tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Violence Against Women During the Liberian Civil Conflict
Authors: Shana Swiss
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.—Civilians were often the casualties of fighting during the recent Liberian civil conflict. Liberian health care workers played a crucial role in documenting violence against women by soliders and fighters during the war.Objective.—To document women's experiences of violence, including rape and sexual coercion, from a soldier or fighter during 5 years of the Liberian civil war from 1989 through 1994.Design.—Interview and survey.Setting.—High schools, markets, displaced persons camps, and urban communities in Monrovia, Liberia, in 1994.Participants.—A random sample of 205 women and girls between the ages of 15 and 70 years (88% participation rate).Results.—One hundred (49%) of 205 participants reported experiencing at least 1 act of physical or sexual violence by a soldier or fighter. Survey participants reported being beaten, tied up, or detained in a room under armed guard (17%); strip-searched 1 or more times (32%); and raped, subjected to attempted rape, or sexually coerced (15%). Women who were accused of belonging to a particular ethnic group or fighting faction or who were forced to cook for a soldier or fighter were at increased risk for physical and sexual violence. Of the 106 women and girls accused of belonging to an ethnic group or faction, 65 (61%) reported that they were beaten, locked up, strip-searched, or subjected to attempted rape, compared with 27 (27%) of the 99 women who were not accused (P≤.02, .07, .001, and .06, respectively). Women and girls who were forced to cook for a soldier or fighter were more likely to report experiencing rape, attempted rape, or sexual coercion than those who were not forced to cook (55% vs 10%; P≤.001, .06, and .001, respectively). Young women (those younger than 25 years) were more likely than women 25 years or older to report experiencing attempted rape and sexual coercion (18% vs 4%, P=.02 and .04, respectively).Conclusions.—This collaborative research allowed Liberian women to document wartime violence against women in their own communities and to develop a unique program to address violence against women in Liberia.
Relationship between vascular development and vascular differentiation during liver organogenesis in humans
Authors: Géraldine Gouysse, Anne Couvelard, Sophie Frachon, Raymonde Bouvier, Mimoun Nejjari, Marie-Christine Dauge, Gérard Feldmann, Dominique Hénin, Jean-Yves Scoazec
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Unproven procedures for diagnosis and treatment of allergic and immunologic diseasesApproved by the executive committee of the American academy of allergy and immunology
Authors: J ANDERSON, H CHAI, H CLAMAN, E ELLIS, J FINK, A KAPLAN, P LIEBERMAN, W PIERSON, J SALVAGGIO, A SHEFFER
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1986)
Amyloid tumour resected by laser therapy
Authors: GH Russchen, B Wouters, AF Meinesz, S Janssen, PE Postmus
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1990)

We report a patient presenting with dyspnoea, cough and fever with a middle lobe atelectasis. Amyloid deposits in the bronchial wall caused almost complete obstruction of the middle lobe bronchus. The patient was treated with neodymium yttrium aluminium garnet (NdYAG) laser photoresection resulting in complete clearance of the middle lobe bronchus. Laser therapy has to be considered as first-line therapy for patients with endobronchial amyloidosis.
Life Span of Ventricular Fibrillation Frequencies
Authors: Bum-Rak Choi, Wonchul Nho, Tong Liu, Guy Salama
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

The nature and organization of electrical activity during ventricular fibrillation (VF) are important and controversial subjects dominated by 2 competing theories: the wavebreak and the dominant mother rotor hypothesis. To investigate spatiotemporal characteristics of ventricular fibrillation (VF), transmembrane potentials (V m ) were recorded from multiple sites of perfused rabbit hearts using a voltage-sensitive dye and a photodiode array or a CCD camera, and the time-frequency characteristics of V m were analyzed by short-time fast Fourier transform (FFT) or generalized time-frequency representation with a cone-shaped kernel. The analysis was applied to all pixels to track VF frequencies in time and space. VF consisted of blobs, which are groups of contiguous pixels with a common frequency and an ill-defined shape. At any time t , several VF frequency blobs coexisted in the field of view, and the number of coexisting blobs was on average 5.9±2.1 (n=8 hearts) as they appeared and disappeared discontinuously with time and were not fixed in space. The life span of frequency blobs from birth to either annihilation or breakup to another frequency had a half-life of 0.39±0.13 second (n=4 hearts). The Ca 2+ channel blocker nifedipine increased the stability of VF frequencies and reduced the number of frequency blobs progressing to a single frequency. In conclusion, VF consists of dynamically changing frequency blobs, which have a short life span and can be modified by pharmacological interventions, suggesting that VF is maintained by dynamically changing multiple wavelets.
