tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Overview: Current Trends in Mental Health Law
Authors: A. LOUIS MCGARRY, HONORA A. KAPLAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

This overview delineates trends in mental health law beginning with early law and proceeding to the present time. The authors discuss such recent mental-health-related judicial decisions and statutory changes as class actions, the right to treatment, admission statuses, classification of mentally ill and mentally retarded patients, involuntary commitment, and patient rights.
Localisation of gene for the naevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome
Authors: A Reis, W Küster, E Gebel, W Fuhrmann, W Groth, M Kuklik, R.D Wegner, G Linss, H Hamm, G Wolff, G Gustafson, J Bürger, H Neitzel
Journal: The Lancet (1992)
Induction of myocardial biglycan in heart failure in rats—an extracellular matrix component targeted by AT1 receptor antagonism
Authors: M Ahmed
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Cardiac remodelling associated with congestive heart failure typically involves dilatation of the ventricular cavities, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and alterations of extracellular matrix. Biglycan is an extracellular proteoglycan with several recently appreciated functions including cell adhesion, collagen fibril assembly, and growth factor interactions. The aims of this study were to investigate the regulation of biglycan expression and to elucidate the site(s) of synthesis of biglycan in myocardial tissue in an experimental model of heart failure (HF).Myocardial tissue samples were obtained from rats with myocardial infarction (MI) subsequent to ligation of the left coronary artery. Northern blot analysis and real-time quantitative RT-PCR were employed to investigate mRNA levels. The cellular distribution of biglycan was analysed by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry.Myocardial biglycan mRNA levels in non-ischemic tissue of both left and right ventricles of heart failure rats were substantially elevated as compared to sham-operated rats. Although expression levels peaked 7 days after MI (13-fold increase compared to the sham group, P<0.05), substantial elevations of biglycan mRNA were observed throughout the study period. Analysis of cellular distribution revealed that biglycan expression was confined to myocardial fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. In cardiac fibroblasts isolated from failing hearts, biglycan mRNA levels were markedly elevated compared with fibroblasts from sham-operated rats. In addition, in rats with ischemic heart failure treatment with the AT(1) receptor antagonist losartan (12.5 mg.kg(-1) b.i.d. per os, for 25 days) prevented the increase of myocardial biglycan as well as TGF-beta(1) mRNA.This report demonstrates global induction of myocardial biglycan mRNA in heart failure. Myocardial biglycan expression could be targeted by AT(1) receptor antagonism, an intervention well documented to halt cardiac remodelling in heart failure. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that angiotensin II is a regulator of biglycan expression in cardiac fibroblasts.
Node-negative breast cancer treated by modified radical mastectomy without adjuvant therapies: variables associated with disease recurrence and survivorship.
Authors: R A Huseby, H E Ownby, J Frederick, S Brooks, J Russo, M J Brennan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1988)

