tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERISTICS AND SCREENING OF UNSATISFACTORY PSYCHIATRIC ATTENDANTS AND ATTENDANT-APPLICANTS
Authors: NATHAN S. KLINE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1950)

1. A Personal Inventory Test was given to 108 psychiatric aides and biosocial histories were obtained at the time of their employment. The test was not used at that time as a screening device, but 2 years later the fate of the 108 men was reviewed and the efficacy of the test as a test screening device showed that, if it had been used for screening, 83% of the Unsatisfactory group would have been "picked up," whereas only 23% of the best men would have been caught by the screening. 2. The use of the test as an aid to personnel interviewers is emphasized, and the fact is stressed that it should not be "an absolute device." 3. The Satisfactory aide tends to be single, under 30, from a small town, parents never having been divorced or separated, mother not having worked outside the home. He feels that his health is good. If married, he has not been divorced or separated. He took the job primarily "for experience" or for economic reasons. Previous hospital experience in an N.P. Hospital stands him in good stead. In contrast, the Unsatisfactory attendant is more likely to be married, and if so, more likely to have been divorced or separated. It is also more probable that his parents were divorced or separated and they tend to be "somewhat disappointed in him." He may consider his health "average" rather than "good," and he gives as his reason for taking the job "security" rather than "experience."
Idiopathic osteoporosis: an evolutionary dys-adaptation?
Authors: C Alexander
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2001)

Osteoporosis is characterised by simultaneous net bone growth and net resorption on different surfaces, suggesting that systemic factors are not the sole explanation for the findings. The main clinical consequence is fracturing in the largely trabecular bones of the spine, hip, and radius, and the key problem in these areas is finding an explanation for the preferential loss of transverse trabeculae. In normal bone, local maintenance depends on a negative feedback response to intermittent compression strain, and it is concluded, from biomechanical analysis of the response required to achieve negative feedback, that a preferential loss of transverse trabeculae is indicative of a selective deficiency of radial compression loading. The only significant source of radial compression in humans is the induced strain produced by axial tension. This is a necessary component of the lifestyles of quadrupeds and arboreal primates, but in humans occurs only on the convex side when the bone is offset loaded. The resulting strain is a function of the range of movement. It is suggested that the asymmetrical pattern of bone loss in cortical and trabecular osteoporosis reflects chronic underuse of movement range, resulting from the adoption of a bipedal lifestyle. Exercise regimens based on using the whole of the available movement range should better prepare the skeleton to adjust to other factors hostile to bone maintenance.
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a predictor of the first diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in 840 elderly men and women
Authors: Teresa S.M Tsang, Bernard J Gersh, Christopher P Appleton, A.Jamil Tajik, Marion E Barnes, Kent R Bailey, Jae K Oh, Cynthia Leibson, Samantha C Montgomery, James B Seward
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
A New Paradigm for Aptamer Therapeutic AS1411 Action: Uptake by Macropinocytosis and Its Stimulation by a Nucleolin-Dependent Mechanism
Authors: E. Merit Reyes-Reyes, Yun Teng, Paula J. Bates
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

