tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Bronchoscopic diathermy resection and stent insertion: a cost effective treatment for tracheobronchial obstruction.
Authors: M Petrou, D Kaplan, P Goldstraw
Journal: Thorax (1993)

Major airways obstruction is a distressing cause of morbidity and mortality. For disease that is extensive and recurrent, there is a need for a safe and cost effective technique for palliation.The results of 29 patients with tracheobronchial obstruction (24 malignant and five benign) treated by diathermy resection alone or in combination with endobronchial stenting have been reviewed.The major site of obstruction was the trachea in 14, main carina in seven, right main bronchus in six, and left main bronchus in two patients. Fifteen had received other forms of treatment beforehand including external radiotherapy, endoscopic dilatation, and laser resection (Nd:YAG). Five patients required two or more treatment sessions for symptom recurrence. Ten patients also received additional treatment with a stent (nine) or insertion of gold grains (one). There were no intraoperative deaths or complications and the average length of stay was five days (range 2-14). Twenty eight patients reported immediate symptomatic relief, and objective improvement in the results of lung function tests was seen in eight patients whose condition was less acute and where preoperative lung function tests could be undertaken (average improvement in FEV1 of 53.1% and in FVC of 20.6%).Bronchoscopic diathermy resection is an effective and safe method for relieving the symptoms of tracheobronchial obstruction at appreciably less cost than laser resection.
A Biological Approach to Medical Geography
Authors: J. R. Audy
Journal: BMJ (1954)

Everyone knows that frost-bite occurs at the North Pole and heat exhaustion is more common in the Tropics. There is a tendency to look upon medical geography as merely an elaboration of this simple theme, but it is not merely a descriptive subject: it is a most fascinating part of human ecology or social biology-the vitally important sphere of human natural history to which geography is an essential background. The method of approach followed in this paper was indicated by studies of the medical geography of scrub typhus made in India and Burma during the war and followed up in Malaya (Audy, 1947; Audy and Harrison, 1951). An attempt is made to apply the ideas and methods of the biologist to the problem, with the support of facts gained by recent studies of animal parasites. The main object here is to stress the contribution that can be made by studying assem blages of parasites as a whole; it is therefore concerned almost entirely with diseases caused by organisms. The term  parasite-pattern  is used here to describe the whole assemblage or array of parasites (including all pathogens) which are associated with a host popula tion being discussed. By extension of this meaning, I also speak of the  pattern  of disease caused by some of the parasites. My object is to relate the parasite patterns of various communities to those elements of human existence and behaviour which themselves reflect the geographical background in one way or another. To complete the associations I here call the relevant elements of existence and behaviour of a community its  social-pattern.
Intraductal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome
Authors: T. Wehrmann, A. Riphaus, K. Martchenko, S. Kokabpick, H. Pauka, N. Stergiou, M. Frenz
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Common bile duct (CBD) compression can be caused by stones in the cystic duct (Mirizzi syndrome) which can be difficult to diagnose even with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Conventional imaging often gives insufficient information and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and magnetic resonance imaging may improve diagnostic accuracy, but often the final diagnosis is made during exploratory surgery.All patients undergoing ERCP during a 3-year period were prospectively analyzed if they fulfilled the inclusion criteria: gallbladder in situ; obstructive jaundice with CBD stenosis, demonstrated at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), but unexplained at ultrasonography; and inability to demonstrate the cystic duct during ERC. Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) was carried out over a guide wire using a 20-MHz probe. Prior to ERCP, patients were evaluated with abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT), as well as by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or EUS in some.74 patients out of 2089 undergoing ERCP fulfilled the entry criteria. Final diagnoses, from surgical exploration (n = 41), cytology (n = 21), or endoscopic extraction of stones from the cystic duct (n = 12), were Mirizzi syndrome (type I) in 30 patients and other causes in 44 patients (gallbladder carcinoma [n = 16], pancreatic carcinoma [n = 9], metastatic compression [n = 9], other [n = 10]). CT had shown suspected Mirizzi syndrome in 1/30 cases (3 %) and MRCP in 12/19 evaluated cases (63 %). EUS allowed a correct diagnosis in 11 of 15 evaluated cases (73 %). IDUS required an additional 8 +/- 3 min and showed a sensitivity of 97 % and specificity of 100 %.IDUS is a sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome.
Apo2L/TRAIL and the Death Receptor 5 Agonist Antibody AMG 655 Cooperate to Promote Receptor Clustering and Antitumor Activity
Authors: Jonathan D. Graves, Jennifer J. Kordich, Tzu-Hsuan Huang, Julia Piasecki, Tammy L. Bush, Timothy Sullivan, Ian N. Foltz, Wesley Chang, Heather Douangpanya, Thu Dang, Jason W. O’Neill, Rommel Mallari, Xiaoning Zhao, Daniel G. Branstetter, John M. Rossi, Alexander M. Long, Xin Huang, Pamela M. Holland
Journal: Cancer Cell (2014)
Cigarette Smoke Suppresses Bik To Cause Epithelial Cell Hyperplasia and Mucous Cell Metaplasia
Authors: Yohannes A. Mebratu, Kurt Schwalm, Kevin R. Smith, Mark Schuyler, Yohannes Tesfaigzi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Aberrant regulation of airway epithelial cell numbers in airways leads to increased mucous secretions in chronic lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis. Because the Bcl-2 family of proteins is crucial for airway epithelial homeostasis, identifying the players that reduce cigarette smoke (CS)-induced mucous cell metaplasia can help to develop effective therapies.
Walldius arthroplasty of the knee. Follow-up study of 51 operations.
Authors: J M Moll, P J Chesterman, R I Meanock, F M Andrews
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1973)

