tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Empirical evaluation of the global deterioration scale for staging Alzheimer's disease
Authors: C Eisdorfer, D Cohen, G J Paveza, J W Ashford, D J Luchins, P B Gorelick, R S Hirschman, S A Freels, P S Levy, T P Semla
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1993)

Although the Global Deterioration Scale has been widely used since its publication in 1982, its stages are based on implicit assumptions about the linearity, temporality, and interdependence of cognitive, functional, and behavioral impairment in Alzheimer's disease. The authors evaluated the validity of these assumptions and tested the hypothesis that psychopathology and functional impairment would occur in earlier stages than the Global Deterioration Scale predicts.The analyses were based on data on 324 patients with Alzheimer's disease who were selected from a registry of such patients. Data analyses included 1) descriptive statistics on the frequency of psychiatric symptoms and difficulties with activities of daily living and 2) logistic regression, with symptoms and functional impairment as independent variables, to test for significant changes in patients' status between stages of the Global Deterioration Scale.More than 50% of the patients at stage 2 displayed psychopathology, and 32% had two or more symptoms. The significant increase in psychiatric symptoms occurred between stages 3 and 4, not between stages 5 and 6 as predicted by the Global Deterioration Scale. Impairment in functional status was observed at all stages, and significant increases occurred between stages 3 and 4 as well as between stages 5 and 6.Psychiatric symptoms and functional impairment occur earlier than predicted by the Global Deterioration Scale, and the rate of change is also different from that specified in the scale. Separate scales to describe cognitive, clinical, and functional status may be the best way to describe the illness until better multidimensional instruments are developed.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Too much of a good thing?
Authors: A. K. Diehl
Journal: JAMA (1993)

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has revolutionized the treatment of gallstone disease. Since its introduction in the late 1980s, it has virtually replaced open cholecystectomy in uncomplicated cases. Its rapid adoption by surgeons in community practice, stimulated by demand from patients aware of the procedure's apparent virtues in comparison with conventional surgery, preceded any formal evaluation of its benefits and risks by academic centers. Nevertheless, a National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference in September 1992 concluded that laparoscopic cholecystectomy provides a safe and effective treatment for most patients with symptomatic gallstones and that it offers distinct advantages over open cholecystectomy by decreasing postoperative pain and disability.<sup>1</sup> See also p 1429. Hence, it may not be surprising that Legorreta et al<sup>2</sup>have documented a sharp rise in the rate of cholecystectomy procedures in a large private practice—based health maintenance organization. Using claims data, they found that total cholecystectomy rates increased almost 60%
Type A behaviour and ischaemic heart disease
Authors: L. J Freeman
Journal: BMJ (1987)

We were pleased to see the recommendations for conservative measures but concerned by the im- pression given that for large, heavy limbs with reduced mobility surgery was the first option.Extensive experience reported by Foldi et al suggests that even severe and long term swelling may successfully be treated by a combination of massage, compression bandages or elastic hosiery, and exercise,3 surgery being required only to remove redundant skin.This has also been our experience.Effective treatment is, however, labour intensive.The best results are achieved at an early stage, when swelling is most reversible.Indeed, prophylatic treatment in high risk groups may be the way to limit the problem after treatment for cancer.Raising the arm in a sling should be abandoned as it is uncomfortable and probably offers no greater benefit than positioning the arm at, or just above, heart level.Arm raising results in auto- regulation with relative preservation of capillary pressure and flow.4This reduction in precapillary vasoconstriction tends to buffer any benefit gained from lowering venous pressure.Limb raising in lymphoedema is thus pointless unless complemented by subsequent external support.
On the Typhoid Fever at Cannes
Authors: C. J. B. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1882)

evacuations should be inspected, in order to ascertain that no solid faeces remain, and to secure an empty rectum on the day of operation.An enema of water containing a little glycerine may with advantage be administered each morning.A digital examination of the rectum the day preceding the operation may prevent the unpleasant discovery at the last moment of an obstinate accumulation in the rectum, notwith- standing these precautions.
Relationship between anti-HCV antibodies measured by a quantitative riba assay and response to interferon in patients with chronic non A non B hepatitis
Authors: F. Lunel, P. Maisoneuve, P. Marcellin, N. Boyer, D. Valla, P. Opolon, J.P. Benhamou, J.M. Huraux, L. Noel
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1991)
THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF INTRAMUSCULAR DOSAGE OF TYPE I PNEUMOCOCCUS ANTISERA
Authors: Theodore J. Curphey, Herman B. Baruch
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1932)

