tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Postoperative Antibiotic Administration on Postoperative Infection Following Cholecystectomy for Acute Calculous Cholecystitis
Authors: Jean Marc Regimbeau, David Fuks, Karine Pautrat, Francois Mauvais, Vincent Haccart, Simon Msika, Muriel Mathonnet, Michel Scotté, Jean Christophe Paquet, Corinne Vons, Igor Sielezneff, Bertrand Millat, Laurence Chiche, Hervé Dupont, Pierre Duhaut, Cyril Cossé, Momar Diouf, Marc Pocard
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Ninety percent of cases of acute calculous cholecystitis are of mild (grade I) or moderate (grade II) severity. Although the preoperative and intraoperative antibiotic management of acute calculous cholecystitis has been standardized, few data exist on the utility of postoperative antibiotic treatment.To determine the effect of postoperative amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid on infection rates after cholecystectomy.A total of 414 patients treated at 17 medical centers for grade I or II acute calculous cholecystitis and who received 2 g of amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid 3 times a day while in the hospital before and once at the time of surgery were randomized after surgery to an open-label, noninferiority, randomized clinical trial between May 2010 and August 2012.After surgery, no antibiotics or continue with the preoperative antibiotic regimen 3 times daily for 5 days.The proportion of postoperative surgical site or distant infections recorded before or at the 4-week follow-up visit.An imputed intention-to-treat analysis of 414 patients showed that the postoperative infection rates were 17% (35 of 207) in the nontreatment group and 15% (31 of 207) in the antibiotic group (absolute difference, 1.93%; 95% CI, -8.98% to 5.12%). In the per-protocol analysis, which involved 338 patients, the corresponding rates were both 13% (absolute difference, 0.3%; 95% CI, -5.0% to 6.3%). Based on a noninferiority margin of 11%, the lack of postoperative antibiotic treatment was not associated with worse outcomes than antibiotic treatment. Bile cultures showed that 60.9% were pathogen free. Both groups had similar Clavien complication severity outcomes: 195 patients (94.2%) in the nontreatment group had a score of 0 to I and 2 patients (0.97%) had a score of III to V, and 182 patients (87.8%) in the antibiotic group had a score of 0 to I and 4 patients (1.93%) had a score of III to V.Among patients with mild or moderate calculous cholecystitis who received preoperative and intraoperative antibiotics, lack of postoperative treatment with amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid did not result in a greater incidence of postoperative infections.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01015417.
The effects of human atrial 28-amino acid peptide on systemic and renal hemodynamics in anesthetized rats.
Authors: Y Hirata, M Ishii, T Sugimoto, H Matsuoka, T Sugimoto, K Kangawa, H Matsuo
Journal: Circulation Research (1985)

The effects of synthetic human atrial 28-amino acid peptide (alpha-human atrial polypeptide) on systemic and renal hemodynamics were examined in two separate groups of Inactin-anesthetized rats. First, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output were measured before and during infusion of the peptide at rates of 0.04-0.67 microgram/kg per min. Cardiac output was determined by the dye-dilution method with a microcuvette inserted into a carotid-femoral arterial shunt. After 10 minutes of infusion, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were reduced in a dose-dependent manner by 21% (P less than 0.001), 9% (P less than 0.05), and 11% (P less than 0.05), respectively, with 0.67 microgram/kg per min of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide. Despite the marked fall in blood pressure, the heart rate did not change. Second, urine volume, urinary sodium excretion, glomerular filtration rate ([3H]inulin clearance) and renal blood flow ([14C]p-aminohippuric acid sodium clearance and hematocrit) were measured. Increases in urine volume, urinary sodium excretion, filtration fraction, and fractional sodium excretion and a decrease in renal vascular resistance were dose dependent: +490% (P less than 0.01), +1340% (P less than 0.01), +19% (P less than 0.05), +1160% (P less than 0.01), and -18% (P less than 0.05), respectively, with 0.67 microgram/kg per min of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide. The glomerular filtration rate increased with 0.33 and 0.67 microgram/kg per min of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (both P less than 0.05), whereas renal blood flow did not change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Osteoblasts mediate interleukin 1 stimulation of bone resorption by rat osteoclasts.
