tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
FACTORS RELATING TO THE VIRULENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: M. Glenn Koenig, Marian Ann Melly, David E. Rogers
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1962)

Antitoxic and antibacterial immunity have been clearly differentiated in the experimental mouse infection produced by the diffuse colonial variant of the Smith strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Immunization with crude toxoid protected mice from otherwise lethal doses of alpha hemolysin, but did not alter mortality following intraperitoneal infection with living staphylococci. Conversely, animals immunized with heat killed vaccines were readily killed by culture supernates containing alpha hemolysin, but were strikingly protected from otherwise fatal intraperitoneal infection with viable staphylococci. Protection was directly related to the ability of the immunizing substance to promote early intraperitoneal phagocytosis of the infecting inoculum. In these studies with the Smith diffuse variant, rapid intraperitoneal phagocytosis was induced by vaccination with whole cell bacterial vaccines but not by alpha hemolysin toxoid.
Interleukin (IL) 1 , IL1 , IL receptor antagonist, and IL10 polymorphisms in psoriatic arthritis
Authors: L Peddle
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

We cannot, however, rule out the possibility that an association with other SNPs exists in these genes.Furthermore, we also acknowledge that because our sample size is limited we are unlikely to detect small differences in allele frequencies.
Human epidermal Langerhans cells are more potent than blood monocytes in inducing some antigen-specific T-cell responses
Authors: L.R. BRAATHEN, E. THORSBY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

The abilities of human epidermal Langerhans cells and peripheral blood macrophages to induce specific T‐lymphocyte responses to purified protein derivative (PPD), herpes simplex virus and nickel sulphate were compared. On a cell to cell basis the Langerhans cells were found to be about as potent as adherent cells in inducing T‐cell responses to PPD, more potent in inducing responses to herpes simplex virus, and several times more potent in inducing responses to nickel. These data indicate that human epidermal Langerhans cells are highly specialized in antigen presentation, particularly for nickel sulphate. They may play an important role in inducing contact sensitivity dermatitis.
Occupational asthma due to zinc
Authors: J L Malo, A Cartier, J Dolovich
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1993)

We describe a subject who developed asthma symptoms 2 yrs after being employed at a plant where metals were galvanized in heated zinc. The subject was not atopic. Baseline spirometry was normal three months after he left work but there was mild bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Monitoring of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) during a day at work showed a maximum fall in FEV1 of 24% at the end of the day and an increase in bronchial responsiveness on the following day. Environmental monitoring revealed that zinc and iron were present in the working environment at concentrations that were lower than the "threshold limit value-short term exposure level" (TLV-STEL) standards. Positive immediate skin tests to zinc sulphate at concentrations of 1 and 10 mg.ml-1 were obtained, although no specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to zinc could be found. Skin tests with copper, chromium and cobalt were negative. Specific inhalation challenges were performed, having the subject inhale a solution of zinc sulphate at a 10 mg.ml-1 concentration for 6 min. An immediate reaction was elicited (maximum fall in FEV1 of 23%). We conclude that zinc can cause occupational asthma.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON MEN SITTING QUIETLY IN EXTREME COLD
Authors: Steven M. Horvath, Howard Golden, John Wager
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1946)

Military operations in cold weather naturally pose many problems.One of the most important is related to immobilization of men for long pe- riods of time, preventing them from indulging in even the smallest movements from fear of having their presence detected.The experimental work being reported is concerned with the reactions of soldiers sitting quietly for periods of 2 to 3 hours in environmental temperatures ranging from 10 to -400 C. METHODS Forty-five young men in excellent physical condition served as subjects for a total of 430 tests.The largest number of exposures for a single individual was 35.Two to 5 tests were performed on each subject in a single en- vironment.One group of 5 subjects was exposed to all environments, with the exception of 1.10 C. The average characteristics of the entire group were as follows: Age, 20.5 years; height, 67.6 inches; weight, 149 pounds; and surface area, 1.79 sq.M.All exposures were made in the morning between 8 and 12 o'clock.The subjects ate a light breakfast 2 to 3 hours prior to their entrance into the cold room.The men put on thermocouple harnesses of 5 to 15 copper-constantan couples, and after donning their underwear, remained lying quietly for at least % hour in a control room, en- vironment 220 C., 50 per cent relative humidity.Basal measurements of skin and rectal temperatures (with a thermocouple or a calibrated rectal thermometer) were then obtained, and the men proceeded to dress in their Artic clothing.
Effects of dietary salt on angiotensin peptides in kidney.
Authors: Q C Meng, J Durand, Y F Chen, S Oparil
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1995)

