tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dietary Cyanide and Tropical Malnutrition Diabetes
Authors: D E McMillan, P J Geevarghese
Journal: Diabetes Care (1979)

Two categories of diabetes are recognized in the temperate zone--ketosis-prone diabetes requiring insulin and diabetes not requiring insulin. Another unique type of diabetes occurs in the tropics. It has two forms, both different from either form of temperate zone diabetes. Type J and pancreatic diabetes are both characterized by youth onset, antecedent malnutrition, substantial insulin requirement, and resistance to ketosis. In the tropical countries where they are found, both forms are associated with specific dietary practices, including a nutritionally marginal protein intake. The close association with low protein intake distinguishes this form of diabetes from that occurring in North America, Europe, and Oceania. The geographic distribution of malnutrition diabetes, in addition to being limited to the tropics, coincides regularly with the consumption of tapioca (cassava) or other foods that contain cyanide-yielding substances. Ingested cyanide is normally detoxified, principally, by conversion to thiocyanate. This detoxification requires sulfur, derived principally from amino acid sources. Studies in the rat indicate a remarkable ability to detoxify ingested cyanide, a reduction in urinary thiocyanate excretion when protein intake is lowered (especially during growth), production of marked hyperglycemia by either oral or parenteral cyanide, and the development of cyanosis and epidermal changes when there is prolonged exposure to cyanide. Both the association of malnutrition diabetes with food cyanogens and our laboratory observations support a role for cyanide in its pathogenesis.
Licensed home tests will be introduced to reduce undiagnosed HIV
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The government is to introduce licensed home testing for HIV in the United Kingdom in a bid to reduce the number of people who don’t know they are infected. But it has rejected calls to run a general publicity campaign to educate the public about transmission of HIV.

An estimated quarter of the 100 000 people in the United Kingdom infected with HIV are unaware of their infection. The level of infection is extremely high in certain high risk groups. Across the UK one in 20 men who have sex with men are infected, the proportion rising to one in 10 in London and one in seven in central London.

Norman Fowler, chairman …
Standardised lung function testing.
Authors: G Laszlo
Journal: Thorax (1984)

Progressive changes in vocal behavior over the course of vocal imitation leaning are often attributed exclusively to developing neural circuits, but the effects of postnatal body changes remain unknown. In songbirds, the syrinx transforms song system motor commands into sound and exhibits changes during song learning. Here we test the hypothesis that the transformation from motor commands to force trajectories by syringeal muscles functionally changes over vocal development in zebra finches. Our data collected in both sexes show that, only in males, muscle speed significantly increases and that supralinear summation occurs and increases with muscle contraction speed. Furthermore, we show that previously reported submillisecond spike timing in the avian cortex can be resolved by superfast syringeal muscles and that the sensitivity to spike timing increases with speed. Because motor neuron and muscle properties are tightly linked, we make predictions on the boundaries of the yet unknown motor code that correspond well with cortical activity. Together, we show that syringeal muscles undergo essential transformations during song learning that drastically change how neural commands are translated into force profiles and thereby acoustic features. We propose that the song system motor code must compensate for these changes to achieve its acoustic targets. Our data thus support the hypothesis that the neuromuscular transformation changes over vocal development and emphasizes the need for an embodied view of song motor learning. <b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Fine motor skill learning typically occurs in a postnatal period when the brain is learning to control a body that is changing dramatically due to growth and development. How the developing body influences motor code formation and vice versa remains largely unknown. Here we show that vocal muscles in songbirds undergo critical transformations during song learning that drastically change how neural commands are translated into force profiles and thereby acoustic features. We propose that the motor code must compensate for these changes to achieve its acoustic targets. Our data thus support the hypothesis that the neuromuscular transformation changes over vocal development and emphasizes the need for an embodied view of song motor learning.
Enhancement of human granulopoiesis in vitro by biosynthetic insulin-like growth factor I/somatomedin C and human growth hormone.
Authors: S Merchav, I Tatarsky, Z Hochberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The effect of biosynthetic recombinant insulin-like growth factor I/somatomedin C (IGF-I/Sm-C) and human growth hormone (hGH) on the in vitro growth and maturation of human marrow myeloid progenitors was investigated. Myeloid colony formation was maximally enhanced by 60 ng/ml IGF-I/Sm-C and by 250 ng/ml hGH, resulting in an increase in colony numbers of 41 +/- 7 and 38 +/- 4%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Both peptides induced a 1.5-2.5-fold increase in the frequency of colonies composed of granulocytes alone, but did not alter the numbers of monocyte/macrophage or mixed granulocyte/macrophage colonies. IGF-I/Sm-C and hGH were also found to enhance myeloid maturation towards mature granulocytes in suspension cultures of human marrow cells. The effect of both peptides on human marrow granulopoiesis was similarly demonstrable in serum-free cultures stimulated with human recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Enhancement of human marrow granulopoiesis in vitro by hGH required the presence of marrow adherent cells and was abrogated by specific monoclonal antibodies directed against IGF-I/Sm-C receptors. The effect of hGH on marrow myeloid progenitors thus appears to be mediated by paracrine IGF-I/Sm-C.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT AND AIR CONDITIONING
Authors: CAREY P. McCORD
Journal: JAMA (1941)