Total prosthetic replacement of the knee based on the central core hinge principle was first reported by Shiers (1954).Further models of hinge arthroplasty which have been evolved in recent years include that of McKee (Yeoman, 1970) and Walldius (Walldius, 1960, 1968).Despite the relatively widespread use of the hinge endoprosthesis, little recent information is available on the results ofthis type ofsurgery.In order to throw further light on this field, we have undertaken a follow-up study of 51 knees in 44 patients in whom joint replacement was carried out by means of the Walldius arthroplasty.In contrast to a previous study ofthis operation (Blundell Jones, 1968), most of our prostheses were inserted by one surgeon (P.J.C.) and, in order to reduce observer bias, the evaluation was undertaken by a physician (J.M.H.M.). Clinical materialThe survey represents a consecutive unselected study of patients who underwent Walldius arthroplasty of the knee between 1968 and 1972 at Battle Hospital, Reading.A total of 51 operations in 44 patients (38 females and 6 males) was reviewed.Two patients were not available for study.The completion rate was therefore 96 per cent.The follow-up period ranged from 3 mths to 4 yrs (mean 17 mths).The patients were aged from 40 to 75 yrs (mean 61 yrs).The duration of arthritis was 8 to 40 yrs (mean 15 yrs). 42patients had rheumatoid arthritis and two osteo- arthrosis. Surgical techniqueGeneral anaesthesia with the patient in the supine position was used in all cases.Exsanguination of the limb by an Esmarch bandage was followed by application ofa pressure cuff high up on the thigh.
Abstract LB-5: RUNX3 targets estrogen receptor <i>α</i> for proteasome-mediated degradation suppressing breast cancer tumorigenesis
Authors: Bo Huang, Zhaoxia Qu, Adrienne Victor, Chen Zhang, Xiao-dong Yang, Kosei Ito, Gutian Xiao, Yoshiaki Ito, David Shapiro, Lin-Feng Chen
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Transcription factor RUNX3 is inactivated in a number of malignancies including breast cancer and is suggested to function as a tumor suppressor. However, the exact mechanism for its tumor suppressor function in breast cancer remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that RUNX3 interacts with estrogen receptor α (ERα) and reduces ERα-mediated transactivation by stimulating the ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of ER. Consistent with its ability to reduce levels of ERα, expression of RUNX3 inhibits the estrogen-dependent proliferation and transformation potential of ER -positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells in liquid culture and in soft agar and suppresses the tumorigenicity of MCF-7 cells in mice. Thus, these studies reveal modulation of ERα stability as a novel mechanism by which RUNX3 functions as a tumor suppressor in ERα-positive breast cancer. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-5.
Health system reform: still twitching
Authors: T. A. Noel
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To the Editor.  —The article by Dr Schiff and colleagues 1 is a utopian paean intended to convince us that a system of health care financing that has failed or is failing everywhere it has been tried can succeed in the United States, perhaps because we are better people than those who have tried it before. The authors suggest that Canada shows us the proper path, even though Canada suffers from medical cost inflation, shortage, long queuing, and rationing. This hardly seems a prescription for improving a system where no one is denied essential care and almost all services are available immediately, year-round.  Schiff et al state, Patient voices must be amplified so that their needs can be better addressed. Under the current nonsystem, each patient is a single voice among thousands covered by a single insurer, with only a small chance of being heard when complaining. It is ludicrous
Abundant calcitonin receptors in isolated rat osteoclasts. Biochemical and autoradiographic characterization.
Authors: G C Nicholson, J M Moseley, P M Sexton, F A Mendelsohn, T J Martin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

