tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevention of acute knee injuries in adolescent female football players: cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: M. Walden, I. Atroshi, H. Magnusson, P. Wagner, M. Hagglund
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<b>Objective</b> To evaluate the effectiveness of neuromuscular training in reducing the rate of acute knee injury in adolescent female football players. <b>Design</b> Stratified cluster randomised controlled trial with clubs as the unit of randomisation. <b>Setting</b> 230 Swedish football clubs (121 in the intervention group, 109 in the control group) were followed for one season (2009, seven months). <b>Participants</b> 4564 players aged 12-17 years (2479 in the intervention group, 2085 in the control group) completed the study. <b>Intervention</b> 15 minute neuromuscular warm-up programme (targeting core stability, balance, and proper knee alignment) to be carried out twice a week throughout the season. <b>Main outcome measures</b> The primary outcome was rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury; secondary outcomes were rates of severe knee injury (&gt;4 weeks’ absence) and any acute knee injury. <b>Results</b> Seven players (0.28%) in the intervention group, and 14 (0.67%) in the control group had an anterior cruciate ligament injury. By Cox regression analysis according to intention to treat, a 64% reduction in the rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury was seen in the intervention group (rate ratio 0.36, 95% confidence interval 0.15 to 0.85). The absolute rate difference was −0.07 (95% confidence interval −0.13 to 0.001) per 1000 playing hours in favour of the intervention group. No significant rate reductions were seen for secondary outcomes. <b>Conclusions</b> A neuromuscular warm-up programme significantly reduced the rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury in adolescent female football players. However, the absolute rate difference did not reach statistical significance, possibly owing to the small number of events. <b>Trial registration</b> Clinical trials NCT00894595.
Maternal and Neonatal Circulating Markers of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk in the Metformin in Gestational Diabetes (MiG) Trial
Authors: Helen L. Barrett, Kathryn L. Gatford, Candice M. Houda, Miles J. De Blasio, H. David McIntyre, Leonie K. Callaway, Marloes Dekker Nitert, Suzette Coat, Julie A. Owens, William M. Hague, Janet A. Rowan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

This study was designed to compare glucose, lipids, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with metformin or insulin and in cord plasma of their offspring and to examine how these markers relate to infant size at birth.
Diagnosis of pulmonary sequestration by spiral CT angiography
Authors: J. Franco, R. Aliaga, M. L Domingo, P. Plaza
Journal: Thorax (1998)

The diagnosis of pulmonary sequestration traditionally requires arteriography to identify abnormal systemic vessels feeding the abnormal portion of the lung. Non-invasive imaging techniques have recently been used to replace arteriography. Conventional computed tomographic (CT) scanning is, however, at a disadvantage because of its inability to obtain multiplanar images. The combination of slip ring CT scanning and computerised three-dimensional reconstruction (spiral CT angiography) can be used to visualise the anatomical detail of a wide range of vessels within the lung. Four cases of pulmonary sequestration are reported which were successfully diagnosed using spiral CT angiography. Spiral CT scanning allows simultaneous imaging of anomalous vessels and lung parenchyma in a single examination and is particularly useful in the diagnosis and assessment of pulmonary sequestration.
The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control
Authors: Anatol G. Feldman, Mindy F. Levin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract A hypothesis about sensorimotor integration (the λ model) is described and applied to movement control and kinesthesia. The central idea is that the nervous system organizes positional frames of reference for the sensorimotor apparatus and produces active movements by shifting the frames in terms of spatial coordinates. Kinematic and electromyographic patterns are not programmed, but emerge from the dynamic interaction among the system s components, including external forces within the designated frame of reference. Motoneuronal threshold properties and proprioceptive inputs to motoneurons may be cardinal components of the physiological mechanism that produces positional frames of reference. The hypothesis that intentional movements are produced by shifting the frame of reference is extended to multi-muscle and multi-degrees-of-freedom systems with a solution of the redundancy problem that allows the control of a joint alone or in combination with other joints to produce any desired limb configuration and movement trajectory. The model also implies that for each motor behavior, the nervous system uses a strategy that minimizes the number of changeable control variables and keeps the parameters of these changes invariant. Examples are provided of simulated kinematic and electromyographic signals from single- and multi-joint arm movements produced by suggested patterns of control variables. Empirical support is provided and additional tests of the model are suggested. The model is contrasted with others based on the ideas of programming of motoneuronal activity, muscle forces, stiffness, or movement kinematics.
Risk factors associated with drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Castilla-la-Mancha (Spain)
Authors: M Arevalo, J Solera, D Cebrian, J Bartolome, P Robles
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of primary and secondary resistance to antituberculosis drugs and the risk factors associated with the resistance in southeast Spain. Our research was based on the clinical histories of 276 patients, diagnosed as having tuberculosis by positive culture, who were tested for drug susceptibility between January 1988 and October 1994. The clinical histories were checked by two independent investigators. Drug-resistant strains were isolated from 24 patients (8.7%). Among the 239 patients without previous tuberculosis therapy, 7 (2.9%) were drug-resistant. Among the 37 patients with previous therapy, 17 (46%) were drug-resistant. Seventeen of the 276 patients (6.2%) had resistance to a single drug. Primary resistance to isoniazid was 1.7%. Previous treatment for tuberculosis (odds ratio (OR) 39.2; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 10.2-150); hepatic cirrhosis (OR 104; 95% CI 12.8-847); and age 45 yrs and older (OR 4.80; 95% CI 1.15-20.1) were considered risk factors associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis. We conclude that primary and secondary resistance is low in the southeast of Spain and we recommend that susceptibility testing be performed on initial M. tuberculosis isolated from patients with a history of previous tuberculosis therapy, hepatic cirrhosis or more than 44 yrs of age.
Thyroid function and physical activity. A preliminary communication.
Authors: J. Adler, K. Brown, M. Craig, D. J. Price, J. M. Wardlaw
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1981)

