tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A place for TL,NO with TL,CO?
Authors: C. Borland
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

In 1915, Krogh 1 first measured the diffusion of carbon monoxide to demonstrate that oxygen passively diffused from the alveolus to pulmonary capillary blood. The history review by Hughes and Bates 2 discusses this excellently. Subsequently, in 1957, Roughton and Forster 3 demonstrated that CO diffusion measured by the diffusing capacity of the lung for CO ( D L,CO) reflected both alveolar capillary membrane diffusion and reaction with pulmonary capillary blood. The overall resistance is:

1/ D L,CO = 1/ D m +1/Θ V c (1)

where D m is the membrane diffusing capacity, Θ the specific transfer conductance of the blood (measured by CO reaction with red cells using a rapid reaction apparatus) and V c the pulmonary capillary blood volume 3. In healthy young volunteers, D L,CO is 30 mL·min−1 torr−1, D m is 57 mL·min−1 torr−1 and V c is 80 mL. To acknowledge that the overall process involved more than just diffusion, J. Cotes coined the term transfer factor of the lung for CO ( T L,CO).

In 1982, T. Higenbottam and I were studying lung uptake and toxicity of NO in cigarette smokers; A. Chamberlain (our then research assistant) suggested that we measure this as transfer factor of the lung for NO ( T L,NO). Quite independently, ∼10 yrs earlier, the late D. Bargeton and H. Guenard had speculated that if another gas could be found that reacted with haemoglobin, by inhaling it simultaneously with CO, the equation of Roughton and Forster 3 could be solved for D m and V c in a single breath rather than by measuring T L,CO at two or more oxygen concentrations and cardiac outputs. NO reacts, in effect, instantly with haemoglobin. The resulting single-breath studies from our respective two groups 4, 5 generated much interest, including an editorial …
Combination Treatment With Curcumin and Quercetin of Adenomas in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Authors: Marcia Cruz–Correa, Daniel A. Shoskes, Patricia Sanchez, Rhongua Zhao, Linda M. Hylind, Steven D. Wexner, Francis M. Giardiello
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2006)
Engineered Nanomaterials for Biophotonics Applications: Improving Sensing, Imaging, and Therapeutics
Authors: Jennifer L. West, Naomi J. Halas
Journal: Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering (2003)

Advances in chemistry and physics are providing an expanding array of nanostructured materials with unique and powerful optical properties. These nanomaterials provide a new set of tools that are available to biomedical engineers, biologists, and medical scientists who seek new tools as biosensors and probes of biological fluids, cells, and tissue chemistry and function. Nanomaterials are also being used to develop optically controlled devices for applications such as modulated drug delivery as well as optical therapeutics. This review discusses applications that have been successfully demonstrated using nanomaterials including semiconductor nanocrystals, gold nanoparticles, gold nanoshells, and silver plasmon resonant particles.
Pre-season screening of core muscle balance and control tests in the lumbar spine in professional road cyclists can we prevent uncontrolled movement?
Authors: M Hadala, N de Bernardo, P Vera, C Laíz, C Barrios
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Asymptomatic musculoskeletal function, normal range of joint motion and normal muscle strength are considered not adequate star points to design a prevention injury program. Objective To assess core muscle balance and control in the lumbar spine using simple functional tests during low load activity and high load dynamic movements. Design Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Professional road cyclists. Patients 51 elite road cyclists were functionally evaluated at the beginning of the 2010 season. All injuries affecting racers during previous seasons were recorded throughout a clinical oriented interview. Interventions Specific assessment of the site (lower back and pelvis) and direction of uncontrolled movement, under low and high loading within functionally orientated tasks. Main outcome measurements Three tests were conducted in the crook laying position: (1) double leg lift and lower, (2) single leg extension, (3) bridge+single leg extension. In two first tests the ‘stabilizer’ pressure biofeedback unit was used to measure the influence of the global muscle system on trunk stability. Muscle functional extensibility of iliopsoas, tensor fasciae late, anterior rectus femoris and hamstrings were also evaluated. Results Uncontrolled movements in lower back in low load test were found in flexion (57% of cyclist) and extension test (67%). Passive and active restriction of hamstrings while sitting showed significant correlation with impaired low back movements in flexion test (p&lt;0.05). Weakness of the gluteus maximus correlated with uncontrolled movement in low back extension at high loading. Impaired movements in pelvic girdle (70%) showed a statistically significant relationship with asymmetrical passive restriction of rectus anterior muscle (p&lt;0.03). Conclusion Muscle imbalance between hamstrings and hip flexors together with weak hip extensors provoke uncontrolled movements in the low back of cyclists, predisposing them to more overuse injuries. A specific preventive program should be desirable.
Hypoxia Triggers Subcellular Compartmental Redox Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Gregory B. Waypa, Jeremy D. Marks, Robert Guzy, Paul T. Mungai, Jacqueline Schriewer, Danijela Dokic, Paul T. Schumacker
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

