tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The utility of using bispectral index monitoring as an early intraoperative indicator of initial poor graft function after orthotopic or split-graft liver transplantation
Authors: A A Dahaba, Z Y Feng, S M Zhu, H Bornemann, P H Rehak, H Metzler
Journal: Gut (2009)

We refer to our recent publication ( Gut 2008; 57 :77–83) showing that bispectral index (BIS) monitoring, an electroencephalographic (EEG)-derived parameter, is a useful measure for grading and monitoring the degree of central nervous system involvement in patients with chronic liver disease. We further assessed its utility as an early intraoperative indicator of living-donor or cadaveric graft function. Initial poor graft function (IPGF) is a serious complication following liver transplantation, whereas primary non-function (PNF), the most serious type of IPGF, is a life threatening condition that occurs in about 5.8% of cases1 and requires emergency re-transplantation. Hence there is growing need for early identification of IPGF and PNF as this may help to determine further therapeutic interventions, changes in therapeutic protocols or additional diagnostic procedures aiming at preventing IPGF/PNF.

We investigated 29 patients undergoing living-donor liver transplantations (LDLTs) and 24 patients undergoing locally procured orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) without venovenous bypass for end-stage liver disease …
Nicotine vs Placebo Gum in General Medical Practice
Authors: John R. Hughes
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Three hundred fifteen smokers who attended a family practice clinic and wished to quit smoking were assigned in a random, double-blind manner to receive either nicotine (2 mg) or placebo gum. Smokers initially received brief advice from a physician and nurse, a slide presentation and written materials (29 to 35 minutes), and a single follow-up visit (12 to 20 minutes) one week after cessation. After corrections for marital status and income, 10% of those who received nicotine gum and 7% of those who received placebo gum reported continuous abstinence for 11 months and passed observer and biochemical verification (this difference was not statistically significant). We conclude that, when used in a nonselected group of smokers along with a brief intervention in a general medical practice, the pharmacologic effects of nicotine gum to increase cessation are either small or nonexistent. (<i>JAMA</i>1989;261:1300-1305)
Follow-Up After Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Adults With Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Roderick W.C. Scherptong, Mark G. Hazekamp, Barbara J.M. Mulder, Olivier Wijers, Cees A. Swenne, Ernst E. van der Wall, Martin J. Schalij, Hubert W. Vliegen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Two novel techniques for the evaluation of barrier creams
Authors: R. MARKS, P.J. DYKES, I. HAMAMI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1989)

There are few methods for assessment of the efficacy of barrier cream preparations that can be used in vivo. This paper describes two such tests. The first relies on the ability of a topically applied barrier preparation to prevent dyes from reaching the stratum corneum from filter paper discs in small aluminium chambers. The amount of dye crossing the barrier cream and reaching the stratum corneum was assessed by removing the superficial layers by skin surface biopsy and eluting out the dye. The second test employed dilutions of sodium hydroxide as indicator reagents. The degree to which these solutions penetrated the barrier on the skin was assessed by measuring the skin blood-flow using the laser Doppler method. It was concluded that both methods could be usefully employed to assess the degree of efficacy of barrier cream preparations.
Building the supply of inclusive sport
Authors: Peter Downs
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Australia is a large continent divided into eight states and territories with a population of 20 million. Australia also has a strong sport culture and a proud record of international success across a range of sports. The culture and philosophy of ‘give it a go’ lends itself to the notion of inclusion. In 1995 the Australian Sports Commission embarked on establishing a national programme to improve the supply of inclusive sport to the community. A national education programme was established, delivered through a network of partners. Resources were developed, including training courses, manuals, procedures and multi-media tools. By 2005 over 50 000 people had undergone training in inclusive practices within the sport industry. Establishing a national network and delivery system in a country the size of Australia was not without its challenges. This presentation will chart the progress Australia has made in this area and outline its plans to connect the demand for inclusive sport with the supply to increase participation in the long term.
Anticipatory Activation in the Amygdala and Anterior Cingulate in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Prediction of Treatment Response
Authors: Jack B. Nitschke, Issidoros Sarinopoulos, Desmond J. Oathes, Tom Johnstone, Paul J. Whalen, Richard J. Davidson, Ned H. Kalin
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2009)