One of the reasons for the inclusion of this topic in this symposium was created some hundreds of thousands of years ago when man's ancestor first began to scorn his hairy coat and to substitute therefor a layer of subcutaneous fat. It may be doubted that this design to pass down through the ages in shocking and obscene nakedness was directly planned to plague air conditioning engineers or physiologists at some later period, but the ultimate result is an animal organism highly individualistic in his ridiculous adaptations to his atmospheric environments. Such statements do not make claim that, had man retained in modest respectability his hairy coat, neither would he be beset by respiratory diseases, for his hirsute kinsmen the apes are not thus blessed, nor then would not be comforted by the boon of air conditioning. No less, man's nakedness and its scores of resulting delicate compensating mechanisms openly
Acute orthotopic transplantation of hearts stored for 72 hours
Authors: E. Proctor, G. Matthews, J. Archibald
Journal: Thorax (1971)

Using a storage method based on hypothermic (4° C) perfusion with a water-based asanguinous solution the dog heart has been preserved for up to 72 hours in a viable condition. The ultimate functional test of the viability of such hearts is orthotopic transplantation. Seven of eight dog hearts stored for 72 hours were able to support the recipient circulation in a stable manner after acute orthotopic transplantation. The donor hearts maintained a mean arterial pressure of 70-100 mmHg, left atrial pressure 5-12 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, and maximum dp/dt of the left ventricular pressure was 1,200-2,400 mmHg/second. No myocardial stimulants were used. The results of 72 hours9 hypothermic perfusion storage were superior to those of previously reported six hours9 non-perfusion storage. A comment is made on the empirical nature of this field.
Hemodynamic studies in children four to ten years after the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries.
Authors: M J Godman, B Friedli, A Pasternac, B S Kidd, G A Trusler, W T Mustard
Journal: Circulation (1976)

Fourteen patients have been studied hemodynamically 4-10 years (mean 5.5 years) after the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries. Investigation was directed principally at 1) the detection of baffle obstruction by catheterization of the pulmonary veins (PV) and venae cavae and recording of simultaneous right ventricular (RV) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PCW); 2) the detection of intra-atrial baffle leaks by dye curves and selective angiography; 3) the assessment of RV and LV function by calculating peak VCE (dp/dt/28p) from high fidelity recordings in 11 patients. Severe baffle obstruction to the PV return was found in only one patient. The others had no or minimal gradients between RV end-diastolic and PCW pressures (mean 1.3 +/- 0.69 mm Hg). Cardiac output was normal at rest (4.1 +/- .22) and increased to 7.1 +/- .62 L/min/m2 (+73%) but the gradient between the RV end-diastolic and PCW pressures remained insignificant (2.2 +/- 1.13 mm Hg). No evidence of caval obstruction was found in any patient. Baffle leaks were found in five patients with mild bidirectional shunting. All arterial oxygen saturations were above 90%. Mild tricuspid regurgitation was demonstrated in two patients by RV angiography and was absent in 12 others. The contractility index peak VCE averaged 1.87 +/- .122 sec-1 for the RV and was significantly lower in the LV (1.53 +/- 1.35 SEC-1, P less than 0.01). Only one patient presented significantly decreased RV contractility with a peak VCE of 1.07 sec-1 and poor contraction on the RV angiogram. These data indicate that the long-term prognosis after the Mustard operation should be good in most patients and that the right ventricle is capable of functioning at the level of contractility of a normal left ventricle.
Unaccustomed as I Am
Authors: William S. Middleton
Journal: JAMA (1961)

