tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Accelerated and Adaptive Evolution of Yeast Sexual Adhesins
Authors: X. Xie, W.-G. Qiu, P. N. Lipke
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2011)

There is a recent emergence of interest in the genes involved in gametic recognition as drivers of reproductive isolation.The recent population genomic sequencing of two species of sexually primitive yeasts (Liti G, Carter DM, Moses AM, Warringer J, Parts L, James SA, Davey RP, Roberts IN, Burt A,. 2009.Population genomics of domestic and wild yeasts.Nature 458:337-341.)has provided data for systematic study of the roles these genes play in the early evolution of sex and speciation.Here, we discovered that among genes encoding cell surface proteins, the sexual adhesin genes have evolved significantly more rapidly than others, both within and between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its closest relative S. paradoxus.This result was supported by analyses using the PAML pairwise model, a modified McDonald-Kreitman test, and the PAML branch model.Moreover, using a combination of a new statistic of neutrality, an information theory-based measure of evolutionary variability, and functional characterization of amino acid changes, we found that a higher proportion of amino acid changes are fixed in the sexual adhesins than in other proteins and a greater proportion of the fixed amino acid changes either between the two species or the two subgroups of S. paradoxus are functionally dissimilar or radically different.These results suggest that the accelerated evolution of sexual adhesin genes may facilitate speciation, or incipient speciation, and promote sexual selection in general.
Specific Podocin Mutations Correlate with Age of Onset in Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Bernward Hinkes, Christopher Vlangos, Saskia Heeringa, Bettina Mucha, Rasheed Gbadegesin, Jinhong Liu, Katrin Hasselbacher, Fatih Ozaltin, Friedhelm Hildebrandt
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2008)

Mutations in the gene encoding podocin (NPHS2) cause autosomal recessive steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). For addressing the possibility of a genotype–phenotype correlation between podocin mutations and age of onset, a worldwide cohort of 430 patients from 404 different families with SRNS were screened by direct sequencing. Recessive podocin mutations were present in 18.1% (73 of 404) of families with SRNS, and 69.9% of these mutations were nonsense, frameshift, or homozygous R138Q. Patients with these mutations manifested symptoms at a significantly earlier age (mean onset <1.75 years) than any other patient group, with or without podocin mutations, in this study (mean onset >4.17 yr). All but one patient affected by truncating or homozygous R138Q mutations developed SRNS before 6 yr of age. Patient groups with other recessive podocin mutations, with single heterozygous podocin mutations, with sequence variants, and with no podocin changes could not be distinguished from each other on the basis of age of onset. In conclusion, nephrotic syndrome in children with truncating or homozygous R138Q mutations manifests predominantly before 6 yr of life, and the onset of disease is significantly earlier than for any other podocin mutations. Because the age of onset can vary by several years among those with identical mutations, additional factors may modify the phenotype.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL LEPROSY CONGRESS, BERGEN, NORWAY, 13–18 AUGUST 1973
Authors: W.H. Jopling
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1973)

Journal Article HIGHLIGHTS OF THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL LEPROSY CONGRESS, BERGEN, NORWAY, 13–18 AUGUST 1973 Get access W.H. Jopling W.H. Jopling University College Hospital, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 4 St Pancras Way, London, N.W.1 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 89, Issue 6, 1 December 1973, Pages 645–646, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb07592.x Published: 01 December 1973
Clinton administration sets new rules for Medicare
Authors: F. B Charatan
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The Clinton administration is strengthening the 1997 law governing Medicare in the United States in what it calls “the most significant change in the Medicare program since its inception in 1965.”

