tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ventricular Septal Defect Associated with Aortic Insufficiency
Authors: YASUNARU KAWASHIMA, MICHIAKI DANNO, YUKIHIKO SHIMIZU, IKARU MATSUDA, TAKESHI MIYAMOTO, TSUYOSHI FUJITA, TAKAHIRO KOZUKA, HISAO MANABE
Journal: Circulation (1973)

Thirty-five consecutive patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) associated with aortic insufficiency (AI) who underwent corrective surgery are presented. There were seven operative and three late deaths among the patients operated upon before 1968. No death, however, was encountered among the most recent 18 consecutive patients. The VSD was closed directly in 14 patients and with a Teflon patch in 21. The aortic valve was repaired in 16 patients, replaced in eight, and no interference was indicated in 11. They were classified from the surgical viewpoint according to the location of the VSD, the anatomic type of the right ventricular outflow tract, and the severity of the aortic herniation as follows: type Ia, supracristal VSD and AI without aortic cusp herniation; type lb, supracristal VSD and AI with aortic cusp herniation and conal muscular rim beneath the pulmonic valve; type Ic, supracristal VSD and AI with aortic cusp herniation without conal muscular rim beneath the pulmonic valve; type IIa, infracristal VSD and AI without aortic cusp herniation; type IIb, infracristal VSD and AI with aortic cusp herniation; type III, infracristal VSD and AI with infundibular pulmonic stenosis (PS); type IV, supracristal VSD and AI with infundibular PS. In type Ia and IIa, VSD was closed directly and the aortic valve was replaced. In most of type Ib, VSD was closed directly and no direct procedure was performed upon the aortic valve. In most of type Ic, VSD was closed with a Teflon patch and the aortic valve was repaired. In type IIb, VSD was closed with a Teflon patch and the procedure upon the aortic valve was not uniform. In type III, VSD was closed with a Teflon patch and the aortic valve was repaired in most of them. In type IV, VSD was closed with a Teflon patch and no direct procedure was performed upon the aortic valve. The basic policy for repair of this association of anomalies is selected according to the above mentioned anatomic classification.
Fibrinogen-Fibrin Degradation Product Levels in Different Types of Intravascular Haemolysis
Authors: S. D. Slater, C. R. M. Prentice, W. H. Bain, J. D. Briggs
Journal: BMJ (1973)

To examine the possibility that intravascular haemolysis may lead to intravascular coagulation we have compared the degree of fibrin deposition, as measured by levels of serum fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products (F.D.P.), in two different types of intravascular haemolysis associated with red cell fragmentation. F.D.P. levels in 56 patients with intravascular haemolysis secondary to prosthetic heart valves were compared with those in 18 patients who had microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (M.H.A.) associated with malignant hypertension or renal disease. F.D.P. levels were raised in almost all the patients with M.H.A., and this group had significantly higher levels than any of the valve replacement groups. In contrast, in the prosthetic valve patients F.D.P. levels were usually normal and bore no relation to the degree of haemolysis. It is suggested that in the absence of other precipitating factors intravascular haemolysis will not initiate intravascular coagulation. In M.H.A., while the intravascular haemolysis appears to be a consequence of an underlying intravascular coagulation, it is likely that persistence of the coagulation disturbance is related more to factors such as small vessel damage than to the release of any thromboplastic substances from fragmented red cells.
Poverty and painting: representations in 19th century Europe
Authors: P. Howden-Chapman
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The social gradient in health is familiar to many readers of scientific journals as a diagonal line on a graph showing the almost universal and often linear relation between people's social and economic circumstances and their health. The pathways to and from poverty and poverty's impact on health, however, have also vividly been represented in paintings, particularly in 19th century Europe. These paintings let us see what was considered important by the artist and by the wider society. Aspects of poverty that are directly or indirectly related to health were also painted frequently in the 19th century, which suggests that references to the health effects of poverty in these paintings were important in raising and reinforcing concerns about poverty. To early 21st century spectators, these paintings are visual reminders of the values that helped to create the modern welfare state.

