tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
IL-25 simultaneously elicits distinct populations of innate lymphoid cells and multipotent progenitor type 2 (MPPtype2) cells
Authors: Steven A. Saenz, Mark C. Siracusa, Laurel A. Monticelli, Carly G.K. Ziegler, Brian S. Kim, Jonathan R. Brestoff, Lance W. Peterson, E. John Wherry, Ananda W. Goldrath, Avinash Bhandoola, David Artis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2013)

The predominantly epithelial cell–derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) can promote CD4+ Th2 cell–dependent immunity, inflammation, and tissue repair at barrier surfaces through the induction of multiple innate immune cell populations. IL-25 and IL-33 were previously shown to elicit four innate cell populations, named natural helper cells, nuocytes, innate type 2 helper cells, and multipotent progenitor type 2 (MPPtype2) cells, now collectively termed group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). In contrast to other types of ILC2, MPPtype2 cells exhibit multipotent potential and do not express T1/ST2 or IL-7Rα, suggesting that MPPtype2 cells may be a distinct population. Here, we show that IL-33 elicits robust ILC2 responses, whereas IL-25 predominantly promotes MPPtype2 cell responses at multiple tissue sites with limited effects on ILC2 responses. MPPtype2 cells were distinguished from ILC2 by their differential developmental requirements for specific transcription factors, distinct genome-wide transcriptional profile, and functional potential. Furthermore, IL-25–induced MPPtype2 cells promoted Th2 cytokine–associated inflammation after depletion of ILC2. These findings indicate that IL-25 simultaneously elicits phenotypically and functionally distinct innate lymphoid– and nonlymphoid-associated cell populations and implicate IL-25–elicited MPPtype2 cells and extramedullary hematopoiesis in the promotion of Th2 cytokine responses at mucosal surfaces.
Efficiency of multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) with 3D-volumetry at the estimation of lungs inflation in bronchial asthma
Authors: Andrey V. Il'in, Juliy M. Perelman, Anatoliy V. Lenshin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background:  The possibilities of MSCT in revealing of lung hyperinflation in patients with bronchial asthma (BA) are not fully appreciated.   Aim:  to estimate the degree of lung hyperinflation by MSCT with 3D-volumetry in asthmatics.   Methods : The air volume in lungs after maximal inspiration and expiration was measured in 105 BA patients by MSCT with the help of 3D-visualization software and further quantitative estimation within densitometric diapason from -850 HU and below as compared with bodyplethismography.   Results:  The patients were divided into three groups according to BA severity: the 1st (43 patients with mild BA), the 2nd (52 patients with moderate BA) and the 3rd group (10 patients with severe BA). The increase of residual volume (RV) was registered in 24 patients with mild, 48 patients with moderate and all of 10 patients with severe BA. According to the results of 3D-volumetry the RV was 54.4±15.6 ml in the 1st group, 483.1±69.6 ml in the 2nd group, and 1956.8±277.7 ml in the 3rd group; the ratio of the RV to the volume at the level of maximal inspiration was 3±1, 16±2 and 39±5% respectively (p   Conclusion:  MSCT 3D-volumetry is an effective method of quantitative assessment of lung hyperinflation in BA.
Striatal Dopamine Transporter Alterations in ADHD: Pathophysiology or Adaptation to Psychostimulants? A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Paolo Fusar-Poli, Katya Rubia, Giorgio Rossi, Giuseppe Sartori, Umberto Balottin
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2012)