2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults
Authors: Paul A. James, Suzanne Oparil, Barry L. Carter, William C. Cushman, Cheryl Dennison-Himmelfarb, Joel Handler, Daniel T. Lackland, Michael L. LeFevre, Thomas D. MacKenzie, Olugbenga Ogedegbe, Sidney C. Smith, Laura P. Svetkey, Sandra J. Taler, Raymond R. Townsend, Jackson T. Wright, Andrew S. Narva, Eduardo Ortiz
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Hypertension is the most common condition seen in primary care and leads to myocardial infarction, stroke, renal failure, and death if not detected early and treated appropriately. Patients want to be assured that blood pressure (BP) treatment will reduce their disease burden, while clinicians want guidance on hypertension management using the best scientific evidence. This report takes a rigorous, evidence-based approach to recommend treatment thresholds, goals, and medications in the management of hypertension in adults. Evidence was drawn from randomized controlled trials, which represent the gold standard for determining efficacy and effectiveness. Evidence quality and recommendations were graded based on their effect on important outcomes. There is strong evidence to support treating hypertensive persons aged 60 years or older to a BP goal of less than 150/90 mm Hg and hypertensive persons 30 through 59 years of age to a diastolic goal of less than 90 mm Hg; however, there is insufficient evidence in hypertensive persons younger than 60 years for a systolic goal, or in those younger than 30 years for a diastolic goal, so the panel recommends a BP of less than 140/90 mm Hg for those groups based on expert opinion. The same thresholds and goals are recommended for hypertensive adults with diabetes or nondiabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) as for the general hypertensive population younger than 60 years. There is moderate evidence to support initiating drug treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, calcium channel blocker, or thiazide-type diuretic in the nonblack hypertensive population, including those with diabetes. In the black hypertensive population, including those with diabetes, a calcium channel blocker or thiazide-type diuretic is recommended as initial therapy. There is moderate evidence to support initial or add-on antihypertensive therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker in persons with CKD to improve kidney outcomes. Although this guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for the management of high BP and should meet the clinical needs of most patients, these recommendations are not a substitute for clinical judgment, and decisions about care must carefully consider and incorporate the clinical characteristics and circumstances of each individual patient.
Breast cancer drugs should be offered to healthy but high risk women, US panel concludes
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A family is described in which the proband has a rearranged X chromosome involving monosomy Xp and trisomy Xq, while the mother has a paracentric inversion of chromosome 7. It is suggested that the phenomenon of interchromosomal effect may link these observations. A brief review of the published and computer catalogued data on paracentric inversion in man is included.
Meta-analysis: Retinal Vessel Caliber and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Kevin McGeechan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Background: Retinal vessel caliber may be a novel marker of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. However, the sex-specific effect, magnitude of association, and effect independent of traditional CHD disease risk factors remain unclear. Purpose: To determine the association between retinal vessel caliber and risk for CHD. Data Sources: Relevant studies in any language identified through MEDLINE (1950 to June 2009) and EMBASE (1950 to June 2009) databases. Study Selection: Studies were included if they examined a general population, measured retinal vessel caliber from retinal photographs, and documented CHD risk factors and incident CHD events. Data Extraction: 6 population-based prospective cohort studies provided data for individual participant meta-analysis. Data Synthesis: Proportional hazards models, adjusted for traditional CHD risk factors, were constructed for retinal vessel caliber and incident CHD in women and men. Among 22 159 participants who were free of CHD and followed for 5 to 14 years, 2219 (10.0%) incident CHD events occurred. Retinal vessel caliber changes (wider venules and narrower arterioles) were each associated with an increased risk for CHD in women (pooled multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.06 to 1.26] per 20-μm increase in venular caliber and 1.17 [CI, 1.07 to 1.28] per 20-μm decrease in arteriolar caliber) but not in men (1.02 [CI, 0.94 to 1.10] per 20-μm increase in venular caliber and 1.02 [CI, 0.95 to 1.10] per 20-μm decrease in arteriolar caliber). Women without hypertension or diabetes had higher hazard ratios. Limitation: Error in the measurement of retinal vessel caliber and Framingham variables was not taken into account. Conclusion: Retinal vessel caliber changes were independently associated with an increased risk for CHD events in women.