AS1411 is a first-in-class anticancer agent, currently in phase II clinical trials. It is a quadruplex-forming oligodeoxynucleotide that binds to nucleolin as an aptamer, but its mechanism of action is not completely understood. Mechanistic insights could lead to clinically useful markers for AS1411 response and to novel targeted therapies. Previously, we proposed a model where cell surface nucleolin serves as the receptor for AS1411, leading to selective uptake in cancer cells. Here, we compare uptake of fluorophore-labeled AS1411 (FL-AS1411) in DU145 prostate cancer cells (sensitive to AS1411) and Hs27 nonmalignant skin fibroblasts (resistant to AS1411). Uptake of FL-AS1411 occurred by endocytosis in both cell types and was much more efficient than an inactive, nonquadruplex oligonucleotide. Unexpectedly, uptake of FL-AS1411 was lower in cancer cells compared with Hs27 cells. However, the mechanism of uptake was different, occurring by macropinocytosis in cancer cells, but by a nonmacropinocytic pathway in Hs27 cells. Additionally, treatment of various cancer cells with AS1411 caused hyperstimulation of macropinocytosis, provoking an increase in its own uptake, whereas no stimulation was observed for nonmalignant cells. Nucleolin was not required for initial FL-AS1411 uptake in DU145 cells but was necessary for induced macropinocytosis and FL-AS1411 uptake at later times. Our results are inconsistent with the previous mechanistic model but confirm that nucleolin plays a role in mediating AS1411 effects. The data suggest a new model for AS1411 action as well as a new role for nucleolin in stimulating macropinocytosis, a process with potential applications in drug delivery.
Angiotensin System Inhibitors and Survival Outcomes in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Rana R. McKay, Gustavo E. Rodriguez, Xun Lin, Marina D. Kaymakcalan, Ole-Petter R. Hamnvik, Venkata S. Sabbisetti, Rupal S. Bhatt, Ronit Simantov, Toni K. Choueiri
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Purpose: The renin-angiotensin system may play a role in carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of angiotensin system inhibitors (ASI) on outcomes in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients treated in the targeted therapy era. Experimental Design: We conducted a pooled analysis of mRCC patients treated on phase II and III clinical trials. Statistical analyses were performed using Cox regression adjusted for several risk factors and the Kaplan–Meier method. Results: A total of 4,736 patients were included, of whom 1,487 received ASIs and 783 received other antihypertensive agents. Overall, ASI users demonstrated improved overall survival (OS) compared with users of other antihypertensive agents (adjusted HR, 0.838, P = 0.0105, 26.68 vs. 18.07 months) and individuals receiving no antihypertensive therapy (adjusted HR, 0.810, P = 0.0026, 26.68 vs. 16.72 months). When stratified by therapy type, a benefit in OS was demonstrated in ASI users compared with nonusers in individuals receiving VEGF therapy (adjusted HR, 0.737, P &amp;lt; 0.0001, 31.12 vs. 21.94 months) but not temsirolimus or IFNα. An in vitro cell viability assay demonstrated that sunitinib in combination with an ASI significantly decreased RCC cell viability compared with control at physiologically relevant doses. This effect was not observed with either agent alone or with other non-ASI antihypertensives or temsirolimus. Conclusions: In the largest analysis to date, we demonstrate that ASI use improved survival in mRCC patients treated in the targeted therapy era. Further studies are warranted to investigate the mechanism underlying this interaction and verify our observations to inform clinical practice. Clin Cancer Res; 21(11); 2471–9. ©2015 AACR.
THE MODIFYING EFFECTS OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES OF BACTERIAL ORIGIN ON THE COURSE OF INFECTION WITH PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Frank L. Horsfall, Maclyn McCarty
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1947)

Evidence is presented which indicates that certain polysaccharide preparations derived from various bacterial species, as well as similar materials not of bacterial origin, are capable of lessening the severity of infection with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) and inhibiting multiplication of the virus in mouse lungs infected with this agent. It seems probable that modification with respect to the virus is mediated by a substance which may be polysaccharide in nature.
Patterns of Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Use in Community Practice
Authors: Karen J. Wernli, Wendy B. DeMartini, Laura Ichikawa, Constance D. Lehman, Tracy Onega, Karla Kerlikowske, Louise M. Henderson, Berta M. Geller, Mike Hofmann, Bonnie C. Yankaskas
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for breast cancer screening, diagnostic evaluation, and surveillance. However, we lack data on national patterns of breast MRI use in community practice.To describe patterns of breast MRI use in US community practice during the period 2005 through 2009.Observational cohort study using data collected from 2005 through 2009 on breast MRI and mammography from 5 national Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium registries. Data included 8931 breast MRI examinations and 1,288,924 screening mammograms from women aged 18 to 79 years.We calculated the rate of breast MRI examinations per 1000 women with breast imaging within the same year and described the clinical indications for the breast MRI examinations by year and age. We compared women screened with breast MRI to women screened with mammography alone for patient characteristics and lifetime breast cancer risk.The overall rate of breast MRI from 2005 through 2009 nearly tripled from 4.2 to 11.5 examinations per 1000 women, with the most rapid increase from 2005 to 2007 (P = .02). The most common clinical indication was diagnostic evaluation (40.3%), followed by screening (31.7%). Compared with women who received screening mammography alone, women who underwent screening breast MRI were more likely to be younger than 50 years, white non-Hispanic, and nulliparous and to have a personal history of breast cancer, a family history of breast cancer, and extremely dense breast tissue (all P < .001). The proportion of women screened using breast MRI at high lifetime risk for breast cancer (>20%) increased during the study period from 9% in 2005 to 29% in 2009.Use of breast MRI for screening in high-risk women is increasing. However, our findings suggest that there is a need to improve appropriate use, including among women who may benefit from screening breast MRI.
Cheetah Paradigm Revisited: MHC Diversity in the World's Largest Free-Ranging Population
Authors: Aines Castro-Prieto, Bettina Wachter, Simone Sommer
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