Background: Striatal dopamine transporter abnormalities are thought to underlie the pathophysiology and psychostimulant treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, individual studies using single photon emission tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) have yielded inconsistent results, i.e., both high and low striatal dopamine transporter levels. Method: Nine SPECT and PET studies investigating striatal dopamine transporter density in ADHD patients (N=169) and age-, gender-, and IQ-matched healthy comparison subjects (N=173) were included in a quantitative meta-analysis. Binding potentials in the striatum and demographic, clinical, and methodological variables were extracted from each publication or obtained directly from authors. Hedges' g was used as a measure of effect size in an analysis using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Publication bias was assessed with funnel plots and Egger's intercept. Heterogeneity was addressed with the Q statistic and I2 index. Results: Striatal dopamine transporter density was 14% higher on average in the ADHD group than in the healthy comparison group. However, heterogeneity across studies was large and statistically significant. Meta-regression analyses showed that the percentage of subjects without exposure to psychostimulants was negatively correlated with dopamine transporter density; density was higher in patients with previous medication exposure and lower in medication-naive patients. There was no moderating effect for age, comorbidity, gender, year of publication, or imaging technique. There was no publication bias, and sensitivity analysis confirmed robustness of the results. Conclusions: Striatal dopamine transporter density in ADHD appears to depend on previous psychostimulant exposure, with lower density in drug-naive subjects and higher density in previously medicated patients.
Activation of Adenosine A <sub>1</sub> Receptor Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy and Prevents Heart Failure in Murine Left Ventricular Pressure-Overload Model
Authors: Yulin Liao, Seiji Takashima, Yoshihiro Asano, Masanori Asakura, Akiko Ogai, Yasunori Shintani, Tetsuo Minamino, Hiroshi Asanuma, Shoji Sanada, Jiyoong Kim, Hisakazu Ogita, Hitonobu Tomoike, Masatsugu Hori, Masafumi Kitakaze
Journal: Circulation Research (2003)

Sympathomimetic stimulation, angiotensin II, or endothelin-1 is considered to be an essential stimulus mediating ventricular hypertrophy. Adenosine is known to protect the heart from excessive catecholamine exposure, reduce production of endothelin-1, and attenuate the activation of the renin-angiotensin system. These findings suggest that adenosine may also attenuate myocardial hypertrophy. To verify this hypothesis, we examined whether activation of adenosine receptors can attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and reduce the risk of heart failure. Our in vitro study of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes showed that 2-chloroadenosine (CADO), a stable adenosine analogue, inhibits protein synthesis of cardiomyocytes induced by phenylephrine, endothelin-1, angiotensin II, or isoproterenol, which were mimicked by the stimulation of adenosine A 1 receptors. For our in vivo study, cardiac hypertrophy was induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in C57BL/6 male mice. Four weeks after TAC, both heart to body weight ratio (6.80±0.18 versus 8.34±0.33 mg/g, P &lt;0.0001) as well as lung to body weight ratio (6.23±0.27 versus 10.03±0.85 mg/g, P &lt;0.0001) became significantly lower in CADO-treated mice than in the TAC group. Left ventricular fractional shortening and left ventricular dP/dt max were improved significantly by CADO treatment. Similar results were obtained using the selective adenosine A 1 agonist N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine (CPA). A nonselective adenosine antagonist, 8-( p -sulfophenyl)-theophylline, and a selective adenosine A 1 antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, eliminated the antihypertrophic effect of CADO and CPA, respectively. The plasma norepinephrine level was decreased and myocardial expression of regulator of G protein signaling 4 was upregulated in CADO-treated mice. These results indicate that the stimulation of adenosine receptors attenuates both the cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial dysfunction via adenosine A 1 receptor–mediated mechanisms.
Shape of the intercondylar notch of the human femur: a comparison of osteoarthritic and non-osteoarthritic bones from a skeletal sample
Authors: L Shepstone
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2001)

<h3>OBJECTIVES</h3> To compare objectively the shape of the intercondylar notch in human osteoarthritic and non-osteoarthritic femora. <h3>METHODS</h3> A sample of 96 human femora from a large skeletal population were selected for study. These femora included subjects with evidence of late stage osteoarthritis (that is, with eburnation present) and subjects with no such evidence. The distal end of the femur, viewed axially, was recorded with a video camera, and digitised computer images were produced. The outline of the intercondylar notch was extracted and represented mathematically as two functions. A functional principal components analysis was used to identify important modes of shape variation. These variations in shape were compared between eburnated and non-eburnated femora. <h3>RESULTS</h3> A statistically significant difference in the shape of the intercondylar notch was found between the two groups. The difference related mostly to the shape of the edge of the medial condyle: in the non-osteoarthritic group this tended to exhibit a concavity; in the osteoarthritic group it tended to be straight. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> This observed difference may be a predisposing factor to the development of osteoarthritis. The morphology of the intercondylar notch is related to the functioning of and possible damage to the cruciate ligaments, and damage to the cruciate ligaments is a known risk factor for osteoarthritis. Alternatively, this difference may be due to bony remodelling secondary to the onset of osteoarthritis, perhaps in response to altered biomechanics.
Nasal eosinophilia induced by PAF-acether is accompanied by the release of eosinophil cationic protein
Authors: A Tedeschi, N Milazzo, A Miadonna
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

