tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fat Indigestion in a Breast-fed Infant
Authors: J. D. L. Reinhold
Journal: BMJ (1948)

TWO CASES OF TETANUS NEONATORUM MEDICALTIJHRNAL 981 brands of baby powder were obtained to act as controls.All the samples of powder of the brand used in Case 2 showed the presence of numerous anaerobic organisms, though Cl. tetani was not isolated, while the control powders gave no such growth.The makers of the suspect powder were approached and submitted the various raw materials used in its manufacture.These were: aluminium silicate (kaolin), magnesium Silicate, boric acid, and perfume.The last three ingredients proved to be blameless, but from the kaolin an anaerobic spore-bearing bacillus was isolated, which, however, proved to be avirulent on animal inoculation.The use of this kaolin in the manufacture of the powder was discontinued by the manufacturers.Summary Two cases of tetanus neonatorum are described.Investigation of the origin of the infection suggests that the dusting powder used in one case may have been the cause.The origin of infection in the other case remains uncertain.Our thanks are due to Prof. N. B. Capon for permission to publish the case histories; to Prof. W. M
Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Patrick Haage, Werner Piroth, Gabriele Krombach, Süleyman Karaagac, Tobias Schäffter, Rolf W. Günther, Arno Bücker
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

In the last decade, spiral computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography (MRA) have become a viable alternative to conventional angiography in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. However, patients with dyspnea are often unable to hold their breath for a longer time and thus image degradation is frequently observed. Consequently, an imaging sequence that allows free breathing is desirable. The aim of this animal study was to compare contrast-enhanced spiral CT, MRA and a real-time MR sequence, the latter without breath-hold, with pulmonary angiography as reference gold standard. Nine pigs with artificially induced pulmonary embolism underwent this multimodality comparison. All images were independently evaluated for the presence of pulmonary emboli by two reviewers. Forty-three filling defects were detected by conventional angiography on lobar and segmental levels. Sensitivity of CT images was 72.1 and 69.8% for Readers 1 and 2, respectively, and sensitivity of MRA images was 79.1 and 81.4%. With real-time MR imaging, however, the detection rate was 97.7% for both readers. We conclude that, under experimental conditions, real-time MR imaging without the use of radiation or iodinated contrast material is comparable with angiography in the detection of pulmonary emboli.
G-CSF supplementation with chemotherapy can promote revascularization and subsequent tumor regrowth: prevention by a CXCR4 antagonist
Authors: Tali Voloshin, Svetlana Gingis-Velitski, Rotem Bril, Liat Benayoun, Michal Munster, Chloe Milsom, Shan Man, Robert S. Kerbel, Yuval Shaked
Journal: Blood (2011)
Are there fundamental differences in the peripheral mechanisms of visceral and somatic pain?
Authors: Stephen B. McMahon
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

