tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Rubella immunisation: whose baby?
Authors: D A Andrewes
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Only half of girls aged from 11 to 14 years in a new town practice of 11 200 patients were recorded as immunised against rubella in 1979. The practice then assumed responsibility for its rubella immunisations and in four years, by using an age-sex register, achieved a 91% uptake of vaccine in the under 14s. In the over 14s, the practice reduced the number of "rubella risk" patients from 49% to 16%. It is suggested that general practitioners are best placed to implement the rubella immunisation programme successfully, though they will need to be renumerated adequately for this time consuming work.
Selection on Nuclear Genes in a Pinus Phylogeny
Authors: A.E. Palmé, T. Pyhäjärvi, W. Wachowiak, O. Savolainen
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

In this study, we investigate natural selection in a pine phylogeny. DNA sequences from 18 nuclear genes were used to construct a very well-supported species tree including 10 pine species. This tree is in complete agreement with a previously reported supertree constructed from morphological and molecular data, but there are discrepancies with previous chloroplast phylogenies within the section Pinus. A significant difference in evolutionary rate between Picea and Pinus was found, which could potentially indicate a lower mutation rate in Picea, but other scenarios are also possible. Several approaches were used to study selection patterns in a set of 21 nuclear genes in pines and in some cases in Picea and Pseudotsuga. The overall pattern suggests efficient purifying selection resulting in low branch-specific dn/ds ratios with an average of 0.22, which is similar to other higher plants. Evidence for purifying selection was common and found on at least 55% of the branches. Evidence of positive selection at several sites was found in a phytocyanin homolog and significant differences in dn/ds among the branches in the gene tree in dehydrin 1. Several genes suitable for further phylogenetic analysis at various levels of divergence were identified.
Characteristic promoter hypermethylation signatures in male germ cell tumors.
Authors: Sanjay Koul, Jane Houldsworth, Mahesh M Mansukhani, Alessia Donadio, James M McKiernan, Victor E Reuter, George J Bosl, Raju S Chaganti, Vundavalli V Murty
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2002)

Human male germ cell tumors (GCTs) arise from undifferentiated primordial germ cells (PGCs), a stage in which extensive methylation reprogramming occurs. GCTs exhibit pluripotentality and are highly sensitive to cisplatin therapy. The molecular basis of germ cell (GC) transformation, differentiation, and exquisite treatment response is poorly understood. To assess the role and mechanism of promoter hypermethylation, we analyzed CpG islands of 21 gene promoters by methylation-specific PCR in seminomatous (SGCT) and nonseminomatous (NSGCT) GCTs. We found 60% of the NSGCTs demonstrating methylation in one or more gene promoters whereas SGCTs showed a near-absence of methylation, therefore identifying distinct methylation patterns in the two major histologies of GCT. DNA repair genes MGMT, RASSF1A, and BRCA1, and a transcriptional repressor gene HIC1, were frequently methylated in the NSGCTs. The promoter hypermethylation was associated with gene silencing in most methylated genes, and reactivation of gene expression occured upon treatment with 5-Aza-2' deoxycytidine in GCT cell lines. Our results, therefore, suggest a potential role for epigenetic modification of critical tumor suppressor genes in pathways relevant to GC transformation, differentiation, and treatment response.
<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> induces actin phosphorylation to selectively regulate gene transcription in <i>Ixodes scapularis</i> ticks
Authors: Hameeda Sultana, Girish Neelakanta, Fred S. Kantor, Stephen E. Malawista, Durland Fish, Ruth R. Montgomery, Erol Fikrig
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2010)

