tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Skunk-Associated Human Rabies
Authors: Michael A. W. Hattwick
Journal: JAMA (1972)

In the United States since 1960, skunks have become the most frequently reported rabid animal and the most common source of human rabies. Four of the eight domestically acquired human cases of rabies reported since 1963 were caused by skunk bites; two of these occurred in 1970. This article presents data on these two cases and reviews the problem of skunk-associated human rabies. The patients were bitten while trying to capture wild skunks or while sleeping on the ground in unprotected sleeping bags. Only one patient received the full recommended postexposure prophylaxis consisting of antirabies serum and 21 doses of duck-embryo vaccine. After clinical symptoms of rabies develop, there is at present no specific antirabies therapy. Aggressive conservative care concentrating on prevention of the complications of the viral infection may, however, result in recovery.
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Is a New Target of Cancer Stem Cell Therapy for Breast Cancer Patients.
Authors: H. Tanaka, M. Nakamura, M. Sohzaki, M. Kai, M. Kubo, H. Ohnishi, M. Tanaka, M. Katano
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Introduction: Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is crucial for growth and patterning during embryonic development. We have shown that Hh pathway is constitutively reactivated in human breast cancer (Kubo M et al. Cancer Res 2004). Recently, it has been proposed that only a small subset, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), posseses tumorigenicity. And, several investigations suggest contributions of morphogenesis pathways including Hh pathway in the maintenance of CSCs. Purpose of this study is to reveal an essential role of Hh pathway in the maintenance of CSCs, and also to reveal a possibility of Hh pathway as a target of CSCs therapy for breast cancer patients.Materials and Methods: A human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used. In the present study, we estimated CD44+CD24-/low cells or side population (SP) cells as CSCs. Flow cytometric analysis and sorting were performed to detect and collect CSCs, respectively. To confirm the high tumorigenicity of CSCs, we used a MCF-7 cell xenograft mouse model in NOD/SCID mice. To assess the expression of Hh pathway-related molecules, real-time RT-PCR and fluorescent immunostaining were performed. For blockade of Hh pathway, a Hh inhibitor, cyclopamine, and small interference RNA (si-RNA) against Gli1, a trans-activator of the Hh pathway, were used. We also synthesized peptides with specific affinity for a transmembrane receptor Patched1 (Ptch1).Results: CD44+CD24-/low cells and SP cells in total MCF-7 cells were 10-25% and 1-4%, respectively and these two populations were overlapped with each other. These CSCs were highly tumorigenic, and resistant to anticancer drugs including taxanes.Hh pathway-related molecules such as Shh, a ligand of Hh pathway, and Gli1 were predominantly expressed in CSCs. Cyclopamine and Ptch1 affinitive peptides could suppress the tumorigenicity of CSCs in NOD/SCID mice xenograft transplantation model.Conclusions: Hh pathway at least partly contributes to the maintenance of CSCs in MCF-7 cells. Thus, Hh pathway may be a valuable therapeutic target for CSCs therapy for breast cancer patients. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1161.
THE USE OF PRECIPITIN ANALYSIS IN AGAR FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Seymour P. Halbert, Lois Swick, Constance Sonn
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1955)

It has been shown by agar precipitin tests (Ouchterlony and Oakley) that human sera may contain from 0 to 5 antibodies against antigens present in a partially purified streptolysin O preparation, and from 0 to 7 antibodies against antigens in a crude ammonium sulfate concentrate of the streptococcal culture supernate used. These antigens were prepared from a Group A hemolytic streptococcus (strain C203S). Strong evidence was presented suggesting that some of the bands seen with streptolysin O concentrate represented antibody reponses to streptococcal antigens heretofore undescribed. Tests were also carried out with other streptococcal antigens, including streptokinase-desoxyribonuclease mixture from Group C streptococci (varidase-Lederle), crystalline proteinase, proteinase precursor, C carbohydrate, and sonic vibrated streptococcal cell extracts (group A, C203S). Fewer bands were seen with these preparations, and with some they were quite uncommon. The observations indicated that the predominating antibody responses in human streptococcal infections were to extracellular products of the micro-organisms, and only very slightly and infrequently to intracellular antigens. The human sera studied included sera from patients with active or convalescent rheumatic fever, and non-rheumatic subjects suffering from a variety of illnesses. As was expected, the rheumatic subjects showed antibody responses to many more of the antigens present in these preparations than did the nonrheumatic group. Pooled normal human gamma globulin was found to contain many of the antibodies found in potent human sera. This finding confirmed the antigen-antibody nature of the bands seen with individual sera. The epidemiological significance of these findings with gamma, globulin was briefly discussed. It was found that rabbit, guinea pig, and human antibody precipitin bands join quite readily in the Ouchterlony tests. This finding adds another tool for the identification of the precipitin bands found with human sera. Evidence was obtained which indicated differing immunological specificities of two samples of streptococcal desoxyribonuclease, one from Group A, the other from a Group C streptococcus. The value of these technics as representing a new approach to the study of human infectious disease was discussed.
Optical Masers in Biology and Medicine
Authors: Ronald A. Malt, Charles H. Townes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

