tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Getting started--a review of physical activity adoption studies.
Authors: A L Dunn
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1996)

The aim of this paper has been to review methods that have been found to be effective in getting sedentary adults to adopt physical activity, to examine these methods within the multilevel framework conceptualised by Winett et al, and to provide recommendations for future research to test new methods and their effectiveness in leading to the adoption of physical activity in sedentary populations. Searches for relevant studies were conducted on the Medline computerised database. Additional studies were located in reference sections of these studies and other review papers. Surveys that specifically identified determinants of adoption of physical activity in adults were included. Reviewed articles were selected on the basis of quasi-experimental and experimental designs that specifically examined the question of how to get sedentary adults to adopt a programme of physical activity or exercise, had completely described methods, and evaluated the effectiveness of methods of increasing physical activity and/or exercise. While numerous reviews have been written on determinants on physical activity adoption and maintenance, only two prospective surveys have identified specifics of adoption of physical activity. Most of the evidence for techniques that help inactive people to adopt physical activity comes from quasi-experimental and experimental intervention studies examining various cognitive and behavioural strategies at the individual level. Fewer studies have examined techniques at the interpersonal, organisational, community, environmental, and policy level. More prospective observational studies aimed at homogeneous subgroups are needed to identify correlates of physical activity adoption to help tailor interventions. Continued clinical studies are needed to differentiate the necessary and sufficient strategies at the personal and interpersonal levels. Interventions aimed at environmental, institutional, and social levels remain largely unexplored and there is a need for more research that specifically targets inactive subgroups at these levels.
Viral Antigen, Virus Particles, and Infectivity of Tissues From Chickens With Marek's Disease&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: B. W. Calnek, Tito Ubertini, Hans K. Adldinger
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1970)

The same tissues from S-line chickens infected with the JM strain of Marek's disease virus were examined by the fluorescent antibody (FA) and agar-gel precipitin (AGP) tests and by electron microscopy (EM). In vitro virus assays of cellular and cell-free materials from some tissues were done. All samples of feather follicle epithelium (FFE) were positive for antigen detectable by FA and AGP, contained large numbers of both naked and enveloped herpesvirus particles, and were the source of infectious, cell-free virus. The bursa of Fabricius, kidney, leukotic gonad, and nerve plexuses also contained FA-detectable antigen but not so consistently or extensively as did the FFE. All these tissues, except kidney, were found positive by the AGP test and were determined by EM to be infected, but nearly all virus particles were naked and intranuclear. In vitro virus assays showed infectivity to be cell-associated.
Which domains of childhood physical activity predict physical activity in adulthood? A 20-year prospective tracking study
Authors: Verity Cleland, Terence Dwyer, Alison Venn
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Purpose It is important to examine how childhood physical activity is related to adult physical activity in order to best tailor physical activity-promotion strategies. The time- and resource-intensive nature of studies spanning childhood into adulthood means the understanding of physical activity trajectories over this time span is limited. This study aimed to determine whether childhood domain-specific physical activities predict domain-specific physical activity 20 years later in adulthood, and whether age and sex play a role in these trajectories. Methods In 1985, 6412 children of age 9–15 years self-reported frequency and duration of discretionary sport and exercise (leisure activity), transport activity, school sport and physical education (PE) in the past week and number of sports played in the past year. In 2004–2006, 2201 of these participants (aged 26–36 years) completed the long International Physical Activity Questionnaire and/or wore a Yamax pedometer. Analyses included partial correlation coefficients and log-binomial regression. Results Childhood and adult activity were weakly correlated ( r =−0.08–0.14). Total weekly physical activity in childhood did not predict adult activity. School PE predicted adult total weekly physical activity and daily steps (older females), while school sport demonstrated inconsistent associations. Leisure and transport activity in childhood predicted adult leisure activity among younger males and older females, respectively. Childhood past year sport participation positively predicted adult physical activity (younger males and older females). Conclusions Despite modest associations between childhood and adult physical activity that varied by domain, age and sex, promoting a range of physical activities to children of all ages is warranted.