The new rules that apply to all Medicare services but include special provisions for managed care plans, will affect more than 38 million Medicare beneficiaries. In future, patients with complex or serious medical problems must be allowed direct access to specialists in some circumstances. Women will be able to demand direct access to a women's health specialist …
Endometrial Cancer: Biochemical and Clinical Correlates
Authors: E. Gurpide
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1991)

Journal Article Endometrial Cancer: Biochemical and Clinical Correlates Get access Erlio Gurpide Erlio Gurpide * * Correspondence to: Erlio Gurpide, PhD, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustav L. Levy Place, OGRS Box 1175, New York, NY 10029. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 83, Issue 6, 20 March 1991, Pages 405–416, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/83.6.405 Published: 20 March 1991 Article history Received: 09 August 1990 Revision received: 18 December 1990 Accepted: 21 December 1990 Published: 20 March 1991
Comparison of lung volume in Greek swimmers, land based athletes, and sedentary controls using allometric scaling.
Authors: M Doherty, L Dimitriou
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1997)

To compare lung volumes in a large cross sectional sample of Greek swimmers, land based athletes, and sedentary controls by means of allometric scaling.Four hundred and fifty nine asymptomatic Greek children and young adults (age 10-21 years), including 159 swimmers, 130 land based athletes, and 170 sedentary controls, performed forced expiratory manoeuvres into a portable spirometer. Measurements included forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0), and peak expiratory flow. Body mass and stature were also measured using standardised anthropometric techniques.Logarithmic transformations showed that in FEV1.0 was highly related to in stature in males and females (r = 0.93 and 0.86 respectively, P < 0.001) and were used to determine the exponent in an allometric equation which also included age and age. Resulting power functions, FEV1.0/stature, were 0.64 (0.18) litres/m2.69 and 0.33 (0.24) litres/m2.32 for males and females respectively (mean (SE)). The male and female swimming groups had larger FEV1.0 than both land based athletes and sedentary controls (one way analysis of variance, P < 0.001). In addition, male national standard swimmers (n = 38) had superior FEV1.0 in comparison with male non-national standard swimmers (n = 24; t test, P < 0.05). However, when years of swimming training was controlled for by analysis of covariance, the difference in FEV1.0 between the two groups was no longer evident.Swimmers have superior FEV1.0 independent of stature and age in comparison with both land based athletes and sedentary controls. In addition, male national standard swimmers have superior FEV1.0 independent of stature and age in comparison with male non-national standard swimmers. When years of training is controlled for, the difference in FEV1.0 between the two groups is no longer evident. This suggests that the years of swimming training and/or the earlier age at which training begins may have a significant influence on subsequent FEV1.0 and swimming performance. However, because of the cross sectional nature of this study, the results do not exclude genetic endowment as a major determinant of the superior lung volume observed in swimmers.
Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Physical Functioning and Quality of Life in Lymphoma Patients
Authors: Kerry S. Courneya, Christopher M. Sellar, Clare Stevinson, Margaret L. McNeely, Carolyn J. Peddle, Christine M. Friedenreich, Keith Tankel, Sanraj Basi, Neil Chua, Alex Mazurek, Tony Reiman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Purpose Lymphoma patients commonly experience declines in physical functioning and quality of life (QoL) that may be reversed with exercise training. Patients and Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, between 2005 and 2008 that stratified 122 lymphoma patients by major disease type and current treatment status and randomly assigned them to usual care (UC; n = 62) or 12 weeks of supervised aerobic exercise training (AET; n = 60). Our primary end point was patient-rated physical functioning assessed by the Trial Outcome Index-Anemia. Secondary end points were overall QoL, psychosocial functioning, cardiovascular fitness, and body composition. Results Follow-up assessment for our primary end point was 96% (117 of 122) at postintervention and 90% (110 of 122) at 6-month follow-up. Median adherence to the supervised exercise program was 92%. At postintervention, AET was superior to UC for patient-rated physical functioning (mean group difference, +9.0; 95% CI, 2.0 to 16.0; P = .012), overall QoL (P = .021), fatigue (P = .013), happiness (P = .004), depression (P = .005), general health (P &lt; .001), cardiovascular fitness (P &lt; .001), and lean body mass (P = .008). Change in peak cardiovascular fitness mediated the change in patient-rated physical functioning. AET did not interfere with chemotherapy completion rate or treatment response. At 6-month follow-up, AET was still borderline or significantly superior to UC for overall QoL (P = .054), happiness (P = .034), and depression (P = .009) without an increased risk of disease recurrence/progression. Conclusion AET significantly improved important patient-rated outcomes and objective physical functioning in lymphoma patients without interfering with medical treatments or response. Exercise training to improve cardiovascular fitness should be considered in the management of lymphoma patients.
Feasibility of the sequential FEC 100-Taxotere chemotherapy regimen as an adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Experience of a single institution.
Authors: S Cousin, A Mailliez, V Servent, L Vanlemmens, P Vennin, B Jacques
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #4110 The sequential treatment of 3 FEC 100- 3 Taxotere is one of the standard treatments in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings. However , if the general tolerability of this regimen is acceptable, few studies have been devoted to the hematological toxicity outside of clinical trials and to the need of Granulocyte growth factors (GCSF)&amp;#x2028; Patients and methods: We studied the incidence of grade 3 and 4 neutropenia observed at D1 of each cycle and of febrile neutropenia induced by the FEC100 -Taxotere regimen in 284 patients (1757 chemotherapy cycles). Side effects were graded according to NCI criteria. The relative dose intensity (RDI) was the ratio between the dose received by each patient and the duration of treatment between the first dose and 3 weeks after the last administration. GCSF were given according to the recommendations, mostly after febrile neutropenia.&amp;#x2028; Results: 1757 cycles were administered; 23 (1.3%) were deleted mostly because of non hematological toxicities due to Taxotere. A febrile neutropenia (hyperthermia and grade 4 neutropenia) was observed in 0.1% of the FEC100 cycles and in 0,7% after Taxotere. In about 2/3 of the cases febrile neutropenia was observed at the first cycle. Hyperthermia and grade 3 neutropenia was observed in 0,6% of the cycles after FEC100 and 0,2% after Taxotere. A RDI of more than 85% was observed for the overall treatment in 84% of the patients, for FEC100 in 91%, for Taxotere in 76 %. Granulocyte growth factors were used in 76 cycles. The efficacy results according to RDI after neoadjuvant treatment (n= 115) will be presented.&amp;#x2028; Discussion and Conclusion: This study confirms the results previously published (Debled 2007).The hematological tolerability of the FEC100-Taxotere regimen is acceptable without GCSF. Nevertheless, febrile neutropenia occurs essentially at the first cycle, risk factors should be looked for and this particular patient population might benefit of GCSF. Furthermore, up to 16% of the patients receive less than 85% of the theoretical dose, essentially due to neutropenia and might also benefit of a treatment with GCSF. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4110.
Increases in Serum Leptin Levels during Peritoneal Dialysis Are Associated with Inflammation and a Decrease in Lean Body Mass
Authors: PETER STENVINKEL, BENGT LINDHOLM, FREDRIK LO[Combining Diaeresis]NNQVIST, KRASSIMIR KATZARSKI, OLOF HEIMBU[Combining Diaeresis]RGER
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2000)