For more than two decades, the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) has been considered a paradigm of disease vulnerability associated with low genetic diversity, particularly at the immune genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Cheetahs have been used as a classic example in numerous conservation genetics textbooks as well as in many related scientific publications. However, earlier studies used methods with low resolution to quantify MHC diversity and/or small sample sizes. Furthermore, high disease susceptibility was reported only for captive cheetahs, whereas free-ranging cheetahs show no signs of infectious diseases and a good general health status. We examined whether the diversity at MHC class I and class II-DRB loci in 149 Namibian cheetahs was higher than previously reported using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, cloning, and sequencing. MHC genes were examined at the genomic and transcriptomic levels. We detected ten MHC class I and four class II-DRB alleles, of which nine MHC class I and all class II-DRB alleles were expressed. Phylogenetic analyses and individual genotypes suggested that the alleles belong to four MHC class I and three class II-DRB putative loci. Evidence of positive selection was detected in both MHC loci. Our study indicated that the low number of MHC class I alleles previously observed in cheetahs was due to a smaller sample size examined. On the other hand, the low number of MHC class II-DRB alleles previously observed in cheetahs was further confirmed. Compared with other mammalian species including felids, cheetahs showed low levels of MHC diversity, but this does not seem to influence the immunocompetence of free-ranging cheetahs in Namibia and contradicts the previous conclusion that the cheetah is a paradigm species of disease vulnerability.
Gene Associated With Retinoid‐Interferon‐Induced Mortality 19 Attenuates Murine Autoimmune Arthritis by Regulation of Th17 and Treg Cells
Authors: Young‐Mee Moon, Jennifer Lee, Seon‐Yeong Lee, Yang‐Mi Her, Jun‐Geol Ryu, Eun‐Kyung Kim, Hea‐Jin Son, Seung‐Ki Kwok, Ji Hyeon Ju, Chul‐Woo Yang, Sung‐Hwan Park, Ho‐Youn Kim, Mi‐La Cho
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2013)

Objective STAT‐3 is a key transcriptional factor in the interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)–mediated differentiation of Th17 cells. Because Th17 is believed to be a central player in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we sought to evaluate whether an endogenous inhibitor of the STAT3 gene, GRIM‐19 (gene associated with retinoid–interferon–induced mortality 19), could attenuate the progression and severity of murine collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) through suppression of Th17 cells and, reciprocally, could increase expression of Treg cells. Methods Overexpression of GRIM‐19 was produced either by intravenous/intramuscular administration of a GRIM‐19 overexpression vector in DBA1/J mice or by development of GRIM‐19–transgenic (Tg) mice on a C57BL/6 background. Clinical signs were scored for arthritis severity, and mouse splenocytes, serum, and joint tissue were obtained for immunostaining and histologic analyses. Results The numbers of CD4+IL‐17+ cells and CD4+pSTAT3+ cells were decreased, while the numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells and CD4+pSTAT5+ cells were increased, in both GRIM‐19 vector–transfected and GRIM‐19–Tg mice. Administration of the GRIM‐19 overexpression vector into mice with CIA markedly suppressed the clinical and histologic signs of arthritis in the affected joints. Similarly, when CIA was induced in GRIM‐19–Tg mice, the arthritis phenotype was markedly attenuated and the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL‐17) in the arthritic joints was also significantly reduced. Moreover, bone marrow–derived monocyte/macrophages obtained from GRIM‐19–Tg mice showed attenuated RANKL–induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Conclusion GRIM‐19 improved the clinical and histologic features of CIA and also inhibited osteoclast formation. These findings suggest that GRIM‐19 may be a novel treatment agent for RA.
AT-17 * RE-ANALYSIS OF PFS/RESPONSE USING ORIGINAL MACDONALD CRITERIA AND RESPONSE EVALUATION CRITERIA IN SOLID TUMORS IN THE PHASE III AVAGLIO STUDY OF BEVACIZUMAB PLUS RADIOTHERAPY AND TEMOZOLOMIDE IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED GLIOBLASTOMA
Authors: O. L. Chinot, W. Wick, M. J. van den Bent, W. Mason, R. Henriksson, F. Saran, R. Nishikawa, C. Revil, Y. Kerloeguen, T. Cloughesy
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