There are some conspicuous differences between the sensibilities of cutaneous and visceral tissues: (1) Direct trauma, which readily produces pain when applied to the skin, is mostly without effect in healthy visceral tissue. (2) Pain that arises from visceral tissues is initially often poorly localised and diffuse. (3) With time, visceral pains are often referred to more superficial structures. (4) The site of referred pain may also show hyperalgesia. (5) In disease states, the afflicted viscera may also become hyperalgesic. In this target article, I consider to what extent differences in the physiology, anatomy, and chemistry of peripheral processing systems explain these different sensibilities. In almost every aspect, there are subtle differences in the properties of the processing mechanisms for cutaneous and visceral information. These may arise because of distinct developmental cues operating in the two domains. Many of the differences between visceral and cutaneous afferents are quantitative rather than qualitative. The quantitative differences, for example in the density of afferent innervation, can be large. The quantitative differences in the numbers of afferents alone may be a sufficient explanation for some aspects of the differential sensibility, for example, the poor localisation of sensation and the apparent insensitivity to focal yet tissue- damaging stimuli. In addition, the few clear qualitative differences apparent in the innervations of the two tissue types may be of special importance. That the encoding of visceral nociceptive events may occur by an intensity mechanism rather than a specificity mechanism could be the key difference in viscerosensory and somatosensory processing.
Abstract P1-04-12: Prognostic value of CTC detection by RT-PCR and the CellSearch system before first-line chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer
Authors: S Agelaki, D Mavroudis, E Politaki, S Apostolaki, G Kallergi, M Spiliotaki, V Georgoulias
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: CTCs have significant prognostic role in patients with breast cancer. Several techniques developed for CTC detection might help in monitoring treatment efficacy. The CellSearch System is the only clinically validated for use in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We have previously shown a concordance between RT-PCR for cytokeratin 19 (CK-19) and CellSearch System in the detection of CTCs in MBC. In this study we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of CTC detection using these assays in the same cohort of patients. Methods: Blood was obtained from patients with MBC before the initiation of first-line chemotherapy. Different aliquots of the same blood sample were evaluated for the presence of CTCs by RT-PCR for CK-19 mRNA and by the CellSearch System. Disease progression and response to treatment were determined using standard clinical and imaging criteria. Results: In 142 patients with available clinical data, CTC evaluation was performed using both methods. Median age was 60.7 years (range, 23-82), 74.6% were post-menopausal and 16.9% were HER2-positive. CTCs were detected in 52.1% and 36.6% of patients by the CellSearch System (cut-offs ≥2 and ≥5 CTCs/7.5 ml, respectively) and in 38.7% by RT-PCR; 27.5% (cut-off ≥2) and 20.4% (cut-off ≥5) of patients were CTC-positive by both methods. Response rate was 40% in patients with CTCs detected by CellSearch (cut-off ≥2) vs 62% in CTC-negative patients; there was no difference in objective responses using the ≥5 cut-off, or using RT-PCR for CTC detection. Median PFS was 9.0 (cut-off ≥2) and 7.5 months (cut-off ≥5) for CTC-positive versus 20.0 (cut-off ≥2) and 18.7 months (cut-off ≥5) for CTC-negative patients using the CellSearch System (p = 0.0001). No significant difference in PFS was evident according to CTC detection by RT-PCR (10.0 vs 13.1 months, p = 0.253). Median survival was 24.7 vs 57.3 (cut-off ≥2) and 18.5 vs 53.7 (cut-off ≥5) months for CTC-positive vs CTC-negative patients using the CellSearch System (p = 0.0001); by RT-PCR, median survival was 30.3 and 50.1 months for CTC-positive and CTC-negative patients, respectively (p = 0.021). Conclusions: The detection of CTCs before first-line chemotherapy using either the CellSearch System or RT-PCR for CK-19 mRNA has significant prognostic value in patients with MBC. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-04-12.
Isolation and characterization of APLP2 encoding a homologue of the Alzheimer's associated amyloid β protein precursor
Authors: Wilma Wasco, Sarada Gurubhagavatula, Marc d. Paradis, Donna M. Romano, Sangram S. Sisodia, Bradley T. Hyman, Rachael L. Neve, Rudolph E. Tanzi
Journal: Nature Genetics (1993)
Emergency coronary artery revascularization: a possible therapy for acute myocardial infarction.
Authors: S J Phillips, C Kongtahworn, R H Zeff, M Benson, L Iannone, T Brown, D F Gordon
Journal: Circulation (1979)

