tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Multitissue Insulin Resistance Despite Near-Normoglycemic Remission in Africans With Ketosis-Prone Diabetes
Authors: Simeon-Pierre Choukem, Eugene Sobngwi, Lila-Sabrina Fetita, Philippe Boudou, Eric De Kerviler, Yves Boirie, Isabelle Hainault, Patrick Vexiau, Franck Mauvais-Jarvis, Fabien Calvo, Jean-François Gautier
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

To characterize insulin action in Africans with ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) during remission.At Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France, 15 African patients with KPD with an average 10.5-month insulin-free near-normoglycemic remission period (mean A1C 6.2%) were compared with 17 control subjects matched for age, sex, BMI, and geographical origin. Insulin stimulation of glucose disposal, and insulin suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), was studied using a 200-min two-step (10 mU x m(-2) body surface x min(-1) and 80 mU x m(-2) x min (-1) insulin infusion rates) euglycemic clamp with [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose as the tracer. Early-phase insulin secretion was determined during an oral glucose tolerance test.The total glucose disposal was reduced in patients compared with control subjects (7.5 +/- 0.8 [mean +/- SE] vs. 10.5 +/- 0.9 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1); P = 0.018). EGP rate was higher in patients than control subjects at baseline (4.0 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.0 +/- 0.1 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1); P = 0.001) and after 200-min insulin infusion (10 mU x m(-2) x min(-1): 1.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.1, P = 0.004; 80 mU x m(-2) x min(-1): 0.3 +/- 0.1 vs. 0 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1), P = 0.007). Basal plasma NEFA concentrations were also higher in patients (1,936.7 +/- 161.4 vs. 1,230.0 +/- 174.1 micromol/l; P = 0.002) and remained higher after 100-min 10 mU x m(-2) x min(-1) insulin infusion (706.6 +/- 96.5 vs. 381.6 +/- 55.9 micromol/l; P = 0.015).The triad hepatic, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle insulin resistance is observed in patients with KPD during near-normoglycemic remission, suggesting that KPD is a form of type 2 diabetes.
Respiratory Infections in HIV infected patients in an urban resource limited setting in India
Authors: Bibhuti Saha, Vikas Punamiya, Shiva Bikmalla, Ariyur Balaji, Martin Dedicoat, Rahul Mukherjee
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background:  Tuberculosis is the most frequent cause of serious respiratory infection in people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHA), but other pulmonary conditions are often over looked or not diagnosed in resource limited areas. This study looks at pulmonary manifestations in PLHA in an urban setting in India.   Methods:  All newly diagnosed PLHAs under care of a unit of Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine were prospectively studied over a period of one year. Patients presenting acutely having cough for more than 2 weeks with any one or more of fever, chest pain or tachypnoea were included in the study. Investigations included sputum for gram stain & culture, AFB stain, Chest X-ray (CXR) and Computerised tomography(CT) scan of the chest, where indicated. CD4 counts were available in some cases.   Results:  A total of 559 PLHA9s were included. Of the 77 patients meeting the study criteria, 77(100%) had cough, 73(95%) had fever, 41(53%) had chest pain, 33(43%) had tachypnoea. Conditions diagnosed are shown below.  The mean CD4 counts for patients with the conditions above were as follows: TB 115 cells/ml, pneumonia 141 cells/ml and PJP 88 cells/ml.   Conclusions:  Although TB is the most frequent cause of pulmonary infection in this group of patients several other conditions are seen. This information has public health importance to ensure correct diagnostic pathways are developed to allow correct treatment and proper allocation of limited health resources.
Lenalidomide as initial therapy of elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Xavier C. Badoux, Michael J. Keating, Sijin Wen, Bang-Ning Lee, Mariela Sivina, James Reuben, William G. Wierda, Susan M. O'Brien, Stefan Faderl, Steven M. Kornblau, Jan A. Burger, Alessandra Ferrajoli
Journal: Blood (2011)
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SKIN I. COPPER IN NORMAL SKIN
Authors: MOHMIED MOLOKHIA, BENJAIVUN PORTNOY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1969)

