tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mammographic Densities and Risk of Breast Cancer Among Subjects With a Family History of This Disease
Authors: N. F. Boyd, G. A. Lockwood, L. J. Martin, J. A. Knight, R. A. Jong, E. Fishell, J. W. Byng, M. J. Yaffe, D. L. Tritchler
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1999)

A family history of breast cancer is known to increase risk of the disease, but other genetic and environmental factors that modify this risk are likely to exist. One of these factors is mammographic density, and we have sought evidence that it is associated with increased risk of breast cancer among women with a family history of breast cancer.We used data from a nested case-control study based on the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS). From 354 case patients with incident breast cancer detected at least 12 months after entry into the NBSS and 354 matched control subjects, we analyzed subjects who were identified as having a family history of breast cancer according to one of three, nonmutually exclusive, criteria. We compared the mammographic densities of case patients and control subjects by radiologic and computer-assisted methods of measurement.After adjustment for other risk factors for breast cancer, the relative risks (RRs) between the most and least extensive categories of breast density were as follows: For at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer, RR = 11.14 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.54-80.39); for at least two affected first- or second-degree relatives, RR = 2.57 (95% CI = 0.23-28.22); for at least one first- or second-degree relative with breast cancer, RR = 5.43 (95% CI = 1.85-15.88).These results suggest that mammographic density may be strongly associated with risk of breast cancer among women with a family history of the disease. Because mammographic densities can be modified by dietary and hormonal interventions, the results suggest potential approaches to the prevention of breast cancer in women with a family history of breast cancer.
The innate immune system of the liver: May it explain the stronger viral clearance in female sex?
Authors: Ricardo Marcos, Carla Correia-Gomes
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

We have read with great interest the article by Grebely et al., published in Hepatology, in which they show the stronger spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the female sex.1 Mechanisms underlying gender dimorphism in viral clearance remain poorly understood. The researchers pointed out that females have an increased magnitude of immune and inflammatory responses and that this may be a result of the binding of sex steroids to specific receptors in different cells. It should be stressed that experimental studies in infected chimpanzees with HCV have emphasized the role of the innate immune system, namely, Kupffer cells (KCs), in clearance.2 In this species, as well as in rodents or humans, it is taken for granted that KCs are equally abundant in males and females. In our opinion, differences in the number of KCs could also help explain the stronger viral clearance in females. In recent years, we have been devoted to the study of the microanatomy of the liver, by unbiased stereological methods.3, 4 We have studied male and female Wistar rat livers (n = 5 per group) of 2, 6, 12, and 18 months. Using a systematic random sampling design, we obtained 30-μm sections that were immunostained against ED2 (1:100; AbD Serotec, Kidlington, UK).3 Cells were counted unbiasedly in optical disectors in order to obtain the numerical density of KCs in the liver. On average, we counted 423 and 299 KCs per male and female rat liver, respectively. The numerical density is presented in Fig. 1. A two-way analysis of variance showed significant differences related with gender (P < 0.001) and aging (P < 0.05). The former were more marked in young animals, in which females had 54% more KCs than males. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first insight of gender dimorphism of KCs in vivo. A recent study showed that young female rodents have ≈50% more macrophages in their pleural and peritoneal cavities, which are more efficient in phagocytosis.5 It is compelling to extrapolate our data between species; therefore, it would be interesting to immunomark KCs against CD68 and evaluate whether such gender dimorphism also exists for the human liver. Ricardo Marcos, DVM, Ph.D.1 Carla Correia-Gomes, DVM, Ph.D., MRCVS2 1Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar University of Porto Porto, Portugal 2Epidemiology Research Unit SRUC Inverness United Kingdom
CKD and Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Isaac R. Whitman, Harold I. Feldman, Rajat Deo
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2012)