Rationale : Recent studies have implicated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in regulating hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), but controversy exists regarding whether hypoxia increases or decreases ROS generation. Objective : This study tested the hypothesis that hypoxia induces redox changes that differ among subcellular compartments in pulmonary (PASMCs) and systemic (SASMCs) smooth muscle cells. Methods and Results : We used a novel, redox-sensitive, ratiometric fluorescent protein sensor (RoGFP) to assess the effects of hypoxia on redox signaling in cultured PASMCs and SASMCs. Using genetic targeting sequences, RoGFP was expressed in the cytosol (Cyto-RoGFP), the mitochondrial matrix (Mito-RoGFP), or the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS-RoGFP), allowing assessment of oxidant signaling in distinct intracellular compartments. Superfusion of PASMCs or SASMCs with hypoxic media increased oxidation of both Cyto-RoGFP and IMS-RoGFP. However, hypoxia decreased oxidation of Mito-RoGFP in both cell types. The hypoxia-induced oxidation of Cyto-RoGFP was attenuated through the overexpression of cytosolic catalase in PASMCs. Conclusions : These results indicate that hypoxia causes a decrease in nonspecific ROS generation in the matrix compartment, whereas it increases regulated ROS production in the IMS, which diffuses to the cytosol of both PASMCs and SASMCs.
Severe life threatening malaria in endemic areas
Authors: A. Omari
Journal: BMJ (2004)

DefinitionSevere malaria is caused by the protozoan infection of red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum and comprises a variety of syndromes requiring hospitalisation.Clinically complicated malaria presents with life threatening conditions, which include coma, severe anaemia, renal failure, respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglycaemia, shock, spontaneous haemorrhage, and convulsions.The diagnosis of cerebral malaria should be considered where there is encephalopathy in the presence of malaria parasites.A strict definition of cerebral malaria is unrousable coma and no other cause of encephalopathy (for example, hypoglycaemia, sedative drugs) in the presence of P falciparum infection.This review does not include the treatment of malaria in pregnancy.
Lung development, lung growth and the future of respiratory medicine
Authors: S. Ranganathan
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

Most respiratory physicians will agree that the lung is a sexy organ and worthy of intense study. We understand its significance as an important biological system. Respiratory diseases are responsible for ∼50% of acute medical conditions in children and rank second to cardiovascular disease in causing morbidity and mortality at a cost of well in excess of €100 billion to the European Community 1. A major driver in research over the last two decades has been the unlocking of the so-called “silent period” in the preschool years where, until recently, there was a dearth of knowledge about early disease development, lung growth and physiology. As our knowledge increases, it is becoming apparent that these early years of life are extremely important, for it is the time during which many chronic respiratory diseases appear to have their origin. For example, persistent asthma arising from interactions between genetic predisposition and infection and allergy-induced airways inflammation results in airway remodelling that occurs during the first 3 yrs of life 2. Lung function in older children with asthma appears to “track” into adulthood, and studies are currently investigating the interaction between childhood asthma and the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in later life 3. In cystic fibrosis, lung disease appears to start soon after birth, with pulmonary inflammation and infection leading to the development of structural 4 and functional changes 5 within the first few months of life. Lung function in those born prematurely but without chronic lung disease appears to be lower than term-born infants, and longitudinal studies suggest that “catch-up” in lung function does …
Fatal Inhalational Anthrax in a 94-Year-Old Connecticut Woman
Authors: Lydia A. Barakat
Journal: JAMA (2002)

