tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
II. BILE CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Angus Wright, George H. Whipple
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1934)

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol-about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours. Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5-15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert. Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet. Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol-60 mg. per 24 hours. Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile. Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor. Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination. The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations. The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150-300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low. Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.
An Address ON MEDICAL ETIQUETTE, ETHICS, AND POLITICS: Delivered to the Medical Society of University College, Dundee
Authors: R. C. Buist
Journal: BMJ (1914)

I9Ilin brokerages anid commiillissionis, initerest onf loanis, the necessity sometimes of realizinig in unfavourable markets, and then the iunforeseeni which soolner or later comes to spoil the planis of every speculator-all these elemients.united will eventually ruin the most experieiceed speculator if he does lnot withdraw; alnd this he niever does.It is a great error on the part of the public to believe that large fortunies are made by speculation; not one in a hiundred is made, although many.are lost by this means.Take the twenty or thirty large fortunies in anv country, and see if even one of them owes its existence to speculation.It will be fouind thiat boona fide industrial, commercial, or financial dealings well anid economicallv conducted, and wise and far-seeing invest- ments, the protits of which were not realize(d in one or two Stock Exclhanige settlements, but after five, eiglht, or even ten years of waitinig, formed the base of most of these fortunes.'MEDICAL ETIQUETTE ETHICSO AND 'POLITICS.
Lipids and Lipoproteins in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ronald M. Krauss
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are associated with a clustering of interrelated plasma lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities, which include reduced HDL cholesterol, a predominance of small dense LDL particles, and elevated triglyceride levels. Each of these dyslipidemic features is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Increased hepatic secretion of large triglyceride-rich VLDL and impaired clearance of VLDL appears to be of central importance in the pathophysiology of this dyslipidemia. Small dense LDL particles arise from the intravascular processing of specific larger VLDL precursors. Typically, reduced plasma HDL levels in type 2 diabetes are manifest as reductions in the HDL2b subspecies and relative or absolute increases in smaller denser HDL3b and HDL3c. Although behavioral interventions such as diet and exercise can improve diabetic dyslipidemia, for most patients, pharmacological therapy is needed to reach treatment goals. There are several classes of medications that can be used to treat lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and thiazolidinediones. Clinical trials have shown significant improvement in coronary artery disease after diabetic dyslipidemia treatment.
Treatment of Intraocular Retinoblastoma With Vincristine and Carboplatin
Authors: Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Matthew W. Wilson, Barrett G. Haik, Thomas E. Merchant, Catherine A. Billups, Nirali Shah, Alvida Cain, James Langston, Mindy Lipson, Larry E. Kun, Charles B. Pratt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

To evaluate the efficacy of chemoreduction using vincristine and carboplatin in preventing or delaying external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or enucleation in patients with intraocular retinoblastoma.Twenty-five patients (43 eyes) with newly diagnosed intraocular retinoblastoma received primary treatment with eight courses of vincristine and carboplatin. Focal treatments were delayed until documentation of disease progression. Outcome measures for each eye were length of time to disease progression, avoidance or delay of EBRT, and globe survival. Event-free survival was defined as the length of time to EBRT or enucleation.Disease in all eyes responded to chemotherapy and progressed in only two patients before completion of the eight courses of therapy. Disease in all but four eyes progressed and required focal treatments. Event-free survival estimates at 2 years were 59.2% +/- 12.0% for Reese-Ellsworth group I, II, and III eyes and 26.3% +/- 9.2% for group IV and V eyes. Nineteen eyes (44.2%) required EBRT and 13 eyes (30.2%) were enucleated. The ocular salvage rate was 83.3% for Reese-Ellsworth group I to III eyes and 52.6% for group IV and V eyes. For those patients receiving EBRT, the median time from enrollment to EBRT was 9.5 months (median age at EBRT, 21 months).In combination with appropriate early intensive focal treatments, chemoreduction with vincristine and carboplatin, without etoposide, may be an alternative treatment for patients with early-stage intraocular retinoblastoma, although additional studies are needed. Patients with advanced intraocular disease require more aggressive treatments.
Efficacy of Combined Jejunal and Colonic Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Sudhir K. Dutta, Mohit Girotra, Shashank Garg, Anand Dutta, Erik C. von Rosenvinge, Cynthia Maddox, Yang Song, John G. Bartlett, Rakesh Vinayek, W. Florian Fricke
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2014)
Exercise-Induced Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with No Structural Cardiac Disease
Authors: Melvin M. Scheinman, Jason Lam
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2006)

