tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Partial pressure of ammonia versus ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Ludwig Kramer, Barbara Tribl, Alexandra Gendo, Christian Zauner, Barbara Schneider, Peter Ferenci, Christian Madl
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

Ammonia is considered the major pathogenetic factor of cerebral dysfunction in hepatic failure. The correlation between total plasma ammonia and the severity of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), however, is variable. Because ammonia that is present in gaseous form readily enters the brain, the correlation with the grade of HE of the pH-dependent partial pressure of gaseous ammonia (pNH(3)) could be better than that of total arterial ammonia levels. To test this hypothesis, 56 cirrhotic patients with acute episodes of clinical HE (median age, 54 years; range, 21-75) were studied by clinical examination and by long-latency median-nerve sensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) N70 peak, an objective and sensitive electrophysiological measure of HE. pNH(3) was calculated from arterial blood according to published methods. The clinical grade of HE correlated (P <.001) with both pNH(3) and total ammonia, but correlation was stronger with pNH(3) (r =.79 vs.69, P =.01). A similar correlation was found for N70 peak latency (r =.71 with pNH(3) vs.64 with total ammonia, respectively, P =.08). In summary, arterial pNH(3) correlates more closely than total ammonia with the degree of clinical and electrophysiological abnormalities in HE. These findings support the ammonia hypothesis of HE and suggest that pNH(3) might be superior to total ammonia in the pathophysiological evaluation of HE.
The anatomical preparations of the human testis and epididymis in the Glasgow Hunterian Anatomical Collection
Authors: A. Hirsh
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (1995)

The structure of the testis and its duct system is reviewed with reference to the preparations in the Hunterian Anatomical Collection, Glasgow University, Scotland. The specimens were prepared over 200 years ago by two surgeons, William and John Hunter. These specimens are of importance as it would be extremely difficult today, to assemble such a large number of normal human specimens showing detailed epididymal and testicular anatomy.
Bronchoalveolar lavage in talc induced lung disease.
Authors: A A Redondo, D B Ettensohn, M Khan, N Kessimian
Journal: Thorax (1988)

A 65 year old woman with a history of occupational talc inhalation presented with hypoxaemia, cough, and dyspnoea with a normal chest radiograph. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed considerable lymphocytosis, with a predominance of T8+ T lymphocytes, and open lung biopsy showed peribronchiolar granulomas containing talc crystals. Corticosteroid treatment resulted in dramatic improvement. Bronchoalveolar lavage may aid in the diagnosis of talc related lung injury.
Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Vincent Rigalleau, Catherine Lasseur, Caroline Perlemoine, Nicole Barthe, C. Raffaitin, Chung Liu, Phillipe Chauveau, Laurence Baillet-Blanco, Marie-Christine Beauvieux, C. Combe, Henri Gin
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

The Cockcroft-Gault formula is recommended for the evaluation of renal function in diabetic patients. The more recent Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation seems more accurate, but it has not been validated in diabetic patients. This study compares the two methods.In 160 diabetic patients, we compared the Cockcroft-Gault formula and MDRD equation estimations to glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) measured by an isotopic method ((51)Cr-EDTA) by correlation studies and a Bland-Altman procedure. Their accuracy for the diagnosis of moderately (GFR <60 ml . min(-1) . 1.73 m(-2)) or severely (GFR <30 ml . min(-1) . 1.73 m(-2)) impaired renal function were compared with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.Both the Cockcroft-Gault formula (r = 0.74; P < 0.0001) and MDRD equation (r = 0.81; P < 0.0001) were well correlated with isotopic GFR. The Bland-Altman procedure revealed a bias for the MDRD equation, which was not the case for the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Analysis of ROC curves showed that the MDRD equation had a better maximal accuracy for the diagnosis of moderate (areas under the curve [AUCs] 0.868 for the Cockcroft-Gault formula and 0.927 for the MDRD equation; P = 0.012) and severe renal failure (AUC 0.883 for the Cockcroft-Gault formula and 0.962 for the MDRD equation; P = 0.0001). In the 87 patients with renal insufficiency, the MDRD equation estimation was better correlated with isotopic GFR (Cockcroft-Gault formula r = 0.57; the MDRD equation r = 0.78; P < 0.01), and it was not biased as evaluated by the Bland-Altman procedure.Although both equations have imperfections, the MDRD equation is more accurate for the diagnosis and stratification of renal failure in diabetic patients.
Diverse intracellular pathogens activate type III interferon expression from peroxisomes
Authors: Charlotte Odendall, Evelyn Dixit, Fabrizia Stavru, Helene Bierne, Kate M Franz, Ann Fiegen Durbin, Steeve Boulant, Lee Gehrke, Pascale Cossart, Jonathan C Kagan
Journal: Nature Immunology (2014)
Management of persistent dry cough
Authors: F. O'CONNELL
Journal: Thorax (1998)