The present study attempts to identify poor prognosis subgroups of women with node-negative breast cancer that might benefit from systemic adjuvant therapy. The cases were collected through a cooperative effort of 57 surgeons at eight hospitals in the Detroit area and coordinated by the Michigan Cancer Foundation where data collection and analyses were completed. The primary treatment of all patients was a modified radical mastectomy. Of the 1,078 cases accessioned between October 1975 and April 1983, 537 were found to have no microscopic lymph node involvement and 462 of these cases received no adjuvant antineoplastic therapy. The period of follow-up of these cases (alive, n = 358) has been 78.75 +/- 24.6 months (mean +/- SD). Overall, the cumulative 6-year recurrence rate as calculated by life table analysis was 26%, with 16.8% dying of their disease. Tumor size was an important prognostic factor; the recurrence rate was 16.2% for those with primaries measuring less than or equal to 1 cm, with only a 6.3% mortality. Patients with tumors measuring greater than 5 cm also did well: 13.7% recurrence and 13.7% mortality rates at 6 years. The premenopausal women did slightly, but not statistically significantly, better than those who were postmenopausal. The presence or absence of quantifiable estrogen receptor protein (ER) was of little predictive value as far as rates of recurrence were concerned, but patients with an ER-positive tumor survived significantly longer. In postmenopausal women, those whose tumor lacked ER (n = 112) fared poorly: 30.4% experienced a recurrence by 6 years and 28% died of their disease. Recurrence rates and death rates were also high in a small group (n = 35) of postmenopausal women with ER+ tumors exhibiting nuclear pleomorphism (nuclear grade [NG]3) (38% and 24.3%, respectively). No poor prognosis group of premenopausal women was identified.
Inducible Activation of Oncogenic K-<b> <i>ras</i> </b> Results in Tumor Formation in the Oral Cavity
Authors: Carlos Caulin, Thao Nguyen, Mary A. Longley, Zhijian Zhou, Xiao-Jing Wang, Dennis R. Roop
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Mouse models for cancer represent powerful tools to analyze the causal role of genetic alterations in cancer development. We have developed a novel mouse model that allows the focal activation of mutations in stratified epithelia. Using this system, we demonstrate that activation of an oncogenic K-rasG12D allele in the oral cavity of the mouse induces oral tumor formation. The lesions that develop in these mice are classified as benign squamous papillomas. Interestingly, these tumors exhibit changes in the expression pattern of keratins similar to those observed in human premalignant oral tumors, which are reflective of early stages of tumorigenesis. These results demonstrate a causal role for oncogenic K-ras in oral tumor development. The inducible nature of this model also makes it an ideal system to study cooperative interactions between mutations in oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes that are similar to those observed in human tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first reported inducible mouse model for oral cancer.
Generation and decay of the immune response to a progressive fibrosarcoma. I. Ly-1+2- suppressor T cells down-regulate the generation of Ly-1-2+ effector T cells.
Authors: R J North, I Bursuker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

It was shown that the progressive growth of the immunogenic meth A fibrosarcoma in its semisyngeneic host results in the generation of concomitant immunity to the growth of a tumor implant. The generation of immunity occurred between days 6 and 9 of tumor growth and was associated with the generation of sensitized T cells that were capable, on passive transfer, of causing regression of a 3-d tumor in gamma-irradiated recipients. After day 9 of tumor growth, concomitant immunity and the T cells able to passively transfer it were progressively lost, and this was associated with the generation of splenic suppressor T cells able to suppress the expression of adoptive immunity against an established tumor in T cell-deficient ( TXB ) recipients. The T cells that passively transferred concomitant immunity were shown to be of the Ly-1-2+ phenotype, in contrast to the T cells that transferred suppression, which were shown with the same reagents to be Ly-1+2-. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the progressive growth of an immunogenic tumor results in the generation of Ly-1-2+-sensitized effector T cells that fail to reach a number sufficient to destroy the tumor because their generation is down-regulated by tumor-induced Ly-1+2- suppressor T cells.
Early Protection from Burn-induced Acute Lung Injury by Deletion of Preprotachykinin-A Gene
Authors: Selena W. S. Sio, Shabbir Moochhala, Jia Lu, Madhav Bhatia
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