Authors: B M Thomson, J Saklatvala, T J Chambers
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

A monocyte-derived factor with IL-1-like properties has recently been shown to cause resorption of bone in organ culture. We have investigated the action of IL-1 on disaggregated populations of osteoclasts, incubated alone or in the presence of osteoblastic cells, in an attempt to identify the target cell for IL-1 in bone, and to elucidate the mechanism by which IL-1 induces osteoclastic resorption. Osteoclasts were disaggregated from neonatal rat long bones and incubated on slices of human femoral cortical bone. Under these conditions, the majority of osteoclasts form distinctive excavations in the bone surface within 24 h, the volume of which can be quantified by computer-assisted morphometric and stereophotogrammetic techniques. IL-1 had no effect on bone resorption by osteoclasts alone, but when incubated in the presence of calvarial cells or cloned osteosarcoma cells, it induced a 3.8 (+/- 0.38)-fold increase in osteoclastic bone resorption, with significant enhancement at concentrations of greater than or equal to 30 pg/ml. The osteoblastic populations themselves did not resorb bone. The mechanism by which osteoblastic cells stimulate osteoclasts did not appear to depend upon PG synthesis; nor could we detect a diffusible substance in the medium of stimulated cocultures. These results indicate that IL-1 stimulates bone resorption through a primary action on osteoblasts, which are induced by IL-1 to transmit a short-range signal that stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption.
Improving the Efficacy of Chemoradiation with Targeted Agents
Authors: Meredith A. Morgan, Leslie A. Parsels, Jonathan Maybaum, Theodore S. Lawrence
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2014)

Chemoradiation is the standard therapy for the majority of inoperable, locally advanced cancers. Although there is a need to improve chemoradiation efficacy, normal-tissue toxicity limits our ability to give additional chemotherapy or higher doses of radiation. Thus, there is excitement about the addition of molecularly targeted agents, which tend to be less toxic than chemotherapy, to chemoradiation regimens. Unfortunately, initial empiric attempts have not been successful. This review will focus on the evidence that supports rational combinations of targeted agents with chemoradiation, with an emphasis on agents that target the DNA damage response and radiation-induced membrane signaling.
Distribution of membrane bound guanylyl cyclases in human intestine.
Authors: G Krause, A Bayerl, J M Heim, S Singh, R Gerzer
Journal: Gut (1994)

The quantification and distinction of particulate guanylyl cyclases in the human intestine were considered by an enzymatic approach, which comprised the signal transduction from receptor binding to cGMP formation, and, in addition, by showing the expression of an intracellular portion of these transmembrane proteins. Basal guanylyl cyclase (GC) activities were 50 to 80 pmol cGMP formation/min/mg protein and were stimulated up to twofold by heat stable enterotoxin, but were not significantly influenced by atrial natriuretic factor. Enzymatic analysis of colonoscopic specimens pointed to the prevalence of guanylyl cyclase C in the terminal ileum and in the large bowel including colon ascendens, colon descendens, sigmoid, and rectum. The availability of sequence information on human guanylyl cyclases permitted the development of a polymerase chain reaction approach for distinguishing the expression of GC-A and GC-C in human tissue samples. The expression levels of particulate guanylyl cyclases found by polymerase chain reaction in surgical biopsy specimens confirmed the enzymatic data, in that substantial expression of GC-C was found not only in the small intestine but also in the large bowel. According to the restriction mapping of amplificates, GC-C prevailed over GC-A throughout the human intestine, particularly in the mucosal layers.