We review the clinical and genetic disorders associated with exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with normal hearts. Foremost are those with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia due to abnormalities in either the ryanodine receptor 2 genes (RyR2) or the calsequestrin genes (CASQ). These patients manifest ventricular premature beats and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in response to exercise or on exposure to catecholamines. A great deal of basic information has been accumulated suggesting that these arrhythmias are caused by abnormalities in Ca2+ metabolism. The ensuing cytosolic Ca2+ overload results in delayed after-depolarizations and extrasystolic Ca2+ waves, leading to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Most of these patients will respond to beta-blocker therapy but a significant minority (30%) will require a defibrillator. Advances in genetic testing allow better understanding of this syndrome.
Characterising arthralgia in the preclinical phase of rheumatoid arthritis using MRI
Authors: Hanna W van Steenbergen, Jessica A B van Nies, Tom W J Huizinga, Johan L Bloem, Monique Reijnierse, Annette H M van der Helm-van Mil
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

Background The phase of arthralgia is the earliest moment to clinically recognize patients who may develop Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Previous imaging studies in the arthralgia phase have shown that inflammation precedes RA development. It is unknown which symptoms/characteristics relate to subclinical joint inflammation as measured by MRI. Among all patients with arthralgia, those with clinically suspect arthralgia (CSA) are suspected to progress to arthritis according to the clinical judgement of their rheumatologists. We determined the symptoms/characteristics of patients with CSA who had inflammation on MRI. Methods 102 patients with CSA and without clinical arthritis were included. They completed questionnaires, underwent joint counts and unilateral 1.5 T MRI of MCP joints 2–4, wrist and MTP joints 1–5. Synovitis, bone marrow oedema (BME) and tenosynovitis were scored according to the OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis MRI scoring system. Symptoms and signs were related to MRI inflammation (based on MRI scores in symptom-free controls; a sum of synovitis, BME and tenosynovitis scores ≥3 was considered positive). Whether certain clinical characteristics frequently occurred together with MRI inflammation was studied by partial least squares analysis. Results MRI was performed in 93 patients with CSA, 44% of whom had subclinical MRI inflammation. Synovitis was the most prevalent inflammatory feature on MRI (20%). Patients with MRI inflammation were older and were more frequently positive for anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies than patients without MRI inflammation (p&lt;0.001 and 0.049). In PLS analysis, including 16 clinical and serological characteristics as independent variables and MRI inflammation as dependent variable, no clear clusters of patients with and without MRI inflammation were identified. Conclusions Subclinical inflammation as measured by MRI is present in 44% of patients with CSA. A combination of symptoms/characteristics incompletely differentiated patients with and without MRI inflammation.
Antibody-Mediated Renal Allograft Rejection
Authors: Robert B. Colvin
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Alloantibodies to HLA class I or II and other antigens expressed by endothelium cause a variety of effects on renal transplants, ranging from acute to chronic rejection, and even apparent graft acceptance (accommodation). Recognition of these conditions and appropriate therapy requires demonstration of C4d in biopsies, commonly confirmed by tests for circulating alloantibody. Substantial practical experience by pathologists in the interpretation and pitfalls of C4d stains are reviewed along with considerations of the clinical significance and pathologic mechanisms of the different effects of antibody on the endothelium of the renal allograft. Clinical trials will be needed to ascertain the optimal treatment for the newly appreciated conditions chronic humoral rejection and accommodation.
The prevention of virus-induced exacerbation of bronchial asthma in children
Authors: Elena Kondiurina, Tatiana Elkina, Maria Shteinberg, Natalia Goulevskaia, Yulia Tatarenko
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background: The viral infection is the most common trigger of bronchial asthma. The role of antiviral therapy in prevention of virus-induced bronchial asthma exacerbations in chil-dren is still unknown.  Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultralow doses of antibodies to interferon-γ (ULD AB IFN-γ) - IFN-inducer («Anaferon») in treatment of patients with virus-induced phenotypes of bronchial asthma.  Methods: A comparative, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of ULD AB IFN-γ (anaferon for children) efficacy in prevention of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) and bronchial asthma exacerbations in a 100 children of 1-5 years with virus-induced phenotype of mild and moderate bronchial asthma. 52 patients of the treatment group obtained ULD AB IFN-γ (anaferon) for children in preventive regimen (1 pill 1 time per day for 3 months) and 48 patients of the comparison group took placebo in the same way.  Results: During 3-months follow-up period the mean number of acute respiratory viral infections in treatment group was 0,6±0,14 and duration was 4,4±0,4 days; in comparison group children suffered from 1,32±0,18 ARVI episodes with mean duration 8,9±0,9 days. The percent of children with exacerbation of bronchial asthma induced by ARVI was 11,5% and 27% of chil-dren in treatment and comparison groups respectively. Side effects were not registered during the trial.  Conclusions: The preventive administration of ULD AB IFN-γ (anaferon) affords to decrease the number of virus-induced bronchial asthma exacerbations, episodes and duration of acute respiratory viral infection. This fact considerably improve the quality of patients9 life and decrease economic costs for exacerbation treatment.
Immunization with a low-dose replicon DNA vaccine encoding Phl p 5 effectively prevents allergic sensitization
Authors: M GABLER, S SCHEIBLHOFER, K KERN, W LEITNER, A STOECKLINGER, C HAUSERKRONBERGER, B ALINGER, B LECHNER, M PRINZ, S VRTALA
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
Effect of Delayed Cord Clamping on Neurodevelopment at 4 Years of Age
Authors: Ola Andersson, Barbro Lindquist, Magnus Lindgren, Karin Stjernqvist, Magnus Domellöf, Lena Hellström-Westas
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2015)