THE impact of the optical maser, or laser, on contemporary thought may be surmised by the appearance of Danny Dunn and the Heat Ray just two years after Maiman,1 in 1960, realized in practice the theoretical considerations of Schawlow and Townes.2 In somewhat more objective terms, Aviation Week, on April 22, 1963, listed 62 research groups fulfilling government contracts in research and development worth $12,500,000.3 Although most investigation and applications of the optical maser have been for commercial or military purposes, the instrument has broad applicability in biology and medicine because it makes available for the first time stable, . . .
Expanding AAV Packaging Capacity with Trans-splicing or Overlapping Vectors: A Quantitative Comparison
Authors: Dongsheng Duan, Yongping Yue, John F. Engelhardt
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2001)

Recombinant adeno-associated (rAAV) viral vectors hold great therapeutic potential for human diseases. However, a relatively small packaging capacity (less than 5 kb) has limited the application of rAAV for certain diseases such as cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Here we compared two mechanistically distinct approaches to overcome packaging restraints with rAAV vectors. The trans-splicing approach reconstitutes gene expression from two independent rAAV vectors, each encoding unique, nonoverlapping halves of a transgene. This process requires intermolecular concatamerization and subsequent splicing between independent vectors. A distinct overlapping vector approach uses homologous recombination between overlapping regions in two independent vectors. Using the beta-galactosidase gene as template, trans-splicing approaches were threefold (in primary fibroblasts) and 12-fold (in muscle tissue) more effective in generating full-length transgene products than the overlapping vector approach. Nevertheless, the efficiency of trans-splicing remained moderate at approximately 4.3% (for muscle) and 7% (for fibroblasts) of that seen with a single vector encoding the full-length transgene. The efficiency of trans-splicing was augmented 1185-fold by adenoviral E4, but not E2a, gene products. This augmentation was much less pronounced with the overlapping vectoring approach (12-fold). Trans-splicing and overlapping vector approaches are two viable alternatives to expand rAAV packaging capacity.
Confidentiality Expectations of Patients, Physicians, and Medical Students
Authors: Barry D. Weiss
Journal: JAMA (1982)

One hundred seventy-seven patients, 53 medical students, and 109 house staff were surveyed by questionnaire regarding the confidentiality of information that patients give to physicians. Physicians and students reported discussing cases in situations in which most patients did not expect this to occur. These included discussions at parties (36% v 9%) and with spouses (51% v 17%), and identification of patients by name (60% v 23%). Both patients and medical personnel thought it was common to discuss cases with other physicians, even at large meetings, for additional opinions or because of interest. However, patients were less likely than physicians to think that this occurred (90% v 51%). Medical students in their first 60 days of training responded more like physicians than like the lay public. Physicians responded similarly at various levels of training. Primary v non-primary care physicians showed no differences in response.A survey of patients, medical students, and house staff at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center indicated that patients expect a more rigorous standard of confidentiality than actually exists. The questionnaire revealed patients' perceptions and physicians' practices in the communication of confidential information in professional discussions and in casual conversation with medical and non-medical friends.
Uptake and release of glucose by the human kidney. Postabsorptive rates and responses to epinephrine.
Authors: M Stumvoll, U Chintalapudi, G Perriello, S Welle, O Gutierrez, J Gerich
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Despite ample evidence that the kidney can both produce and use appreciable amounts of glucose, the human kidney is generally regarded as playing a minor role in glucose homeostasis. This view is based on measurements of arteriorenal vein glucose concentrations indicating little or no net release of glucose. However, inferences from net balance measurements do not take into consideration the simultaneous release and uptake of glucose by the kidney. Therefore, to assess the contribution of release and uptake of glucose by the human kidney to overall entry and removal of plasma glucose, we used a combination of balance and isotope techniques to measure renal glucose net balance, fractional extraction, uptake and release as well as overall plasma glucose appearance and disposal in 10 normal volunteers under basal postabsorptive conditions and during a 3-h epinephrine infusion. In the basal postabsorptive state, there was small but significant net output of glucose by the kidney (66 +/- 22 mumol.min-1, P = 0.016). However, since renal glucose fractional extraction averaged 2.9 +/- 0.3%, there was considerable renal glucose uptake (2.3 +/- 0.2 mumol.kg-1.min-1) which accounted for 20.2 +/- 1.7% of systemic glucose disposal (11.4 +/- 0.5 mumol.kg-1.min-1). Renal glucose release (3.2 +/- 0.2 mumol.kg-1.min-1) accounted for 27.8 +/- 2.1% of systemic glucose appearance (11.4 +/- 0.5 mumol.kg-1.min-1). Epinephrine infusion, which increased plasma epinephrine to levels observed during hypoglycemia (3722 +/- 453 pmol/liter) increased renal glucose release nearly twofold (5.2 +/- 0.5 vs 2.8 +/- 0.1 mol.kg-1.min-1, P = 0.01) so that at the end of the infusion, renal glucose release accounted for 40.3 +/- 5.5% of systemic glucose appearance and essentially all of the increase in systemic glucose appearance. These observations suggest an important role for the human kidney in glucose homeostasis.
Hematology: An Atlas and Diagnostic Guide
Authors: Richard D. Brunning
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This new hematology book by Dr N. C. Sun is devoted primarily to the laboratory diagnosis of hematologic disorders. It consists of 20 chapters. The first two serve as an introduction to morphological hematology, both light microscopic and ultrastructural. The next 18 address specific diagnostic problems and are based on actual case studies.  The case presentation in each chapter is followed by a discussion of the specific entity and includes clinical and laboratory features and differential diagnosis. The differential diagnoses are inclusive with a discussion of all relevant possibilities. There is a detailed presentation of the morphology, both light and electron microscopic, and cytochemistry of the various disorders. Relevant immunologic and biochemical data are also included. The discussions in many of the chapters are excellent. The chapters on microcytic hypochromic anemia, macrocytic anemia, and granulomas are particularly good. The chapter Leucocytosis with Circulating Blasts in an Infant is outstanding and
Speciation of Arsenic in Exfoliated Urinary Bladder Epithelial Cells from Individuals Exposed to Arsenic in Drinking Water
Authors: Araceli Hernández-Zavala, Olga L. Valenzuela, Tomás̆ Matous̆ek, Zuzana Drobná, Jir̆í Dĕdina, Gonzalo G. García-Vargas, David J. Thomas, Luz M. Del Razo, Miroslav Stýblo
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