1. Intramuscular dosage of antipneumococcus sera in a standard dermal pneumococcic infection in rabbits is as effective as intravenous dosage provided the degree of blood stream invasion be not unusually high. 2. The immediate bactericidal effect of doses of serum given intramuscularly is equal to that of the same doses given intravenously in the cases of mild and moderately severe bacteremias. 3. The intramuscular method of serum administration in human beings with lobar pneumonia deserves a carefully controlled clinical trial.
The one that got away
Authors: T. Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (1995)

She had been doing the rounds for years. Upwards of 20 local general practitioners had kept her on their list for a year or two before asking her never to darken their doors again. She would assign herself a particular chair in the waiting room, and there, daily, she would sit, with her carrier bags, bottles of linctus, and back copies of the Evening Standard.

Though she had, over the years, had every medical condition in the book, none was currently active. She just liked going to the doctor. She taped radio shows and made appointments to play them back to me. A psychogeriatrician had declared her …
The Puddle Sign — An Aid in the Diagnosis of Minimal Ascites
Authors: John D. Lawson, Arthur S. Weissbein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

CELSUS noted more than nine hundred years ago that "fluid often collects within the abdomen so that if it be shaken by any movement of the body the fluctuations of the fluid can be seen."1 Since that time the recorded physical signs of relatively small amounts of free fluid in the abdomen have been generally unsatisfactory.2 In the course of two years of study, we found a very reliable physical sign, the puddle sign, which is present consistently with as little as 120 ml. of peritoneal fluid and which is not influenced by marked obesity or the presence of considerable . . .
Specific increase in T cell potency via structure-based design of a T cell receptor for adoptive immunotherapy
Authors: Karolina Malecek, Arsen Grigoryan, Shi Zhong, Wei Jun Gu, Laura A Johnson, Steven A Rosenberg, Timothy Cardozo, Michelle Krogsgaard
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts Adoptive immunotherapy with antigen-specific T lymphocytes is a powerful strategy for cancer treatment. However, most tumor antigens are non-reactive "self" proteins, which presents an immunotherapy design challenge. Studies have shown that tumor-specific T cell receptors (TCRs)
Detoxification of Heroin Addicts
Authors: Edward C. Senay
Journal: JAMA (1975)

In the current issue of the<i>Archives of General Psychiatry</i>(32:909, 1975), Razani et al describe a method for detoxification of heroin addicts in which patients have active, though limited, control of the frequency of methadone hydrochloride administration during their detoxification. On demand, in any 12-hour period, patients are able to receive up to four oral doses of 5 mg of methadone at intervals of at least one hour. If a patient requests more than the four doses allowed in any 12-hour period, a physician is called and the need for additional methadone is evaluated. In 30 patients studied on a ward for acute psychiatric problems, Razani et al achieved impressive results with this technique: 26 of 30 patients were "satisfied" or "very satisfied," 4 were "neutral," and 4 were "dissatisfied." Average length of stay in a hospital was nine days, including a three-day observation period after detoxification. No patient
Is Serum Creatine Kinase-MB in Electrically Injured Patients Predictive of Myocardial Injury?
Authors: John W. McBride
Journal: JAMA (1986)