Cigarette Smoking and Changes in the Histopathology of Lung Cancer
Authors: M. J. Thun, C. A. Lally, E. E. Calle, C. W. Heath, J. T. Flannery, W. D. Flanders
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1997)

Background: Adenocarcinoma of the lung, once considered minimally related to cigarette smoking, has become the most common type of lung cancer in the United States. The increased incidence of this cancer might be explained by advances in diagnostic technology (i.e., increased ability to perform biopsies on tumors in smaller, more distal airways), changes in cigarette design (e.g., the adoption of filtertips), or changes in smoking practices. We examined data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry and two American Cancer Society studies to explore these possibilities. Methods: Connecticut Tumor Registry data from 1959 through 1991 were analyzed to determine whether the increase in lung adenocarcinoma observed during that period could be best described by birth cohort effects (i.e., generational changes in cigarette smoking) or calendar period effects (i.e., diagnostic advances). Associations between cigarette smoking and death from specific types of lung cancer during the first 2 years of follow-up in Cancer Prevention Study I (CPS-I), initiated in 1959) and Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II, initiated in 1982) were also examined. Results: Adenocarcinoma incidence in Connecticut increased nearly 17-fold in women and nearly 10-fold in men from 1959 through 1991. The increases followed a clear birth cohort pattern, paralleling gender and generational changes in smoking more than diagnostic advances. Cigarette smoking became more strongly associated with death from lung adenocarcinoma in CPS-II compared with CPS-I, with relative risks of 19.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.3–47.7) for men and 8.1 (95% CI = 4.5–14.6) for women in CPS-II and 4.6 (95% CI = 1.7–12.6) for men and 1.5 (0.3–7.7) for women in CPS-I. Conclusions: The increase in lung adenocarcinoma since the 1950s is more consistent with changes in smoking behavior and cigarette design than with diagnostic advances.
Routine HIV Testing in Botswana: A Population-Based Study on Attitudes, Practices, and Human Rights Concerns
Authors: Sheri D Weiser, Michele Heisler, Karen Leiter, Fiona Percy-de Korte, Sheila Tlou, Sonya DeMonner, Nthabiseng Phaladze, David R Bangsberg, Vincent Iacopino
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Background The Botswana government recently implemented a policy of routine or "opt-out" HIV testing in response to the high prevalence of HIV infection, estimated at 37% of adults. Methods and Findings We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based study of 1,268 adults from five districts in Botswana to assess knowledge of and attitudes toward routine testing, correlates of HIV testing, and barriers and facilitators to testing, 11 months after the introduction of this policy. Most participants (81%) reported being extremely or very much in favor of routine testing. The majority believed that this policy would decrease barriers to testing (89%), HIV-related stigma (60%), and violence toward women (55%), and would increase access to antiretroviral treatment (93%). At the same time, 43% of participants believed that routine testing would lead people to avoid going to the doctor for fear of testing, and 14% believed that this policy could increase gender-based violence related to testing. The prevalence of self-reported HIV testing was 48%. Adjusted correlates of testing included female gender (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1–1.9), higher education (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.5–2.7), more frequent healthcare visits (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.3–2.7), perceived access to HIV testing (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.5), and inconsistent condom use (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2–2.1). Individuals with stigmatizing attitudes toward people living with HIV and AIDS were less likely to have been tested for HIV/AIDS (AOR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.5–0.9) or to have heard of routine testing (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.45–0.76). While experiences with voluntary and routine testing overall were positive, 68% felt that they could not refuse the HIV test. Key barriers to testing included fear of learning one's status (49%), lack of perceived HIV risk (43%), and fear of having to change sexual practices with a positive HIV test (33%). Conclusions Routine testing appears to be widely supported and may reduce barriers to testing in Botswana. As routine testing is adopted elsewhere, measures should be implemented to assure true informed consent and human rights safeguards, including protection from HIV-related discrimination and protection of women against partner violence related to testing.