Cough is probably the commonest symptom affecting humans, with prevalence rates variously reported within the range 5–40%.1 Acute or short lived cough, which most commonly occurs in association with viral upper respiratory infection, is of little consequence, usually resolving in a matter of days. Persistent cough, however, may be associated with considerable morbidity including sleep loss, exhaustion, irritability, urinary stress incontinence, cough syncope, impaired performance in daily activities, and considerable social disability. Rib fractures, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema have been reported in severe cases.2 Persistent productive cough is usually due to cigarette smoking, chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis, and diagnosis is usually straightforward. Persistent dry cough poses a greater diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

When clinical evaluation and basic investigations such as spirometry and chest radiography are normal, the cause of persistent dry cough may be elusive and such patients pose considerable difficulty in the clinic. Thorough systematic investigation is both necessary and worthwhile, necessary because the patient may present with cough alone without any typical features of the underlying cause, and worthwhile because treatment of the cause usually leads to resolution of the cough.3 4 Several studies have shown that the only underlying diagnoses …
Lipid Control in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians
Authors: Vincenza Snow
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

In an effort to provide internists and other primary care physicians with effective management strategies for diabetes care, the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee (CEAS) of the American College of Physicians (ACP) decided to develop guidelines on the management of dyslipidemia, particularly hypercholesterolemia, in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The CEAS commissioned a systematic review of the currently available evidence on the management of lipids in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The evidence review is presented in a background paper in this issue. On the basis of this systematic review, the CEAS developed recommendations that the ACP Board of Regents then approved as policy. The target audience for this guideline is all clinicians who care for patients with type 2 diabetes. The target patient population is all persons with type 2 diabetes, including those who already have some form of microvascular complication and, of particular importance, premenopausal women. The recommendations are as follows. Recommendation 1: Lipid-lowering therapy should be used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity for all patients (both men and women) with known coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes. Recommendation 2: Statins should be used for primary prevention against macrovascular complications in patients (both men and women) with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors. Recommendation 3: Once lipid-lowering therapy is initiated, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus should be taking at least moderate doses of a statin. Recommendation 4: For those patients with type 2 diabetes who are taking statins, routine monitoring of liver function tests or muscle enzymes is not recommended except in specific circumstances.
Dynamic changes of Th1-cell immune response to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 during anti-tuberculosis treatment
Authors: Lifan Zhang, Qiang Li, Yueqiu Zhang, Yanhua Song, Mengqiu Gao, Xiaochun Shi, Yanbin Zhang, Yao Zhang, Ajit Lalvani, Xiaoqing Liu
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Introduction:  To explore the dynamic changes of MTB specific Th1 immune response among Chinese patients receiving anti-TB therapy.  Methods:  Untreated TB patients were enrolled. At baseline and during treatment, the Fluorospot assay based on ESAT-6 and CFP-10 was performed to measure IFN-γ and/or IL-2 secreting T cells.  Results:  Of the fourteen untreated patients with ATB, 6 were microbiologically diagnosed. All 14 patients responded successfully to anti-TB therapy. Cellular reponses to ESAT-6-and CFP-10 showed identical patterns. Antigen-specific IFN-γ-only-secreting T cell were decreased in 12 patients after treatment, and the frequencies changed significantly  . The proportions of antigen-specific IFN-γ-only-secreting T cell were significantly decreased during treatment in all but 4 patients, while the proportions of dual IFN-γ/IL-2-secreting T cell showed a reverse dynamic pattern  .  Conclusion:  The Th1-cell response patterns changed significantly during treatment, while the association with clinical status need be further evaluated.
US guideline may have led to drop in PSA testing among primary care physicians, studies find
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The controversial US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines that recommended against routine prostate cancer screening with the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test may be changing the practice of primary care physicians in the United States, two small studies have shown.