BACKGROUND: AVAglio: bevacizumab (BEV) plus radiotherapy (RT) plus temozolomide (TMZ) extended investigator-assessed PFS versus placebo + RT/TMZ (HR = 0.64, p < 0.0001, median 10.6 vs 6.2 months). AVAglio response criteria were similar to Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (i.e. included T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery [FLAIR] imaging for determination of response/progression). The independent review facility algorithm used in AVAglio (adapted Macdonald criteria [Macdonald-A]), original Macdonald (Macdonald1990) criteria, and RECIST, were strictly applied, retrospectively, to the investigator-assessed AVAglio data. METHODS: Patients (n = 921) received: BEV + RT/TMZ or placebo + RT/TMZ (6wks); 28-day break; BEV + TMZ or placebo + TMZ (x6); BEV or placebo until PD/unacceptable toxicity. Case report form data were retrospectively reassessed by: Macdonald-A (PD: ≥25% change in sum of product of diameters of measurable enhancing lesion, unequivocal progression of non-measurable/non-enhancing lesions, new lesion[s], neurologic worsening; Macdonald1990 (PD: as for Macdonald-A, but without non-measurable/non-enhancing lesion assessment); RECIST v1.1 (PD: ≥20% and >5mm increase in sum of longest diameters of target lesions, unequivocal progression of non-target lesions, non-measurable/non-enhancing lesions, new lesion[s]). RESULTS: BEV + RT/TMZ versus placebo + RT/TMZ, respectively. Median PFS: Macdonald-A, 10.0 vs 6.0 months (HR = 0.67); Macdonald1990, 10.1 vs 6.0 months (HR = 0.67); RECIST, 11.0 vs 6.7 months (HR = 0.64). In patients with Macdonald-A PD, 316/338 (93.5%) and 336/357 (94.1%) had Macdonald1990 PD, 22/338 (6.5%) and 21/357 (5.9%) did not have Macdonald1990 PD, and no patient had Macdonald1990 PD determined at an earlier time. In patients with Macdonald-A PD, 229/338 (67.8%) and 240/357 (67.2%) had RECIST PD, 101/338 (29.9%) and 93/357 (26.1%) did not have RECIST PD, and 8/338 (2.4%) and 24/357 (6.7%) had RECIST PD determined at an earlier time than Macdonald-A. CONCLUSION: This analysis is limited in its conclusions as it was retrospective and there were no scans collected after PD was determined by the investigator. These results confirm the gain in sensitivity of the progression assessment by the introduction of bi-dimensional measurements and neurologic evaluation.
Matching observation to addiction theory
Authors: Robert M. Swift
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Over the years, many theories have been proposed to account for the aberrant behavior of drug dependent individuals. Heyman posits that the existing theories of drug dependence are inadequate to explain the complex processes inherent in human drug-taking. He proposes that incongruous behaviors that comprise addiction, such as continued drug use in spite of adverse consequences, can be explained by application of the matching law approach. While the matching law theory of addiction explains certain aspects of human behavior, its application to the area of addiction must be subjected to experimental verification.
A pilot trial assessing the efficacy of paroxetine hydrochloride (Paxil®) in controlling hot flashes in breast cancer survivors
Authors: V. Stearns, C. Isaacs, J. Rowland, J. Crawford, M.J. Ellis, R. Kramer, W. Lawrence, J.J. Hanfelt, D.F. Hayes
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2000)
Deep brain stimulation for dystonia
Authors: Wei Hu, Matt Stead
Journal: Translational Neurodegeneration (2014)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective surgical treatment for medication-refractory movement disorders, and has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treatment of dystonia. The success of DBS in the treatment of dystonia depends on our understanding of the anatomy and physiology of this disorder and close collaboration between neurosurgeons, neurologists, clinical neurophysiologists, neuroradiologists and neuropsychologists. Currently, pallidal DBS is an established treatment option for medically refractive dystonia. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive review of the use of DBS for dystonia, focusing mainly on the surgical aspects, clinical outcome, MRI findings and side effects of DBS.
Red blood cell variables in highly trained pubescent athletes: a comparative analysis
Authors: N Boyadjiev, Z Taralov
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2000)

