae of tracheostomy are a slow weaning process before patients can be decannulated, followed by potential tracheal stenosis. 4hese patients may be able to leave intensive care earlier, but Griffiths et al do not say how long they then remain inpatients before discharge because of problems with rehabilitation with a tracheostomy tube in situ.Interestingly, although duration of ventilation and stay in the intensive care unit were shortened by an earlier tracheostomy, mortality was not altered and inpatient stay was likely to have been lengthened. 5he authors divided timing of tracheostomy into two groups, demarcated by seven days after intubation, making an artificial separation that seems invalid.It would have been more interesting to see whether increasing number of days have a proportional relation to the duration of ventilation and stay in intensive care on a linear scale.We advise great caution in interpreting the findings of Griffiths et al and about its impact on the delivery of the tracheostomy service in hospitals.
Human voltage-gated sodium channel mutations that cause inherited neuronal and muscle channelopathies increase resurgent sodium currents
Authors: Brian W. Jarecki, Andrew D. Piekarz, James O. Jackson, Theodore R. Cummins
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Inherited mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs; or Nav) cause many disorders of excitability, including epilepsy, chronic pain, myotonia, and cardiac arrhythmias. Understanding the functional consequences of the disease-causing mutations is likely to provide invaluable insight into the roles that VGSCs play in normal and abnormal excitability. Here, we sought to test the hypothesis that disease-causing mutations lead to increased resurgent currents, unusual sodium currents that have not previously been implicated in disorders of excitability. We demonstrated that a paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD) mutation in the human peripheral neuronal sodium channel Nav1.7, a paramyotonia congenita (PMC) mutation in the human skeletal muscle sodium channel Nav1.4, and a long-QT3/SIDS mutation in the human cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 all substantially increased the amplitude of resurgent sodium currents in an optimized adult rat-derived dorsal root ganglion neuronal expression system. Computer simulations indicated that resurgent currents associated with the Nav1.7 mutation could induce high-frequency action potential firing in nociceptive neurons and that resurgent currents associated with the Nav1.5 mutation could broaden the action potential in cardiac myocytes. These effects are consistent with the pathophysiology associated with the respective channelopathies. Our results indicate that resurgent currents are associated with multiple channelopathies and are likely to be important contributors to neuronal and muscle disorders of excitability.
An Evaluation of the Carcinogenicity of Simian Virus 40 in Man
Authors: Joseph F. Fraumeni
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THE DISCOVERY that simian virus 40 (SV40) is oncogenic for certain newborn laboratory animals has raised the question of its carcinogenicity in man, particularly since this agent has been found in poliomyelitis and adenovirus vaccines. It is estimated that live SV40 has been injected into and ingested by hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of vaccines.<sup>1</sup>Although clinical disease has not been reported, SV40 has low infectivity in man when administered by mouth with attenuated poliovirus vaccine<sup>1</sup>and by the respiratory route.<sup>2</sup>From the evidence presently available, however, it appears that the largest source of<i>potential</i>human infectivity by SV40 in the US was formalinized poliomyelitis vaccine containing the simian agent administered subcutaneously.<sup>3</sup>The purpose of this report is to present a brief review of the literature and an epidemiologic study bearing on this problem. <h3>Review of Literature</h3> In 1960 Sweet and Hilleman<sup>4</sup>reported the