Objective: The anticipation of adverse outcomes, or worry, is a cardinal symptom of generalized anxiety disorder. Prior work with healthy subjects has shown that anticipating aversive events recruits a network of brain regions, including the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex. This study tested whether patients with generalized anxiety disorder have alterations in anticipatory amygdala function and whether anticipatory activity in the anterior cingulate cortex predicts treatment response. Method: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed with 14 generalized anxiety disorder patients and 12 healthy comparison subjects matched for age, sex, and education. The event-related fMRI paradigm was composed of one warning cue that preceded aversive pictures and a second cue that preceded neutral pictures. Following the fMRI session, patients received 8 weeks of treatment with extended-release venlafaxine. Results: Patients with generalized anxiety disorder showed greater anticipatory activity than healthy comparison subjects in the bilateral dorsal amygdala preceding both aversive and neutral pictures. Building on prior reports of pretreatment anterior cingulate cortex activity predicting treatment response, anticipatory activity in that area was associated with clinical outcome 8 weeks later following treatment with venlafaxine. Higher levels of pretreatment anterior cingulate cortex activity in anticipation of both aversive and neutral pictures were associated with greater reductions in anxiety and worry symptoms. Conclusions: These findings of heightened and indiscriminate amygdala responses to anticipatory signals in generalized anxiety disorder and of anterior cingulate cortex associations with treatment response provide neurobiological support for the role of anticipatory processes in the pathophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder.
Comparison of Cardiac Output Responses to 2,4-Dinitrophenol-Induced Hypermetabolism and Muscular Work
Authors: Chang-Seng Liang, William B. Hood
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Both electrically induced exercise and infusion of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) increased oxygen consumption and tissue metabolism in chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Cardiac output increased with oxygen consumption at the same rate in both experimental conditions. The increase in cardiac output induced by exercise was, as expected, accompanied by increases in both lactate-to-pyruvate ratio and "excess lactate" in arterial blood. However, these parameters did not increase after DNP infusion until the rate of oxygen consumption had increased four- to fivefold, perhaps due to facilitation of mitochondrial electron transport by DNP. Anaerobic tissue metabolism therefore probably did not contribute significantly to increased cardiac output during the mild-to-moderate tissue hypermetabolism induced by DNP. The increased cardiac output may have been the result of metabolic changes common to both exercise and DNP infusion; muscular activity alone may not have been the primary determinant of the cardiac output response during exercise.
Sodium- and potassium-activated ATPase. A possible target of aldosterone.
Authors: U Schmidt, J Schmid, H Schmid, U C Dubach
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

Na-K-ATPase activity was measured with an ultramicromethod in single portions of the proximal and distal convolution and of the thick ascending limb of Henle from adrenalectomized rats and after treatment with 5 mug aldosterone per 100 g body wt. The activity in all tubular structures returned to normal within 1 h after injection. This rapid activation of Na-K-ATPase induced by hormone was completely prevented by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. It appears that this aldosterone effect on Na-K-ATPase requires an intact protein synthetic process.
Transforming growth factor beta induces IgA production and acts additively with interleukin 5 for IgA production.
Authors: E Sonoda, R Matsumoto, Y Hitoshi, T Ishii, M Sugimoto, S Araki, A Tominaga, N Yamaguchi, K Takatsu
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

Effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) on IgA production by LPS-stimulated B cells have been studied. TGF-beta itself could augment polyclonal IgA production in concomitant inhibition of polyclonal IgM and IgG1 production. Furthermore, TGF-beta and IL-5 additively augmented IgA production. TGF-beta exerted its activity early in the culture (by 2 d in a 5-d culture) and IL-5 was required late in the culture. Surface IgA- (sIgA-) B cells responded to TGF-beta for the development of IgA-secreting cells. By contrast, sIgA+ B cells, but not sIgA- B cells, responded to IL-5 for IgA production. These results suggest that TGF-beta has a differential role in the induction of IgA production from IL-5 on murine-activated B cells.
Safety and efficacy of transfusions of autologous cryopreserved platelets derived from recombinant human thrombopoietin to support chemotherapy-associated severe thrombocytopenia: a randomised cross-over study
Authors: Saroj Vadhan-Raj, John J Kavanagh, Ralph S Freedman, Jody Folloder, Laura M Currie, Carlos Bueso-Ramos, Claire F Verschraegen, Aida B Narvios, Jerome Connor, William K Hoots, Lyle D Broemeling, Benjamin Lichtiger
Journal: The Lancet (2002)
Arsenic methylation patterns before and after changing from high to lower concentrations of arsenic in drinking water.
Authors: C Hopenhayn-Rich, M L Biggs, D A Kalman, L E Moore, A H Smith
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

