tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Interaction of prostaglandins and histamine with enzymes of cyclic AMP metabolism from guinea pig gastric mucosa.
Authors: A Wollin, C F Code, T P Dousa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Prostaglandins (PGE1, PGE2, PGA1) and histamine have opposing effects on gastric HCl secretion, but we found that both stimulate adenylate cyclase activity in cell-free membrane preparations of guinea pig gastric fundic mucosa. The stimulatory effect of prostaglandins was found in this study to be specific and dose-dependent over a concentration range from 10(-7) to 10(-4) M. In similar preparations from antral regions of guinea pig gastric mucosa, the adenylate cyclase was stimulated only by PGE1, PGE2, and PGA1 and not by histamine. Maximum stimulating doses of PGE1, PGE2, or PGA1, and of histamine had an additive effect on the adenylate cyclase activity from fundic gastric mucosa. Metiamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, inhibited the stimulation of fundic mucosa adenylate cyclase by histamine but did not interfere with the stimulation by prostaglandins. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity of guinea pig gastric mucosa was unaffected by PGE1 and PGE2 or by histamine, and was slightly depressed by PGA1. These results indicate that histamine and prostaglandins stimulate two different adenylate cyclase systems both present in guinea pig gastric mucosa tissue. Therefore, the known inhibitory effect of prostaglandins on gastric acid secretion is not related to the interference with the stimulation of the histamine H2-receptor-sensitive adenylate cyclase complex by histamine nor do prostaglandins accelerate cyclic AMP breakdown by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase to reduce cyclic AMP levels.
Small Polyps Found during Fiberoptic Sigmoidoscopy in Asymptomatic Patients
Authors: Edgar Achkar
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

To determine the prevalence of small polyps in the rectosigmoid in an asymptomatic group and the likelihood of finding synchronous neoplastic polyps proximally at colonoscopy.Asymptomatic patients with polyps 9 mm or less found at screening fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy were referred for colonoscopy, at which time all polyps were removed.Screening fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy unit.Referral from Executive Health Wellness Clinic and large multispeciality clinic.From 3923 sigmoidoscopic examinations, 258 asymptomatic subjects (7%) were identified who had polyps 9 mm or smaller. One hundred and eighty-nine patients (73%) had colonoscopy. In 179 patients, the target lesion noted at sigmoidoscopy was identified at colonoscopy. Based on histology of the target lesion, patients were divided into three groups: Group 1 (72 patients) had only hyperplastic polyps; Group 2 (69 patients) had at least one neoplastic polyp; and Group 3 (31 patients) had polyps with normal histology. Seven patients were not classified. Neoplastic polyps were found proximally in 21 patients in Group 1 (29%; 95% CI, 19 to 39), 23 patients in Group 2 (33%; 95% CI, 22 to 44), and 4 patients in Group 3 (13%; 95% CI, 4 to 30). There was no difference in mean age between groups. The results were similar when only polyps 5 mm or smaller were analyzed.Because small polyps of any histologic type in the rectosigmoid indicate a high risk for having neoplastic polyps proximally, the guidelines of both the American College of Physicians and the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy may need to be revised. Colonoscopy seems justified in any patient in whom a small polyp is discovered at sigmoidoscopy.
Plastic Jackets for Certain Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Edwin M. Todd
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Despite satisfactory preoperative angiographic demonstration of intracranial aneurysms, the surgeon is often confronted at operation with lesions that are unsuitable for clipping or ligating. In the experience of the authors, a rapidhardening silicone rubber preparation has served to provide an immediately effective means of confining and reinforcing the walls of certain of these lesions. The plastic barrier formed by this material envelops the aneurysm without interfering with the patency of parent vessels, thus obviating the circulatory deficits imposed by trapping measures. Three cases are presented, illustrating the techniques and principles involved.
Distal forearm fracture as risk factor for vertebral osteoporosis
Authors: N F A Peel, N A Barrington, T W D Smith, R Eastell
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Indirect evidence has previously been available implicating enteroviruses in the aetiology of motor neurone disease * Nucleic acid sequences specific for entero- virus were detected in the spinal cords of eight of 11 cases of sporadic motor neurone disease and one of two cases of putative familial motor neurone disease * Sequences show a close relation to coxsackie- virus B sequences * No sequences were detected in samples from six matched controls * Sequences derived from different parts of the spinal cord of the same subject were identical but they differ between individual subjects Enterovirus sequences were not detected in control patients of a similar age and sex distribution to some motor neurone disease cases and from the same geographical area (or in one patient with antecedent poliomyelitis), although the prevalence of enterovirus infection would predict that these patients would have been infected with enteroviruses in the past.We conclude that detection of these enterovirus 5' untranslated region sequences in patients with motor neurone disease is evidence of persisting enterovirus infection in spinal cord tissue.The absence ofinfectious virus and the presumed long term infection suggests viral genomes in a state of restricted replication analogous to measles virus in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.23Further characterisation of these sequences and possible pathogenic mechanisms are currently under investigation.
ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Risk Equations predicted 5-y risk for CV events in adults considered for statin initiation
Authors: Ann Marie Navar-Boggan, L. Kristin Newby
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