Burn-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a common clinical disorder associated with high mortality even in the absence of inhalational injury. Identification of endogenous triggers that mediate the early onset of remote ALI after burn represents an important goal but remains poorly defined.We investigated the role of proinflammatory neuropeptide, substance P (SP), in instigating remote ALI and its effects on respiratory function early after severe local burn injury.A 30% total body surface area full-thickness burn was induced in wild-type (WT) mice, preprotachykinin-A (PPT-A) gene deficient mice, which encodes for SP, and PPT-A(-/-) mice challenged with exogenous SP, followed by ALI and lung function analysis.Endogenous SP production was heightened in burn-injured WT mice, which induced significant elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and endothelial adhesion molecules concurrent with disruption of pulmonary permeability barrier, excessive neutrophil infiltration, and severe ALI. Additionally, decreased neutral endopeptidase and elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 were evident. Notably, disruption of respiratory function demonstrates a critical role of SP in lungs after burn. These effects were significantly attenuated in PPT-A(-/-) mice, whereas the exogenous administration of SP to PPT-A(-/-) mice restored the inflammatory response and ALI. Furthermore, analysis of neurokinin-1-receptor (NK1R), to which SP binds preferentially, revealed that SP in conjunction with burn injury regulates NK1R expression.We show that the absence of a single endogenous factor, SP, significantly provides early protection against burn-induced ALI in mice with marked improvement in respiratory function. Thereby, the blockade of SP may be beneficial in preventing early inflammation and ALI in patients with critical burn injuries.
On-treatment alpha-fetoprotein is a specific tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving entecavir
Authors: Grace L.H. Wong, Henry L.Y. Chan, Yee-Kit Tse, Hoi-Yun Chan, Chi-Hang Tse, Angeline O.S. Lo, Vincent W.S. Wong
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the most widely used biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance, which is criticized as neither sensitive nor specific in active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of AFP as a tumor marker for HCC in entecavir-treated patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This was a retrospective-prospective cohort study of 1,531 entecavir-treated patients under regular HCC surveillance with AFP and ultrasonography. Mean age was 52 ± 12 years; 1,099 (72%) patients were male and 332 (21.7%) had clinical evidence of cirrhosis. At a mean follow-up of 51 ± 13 months, 57 (2.9%) patients developed HCC (median size: 3.3 cm). AFP fluctuated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and peaked at the time of starting entecavir, then gradually decreased after. AFP started to increase 6 months before the diagnosis of HCC. The receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) of AFP was highest at the time of HCC diagnosis (0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73-0.98) and remained satisfactory at 3 (0.82; 95% CI: 0.73-0.91) and 6 months (0.79; 95% CI: 0.69-0.89) before the diagnosis. Using the conventional AFP cut-off (20 μg/L) at month 0, the sensitivity and specificity to diagnose HCC were 38.6% and 98.9%, respectively. Adopting the lower cut-off value (6 μg/L) of AFP level at month 0, sensitivity was increased to 80.7%, whereas specificity was decreased to 80.4%. Conclusion : On-treatment AFP is a specific tumor marker for HCC in CHB patients receiving entecavir therapy. Adopting a lower cut-off value of AFP level at 6 μg/L would significantly increase the sensitivity for HCC detection. (HEPATOLOGY 2014;59:986–995)
Gaseous Diffusion from Alveoli to Pulmonary Vessels of Considerable Size
Authors: BRUCE J. SOBOL, GEORGES BOTTEX, CEMIL EMIRGIL, HAROLD GISSEN
Journal: Circulation Research (1963)

Thirty patients have been presented in whom the appearance of inhaled hydrogen gas at an electrode in the wedge position of a pulmonary artery was seen to occur within two seconds. In 13 of these patients the appearance of hydrogen occurred with equal or nearly equal rapidity in a pulmonary artery at least 3 mm in diameter. In 11 patients increasing alveolar oxygen tension by the inhalation of a single breath of 100% oxygen or by voluntary hyperventilation produced a rapid response at the wedge position as well. It is concluded that the rapid appearance of hydrogen and oxygen is due to direct diffusion of the inhaled gas from the alveoli to the pulmonary arterial blood.
Long-term Follow-up of a Group at Ultra High Risk (“Prodromal”) for Psychosis
Authors: Barnaby Nelson, Hok Pan Yuen, Stephen J. Wood, Ashleigh Lin, Daniela Spiliotacopoulos, Annie Bruxner, Christina Broussard, Magenta Simmons, Debra L. Foley, Warrick J. Brewer, Shona M. Francey, G. Paul Amminger, Andrew Thompson, Patrick D. McGorry, Alison R. Yung
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2013)