Contact events in rugby union and their propensity to cause injury
Authors: Colin W Fuller, John H M Brooks, Rebecca J Cancea, John Hall, Simon P T Kemp
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of contact events in professional rugby union matches and to assess their propensity to cause injury. Design: The study was a two-season (2003/2004 and 2005/2006) prospective cohort design. It included 645 professional rugby union players from 13 English Premiership rugby union clubs. The main outcome measures were: incidence of match contact events (events per game); incidence (injuries per 1000 player-hours and per 1000 contact events), risk (days lost per 1000 player-hours and per 1000 contact events) and diagnosis of injury; referee’s decision. Risk factors were player–player contact, position on pitch and period of play. Results: Tackles (221.0 events/game) and rucks (142.5 events/game) were the most common events and mauls (13.6%) and scrums (12.6%) the most penalised. Tackles (701.6 days/1000 player-hours) were responsible for the greatest loss of time but scrums (213.2 days lost/1000 events) and collisions (199.8 days lost/1000 events) presented the highest risk per event. Conclusions: Tackles were the game event responsible for the highest number of injuries and the greatest loss of time in rugby union because they were by far the most common contact event. Collisions were 70% more likely to result in an injury than a tackle and scrums carried a 60% greater risk of injury than a tackle. The relative propensities for contact events to cause injury were rated as: lineout – very low; ruck – low; maul and tackle – average; collision and scrum – high.
A Translational Neuroscience Approach to Understanding the Development of Social Anxiety Disorder and Its Pathophysiology
Authors: Andrew S. Fox, Ned H. Kalin
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2014)

This review brings together recent research from molecular, neural circuit, animal model, and human studies to help understand the neurodevelopmental mechanisms underlying social anxiety disorder. Social anxiety disorder is common and debilitating, and it often leads to further psychopathology. Numerous studies have demonstrated that extremely behaviorally inhibited and temperamentally anxious young children are at marked risk of developing social anxiety disorder. Recent work in human and nonhuman primates has identified a distributed brain network that underlies early-life anxiety including the central nucleus of the amygdala, the anterior hippocampus, and the orbitofrontal cortex. Studies in nonhuman primates have demonstrated that alterations in this circuit are trait-like in that they are stable over time and across contexts. Notably, the components of this circuit are differentially influenced by heritable and environmental factors, and specific lesion studies have demonstrated a causal role for multiple components of the circuit. Molecular studies in rodents and primates point to disrupted neurodevelopmental and neuroplastic processes within critical components of the early-life dispositional anxiety neural circuit. The possibility of identifying an early-life at-risk phenotype, along with an understanding of its neurobiology, provides an unusual opportunity to conceptualize novel preventive intervention strategies aimed at reducing the suffering of anxious children and preventing them from developing further psychopathology.
<i>SLFN11</i> Is a Transcriptional Target of EWS-FLI1 and a Determinant of Drug Response in Ewing Sarcoma
Authors: Sai-Wen Tang, Sven Bilke, Liang Cao, Junko Murai, Fabricio G. Sousa, Mihoko Yamade, Vinodh Rajapakse, Sudhir Varma, Lee J. Helman, Javed Khan, Paul S. Meltzer, Yves Pommier
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

SLFN11 was identified as a critical determinant of response to DNA-targeted therapies by analyzing gene expression and drug sensitivity of NCI-60 and CCLE datasets. However, how SLFN11 is regulated in cancer cells remained unknown. Ewing sarcoma, which is characterized by the chimeric transcription factor EWS-FLI1, has notably high SLFN11 expression, leading us to investigate whether EWS-FLI1 drives SLFN11 expression and the role of SLFN11 in the drug response of Ewing sarcoma cells.Binding sites of EWS-FLI1 on the SLFN11 promoter were analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and promoter-luciferase reporter analyses. The relationship between SLFN11 and EWS-FLI1 were further examined in EWS-FLI1-knockdown or -overexpressing cells and in clinical tumor samples.EWS-FLI1 binds near the transcription start site of SLFN11 promoter and acts as a positive regulator of SLFN11 expression in Ewing sarcoma cells. EWS-FLI1-mediated SLFN11 expression is responsible for high sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma to camptothecin and combinations of PARP inhibitors with temozolomide. Importantly, Ewing sarcoma patients with higher SLFN11 expression showed better tumor-free survival rate. The correlated expression between SLFN11 and FLI1 extends to leukemia, pediatric, colon, breast, and prostate cancers. In addition, expression of other ETS members correlates with SLFN11 in NCI-60 and CCLE datasets, and molecular experiments demonstrate that ETS1 acts as a positive regulator for SLFN11 expression in breast cancer cells.Our results imply the emerging relevance of SLFN11 as an ETS transcription factor response gene and for therapeutic response to topoisomerase I inhibitors and temozolomide-PARP inhibitor combinations in ETS-activated cancers.