Background —A suboptimal haematological status has often been recorded in athletes involved in intensive physical activity. There have even been reports of “sports anaemia” associated with intensive physical exercise. However, studies on the effect of different types of exercise practiced over a long period of time on the red blood cell variables in pubescent athletes are very few. Aim —To assess the basic red blood cell variables in highly trained pubescent athletes from different sports and to compare the results with those for a control untrained group. Sex related differences in these variables were also assessed. Methods —876 highly trained athletes (559 boys and 317 girls) were included in the study. Their mean (SEM) age, weight, and duration of training were: 14.01 (0.06) years, 56.24 (0.52) kg, and 3.52 (0.07) years respectively. The control group consisted of 357 untrained subjects (171 boys and 186 girls) with mean (SEM) age and weight of 14.58 (0.09) years and 57.75 (0.67) kg. The group of athletes was divided into seven subgroups according to the sport practiced: athletics (105), swimming (107), rowing (230), wrestling (225), weight lifting (47), various team sports (92), and other sports (67). Venous blood samples were drawn from the cubital vein, and the red blood cell count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular volume were measured. Statistical indices were computed for each group and for each variable, and analysis of variance factorial analysis was performed to evaluate the statistical significance of the differences detected. Results —The highly trained group was found to have lower red blood cell count, packed cell volume, and haemoglobin concentration (p&lt;0.001) than the control untrained group (4.61 (0.01) × 10 12 /1 v 4.75 (0.02) × 10 12 /l, 0.389 (0.001) v 0.404 (0.002) l/l, and 133.01 (0.38) v 139.9 (0.62) g/l respectively). These variables were lower for the boys of the trained group than for the boys of the control group (p&lt;0.001), and similarly for the girls (p&lt;0.001). The lowest red blood cell count, packed cell volume, and haemoglobin concentration were measured in blood samples from the boys of the swimming subgroup (4.54 (0.06) × 10 12 /l, 0.386 (0.006) l/l, and 129.38 (1.80) g/1 respectively) and the rowing subgroup (4.66 (0.03) × 10 12 /l, 0.400 (0.003) l/l, and 136.21 (0.94) respectively). The same distribution was found for the girls: lowest in the rowing subgroup (4.32 (0.04) × 10 12 /1, 0.314 (0.003) l/l, and 124.27 (0.93) g/1) and the swimming subgroup (4.40 (0.05) × 10 12 /l, 0.375 (0.005) l/l, and 125.90 (1.30) g/1). No differences were found in the mean corpuscular volume. Conclusions —Continuous (more than one year) high intensity sports training (twice a day/five days a week) results in a decrease in the basic red blood cell variables in pubescent boys and girls, this being most pronounced in the submaximal sports.
EFFICACY OF HEPATITIS B IMMUNE SERUM GLOBULIN AFTER ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE
Authors: L.B Seeff, E.C Wright, J.D Finkelstein, H.B Greenlee, J Hamilton, C.M Leevy, C.H Tamburro, Z Vlahcevic, D.S Zimmon, H.J Zimmerman, B.F Felsher, P Garcia-Pont, A.A Dietz, R.S Koff, T Kiernan, E.R Schiff, R Zemel, N Nath
Journal: The Lancet (1975)
An atrial peptide is a potent renal vasodilator substance.
Authors: T Oshima, M G Currie, D M Geller, P Needleman
Journal: Circulation Research (1984)

Renal intra-arterial administration of rat atrial extracts elicits a concentration dependent renal vasodilation (independent of prostaglandin or dopamine release) in anesthetized rats. The atrial extracts do not alter skeletal musculature (hindlimb) vascular resistance or systemic arterial blood pressure. The high molecular weight peptide fraction of atrial extracts obtained by gel filtration, reduces renal resistance intra-arterially only after proteolytic activation (in vitro) or following intravenous (i.e., systemic in vivo activation) administration. The low molecular weight peptide fraction of the atrial extract which is active intra-arterially as a renal vasodilator has been further purified to yield two major peptides. The 21 amino acid peptide, designated atriopeptin I, was previously demonstrated to be natriuretic and to relax intestinal but not vascular smooth muscle strips. This peptide exerted little or no intra-arterial effect on renal resistance. The 23 amino acid peptide (the phenylalanine-arginine C terminal extension of atriopeptin I), designated atriopeptin II, was natriuretic and spasmolytic (in vitro) on both intestinal and vascular strips and was a potent renal vasodilator in vivo. Thus, the renal vasodilator activity present in cardiac atrial extracts appears to derive from a proteolytic process which selectively generates the 23 amino acid peptide, atriopeptin II. Further cleavage with the loss of phenylalanine-arginine C-terminal, as occurs with atriopeptin I, markedly suppresses the renal vasodilation.