A DIagnosis of inhalational anthrax in a media outlet employee in Florida marked the recognition of the first confirmed outbreak of anthrax associated with bioterrorism in the United States.3][4][5] Direct exposure to envelopes containing Bacillus anthracis or to contaminated postal equipment was likely in the first 9 patients.The 10th reported patient was a resident of New York, NY, and the nature of her exposure is currently unknown.The 11th patient with bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax was identified in Connecticut and is described in this article. CASE REPORTOn November 16, 2001, a 94-year-old woman from Oxford, Conn, with fever, fatigue, myalgias, dry cough, and shortness of breath of approximately 3 days' duration was evaluated at her local hospital.During the preceding 2 months, following the death of a close friend, she had experienced depressive symptoms, including decreased appetite and increased general fatigue.On the day before admission, family members noted that she was confused.There was no recent history of headache, chills, sweats, sore throat, rhinorrhea, hemoptysis, chest pain, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.She had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.She had a 22-pack-year smoking history but had not smoked in 30 years.She also had hypertension and chronic renal insufficiency.Her medications included montelukast, irbesartan, loratadine, alprazolam, inhaled salmeterol xinafoate/fluticasone propionate, and azelastine nasal spray.Her only nonprescription medication was a mul-
Incidence of Minimally Invasive Colorectal Cancer Surgery at National Comprehensive Cancer Network Centers
Authors: H. Yeo, J. Niland, D. Milne, A. t. Veer, T. Bekaii-Saab, J. M. Farma, L. Lai, J. M. Skibber, W. Small, N. Wilkinson, D. Schrag, M. R. Weiser
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2014)

Laparoscopic colectomy has been shown to have equivalent oncologic outcomes to open colectomy for the management of colon cancer, but its adoption nationally has been slow. This study investigates the prevalence and factors associated with laparoscopic colorectal resection at National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) centers. Data on patients undergoing surgery for colon and rectal cancer at NCCN centers from 2005 to 2010 were obtained from chart review of medical records for the NCCN Outcomes Project and included information on socioeconomic status, insurance coverage, comorbidity, and physician-reported Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status. Associations between receipt of minimally invasive surgery and patient and clinical variables were analyzed with univariate and multivariable logistic regression. All statistical tests were two-sided. A total of 4032 patients, diagnosed between September 2005 and December 2010, underwent elective colon or rectal resection for cancer at NCCN centers. Median age of colon cancer patients was 62.6 years, and 49% were men. The percent of colon cancer patients treated with minimally invasive surgery (MIS) increased from 35% in 2006 to 51% in 2010 across all centers but varied statistically significantly between centers. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with minimally invasive surgery for colon cancer patients who had surgery at an NCCN institution were older age ( P = .02), male sex ( P = .006), fewer comorbidities ( P ≤ .001), lower final T-stage ( P < .001), median household income greater than or equal to $80000 ( P < .001), ECOG performance status = 0 ( P = .02), and NCCN institution ( P ≤ .001). The use of MIS increased at NCCN centers. However, there was statistically significant variation in adoption of MIS technique among centers.
The role of octreotate scan in discrimination of solitary pulmonary nodule
Authors: Fariba Rezaeetalab, Kamran Aryana, Davood Attaran, Reza Bagheri, Farshid Nattagh, Shahrzad Mohamadzadeh Lari, Saeed Akhlaghi, Fateme Naghavi Riyabi, Shima Sheibani, Zohre Adinepour
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background 

Solitary Pulmonary Nodule (SPN) is one of the most controversial clinical findings in patients. The aim of this study is to use “Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-Octreotate scan” technique to evaluate nodules.