In the 19th century the images in paintings had wide circulation, as they were often copied by engravers and reproduced in popular magazines such as Graphic and the Illustrated London News . The 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle attracted more than 50 million visitors in five months and had two palaces of contemporary art, where well heeled visitors were forced to confront the plight and potential power of the urban poor in paintings such as Jules Adler's The Weary . This is an example of the work of artists who, with homage to Victor Hugo, were occasionally dubbed “Miserabilistes.”1 Today, visiting galleries remains a popular leisure activity and a common school outing. The visual arts help to tell and re-tell important national stories and not only form a “collective memory” that helps people to define themselves in relation to others2 but may also illustrate what Emile Durkheim called the “collective or common conscience.“3

We have developed a classification …
Urine Testing Schedules In Methadone Maintenance
Authors: Herbert D. Kleber
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  Goldstein and Brown ( 214 :311-315, 1970) have pointed out the important advantages, including financial savings, to be obtained from random urine testing schedules in heroin addiction treatment programs. As the authors note, however, these procedures have one serious drawback.  The limiting factor in making urine testing infrequent (and therefore cheap) is the likelihood of missing a relapse of the patient to opiate use for an undesirably long time... Even if the results of urinalysis are instantly available, the delays in detection of relapses seem intolerably long with all but fairly frequent testing schedules.  The Drug Dependence Unit of the Connecticut Mental Health Center has developed a random testing procedure which overcomes this problem. Rather than setting the probability of testing on any given day for any given patient at a fixed value, we use schedules which incorporate varying probabilities but fixed maximum number of days a patient
Doctors often overlook heart failure guidelines, study shows
Authors: David Pountney
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Evidence based guidelines for managing heart disease are often not followed by GPs and specialist doctors, a recent meta-analysis has shown ( European Heart Journal 2008; doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn196). Geographical differences in the care given to patients were also identified.

The study group randomly surveyed doctors in nine European countries, including the United Kingdom. Of the 6887 replies received 2041 were from cardiologists, 1881 were from internists and geriatricians, and 2965 were from primary care doctors.

The lead author, Willem Remme, of the Sticares Cardiovascular Research Foundation, in Rhoon, the Netherlands, described the findings as …
Electroretinogram Interpretation in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Michael E. Breton, Dan P. Montzka, Alexander J. Brucker, Graham E. Quinn
Journal: Ophthalmology (1991)

The authors report electroretinogram (ERG) data from the initial clinic visit of 39 patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). No patient had signs of neovascular complications or had received treatment at the time of the ERG examination. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare effectiveness of the 4 ERG parameters (Rmax, Log K, b/a wave ratio, and 30 Hz implicit time) in separating those patients who went on to iris neovascularization from those who did not. Rmax is the maximum saturated b-wave amplitude and Log K is the half saturation constant of the Naka-Rushton curve fit to the intensity response data. Discriminant scores, derived using multiple discriminant analysis, were calculated for the total patient groups, CRVO eye alone, and intereye difference. These scores also were compared with the four individual ERG parameters using ROC analysis. Parameters based on amplitude of ERG response, Rmax, and b/a wave ratio are as effective predictors of neovascular response as those interpreted as indicators of retinal sensitivity, such as 30Hz implicit time or Log K. The authors present evidence that loss of b-wave amplitude is not necessarily associated with irreversible loss of inner retinal function.
Reinventing Cancer Cell Metabolism
Authors: Susan E. Bates
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

In today's media world, when journal publications seem at times to be outdated by the time they appear in print, oncologists are fascinated to find that experiments reported some 80 years ago could be the object of surprising new discoveries. And yet, that is precisely the setting for the CCR Focus published in this issue of Clinical Cancer Research. In 1931, Otto Warburg (top photo) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery that, in essence, cancer cells under normal conditions metabolize glucose as though they lack oxygen, deriving much of their energy from a high rate of glycolysis. In a 1956 lecture, Warburg explained that normal livers and kidneys obtain 100 times more energy from mitochondrial respiration [oxidation of pyruvate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle] than from glycolysis and lactate production in the cytoplasm, whereas cancer cells obtain energy equally from both sources (1). Warburg went further to state that cancer was caused by respiratory impairment, the Warburg hypothesis, which can be contrasted with the experimental observation known as the Warburg effect. We now understand that this "glycolytic preference" allows the cancer cell to generate all the components required for sustained cellular proliferation. All successful cancers engage this switch to glycolysis, and many of the mutations that drive proliferation and oncogenesis also alter metabolic regulation. With the leadership of Guest Editor Beverly Teicher, the experts contributing to this CCR Focus section discuss the profound metabolic changes that promote cancer cell survival. The articles examine the role of Myc and HIF-1 in metabolism; the metabolic switch at the level of pyruvate kinase M2; the discovery of IDH1 and 2 mutations, FH, and SDH mutations in the TCA cycle; and genomic approaches to metabolic modeling. While the Warburg effect is not disputed, the hypothesis that cancers result from respiratory impairment has been argued—including debates with AACR's Past President Sidney Weinhouse (refs. 2, 3; bottom photo). Two decades ago, most authors would have said that enhanced glycolysis is a consequence of the genetic dysregulation that underlies carcinogenesis. Subsequent discoveries of mutations in TCA cycle enzymes that interrupt oxidative metabolism suggest that Warburg may also have been right about the cause of cancer in some specific tumor types. That should give pause to those who think that the only papers in the literature that matter are those published in the most recent journal issues. As with every CCR Focus section, we strive to include articles that interest and inform the nonexpert but also challenge and encourage those already working in the field.
Camp and darkly comic
Authors: C Elliott
Journal: BMJ (1994)