It has been demonstrated that platelet-activating factor (PAF)-acether can induce nasal neutrophilia and eosinophilia, with a different degree of responsiveness in atopic and in nonatopic subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether PAF can also induce the release of secondary mediators in the human nose. Ten patients with allergic rhinitis and 10 normal subjects underwent nasal challenge with PAF (500 nmol), lyso-PAF (500 nmol) and saline solution. Nasal lavages were performed before and after challenge to evaluate changes in nasal cytology and release of histamine, immunoreactive leukotriene (iLT) C4 and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). PAF caused neutrophilia and eosinophilia, which appeared earlier in atopic than in nonatopic subjects (30 min vs 1 h), and peaked 3 h after challenge in both groups. Lyso-PAF caused mild neutrophilia, which appeared 3 h after challenge in both groups; an increase in eosinophil counts was observed 3 h after challenge in atopic subjects, but not in nonatopic subjects. PAF insufflation caused a significant release of ECP in nasal lavage fluids 30 min and 3 h after challenge in atopic subjects, and 3 h after challenge in nonatopic subjects. ECP levels in the nasal lavages collected 30 min and 3 h after challenge with PAF were higher in atopic than in nonatopic subjects. Eosinophil counts correlated with ECP levels in the nasal lavages collected 30 min after PAF challenge in atopic subjects. Nasal challenge with lyso-PAF did not provoke any release of ECP. No significant increase of histamine and iLTC4 levels in nasal lavages was found after challenge with either PAF or lyso-PAF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Tumour-like mass lesion: an under-recognised presentation of primary angiitis of the central nervous system
Authors: E S Molloy, A B Singhal, L H Calabrese
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To describe the occurrence of mass lesions (ML) in primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) and assess the utility of diagnostic testing and treatment. <h3>Methods:</h3> We examined the case records of the Cleveland Clinic (CC), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and the English language medical literature, for biopsy-proven PACNS cases presenting as a solitary ML. Relevant clinical variables were extracted and analysed with JMP software. <h3>Results:</h3> We identified a total of 38 ML: eight of 202 (4.0%) patients with CC/MGH and 30 of 535 (5.6%) patients with PACNS identified from the medical literature. A higher percentage (13 of 45; 29%) was seen in the amyloid-related angiitis subset. Poorer outcomes were reported in the amyloid group, with five deaths. Of the non-amyloid group, better outcomes were seen in the group treated with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide as compared with the group treated with corticosteroids alone. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Although rare, PACNS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ML; greater awareness of this manifestation may facilitate more prompt diagnosis and treatment. Biopsy evidence of angiitis is required for diagnosis; specimens should routinely be stained for amyloid. While excision of the lesion may be curative, aggressive immunosuppressive therapy is associated with favourable outcomes and may obviate the need for surgery.
Contribution of Behavioral Risk Factors and Obesity to Socioeconomic Differences in Colorectal Cancer Incidence
Authors: C. A. Doubeni, J. M. Major, A. O. Laiyemo, M. Schootman, A. G. Zauber, A. R. Hollenbeck, R. Sinha, J. Allison
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2012)