Most previous studies of changes in the serum levels of thyroid hormones in response to stress and physical activity have been performed over a few hours (Refsun and Stromme, 1979;Brandt et al, 1976).However one recent report indicated that, in men, five days of physical exertion under adverse environmental condi- tions can suppress morning concentrations of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), tri-iodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4), below those found normally (Aakvaag et al, 1978).We have undertaken a preliminary investigation of four university students, two men, two women, to deter- mine whether their morning and evening TSH, T3, and T4 concentrations change from normal during a four day hill-walking exercise.The four volunteers were aged 22 to 23 years old.Venous blood samples were drawn, without use of a tourniquet, with the subjects lying flat, at 08.00 hours and at 18.00 hours both during the control period and the field work.Morning samples were obtained within 30 minutes of waking, and, as in the evening, before eating.The evening samples were drawn within 15 minutes of the end of the walk during the field study.
Brainstem Anomalies in Two Patients Affected by Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
Authors: Tiziana Bachetti, Angela Robbiano, Sara Parodi, Ivana Matera, Elisa Merello, Valeria Capra, Maria Pia Baglietto, Andrea Rossi, Isabella Ceccherini, Giancarlo Ottonello
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare neurocristopathy characterized by absence of automatic control of respiration; decreased sensibility to hypoxia and hypercapnia, mainly during sleep; and autosomal dominant inheritance due to heterozygous polyalanine expansions and frameshift mutations in the PHOX2B gene. Because the CCHS phenotype could hide other neurologic diseases, the American Thoracic Society established that the initial evaluation of suspected CCHS should exclude neuroanatomic impairments as the structural basis of the reduced autonomic system function. In this work, we describe the clinical history of two unrelated patients with hypoventilation during sleep and harboring hypoplasia of the pons and a Chiari I malformation, respectively. In both patients, CCHS was diagnosed by detection of PHOX2B polyalanine expansion, suggesting that the American Thoracic Society diagnostic criteria may be too restrictive. Moreover, to exclude a putative role of PHOX2B in non-CCHS neurologic diseases, we have performed PHOX2B mutation screening in a group of individuals with Chiari I malformation, confirming the exclusive role of PHOX2B in the pathogenesis of CCHS.
Computer-Based Interventions to Improve Self-management in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Kingshuk Pal, Sophie V. Eastwood, Susan Michie, Andrew Farmer, Maria L. Barnard, Richard Peacock, Bindie Wood, Phil Edwards, Elizabeth Murray
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

OBJECTIVE Structured patient education programs can reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications. However, people appear to have difficulties attending face-to-face education and alternatives are needed. This review looked at the impact of computer-based diabetes self-management interventions on health status, cardiovascular risk factors, and quality of life of adults with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We searched The Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and CINAHL for relevant trials from inception to November 2011. Reference lists from relevant published studies were screened and authors contacted for further information when required. Two authors independently extracted relevant data using standard data extraction templates. RESULTS Sixteen randomized controlled trials with 3,578 participants met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were delivered via clinics, the Internet, and mobile phones. Computer-based diabetes self-management interventions appear to have small benefits on glycemic control: the pooled effect on HbA1c was −0.2% (−2.3 mmol/mol [95% CI −0.4 to −0.1%]). A subgroup analysis on mobile phone–based interventions showed a larger effect: the pooled effect on HbA1c from three studies was −0.50% (−5.46 mmol/mol [95% CI −0.7 to −0.3%]). There was no evidence of improvement in depression, quality of life, blood pressure, serum lipids, or weight. There was no evidence of significant adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Computer-based diabetes self-management interventions to manage type 2 diabetes appear to have a small beneficial effect on blood glucose control, and this effect was larger in the mobile phone subgroup. There was no evidence of benefit for other biological, cognitive, behavioral, or emotional outcomes.
The respiratory effects of occupational polypropylene flock exposure
Authors: S. Atis, B. Tutluoglu, E. Levent, C. Ozturk, A. Tunaci, K. Sahin, A. Saral, I. Oktay, A. Kanik, B. Nemery
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