ACP Journal Club19 August 2014ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Risk Equations predicted 5-y risk for CV events in adults considered for statin initiationAnn Marie Navar-Boggan, MD, PhD, L. Kristin Newby, MD, MHSAnn Marie Navar-Boggan, MD, PhDDuke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA (A.M.N., L.K.N.)Search for more papers by this author, L. Kristin Newby, MD, MHSDuke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA (A.M.N., L.K.N.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-161-4-201408190-02012 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationMuntner P, Colantonio LD, Cushman M, et al. Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Pooled Cohort risk equations. JAMA. 2014;311:1406-15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24682252Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Cardiology: Endocrinology: References1 Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:S49-73. [PMID: 24222018] Google Scholar2 Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2889-934. [PMID: 24239923] Google Scholar3 Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;1:CD004816. [PMID: 23440795] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Ann Marie Navar-Boggan, MD, PhD; L. Kristin Newby, MD, MHSAffiliations: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA (A.M.N., L.K.N.)This article was published at Annals.org on 5 August 2014. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 19 August 2014Volume 161, Issue 4Page: JC12KeywordsAtherosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular diseasesCardiovascular therapyCholesterolCoronary heart diseaseLow density lipoproteinMyocardial infarctionStatinsStrokeTreatment guidelines ePublished: 19 August 2014 Issue Published: 19 August 2014 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Critically III Patients
Authors: Deborah J. Cook
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Purpose.</h3> —To resolve discrepancies in previous systematic overviews and provide estimates of the effect of stress ulcer prophylaxis on gastrointestinal bleeding, pneumonia, and mortality in critically ill patients. <h3>Data Identification.</h3> —Computerized search of published and unpublished research, bibliographies, pharmaceutical and personal files, and conference abstract reports. <h3>Study Selection.</h3> —Independent review of 269 articles identified 63 relevant randomized trials for inclusion. <h3>Data Abstraction.</h3> —We made independent, duplicate assessment of the methodologic quality, population, intervention, and outcomes of each trial. <h3>Results.</h3> —The source of discrepancies between prior meta-analyses included incomplete identification of relevant studies, differential inclusion of non—English language and nonrandomized trials, different definitions of bleeding, provision of additional information through direct correspondence with authors, and different statistical methods. The current overview demonstrates that prophylaxis with histamine<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonists decreases the incidence of overt gastrointestinal bleeding (odds ratio [OR], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42 to 0.79) and clinically important bleeding (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.88). There is a trend toward decreased overt bleeding when antacids are compared with no therapy (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.37 to 1.17). Histamine<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonists and antacids are associated with a trend toward lower clinically important bleeding rates than sucralfate is. There is a trend toward an increased risk of pneumonia associated with histamine<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonists as compared with no prophylaxis (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.78 to 2.00). Sucralfate is associated with a lower incidence of nosocomial pneumonia when compared with antacids (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.15) and histamine<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonists (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.01). Sucralfate is also associated with a reduced mortality rate (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.97) relative to antacids and to histamine<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonists (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.09). <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Our results emphasize the need for registries to include all randomized trials and demonstrate the importance of explicit methodology for systematic reviews. There is strong evidence of reduced clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding with histamine<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonists. Sucralfate may be as effective in reducing bleeding as gastric pH—altering drugs and is associated with lower rates of pneumonia and mortality. However, the data are insufficient to determine the net effect of sucralfate compared with no prophylaxis. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1996;275:308-314)
CT pulmonary angiography was not inferior to ventilation–perfusion lung scanning for ruling out pulmonary embolism
Authors: Andrew Dunn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Source Citation Anderson DR, Kahn SR, Rodger MA, et al. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography vs ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298:2743-53. 18165667
New Antirheumatic Agents
Authors: John R. Lewis
Journal: JAMA (1977)

The new antirheumatic agents, fenoprofen calcium, naproxen, and tolmetin sodium, are effective in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Their efficacy is comparable, but not superior, to that of aspirin in usual oral doses. These agents also may be useful in degenerative joint disease and ankylosing spondylitis and as analgesics and antipyretics; however, there are insufficient data available to establish their efficacy and dosages for these uses. The incidence of adverse reactions, including gastrointestinal bleeding, is lower with these agents than with aspirin; thus, these drugs may be useful substitutes in patients who cannot tolerate the gastrointestinal effects of aspirin. (<i>JAMA</i>237:1260-1261, 1977)
Story grammars versus story points
Authors: Robert Wilensky
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1983)