Normal-pressure Hydrocephalus: Saga or Swamp?
Authors: A. M. Clarfield
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) was first identified by Adams et al<sup>1</sup>in 1965. They described three patients: two women aged 62 and 63 years and one man aged 65 years who presented with the triad of dementia of recent onset, gait disorder, and urinary incontinence. Cerebrospinal fluid shunting provided a spectacular cure in all three cases. Since that time, many case series have been published (for example, references 2 through 5) and reviewed.<sup>6,7</sup>The syndrome is one of communicating hydrocephalus in which intracranial hypertension is either absent or goes unrecognized. Although it can occur secondary to head injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial surgery, brain tumors, or meningitis, most patients give no such history and the syndrome is consequently termed "idiopathic."<sup>6</sup> In this issue ofThe Journal, Friedland<sup>8</sup>provides us with a case history that involves a successful shunt procedure for an elderly woman with NPH. What makes this
Cure of Lung Cancer from Incomplete Surgical Resection
Authors: R. A. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Three patients with lung cancer have been cured by incomplete removal of the cancer, which has for 20 years been the policy of this unit when complete removal is not possible. In each patient residual cancer remained on the wall of the left atrial chamber of the heart at the end of an operation for pneumonectomy.Incomplete removal of cancer may, as a rare event, cure the patient. When residual cancer remained on any mediastinal structure other than the atrium cure has not been seen, though progress of the cancer seems to be retarted in some patients.
Aneurysm of aberrant right subclavian artery (arteria lusoria) presenting as cardiac dyspnoea
Authors: D. M. Layfield, N. Nikolaidis, S. P. Harden, S. K. Ohri
Journal: Thorax (2011)

Images in ThoraxAneurysm of aberrant right subclavian artery (arteria lusoria) presenting as cardiac dyspnoea A 75-year-old Caucasian man presented with a 3-month history of progressive dyspnoea, unrelated to position, with an exercise tolerance of 100 m.He had experienced thrombolysis following an inferior myocardial infarction 8 years previously.Initial diagnosis was cardiac dyspnoea; transthoracic echocardiogram showed moderate left ventricular dysfunction without significant progression from previous studies.Spirometry demonstrated fixed plateaued flow during forced inspiration and forced expiration.Cardiac MRI demonstrated an ejection fraction of 48% but no reversible ischaemia.Incidental note was made of an aneurysmal aberrant right subclavian artery compressing the trachea, further characterised by CT angiography (figure 1).Arteria lusoria is an anomaly occurring in 0.5e2% of individuals, but is typically asymptomatic.
Childhood asthma: treatment and severity.
Authors: A D Milner
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Childhood asthma: treatment and severity Few diseases have such a range of severity as childhood asthma.At one extreme are the many children with only mild and infrequent wheezing.At the other end are those with severe chronic asthma making them respiratory cripples.Clearly those with trivial symptoms should not receive the potentially toxic drugs which are entirely justified in those with chronic severe asthma.The severity of the disease must therefore be assessed before treatment is started.Most children with asthma have occasional mild attacks, forming grades A and B as described by Williams and McNicol.1These children grow normally, miss little school, and should be able to take part in all physical activities.Chest deformity is minimal, if present at all, and lung function (as assessed by peak flow or spirometry on routine visits to the clinic or surgery) is usually normal.Many will respond entirely satisfactorily to treatment with oral beta-2 stimulants.2Regular treatment with sodium cromoglycate or theophylline is not indicated-and if prescribed is unlikely to be taken in the long term.Alternatively, these children can be helped by taking inhaled bronchodilator drugs as soon as symptoms begin, either in the form of salbutamol Rotohaler3 or, in those over the age of 7 and sufficiently well co-ordinated, one of the beta-2 pressurised aerosols.The chances of any of these children becoming critically ill are remote, and most will either grow out of their symptoms by puberty or show considerable improvement.The remaining asthmatic children are more worrying-but they form less than 1%1 ofthe child population.These children have frequent troublesome attacks which interfere with their social and educational life.Indeed, if not adequately treated the disease will tend to isolate the child.Nevertheless, many such children have periods when they are asymptomatic and are apparently entirely well.These patients, who are categorised as group C,1 again should have no growth retardation but they may have some chest deformity with bilateral Harrison's sulci-particularly at the younger end of the age range.Lung function tests will show wide variation ranging from normality to severe airways obstruction.Some of these children may have severe life-threatening attacks, and all require regular maintenance treatment.Usually beta-2-stimulant drugs are insufficient.The alternatives are oral theophylline, using a slow-release preparation which can be given every eight to 12 hours,4 or thrice-daily sodium cromoglycate given by Spinhaler.