The present study evaluated the possible effects of exposure to polypropylene flock on respiratory health and serum cytokines in a cross-sectional study of workers from a plant in Turkey. A total of 50 polypropylene flocking workers were compared to a control group of 45 subjects. All subjects filled out a respiratory questionnaire and underwent a physical examination, a chest radiograph and pulmonary function testing, including single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity ( D L,CO ). Serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured. Additionally, high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest was performed in 10 exposed workers with low D L,CO . Work-related respiratory symptoms were reported in 26% of the exposed subjects and in 13.3% of the controls. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of respiratory symptoms increased 3.6 fold in polypropylene flocking workers when compared to controls. Parameters of the study group, including per cent predicted: forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, forced mid-expiratory flow 25–75% and D L,CO , were significantly lower than in controls. Multivariate analyses showed that being a polypropylene flocking worker was a predictive factor for impairment of pulmonary function. Serum IL-8 and TNF-α levels were increased in the study group compared with the controls. HRCT revealed peribronchial thickening and diffuse ground glass attenuation in some subjects. The present study suggests the presence of subtle or the beginning of interstitial lung disease in these polypropylene flocking workers.
Glucosamine‐Conjugated Nanoparticles for the Separation of Insulin‐Secreting Beta Cells
Authors: Karthikeyan Narayanan, Alex W. H. Lin, Yuangang Zheng, Nandanan Erathodiyil, Andrew C. A. Wan, Jackie Y. Ying
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2013)

A small molecule, glucosamine, is used as targeting moiety for insulin-secreting beta cell separation in artificial cell mixtures and tissue samples. The specificity of glucosamine allows it to be used in cell sorting applications. In addition, a thrombin-specific cleavable peptide was used as an intermediary to release nanoparticles from cell surfaces to facilitate cell attachment and proliferation.
Graded Esophageal Mucosal Ablation with Cryotherapy, and the Protective Effects of Submucosal Saline
Authors: G. S. Raju, I. Ahmed, S. Y. Xiao, D. Brining, M. S. Bhutani, P. J. Pasricha
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Knowledge about the extent of damage with endoscopic cryotherapy is of critical importance before its potential as an ablative therapy is explored. The aims of this study were to evaluate the extent of transmural esophageal necrosis at 48 hours after cryospraying for varying durations, using a novel device based on the Joule-Thomson effect and with carbon dioxide as the refrigerant gas, and to examine the role of submucosal injection of saline in preventing deeper injury.Cryospray was applied to several different segments of the esophagus for various lengths of time (15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 seconds) in a pig model. In another set of experiments performed subsequently, 2 ml of saline was injected into the submucosa and cryospray was applied for 60 seconds.Esophageal cryotherapy resulted in a dose-dependent injury to the esophagus: esophageal necrosis was minimal or limited to the mucosa after 15 seconds of cryospraying, extended to involve the submucosa after 30 seconds of cryospraying, and involved the muscularis propria also after 45 seconds, with frank transmural necrosis found after 120 seconds of cryotherapy. Prior submucosal saline injection protected against muscular necrosis from prolonged cryotherapy.We have shown a dose-dependent effect of cryotherapy on esophageal mucosal ablation. When more extensive lesions are encountered, it may be advisable to consider using submucosal saline injections as an additional safeguard against deeper injury.
Postoperative chemotherapy and tamoxifen compared with tamoxifen alone in the treatment of positive-node breast cancer patients aged 50 years and older with tumors responsive to tamoxifen: results from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-16.
Authors: B Fisher, C Redmond, S Legault-Poisson, N V Dimitrov, A M Brown, D L Wickerham, N Wolmark, R G Margolese, D Bowman, A G Glass
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1990)