We undertook a retrospective study of 36 victims of high-voltage electrical contact injuries to determine the incidence and possible source of elevated creatine kinase (CK)-MB enzyme in their serum. Only two sustained myocardial infarctions (one late) according to history, electrocardiographic findings, and clinical course. Serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme levels were abnormal but revealed no myocardial infarction patterns. Creatine kinase total activity, however, reached 1.5 to 1,140 times normal in 92% and the CK-MB level was abnormal in 50% despite the low incidence of myocardial damage. Skeletal muscle CK and CK-MB levels in four nonelectrically injured patients were comparable to those in normal muscle while CK and CK-MB activity was elevated in six such electrical injuries. There was a gradient in CK-MB activity with greatest CK-MB activity in "normal" muscle near the injury site, lesser amounts in border tissue, and least in the worst-injured site. We conclude that (1) myocardial injury is uncommon in high-voltage electrical injury and (2) skeletal muscle injured by high electrical voltage is stimulated to produce, as well as release, CK-MB. (<i>JAMA</i>1986;255:764-768)
Proposed Criteria for Serial Evaluation of Quality of Life in Cancer Patients
Authors: C. A. PRESANT, C. WISEMAN, D. BLAYNEY, P. KENNEDY, K. GALA, M. KING
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Proposed Criteria for Serial Evaluation of Quality of Life in Cancer Patients Get access CARY A. PRESANT, CARY A. PRESANT * Los Angeles Oncologic Institute, Central Los Angeles, Central Community Oncology Program, St. Vincent's Medical CenterLos Angeles, CAWilshire Oncology Medical GroupLos Angeles, CA *Correspondence to : Cary A. Presant, M.D., Los Angeles Oncologic Institute, Wilshire Oncology Medical Group, 935 S. Sunset, West Covina, CA 91790. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar CHARLES WISEMAN, CHARLES WISEMAN Los Angeles Oncologic Institute, Central Los Angeles, Central Community Oncology Program, St. Vincent's Medical CenterLos Angeles, CAWilshire Oncology Medical GroupLos Angeles, CA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar DOUGLAS BLAYNEY, DOUGLAS BLAYNEY Los Angeles Oncologic Institute, Central Los Angeles, Central Community Oncology Program, St. Vincent's Medical CenterLos Angeles, CAWilshire Oncology Medical GroupLos Angeles, CA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar PETER KENNEDY, PETER KENNEDY Los Angeles Oncologic Institute, Central Los Angeles, Central Community Oncology Program, St. Vincent's Medical CenterLos Angeles, CAWilshire Oncology Medical GroupLos Angeles, CA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar KIRIT GALA, KIRIT GALA Los Angeles Oncologic Institute, Central Los Angeles, Central Community Oncology Program, St. Vincent's Medical CenterLos Angeles, CAWilshire Oncology Medical GroupLos Angeles, CA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar MARK KING MARK KING Los Angeles Oncologic Institute, Central Los Angeles, Central Community Oncology Program, St. Vincent's Medical CenterLos Angeles, CAWilshire Oncology Medical GroupLos Angeles, CA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 4, 21 February 1990, Pages 322–323, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.4.322 Published: 21 February 1990
Genotype–phenotype correlation in 440 patients with NPHP-related ciliopathies
Authors: Moumita Chaki, Julia Hoefele, Susan J. Allen, Gokul Ramaswami, Sabine Janssen, Carsten Bergmann, John R. Heckenlively, Edgar A. Otto, Friedhelm Hildebrandt
Journal: Kidney International (2011)
Ca <sup>2+</sup> -Dependent Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Defines a Hypertensive Signal Transduction Phenotype
Authors: Pamela A. Lucchesi, Jeremy M. Bell, Laura S. Willis, Kenneth L. Byron, Marshall A. Corson, Bradford C. Berk
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Abstract The mechanisms responsible for altered vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function in hypertension remain unknown. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of genetic hypertension, there are multiple abnormalities in VSMC function, including increased growth, Na + -H + exchange, and increased signal transduction by protein kinase C. The family of kinases termed mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases has recently been shown to be essential mediators of growth factor signal transduction. In the present study, alterations in MAP kinase function in the hypertensive phenotype were investigated using early-passage SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) VSMCs stimulated with angiotensin II (Ang II, 100 nmol/L) or platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB, 10 ng/mL). MAP kinase activity was measured by in-gel kinase assays and Western blot analysis. Two differences between SHR and WKY rats were observed for Ang II–mediated MAP kinase activation: (1) Inactivation after Ang II stimulation was more rapid in SHR than WKY VSMCs. (2) Activity in SHR VSMCs showed a greater dependence on Ca 2+ mobilization, since chelation of intracellular Ca 2+ with BAPTA inhibited maximal activity by 95% in SHR VSMCs but by only 50% in WKY VSMCs. In contrast to the results with Ang II, no differences in PDGF-stimulated MAP kinase activity were observed. These findings establish activation of MAP kinase by Ang II as a feature that distinguishes SHR VSMCs from WKY VSMCs and suggest that differences in regulation of MAP kinase signaling may alter cellular events that are increased in the SHR genetic model of hypertension.
Undisplaced Femoral Neck Fracture
Authors: Otto E. Aufranc, William N. Jones, William H. Harris
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Dr. W. H. Harris: At the age of 14, an otherwise healthy girl sustained an injury to her right hip when she fell from a chair. She was unable to walk because of the pain of the hip, but when she was at rest, her hip was comfortable. After the first 48 hours she could raise her leg straight in the neutral position without discomfort, but she had mild pain on active internal rotation. X-ray films (Fig 1) revealed a fracture through the right femoral neck, and also showed that the epiphysial plate of the capital femoral epiphysis had completely closed. The femoral neck fracture was minimally displaced into valgus, and the fracture line was open on the inferior neck side. <h3>Discussion</h3> Dr. Henry B. Crawford<sup>*</sup>It is a pleasure to be here to discuss an apparently impacted fracture of the neck of the femur. The earliest recollection that I
Needle Penetration of the Globe during Retrobulbar and Peribulbar Injections
Authors: Andy Hay, Harry W. Flynn, Joseph I. Hoffman, Alfred H. Rivera
Journal: Ophthalmology (1991)