Story grammars have been proposed as a means of expressing a theory of stories. Story grammarians claim that stories are a linguistic form in much the same sense that sentences are, and that we can attribute constituent structure to stories in much the same way we attribute it to sentences. Just as sentences and their constituent structure can be characterized by sentence grammars, so stories and their constituent structure can be characterized by a story grammar. However, the analogy between story grammars and sentence grammars is ill conceived. It is based on a category error that assumes stories to be textual entities like sentences. This is demonstrably not the case. Moreover, this confusion is the cause of most of the misunderstandings about story grammars and what they can accomplish. Once this mistake is acknowledged, the possible contribution of story grammars to a theory of stories is considerably diminished. In place of story grammars, I propose the rudiments of a theory, called the theory of story points. Although it lacks some of the aesthetic appeal of story grammars, the theory of story points seems a more promising route to a meaningful theory of stories. The theory is being used as a component of a computer story-understanding system under development at Berkeley. In addition, some very preliminary experiments conducted on the basis of this approach seem to lend it some psychological plausibility.
Clinical Trials That Explicitly Exclude Gay and Lesbian Patients
Authors: Brian L. Egleston, Roland L. Dunbrack, Michael J. Hall
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

The authors found that exclusion of lesbians and gay men from clinical trials in the United States is not uncommon, particularly in studies with sexual function as an end point. It is likely that most gay and lesbian patients are unaware that their sexual orientation is being used as a screening factor for participation in clinical trials.
Using the right MDRD equation
Authors: Vincent Launay-Vacher, Hassane Izzedine, Gilbert Deray
Journal: Kidney International (2004)

To the Editor: Estimating the prevalence of renal insufficiency in any patient population is of course a crucial issue. The earlier renal insufficiency is diagnosed, the best care is to be provided to the patient, especially in terms of slackening the progression of renal failure and adjusting drugs dosage when required. In their article, Garg et al1.Garg A.X. Papaioannou A. Ferko N. et al.Estimating the prevalence of renal insufficiency in seniors requiring long-term care.Kidney Int. 2004; 65: 649-653Google Scholar mentioned that they estimated the renal function of their patients using the Cockcroft-Gault and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD) formulas. They thus cited Cockcroft and Gault2.Cockcroft D.W. Gault M.H. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine.Nephron. 1976; 16: 31-41Google Scholar and Levey et al3.Levey A.S. Bosh J.P. Lewis J.B. et al.a more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation.ann intern med. 1999; 130: 461-470Google Scholar works in references. The authors further detailed the formulas they used in the Appendix of their article. It is important to remember that Levey et al tested in their work seven different formulas for estimating glomerular filtration rate. They concluded that among those equations, only one (equation 7) gave satisfactory results. This seventh equation is the one that should be used in other works when renal function is to be estimated with the MDRD equation. Unfortunately, the formula called MDRD formula in Garg's article is not the formula validated by Levey et al in the MDRD article. MDRD equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR): with PCR= serum creatinine concentration (mg/dL), Age = age of the patient (years), SUN = serum urea nitrogen (mg/dL), and Alb = serum albumin concentration (g/dL).
Effect of irritable bowel symptoms on quality of life in people with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: J. S. Leeds, A. D. Hopper, M. Hadjivassiliou, S. Tesfaye, D. S. Sanders
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Gastrointestinal symptoms are more common in people with Type 1 diabetes than the non-diabetic population. Irritable bowel symptoms (IBS) are associated with reduced quality of life in non-diabetic cohorts but the prevalence in Type 1 diabetes is not clear. Similarly the effect on quality of life is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of IBS in Type 1 diabetes compared to non-diabetic controls and the effect upon quality of life. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients with Type 1 diabetes were recruited from the diabetes centre and a gastrointestinal symptom questionnaire completed. Quality of life was assessed using the short form 36 version 2 (SF-36) questionnaire and glycaemic control assessed using HbA1c. Non-diabetic controls were recruited locally and were administered the same questionnaires. Prevalence of IBS symptoms (as judged by the Rome II criteria) and quality of life scores were compared between the groups. <h3>Results</h3> 662 individuals with Type 1 diabetes and 602 controls were recruited into the study. The prevalence of IBS was 106/662 (16%) in those with Type 1 diabetes and 48/602 (7.9%) in controls (OR 2.2, 1.5–3.1, p&lt;0.001). In those with diabetes, HbA1c was 8.3 in those with IBS compared to 8.0 in those without IBS (p=ns). Symptom burden was not significantly different when comparing people with Type 1 diabetes and IBS and controls with IBS. Quality of life scores were significantly lower in all domains in people with Type 1 diabetes and IBS symptoms compared to people with Type 1 diabetes without IBS symptoms and non-diabetic controls with and without IBS (p&lt;0.001). In the non-diabetic group IBS symptoms were associated with lower quality of life scores in the bodily pain, general health and physical composite score domains (all p&lt;0.05). <h3>Conclusion</h3> IBS symptoms are more common in people with Type 1 diabetes compared to controls. Patients with Type 1 diabetes and IBS have worse quality of life scoresthan Type 1 diabetes patients without IBS symptoms and non-diabetic controls with or without IBS. The quality of life differences between Type 1 diabetes patients with and without IBS could not be explained by glycaemic control. Quality of life scores were lower in non-diabetic subjects with IBS compared to non-diabetic controls. The relationship between IBS and Type 1 diabetes is poorly understood – however our data suggest that questioning diabetic patients about IBS and addressing these symptoms may be beneficial to the patient.
Focal Central-Nervous-System Involvement Associated with Trichinosis
Authors: Huntington Mavor
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