Selective pulmonary fat aspiration complicating oesophageal achalasia
Authors: G V Robinson
Journal: Thorax (2004)

A 53 year old woman was referred with an 18 month history of dry cough and exertional breathlessness. There was a past history of oesophageal achalasia. Examination revealed fine right sided inspiratory crepitations only, and pulmonary function tests showed a restrictive defect with a transfer factor of 59% predicted. A chest CT scan showed extensive bilateral ground glass opacification with interlobular septal thickening (fig 1). …
Interaction between Schwann Cells and Osteoblasts In Vitro
Authors: Xiao‐xiao Cai, En Luo, Quan Yuan
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2010)

Given the well-known properties of Schwann cells in promoting nerve regeneration, transplanting Schwann cells into implant sockets might be an effective method to promote sensory responses of osseointegrated implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction between Schwann cells and osteoblasts.Schwann cells derived from the sciatic nerves of neonatal rat were co-culured with osteoblasts using Transwell inserts. The proliferation of Schwann cells in the co-culture system was evaluated using methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric method. Moreover, the secretions and mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. In order to test the effect of Schwann cells on osteoblasts, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizerin red staining were performed as well.Schwann cells, which were co-cultured with the osteoblasts, showed an intact proliferation during the observation period. Moreover, the gene expression and synthesis of BDNF and NGF were not impaired by the osteoblasts. Meanwhile, co-cultured osteoblasts exhibited a significant increase in the proliferation on day 3 and 6 (P< 0.05). Co-culture of these two types of cells also led to a more intense staining of ALP and an elevated number of calcified nodules.These findings demonstrate that, in the in vitro indirect co-culture environment, Schwann cells can maintain their normal ability to synthesize neurotrophins, which then enhance the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.
Neuropilin-2 Is Upregulated in Lung Cancer Cells during TGF-β1–Induced Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Patrick Nasarre, Robert M. Gemmill, Vincent A. Potiron, Joëlle Roche, Xian Lu, Anna E. Barón, Christopher Korch, Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer, Alessandro Lagana, Philip H. Howe, Harry A. Drabkin
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reversal, mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET), are fundamental processes involved in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. SEMA3F is a secreted semaphorin and tumor suppressor downregulated by TGF-β1 and ZEB1-induced EMT. Here, we report that neuropilin (NRP)-2, the high-affinity receptor for SEMA3F and a coreceptor for certain growth factors, is upregulated during TGF-β1–driven EMT in lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, NRP2 upregulation was TβRI dependent and SMAD independent, occurring mainly at a posttranscriptional level involving increased association of mRNA with polyribosomes. Extracellular signal—regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT inhibition blocked NRP2 upregulation, whereas RNA interference-mediated attenuation of ZEB1 reduced steady-state NRP2 levels. In addition, NRP2 attenuation inhibited TGF-β1–driven morphologic transformation, migration/invasion, ERK activation, growth suppression, and changes in gene expression. In a mouse xenograft model of lung cancer, NRP2 attenuation also inhibited locally invasive features of the tumor and reversed TGF-β1–mediated growth inhibition. In support of these results, human lung cancer specimens with the highest NRP2 expression were predominantly E-cadherin negative. Furthermore, the presence of NRP2 staining strengthened the association of E-cadherin loss with high-grade tumors. Together, our results demonstrate that NRP2 contributes significantly to TGF-β1–induced EMT in lung cancer. Cancer Res; 73(23); 7111–21. ©2013 AACR.