SUMMARY.— Using neutron activation analysis, the copper content of normal skin both from cadavers and biopsy material has been investigated. Thirty seven samples were analysed and the results, given in μg/G of dry weight, were as follows: epidermis 2·23–1510 (mean 7·05); dermis 1·88–6·0 (mean 3·09).
Religious Conversion. A Bio-Psychological Study.
Authors: Sante de Sanctis
Journal: JAMA (1928)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Asynchrony of Conduction within the Canine Specialized Purkinje Fiber System
Authors: GARY J. ANDERSON, KALMAN GREENSPAN, JACK P. BANDURA, CHARLES FISCH
Journal: Circulation Research (1970)

Asynchrony of conduction may prove to be an important mechanism for reentrant arrhythmias. The purpose of these experiments was to explore asynchronous conduction in the distal branches of the canine Purkinje system. Microelectrodes were placed in Purkinje bundle preparations resembling a T configuration, thereby permitting assessment of differential conduction times induced by premature beats (S 2 ). Equal conduction depression was observed in the post extrasystolic beat (S 1 at wide coupling intervals (S 2 -S 1 ). Asynchrony of conduction was frequently observed in response to narrow coupling intervals. These differential conduction times induced disparities of activation times greater than 50 msec. In fibers exhibiting preferential depressed conduction, local block was observed with further decrease in the coupling interval. Disparities of activation times at very short S 2 -S 1 coupling times could be markedly increased by minimal decrease in coupling intervals (in the order of 1 to 5 msec). Conduction depression was not clearly dependent upon the level of "take-off" potential or action potential duration. Asynchronous conduction may thus be induced by narrow coupling of premature beats and could account for reentry.
Clopidogrel and Aspirin versus Aspirin Alone for the Prevention of Atherothrombotic Events
Authors: Deepak L. Bhatt, Keith A.A. Fox, Werner Hacke, Peter B. Berger, Henry R. Black, William E. Boden, Patrice Cacoub, Eric A. Cohen, Mark A. Creager, J. Donald Easton, Marcus D. Flather, Steven M. Haffner, Christian W. Hamm, Graeme J. Hankey, S. Claiborne Johnston, Koon-Hou Mak, Jean-Louis Mas, Gilles Montalescot, Thomas A. Pearson, P. Gabriel Steg, Steven R. Steinhubl, Michael A. Weber, Danielle M. Brennan, Liz Fabry-Ribaudo, Joan Booth, Eric J. Topol
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel plus low-dose aspirin has not been studied in a broad population of patients at high risk for atherothrombotic events.
EHD3-Dependent Endosome Pathway Regulates Cardiac Membrane Excitability and Physiology
Authors: Jerry Curran, Michael A. Makara, Sean C. Little, Hassan Musa, Bin Liu, Xiangqiong Wu, Iuliia Polina, Joseph S. Alecusan, Patrick Wright, Jingdong Li, George E. Billman, Penelope A. Boyden, Sandor Gyorke, Hamid Band, Thomas J. Hund, Peter J. Mohler
Journal: Circulation Research (2014)