FGFR4 Arg388 genotype is associated with pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for primary breast cancer
Authors: F. Marmé, W. Werft, A. Benner, B. Burwinkel, P. Sinn, C. Sohn, P. Lichter, M. Hahn, A. Schneeweiss
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2010)
A new method for objective identification and measurement of airway lumen in paediatric flexible videobronchoscopy
Authors: I B Masters
Journal: Thorax (2005)

<b>Background:</b> Accurate measurements of airway and lesion dimensions are important to the developmental progress of paediatric bronchoscopy. The malacia disorders are an important cause of respiratory morbidity in children, but no methods are currently available to measure these lesions or the airway lumen accurately. A new measurement technique is described here. <b>Methods:</b> The magnification power of a paediatric videobronchoscope was defined and a simple and user friendly computer based program (Image J) was used to develop an objective technique (colour histogram mode technique, CHMT) for measurement of the airway lumen. <b>Results:</b> In vivo intra-observer and inter-observer repeatability coefficients for repeated area measurements from 28 images using the Bland-Altman method were 0.9 mm<sup>2</sup> and 1.6 mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The average intraclass correlation coefficient for repeated measurements of area was 0.93. In vitro validation measurements using a 2 mm diameter tube resolved radii measurements to within 0.1 mm (coefficient of variability 8%). An “acceptable result” was defined in 92% of 734 images completed with the CHMT alone and 8% with its modification. The success rate for two of three images being within 10% of each other’s area was 100%. Measurements of cricoid cross sectional areas from 116 patients compared with expected airway areas for age derived from endotracheal tube sizes were comparable. <b>Conclusions:</b> The CHMT method of identifying and measuring airway dimensions is objective, accurate, and versatile and, as such, is important to the future development of flexible videobronchoscopy.
HIP ARTHROSCOPY: WEST OF SCOTLAND EXPERIENCE
Authors: MA Akhtar, L Campton
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Hip arthroscopy has evolved over the last decade. There had been an increase in the demand for hip arthroscopies from patients and their general practitioners due to available information and better diagnostic modalities like Magnetic resonance Arthrography. The senior author has performed 132 hip arthroscopies since 2010. This study was performed to reflect on our experience of hip arthroscopies to improve our practice. Data was collected prospectively between June 2011 and May 2013 for all patients undergoing Hip arthroscopy at Gartnavel General Hospital under the care of a specialist Hip surgeon. Demographics details, diagnosis of hip or groin pain, operative findings and surgical treatments performed were recorded for 49 patients. The mean age was 31 years (range 17–61). 57% patients were male and 43% female. 59% had right and 41% had left sided hip pathology. The diagnosis of hip pain following arthroscopy was Femoroacetabular Impingement and Labral tear in 67% patients, Femoroacetabular Impingement in 8%, isolated labral tear in 6%, Osteoarthritis in 16% and no intraarticular cause of hip pain was found in 2%. The site of Femoroacetabular impingement was anterior in 86% patients, anterolateral in 11% and lateral in 3% patients. The mean angle was 88 degrees of hip flexion for impingement (range 60–110). 75% patients had reduced anterior head and neck offset. The size of the labral tear was &lt;5 mm in 11% patients, 5–10 mm in 8%, 10–15 mm in 23%, 15–20 mm in 37% and 20–25 mm in 20% patients. In our study cohort 67% patients had Femoroacetabular impingement and an associated labral tear which required treatment. 80% of patients had a tear of &gt;10 mm in size. 16% of patients in our cohort had osteoarthritis changes which were not amenable to arthroscopic treatments. This reflective practice can help surgeons to improve patient selection for hip arthroscopy which can also result in improved outcomes following this procedure.
Deficits in Sustained Attention in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders: Stable Versus State-Dependent Markers
Authors: Shi K. Liu, Chia-Hui Chiu, Ching-Jui Chang, Tzung-Jeng Hwang, Hai-Gwo Hwu, Wei J. Chen
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

The authors compared sustained attention deficits measured by the Continuous Performance Test in patients with various affective disorders and patients with schizophrenia and examined whether Continuous Performance Test deficits in patients with affective disorders improve with remission of affective disorder symptoms.Patients with schizophrenia (N=41), major depression without psychotic features (N=22), bipolar disorder without psychotic features (N=22), and bipolar disorder with psychotic features (N=46) completed Continuous Performance Test sessions with an undegraded version of the test and a 25% degraded version in which the stimulus images were visually distorted. Subjects were also interviewed with the Chinese version of the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies. All inpatients with schizophrenia (N=41) and bipolar disorder (N=15) were assessed both at admission and discharge. Subjects' Continuous Performance Test scores were standardized in comparison with scores for a community sample of 345 subjects, with adjustment for age, sex, and level of education.Compared with the general population, all patient groups except the group with nonpsychotic major depression were significantly impaired in their ability to discriminate target stimuli from nontarget stimuli on the Continuous Performance Test. Patients with schizophrenia had the severest impairment, followed by patients with bipolar disorder with psychotic features and those with bipolar disorder without psychotic features. From admission to discharge, Continuous Performance Test deficits in schizophrenia remained unchanged, but inpatients with bipolar disorder showed significant improvement on the degraded Continuous Performance Test. All patients adopted a similar response criterion (the amount of perceptual evidence the person requires to decide that a stimulus is a target) to that in the general population, except that the patients with schizophrenia had a less stringent response criterion during the degraded Continuous Performance Test.Continuous Performance Test deficits are stable vulnerability indicators for schizophrenia, mediating indicators for bipolar disorder, and state-dependent indicators for major depression.