Calcitonin receptors have been characterized for the first time in isolated osteoclasts. These receptors have been demonstrated by autoradiographic and biochemical methods, and the cells have also been shown to respond to calcitonin with a dose-dependent increase in cyclic AMP. The receptors in rat osteoclasts are specific and of high affinity (dissociation constant, Kd, 1 to 6 X 10(-10) M), and are present in greater numbers than in any cell previously studied (greater than 10(6) per cell). Chemical cross-linking of 125I-labeled salmon calcitonin to osteoclasts using disuccinimidyl suberate resulted in identification of a receptor component with a relative molecular weight of 80,000-90,000. By counting grains in autoradiographic experiments, we found that greater than 80% of specifically bound radioactivity was associated with multinucleate osteoclasts and the remainder was associated with mononuclear cells that are not osteoblasts, but that may be osteoclast precursors.
Insulin and glucocorticoid dependence of hepatic gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthesis in the rat. Studies in cultured hepatocytes and in vivo.
Authors: S C Lu, J L Ge, J Kuhlenkamp, N Kaplowitz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

We reported that glucagon and phenylephrine decrease hepatocyte GSH by inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis (Lu, S.C., J. Kuhlenkamp, C. Garcia-Ruiz, and N. Kaplowitz. 1991. J. Clin. Invest. 88:260-269). In contrast, we have found that insulin (In, 1 microgram/ml) and hydrocortisone (HC, 50 nM) increased GSH of cultured hepatocytes up to 50-70% (earliest significant change at 6 h) with either methionine or cystine alone as the sole sulfur amino acid in the medium. The effect of In occurred independent of glucose concentration in the medium. Changes in steady-state cellular cysteine levels, cell volume, GSH efflux, or expression of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were excluded as possible mechanisms. Both hormones are known to induce cystine/glutamate transport, but this was excluded as the predominant mechanism since the induction in cystine uptake required a lag period of greater than 6 h, and the increase in cell GSH still occurred when cystine uptake was blocked. Assay of GSH synthesis in extracts of detergent-treated cells revealed that In and HC increased the activity of GCS by 45-65% (earliest significant change at 4 h) but not GSH synthetase. In and HC treatment increased the Vmax of GCS by 31-43% with no change in Km. Both the hormone-mediated increase in cell GSH and GCS activity were blocked with either cycloheximide or actinomycin D. Finally, when studied in vivo, streptozotocin-treated diabetic and adrenalectomized rats exhibited lower hepatic GSH levels and GCS activities than respective controls. Both of these abnormalities were prevented with hormone replacement. Thus, both in vitro and in vivo, In and glucocorticoids are required for normal expression of GCS.
Advantage of Dose Fractionation in Monoclonal Antibody-Targeted Radioimmunotherapy
Authors: J. Schlom, A. Molinolo, J. F. Simpson, K. Siler, M. Roselli, G. Hinkle, D. P. Houchens, D. Colcher
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3 IgG was radiolabeled with 131I and administered to female athymic NCr-nu mice bearing the LS-174T human colon adenocarcinoma xenograft to determine if fractionation of MAb dose had any advantage in tumor therapy. In the LS-174T xenograft, only approximately 30%-60% of tumor cells express the B72.3-reactive TAG-72 antigen. The LS-174T xenograft was used to reflect the heterogeneity of the TAG-72 antigen often seen in biopsy specimens from patients. In contrast to a single 600-muCi dose of 131I-B72.3 IgG where 60% of the animals died from toxic effects, two 300-muCi doses of 131I-B72.3 IgG (total of 600 muCi) reduced or eliminated tumor growth in 90% of mice, with only 10% of the animals dying from toxic effects. Dose fractionation even permitted escalation of the dose to three doses (each 1 wk apart) of 300 muCi of 131I-B72.3 IgG (for a total of 900 muCi), resulting in even more extensive tumor reduction or elimination and minimal toxic effects. The use of an isotype-matched control MAb revealed a nonspecific component to tumor growth retardation, but the use of the specific B72.3 IgG demonstrated a much greater therapeutic effect. Tumors that had escaped MAb therapy were analyzed for expression of the B72.3-reactive TAG-72 antigen with the use of the immunoperoxidase method; they were shown to have the same antigenic phenotype as the untreated tumors. We verified tumor elimination by killing the test animals after a 7-week observation period and performing histologic examination of tumor sites. We also monitored toxic effects by histologic examination of numerous organs, including bone marrow. These studies thus demonstrate the advantage of dose fractionation of a radiolabeled MAb for tumor therapy. We anticipate that the concept of dose fractionation can be practically applied in radioimmunotherapeutic clinical trials with the development and use of recombinant-chimeric MAbs and modified constructs.
Systemic "Allergic" Vasculitis
Authors: Robert P. McCombs
Journal: JAMA (1965)