Cardiac function is dependent on the coordinate activities of membrane ion channels, transporters, pumps, and hormone receptors to tune the membrane electrochemical gradient dynamically in response to acute and chronic stress. Although our knowledge of membrane proteins has rapidly advanced during the past decade, our understanding of the subcellular pathways governing the trafficking and localization of integral membrane proteins is limited and essentially unstudied in vivo. In the heart, to our knowledge, there are no in vivo mechanistic studies that directly link endosome-based machinery with cardiac physiology.To define the in vivo roles of endosome-based cellular machinery for cardiac membrane protein trafficking, myocyte excitability, and cardiac physiology.We identify the endosome-based Eps15 homology domain 3 (EHD3) pathway as essential for cardiac physiology. EHD3-deficient hearts display structural and functional defects including bradycardia and rate variability, conduction block, and blunted response to adrenergic stimulation. Mechanistically, EHD3 is critical for membrane protein trafficking, because EHD3-deficient myocytes display reduced expression/localization of Na/Ca exchanger and L-type Ca channel type 1.2 with a parallel reduction in Na/Ca exchanger-mediated membrane current and Cav1.2-mediated membrane current. Functionally, EHD3-deficient myocytes show increased sarcoplasmic reticulum [Ca], increased spark frequency, and reduced expression/localization of ankyrin-B, a binding partner for EHD3 and Na/Ca exchanger. Finally, we show that in vivo EHD3-deficient defects are attributable to cardiac-specific roles of EHD3 because mice with cardiac-selective EHD3 deficiency demonstrate both structural and electric phenotypes.These data provide new insight into the critical role of endosome-based pathways in membrane protein targeting and cardiac physiology. EHD3 is a critical component of protein trafficking in heart and is essential for the proper membrane targeting of select cellular proteins that maintain excitability.
Glutathione S-transferases T1 and M1 and asthma risk in 10,000 individuals and in meta-analysis
Authors: Marianne Nørskov, Morten Dahl, Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: We tested the hypothesis that genetically reduced activity of glutathione S -transferases (GST) T1 and M1 were associated with increased risk for asthma.

Methods: We genotyped participants in the Copenhagen City Heart Study (n=10,335) for the exact number of GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene copies and recorded asthma outcomes. We also performed a meta-analysis of 37 studies comprising 5954 asthma cases and 14513 controls to assess the risk for asthma in GSTT1*0/0 homozygotes.

Results: The odds ratio for asthma was stepwise increased with decreasing number of GSTT1 gene copies (P=0.03): GSTT1*0/0 homozygotes and *1/0 heterozygotes had adjusted odds ratios for asthma of 1.27 (95%CI: 1.03-1.56) and 1.07 (0.92-1.25), respectively, compared with *1/1 homozygotes. When the asthma definition was restricted to participants who only had allergic asthma or took asthma medication, GSTT1*0/0 versus *1/1 homozygotes had adjusted odds ratios of 1.34 (1.01-1.79) for allergic asthma and of 1.20 (0.88-1.64) for asthma medication. When the asthma definition included any of the three different asthma definitions, GSTT1*0/0 homozygotes had an adjusted odds ratio for any asthma of 1.24 (1.02-1.51) compared with *1/1 homozygotes. In meta-analysis, random effects odds ratio for asthma was increased at 1.35 (1.14-1.59) in GSTT1*0/0 homozygotes versus individuals with *1/0 or *1/1 genotypes. None of the risk estimates for GSTM1 genotypes differed from 1.0 for any of the four different definitions of asthma (P=0.17-0.95).

Conclusion: The results suggest that individuals with genetic GSTT1 deficiency have increased risk for asthma, while asthma risk is unaffected by GSTM1 deficiency.
Reward Value of Cigarette Smoking for Comparably Heavy Smoking Schizophrenic, Depressed, and Nonpatient Smokers
Authors: Bonnie Spring, Regina Pingitore, Dennis E. McChargue
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2003)

OBJECTIVE: The study goal was to determine whether schizophrenic and depressed smokers perceive the reinforcement value of cigarette smoking differently from nonpsychiatric smokers who smoke as heavily. METHOD: The authors assessed the preferences for smoking cigarettes versus engaging in other pleasant activities, the perceived advantages and disadvantages of smoking, and the amount of reinforcement that would be needed to attain smoking abstinence among 26 schizophrenic, 26 depressed, and 26 nonpsychiatric heavy smokers. RESULTS: Both schizophrenic and depressed participants chose smoking as their preferred activity more often than nonpsychiatric smokers, and they did not differ from each other. The patients also exceeded the comparison group in the benefits they ascribed to smoking and felt they would require more incentives to quit, but they attributed comparable drawbacks to smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Schizophrenic and depressed smokers recognize many drawbacks associated with smoking, but compared to nonpatients who smoke as heavily, they also perceive more benefits and find cigarettes more appealing than alternative rewards. The heightened reward value of smoking warrants attention in tailoring tobacco control interventions for schizophrenic and depressed smokers.
Differential usage of three exons generates at least five different mRNAs encoding human leukocyte common antigens.
Authors: M Streuli, L R Hall, Y Saga, S F Schlossman, H Saito
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