The USPSTF issued its recommendation in 2012 after concluding that the reduction in prostate cancer mortality 10 to 14 years after the introduction of PSA based screening was “at most, very small, even for men in the optimal age range of 55 to 69 years,” while the risk of harm from follow-up studies and treatment was substantial.1 The USPSTF recommendations applied to men without …
Introduction to a Discussion on Intra - Uterine Medication
Authors: W. S. Playfair
Journal: BMJ (1880)

fercnt causes.Observation of fits suggests, I think, that the venous congestion does produce the clonic spasm, not, however, by direct ex- citation, but by interrupting and ultimately arresting the spasm which -before existed.I think that the fixation of the chest in an epileptic fit simply does in an intense manner that which we do in a slighter manner when we arrest a hysterical convulsion by closing the mouth and nose.There is nothing inconsistent in a certain degree of anox.emiaarresting spasm, and a more profound degree, as in actual asphyxia, exciting it.Analogous difference is seen in the action of many stimuli.The view that the tonic spasm is only clonic spasm compressed, that the clonic spasm is only the tonic spasm spread out, is supported by the fact that in attacks which begin slowly, the slight initial spasm is almost always clonic, and as the discharge spreads and becomes more intense, the spasm becomes tonic.In partial epileptiform seizures, the spasm is usually clonic throughout.The conclusion, then, is that all the phenomena of the fits of idiopathic epilepsy may be explained by the dischalrge of grey matter; that the hypothesis of vascular spasm is as unneeded as it is unproved; that there are no facts to warrant us in seeking the seat of the disease elscwhere than in the grey mattcr in which the discharge commences; that this is in most cases within the cerebral hemispheres, although possibly, in some instances, lower down in the me(lulla oblongata; that epilepsy is thus a disease of grey matter, and has not any uniform seat.It is a disease of tissue, not of structure.
How herpes launches lymphatics
Authors: Amy Maxmen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2009)

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) provokes lymph vessel overgrowth in the eye by triggering an unexpected growth factor, report [Wuest and Carr][1]. And this cascade could be blinding.

![Figure][2] 

HSV-1 (red) promotes VEGF-A expression (green) by infected corneal epithelial cells.



Although
Regulation of Organ Transplantation in China
Authors: Bing-Yi Shi, Li-Ping Chen
Journal: JAMA (2011)

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Activation of hedgehog signaling is not a frequent event in ovarian cancers
Authors: Ling Yang, Jing He, Shuhong Huang, Xiaoli Zhang, Yuehong Bian, Nonggao He, Hongwei Zhang, Jingwu Xie
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2009)

The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway regulates many processes of development and tissue homeostasis. Activation of hedgehog signaling has been reported in about 30% of human cancer including ovarian cancer. Inhibition of hedgehog signaling has been pursued as an effective strategy for cancer treatment including an ongoing phase II clinical trial in ovarian cancer. However, the rate of hedgehog signaling activation in ovarian cancer was reported differently by different groups. To predict the successful for future clinical trials of hedgehog signaling inhibitors in ovarian cancer, we assessed hedgehog pathway activation in 34 ovarian epithelial tumor specimens through analyses of target gene expression by in-situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and real-time PCR. In contrast to previous reports, we only detected a small proportion of ovarian cancers with hedgehog target gene expression, suggesting that identification of the tumors with activated hedgehog signaling activation will facilitate chemotherapy with hedgehog signaling inhibitors.
Combined modality trials of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: analysis of factors influencing survival and toxicity
Authors: M.A. Socinski, C. Zhang, J.E. Herndon, R.O. Dillman, G. Clamon, E. Vokes, W. Akerley, J. Crawford, M.C. Perry, S.L. Seagren, M.R. Green
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2004)

Combined modality therapy (CMT) is the standard of care for patients with unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, insufficient data are available regarding prognostic factors in this disease setting.Six hundred and ninety-four patients included in five trials conducted by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B evaluating CMT in stage III NSCLC were included in this analysis. The primary objective was to identify factors that were predictors of survival and selected radiation-related toxicities using Cox regression models and logistic regression analysis.The Cox model shows that performance status (PS) 1 [hazard ratio (HR) 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.45; P=0.009] and thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) only (HR 1.58; 95% CI 1.22-2.05; P=0.001) predicted for poorer survival, while baseline hemoglobin >/=12 g/dl predicted for improved survival (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.55-0.81; P </=0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression showed an increase of grade 3 + esophagitis among patients with PS 0 [odds ratio (OR) 1.7; 95% CI 1.1-2.7; P=0.029), >5% weight loss (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.3-6.6; P=0.008) and patients receiving concurrent chemoradiation (OR 7.3; 95% CI 3.4-15.6; P=0.0001).Baseline hemoglobin and PS, as well as the use of CMT, have the greatest effect on survival in unresectable stage III NSCLC. The use of concurrent chemoradiation increases the risk of esophagitis, which remains the primary radiation-related toxicity.
Partial Agonist Activity of Bucindolol Is Dependent on the Activation State of the Human β <sub>1</sub> -Adrenergic Receptor
Authors: Christoph Maack, Michael Böhm, Lydia Vlaskin, Ewtim Dabew, Kristina Lorenz, Hans-Joachim Schäfers, Martin J. Lohse, Stefan Engelhardt
Journal: Circulation (2003)