This study used a novel simple method for the extraction, separation, identification, and quantitation of angiotensin-like immunoactivity from tissue to examine the effects of altering dietary NaCl intake on intrarenal angiotensin I, II, and III levels in salt-sensitive, spontaneously hypertensive rats, salt-resistant Wistar-Kyoto rats, and Sprague-Dawley rats. Seven-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats, Wistar-Kyoto rats, and Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to a diet containing either 8% (high) or 1% (basal) salt and were maintained on these diets for 3 wk. Rats were then decapitated without prior anesthesia, and kidneys were rapidly (< 30 s) removed, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 degrees C. Frozen tissue was extracted in 2 M acetic acid and then subjected to solid-phase extraction with the cation exchange resin AG 50W X4. Angiotensin peptides were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a phenyl silica gel column with an eluent consisting of 20% acetonitrile in 0.1 M ammonium phosphate buffer, pH 4.9, and quantitated by radioimmunoassay. The elution of standard peptides under isocratic conditions revealed clear resolution of angiotensin I, II, and III and the (1-7) and (3-8) peptides. Recoveries of both labeled and unlabeled angiotensin peptide standards from the extraction step were > 90%. Renal angiotensin II stores were significantly higher in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in Wistar-Kyoto or Sprague-Dawley rats, independent of diet. Renal angiotensin II and III were further suppressed during dietary salt supplementation in both salt-resistant strains but not in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. These findings are consistent with an enhanced (compared with Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley rats) role for angiotensin II in the kidney of the salt-sensitive, spontaneously hypertensive rat, particularly under conditions of dietary salt supplementation.
Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Katja Prüßing, Aaron Voigt, Jörg B Schulz
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2013)

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster provides an important resource for in vivo modifier screens of neurodegenerative diseases. To study the underlying pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, fly models that address Tau or amyloid toxicity have been developed. Overexpression of human wild-type or mutant Tau causes age-dependent neurodegeneration, axonal transport defects and early death. Large-scale screens utilizing a neurodegenerative phenotype induced by eye-specific overexpression of human Tau have identified several kinases and phosphatases, apoptotic regulators and cytoskeleton proteins as determinants of Tau toxicity in vivo . The APP ortholog of Drosophila (dAPPl) shares the characteristic domains with vertebrate APP family members, but does not contain the human Aβ42 domain. To circumvent this drawback, researches have developed strategies by either direct secretion of human Aβ42 or triple transgenic flies expressing human APP, β-secretase and Drosophila γ-secretase presenilin (dPsn). Here, we provide a brief overview of how fly models of AD have contributed to our knowledge of the pathomechanisms of disease.
Apnea After Intravenous Diazepam Administration
Authors: P. J. Del Vecchio
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The case report by Hall and Ovassapian on "Apnea After Intravenous Diazepam Therapy" (238:1052, 1977) clearly illustrates the importance of observing the proper administration techniques and precautions in using injectable diazepam (Valium). Roche Laboratories fully endorses the recommendations of the authors for cautious administration and availability of resuscitative equipment. In fact, these points are mentioned in all of our printed materials related to this product. One additional precaution, which may be the most important factor in avoiding respiratory depression or apnea, is to administer the drug slowly while titrating to the specific desired effect rather than to give the drug as a bolus, as was done in Hall and Ovassapian's patient. Individual sensitivity to intravenous diazepam varies widely (apnea has been reported with as low a dose as 2.5 mg) and should be individualized for maximum benefit and safety. There is no "standard dose" for intravenous diazepam.
Bhlhb5 and Prdm8 Form a Repressor Complex Involved in Neuronal Circuit Assembly
Authors: Sarah E. Ross, Alejandra E. McCord, Cynthia Jung, Denize Atan, Stephanie I. Mok, Martin Hemberg, Tae-Kyung Kim, John Salogiannis, Linda Hu, Sonia Cohen, Yingxi Lin, Dana Harrar, Roderick R. McInnes, Michael E. Greenberg
Journal: Neuron (2012)
Symptoms of Dissociation in Humans Experiencing Acute, Uncontrollable Stress: A Prospective Investigation
Authors: Charles A. Morgan, Gary Hazlett, Sheila Wang, E. Greer Richardson, Paula Schnurr, Steven M. Southwick
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