The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) conducted a randomized clinical trial to determine whether tamoxifen (TAM) plus chemotherapy is more effective than TAM alone in improving disease-free survival (DFS), distant disease-free survival (DDFS), and survival (S) of positive-node, TAM-responsive patients aged greater than or equal to 50 years. Women were randomized among three treatment groups: (1) TAM alone, (2) Adriamycin (doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), cyclophosphamide, and TAM (ACT), or (3) melphalan (L-PAM), fluorouracil (5-FU), and TAM (PFT). The PFT arm was later modified so that new patients also received Adriamycin (PAFT). Findings from 1,124 eligible patients through 3 years of follow-up indicated a significantly better DFS for ACT-treated patients than for those receiving TAM alone (84% v 67%; P = .0004). An advantage in DDFS and S was also observed after ACT therapy (83% v 73% [P = .04 in the former] and 93% v 85% [P = .04 in the latter]). Both the DFS and DDFS of PAFT-treated patients were better than in those treated by TAM alone (83% v 66%, P = .0002 and 85% v 73%, P = .003). PFT patients also fared better in DFS and DDFS than TAM patients (81% v 72%, P = .07 and 85% v 74%, P = .02). Odds ratios consistently favored the three TAM-plus-chemotherapy groups. No significant S advantage is as yet evident in favor of the PAFT or PFT groups. Of importance is the failure of these studies to demonstrate an unfavorable interaction between the drug regimens used and the TAM, which was administered simultaneously. The findings related to the use of PAFT and PFT are of more biologic than clinical significance since L-PAM is rarely used in the treatment of breast cancer. The major conclusion from this study is the observance of a better outcome in positive-node breast cancer patients aged greater than or equal to 50 years from the use of postoperative prolonged TAM and short-course AC therapy (completed in 63 days) than from prolonged TAM therapy alone.
The Hippocratic oath updated Could boost credibility of doctors
Authors: M P W. Platt, S Finner, N Theaker, R Raper, M Fisher
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, - Eugene D Robin has done medicine a service by recasting the Hippocratic oath in a modern form.1 His suggestions tackle many of the ethical principles (respect for autonomy, beneficence, non- maleficence, justice, and scope) lucidly discussed by Raanon Gillon.1 I think, however, that two paragraphs are in danger of compromising the principle of autonomy - namely, the one relating to honesty with patients and the one starting, “I will do unto patients and their families only what I would want done unto me or my family.” This could be avoided by explicitly stating respect for autonomy in terms of imparting information and undertaking procedures.

I also believe that there should be explicit mention of the need to relieve pain. To some extent this is encompassed in the seventh paragraph by the words “to …
Blockade of Attachment and Fusion Receptors Inhibits HIV-1 Infection of Human Cervical Tissue
Authors: Qinxue Hu, Ines Frank, Vennansha Williams, John J. Santos, Patricia Watts, George E. Griffin, John P. Moore, Melissa Pope, Robin J. Shattock
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2004)

Identification of cellular factors involved in HIV-1 entry and transmission at mucosal surfaces is critical for understanding viral pathogenesis and development of effective prevention strategies. Here we describe the evaluation of HIV-1 entry inhibitors for their ability to prevent infection of, and dissemination from, human cervical tissue ex vivo. Blockade of CD4 alone or CCR5 and CXCR4 together inhibited localized mucosal infection. However, simultaneous blockade of CD4 and mannose-binding C-type lectin receptors including dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule–grabbing integrin was required to inhibit HIV-1 uptake and dissemination by migratory cells. In contrast, direct targeting of HIV-1 by neutralizing mAb b12 and CD4-IgG2 (PRO-542) blocked both localized infection and viral dissemination pathways. Flow cytometric analysis and immunostaining of migratory cells revealed two major populations, CD3+HLA-DR− and CD3−HLA-DR+ cells, with a significant proportion of the latter also expressing dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule–grabbing integrin. Bead depletion studies demonstrated that such HLA-DR+ cells accounted for as much as 90% of HIV-1 dissemination. Additional studies using immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells demonstrated that although mannose-binding C-type lectin receptors and CD4 are the principal receptors for gp120, other mechanisms may account for virus capture. Our identification of the predominant receptors involved in HIV-1 infection and dissemination within human cervical tissue highlight important targets for microbicide development.
Emulators as sources of hidden cognitive variables
Authors: Peter Gärdenfors
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

I focus on the distinction between sensation and perception. Perceptions contain additional information that is useful for interpreting sensations. Following Grush, I propose that emulators can be seen as containing (or creating) hidden variables that generate perceptions from sensations. Such hidden variables could be used to explain further cognitive phenomena, for example, causal reasoning.
Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in prediction of tumour-free resection margin in rectal cancer surgery
Authors: RGH Beets-Tan, GL Beets, RFA Vliegen, AGH Kessels, H Van Boven, A De Bruine, MF von Meyenfeldt, CGMI Baeten, JMA van Engelshoven
Journal: The Lancet (2001)