Cardiac muscle death caused by coronary artery occlusion is a dynamic process that often takes hours or days. Emergency revascularization (saphenous vein bypass graft (SVBG) during acute myocardial infarction (MI) can interrupt myocardial necrosis, salvage ischemic myocardium and revascularize vessels with obstructive lesions not involved in the MI. In this report we describe a preliminary experimental study of 75 patients in which emergency SVBG was the therapy for acute MI. Group 1, 16 patients, required vasoactive medications and/or intraaortic balloon pumping to maintain their blood pressure preoperatively. There was one operative death and two late deaths. Group 2 consisted of 59 hemodynamically stable patients. There were no deaths. The average preop CPK in group 1 was 892 vs 504 in group 2 (p greater than 0.05). Surgical techniques were routine. The average time from the onset of chest pain that continued to surgery was 6.5 hours. Forty patients were restudied. Post- vs presurgical hemodynamics revealed ejection fraction increased by 34% (p greater than 0.05), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure reduced by 40% (p greater than 0.01). End-systolic and end-diastolic volume reduced by 30% (p greater than 0.05), and 15% (p greater than 0.01), and stroke volume improved 25% (p greater than 0.05). Operative mortality was 1.3% and late mortality 2.8%. These results suggest that cautious continued trial of emergency SVBG in patients with evolving MI is warranted.
Fistulizing Crohn's Disease
Authors: William Sanchez, Edward V Loftus
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Figure 1. A 54-year-old man with a long history of Crohn's disease presented with abdominal pain, low-grade fevers, fatigue, and pneumaturia. Several enterocutaneous fistulas as well as worsening of perianal disease had recently developed. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed multiple thickened loops of small bowel indicative of chronic active Crohn's disease (curved arrows in Panel A). A large abdominal-wall abscess with air–fluid levels developed as a result of the enterocutaneous fistulas (straight arrow in Panel A), and an obstructing staghorn calculus of the left kidney developed as a complication of chronic urinary tract infection (arrow in Panel B).
Grounded in perceptions yet transformed into amodal symbols
Authors: Liane Gabora
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Amodality is not incompatible with being originally derived from sensory experience. The transformation of perceptual symbols into amodal abstractions could take place spontaneously through self-organizing processes such as autocatalysis. The organizational role played by “simulators” happens implicitly in a neural network, and quite possibly, in the brain as well.
Innate Immunity in the CNS: Redefining the Relationship between the CNS and Its Environment
Authors: Antoine Lampron, Ayman ElAli, Serge Rivest
Journal: Neuron (2013)

The concept of the CNS as an immune-privileged organ has led to a common misunderstanding that it is not an active immunological organ, guarded from its surroundings by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent advances in this field clearly demonstrate that the CNS is a highly immunologically active organ, with complex immune responses mostly based on innate immune processes. Such responses implicate a continuum of heterogeneous cell types both inside the CNS, in the periphery, and at their interface, the BBB. This Review aims to discuss the importance of the BBB as the first line of defense against brain infections and injuries of the CNS and the main molecular mechanisms involved in the control of the innate immune system of the CNS. We also review the central role of the neurovascular unit in diseases of the CNS and how it can be targeted for novel therapeutic strategies.
Clinical Assessment of Haemoglobin Concentration
Authors: S. G. McAlpine, A. S. Douglas, R. A. Robb
Journal: BMJ (1957)

Some assessment of the patient with regard to the presence or absence of anaemia forms part of every general clinical examination.This may be done by inspection of the conjunctivae, palm creases, oral mucosae, and nail-beds, for the normal pink coloration.Generally a very rough assessment is made into " nor- mal " and " pale," and, if the latter is found, the haemo- globin is more accurately determined.If the patient is thought not to be anaemic it may be thought unnecessary to pursue the evaluation of the haemoglobin by a more accurate method.The purpose of the present investigation was to deter- mine with what accuracy a haemoglobin percentage could be predicted by clinical examination alone.The investigation was also designed to determine whether inspection of the conjunctivae was more or less accurate than inspection of the palm creases, and whether an overall opinion, which took into account the appearance of the patient as well as the colour of the conjunctivae and palms, was more or less accurate than any individual form of assessment.
Right to reform
Authors: Arthur L. Caplan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

then get very expensive care, costs that the hospitals recoup by averaging out over all their other, insured customers.So there are plenty of problems to be solved.Perhaps the first step toward solving them is for an appreciation that there are proven ways of delivering health care that is both cheaper and better for most of the population than the current style in the US.There is no need to look across the Atlantic, where cultures are different.Just look closer, north, to Canada.The Canadians are all insured, there are no health care bankruptcies, and they live longer than in the US.There is a strong case for major reform: it should provide a win for health and a win for the economy.
The National Leadership Commission on Health Care
Authors: Arnold S. Relman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