Materials and methods 

From 2008 to 2010, 21 patients with SPN underwent OCT scan after the initial assessment with HRCT and then accurate histopathologic diagnosis was established by TTNB, VAT and thoracotomy. After demographic evaluations, specificity and sensitivity of this method was studied.

Results 

Forty two patients were included in our study of which 24 were male and 18 were female. Their mean age was 45±14.3 years. 43% of the patients were symptom-free and in patients with pulmonary complaints, the most prevalent symptom was cough. Final histopathology tests proved that 28 cases (67%) were benign and 14 (33%) were malignant. The diagnostic technique used in our study had no false negative and there were only 6 cases of false positive. Sensitivity and specificity of this method are 100% and 79% respectively and the diagnostic accuracy is 86%.

Conclusion 

OCT scan can be helpful in evaluating patients with SPN and to reach a sensible decision on the method of treatment.
Ductal Carcinoma <i>In situ</i> and the Emergence of Diversity during Breast Cancer Evolution
Authors: D. Craig Allred, Yun Wu, Sufeng Mao, Iris D. Nagtegaal, Sangjun Lee, Charles M. Perou, Syed K. Mohsin, Peter O'Connell, Anna Tsimelzon, Dan Medina
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: Human invasive breast cancers (IBC) show enormous histologic and biological diversity. This study comprehensively evaluated diversity in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), the immediate precursors of IBCs. Experimental Design: The extent of diversity for conventional histologic grade and standard prognostic biomarkers assessed by immunohistochemistry was evaluated in a series of pure DCIS (n = 200) compared with a contemporaneous series of IBCs (n = 200). A subset of the DCIS (n = 25) was evaluated by DNA microarrays for the presence of luminal, basal, and erbB2 intrinsic subtypes. The extent of diversity within individual cases of DCIS (n = 120) was determined by assessing multiple regions independently for histologic (nuclear) grade and several biomarkers by immunohistochemistry, which approximate microarrays in determining intrinsic subtypes. Results: DCIS showed a broad distribution of conventional histologic grades and standard biomarkers ranging from well to poorly differentiated, nearly identical to IBCs. Microarrays showed the same intrinsic subtypes in DCIS as in IBCs. However, higher resolution analysis showed that multiple histologic grades, biomarker phenotypes, and intrinsic subtypes often coexist within the same DCIS, and these diverse regions probably compete for dominance. Diversity within cases of DCIS was highly correlated with mutated p53 (P = 0.0007). Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that poorly differentiated DCIS gradually evolve from well-differentiated DCIS by randomly acquiring genetic defects resulting in increasingly abnormal cellular features. This diversity is amplified by defects resulting in genetic instability (e.g., p53 mutation), and the alterations are propagated to IBC in a manner independent of progression to invasion.
Neutralisation of the interleukin-33/ST2 pathway ameliorates experimental colitis through enhancement of mucosal healing in mice
Authors: Mamdouh A K Sedhom, Mélanie Pichery, Jenna R Murdoch, Benoit Foligné, Nathalie Ortega, Sylvain Normand, Kirsten Mertz, Devika Sanmugalingam, Lea Brault, Teddy Grandjean, Emma Lefrancais, Padraic G Fallon, Valérie Quesniaux, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet, Gieri Cathomas, Tobias Junt, Mathias Chamaillard, Jean-Philippe Girard, Bernhard Ryffel
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Objective</h3> Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have been intrinsically linked to a deregulated cytokine network, but novel therapeutic principles are urgently needed. Here we identify the interleukin (IL)-33 and its receptor ST2 as key negative regulators of wound healing and permeability in the colon of mice. <h3>Design</h3> Expression of IL-33 and ST2 was determined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and western-blot analysis. Wild-type and <i>St2</i><sup>−/−</sup> mice were used in wound healing experiments and in two experimental models of IBD triggered by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid or dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Neutralisation of ST2 was performed by using a specific blocking antibody. <h3>Results</h3> Nuclear localisation and enhanced expression of IL-33 in myofibroblasts and enterocytes was linked to disease involvement independently of inflammation, while the expression of ST2 was primarily restricted to the colonic epithelia. In two experimental models of IBD, genetic ablation of ST2 significantly improved signs of colitis, while a sustained epithelial expression of the cyto-protective factor connexin-43 was observed in DSS-treated <i>St2</i>-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, absence of ST2 in non-hematopoietic cells was sufficient to protect against colitis. Consistently, specific inhibition of endogenous ST2-mediated signalling by treatment with neutralising antibody improved DSS-induced colitis. In addition, IL-33 treatment impaired epithelial barrier permeability in vitro and in vivo, whereas absence of ST2 enhanced wound healing response upon acute mechanical injury in the colon. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our study unveiled a novel non-hematopoietic function of IL-33 in epithelial barrier function and wound healing. Therefore, blocking the IL-33/ST2 axis may represent an efficient therapy in IBD.
The roles of gender, the menopause and hormone replacement on cardiovascular function
Authors: C Hayward
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Time for primary review 22 days. 