C YMPTOMS and signs of Central-nervous-system ^ involvement associated with infestation by Trichinella spiralis, with and without evidence of focal brain damage, have been recorded by many observers in the past half-century. The protean manifestations of this common parasitic disease justify continued emphasis. The case reported below is an example of clinically well defined focal cerebral involvement with minimal impairment in mentation and only slight evidence of generalized toxicity. Bilateral swelling of the optic disks resembling papilledema seen in increased intracranial pressure was present on admission, justifying the admitting diagnosis of a probable space-occupying mass.Case ReportA 23-year-old . . .
Gene Expression Profiling Identifies MMP-12 and ADAMDEC1 as Potential Pathogenic Mediators of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Authors: Elliott D. Crouser, Daniel A. Culver, Kenneth S. Knox, Mark W. Julian, Guohong Shao, Susamma Abraham, Sandya Liyanarachchi, Jennifer E. Macre, Mark D. Wewers, Mikhail A. Gavrilin, Patrick Ross, Abbas Abbas, Charis Eng
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

Little is known about the genetic regulation of granulomatous inflammation in sarcoidosis.To determine if tissue gene array analysis would identify novel genes engaged in inflammation and lung remodeling in patients with sarcoidosis.Gene expression analysis was performed on tissues obtained from patients with sarcoidosis at the time of diagnosis (untreated) (n = 6) compared with normal lung tissue (n = 6). Expression of select genes was further confirmed in lung tissue from a second series of patients with sarcoidosis and disease-free control subjects (n = 11 per group) by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Interactive gene networks were identified in patients with sarcoidosis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (Ingenuity Systems, Inc., Redwood, CA) software. The expression of proteins corresponding to selected overexpressed genes was determined using fluorokine multiplex analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Selected genes and proteins were then analyzed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in an independent series of patients with sarcoidosis (n = 36) and control subjects (n = 12).A gene network engaged in Th1-type responses was most significantly overexpressed in the sarcoidosis lung tissues, including genes not previously reported in the context of sarcoidosis (e.g., IL-7). MMP-12 and ADAMDEC1 transcripts were most highly expressed (> 25-fold) in sarcoidosis lung tissues, corresponding with increased protein expression by immunohistochemistry. MMP-12 and ADAMDEC1 gene and protein expression were increased in bronchoalveolar lavage samples from patients with sarcoidosis, correlating with disease severity.Tissue gene expression analyses provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis. MMP-12 and ADAMDEC1 emerge as likely mediators of lung damage and/or remodeling and may serve as markers of disease activity.
Dehydroisoandrosterone in Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: E. B. Strauss, D. E. Sands, A. M. Robinson, W. J. Tindall, W. A. H. Stevenson
Journal: BMJ (1952)

Having noted the work of Hemphill, Reiss, and others on the relationship of "steroid" excretion to mental states, we decided to investigate the effect of dehydroisoandrosterone in selected cases of schizophrenia and ". schizoid psychopathy."Our case-material was limited to patients who showed abnormal 17-ketosteroid excretion, to patients whose mental illness was mild or who were slowly deteriorating, and, as things turned out, to patients who gave the appearance of physical immaturity.The group investigated in the first instance (Cases 1-5) consisted of males between the ages of 16 and 35 in whom the total 24-hour ketosteroid output, and particularly the alpha-beta ratio, was found to be abnormal.The normal 17-ketosteroid output for this age group in men is taken to be 6-21 mg. per 24 hours, of which the beta fraction constitutes 5-15%.Each case was independently investigated by at least two of the following:
Selumetinib in women with recurrent low-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary or peritoneum: an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study
Authors: John Farley, William E Brady, Vinod Vathipadiekal, Heather A Lankes, Robert Coleman, Mark A Morgan, Robert Mannel, S Diane Yamada, David Mutch, William H Rodgers, Michael Birrer, David M Gershenson
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2012)