The charts of 23 patients with needle penetration of the globe during retrobulbar or peribulbar injections between January 1980 and May 1990 were reviewed.Possible needle penetration risk factors included high myopia, previous scleral buckling procedures, injection by nonophthalmologists, and poor patient cooperation during the injection.Of the 23 cases of ocular penetration, 16 (70%) were from sharp (22-, 23-, and 25-gauge) needles, and 7 (30%) were from blunt (23-and 25-gauge) needles.Management options depended on the severity of the intraocular injury.Retinal breaks without retinal detachment were treated by laser photocoagulation (four cases) or cryopexy (one case) and were observed in three cases.More advanced complications (retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage) were usually treated by pars plana vitrectomy with or without a scleral buckle (12 of 14 cases).The final visual acuity was 20/400 or better in only 2 of the 14 retinal detachment cases.In cases without retinal detachment, the final visual acuity was 20/50 or better in 7 of 9 cases.
A Study of the Interferon Antiviral Mechanism: Apoptosis Activation by the 2–5A System
Authors: JoAnn C. Castelli, Bret A. Hassel, Katherine A. Wood, Xiao-Ling Li, Kei Amemiya, Marinos C. Dalakas, Paul F. Torrence, Richard J. Youle
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

The 2-5A system contributes to the antiviral effect of interferons through the synthesis of 2-5A and its activation of the ribonuclease, RNase L. RNase L degrades viral and cellular RNA after activation by unique, 2'-5' phosphodiester-linked, oligoadenylates [2-5A, (pp)p5' A2'(P5'A2')]n, n >=2. Because both the 2-5A system and apoptosis can serve as viral defense mechanisms and RNA degradation occurs during both processes, we investigated the potential role of RNase L in apoptosis. Overexpression of human RNase L by an inducible promoter in NIH3T3 fibroblasts decreased cell viability and triggered apoptosis. Activation of endogenous RNase L, specifically with 2-5A or with dsRNA, induced apoptosis. Inhibition of RNase L with a dominant negative mutant suppressed poly (I).poly (C)-induced apoptosis in interferon-primed fibroblasts. Moreover, inhibition of RNase L suppressed apoptosis induced by poliovirus. Thus, increased RNase L levels induced apoptosis and inhibition of RNase L activity blocked viral-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis may be one of the antiviral mechanisms regulated by the 2-5A system.
Abstract 4671: Tumor Suppressive Role of HOP (homeobox only protein) Gene in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Keishi Yamashita, Akira Ooki, Hiroshi Katoh, David Sidransky, Masahiko Watanabe
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: Homeobox only protein (HOP) is an unusual homeobox gene encoding the 3 spliced transcript variants, among which the only HOP-β promoter harbors CpG islands and inactivated by methylation in esophageal and gastric cancer (Yamashita K et al., Cancer Cell, 2002, Kim MS and Yamashita K et al., Cancer Res., 2006, Yamashita K et al., Mol. Cancer Res., 2009). HOP acts as a novel tumor suppressor gene, but remains elusive for functional role in human cancer. Methods: Using bisulfite sequencing analysis and quantitative-methylation specific PCR (Q-MSP), HOP-β methylation status was evaluated in 80 pairs of gastric cancer and the corresponding normal tissues, further validated in 90 advanced gastric cancer. Transfection of HOP into gastric cancer cell line GCIY was done to examine whether it actually has a tumor suppressive