Leukocyte common antigens (LCAs, also known as T200 and CD 45) are integral membrane proteins expressed exclusively on hematopoietic cells. These molecules exhibit varying molecular masses and epitopes when expressed in different cell types. To determine the genetic bases for the generation of this diversity, three classes of human LCA cDNA clones that are different near their 5' ends have been isolated. These differences arose as a result of differential usage of three exons as determined from an analysis of a genomic DNA clone. Furthermore, Northern blot analysis with LCA exon-specific probes demonstrates the existence of at least two more LCA mRNA forms that are generated by differential splicing. A comparison of the human and mouse LCA protein sequences revealed a marked difference only in the extracellular domain.
CADASIL Notch3 Mutant Proteins Localize to the Cell Surface and Bind Ligand
Authors: Talin Haritunians, Jim Boulter, Carol Hicks, Jonathon Buhrman, Guy DiSibio, Carrie Shawber, Gerry Weinmaster, Donna Nofziger, Carolyn Schanen
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a vascular dementia arising from abnormal arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cells. CADASIL results from mutations in Notch3 that alter the number of cysteine residues in the extracellular epidermal growth factor–like repeats, important for ligand binding. It is not known whether CADASIL mutations lead to loss or gain of Notch3 receptor function. To examine the functional consequences of CADASIL mutations, we engineered 4 CADASIL-like mutations into rat Notch3 and have shown that the presence of an unpaired cysteine does not impair cell-surface expression or ligand binding.
Improving the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia at village level: Testing the accuracy of smart phone applications measuring respiratory rate and O2 saturation
Authors: Vishwanath Gowraiah, Nandita Pai, D. Rashmi, T. Karthik, Sahana Devdas, Pushpalatha Venkatesh, Mark J. Ansermino, Michael Seear
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background:   Pneumonia is the commonest killer of children under 5 yrs; most deaths occur in the poorest regions. To help improve diagnosis in low-resource areas, we developed iPod/cell phone applications able to measure respiratory rate (RR) and saturation (SpO 2 ). RR is measured using RRate® software  (1)  which calculates RR from 5 taps of the touch screen corresponding to 5 breaths. SpO 2  is measured using an MS-2040 circuit board-in-cable attached to the iPod port. For the study, applications were run on an iPod Touch 4. We tested their accuracy against accepted standards.   Methods:   Two blinded observers, in each of three Indian hospitals, made paired observations on 344 children fulfilling WHO criteria for pneumonia. Observer 1 measured RR by 1 minute auscultation (RR.ausc), plus SpO 2  using Masimo Rad7 (SpO 2 .mas). Observer 2 measured RR and SpO 2  by iPod application (RR.tap and SpO 2 .ipod). Paired results compared by Bland-Altman technique.   Results :  There were no significant differences between RR.ausc and RR.tap or SpO 2 .mas and SpO 2 .ipod, either within or between institutions (table 1)   Conclusions:   SpO 2  and RR can be measured accurately and reproducibly using cell phone technology that is easy to use and teach. This has the potential to improve the diagnosis and management of children with respiratory diseases in under-served areas.   Reference:   1. https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/rrate/id581390517?mt=8.
Insulin Resistance and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Mechanism and Implications for Pathogenesis*
Authors: Andrea Dunaif
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1997)