Multiple studies demonstrate a strong independent association between CKD and cardiovascular events including death, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. This review focuses on recent clinical studies that expand this spectrum of adverse cardiovascular events to include ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. In addition, experimental models suggest structural remodeling of the heart and electrophysiologic changes in this population. These processes may explain the increased arrhythmic risk in kidney disease and aid in identifying patients who are at higher risk for sudden cardiac death. Finally, we review here the data to support the use of pharmacologic and device-based therapies for both the primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death.
Gambling and decision-making: A dual process perspective
Authors: Kenny R. Coventry
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract The consideration of gambling as a decision-making disorder may fail to explain why the majority of people gamble, yet only a small percentage of people lose control of their behaviour to the point where their gambling becomes problematic. The application of dual process theories to gambling addiction offers a means of explaining the differences between “normal” and “problem” gambling, augmenting the multiple vulnerabilities proposed by Redish et al.
Tachykinins potently stimulate human small bowel blood flow: a laser Doppler flowmetry study in humans
Authors: P T Schmidt
Journal: Gut (2002)

<b>Background:</b> The two tachykinins substance P and neurokinin A are abundantly present in the gastrointestinal tract. Substance P preferring neurokinin 1 receptors are mainly found in submucosal blood vessels while neurokinin A preferring neurokinin 2 receptors seem to be confined to smooth muscle cells. Tachykinin effects on intestinal mucosal blood flow in humans are not known. <b>Aim:</b> To study the effects of substance P and neurokinin A on small bowel mucosal blood flow in humans. <b>Methods:</b> A manometry tube supplied with single fibre microprobes recorded mucosal blood flow in the proximal small bowel using laser Doppler flowmetry, concomitant with luminal manometry, defining phases I, II, and III of the migrating motor complex. Simultaneously, flowmetry of temporal skin was performed. Under fasting conditions saline was infused intravenously over four hours followed by infusion of substance P, neurokinin A, or saline. <b>Results:</b> During phase I, substance 1–6 pmol/kg/min increased mucosal blood flow dose dependently by a maximum of 158%. Blood flow of the temporal skin increased in parallel. Neurokinin A 6–50 pmol/kg/min increased mucosal blood flow maximally by 86% at 25 pmol/kg/min while blood flow of temporal skin increased at all doses. Substance P at all doses and neurokinin A at the highest dose only, increased pulse rate. Systolic blood pressure was unchanged by either peptide while substance P at the highest dose decreased diastolic pressure. <b>Conclusion:</b> Tachykinins increase blood flow of the small bowel and temporal skin. With substance P being more potent than neurokinin A, these effects are probably mediated through neurokinin 1 receptors.
“Active” Cancer Immunotherapy by Anti-Met Antibody Gene Transfer
Authors: Elisa Vigna, Giovanni Pacchiana, Massimiliano Mazzone, Cristina Chiriaco, Lara Fontani, Cristina Basilico, Selma Pennacchietti, Paolo M. Comoglio
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Gene therapy provides a still poorly explored opportunity to treat cancer by “active” immunotherapy as it enables the transfer of genes encoding antibodies directed against specific oncogenic proteins. By a bidirectional lentiviral vector, we transferred the cDNA encoding the heavy and light chains of a monoclonal anti-Met antibody (DN-30) to epithelial cancer cells. In vitro, the transduced cells synthesized and secreted correctly assembled antibodies with the expected high affinity, inducing down-regulation of the Met receptor and strong inhibition of the invasive growth response. The inhibitory activity resulted (a) from the interference of the antibody with the Met receptor intracellular processing (“cell autonomous activity,” in cis) and (b) from the antibody-induced cleavage of Met expressed at the cell surface (“bystander effect,” in trans). The monoclonal antibody gene transferred into live animals by systemic administration or by local intratumor delivery resulted in substantial inhibition of tumor growth. These data provide proof of concept both for targeting the Met receptor and for a gene transfer–based immunotherapy strategy. [Cancer Res 2008;68(22):9176–83]
Points from Letters: Vasectomy
Authors: C. P. de Fonseka
Journal: BMJ (1970)