A review of 72 cases of vasculitis indicated that hypersensitivity was a probable cause in the majority, but in five cases there were associated lymphoproliferative diseases. Corticosteroids controlled nearly all of the manifestations of vasculitis if administered in adequate dosage before irreparable vascular or renal damage occurred. Prolonged suppressive therapy with corticosteroids was necessary in some, but complete recovery was noted in one fourth and partial recovery in one third of the patients. Most deaths were due to renal failure within three months of onset. It is suggested that the terms periarteritis or polyarteritis nodosa be reserved for those cases with nodular arteritis and that the term systemic "allergic" vasculitis be used for those cases with only small vessel involvement; in these the prognosis is much better.
Effects of gold, dapsone, and prednisone on serum C-reactive protein and haptoglobin and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: B McConkey, P Davies, R A Crockson, A P Crockson, M Butler, T J Constable, R S Amos
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1979)

Sequential measurements of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum haptoglobin (Hp), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were made in 209 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); 78 of them were treated with gold, 71 with dapsone, and 60 with prednisone. The results were expressed as proportional changes in the measurements at 28-day intervals after treatment began. The period of study was 140 days. During treatment with gold and dapsone there were statistically significant gradual and progressive falls of similar magnitude in serum CRP and ESR. During treatment with prednisone serum CRP and ESR fell abruptly by 28 days and thereafter altered little. At 140 days prednisone had had the largest proportional effect on both measurements. During gold treatment the fall in serum Hp was similar to that of the ESR. In contrast, prednisone had little effect on Hp levels despite large falls in serum CRP and the ESR. Either prednisone stimulates Hp synthesis or the divergence is an expression of the difference in type of effect between gold and prednisone on RA. The effect of dapsone on serum Hp was large and progressive; it partly reflects haemolysis and, since the haemolysis was not progressive, partly improvement in the RA. The results show the relative efficacy of the drugs and suggest that dapsone may be a useful alternative treatment for RA.
High resolution representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis (ROMA) suggests that TOPO2 and HER2 co-amplification is uncommon in human breast cancer.
Authors: HL McArthur, LK Tan, S Patil, M Wigler, CA Hudis, J Hicks, L Norton
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #2023 &amp;#x2028; Background&amp;#x2028; Clinical studies relating TOPO2A expression or amplification by FISH have yielded inconsistent results regarding prediction of benefit from various drug therapies, particularly in the setting of HER2 amplification by FISH. Because HER2 and TOPO2A are relatively small genes that are close to each other, and because the relevant commercially-available FISH probes hybridize to DNA sequences beyond the genes of interest, there is significant potential for false positive results. We therefore conducted an exploratory study comparing HER2 and TOPO2A amplification by ROMA and FISH.&amp;#x2028; Methods:&amp;#x2028; Forty-two archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary breast cancer specimens were pre-selected to contain 36 HER2 amplified and 6 HER2 non-amplified cases by FISH. These specimens were evaluated for HER2 and TOPO2A amplification by FISH at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and by ROMA at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in a double-blinded experiment. Two HER2 amplified by FISH specimens proved inevaluable for technical reasons. The results for the remaining 40 evaluable specimens were then compared.&amp;#x2028; Results:&amp;#x2028; Of the 40 evaluable specimens, the 6 cases selected as HER2 non-amplified by FISH were HER2 non-amplified by ROMA and TOPO2A non-amplified by both FISH and ROMA. Thirty-two specimens were HER2 amplified by both FISH and ROMA. Two specimens with HER2 FISH results of 2.2 and 2.4 did not demonstrate focal amplification by ROMA. Twenty-five (74%) of the 34 specimens with HER2 amplification by FISH were TOPO2A non-amplified by both FISH and ROMA (Table 1). However, only 2 (22%) of the 9 specimens with HER2 and TOPO2A co-amplification by FISH demonstrated TOPO2A amplification by ROMA.&amp;#x2028; &amp;#x2028; Conclusions:&amp;#x2028; Our results suggest that by ROMA, the determination of HER2 status (amplified and non-amplified) and TOPO2A non-amplification by FISH is accurate. The absence of TOPO2A amplification in HER2 non-amplified breast cancer is consistent with published reports. We also confirmed the published frequency of HER2 and TOPO2A co-amplification by FISH. However, we found that co-amplification of HER2 and TOPO2A by ROMA is uncommon, which suggests that commercially-available FISH probes over-estimate the frequency of TOPO2A amplification in HER2 amplified cases. Studies evaluating the clinical implications of these findings are underway. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 2023.
Re: Daha LK, Riedl CR, Lazar D, Hohlbrugger G, Pfluger H. Do Cystometric Findings Predict the Results of Intravesical Hyaluronic Acid in Women with Interstitial Cystitis? Eur Urol 2005; 47: 393–7
Authors: Suresh Kumar Gupta
Journal: European Urology (2005)