The concentration of arsenic in urine has been used as a marker of exposure to inorganic As (iAs). Relative proportions of urinary metabolites of iAs have been identified as potential biomarkers of susceptibility to iAs toxicity. However, the adverse effects of iAs exposure are ultimately determined by the concentrations of iAs metabolites in target tissues.In this study we examined the feasibility of analyzing As species in cells that originate in the urinary bladder, a target organ for As-induced cancer in humans.Exfoliated bladder epithelial cells (BECs) were collected from urine of 21 residents of Zimapan, Mexico, who were exposed to iAs in drinking water. We determined concentrations of iAs, methyl-As (MAs), and dimethyl-As (DMAs) in urine using conventional hydride generation-cryotrapping-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-CT-AAS). We used an optimized HG-CT-AAS technique with detection limits of 12-17 pg As for analysis of As species in BECs.All urine samples and 20 of 21 BEC samples contained detectable concentrations of iAs, MAs, and DMAs. Sums of concentrations of these As species in BECs ranged from 0.18 to 11.4 ng As/mg protein and in urine from 4.8 to 1,947 ng As/mL. We found no correlations between the concentrations or ratios of As species in BECs and in urine.These results suggest that urinary levels of iAs metabolites do not necessarily reflect levels of these metabolites in the bladder epithelium. Thus, analysis of As species in BECs may provide a more effective tool for risk assessment of bladder cancer and other urothelial diseases associated with exposures to iAs.
Anabolic and androgenic effects of methandrostenolone ("Nerobol") during systematic physical activity in rats.
Authors: V. Rogozkin
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1975)