BackgroundHealth behaviors are known risk factors for colorectal cancer and are more common in low socioeconomic status (SES) populations. We evaluated the extent to which behavioral risk factors and body mass index (BMI) explain SES disparities in colorectal cancer incidence, overall and by tumor location.
Immune Suppression in Premalignant Respiratory Papillomas: Enriched Functional CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells and PD-1/PD-L1/L2 Expression
Authors: Lynda J. Hatam, James A. DeVoti, David W. Rosenthal, Fung Lam, Allan L. Abramson, Bettie M. Steinberg, Vincent R. Bonagura
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Purpose: Respiratory papillomas, caused by human papillomaviruses types 6 and 11 (HPV6/11), are premalignant lesions with potential for malignant conversion. The cytokine and chemokine micromilieu of papillomas is TH2-like with a marked absence of IFN-γ expression. To illuminate why patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) fail to effectively control their disease, we further investigated the suppressive cellular microenvironment in papillomas. Experimental Design: CD4+CD25+CD127low/−Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and CD4+CD25−CD127low/−Foxp3− T cells within papillomas were characterized and isolated. Their suppressor function was measured by inhibition of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation. Expression of PD-1, CD69, and Helios was identified on these T cells. PD-L1, PD-L2, CCL17, and CCL22 mRNA was also identified in papillomas by quantitative PCR. Results: Functional Tregs were markedly enriched in papillomas and strongly inhibited anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibody activated PBMC proliferation. The natural Treg marker Helios was reduced on Tregs from papillomas, indicating that the majority of Tregs in papillomas are adaptive. The majority of the papilloma-derived CD4+ T cells expressed the CD4+CD25−CD127low/−Foxp3−PD1+CD69+ phenotype and failed to suppress PBMC proliferation, suggesting that they are chronically activated and exhausted. The Treg-attracting chemokine CCL22 was equally expressed by all laryngeal tissues examined. However, CCL17 was robustly expressed by papillomas compared with unaffected laryngeal tissues from RRP patients and individuals without RRP. PD-L1 was elevated in papillomas compared with control laryngeal tissues. Conclusions: Papilloma CD4+ T cells are enriched with functional Tregs, and the adaptive Helios− Treg fraction was increased within the TH2-like papilloma micromilieu. CD4+CD25−CD127low/−Foxp3− T-cells failed to suppress PBMC proliferation and may be exhausted. The PD-1/PDL-1 pathway may represent an additional immunosuppressive mechanism that contributes to defective HPV6/11 clearance in RRP. Clin Cancer Res; 18(7); 1925–35. ©2012 AACR.
Cutaneous Alternaria infection treated with itraconazole
Authors: S.W. LANIGAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

Journal Article Cutaneous Alternaria infection treated with itraconazole Get access S.W. LANIGAN S.W. LANIGAN Department of Dermatology, Bridgend‐General Hospital, Bridgend, Mid Glamorgan CF 32 1JP, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 127, Issue 1, 1 July 1992, Pages 39–40, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb14824.x Published: 01 July 1992
Effect of Dicumarol on Blood Vascular Integrity in the Rabbit
Authors: THOMAS E. NELSON
Journal: Circulation Research (1960)

Results of experiments in rabbits in which the disappearance of Evans Blue labeled plasma proteins was used as a measure of vascular integrity, indicate that Dicumarol does increase the rate of loss of plasma proteins from the blood stream. This action does not occur immediately after the introduction of Dicumarol into the blood stream but requires a latent period of between 90 and 180 minutes. During this time there may actually be a decreased rate of loss from the blood. The degree of increase in the dye disappearance rate, although not directly correlated with the degree of hypoprothrombinemia, can be roughly correlated with the extent and severity of internal hemorrhage. These results tend to confirm the idea that vascular fragility, usually considered independent of vascular permeability, may in this instance be the preliminary manifestation of Dicumarol hemorrhagic diathesis. In experiments where the effect of Dicumarol on exchange of protein between plasma and the peritoneal cavity was measured, it has been found that the presence of vitamin K 1 in the blood in sufficient amount to completely block the hypoprothrombinemic action will also block the tendency toward increased protein exchange. Also, if Dicumarol is introduced into the peritoneal cavity rather than directly into the blood stream, the increase in transperitoneal protein exchange rate appears to be fairly proportional to the degree of hypoprothrombinemia. It is concluded that although the possibility of several independent actions of Dicumarol exists, one effecting vascular permeability and another inhibiting the elaboration of coagulation factors, it is more likely that the changes seen in vascular integrity are related to the effects of the drug on the coagulation mechanism by way of vitamin K inhibition.
Acute adrenal insufficiency as a manifestation of the anticardiolipin syndrome?
Authors: S Carette, F Jobin
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1989)

A 34 year old man with a past history of deep vein thrombosis, positive lupus serology, and high titres of anticardiolipin antibodies developed acute adrenal insufficiency. Association of anticardiolipin antibodies with adrenal insufficiency has not been previously reported.
Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mobilize cKit <sup>+</sup> and CD133 <sup>+</sup> Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells and Improve Regional Function in Hibernating Myocardium
Authors: Gen Suzuki, Vijay Iyer, Te-Chung Lee, John M. Canty
Journal: Circulation Research (2011)