Abstract. Leptin, secreted from fat cells, functions as a lipostat mechanism through modulation of satiety signals. Markedly elevated leptin levels have been documented in uremic patients, especially in those who are treated by peritoneal dialysis (PD). However, the role of hyperleptinemia in uremic patients is not clear, and it is not known whether elevated leptin levels contribute to uremic anorexia and changes in body composition. In this prospective study, serum leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP), plasma insulin, and body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) were measured in 36 patients (53 ± 1 yr) close to start and after about 1 yr of PD. In addition, markers of dialysis adequacy and urea kinetics were followed during treatment with PD. During PD, the total body fat mass (20.5 ± 1.0 to 22.9 ± 1.3 kg; P &lt; 0.01), truncal fat mass (11.5 ± 0.7 to 13.2 ± 0.9 kg; P &lt; 0.001), and serum leptin levels (20.1 ± 3.8 to 35.6 ± 6.8 ng/ml; P &lt; 0.01) increased markedly, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus. Twenty-five PD patients that lost lean body mass during PD had significantly ( P &lt; 0.05) elevated initial CRP levels (14 ± 2 mg/L) compared to 11 patients (&lt;10 mg/L) who gained lean body mass during PD. A significant increase in serum leptin levels (20.9 ± 4.2 to 42.7 ± 4.0 ng/ml; P &lt; 0.001) was observed in those patients who lost lean body mass, whereas no such change (18.4 ± 8.4 to 19.2 ± 6.4 ng/ml) was observed in the patients that gained lean body mass during PD treatment. The present longitudinal results demonstrate that serum leptin level and body fat content increase markedly during PD, especially in diabetic patients. Patients that lost lean body mass during PD had higher initial CRP levels and increased their serum leptin levels significantly during PD compared to those patients that gained lean body mass. Additional studies are therefore needed to elucidate the role of hyperleptinemia and inflammation in causing anorexia, protein-malnutrition, and changes in body composition during treatment with PD.
Therapeutic Advances in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Alan Burnett, Meir Wetzler, Bob Löwenberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