IMPORTANCE Prevention of iron deficiency in infancy may promote neurodevelopment.Delayed umbilical cord clamping (CC) prevents iron deficiency at 4 to 6 months of age, but long-term effects after 12 months of age have not been reported.OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of delayed CC compared with early CC on neurodevelopment at 4 years of age.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Follow-up of a randomized clinical trial conducted from April 16, 2008, through May 21, 2010, at a Swedish county hospital.Children who were included in the original study (n = 382) as full-term infants born after a low-risk pregnancy were invited to return for follow-up at 4 years of age.Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) and Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC) scores (collected between April 18, 2012, and July 5, 2013) were assessed by a blinded psychologist.Between April 11, 2012, and August 13, 2013, parents recorded their child's development using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ) and behavior using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.All data were analyzed by intention to treat.INTERVENTIONS Randomization to delayed CC (Ն180 seconds after delivery) or early CC (Յ10 seconds after delivery). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe main outcome was full-scale IQ as assessed by the WPPSI-III.Secondary objectives were development as assessed by the scales from the WPPSI-III and Movement ABC, development as recorded using the ASQ, and behavior using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. RESULTSWe assessed 263 children (68.8%).No differences were found in WPPSI-III scores between groups.Delayed CC improved the adjusted mean differences (AMDs) in the ASQ personal-social (AMD, 2.8; 95% CI, 0.8-4.7)and fine-motor (AMD, 2.1; 95% CI, 0.2-4.0)domains and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire prosocial subscale (AMD, 0.5; 95% CI, >0.0-0.9).Fewer children in the delayed-CC group had results below the cutoff in the ASQ fine-motor domain (11.0%vs 3.7%; P = .02)and the Movement ABC bicycle-trail task (12.9% vs 3.8%; P = .02).Boys who received delayed CC had significantly higher AMDs in the WPPSI-III processing-speed quotient (AMD, 4.2; 95% CI, 0.8-7.6;P = .02),Movement ABC bicycle-trail task (AMD, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.1-1.5;P = .03),and fine-motor (AMD, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.0-8.4;P = .01)and personal-social (AMD, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.6-8.3;P = .004)domains of the ASQ.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Delayed CC compared with early CC improved scores in the fine-motor and social domains at 4 years of age, especially in boys, indicating that optimizing the time to CC may affect neurodevelopment in a low-risk population of children born in a high-income country.
Recruitment and Activation of Natural Killer (Nk) Cells in Vivo Determined by the Target Cell Phenotype
Authors: Rickard Glas, Lars Franksson, Clas Une, Maija-Leena Eloranta, Claes Öhlén, Anders Örn, Klas Kärre
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

Natural killer (NK) cells can spontaneously lyse certain virally infected and transformed cells. However, early in immune responses NK cells are further activated and recruited to tissue sites where they perform effector functions. This process is dependent on cytokines, but it is unclear if it is regulated by NK cell recognition of susceptible target cells. We show here that infiltration of activated NK cells into the peritoneal cavity in response to tumor cells is controlled by the tumor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I phenotype. Tumor cells lacking appropriate MHC class I expression induced NK cell infiltration, cytotoxic activation, and induction of transcription of interferon γ in NK cells. The induction of these responses was inhibited by restoration of tumor cell MHC class I expression. The NK cells responding to MHC class I–deficient tumor cells were ∼10 times as active as endogenous NK cells on a per cell basis. Although these effector cells showed a typical NK specificity in that they preferentially killed MHC class I–deficient cells, this specificity was even more distinct during induction of the intraperitoneal response. Observations are discussed in relation to a possible adaptive component of the NK response, i.e., recruitment/activation in response to challenges that only NK cells are able to neutralize.
RELATION OF RENIN, ANGIOTENSIN II, AND EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION TO ALDOSTERONE SECRETION*
Authors: Charles C. J. Carpenter, James O. Davis, Carlos R. Ayers
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1961)