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis, persists in ticks and mammals. We show that A. phagocytophilum induces the phosphorylation of actin in an Ixodes ricinus tick cell line and Ixodes scapularis ticks, to alter the ratio of monomeric/filamentous (G/F) actin. A. phagocytophilum–induced actin phosphorylation was dependent on Ixodes p21-activated kinase (IPAK1)–mediated signaling. A. phagocytophilum stimulated IPAK1 activity via the G protein–coupled receptor Gβγ subunits, which mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation. Disruption of Ixodes gβγ, pi3k, and pak1 reduced actin phosphorylation and bacterial acquisition by ticks. A. phagocytophilum–induced actin phosphorylation resulted in increased nuclear G actin and phosphorylated actin. The latter, in association with RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), enhanced binding of TATA box–binding protein to RNAPII and selectively promoted expression of salp16, a gene crucial for A. phagocytophilum survival. These data define a mechanism that A. phagocytophilum uses to selectively alter arthropod gene expression for its benefit and suggest new strategies to interfere with the life cycle of this intracellular pathogen, and perhaps other Rickettsia-related microbes of medical importance.
Attenuation of Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase-1–Driven Nuclear Factor-κB Gene Expression by Soy Isoflavones Does Not Require Estrogenic Activity
Authors: Wim Vanden Berghe, Nathalie Dijsselbloem, Linda Vermeulen, 'Matladi N. Ndlovu, Elke Boone, Guy Haegeman
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract We have analyzed in molecular detail how soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and biochanin A) suppress nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)–driven interleukin-6 (IL6) expression. In addition to its physiologic immune function as an acute stress cytokine, sustained elevated expression levels of IL6 promote chronic inflammatory disorders, aging frailty, and tumorigenesis. Our results in estrogen-unresponsive fibroblasts, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase (MSK) knockout cells, and estrogen receptor (ER)–deficient breast tumor cells show that phytoestrogenic isoflavones can selectively block nuclear NF-κB transactivation of specific target genes (in particular IL6), independently of their estrogenic activity. This occurs via attenuation of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) and ERK activity, which further down-regulates MSK-dependent NF-κB p65 and histone H3 phosphorylation. As constitutive NF-κB and MSK activity are hallmarks of aggressive metastatic ER-deficient breast cancer, the MSK signaling pathway may become an attractive target for chemotherapy. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(9): 4852-62)
Site of action of ipratropium bromide and clinical and physiological determinants of response in patients with asthma.
Authors: M R Partridge, K B Saunders
Journal: Thorax (1981)

It has been suggested that in normal subjects inhaled anticholinergic agents have a preferential dilating effect on large central airways. We therefore studied 21 patients with asthma to see if response to inhaled ipratropium bromide was related to the initial central or peripheral site of major airway narrowing. Fourteen out of 21 patients with asthma increased their Vmax more than 10% after ipratropium but when assessed by air and helium/oxygen (He/O2) flow-volume curves, responders and non-responders to He/O2 breathing were divided equally between those who benefited from the drug, and those who did not. There were no significant differences in percentage improvement in Vmax between initial responders, and initial non-responders to He/O2 breathing. Furthermore the results from air and He/O2 flow-volume curves suggest that, contrary to some previous reports (not in asthmatics), inhaled ipratropium has a generalised action throughout the airways. There were no differences in severity of airflow obstruction, nor in age, sex, smoking history, or atopic status between those who benefited from ipratropium and those who did not. However, those improving after the drug had a significantly longer history of asthma than those who did not.
Methylprednisolone, Valacyclovir, or the Combination for Vestibular Neuritis
Authors: Michael Strupp, Vera Carina Zingler, Viktor Arbusow, Daniel Niklas, Klaus Peter Maag, Marianne Dieterich, Sandra Bense, Diethilde Theil, Klaus Jahn, Thomas Brandt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Vestibular neuritis is the second most common cause of peripheral vestibular vertigo. Its assumed cause is a reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Therefore, corticosteroids, antiviral agents, or a combination of the two might improve the outcome in patients with vestibular neuritis.We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind, two-by-two factorial trial in which patients with acute vestibular neuritis were randomly assigned to treatment with placebo, methylprednisolone, valacyclovir, or methylprednisolone plus valacyclovir. Vestibular function was determined by caloric irrigation, with the use of the vestibular paresis formula (to measure the extent of unilateral caloric paresis) within 3 days after the onset of symptoms and 12 months afterward.Of a total of 141 patients who underwent randomization, 38 received placebo, 35 methylprednisolone, 33 valacyclovir, and 35 methylprednisolone plus valacyclovir. At the onset of symptoms there was no difference among the groups in the severity of vestibular paresis. The mean (+/-SD) improvement in peripheral vestibular function at the 12-month follow-up was 39.6+/-28.1 percentage points in the placebo group, 62.4+/-16.9 percentage points in the methylprednisolone group, 36.0+/-26.7 percentage points in the valacyclovir group, and 59.2+/-24.1 percentage points in the methylprednisolone-plus-valacyclovir group. Analysis of variance showed a significant effect of methylprednisolone (P<0.001) but not of valacyclovir (P=0.43). The combination of methylprednisolone and valacyclovir was not superior to corticosteroid monotherapy.Methylprednisolone significantly improves the recovery of peripheral vestibular function in patients with vestibular neuritis, whereas valacyclovir does not.
An unexpected isolate of Hafnia alvei with reduced susceptibility to cefoxitin
Authors: Vincenzo Savini, Giovanni Di Bonaventura, Chiara Catavitello, Marzia Talia, Assunta Manna, Andrea Balbinot, Fabio Febbo, Raffaeele Piccolomini, D'Antonio Domenico
Journal: Journal of Infection (2008)
Clinical Significance of p21 Expression in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Tsuyoshi Shoji, Fumihiro Tanaka, Tetsuya Takata, Kazuhiro Yanagihara, Yosuke Otake, Nobuharu Hanaoka, Ryo Miyahara, Tatsuo Nakagawa, Yozo Kawano, Shinya Ishikawa, Hiromichi Katakura, Hiromi Wada
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