MEDIBCATOISNALin the Bristol centre" conceals some important facts.Rates marginally better than those described in the document were in- troduced here in September, and proved unacceptable to the deputies.This was mainly because these represented (as far as 90% of the sessions were concerned) only a 5 % increase on previous rates, even though
Effect of intermittent treatment with amodiaquine on anaemia and malarial fevers in infants in Tanzania: a randomised placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Julius J Massaga, Andrew Y Kitua, Martha M Lemnge, Jumaa A Akida, Lincoln N Malle, Anita M Rønn, Thor G Theander, IC Bygbjerg
Journal: The Lancet (2003)
Stroke treatment with alteplase given 3·0–4·5 h after onset of acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS III): additional outcomes and subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Erich Bluhmki, Ángel Chamorro, Antoni Dávalos, Thomas Machnig, Christophe Sauce, Nils Wahlgren, Joanna Wardlaw, Werner Hacke
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2009)
Heterogeneous expression of phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 genes within the hepatic acinus in the rat
Authors: Jose Chianale, Caroline Dvorak, Maryann May, Jorge J. Gumucio
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

Within the hepatic acinus, the functional unit of liver parenchyma, the induction of cytochrome P-450 protein by phenobarbital is manifested primarily in hepatocytes located closer to the hepatic venule, i.e., distal hepatocytes. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e mRNAs in populations of hepatocytes originating in the proximal or distal half of the liver acinus in the rat, as an approach to the elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for the heterogeneous zonal expression of cytochrome P-450 protein. The development of a new method to isolate hepatocytes originating from the proximal or distal half of the liver acinus enabled the measurement of total cytochrome P-450 content and of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e mRNAs in these hepatocytes. Levels of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e mRNAs were assessed in proximal and distal hepatocytes by Northern blot hybridization of poly(A+)RNA with a cDNA recognizing sequences of these two cytochromes. The kinetics of induction were defined by measuring these parameters after a single phenobarbital injection. Cytochrome P-450 mRNA levels reached maximum induction at 16 hr, returning to basal values by 48 hr. In contrast, total cytochrome P-450 microsomal protein content reached maximum induction after 33 hr. Hepatocytes of the distal half of the hepatic acinus responded to phenobarbital with higher levels of cytochromes P-450b and P-450e mRNAs than proximal hepatocytes. These results indicated that there is modulation of the expression of the cytochromes P-450b and P-450e genes within the hepatic acinus.
Persistent molecular remission of refractory acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16)(p13.1q22) in an elderly patient induced by cytarabine ocfosfate hydrate
Authors: Masahisa Arahata, Yukihiro Shimizu, Hidesaku Asakura, Shinji Nakao
Journal: Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2015)