THE ANCIENT CLICHÉ, "unaccustomed as I am to public speaking," is rarely heard nowadays. Indeed, the very expression is a breach of a basic principle of public address: Never introduce a speech with an apology. The spoken word is the common possession of normal human beings and language is the recognized medium of communication. The interchange between peoples of the same language anticipated the written word. While codes were introduced for telegraphic and early radio messages, the telephone, radio, and television now transmit the spoken voice to the listener without essential distortion. The more sophisticated methods of communication have vastly extended the range of the spoken voice. Instead of reducing the demands for public speakers, these media have greatly increased the same. The physician has a singular responsibility in this area. The opportunity to inform the lay public and to educate the profession is boundless. As physicians, we must meet
Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive disease.
Authors: R J Fallon, D Reid
Journal: BMJ (1991)

many of whom would not risk epidural cannulation in a patient receiving standard unfractionated heparin.There is evidence that the period of greatest risk of thrombosis in hip replacement surgery is during surgery itself, when the femoral vein is subject to stress from the heat of polymerisation of bone cement and from the hip being maintained in a forced position in which the vein may be folded or kinked.'As the addition of the drug to the formulary was based on studies in which the first dose was given 12 hours preoperatively this cleared the way for enoxaparin to be added to the formulary.In Ireland the regulatory authorities have not stipulated that monitoring of antifactor Xa activity of enoxaparin is necessary, and the drug has been promoted on this basis.Furthermore, the recommended dose in joint replacement surgery is a standard 40 mg and is not based on weight.Indeed, the presentation of the drug in prefilled syringes discourages dose adjustment.Dose adjustment has not been shown to be necessary with enoxaparin and would reduce the simplicity of the drug's administration and hence the likelihood that this method of thromboprophylaxis would be adopted (A Planes, personal communication).Although based on a subjective measure-a considerable reduction in the incidence ofclinically suspected deep vein thrombosis-this hospital's experience in the eight months since enoxaparin was introduced leads to the conclusion that our decision to use enoxaparin has been justified and that low molecular weight heparins will become the drugs of choice for this indication.
Air Travel Hypoxemia with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: JEFFREY S. SCHWARTZ
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Because persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mild hypoxemia may develop severe hypoxemia during commercial airline flights, we measured arterial blood gas pressures in 13 such patients during a flight in an unpressurized airplane (cabin pressures typical of commercial air travel). At 1650 m, mean arterial Po2 decreased from 68.2 +/- 8.5 (SD) mm Hg to 51 +/- 9.1 mm Hg, and mean arterial Pco2, from 40.9 +/- 0.9 to 37.1 +/- 6.4 mm Hg. At 2250 m, mean arterial Po2 and Pco2 were 44.7 +/- 8.7 and 36.5 +/- 5.8 mm Hg, respectively. No symptoms attributable to hypoxemia occurred. Arterial Po2 measured in patients while breathing room air several weeks before the flight did not correlate with that measured at 1650 m, but arterial Po2 measured less than 2 hours before the flight in room air or a 17.2% oxygen mixture did. Whether a patient will need supplemental oxygen to maintain arterial Po2 above a given value can be predicted from arterial blood samples taken while the patient is breathing a hypoxic gas mixture or room air within 2 hours of the flight.
Rifampin and Exfoliative Dermatitis
Authors: HARRY M. GOLDIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Letters and Corrections1 November 1987Rifampin and Exfoliative DermatitisHARRY M. GOLDIN, M.D., WILLIAM J. SCHWEITZER, M.D., DARRYL M. BRONSON, M.D.HARRY M. GOLDIN, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, WILLIAM J. SCHWEITZER, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, DARRYL M. BRONSON, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-107-5-789_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: We report a case of exfoliative dermatitis we believe was induced by rifampin.A 63-year-old Filipino man had evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis on routine chest radiographic examination in October 1986. He was given oral rifampin, 600 mg/d in the Philippines. A pruritic dermatitis began on the patient's left foot within 2 days of starting rifampin and soon involved the entire skin surface. The patient continued the medication. Various topical corticosteroid preparations were used to treat the dermatitis. In March 1987, he presented to Cook County Hospital for evaluation.The patient denied dyspnea on exertion, cough, weight loss,...References1. . A controlled clinical trial of daily and intermittent regimens of rifampicin plus ethambutol in the retreatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Tubercle. 1974;55:1-27. Google Scholar2. HOLDINESS M. Adverse cutaneous reactions to antituberculosis drugs. Int J Dermatol. 1985;24:280-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. NWOLOLO U. Acneiform lesions in combined rifampicin treatment in Africans [Letter]. Br Med J. 1974;3:473. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. SENTISWILLEMZESCHEFFER HRE. Histopathologic studies in Sezary syndrome and erythrodermic mycosis fungoides: a comparison with benign forms of erythroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15:1217-26. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Department of Medicine Cook County Hospital Chicago, IL 60612-9985 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByManifestations d’hypersensibilité aux antituberculeuxLésions cutanées bulleuses graves induites par l’isoniazideNot all adverse drug reactions originate from active component: coloring agent-induced skin eruption in a patient treated with rifampicinDrugs used in tuberculosis and leprosy 1 November 1987Volume 107, Issue 5Page: 789-789KeywordsDyspneaThoraxWeight loss Issue Published: 1 November 1987 PDF DownloadLoading ...
INFLUENZA
Authors: Donald Greiff, Herman T. Blumenthal, Henry Pinkerton
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1950)