How to elicit sound probabilistic reasoning: Beyond word problems
Authors: Vittorio Girotto, Michel Gonzalez
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Barbey &amp; Sloman (B&amp;S) conclude that natural frequency theorists have raised a fundamental question: What are the conditions that compel individuals to reason extensionally? We argue that word problems asking for a numerical judgment used by these theorists cannot answer this question. We present evidence that nonverbal tasks can elicit correct intuitions of posterior probability even in preschoolers.
Curated collection of yeast transcription factor DNA binding specificity data reveals novel structural and gene regulatory insights
Authors: Raluca Gordân, Kevin F Murphy, Rachel P McCord, Cong Zhu, Anastasia Vedenko, Martha L Bulyk
Journal: Genome biology (2011)

Transcription factors (TFs) play a central role in regulating gene expression by interacting with cis-regulatory DNA elements associated with their target genes. Recent surveys have examined the DNA binding specificities of most Saccharomyces cerevisiae TFs, but a comprehensive evaluation of their data has been lacking.We analyzed in vitro and in vivo TF-DNA binding data reported in previous large-scale studies to generate a comprehensive, curated resource of DNA binding specificity data for all characterized S. cerevisiae TFs. Our collection comprises DNA binding site motifs and comprehensive in vitro DNA binding specificity data for all possible 8-bp sequences. Investigation of the DNA binding specificities within the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) and VHT1 regulator (VHR) TF families revealed unexpected plasticity in TF-DNA recognition: intriguingly, the VHR TFs, newly characterized by protein binding microarrays in this study, recognize bZIP-like DNA motifs, while the bZIP TF Hac1 recognizes a motif highly similar to the canonical E-box motif of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) TFs. We identified several TFs with distinct primary and secondary motifs, which might be associated with different regulatory functions. Finally, integrated analysis of in vivo TF binding data with protein binding microarray data lends further support for indirect DNA binding in vivo by sequence-specific TFs.The comprehensive data in this curated collection allow for more accurate analyses of regulatory TF-DNA interactions, in-depth structural studies of TF-DNA specificity determinants, and future experimental investigations of the TFs' predicted target genes and regulatory roles.
A Prominent Low-pH Methotrexate Transport Activity in Human Solid Tumors
Authors: Rongbao Zhao, Feng Gao, Marie Hanscom, I. David Goldman
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Whereas the major folate transporter, the reduced folate carrier (RFC), has a physiological pH optimum, transport activities for folates and antifolates have been detected with low pH optima. Because the interstitial pH in solid tumors is generally acidic, the mechanisms by which antifolates are transported at low pH could be an important determinant of drug activity under these conditions. The current study quantitated the low pH methotrexate (MTX) transport activity in human solid tumor cell lines from the National Cancer Institute tumor panel and other sources. MTX influx at pH 5.5 was equal to, or greater than, influx at pH 7.4 in 29 of 32 cell lines. To assess the role of RFC in transport at low pH in one of these cell lines, a HeLa clonal line (R5) was selected for MTX resistance due to a genomic deletion of the carrier gene. MTX influx was depressed by 70% in R5 versus wild-type HeLa cells at pH 7.4. At pH 6.5, influx in these two lines was similar; as the pH was decreased to 5.5 influx increased in both cell lines. Similarly, whereas net MTX uptake over 1 h was markedly decreased in R5 cells at pH 7.4, net uptake in HeLa and R5 cells was comparable at pH 6.5. Also, as compared with MCF7 breast cancer cells, MTX uptake was markedly decreased at pH 7.4, but only minimally at pH 6.5, in the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line that lacks RFC expression. When grown with folic acid (2 μm) at pH 7.4, the IC50 for MTX was 14-fold higher in R5 as compared with wild-type HeLa cells; the difference was only 4-fold when cells when grown at pH 6.9; the IC50s were identical at this pH when the medium folate was 25 nm 5-formyltetrahydrofolate. These data demonstrate that transport activity at low pH is prevalent in human solid tumors, is RFC-independent in R5 cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and can preserve MTX activity in the absence of RFC at an acidic pH relevant to solid tumors in vivo.