Peritraumatic dissociation has been associated with subsequent development of posttraumatic stress disorder, but supporting data have been largely retrospective. The current study was designed to assess the nature and prevalence of dissociative symptoms in healthy humans experiencing acute, uncontrollable stress during U.S. Army survival training.In study 1, 94 subjects completed the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale after exposure to the stress of survival training. In study 2, 59 subjects completed the Brief Trauma Questionnaire before acute stress and the dissociative states scale before and after acute stress. A randomly selected group of subjects in study 2 completed a health problems questionnaire after acute stress.In study 1, 96% of subjects reported dissociative symptoms in response to acute stress. Total scores, as well as individual item scores, on the dissociation scale were significantly lower in Special Forces soldiers compared to general infantry troops. In study 2, 42% of subjects reported dissociative symptoms before stress and 96% reported them after acute stress. Dissociative symptoms before and after stress were significantly higher in individuals who reported a perceived threat to life in the past. Forty-one percent of the variance in reported health problems was accounted for by poststress dissociation scores.Symptoms of dissociation were prevalent in healthy subjects exposed to high stress. Stress-hardy individuals (Special Forces soldiers) experienced fewer symptoms of dissociation, compared to individuals who were less hardy. These data support the idea that the nature of response to previously experienced threatening events significantly determines the nature of psychological and somatic response to subsequent stress.
Effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I on glomerular dynamics in the rat.
Authors: R Hirschberg, J D Kopple, R C Blantz, B J Tucker
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms by which an infusion of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) increases GFR and renal plasma flow (RPF) in rats. Glomerular micropuncture studies were carried out in 14 nonstarved Munich Wistar rats and in 12 rats deprived of food for 60-72 h. Animals were given an intravenous injection and infusion of either rhIGF-I or vehicle. In both nonstarved and starved animals, the IGF-I injection and infusion increased the serum IGF-I levels, left kidney GFR, single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), single nephron blood flow rate (SNBF), and single nephron plasma flow rate (SNPF). The increase in SNPF and SNGFR was in part due to a fall in efferent arteriolar resistance (RE); there was a tendency, not significant, for afferent arteriolar resistance (RA) to fall in comparison to controls. The increase in SNGFR was partly caused by a rise in SNPF but was primarily due to an increase in glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (LpA) to twice the control values. The increase in LpA resulted in an increase in SNGFR because the rats operated at ultrafiltration pressure disequilibrium. Control starved as compared with nonstarved rats had lower SNGFR, SNBF, and SNPF. This reduction was due to a tendency, not significant, for both RA and RE to be higher. Decreased SNGFR in food-deprived rats resulted from a reduced SNPF, a lower glomerular transcapillary hydrostatic pressure difference (delta P), and possibly a somewhat reduced LpA. These data indicate that IGF-I increases SNGFR, SNPF, and SNBF primarily by increasing LpA and also by decreasing RE without affecting delta P. Short-term starvation lowers SNGFR, SNPF, and SNBF primarily by decreasing delta P and possibly by lowering LpA and increasing RA and RE. IGF-I reverses some of the glomerular hemodynamic effects of short-term food deprivation.
Asymptomatic renal thoracic ectopia, pulmonary hypoplasia, and Bochdalek hernia
Authors: G Hulks, M D Cowan, J W Kerr
Journal: Thorax (1990)

Abstract Right sided intrathoracic kidney associated with ipsilateral pulmonary hypoplasia and Bochdalek hernia in a 13 year old girl was diagnosed by computed tomography.
SWAN: Subset-quantile Within Array Normalization for Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips
Authors: Jovana Maksimovic, Lavinia Gordon, Alicia Oshlack
Journal: Genome biology (2012)

Abstract DNA methylation is the most widely studied epigenetic mark and is known to be essential to normal development and frequently disrupted in disease. The Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip assays the methylation status of CpGs at 485,577 sites across the genome. Here we present Subset-quantile Within Array Normalization (SWAN), a new method that substantially improves the results from this platform by reducing technical variation within and between arrays. SWAN is available in the minfi Bioconductor package.
THE PRESENCE OF RENIN ACTIVITY IN BLOOD VESSEL WALLS
Authors: Anne B. Gould, Leonard T. Skeggs, Joseph R. Kahn
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1964)

The preparation, of an extract of hog blood vessels and organs containing renin activity has been described. The extract hydrolyzes natural or synthetic renin substrate to form a vasopressor material. This reaction could not be distinguished from the hydrolysis of renin substrates by kidney renin. The activation energy, effect of substrate concentration on velocity, inhibition by antirenin, and pH optimum of the extract and of kidney renin are the same. Renin activity is found in the adventitia and media of the aorta, the liver and, to a lesser extent, in other vascular organs.
Obama widens access to government funded research
Authors: E. Davies
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The White House has announced that it is expanding public access to federally funded research.