It was when the rectal sphincters began singing their musical duet that I decided this movie was probably not for everyone. Still, as far as musical comedies about fatal infectious diseases go, Zero Patience is very likely a masterpiece of the genre. It certainly has all the necessary elements: singing viruses, epidemiology lectures, leatherclad museum guards with whips, a talking green monkey from Africa, and naked men crooning barbershop harmonies about priapic displays in the shower. If Sir William Osler had directed the Rocky Horror Picture Show, it probably would have turned out something like this.

By no stretch of the imagination …
Ischemia-Induced Interleukin-8 Release After Human Heart Transplantation
Authors: Mehmet C. Oz, Hui Liao, Yoshifuma Naka, Alex Seldomridge, David N. Becker, Robert E. Michler, Craig R. Smith, Eric A. Rose, David M. Stern, David J. Pinsky
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Interleukin-8 (IL-8) secreted from endothelial cells is a powerful neutrophil chemoattractant and activator. We hypothesized that human endothelial cells deprived of oxygen would secrete IL-8, which might translate into elevated IL-8 production after cardiac ischemia. Furthermore, we hypothesized that coronary sinus (CS) IL-8 levels would be particularly high after cardiac preservation for transplantation, due to extended ischemic times. Methods and Results Human saphenous vein endothelial cells exposed to a hypoxic environment (P o 2 &lt;20 mm Hg) demonstrated a time-dependent release of IL-8 (measured by ELISA) into the culture supernatant as early as 4 hours after exposure. To determine whether cardiac preservation in humans was associated with IL-8 production, we obtained CS blood samples 5 minutes after reperfusion in a consecutive series of patients after they underwent cardiac transplantation (CTX, n=20) or elective cardiac surgery (non-CTX, n=21). CTX patients demonstrated significantly higher CS IL-8 levels than non-CTX patients (325±123 versus 50±17 ng/mL, respectively, P &lt;.05). Further analysis of the CS samples revealed that a biochemical marker of myocyte injury (myoglobin) was similarly elevated in the CTX patients compared with the non-CTX patients (3340±625 versus 1151±525 ng/mL, respectively, P &lt;.05). Conclusions These differences may reflect the longer ischemic times of CTX compared with non-CTX hearts (161±10 versus 80±6 minutes, P &lt;.0001) and suggest that the neutrophil chemoattractant/activator IL-8 may contribute to myocyte injury after prolonged hypothermic cardiac ischemia, as occurs during human cardiac transplantation.
The "who" and "how" of detecting glaucoma.
Authors: W C Steinmann
Journal: BMJ (1982)

An analysis of the referral routes to Southampton Eye Hospital of 191 patients who had been diagnosed as having chronic open-angle glaucoma showed that 121 patients (634%) were diagnosed as a result of the patient seeking advice for ocular symptoms (118) or because they had a family history of glaucoma (3).Advice had been sought from general practitioners (48), ophthalmic medical practitioners (19), and ophthalmic opticians (46).The remaining eight patients had gone directly to the casualty department.Seventy patients had been identified by chance, the majority by ophthalmic medical practitioners (26) or ophthalmic opticians (32).
The Efficacy and Safety of BI 2536, a Novel Plk-1 Inhibitor, in Patients with Stage IIIB/IV Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Who Had Relapsed after, or Failed, Chemotherapy: Results from an Open-Label, Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial
Authors: Martin Sebastian, Martin Reck, Cornelius F. Waller, Cornelius Kortsik, Norbert Frickhofen, Martin Schuler, Holger Fritsch, Birgit Gaschler-Markefski, Gertraud Hanft, Gerd Munzert, Joachim von Pawel
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
Evidence for Hubs in Human Functional Brain Networks
Authors: Jonathan D. Power, Bradley L. Schlaggar, Christina N. Lessov-Schlaggar, Steven E. Petersen
Journal: Neuron (2013)

Hubs integrate and distribute information in powerful ways due to the number and positioning of their contacts in a network. Several resting-state functional connectivity MRI reports have implicated regions of the default mode system as brain hubs; we demonstrate that previous degree-based approaches to hub identification may have identified portions of large brain systems rather than critical nodes of brain networks. We utilize two methods to identify hub-like brain regions: (1) finding network nodes that participate in multiple subnetworks of the brain, and (2) finding spatial locations in which several systems are represented within a small volume. These methods converge on a distributed set of regions that differ from previous reports on hubs. This work identifies regions that support multiple systems, leading to spatially constrained predictions about brain function that may be tested in terms of lesions, evoked responses, and dynamic patterns of activity.
MMR vaccine uptake may be lower than reported because of manipulation of target groups
Authors: T. J Scanlon
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—One issue seems to have been completely ignored in the current debate on vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). The average uptake of the MMR vaccine across England now stands officially at 84%, some way off the recommended target of 95%. Although this rate is of considerable concern in itself, vaccine uptake may be even lower than reported.