<h3>Importance</h3> The ultra high-risk (UHR) criteria were introduced to prospectively identify patients at high risk of psychotic disorder. Although the short-term outcome of UHR patients has been well researched, the long-term outcome is not known. <h3>Objective</h3> To assess the rate and baseline predictors of transition to psychotic disorder in UHR patients up to 15 years after study entry. <h3>Design</h3> Follow-up study of a cohort of UHR patients recruited to participate in research studies between 1993 and 2006. <h3>Setting</h3> The Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation (PACE) clinic, a specialized service for UHR patients in Melbourne, Australia. <h3>Participants</h3> Four hundred sixteen UHR patients previously seen at the PACE clinic. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Transition to psychotic disorder, as measured using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History, or state public mental health records. <h3>Results</h3> During the time to follow-up (2.4-14.9 years after presentation), 114 of the 416 participants were known to have developed a psychotic disorder. The highest risk for transition was within the first 2 years of entry into the service, but individuals continued to be at risk up to 10 years after initial referral. The overall rate of transition was estimated to be 34.9% over a 10-year period (95% CI, 28.7%-40.6%). Factors associated with transition included year of entry into the clinic, duration of symptoms before clinic entry, baseline functioning, negative symptoms, and disorders of thought content. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> The UHR patients are at long-term risk for psychotic disorder, with the highest risk in the first 2 years. Services should aim to follow up patients for at least this period, with the possibility to return for care after this time. Individuals with a long duration of symptoms and poor functioning at the time of referral may need closer monitoring. Interventions to improve functioning and detect help-seeking UHR patients earlier also may be indicated.
Atypical Hemolytic–Uremic Syndrome
Authors: Marina Noris, Giuseppe Remuzzi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

The hemolytic–uremic syndrome, which is characterized by nonimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal impairment, occurs most frequently in young children. Most cases are secondary to infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Shiga-toxin–producing strains. However, approximately 10% of cases are atypical and not associated with infection. This article reviews current concepts about the pathobiology of atypical hemolytic–uremic syndrome and its diagnosis and management.
Sleep-Related Functioning in Euthymic Patients With Bipolar Disorder, Patients With Insomnia, and Subjects Without Sleep Problems
Authors: Allison G. Harvey, D. Anne Schmidt, Antonina Scarnà, Christina Neitzert Semler, Guy M. Goodwin
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)

The authors investigated sleep-related functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder.Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (N=20), patients with insomnia (N=20), and subjects with good sleep (N=20) were compared on data from interviews and questionnaires and on findings from eight consecutive days and nights of sleep diary keeping (subjective sleep estimate) and actigraphy (objective sleep estimate).Seventy percent of the euthymic patients with bipolar disorder exhibited a clinically significant sleep disturbance. Compared with the other groups, the bipolar disorder group exhibited impaired sleep efficiency, higher levels of anxiety and fear about poor sleep, lower daytime activity levels, and a tendency to misperceive sleep. The bipolar disorder group held a level of dysfunctional beliefs about sleep that was comparable to that in the insomnia group and significantly higher than that in the good sleeper group.Insomnia is a significant problem among euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Components of cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia, especially stimulus control and cognitive therapy, may be a helpful adjunct to treatment for patients with bipolar disorder.
Alterations in Renal Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression by Salt Diet in Angiotensin Type-1a Receptor Gene Knockout Mice
Authors: Keiko Sato, Minoru Kihara, Tatsuo Hashimoto, Kei Matsushita, Yu-Ichi Koide, Koichi Tamura, Nobuhito Hirawa, Yoshiyuki Toya, Akiyoshi Fukamizu, Satoshi Umemura
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