PURPOSE: The clinical significance of p21 expression remains unclear, whereas many experimental studies have demonstrated that p21, the product of the WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 gene, plays an important role in regulation of the cell cycle as an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical significance in resected non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 233 consecutive patients with completely resected pathologic stage I to IIIA NSCLC were retrospectively reviewed. Expression of p21 and the status of p53 were examined immunohistochemically. Proliferative activity was also evaluated immunohistochemically. The incidence of apoptotic cell death was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling staining. RESULTS: Expression of p21 was positive in 120 patients (51.5%). The 5-year survival rate of p21-positive patients was 73.8%, significantly higher than that of p21-negative patients (60.7%; P = .006). Aberrant expression of p53 was positive in 98 patients (42.1%). When combined with p53 status, the prognostic value of p21 status was enhanced: the 5-year survival rate of p21-positive and p53-negative patients was 80.7%, markedly higher than that of p21-negative and p53-positive patients (50.0% for both; P = .001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that positive expression of p21 was a significant factor for predicting a favorable prognosis. There was no significant correlation between p21 expression and p53 status, proliferative activity, or incidence of apoptosis. CONCLUSION: p21 expression was shown to be an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC.
IgA-alpha 1 antitrypsin complexes in ankylosing spondylitis.
Authors: G R Struthers, I V Lewin, D R Stanworth
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1989)

A study of 95 serum samples from 61 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) showed that 21 patients (34%) had raised levels of IgA-alpha 1 antitrypsin complexes. These were associated with active disease as measured by a clinical index and also with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C reactive protein, and serum IgA. In particular, an association was noted between 'extraspinal' manifestations of AS such as synovitis, uveitis, and active inflammatory properties of these complexes. It is suggested that these complexes may have a role in the pathogenesis of such clinical manifestations.
Environmental Influences on Tobacco Use: Evidence from Societal and Community Influences on Tobacco Use and Dependence
Authors: K. Michael Cummings, Geoffrey T. Fong, Ron Borland
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2009)

There is little doubt that nicotine addiction sustains tobacco use in most people and that individual variation in response to tobacco has a strong biological basis. However, the great diversity in tobacco use behaviors observed between countries and within countries over time suggests that biology alone cannot fully explain these variations. This review examines the role of the social environment in understanding tobacco use behaviors and efforts to curb tobacco use at the population level. We conclude that the social environment plays a critical role in determining how innate biological factors involved in nicotine dependency actually get expressed at the population level. Tobacco use as reflected in population trends is seen as the product of the interaction of agent, host, and environmental factors. Government policies are seen as an important modifiable environmental influence that can alter how tobacco products are designed and marketed (agent factors) and how consumers perceive the risks and benefits of smoking (host factors). Evidence suggests that synergy is gained when tobacco control interventions directed at agent, host, and environmental factors are implemented together.
Cancer statistics, 2000
Authors: R. T. Greenlee, T. Murray, S. Bolden, P. A. Wingo
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2000)

The Surveillance Research Program of the American Cancer Society's Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research reports its annual compilation of estimated cancer incidence, mortality, and survival data for the United States in the year 2000. After 70 years of increases, the recorded number of total cancer deaths among men in the US declined for the first time from 1996 to 1997. This decrease in overall male mortality is the result of recent down-turns in lung and bronchus cancer deaths, prostate cancer deaths, and colon and rectum cancer deaths. Despite decreasing numbers of deaths from female breast cancer and colon and rectum cancer, mortality associated with lung and bronchus cancer among women continues to increase. Lung cancer is expected to account for 25% of all female cancer deaths in 2000. This report also includes a summary of global cancer mortality rates using data from the World Health Organization.
Long-term results of a multicenter SAKK trial on high-dose ifosfamide and doxorubicin in advanced or metastatic gynecologic sarcomas
Authors: S. Leyvraz, M. Zweifel, G. Jundt, A. Lissoni, T. Cerny, C. Sessa, M. Fey, D. Dietrich, H.P. Honegger
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2006)
PROTECTION AGAINST TYPHOID-LIKE INFECTIONS BY VACCINATION
Authors: Henry J. Nichols, Clarence O. Stimmel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1923)