While it is recognised that gender differences exist in cardiovascular disease, it has only recently been appreciated that significant gender differences also exist in cardiovascular function. Ageing is associated with a different spectrum of cardiac and vascular maladaptations in women compared to men. These differences may contribute to poorer outcome in women affected by ischaemic disease compared to men as well as the higher prevalence of symptomatic cardiac failure seen in women. The most obvious gender-related difference in physiological ageing is the menopause in women. The relation of this ‘event’ to cardiovascular disease has generated much controversy, especially with respect to hormone replacement therapy in the management of cardiac patients. Controversy also exists in the role of declining androgen levels in men with age and the advisability of testosterone supplementation in men. This review will examine gender differences which become apparent due to ageing, as well as the specific effect of the menopause and hormone replacement on cardiac and vascular structure and function. It will also summarise the impact of these physiological and epidemiological differences on the expression of cardiovascular disease in men and women. Studies examining the role of gender and hormone withdrawal and administration in animal studies will also be summarised. Limitations in current research and recommendations for future areas of research are put forward.

Because of the higher cardiac mortality in men compared to women until late in life [1], most early studies focused exclusively on that gender. Women have been excluded from research protocols during childbearing years and in old age because of co-morbidities [2]. Recently research emphasis has shifted in line with the recognition that cardiovascular disease remains the most prevalent illness affecting women and remains the most frequent cause of female death in most Western nations … 

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-171-351-8112; fax: +44-171-823-3392 peter.collins{at}ic.ac.uk
Chronic Critical Illness
Authors: Judith E. Nelson, Christopher E. Cox, Aluko A. Hope, Shannon S. Carson
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<CLINICAL FEATURES OF THE ...OUTCOMESIMPACT ON HEALTH CARE SYS...TREATMENT CHALLENGESCONCLUSIONReferencesCITING ARTICLES
INFLAMMATORY CHANGES IN POSTERIOR SPINAL ROOT GANGLIA IN CASES OF CUTANEOUS CANCER
Authors: G. L. Cheatle
Journal: BMJ (1907)

results are a marked diminution in size, with disappearance of the attachment of the node to the skin and to the underlying tissues, and ultimately.almost complete freedom from pain.The latest Bradshaw lecturer4 has expressed his confident hope " that the final victory over cancer will not solely be by the knife."I am a sharer in this confidence, and feel certain that the victory will ultimately be by a serum.
Glycogen loading: advantages but possible disadvantages.
Authors: I. M. Sharman
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1981)

Carbohydrate loading enables an athlete to build up stores of muscle glycogen. Such raised levels increase work times and are therefore of real benefit to long-distance runners. It is unclear how frequently the regimen can be repeated with the same advantageous results. There are possible disadvantages in the regimen, and even dangers in older subjects.