Allantoic fluid from embryonated eggs infected with influenza A virus contains a toxic agent which can be demonstrated and quantitatively measured by its rapid effect on oxygen consumption when it is introduced in new series of fertile eggs. The effects were measured 90 minutes after the injection of the infected fluid, and were seen following both intra-allantoic injection and injection into the yolk sac. This toxin, in concentrations resulting from the injection of 0.5 cc. or less of the infected fluid, has no effect on oxygen consumption. The injection of 0.75 to 2.0 cc. of the fluid strikingly increases the oxygen consumption of the fertile eggs, while the injection of 3.0 cc. markedly depresses respiration. A similar reversal and eventual loss of the effect of the toxin on respiration were noted when the concentration of toxin was progressively diminished by heat inactivation. The toxic agent is slowly inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C., but is effective long after infectivity and hemagglutinating ability have been destroyed. In this respect the agent differs from rickettsial and lymphogranuloma venereum virus toxins. The method described may be of value in studying the physiological effects of other toxic agents.
The Liability of Psychiatric Hospitals for the Acts of Their Patients
Authors: GILBERT GARCETTI, JOHN M. SUAREZ
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

The authors are concerned with the possible liability of public and private hospitals for the acts of their mental patients. In most jurisdictions, the hospitals' duty of care is imposed by case law. There are certain hospitals controlled by a political subdivision of the government that have sovereign immunity, i.e., that are immune from tortliability. However, this immunity can be waived by the enactment of consent legislation.
New horizons: future directions in neurotoxicology.
Authors: H A Tilson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

Neurotoxicology is a relatively young discipline that has undergone significant growth during the last 25 years. During the late 1970s and 1980s, numerous national and international conferences and meetings were devoted to the topic of neurotoxicology, the formation of societies or specialty sections related to neurotoxicology, and the establishment of two independent peer-reviewed journals devoted to neurotoxicology. This decade was also associated with a rapid increase in our knowledge of chemical effects on the structure and function of the nervous system. During the 1990s, regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency accepted neurotoxicology as a crucial end point and neurotoxicity testing and risk assessment guidelines were published. Neurotoxicology has also been accepted at the international level as evidenced by environmental criteria documents published by the International Programme on Chemical Safety and testing guidelines by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. In recent years, there has been increased concern that the etiology of some neurodegenerative diseases may be associated with exposure to neurotoxic agents and that subpopulations of humans such as children and the elderly may be differentially sensitive to neurotoxic exposure. In the future, mechanistic information derived from basic research will be used in the identification and characterization of chemicals with neurotoxic potential.
Gynaecologist struck off for catalogue of failures
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1995)

A British gynaecologist has been struck off by the General Medical Council for a “catalogue of failures” in surgery and for “grossly” falling below the standard that the public is entitled to expect from doctors. Nicholas Siddle, 46, was a consultant for 17 years before he was fired from University College Hospital last year. He has said that he will not appeal against the council's decision, which was reached after a five day hearing.

Mr Siddle's surgical failures occurred mainly because of his unfamiliarity with the technique of laparoscopic surgery, …
A1 and A2 adenosine receptors in rabbit cortical collecting tubule cells. Modulation of hormone-stimulated cAMP.
Authors: L J Arend, W K Sonnenburg, W L Smith, W S Spielman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Adenosine analogs were used to investigate the cellular mechanisms by which adenosine may alter renal tubular function. Cultured rabbit cortical collecting tubule (RCCT) cells, isolated by immunodissection, were treated with 5'-N-ethylcarboxamideadenosine (NECA), N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), and R-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA). All three analogs produced both dose-dependent inhibition and stimulation of RCCT cell cyclic AMP (cAMP) production. Stimulation of cAMP accumulation occurred at analog concentrations of 0.1 microM to 100 microM with the rank order of potency NECA greater than PIA greater than CHA. Inhibition occurred at concentrations of 1 nM to 1 microM with the rank order of potency CHA greater than PIA greater than NECA. These effects on cAMP production were inhibited by 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine and isobutylmethylxanthine. CHA (50 nM) blunted AVP- and isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation. This modulation of hormone-induced cAMP production was abolished by pretreatment of RCCT cells with pertussis toxin. Prostaglandin E2 production was unaffected by 0.1 mM CHA. These findings indicate the presence of both inhibitory (A1) and stimulatory (A2) receptors for adenosine in RCCT cells. Moreover, occupancy of the A1 receptor causes inhibition of both basal and hormone-stimulated cAMP formation through an action on the inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory component, Ni, of the adenylate cyclase system.