1. A natural infection of guinea pigs with the "mutton" strain of Bacillus aertrycke was used to test the protective power of vaccination against the typhoid group of infections. 2. Under the conditions of the experiment, complete protection was secured by vaccination with full strength fresh saline vaccine, while 100 per cent of deaths occurred among the controls. 3. The immunity acquired is variable and depends on the number of organisms injected. 4. Vaccine kept 10 to 14 months gave less protection than vaccine 8 months old and under. 5. Saline vaccine was more effective than lipovaccine, sensitized vaccine, or supernatant fluid vaccine. 6. Resuspended vaccine was as effective as the original vaccine. 7. In one experiment, group vaccine, made of typhoid Para A and Para B bacilli, was as effective as the original specific vaccine.
Whither Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)?
Authors: Daniel R. Weinberger, Ira D. Glick, Donald F. Klein
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2015)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Psychiatry HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Psychiatry journal
Prognostic value of interleukin 2 and interleukin 15 in peritumoral hepatic tissues for patients with hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection
Authors: Haijun Zhou, Hua Huang, Jiong Shi, Yue Zhao, Qiongzhu Dong, Huliang Jia, Yinkun Liu, Qinghai Ye, Huichuan Sun, Xiaodong Zhu, Liyun Fu, Kun Guo, Dongmei Gao, Jian Sun, Zhaowei Yan, Ning Ren, Zhaoyou Tang, Lunxiu Qin
Journal: Gut (2010)

<h3>Background/aims</h3> The pathogenesis of BPD is multifactorial. In preterm infants ≤28 wk GA requiring ventilation at 7–14 days, &gt;60% have surfactant dysfunction. Survival without BPD in these infants is &lt;25%. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) may improve outcome in some infants (Schreiber, NEJM 2003, Ballard NEJM, 2006). <h3>Methods</h3> Preterm infants ≤28 wk GA requiring mechanical ventilation at 7–14 days were enrolled in a RCT at 25 US centres. All infants received iNO and were randomised to receive surfactant (Infasurf) or sham instillation behind a screen every 1–2 days; maximum of 5 doses. Infants were evaluated by physiologic oxygen/flow reduction at 36 and 40 wk. Pulmonary outcome to 18 months is being collected. <h3>Results</h3> Between January 2010 and September 2013, 511 of the planned 524 infants were enrolled. There was no difference between groups in mean BW (701 ± 164 grams), GA (25.2 ± 1.2 wk), percentage under 26 wk (70.6%), race, gender, severity of disease at enrollment or co-morbidities of prematurity. Survival without BPD was not different between treated vs. controls at 36 wk (31.3% vs.31.7%; relative benefit 0.98 (0.75, 1.28 p = 0.89) or 40 wk (58.7% vs. 54.1%; relative benefit 1.08 (0.92, 1.27 p = 0.33). Overall survival without BPD at 36wk in African Americans was better than whites (37.2% vs. 25.4%p = 0.008). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Late treatment with surfactant in ventilated preterm infants did not improve survival without BPD at 36 or 40 weeks PMA. Overall better outcome in African-American infants may be due to a racial response to iNO. Pulmonary and neurodevelopmental assessment are on-going.
Points from Letters: Mini-Skirts and Low Backache
Authors: S. W. V. Davies
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Any protection of gas exchange may, therefore, be achieved at the expense of right ventricular work, and this could be undesirable.These views are speculative, but this aspect of the treatment of airways obstruction is more conjecture than fact.In view of this, may I suggest a moratorium on claims by pharmaceutical companies so that more information can be obtained to provide a rational basis for discussion and advice.In conclusion, may I suggest that much of this doubt is peripheral to the main problem.Pressurized aerosols should not be prescribed to be used at the discretion of the patient, but the patient should be told the frequency of self-administration.A Ventolin or Alupent inhaler, for example, can be prescribed with one to two puffs at four-hour intervals as the maximum dose.If the patient requires a more frequent dose the family doctor should be informed and corticosteroids or admission to hospital be considered.It is undertreatment with other remedies rather than overtreatment with catecholamines that is the point most of us fail to appreciate.If the recent work on blood-gas changes draws attention to this more important problem, then a greater benefit may accrue.-Iam, etc.,
High Copy Number in Human Endogenous Retrovirus Families is Associated with Copying Mechanisms in Addition to Reinfection
Authors: Robert Belshaw, Aris Katzourakis, Jan Pačes, Austin Burt, Michael Tristem
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

There are at least 31 families of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), each derived from an independent infection by an exogenous virus. Using evidence of purifying selection on HERV genes, we have shown previously that reinfection by replication-competent elements was the predominant mechanism of copying in some families. Here we analyze the evolution of 17 HERV families using d(N)/d(S) ratios and find a positive relationship between copy number and the use of additional copying mechanisms. All families with more than 200 elements have also used one or more of the following mechanisms: (1) complementation in trans (elements copied by other elements of the same family; HERV-H and ERV-9), (2) retrotransposition in cis (elements copying themselves) within germ-line cells (HERV-K(HML3)), and (3) being copied by non-HERV machinery (HERV-W). We discuss why these other mechanisms are rare in most families and suggest why complementation in trans is significant only in the larger families.