349 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE AND CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION SCORE BY MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; CROSS-SECTIONAL CASE-CONTROL STUDY FROM HEALTHCARE CENTERS' NETWORK
Authors: D. Kim, E.H. Park, W. Kim, S.-Y. Choi, Y.J. Kim, J.-H. Yoon, S.-H. Cho, H.-S. Lee
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Aberrant Activation of the Androgen Receptor by NF-κB2/p52 in Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Nagalakshmi Nadiminty, Wei Lou, Meng Sun, Jun Chen, Jiao Yue, Hsing-Jien Kung, Christopher P. Evans, Qinghua Zhou, Allen C. Gao
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Prostate cancer initiation and progression are uniquely dependent on the androgen receptor (AR). Even when the cancer progresses to a castration-resistant stage, AR signaling remains active via a variety of mechanisms. In the present study, we showed that NF-κB/p52 can activate the AR, resulting in increased transactivation of AR-responsive genes, such as PSA and NKX3.1, in a ligand-independent manner. NF-κB2/p52 enhances nuclear translocation and activation of AR by interacting with its NH2-terminal domain and enhances the recruitment of coactivators such as p300 to the promoters of AR-dependent genes. These results were confirmed in three different prostate cancer cell lines: LAPC-4 (wild-type AR), LNCaP (mutant AR), and C4-2 (castration resistant). Transfection of p52 into LAPC-4 and LNCaP cells (which express low levels of p52) showed increased activation of the endogenous AR. Downregulation of endogenous p52 in C4-2 cells resulted in abrogation of AR constitutive activation. Comparison of the relative effects of p52 and p65 (RelA) showed that p52, but not p65, could activate the AR. Collectively, these findings, together with previous reports that the levels of NF-κB2/p52 are elevated in prostate cancer cells and that active NF-κB2/p52 promotes prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, suggest that NF-κB2/p52 may play a critical role in the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 70(8); 3309–19. ©2010 AACR.
Hepatitis B Virus–Associated Multistep Hepatocarcinogenesis: A Stepwise Increase in Allelic Alterations
Authors: Joyce Man-Fong Lee, Chun-Ming Wong, Irene Oi-Lin Ng
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process, but systematic analysis using a genetic or molecular approach to accurately delineate the different stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development is scarce. In this study, we used genome-wide allelotyping to systematically evaluate the allelic alterations in the multisteps of hepatitis B virus–associated hepatocarcinogenesis. The overall fractional allelic loss (FAL) indices of cirrhosis, dysplastic nodules (DN), and HCC were significantly different, with a clear stepwise increase (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was uncommon in cirrhotic livers (n = 24; mean FAL index ± SD, 0.09 ± 0.09; median, 0.07). In contrast, LOH was common in our 74 HCC nodules, which were predominantly hepatitis B virus–associated (mean FAL index ± SD, 0.40 ± 0.23; median, 0.38). The 18 DNs had FAL index (mean ± SD, 0.27 ± 0.19; median, 0.20) in between that of cirrhosis and HCC. Importantly, high-grade DNs had FAL index significantly higher than that of low-grade DNs (P = 0.031) and close to that of HCC, indicating that high-grade DNs were genetically closer to HCC. However, there was no significant difference in FAL indices between primary HCCs and their corresponding intrahepatic metastases, but this absence of major allelic losses in this transformation to a metastatic phenotype does not exclude small-scale chromosomal losses or gene deletions. To conclude, hepatitis B virus–associated hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process accompanied by stepwise increase in allelic losses from cirrhosis and low- and high-grade DN to HCC. Such allelic losses contribute to promote tumor development and progression. [Cancer Res 2008;68(14):5988–96]
The Unhydrolyzable Fenretinide Analogue 4-Hydroxybenzylretinone Induces the Proapoptotic Genes <i>GADD153</i> (<i>CHOP</i>) and <i>Bcl-2–Binding Component 3</i> (<i>PUMA</i>) and Apoptosis that Is Caspase- Dependent and Independent of the Retinoic Acid Receptor