The prognosis of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in elderly patients is dismal, even if the AML exhibits a good prognostic karyotype, such as inv(16)(p13.1q22). We present a 72-year-old female with AML with inv(16)(p13.1q22) who suffered five episodes of relapse with temporary complete remission. Maintenance chemotherapy with oral cytarabine ocfosfate hydrate eventually produced persistent molecular complete remission of her AML that had not been induced by conventional regimens including intensive chemotherapy and low dose cytarabine therapy. The high level of tolerability to oral cytarabine ocfosfate hydrate may offer elderly patients with this type of AML a good chance for a cure.
Widespread porokeratotic adnexal ostial nevus: Clinical features and proposal of a new name unifying porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus and porokeratotic eccrine and hair follicle nevus
Authors: Deborah S. Goddard, Maureen Rogers, Ilona J. Frieden, Alfons L. Krol, Clifton R. White, Anu G. Jayaraman, Leslie Robinson-Bostom, Anna L. Bruckner, Beth S. Ruben
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2009)
Safety of an Aspirin-Alone Regimen After Intracoronary Stenting With a Heparin-Coated Stent
Authors: Roxana Mehran, Eve D. Aymong, Dale T. Ashby, Tim Fischell, Hall Whitworth, Robert Siegel, William Thomas, S. Chiu Wong, Raj Narasimaiah, Alexandra J. Lansky, Martin B. Leon
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Stent thrombosis is an infrequent complication of intracoronary stenting that often has devastating clinical consequences. This study assesses the additional benefit of heparin coating with the BX VELOCITY Balloon-Expandable Stent with HEPACOAT, Carmeda end-point attached heparin (HEPACOAT) in patients with de novo or restenotic native coronary artery lesions treated with aspirin monotherapy after optimal stenting.This was a multicenter, prospective, nonrandomized, pilot study. Two hundred patients (69% men; mean age, 64.1+/-11.2 years) meeting the eligibility criteria were treated with the HEPACOAT stent and aspirin alone after stenting. Any other antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy was not permitted. Procedural success was achieved in all patients. There were 3 postprocedural non-Q-wave myocardial infarctions. The primary end point of stent thrombosis at 30 days occurred in 2 of 200 patients (1%): in one after blunt chest trauma and in the other in the setting of essential thrombocytosis. Major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization, and coronary artery bypass grafting) were observed at 30 days in 5 of 200 (2.5%) patients.The BX VELOCITY stent with HEPACOAT and aspirin alone after the procedure was safe in select patients with de novo or restenotic lesions in native coronary arteries. Heparin coating provides additional protection against stent thrombosis.
Acne successfully treated with acitretin in a patient with peanut allergy
Authors: M.E. Laing, G.M. Murphy, C.C. Buckley
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Conflicts of interest: none declared. Sir, We report a 14‐year‐old boy with a history of facial acne of Leeds grade 5.1 Previous treatment with oral antibiotics was unsuccessful. We prescribed isotretinoin (Roaccutane®; Roche, Welwyn Garden City, U.K.), explaining the side‐effects of this treatment to the patient and his parents. The patient brought to our attention the fact that he was allergic to peanuts. Arachis oil is contained in Roaccutane®. Arachis oil is the oil extracted from peanuts and this is contained as the excipient in the capsule shell. The patient described a prior history of nausea, a petechial rash and throat tightness following ingestion of peanuts on three occasions. One of these episodes required hospital admission and observation overnight. We measured serum IgE and found this to be elevated at 1178 kIU L−1. A subsequent radioallergosorbent test revealed a positive reaction to peanuts (peanut 17 kIU L−1 and hazelnut 0·25 kIU L−1; positive reaction > 0·1 kIU L−1). We then prescribed acitretin (Neotigason®; Roche) as this retinoid formulation does not contain arachis oil. The patient was treated with acitretin 0·3 mg kg−1 daily for 5 months, with excellent response. It is important to enquire about peanut allergy in patients considered for Roaccutane® treatment as it contains peanut extract and may precipitate an anaphylactic reaction in patients with peanut allergy. We contacted the Irish Medicines Board2 (Dublin, Ireland), who had no reports of anaphylaxis in association with Roaccutane® and no information on underlying peanut allergy in reported allergic‐type reactions to this medication. The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency3 (London, U.K.) reported three cases of anaphylaxis in association with Roaccutane®. A history of peanut allergy may require the use of an alternative agent as in this case. We report the use of acitretin as an effective alternative to isotretinoin in the treatment of acne and also alert dermatologists to inform patients that Roaccutane® contains peanut extract.
Equestrian injuries--a one year prospective study.
Authors: G. R. McLatchie
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1979)