Judged in many ways, the American health care system is remarkable. An enormous, diversified, and complex apparatus, it employs more than 6 million people, including about half a million physicians. We now spend nearly half a trillion dollars, about 11 percent of our gross national product, on health care — more than any other country. Our health care system leads the world in technical sophistication and innovation. Its best practitioners and scientists and its leading hospitals, research laboratories, and educational institutions set standards of excellence that are emulated throughout the world.Yet there is almost universal dissatisfaction with the way . . .
PARC and CUL7 Form Atypical Cullin RING Ligase Complexes
Authors: Jeffrey R. Skaar, Laurence Florens, Takeya Tsutsumi, Takehiro Arai, Adriana Tron, Selene K. Swanson, Michael P. Washburn, James A. DeCaprio
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract CUL7 and the p53-associated, PARkin-like cytoplasmic protein (PARC) were previously reported to form homodimers and heterodimers, the first demonstration of cullin dimerization. Although a CUL7-based SKP1/CUL1/F-box (SCF)–like complex has been observed, little is known about the existence of a PARC-based SCF-like complex and how PARC interacts with CUL7-based complexes. To further characterize PARC-containing complexes, we examined the ability of PARC to form an SCF-like complex. PARC binds RBX1 and is covalently modified by NEDD8, defining PARC as a true cullin. However, PARC fails to bind SKP1 or F-box proteins, including the CUL7-associated FBXW8. To examine the assembly of PARC- and CUL7-containing complexes, tandem affinity purification followed by multidimensional protein identification technology were used. Multidimensional protein identification technology analysis revealed that the CUL7 interaction with FBXW8 was mutually exclusive of CUL7 binding to PARC or p53. Notably, although heterodimers of CUL7 and PARC bind p53, p53 is not required for the dimerization of CUL7 and PARC. The observed physical separation of FBXW8 and PARC is supported functionally by the generation of Parc−/−, Fbxw8−/− mice, which do not show exacerbation of the Fbxw8−/− phenotype. Finally, all of the PARC and CUL7 subcomplexes examined exhibit E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. Together, these findings indicate that the intricate assembly of PARC- and CUL7-containing complexes is highly regulated, and multiple subcomplexes may exhibit ubiquitin ligase activity. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):2006–14]
Destructive Lesion of the Proximal Radius
Authors: Karl T. Benedict
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Dr. Spencer BordenIV: The patient is a 63-year-old woman, a housewife, who had been in excellent health until she fell on her left wrist 17 months prior to admission here. Roentgenograms taken at that time were said to be normal. Since then she has noted intermittent aching in the wrist and distal forearm with heavy use. The aching has increased over the past two months. Additional roentgenograms were abnormal (Figure), and she was admitted for further observation. <h3>Discussion</h3> Dr. Laurence L. Robbins: Dr. Weiner, would you discuss this case, please? Dr. Milton A. Weiner: There is an obvious destructive lesion in the proximal shaft of the radius. It also involves the radial head which is fractured. The lesion has irregularly eroded the cortex and produced a slight, nonhomogeneous periosteal reaction laterally. The bone is minimally expanded along its volar aspect, but I see no soft-tissue mass or joint effusion.
Barium Sulfate and Iodine Determination-Reply
Authors: Neva M. Abelson
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I am sorry that my reply, cited above, was misunderstood. To amplify this statement, attention may be drawn to the following relatively recent works on the subject: Ebaugh, Bove, and Stemler (Proceedings, VII Congress of International Society of Blood Transfusion, Rome, 1958) found that the in vitro exposure of 1 part whole ACD blood to 19 parts of 5% dextrose and 0.225% saline for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. before transfusion resulted in a 10-min. in vivo chromium-51 red blood cell survival of 50%, 20%, 15%, and 8% respectively. During a 3-hr. in vitro exposure to 5% glucose solution, the red cells increased in volume to 168% ± 6% of their original size in heparinized whole blood. The increased red cell size compatible with normal survival was 140% to 150%. During in vitro exposure, red cell glucose went from 5.5 mM. to 122 ± 39 mM.
Renal Transplantation in Patients with Carcinoma
Authors: D. B. Evans, R. Y. Calne
Journal: BMJ (1974)