Inorganic arsenic (In-As), an occupational and environmental human carcinogen, undergoes biomethylation to monomethylarsonate (MMA) and dimethylarsinate (DMA). It has been proposed that saturation of methylation capacity at high exposure levels may lead to a threshold for the carcinogenicity of In-As. The relative distribution of urinary In-As, MMA, and DMA is used as a measure of human methylation capacity. The most common pathway for elevated environmental exposure to In-As worldwide is through drinking water. We conducted a biomarker study in northern Chile of a population chronically exposed to water naturally contaminated with high arsenic content (600 micrograms/l). In this paper we present the results of a prospective follow-up of 73 exposed individuals, who were provided with water of lower arsenic content (45 micrograms/l) for 2 months. The proportions of In-As, MMA, and DMA in urine were compared before and after intervention, and the effect of other factors on the distribution of arsenic metabolites was also analyzed. The findings of this study indicate that the decrease in arsenic exposure was associated with a small decrease in the percent In-As in urine (from 17.8% to 14.6%) and in the MMA/DMA ratio (from 0.23 to 0.18). Other factors such as smoking, gender, age, years of residence, and ethnicity were associated mainly with changes in the MMA/DMA ratio, with smoking having the strongest effect. Nevertheless, the factors investigated accounted for only about 20% of the large interindividual variability observed. Genetic polymorphisms in As-methylating enzymes and other co-factors are likely to contribute to some of the unexplained variation. The changes observed in the percent In-As and in the MMA/DMA ratio do not support an exposure-based threshold for arsenic methylation in humans.
Bovine Lactoferrin Supplementation for Prevention of Late-Onset Sepsis in Very Low-Birth-Weight Neonates&lt;subtitle&gt;A Randomized Trial&lt;/subtitle&gt;
Authors: Paolo Manzoni
Journal: JAMA (2009)

<h3>Context</h3>Sepsis is a common and severe complication in premature neonates, particularly those with very low birth weight (VLBW) (&lt;1500 g). Whether lactoferrin, a mammalian milk glycoprotein involved in innate immune host defenses, can reduce the incidence of sepsis is unknown. In animal models, the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) enhances the activity of lactoferrin but has not been studied in human infants.<h3>Objective</h3>To establish whether bovine lactoferrin (BLF), alone or in combination with LGG, reduces the incidence of late-onset sepsis in VLBW neonates.<h3>Design, Setting, and Patients</h3>Prospective, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial conducted in 11 Italian tertiary neonatal intensive care units. Patients were 472 VLBW infants enrolled from October 1, 2007, through July 31, 2008, and assessed until discharge for development of sepsis.<h3>Intervention</h3>Infants were randomly assigned to receive orally administered BLF (100 mg/d) alone (n = 153), BLF plus LGG (6 × 10<sup>9</sup> colony-forming units/d) (n = 151), or placebo (n = 168) from birth until day 30 of life (day 45 for neonates &lt;1000 g at birth).<h3>Main Outcome Measure</h3>First episode of late-onset sepsis, ie, sepsis occurring more than 72 hours after birth with isolation of any pathogen from blood or from peritoneal or cerebrospinal fluid.<h3>Results</h3>Demographic, clinical, and management characteristics of the 3 groups were similar, including type of feeding and intake of maternal milk. Incidence of late-onset sepsis was significantly lower in the BLF and BLF plus LGG groups (9/153 [5.9%] and 7/151 [4.6%], respectively) than in the control group receiving placebo (29/168 [17.3%]) (risk ratio, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.70; P = .002 for BLF vs control and risk ratio, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.60; P &lt; .001 for BLF plus LGG vs control). The decrease occurred for both bacterial and fungal sepsis. No adverse effects or intolerances to treatment occurred.<h3>Conclusion</h3>Compared with placebo, BLF supplementation alone or in combination with LGG reduced the incidence of a first episode of late-onset sepsis in VLBW neonates.<h3>Trial Registration</h3>isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN53107700
Premorbid Speech and Language Impairments in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Association With Risk Factors
Authors: Rob Nicolson, Marge Lenane, Sujatha Singaracharlu, Dolores Malaspina, Jay N. Giedd, Susan D. Hamburger, Peter Gochman, Jeffrey Bedwell, Gunvant K. Thaker, Tom Fernandez, Marianne Wudarsky, Daniel W. Hommer, Judith L. Rapoport
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