It is now clear that PCOS is often associated with profound insulin resistance as well as with defects in insulin secretion. These abnormalities, together with obesity, explain the substantially increased prevalence of glucose intolerance in PCOS. Moreover, since PCOS is an extremely common disorder, PCOS-related insulin resistance is an important cause of NIDDM in women (Table 3). The insulin resistance in at least 50% of PCOS women appears to be related to excessive serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. A factor extrinsic to the insulin receptor, presumably a serine/threonine kinase, causes this abnormality and is an example of an important new mechanism for human insulin resistance related to factors controlling insulin receptor signaling. Serine phosphorylation appears to modulate the activity of the key regulatory enzyme of androgen biosynthesis, P450c17. It is thus possible that a single defect produces both the insulin resistance and the hyperandrogenism in some PCOS women (Fig. 19). Recent studies strongly suggest that insulin is acting through its own receptor (rather than the IGF-I receptor) in PCOS to augment not only ovarian and adrenal steroidogenesis but also pituitary LH release. Indeed, the defect in insulin action appears to be selective, affecting glucose metabolism but not cell growth. Since PCOS usually has a menarchal age of onset, this makes it a particularly appropriate disorder in which to examine the ontogeny of defects in carbohydrate metabolism and for ascertaining large three-generation kindreds for positional cloning studies to identify NIDDM genes. Although the presence of lipid abnormalities, dysfibrinolysis, and insulin resistance would be predicted to place PCOS women at high risk for cardiovascular disease, appropriate prospective studies are necessary to directly assess this.
The role of Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: J. M Rhodes
Journal: Gut (2007)

care of patients with CPP.Furthermore, the high proportion of women who have IBS among gynaecologists' patients with CPP suggests that in some cases their ''pelvic'' pain would be regarded as abdominal pain by gastroenterologists.Unnecessary pelvic surgery is best avoided through collaboration between the patient's gastroenterologist and gynaecologist.Additional prospective studies on patients with IBS undergoing surgery could help identify more associations between patient features and unnecessary surgery.However, current knowledge can protect many patients from the risks and costs of unneeded surgery.
Projected Cost-effectiveness of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination of Healthy Infants and Young Children
Authors: T A Lieu, G T Ray, S B Black, J C Butler, J O Klein, R F Breiman, M A Miller, H R Shinefield
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextPneumococcal conjugate vaccine for infants has recently been found effective against meningitis, bacteremia, pneumonia, and otitis media.ObjectiveTo evaluate the projected health and economic impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination of healthy US infants and young children.DesignCost-effectiveness analysis based on data from the Northern California Kaiser Permanente randomized trial and other published and unpublished sources.Setting and PatientsA hypothetical US birth cohort of 3.8 million infants.InterventionsHypothetical comparisons of routine vaccination of healthy infants, requiring 4 doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months), and catch-up vaccination of children aged 2 to 4.9 years requiring 1 dose, with children receiving no intervention.Main Outcome MeasuresCost per life-year saved and cost per episode of meningitis, bacteremia, pneumonia, and otitis media prevented.ResultsVaccination of healthy infants would prevent more than 12,000 cases of meningitis and bacteremia, 53,000 cases of pneumonia, 1 million episodes of otitis media, and 116 deaths due to pneumococcal infection. Before accounting for vaccine costs, the vaccination program would save $342 million in medical and $415 million in work-loss and other costs from averted pneumococcal disease. Vaccination of healthy infants would result in net savings for society if the vaccine cost less than $46 per dose, and net savings for the health care payer if the vaccine cost less than $18 per dose. At the manufacturer's list price of $58 per dose, infant vaccination would cost society $80,000 per life-year saved or $160 per otitis media episode prevented (other estimated costs would be $3200 per pneumonia case prevented, $15,000 for bacteremia, and $280,000 for meningitis). The cost-effectiveness of an additional program to administer 1 dose of vaccine to children aged 2 to 4.9 years would vary depending on the children's ages, relative risks of pneumococcal disease, and vaccine cost.ConclusionsPneumococcal conjugate vaccination of healthy US infants has the potential to be cost-effective. To achieve cost savings, its cost would need to be lower than the manufacturer's list price. In addition to tangible costs, the vaccine should be appraised based on the less tangible value of preventing mortality and morbidity from pneumococcal disease.