The marching season
Authors: L. Farrell
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Two years ago I completed the rebuilding of my family home. On the day we moved in, I took my little son up to the top of Cnoc Si (the Fairy Mountain), which overlooks us and which, as Percy French once wrote, sweeps down to the sea like a long leather skirt on a short fat lady (OK, I added that last bit myself). There I sat down and wrote letters to both my parents, who have been dead for over ten years. I told them what I had done, how happy and fulfilled I felt that …
Intrathoracic chemodectoma with multiple localisations.
Authors: L K Lacquet, A C Moulijn, C M Jongerius, M Limburg, J B Rensing
Journal: Thorax (1977)

In 1958 a mediastinal tumour was discovered in an asymptomatic woman with a history of vomiting and an oesophageal anomaly which had not been treated. A tumour of the anterosuperior mediastinum in relation to the aortic arch was extirpated and proved to be a chemodectoma or non-chromaffin paraganglioma. At subsequent follow-ups the mediastinum was never normal and the heart size progressively increased, the oesophageal anomaly remaining unchanged. A small opacity appeared in the left lung in 1974. An operation performed in 1975 revealed an osteochondroma in the lung, pericarditis, and an intrapericardial chemodectoma. The oesophagus was not explored. An intrathoracic chemodectoma is rare. The importance of angiography in its diagnosis is emphasised. Malignant degeneration is seldom observed. Therapy is surgical, the tumour being radioresistant. The possibility to be considered in our patient was either relapse of the tumour with degeneration or multiple localisations of the tumour.
Epidemiologic Classification of Human Papillomavirus Types Associated with Cervical Cancer
Authors: Nubia Muñoz, F. Xavier Bosch, Silvia de Sanjosé, Rolando Herrero, Xavier Castellsagué, Keerti V. Shah, Peter J.F. Snijders, Chris J.L.M. Meijer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer, but the risk associated with the various HPV types has not been adequately assessed.We pooled data from 11 case-control studies from nine countries involving 1918 women with histologically confirmed squamous-cell cervical cancer and 1928 control women. A common protocol and questionnaire were used. Information on risk factors was obtained by personal interviews, and cervical cells were collected for detection of HPV DNA and typing in a central laboratory by polymerase-chain-reaction-based assays (with MY09/MY11 and GP5+/6+ primers).HPV DNA was detected in 1739 of the 1918 patients with cervical cancer (90.7 percent) and in 259 of the 1928 control women (13.4 percent). With the GP5+/6+ primer, HPV DNA was detected in 96.6 percent of the patients and 15.6 percent of the controls. The most common HPV types in patients, in descending order of frequency, were types 16, 18, 45, 31, 33, 52, 58, and 35. Among control women, types 16, 18, 45, 31, 6, 58, 35, and 33 were the most common. For studies using the GP5+/6+ primer, the pooled odds ratio for cervical cancer associated with the presence of any HPV was 158.2 (95 percent confidence interval, 113.4 to 220.6). The odds ratios were over 45 for the most common and least common HPV types. Fifteen HPV types were classified as high-risk types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82); 3 were classified as probable high-risk types (26, 53, and 66); and 12 were classified as low-risk types (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108). There was good agreement between our epidemiologic classification and the classification based on phylogenetic grouping.In addition to HPV types 16 and 18, types 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82 should be considered carcinogenic, or high-risk, types, and types 26, 53, and 66 should be considered probably carcinogenic.