A one year prospective study of equestrian injuries was carried out in an area where horse riding is a popular pursuit. 115 persons suffered injury--eighty females and thirty-five males of whom sixty were under fifteen years of age. No fatalities were recorded and there were 0.2 injuries per 100 rides. Most injuries were minor and to the musculo-skeletal system. Visceral and cerebral injuries were not common but the former were life threatening in all cases. It is concluded that young riders should be supervised.
Weight-Bearing Exercise Training and Lumbar Bone Mineral Content in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: GAIL P. DALSKY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Study Objective: To assess the effect of weight-bearing exercise training and subsequent detraining on lumbar bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Design: Non-randomized, controlled, short-term (9 months) trial and long-term (22 months) exercise training and detraining (13 months). Setting: Section of applied physiology at a university school of medicine. Patients: Thirty-five healthy, sedentary postmenopausal women, 55 to 70 years old. All women completed the study. There was 90% compliance with exercise training. Interventions: All women were given calcium, 1500 mg daily. The exercise group did weight-bearing exercise (walking, jogging, stair climbing) at 70% to 90% of maximal oxygen uptake capacity for 50 to 60 min, 3 times weekly. Measurements and Main Results: Bone mineral content increased 5. 2% (95% confidence interval [Cl], 2.0% to 8.4%; P = 0.0037) above baseline after short-term training whereas there was no change (-1.4%) in the control group. After 22 months of exercise, bone mineral content was 6.1% (95% Cl, 3.9% to 8.3% above baseline; P =0.0001) in the long-term training group. After 13 months of decreased activity, bone mass was 1.1% above baseline in the detraining group. Conclusions: Weight-bearing exercise led to significant increases above baseline in bone mineral content which were maintained with continued training in older, postmenopausal women. With reduced weight-bearing exercise, bone mass reverted to baseline levels. Further studies are needed to determine the threshold exercise prescription that will produce significant increases in bone mass.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Blood Pressure Trajectories From Childhood to Young Adulthood
Authors: Shaoyong Su, Xiaoling Wang, Jennifer S. Pollock, Frank A. Treiber, Xiaojing Xu, Harold Snieder, W. Vaughn McCall, Michael Stefanek, Gregory A. Harshfield
Journal: Circulation (2015)

The purposes of this study were to assess the long-term effect of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on blood pressure (BP) trajectories from childhood to young adulthood and to examine whether this relation is explained by childhood socioeconomic status (SES) or risk behaviors that are associated with ACEs.Systolic and diastolic BPs were measured up to 16 times (13 times on average) over a 23-year period in 213 African Americans and 181 European Americans 5 to 38 years of age. Retrospective data on traumatic experiences before 18 years of age were collected, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Individual growth curve modeling within a multilevel framework was used to examine the relation between exposure to ACEs and BP development. No main effect of ACEs on average BP levels was found. However, a significant interaction of ACE score with age(3) was observed (systolic BP, P=0.033; diastolic BP, P=0.017). Subjects who experienced multiple traumatic events during childhood showed a faster rise in BP levels after 30 years of age than those without ACEs. As expected, a graded association of ACEs with childhood socioeconomic status and negative health behaviors was observed (P<0.001). The ACE-systolic BP relation was not explained by these factors, whereas the ACE-diastolic BP relation was partially mediated by illicit drug use.In this novel longitudinal study, we observed that participants who were exposed to multiple ACEs displayed a greater increase in BP levels in young adulthood compared with their counterparts without ACEs.
Genetic Changes in Human Adrenocortical Carcinomas
Authors: T. Yano, M. Linehan, P. Angland, M. I. Lerman, L. N. Daniel, C. A. Stein, C. N. Roberston, R. LaRocca, B. Zbar
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1989)

Recent studies have suggested that loss of heterozygosity at loci on the short arm of human chromosome 11 (11p) may be important in the pathogenesis of benign and malignant adrenal cortical tumors. To test this concept, adrenocortical carcinomas from nine patients and benign adrenal cortical lesions from eight patients were tested for loss of alleles at loci on human chromosomes 11, 13, and 17. All patients with adrenocortical carcinoma whose normal somatic tissues were heterozygous for a locus on chromosome 17p had lost alleles in the tumor. Four of six patients with adrenocortical carcinoma who were heterozygous for one or more alleles on chromosome 11p in normal tissues had lost 11p alleles in the tumor. Three of six patients with adrenocortical carcinoma showed loss of 13q alleles in the tumor. Loss of alleles on chromosomes 11p, 13q, and 17p was observed in primary tumors and metastases but not in adrenocortical adenomas or hyperplastic lesions of the adrenal cortex. One patient with adrenocortical carcinoma had a somatic mutation in the HRAS1 gene in the normal adrenal gland. The consistency of the genetic changes on chromosomes 11p, 13q, and 17p suggests that they are important in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical carcinoma.