Four patients in terminal renal failure who had various malignant tumours were treated by haemodialysis and cadaveric renal transplantation. One patient with a testicular seminoma and one with leiomyosarcomatous changes in polycystic kidneys were successfully grafted after removal of the tumours and both were healthy at three and two-and-a-half years afterwards without evidence of recurrence of tumour.One patient with an invasive carcinoma of the renal pelvis was successfully transplanted and remained well for eight months but rapidly deteriorated and died of extensive metastases. Another patient with a malignant melanoma died more than one year after unsuccessful grafting.The presence of concomitant malignant disease in patients with chronic renal failure need not necessarily exclude them from the chance of long-term treatment, including renal transplantation. Each patient should be considered individually from the point of view of the nature of the malignancy, its duration, and treatment.
Restoration of Pattern Recognition Receptor Costimulation to Treat Chromoblastomycosis, a Chronic Fungal Infection of the Skin
Authors: Maria da Glória Sousa, Delyth M. Reid, Edina Schweighoffer, Victor Tybulewicz, Jürgen Ruland, Jean Langhorne, Sho Yamasaki, Philip R. Taylor, Sandro R. Almeida, Gordon D. Brown
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2011)

SummaryChromoblastomycosis is a chronic skin infection caused by the fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Exploring the reasons underlying the chronic nature of F. pedrosoi infection in a murine model of chromoblastomycosis, we find that chronicity develops due to a lack of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) costimulation. F. pedrosoi was recognized primarily by C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), but not by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which resulted in the defective induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Inflammatory responses to F. pedrosoi could be reinstated by TLR costimulation, but also required the CLR Mincle and signaling via the Syk/CARD9 pathway. Importantly, exogenously administering TLR ligands helped clear F. pedrosoi infection in vivo. These results demonstrate how a failure in innate recognition can result in chronic infection, highlight the importance of coordinated PRR signaling, and provide proof of the principle that exogenously applied PRR agonists can be used therapeutically.Graphical abstractGraphical AbstractHighlights► F. pedrosoi is recognized by C-type lectins, but not by Toll-like receptors ► Inflammatory responses to F. pedrosoi are defective, which leads to chronic infection ► Exogenous TLR costimulation restores inflammatory responses and clears infection
Less Than a Minute
Authors: Jed Myers
Journal: JAMA (2012)

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Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Rationed or Rationally Related to Risk?
Authors: Harold David McIntyre
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

The much-anticipated, weather-plagued National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Conference on Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, held in Bethesda, Maryland, 4–6 March 2013, led to publication of a consensus panel report (1) that essentially maintains and promotes the status quo regarding gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis. The panel report contradicts current American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommendations (2). This commentary addresses several areas of disagreement.

The only constant is change, and this is most apparent with the demography of pregnancy. Perhaps the most disturbing omission from the NIH panel’s report (1) is the lack of clear acknowledgment of the importance of the increasing prevalence of prediabetes and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes, outside pregnancy, in women of childbearing age (2). This omission effectively precludes any strategy for early detection of these potentially serious problems in pregnancy. Much of the NIH report expresses grave concerns about the possibility of a two- to threefold increase in GDM prevalence from the current estimate of 5–6%. However, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2008 data (3) regarding U.S. women aged 18–44 years report frank diabetes in 4.5% of participants (1.7% undiagnosed) and prediabetes in 26.4%. While the current ADA (2) criteria for the diagnosis of GDM are based primarily on considerations of fetopathy, they still have an important role in identifying women with current or future abnormalities of glucose metabolism. Given the NHANES prevalence estimates for impaired …