function. Results: By Q-MSP, HOP-β hypermethylation was found in 84% (67/80) primary tumor tissues and 10% (8/80) corresponding normal tissues. When the cut-off value was set at 11.28, the HOP-β methylation was a potent prognostic factor (P=0.0006), which was further validated in the independent 90 advanced gastric cancer (P=0.009). Multivariate analysis revealed that HOP-β methylation could be independent prognostic factors. HOP-β expression was silenced by the promoter methylation in all gastric cancer cell lines tested; expression could be restored by treatment with methyltransferase inhibitor. Moreover, reintroduction of HOP-β gene repressed cell growth and invasion. Conclusion: HOP-β promoter methylation is a frequent and cancer-specific event in gastric cancer. Quantitative assessment of HOP-β methylation has great clinical potential as a marker of tumor aggressiveness and may thus facilitate treatment planning in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4671.
Replication slippage may cause parallel evolution in the secondary structures of mitochondrial transfer RNAs
Authors: J. R. Macey, A. Larson, N. B. Ananjeva, T. J. Papenfuss
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1997)

Presence of the dihydrouridine (D) stem in the mitochondrial cysteine tRNA is unusually variable among lepidosaurian reptiles. Phylogenetic and comparative analyses of cysteine tRNA gene sequences identify eight parallel losses of the D-stem, resulting in D-arm replacement loops. Sampling within the monophyletic Acrodonta provides no evidence for reversal. Slipped-strand mispairing of noncontiguous repeated sequences during replication or direct replication slippage can explain repeats observed within cysteine tRNAs that contain a D-arm replacement loop. These two mechanisms involving replication slippage can account for the loss of the cysteine tRNA D-stem in several lepidosaurian lineages, and may represent general mechanisms by which the secondary structures of mitochondrial tRNAs are altered.
USE OF IVABRADINE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE ANTERIOR WALL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION COMPLICATED BY LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE
Authors: Rajagopal J, Srinivas Arun, Keshavamurthy B. Chakrabhavi, Guruprasad HP, Jayakumar P, Arjun Adnaik
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
CDC recommends expensive vaccine for all girls aged 11-12
Authors: Janice Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Girls aged 11 or 12 years should receive Merck's vaccine Gardasil to prevent infection with the sexually transmitted papillomavirus strains that cause cervical cancer, a committee of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended last week.

The decision by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices aroused worries among doctors and health providers over the vaccine's cost and objections from religious conservatives, who fear it may encourage promiscuity.

The vaccine is the first to prevent cancer, the first against a sexually transmitted disease, and the first for only one sex—although it may later be given to boys. It was approved last month by the Food and Drug Administration.

It is also one of the most expensive vaccines, costing $360 (£195; €280) for three injections given over six months. Estimates of the cost to the US health system of vaccinating all girls aged 11 or 12 range up to $2bn.

The committee is the only body that can recommend or remove vaccines from the list of recommended vaccines for children. The committee's …