In a policy memorandum released last week, the director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, John Holdren, has directed federal agencies that spend more than $100m (£66m; €76m) a year on research and development to come up with plans to make the published results of federally funded research freely available …
Clinical Significance of Abnormal Electrocardiographic Patterns in Trained Athletes
Authors: Antonio Pelliccia, Barry J. Maron, Franco Culasso, Fernando M. Di Paolo, Antonio Spataro, Alessandro Biffi, Giovanni Caselli, Paola Piovano
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —The prevalence, clinical significance, and determinants of abnormal ECG patterns in trained athletes remain largely unresolved. Methods and Results —We compared ECG patterns with cardiac morphology (as assessed by echocardiography) in 1005 consecutive athletes (aged 24±6 years; 75% male) who were participating in 38 sporting disciplines. ECG patterns were distinctly abnormal in 145 athletes (14%), mildly abnormal in 257 (26%), and normal or with minor alterations in 603 (60%). Structural cardiovascular abnormalities were identified in only 53 athletes (5%). Larger cardiac dimensions were associated with abnormal ECG patterns: left ventricular end-diastolic cavity dimensions were 56.0±5.6, 55.4±5.7, and 53.7±5.7 mm ( P &lt;0.001) and maximum wall thicknesses were 10.1±1.4, 9.8±1.3, and 9.3±1.4 mm ( P &lt;0.001) in distinctly abnormal, mildly abnormal, and normal ECGs, respectively. Abnormal ECGs were also most associated with male sex, younger age (&lt;20 years), and endurance sports (cycling, rowing/canoeing, and cross-country skiing). A subset of athletes (5% of the 1005) showed particularly abnormal or bizarre ECG patterns, but no evidence of structural cardiovascular abnormalities or an increase in cardiac dimensions. Conclusions —Most athletes (60%) in this large cohort had ECGs that were completely normal or showed only minor alterations. A variety of abnormal ECG patterns occurred in 40%; this was usually indicative of physiological cardiac remodeling. A small but important subgroup of athletes without cardiac morphological changes showed striking ECG abnormalities that suggested cardiovascular disease; however, these changes were likely an innocent consequence of long-term, intense athletic training and, therefore, another component of athlete heart syndrome. Such false-positive ECGs represent a potential limitation to routine ECG testing as part of preparticipation screening.
Treatment of Keratosis Pilaris With 810-nm Diode Laser
Authors: Omer Ibrahim, Misbah Khan, Diana Bolotin, Meghan Dubina, Michael Nodzenski, Wareeporn Disphanurat, Rohit Kakar, Simon Yoo, Dennis Whiting, Dennis P. West, Emily Poon, Emir Veledar, Murad Alam
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a common skin disorder of follicular prominence and erythema that typically affects the proximal extremities, can be disfiguring, and is often resistant to treatment. Shorter-wavelength vascular lasers have been used to reduce the associated erythema but not the textural irregularity. <h3>Objective</h3> To determine whether the longer-wavelength 810-nm diode laser may be effective for treatment of KP, particularly the associated skin roughness/bumpiness and textural irregularity. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> We performed a split-body, rater-blinded, parallel-group, balanced (1:1), placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial at a dermatology outpatient practice of an urban academic medical center from March 1 to October 1, 2011. We included all patients diagnosed as having KP on both arms and Fitzpatrick skin types I through III. Of the 26 patients who underwent screening, 23 met our enrollment criteria. Of these, 18 patients completed the study, 3 were lost to or unavailable for follow-up, and 2 withdrew owing to inflammatory hyperpigmentation after the laser treatment. <h3>Interventions</h3> Patients were randomized to receive laser treatment on the right or left arm. Each patient received treatment with the 810-nm pulsed diode laser to the arm randomized to be the treatment site. Treatments were repeated twice, for a total of 3 treatment visits spaced 4 to 5 weeks apart. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> The primary outcome measure was the difference in disease severity score, including redness and roughness/bumpiness, with each graded on a scale of 0 (least severe) to 3 (most severe), between the treated and control sites. Two blinded dermatologists rated the sites at 12 weeks after the initial visit. <h3>Results</h3> At follow-up, the median redness score reported by the 2 blinded raters for the treatment and control sides was 2.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 1-2;<i>P</i> = .11). The median roughness/bumpiness score was 1.0 (IQR, 1-2) for the treatment sides and 2.0 (IQR, 1-2) for the control sides, a difference of 1 (<i>P</i> = .004). The median overall score combining erythema and roughness/bumpiness was 3.0 (IQR, 2-4) for the treatment sides and 4.0 (IQR, 3-5) for the control sides, a difference of 1 (<i>P</i> = .005). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Three treatments with the 810-nm diode laser may induce significant improvements in skin texture and roughness/bumpiness in KP patients with Fitzpatrick skin types I through III, but baseline erythema is not improved. Complete treatment of erythema and texture in KP may require diode laser treatment combined with other laser or medical modalities that address redness. <h3>Trial Registration</h3> clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01281644
Serum Antibodies to Blood Group A Predict Survival on PROSTVAC-VF
Authors: Christopher T. Campbell, James L. Gulley, Oyindasola Oyelaran, James W. Hodge, Jeffrey Schlom, Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

There is evidence that therapeutic cancer vaccines can lengthen survival for some patients with cancer, but responses vary widely from one person to another. Methods to predict clinical outcomes will advance the field and provide new insights into critical determinants of in vivo efficacy.