Authors: Allyson L. Anding, Jason S. Chapman, Derek W. Barnett, Robert W. Curley, Margaret Clagett-Dame
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) induces apoptosis in a variety of cell lines and has shown promise as an anticancer agent both in vitro and in vivo. The clinical dose of 4-HPR, however, is limited by residual-associated toxicities, indicating a need for a less toxic drug. In this study, we show that 4-hydroxybenzylretinone (4-HBR), the unhydrolyzable analogue of 4-HPR, is effective in producing apoptosis in a variety of 4-HPR–sensitive cell lines, including breast cancer, neuroblastoma, and leukemia cells. We also show through the use of a pan-caspase inhibitor that this 4-HBR–induced apoptosis is dependent, at least in part, on caspase activity. 4-HBR is shown to exhibit binding to the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) at concentrations necessary to induce cell death and induces expression of all-trans-retinoic acid–responsive genes that can be blocked by a RAR pan-antagonist. However, through the use of this RAR pan-antagonist, 4-HBR–induced apoptosis and cell death is shown to be independent of the RAR signaling pathway. To further characterize the mechanism of action of 4-HBR, expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress–induced genes GADD153 and Bcl-2–binding component 3 was examined. These mRNAs are shown to be rapidly induced in 4-HBR–treated and 4-HPR–treated breast cancer cells, and this up-regulation is also shown to be independent of the RARs. These results suggest that a stress-mediated apoptotic cascade is involved in the mechanism of action of these retinoids. [Cancer Res 2007;67(13):6270–7]
Efficacy and Safety of Lowering Dietary Intake of Fat and Cholesterol in Children With Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Authors: Peter O. Kwiterovich
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To assess the efficacy and safety of lowering dietary intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol to decrease low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in children.Six-center randomized controlled clinical trial.Prepubertal boys (n = 362) and girls (n = 301) aged 8 to 10 years with LDL-C levels greater than or equal to the 80th and less than the 98th percentiles for age and sex were randomized into an intervention group (n = 334) and a usual care group (n = 329).Behavioral intervention to promote adherence to a diet providing 28% of energy from total fat, less than 8% from saturated fat, up to 9% from polyunsaturated fat, and less than 75 mg/4200 kJ (1000 kcal) per day of cholesterol (not to exceed 150 mg/d).The primary efficacy measure was the mean LDL-C level at 3 years. Primary safety measures were mean height and serum ferritin levels at 3 years. Secondary efficacy outcomes were mean LDL-C levels at 1 year and mean total cholesterol levels at 1 and 3 years. Secondary safety outcomes included red blood cell folate values; serum zinc, retinol, and albumin levels; serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) values, LDL-C:HDL-C ratio, and total triglyceride levels; sexual maturation; and psychosocial health.At 3 years, dietary total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol levels decreased significantly in the intervention group compared with the usual care group (all P < .001). Levels of LDL-C decreased in the intervention and usual care groups by 0.40 mmol/L (15.4 mg/dL) and 0.31 mmol/L (11.9 mg/dL), respectively. Adjusting for baseline level and sex and imputting values for missing data, the mean difference between the groups was -0.08 mmol/L (-3.23 mg/dL) (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.15 to -0.01 mmol/L [-5.6 to -0.5 mg/dL]), which was significant (P = .02). There were no significant differences between the groups in adjusted mean height or serum ferritin levels (P > .05) or other safety outcomes.The dietary intervention achieved modest lowering of LDL-C levels over 3 years while maintaining adequate growth, iron stores, nutritional adequacy, and psychological well-being during the critical growth period of adolescence.