Effect of Advancing Age on Outcomes of Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson Disease
Authors: Michael R. DeLong, Kevin T. Huang, John Gallis, Yuliya Lokhnygina, Beth Parente, Patrick Hickey, Dennis A. Turner, Shivanand P. Lad
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2014)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established modality for the treatment of advanced Parkinson disease (PD). Recent studies have found DBS plus best medical therapy to be superior to best medical therapy alone for patients with PD and early motor complications. Although no specific age cutoff has been defined, most clinical studies have excluded patients older than 75 years of age. We hypothesize that increasing age would be associated with an increased number of postoperative complications.To evaluate the stepwise effect of increasing age (in 5-year epochs) on short-term complications following DBS surgery.A large, retrospective cohort study was performed using the Thomson Reuters MarketScan national database that examined 1757 patients who underwent DBS for PD during the period from 2000 to 2009.Primary measures examined included hospital length of stay and aggregate and individual complications within 90 days following surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate complication-related odds ratios (ORs) for each 5-year age epoch after controlling for covariates.Overall, 132 of 1757 patients (7.5%) experienced at least 1 complication within 90 days, including wound infections (3.6%), pneumonia (2.3%), hemorrhage or hematoma (1.4%), or pulmonary embolism (0.6%). After adjusting for covariates, we found that increasing age (ranging from <50 to 90 years of age) did not significantly affect overall 90-day complication rates (OR, 1.10 per 5-year increase [95% CI, 0.96-1.25]; P = .17). The 2 most common procedure-related complications, hemorrhage (OR, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.63-1.07]; P = .14) and infection (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.87-1.24]; P = .69), did not significantly increase with age.Older patients with PD (>75 years) who were selected to undergo DBS surgery showed a similar 90-day complication risk (including postoperative hemorrhage or infection) compared with younger counterparts. Our findings suggest that age alone should not be a primary exclusion factor for determining candidacy for DBS. Instead, a clear focus on patients with medication-refractory and difficult to control on-off fluctuations with preserved cognition, regardless of age, may allow for an expansion of the traditional therapeutic window.
Clinical approaches to treat peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis
Authors: Stefan Renvert, Ioannis N. Polyzois
Journal: Periodontology 2000 (2015)

Abstract Therapies proposed for the treatment of peri‐implant diseases are primarily based on the evidence available from treating periodontitis. The primary objective is elimination of the biofilm from the implant surface, and nonsurgical therapy is a commonly used treatment. A number of adjunctive therapies have been introduced to overcome accessibility problems or difficulties with decontamination of implant surfaces as a result of specific surface characteristics. It is now accepted that following successful decontamination, clinicians can attempt to regenerate the bone that was lost as a result of infection. The ultimate goal is re‐osseointegration, and a number of regenerative techniques have been introduced. By reviewing the existing evidence, it seems that peri‐implant mucositis is reversible when appropriately treated. Additionally, a combined therapy (mechanical therapy with local antimicrobials as adjuncts) can serve as an alternative to surgical intervention when treating peri‐implantits in cases not suitable for surgery. Surgical therapy is an effective method for treating peri‐implantitis, and various degrees of success of the use of regenerative procedures have been reported, regardless of whether or not radiographic evidence of defect fill has been achieved. Finally, no matter which therapy is employed, a prerequisite for the long‐term stability of treatment results obtained is the ability of the patient to maintain good oral hygiene.