As both premorbid neurodevelopmental impairments and familial risk factors for schizophrenia are prominent in childhood-onset cases (with onset of psychosis by age 12), their relationship was examined.Premorbid language, motor, and social impairments were assessed in a cohort of 49 patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Familial loading for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, familial eye-tracking dysfunction, and obstetrical complications were assessed without knowledge of premorbid abnormalities and were compared in the patients with and without developmental impairments.Over one-half of the patients in this group had developmental dysfunction in each domain assessed. The patients with premorbid speech and language impairments had higher familial loading scores for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and more obstetrical complications, and their relatives had worse smooth-pursuit eye movements. The boys had more premorbid motor abnormalities, but early language and social impairments did not differ significantly between genders. There were no other significant relationships between premorbid social or motor abnormalities and the risk factors assessed here.Premorbid developmental impairments are common in childhood-onset schizophrenia. The rates of three risk factors for schizophrenia (familial loading for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, familial eye-tracking dysfunction, and obstetrical complications) were increased for the probands with premorbid speech and language impairments, suggesting that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia involves the abnormal development of language-related brain regions.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and acinar cells: a matter of differentiation and development?
Authors: Ilse Rooman, Francisco X Real
Journal: Gut (2011)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has long been considered to arise from pancreatic ducts on the basis of its morphology, the occurrence of dysplasia in putative preneoplastic ductal lesions, and the absence of acinar dysplasia in the pancreas of patients with PDAC. However, evidence gathered through both in vitro studies and—more importantly—genetic mouse models of PDAC shows that ductal-type tumours can arise from acinar cells. These findings raise new important questions related to PDAC pathophysiology and call for in-depth studies of acinar cell differentiation in order to better understand PDAC biology. The authors review these issues and discuss how the novel findings should impact on future work aiming at early diagnosis and improved outcome of patients with PDAC.
A Randomized Comparison of Drug-Eluting Balloon Versus Everolimus-Eluting Stent in Patients With Bare-Metal Stent–In-Stent Restenosis
Authors: Fernando Alfonso, Maria Jose Pérez-Vizcayno, Alberto Cárdenas, Bruno García del Blanco, Bernhard Seidelberger, Andrés Iñiguez, Manuel Gómez-Recio, Mónica Masotti, M. Teresa Velázquez, Juan Sanchís, Arturo García-Touchard, Javier Zueco, Armando Bethencourt, Rafael Melgares, Angel Cequier, Antonio Dominguez, Vicente Mainar, José R. López-Mínguez, José Moreu, Vicens Martí, Raúl Moreno, Pilar Jiménez-Quevedo, Nieves Gonzalo, Cristina Fernández, Carlos Macaya
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
T cell clone transfer model for steroid resistant asthma
Authors: Akio Mori, Akemi Abe, Satoshi Koyama, Noriko Kitamura, Miyako Yamaguchi, Chihiro Mitsui, Chiyako Oshikata, Hidenori Tanimoto, Yuma Fukutomi, Kiyoshi Sekiya, Masami Taniguchi, Yuji Maeda, Mamoru Ohtomo, Maki Hasegawa, Kazuo Akiyama, Takayuki Ohtomo, Osamu Kaminuma
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Background:  Glucocorticoid (GC) action on asthma has been partly explained by the inhibition of T cell activation. We analyzed the steroid sensitivity of ovalbumin (OVA) reactive helper T (Th) cell clones both  in vitro  and  in vivo .   Method:  For  in vitro  experiments, Th clones were cultured with antigen presenting cells, OVA, and various concentrations of dexamethasone (DEX). The proliferative response of each Th clone was measured by  3 H-thymidine uptake. For  in vivo  experiments, unprimed BALB/c mice were transferred with Th clones, challenged with OVA, and administered with DEX subcutaneously. The number of infiltrating cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured.   Results:  Six Th clones were classified into steroid sensitive and steroid resistant clones in terms of the effects of GC on the proliferative responses analyzed  in vitro . Airway infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes of mice transferred with steroid sensitive clones were effectively inhibited by the administration of DEX. In contrast, those of mice transferred with steroid resistant clones were not significantly inhibited by DEX, except that the number of eosinophils in the BALF of mice transferred with one steroid resistant clone, T5-1, was only partially reduced.   Conclusion:  Steroid sensitivity of Th clones measured  in vitro  were consistent with that of adoptively transferred asthma model measured  in vivo . Steroid sensitive and resistant asthma models seem valuable for understanding the mechanisms of steroid resistance in severe asthma.
Heart failure impairs cerebral oxygenation during exercise in patients with COPD
Authors: Mayron F. Oliveira, Flavio Arbex, Maria Clara N. Alencar, Aline Soares, Audrey Borghi-Silva, Dirceu Almeida, J. Alberto Neder
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