Falling rates of vaccine uptake and the subsequent loss of income experienced by several general practices failing to reach payment targets have prompted some general practitioners to take …
Prevalence and Management of Diabetes and Metabolic Risk Factors in Thai Adults
Authors: Wichai Aekplakorn, Suwat Chariyalertsak, Pattapong Kessomboon, Rassamee Sangthong, Rungkarn Inthawong, Panwadee Putwatana, Surasak Taneepanichskul
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

To determine the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and undiagnosed and diagnosed diabetes in Thai adults in 2009 and examine the extent of changes in proportions of diagnosis, treatment, and control for blood glucose, high blood pressure, and high total cholesterol between 2004 and 2009.Data from the multistage cross-sectional National Health Examination Survey (NHES) IV of 18,629 Thai adults aged ≥20 years conducted in 2009 were used to analyze and compare with the data from NHES III in 2004.The prevalence of IFG and diabetes was 10.6 and 7.5%, respectively. Of all diabetes diagnoses, 35.4% were not previously diagnosed, and the proportion was higher in men than in women (47.3 vs. 23.4%, P < 0.05). Compared with those in year 2004, the proportions of individuals with diabetes and concomitant hypertension did not significantly decrease in 2009 in both sexes, but the proportions of women with diabetes who were abdominally obese or had high total cholesterol (≥5.2 mmol/L) significantly increased in 2009 by 18.0 and 23.5%, respectively (all P < 0.01). The rates of treatment and control of blood glucose, high blood pressure, and high total cholesterol were favorably improved in 2009. However, in substantial proportions of individuals with diabetes these concomitants were still controlled suboptimally.The prevalence of diabetes and IFG remained high in Thai adults. Improvement in detection and control of diabetes and associated metabolic risk factors, particularly obesity and high serum cholesterol, are necessary.
Abstract 4340: Development of short peptide probe to detect ovarian tumors in mouse xenograph model
Authors: Chung-Wein Lee, Lili Guo, Keith M. Stantz
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Ovarian cancer is the leading gynecological cancer in women with five year survival rate less than 45%. Ovarian epithelial cancer (OEC) is responsible for 80 to 90% of all ovarian cancers. Postmenopausal women have high level of gonadotropin in blood circulation and high occurrence of OEC. Therefore, the elevated gonadotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), was proposed to contribute to transforming normal ovarian surface epithelium to neoplastic ovarian surface epithelium. The studies on gonadotropin theory have shown both supporting and conflicting epidemiological and animal model data. Therefore an alternative marker for ovarian tumor detection is beneficial. Follicule Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) belongs to G protein-coupled receptor with substantial extracellular domains. FSHR normally is expressed on normal ovarian epithelium, fallopian tubal epithelium and similar to LHR. Recent studies showed that FSHR is not only highly expressed on many ovarian cancer cells but is involved in the development and progression of ovarian cancer influencing a variety of oncogenes (MAPK, EGFR, c-myc, and HER-2/neu). FSHR expression increases in the following order: ovarian epithelial inclusions (OEIs) to benigh ovarian epithelial tumor (OET), and to borderline OETs. Our objective is to develop a small molecular weight ligand to image in vivo the differential expression of FSHR associated with OEC, possibility to image OEC in different stages with associated binding molecules to FSHR. D.W. Lee et. al. identified a deca peptide (BI-10) from FSH binding inhibitor of bovine serum. We conjugated the BI-10 peptide with fluorescein to quantify the binding affinity of OVCAR3 cells in flow cytometry. The cells were incubated with BI-10 at various concentrations for 30 mins before removing from six-well culture plates and washing off free peptides. The EC50 of BI-10 binding peptides to OVCAR3 was measured to be 160 μM, with an average number of FSHR receptors per cell to be 1.7×107. After conjugating a NIR fluorochrome (Alexa Fluoro 750) to this peptide and and injection (i.v.) into a mouse xenograft model of ovarian cancer, OEC tumors were clearly detected by optical imaging. A tumor-to-reference tissue update ratio was measured to be 1.20, 1.26, and 1.43 with respect to injected dose 15, 30, and 120 μg probe, respectively. We are currently testing techniques to further increase the BI-10 peptide binding to various ovarian cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo by constructing multimeric forms including the BI-10 peptide with various flexible linkers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4340.