The choice of treatment approach and outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) depends on the age of the patient. In younger patients, arbitrarily defined as being younger than 60 years, 70% to 80% enter complete disease remission with several anthracycline-based chemotherapy combinations. Consolidation with high-dose cytarabine or stem-cell transplantation in high-risk patients will restrict overall relapse to approximately 50%. A number of demographic features can predict the outcome of treatment including cytogenetics and an increasing list of molecular features (ie, FLT3, NPM1, MLL, WT1, CEBPalpha, EVI1). These are increasingly being used to direct postinduction therapy, but they are also molecular targets for a new generation of small molecule inhibitors that are in early development; however, randomized data have yet to emerge. In older patients who comprise the majority, which will increase with demographic change, the initial clinical decision to be made is whether the patient should receive an intensive or nonintensive approach. If the same anthracycline/cytarabine–based approach is deployed, the remission rate will be around 50%, but the risk of subsequent relapse is approximately 85% at 3 years. This difference from younger patients is explained partly by the ability of patients to tolerate effective therapy, and also the aggregation of several poor risk factors compared with the young. There remains a substantial proportion of patients older than 60 years who do not receive intensive chemotherapy. Their survival is approximately 4 months, but there is considerable interest in developing new treatments for this patient group, including novel nucleoside analogs and several other agents.
Electrical twitch obtaining intramuscular stimulation (ETOIMS) for myofascial pain syndrome in a football player: Figure 1
Authors: J Chu, I Takehara, T-C Li, I Schwartz
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2004)

Background: Flare up of acute lower back pain associated with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) may require various forms of treatment including activity restriction and bracing. Electrical twitch obtaining intramuscular stimulation (ETOIMS) is a promising new treatment. It involves the use of a strong monopolar electromyographic needle electrode for electrical stimulation of deep motor end plate zones in multiple muscles in order to elicit twitches. Case report: An elite American football player with MPS symptoms failed to respond to standard treatments. He then received ETOIMS which completely alleviated the pain. After establishing pain control, the athlete continued with a further series of treatments to control symptoms of muscle tightness. Conclusions: ETOIMS has a promising role in pain alleviation, increasing and maintaining range of motion, and in providing satisfactory athletic performance during long term follow up.
Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. VII. Presence of I-C subregion determinants on mixed leukocyte reaction suppressor factor.
Authors: S S Rich, C S David, R R Rich
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