To the Editor: 

Impaired systemic oxygen delivery, particularly during exertion, is the key pathophysiological feature shared by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF). Unfortunately, COPD and HFrEF frequently coexist not only because of their high individual prevalence but also due to common risk factors, including cigarette smoking, advanced age, oxidative stress and systemic inflammation [1].

It is expected that any reduction in the rate of oxygen transfer due to COPD and/or HFrEF would be particularly deleterious to tissues heavily dependent upon constant oxygen flow, such as the central nervous system (as reviewed in [2]). Exercise cerebral oxygenation (Cox) (as noninvasively determined by near-infrared spectroscopy) depends upon the dynamic balance between the instantaneous rate of oxygen delivery and oxygen utilisation [3]. Koike et al . [4], for instance, reported that congestive heart failure (CHF) HFrEF was associated with appreciable decreases in COx during exertion. Our laboratory found that exercise COx might be impaired in some patients with more advanced COPD, even if not overtly hypoxaemic [5]. Moreover, improvement in cardiac output with noninvasive ventilation (under the same arterial oxygen content) had positive effects on COx in COPD [6]. These data suggest that reduced cerebral blood flow might be mechanistically linked to impaired exercise COx in some patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. It is conceivable that the presence of HFrEF would further deteriorate this scenario by adding components of dysfunctional cerebral autoregulation, lower cardiac output and hypocapnia-induced vasoconstriction [4]. The compound effects of HFrEF plus COPD on …
Gastric carcinogenesis in the rat induced by duodenogastric reflux without carcinogens: morphology, mucin histochemistry, polyamine metabolism, and labelling index.
Authors: P R Taylor, R C Mason, M I Filipe, S Vaja, D C Hanley, G M Murphy, R H Dowling, I McColl
Journal: Gut (1991)

Chronic duodenogastric reflux induces gastric adenocarcinomas in the rat without the use of carcinogens. Altogether, 186 male Wistar rats were randomised to undergo either a simple gastrojejunostomy or a gastrotomy and sacrificed at eight weekly intervals for 56 weeks. No control animals developed dysplasia or carcinoma. All rats subjected to a gastrojejunostomy showed hyperplasia of the proliferative neck zone, with increased sulphomucin production adjacent to the scar. Low grade dysplasia was found at 16 weeks, and carcinoma was first seen at 32 weeks. Most carcinomas were well differentiated mucin secreting adenocarcinomas of the expanding type, which secreted a mixture of sialomucins and sulphomucins. Duodenogastric reflux was associated with a 100% increase in labelling index (assessed autoradiographically with tritiated thymidine) in the gastric mucosa when compared with corresponding tissue adjacent to a gastrotomy scar. This increase was significant at eight weeks and persisted for 56 weeks after surgery. This study supports the theory that, in this model, hyperplasia precedes the development of carcinoma.