The effects of altered dietary salt intake and/or hydralazine-induced hypotension on renal endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression were determined in angiotensin type-1a receptor gene knockout (At1a-/-) and wild-type (At1a+/+) mice. In At1a-/- mice, the levels of renal cortical eNOS mRNA and protein were 5 times and 3.5 times higher, respectively, in the high-salt (4% NaCl) group than in the low-salt group (0.3% NaCl). Systemic BP of the high-salt group (105 +/- 4.4 mmHg) was significantly higher than that of the low-salt group (77.0 +/- 4.7 mmHg). When hydralazine was administered to the mutant mice fed a high-salt diet, BP was reduced to 72.5 +/- 1.3 mmHg, with decreases in the levels of renal eNOS mRNA and protein expression to about half of those found in nontreated group. Consistent with the results for eNOS mRNA and protein expression, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity and eNOS immunoreactivity localized in the endothelium of the renal vasculature changed parallel with the amount of salt intake. In contrast to mutant mice, At1a+/+ mice did not show any changes in renal eNOS expression during the manipulation of salt intake and/or hydralazine-induced hypotension. These results suggest that At1a receptor-mediated inputs play critical roles in maintaining renal vascular eNOS expression and activity during changes in salt-water balance and systemic BP.
MULTICENTRE DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY OF EFFECT OF INTRATHECALLY ADMINISTERED NATURAL HUMAN FIBROBLAST INTERFERON ON EXACERBATIONS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: Lawrence Jacobs, Robert Herndon, Arnold Freeman, Albert Cuetter, WilliamA. Smith, AndresM. Salazar, PeterA. Reese, Ralph Josefowicz, Farhat Husain, Roslyn Ekes, JudithA. O'Malley
Journal: The Lancet (1986)
FLUORESCEIN CIRCULATION TIME AS A PROGNOSTIC SIGN IN EXPERIMENTAL TRAUMATIC SHOCK
Authors: S. C. Wang, E. E. Painter, R. R. Overman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1946)

Repeated determinations of the circulation time by the fluorescein method were made in normal and shocked dogs. In normal animals the circulation time ranges from 9 to 16 seconds with an average of 12.6 seconds. In traumatic shock the circulation time is invariably prolonged. For prognosis in the traumatized animal two determinations of fluorescein circulation time separated by an interval of 1 hour are essential. If the second circulation time is longer than the first and both are over 30 seconds, the animal will not survive without therapy. On the other hand, if the second circulation time is below 25 seconds or is considerably shorter than the first, the prognosis is good. In many of these experiments the change in circulation time appeared to be the earliest index of eventual recovery or death. It gave a clue to the fate of the animal when no decisive judgment could be made from the blood pressure and heart rate. In three dogs the cyanide and fluorescein circulation times were compared during shock. It was found that the cyanide circulation time, though increased in shock, remained at a fairly constant value while over the same period the fluorescein circulation time showed progressive changes. This discrepancy between the cyanide and fluorescein methods may be explained by the fact that the former does not include the minute peripheral systemic circulation. Since the study of shock is concerned with tissue anoxia and is primarily a phenomenon of the failure of the peripheral circulation, it is important to choose procedures such as the fluorescein method as a measure of the condition of the peripheral vascular system.
Monoclonal antibodies against human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV) p24 internal core protein. Use as diagnostic probes and cellular localization of HTLV.
Authors: T J Palker, R M Scearce, S E Miller, M Popovic, D P Bolognesi, R C Gallo, B F Haynes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

Four monoclonal antibodies, human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV) 6, 7, 8, and 9, which react with the 24,000 dalton internal core protein of HTLVI, have been developed. These monoclonal antibodies reacted with only HTLV-infected cells and not with a broad spectrum of normal, neoplastic, mitogen-stimulated, or virus-infected cells and tissues. HTLV 6, 7, 8, and 9 identified at least two different antigenic determinants on HTLV p24 that were also recognized by antibodies present in HTLV+ patient sera. Monoclonal antibodies HTLV 6, 7, 8, and 9 reacted in indirect immunofluorescence assays with HTLV p24 localized at the cell surface of 5-d cultures of HTLV-infected T cells and, as well, reacted with T cells infected with HTLVII, a new type of HTLV isolated from a patient (MO) with a T cell variant of hairy cell leukemia. Thus, HTLV 6, 7, 8, and 9 should prove to be useful diagnostic reagents in the identification of HTLV- and HTLVII-infected T cells.