Rationale: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improve function after infarction, but their mechanism of action remains unclear, and the importance of reduced scar volume, cardiomyocyte proliferation, and perfusion is uncertain. Objective: The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that MSCs mobilize bone marrow progenitor cells and improve function by stimulating myocyte proliferation in collateral-dependent hibernating myocardium. Methods and Results: Swine with chronic hibernating myocardium received autologous intracoronary MSCs (icMSCs; ≈44×10 6 cells, n=10) 4 months after instrumentation and were studied up to 6 weeks later. Physiological and immunohistochemical findings were compared with untreated hibernating animals (n=7), sham-normal animals (n=5), and icMSC–treated sham-normal animals (n=6). In hibernating myocardium, icMSCs increased function (percent wall thickening of the left anterior descending coronary artery 24±4% to 43±5%, P &lt;0.05), although left anterior descending coronary artery flow reserve (adenosine/rest) remained critically impaired (1.2±0.1 versus 1.2±0.1). Circulating cKit + and CD133 + bone marrow progenitor cells increased transiently after icMSC administration, with a corresponding increase in myocardial cKit + /CD133 + and cKit + /CD133 − bone marrow progenitor cells (total cKit + from 223±49 to 4415±866/10 6 cardiomyocytes, P &lt;0.05). In hibernating hearts, icMSCs increased Ki67 + cardiomyocytes (from 410±83 to 2460±610/10 6 nuclei, P &lt;0.05) and phospho-histone H3–positive cardiomyocytes (from 9±5 to 116±12/10 6 nuclei, P &lt;0.05). Myocyte nuclear number (from 75 336±5037 to 114 424±9564 nuclei/mm 3 , P &lt;0.01) and left ventricular mass (from 2.5±0.1 to 2.8±0.1 g/kg, P &lt;0.05) increased, yet myocytes were smaller (14.5±0.4 versus 16.5±0.4 μm, P &lt;0.05), which supports endogenous cardiomyocyte proliferation. In sham-normal animals, icMSCs increased myocardial bone marrow progenitor cells with no effect on myocyte proliferation or regional function. Conclusions: Our results indicate that icMSCs improve function in hibernating myocardium independent of coronary flow or reduced scar volume. This arises from stimulation of myocyte proliferation with increases in cKit + /CD133 + bone marrow progenitor cells and cKit + /CD133 − resident stem cells, which increase myocyte number and reduce cellular hypertrophy.
Dietary fibre and intestinal microflora: effects on intestinal morphometry and crypt branching
Authors: J S McCullough, B Ratcliffe, N Mandir, K E Carr, R A Goodlad
Journal: Gut (1998)

Fermentable dietary fibre has many effects on the gastrointestinal tract. One is to alter epithelial crypt cell proliferation, especially in the colon. A discrepancy between epithelial cell production rates and intestinal weights has been noted previously: crypt cell production rates only increase if bacterial fermentation occurs, but intestinal wet weight can increase in the same animals without bacterial fermentation of fibre.To quantify intestinal cell populations in order to resolve the above paradox.Conventional and germ-free rats were fed fibre-free or fibre supplemented diets and their intestines were quantified by morphometry.There was evidence of fibre associated muscle hypertrophy in the colon, but the main effect of fibre was an increase in the number of crypts per circumference and also the number of branched crypts in the proximal colon in both groups. There was also a large increase in the number of branched crypts in the mid colon of the germ-free rats (both fibre-free and fibre supplemented). Fibre had a direct (bacteria independent) effect on goblet cells in the small intestine and a direct effect on the goblet cells in the colon, which was attenuated by the presence of bacteria. There was a notable decline in the number of enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine of the germ-free animals.Fibre has several direct and indirect effects on the gut. In the proximal colon it can directly increase the number of crypts present. This provides a means for increasing intestinal mass in addition to intestinal crypt cell production.
Antagonistic roles of Wnt5 and the Drl receptor in patterning the Drosophila antennal lobe
Authors: Ying Yao, Yuping Wu, Chong Yin, Rie Ozawa, Toshiro Aigaki, Rene R Wouda, Jasprina N Noordermeer, Lee G Fradkin, Huey Hing
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2007)