Despite the limited number of published papers there is evidence of the efficiency of synthetic anabolic steroid hormones during training, particularly in sports events depending mainly upon the development of muscle size and strength.The considerable anabolic effect of these hormones has resulted in their wide-spread and un- controlled application in sport.A systematic 3-year-study of possible effects of meth- androstenolone (nerobol), a much used synthetic ana- bolic steroid hormone, was conducted on animals in my laboratory in Leningrad Research Institute of Physical Culture by my co-workers Bazulko A., Tchaikovsky, V., Pliskin A., Pshendin A, and Silber M. Experimental data, presented here, reflect two main areas of research:Firstly, investigation of the mechanisms of nerobol effect on transcription and translation processes in skele- tal muscle under the conditions of non-repeated (strength) physical load.Secondly, study of anabolic and androgenic effects of prolonged and reiterated application of nerobol combined with high physical loadings.radioactive isotope in a dose of 500 ci/kg.body weight.Total 14C-RNA was isolated from muscles by the phenol-detergent method and analysis of radioactivity distribution in fractions was carried out after 6 hours centrifuging in linear sucrose density gradient.Nuclei isolated from skeletal muscles by differential centri- fuging method in 2.2M sucrose were used to determine DNA-dependent RNA-Polymerase activity by method of Marchok and Wolf (1968).(b) Androgenic effects Androgenic effects were ascertained by changes in the animals' reproductive system, namely, by weight changes of ventral prostate and seminal vesicles. ResultsNerobol administration immediately after exercise caused increased activity of both sarcoplasmic enzyme - Aspartate-amino-transferase (AAT) and mitochrondrial enzyme -Cytochrome oxidase (Cy, OX).This increased level of activity is retained for 3 hours following the period of rest.(Table 1). Methods (a) Anabolic effectsMale albino rats weighing 160-200 gr were used.Their
Durability of serologic response after lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Jules L. Dienstag, Janusz Cianciara, Selim Karayalcin, Kris V. Kowdley, Bernard Willems, Stanilav Plisek, Mary Woessner, Stephen Gardner, Eugene Schiff
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Forty subjects with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion following lamivudine therapy in previous trials were monitored after treatment to assess the durability of serologic responses. Patient follow-up began a median of 4.3 months after completion of therapy in previous trials. At months 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 of year 1, and every 6 months thereafter, we tested for HBeAg and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). After a median (range) of 36.6 (4.8-45.6) months of follow-up monitoring, HBeAg seroconversion was demonstrated at the last visit by 77% (30 of 39) of patients. In a post hoc analysis of a slightly different population of all 65 patients with HBeAg seroconversion in previous trials, the 3-year durability of HBeAg seroconversion measured from the time immediately after discontinuing lamivudine therapy was 64%. Nine (9 of 40, 23%) patients were HBsAg negative at the last assessment. Seventy-four percent (17 of 23) of patients with baseline undetectable HBV DNA and normal ALT maintained these responses at the last visit. Eight patients (8 of 40, 20%) initiated retreatment for reappearance of HBV markers, and 7 showed biochemical and/or virologic improvement (including regained HBeAg seroconversion in 2). No safety issues of concern emerged. In conclusion, most HBeAg responses achieved during lamivudine therapy were durable, and most responders experienced prolonged clinical benefit after HBeAg seroconversion and subsequent discontinuation of lamivudine. Lamivudine retreatment for reappearance of hepatitis B markers can achieve resumption of viral suppression.
Kinin B1 receptors and the cardiovascular system: regulation of expression and function
Authors: P McLean
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Kinins are important peptide mediators of a diverse range of physiological and pathological functions of the cardiovascular system. The kinin peptides exert their effects by selective activation of two distinct G-protein coupled receptors termed B(1) and B(2). The principal kinin peptides involved in the acute regulation of cardiovascular function during normal physiology are bradykinin (BK) and Lys-BK which produce their effects via activation of B(2) receptors. The B(1) receptor is activated by the des-Arg(9)kinin metabolites namely des-Arg(9)BK and Lys-des-Arg(9)BK, the synthesis of which are increased during inflammation. The B(1) receptor, which is not constitutively expressed, is induced in various pathologies relating to inflammation. Recent investigations into the molecular mechanisms of B(1) receptor induction and their distribution and function in the cardiovascular system have shown that following an inflammatory stimulus the B(1) receptor is induced and may play an important role in modulation of cardiovascular function. This review summarises recent studies on B(1) receptor expression and function in the cardiovascular system and discusses the role of these receptors in regulation of circulatory homeostasis and their potential as therapeutic targets.
Surfactant and Pediatric Acute Lung Injury
Authors: E. A. Hunt
Journal: JAMA (2005)

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The high cost of improper removal of lead-based paint from housing: a case report.
Authors: David E Jacobs, Howard Mielke, Nancy Pavur
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

The costs of lead-based paint hazard control in housing are well documented, but the costs of cleanup after improper, inherently dangerous, methods of removing lead-based paint are not. In this article we report a case of childhood lead poisoning and document the costs of decontamination after uncontained power sanding was used to remove paint down to bare wood from approximately 3,000 ft(2) of exterior siding on a large, well-maintained 75-year-old house in a middle-income neighborhood. After the uncontrolled removal of lead-based paint, interior dust lead levels ranged from 390 to 27,600 micro g Pb/ft(2) (on floors and windowsills) and bare soil lead levels ranged from 360 ppm in the yard to 3,900 ppm along the foundation to 130,000 ppm in the child's play area, well above applicable U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards. The hard costs of decontamination were over $195,000, which greatly exceeds the incremental cost of incorporating lead-safe work practices into repainting. This case report highlights the need to incorporate lead-safe work practices into routine repainting, remodeling, and other renovation and maintenance jobs that may disturb lead-based paint.