The presence of H-2 gene products on mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) supressor factor was investigated by passage of MLR-suppressor factor (SF) over solid immunoadsorbents prepared with various anti-H-2 subregion sera. Antisera with specificity for all or certain I subregion determinants removed or significantly reduced suppressor activity; adsorption was not consistent with K or D region specificity. The single I subregion specificity common to all adsorbing preparations was I-C. Serologic differentiation of I-C products of k and d haplotypes expressed on MLR-SF was established with antisera prepared in I-Cd/I-Ck disparate strain combinations. These sera define allelic T cell restricted Lad determinants encoded by I-C genes. MLR-SF prepared from (BALB/c X CBA)F1 mice and exposed to the I-Cd and I-Ck specific adsorbents demonstrated d and k haplotype specific adsorption respectively. F1 suppressor activity adsorbed on an anti-I-Cd column was eluted by glycine-HCl buffer and suppressed only BALB/c (H-2d) responses. B10.A suppressor activity was removed by anti-I-Cd sera, but was unaffected by anti-I-Ck sera, indicating that B10.A suppressor activity is encoded by an I-C subregion derived from the d haplotype. Antisera with anti-I-Jk specificity did not remove suppressor activity of various H-2k factors. Finally, adsorption with antisera directed against H-2-associated determinants of the allogeneic cell used to stimulate suppressor factor generation demonstrated that sensitizing alloantigens are not components of MLR suppressor factor. Thus among the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-controlled suppressor factors, MLR suppressor factor is uniquely determined by the I-C subregion.
Generation of free radical intermediates from foreign compounds by neutrophil-derived oxidants.
Authors: B Kalyanaraman, P G Sohnle
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

A large number of foreign compounds, including many drugs, industrial pollutants, and environmental chemicals, can be oxidized under appropriate conditions to potentially toxic free radical intermediates. We evaluated the ability of the oxidants produced by the neutrophil myeloperoxidase system to generate free radical intermediates from several such compounds. Sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid produced by human peripheral blood neutrophils and trapped in the form of taurine chloramine were both found to be capable of producing free radicals from chlorpromazine, aminopyrine, and phenylhydrazine. These radical intermediates were demonstrated by visible light spectroscopy and by direct electron spin resonance (for the chlorpromazine and aminopyrine radicals) or by spin-trapping (for the phenyl radical generated from phenylhydrazine). Stable oxidants produced by the neutrophils (i.e., those present in the supernatants of stimulated neutrophils in the absence of added taurine) also were found to be capable of generating free radical intermediates. The production of the oxidants and the ability of neutrophil supernatants to generate these radicals were almost completely eliminated by sodium azide, a myeloperoxidase inhibitor. We suggest that the oxidation by neutrophils of certain chemical compounds to potentially damaging electrophilic free radical forms may represent a new metabolic pathway for these substances and could be important in the processes of drug toxicity and chemical carcinogenesis.
Targeting the Networks that Underpin Contiguous Immunity in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Ian Sabroe, Lisa C. Parker, David H. Dockrell, Donna E. Davies, Steven K. Dower, Moira K. B. Whyte
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Recent advances in the field of innate immunity have driven an important reappraisal of the role of these processes in airway disease. Various strands of evidence indicate that resident cells, such as macrophages and epithelial cells, have central importance in the initiation of inflammation. Macrophage activation has the potential to regulate not just typical aspects of innate immunity but also, via a variety of intricate cell-cell networks, adaptive responses and responses characterized by Th2-type cytokine production. In turn, such adaptive immune processes modify the phenotype and function of the innate immune system. Cooperative responses between monocytic cells and tissue cells are likely to be crucial to the generation of effective inflammatory responses, and a realization of the importance of these networks is providing a new way of identifying antiinflammatory therapies. Importantly, the repeated cycles of allergic and nonallergic inflammation that comprise chronic human airway disease are not necessarily well described by current terminology, and we propose and describe a concept of contiguous immunity, in which continual bidirectional cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity describes disease processes more accurately.
BALLOON AORTIC VALVULOPLASTY FOR SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS AS A BRIDGE TO TRANSCATHETER/SURGICAL AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT
Authors: Itsik Ben-Dor, Danny Dvir, Israel Barbash, Petros Okubagzi, Rebecca Torguson, Zhenyi Xue, Joseph Lindsay, Lowell Satler, Augusto Pichard, Ron Waksman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)