As defined by Goldblatt, Katz, Lewis and Richardson, 1 dog U of renin is that amount which, when injected into a trained, unanesthetized, 10 to 20 kg dog, results in a maximal increase in mean arterial pressure of 30 mm Hg within 3 minutes after the time of injection (15). 2 The "simple-hypophysectomized animal" refers to the dog in which the anterior pituitary has been removed and no other physiological alteration has been made.2026
Regulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class-II Genes: X, Y and Other Letters of the Alphabet
Authors: C Benoist, D Mathis
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1990)

Article de synthese sur la regulation de la transcription des genes qui codent les molecules de classe II: regulation de l'expression de ces molecules dans les lymphocytes B et T, les macrophages, les autres cellules qui presentent l'antigene, et dans quelques cellules de divers types dans differents tissus; description des sequences d'ADN impliquees dans l'activite du promoteur de transcription et des sequences activatrices en amont; description des proteines regulatrices qui reagissent avec ces elements d'ADN
Differential effects of dietary supplements on metabolomic profile of smokers versus non-smokers
Authors: Robert C Spitale, Michelle Y Cheng, Kimberly A Chun, Emily S Gorell, Claudia A Munoz, Dale G Kern, Steve M Wood, Helen E Knaggs, Jacob Wulff, Kirk D Beebe, Anne Lynn S Chang
Journal: Genome Medicine (2012)

Cigarette smoking is well-known to associate with accelerated skin aging as well as cardiovascular disease and lung cancer, in large part due to oxidative stress. Because metabolites are downstream of genetic variation, as well as transcriptional changes and post-translational modifications of proteins, they are the most proximal reporters of disease states or reversal of disease states.In this study, we explore the potential effects of commonly available oral supplements (containing antioxidants, vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids) on the metabolomes of smokers (n = 11) compared to non-smokers (n = 17). At baseline and after 12 weeks of supplementation, metabolomic analysis was performed on serum by liquid and gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy (LC-MS and GC-MS). Furthermore, clinical parameters of skin aging, including cutometry as assessed by three dermatologist raters blinded to subjects' age and smoking status, were measured.Long-chain fatty acids, including palmitate and oleate, decreased in smokers by 0.76-fold (P = 0.0045) and 0.72-fold (P = 0.0112), respectively. These changes were not observed in non-smokers. Furthermore, age and smoking status showed increased glow (P = 0.004) and a decrease in fine wrinkling (P = 0.038). Cutometry showed an increase in skin elasticity in smokers (P = 0.049) but not in non-smokers. Complexion analysis software (VISIA) revealed decreases in the number of ultraviolet spots (P = 0.031), and cutometry showed increased elasticity (P = 0.05) in smokers but not non-smokers.Additional future work may shed light on the specific mechanisms by which long-chain fatty acids can lead to increased glow, improved elasticity measures and decreased fine wrinkling in smokers' skin. Our study provides a novel, medicine-focused application of available metabolomic technology to identify changes in sera of human subjects with oxidative stress, and suggests that oral supplementation (in particular, commonly available antioxidants, vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids) affects these individuals in a way that is unique (compared to non-smokers) on a broad level.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY AGAINST BESNOITIA AND TOXOPLASMA IN SPECIFICALLY AND CROSS-IMMUNIZED HAMSTERS AND IN CULTURES
Authors: Richard L. Hoff, J. K. Frenkel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1974)

The capacity of hamster peritoneal cell populations to control viability and growth of Besnoitia and Toxoplasma organisms was assessed in vivo and in vitro. Immunized hamsters reduced the homologous organisms 100- to 10,000-fold over a 5-day period, but the heterologous infection increased 100- to 1,000-fold in numbers, similar as in the nonimmune controls. Passively administered antibody was ineffective although lytic cofactors were supplied by hamsters. In cultures, peritoneal cells from Besnoitia-immune hamsters delayed the growth of homologous parasites to an average of 38.5 h per division; however, in Toxoplasma-immune and nonimmune cells, Besnoitia divided every 12.8 h. Specificity of immunity was pronounced against both infections. With cross-infections, Toxoplasma-immune cultures did not effectively delay Besnoitia growth; however, Besnoitia-immune cultures reduced Toxoplasma growth by one-half. Co-cultivation experiments demonstrated that specifically committed lymphocytes could instruct macrophages to reduce the homologous organism 10-fold, whereas heterologous organisms were reduced only 2-fold. Lymphocyte supernatants initiated hypersensitivity as indicated by macrophage activation and giant cell formation in culture. However, these supernatants did not transfer infection immunity. Lymphokines could account for the hypersensitivity phenomena, but cell-mediated infection immunity in this model required close lymphocyte-macrophage proximity. These studies indicate that a number of distinct processes including delayed hypersensitivity, macrophage activation, and specific cellular immunity are acting simultaneously during latent Besnoitia infection of hamsters. All three processes are mediated by lymphoid cells and appear to be specifically induced. Although activated macrophages develop some heightened nonspecific capabilities, these were several orders of magnitude below the specific effects.