In contrast to other beta-blockers, bucindolol has failed to reduce mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. It is currently debated whether this is due to partial agonist activity of this agent. We investigated whether conflicting results previously reported concerning the intrinsic activity of bucindolol can be explained by species differences or by different activation states of beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-ARs) in the respective tissues.On isolated right atria from transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of human beta1-ARs, bucindolol led to a greater increase in beating frequency (P<0.05) compared with wild-type mice. The increase amounted to 47% of the effect of xamoterol and was blocked by propranolol. On isolated, electrically stimulated, left ventricular muscle-strip preparations from failing human myocardium, bucindolol did not change the force of contraction under control conditions. In myocardial preparations pretreated with metoprolol (30 micromol/L, 90 minutes, subsequent washout), bucindolol significantly increased the force of contraction (P<0.001 vs control). In nonfailing atrial myocardium, isoproterenol pretreatment (1 micromol/L, 60 minutes) abolished the positive inotropic effect of xamoterol that was present under control conditions (P<0.05 vs control). The inotropic effects of bucindolol or xamoterol were inversely correlated to the inotropic response to forskolin in the respective specimens (r=-0.75 and -0.74, respectively; P<0.005).We conclude that bucindolol is a partial agonist at the human beta1-AR. In human failing myocardium, its partial agonist activity is masked by increased activation states of beta-ARs and is unmasked after in vitro pretreatment with metoprolol. Thus, the partial agonist activity of bucindolol is dependent on the activation state of the human beta1-AR.
Cytomegalovirus Infection Accelerates Inflammation in Vascular Tissue Overexpressing Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
Authors: M. Kent Froberg, Alice Adams, Nicole Seacotte, Jan Parker-Thornburg, Pappachan Kolattukudy
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Atherosclerosis is responsible for most of this pathology and is an inflammatory disease with multiple cytokines and adhesion molecules expressed during atherogenesis. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), monocytes, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) have all been implicated in human atherogenesis. A transgenic mouse overexpressing MCP-1 in the myocardium and pulmonary arteries develops myocarditis and pulmonary vascular inflammation. We infected MCP-1 transgenic mice with a sublethal dose of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) to look for evidence of accelerated inflammation in vascular tissues overexpressing MCP-1 to determine if MCMV could interact with monocytes and MCP-1 in a manner similar to what may occur in atherogenesis. MCMV infection of MCP-1 transgenic mice caused ascites, myocarditis, and pulmonary artery inflammation, which was not present in mock-infected MCP-1 or MCMV-infected wild-type mice. Inflammatory infiltrates in these tissues consisted of macrophages and T lymphocytes similar to the infiltrates seen in atherosclerosis. Virus presence in inflamed tissues was demonstrated by infecting transgenic mice with MCMV recombinant virus containing the gene sequence for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Human CMV could be involved in atherogenesis in a similar manner by interacting with monocytes and MCP-1 specifically expressed in vascular walls.
Plasma Renin Activity and the Effects of Deoxycorticosterone Acetate in Dogs with Chronic Left Ventricular Overload
Authors: JOHN S. BAUMBER, JAMES O. DAVIS, EDWARD G. SCHNEIDER, J. Alan JOHNSON
Journal: Circulation Research (1970)

Chronic left ventricular overload and left heart failure were produced by an aortic-left atrial shunt and superimposed aortic constriction. With the shunt alone, plasma renin activity and sodium balance were normal. Superimposed aortic constriction produced a further elevation in left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), increased plasma renin activity and sodium retention occurred. Seven dogs died in pulmonary edema within a week, but nine others recovered with a return in plasma renin activity and sodium excretion to normal. Five of these nine dogs that survived the acute effects of aortic stenosis developed pulmonary edema at least 7 days after aortic constriction; LVEDP was markedly elevated, plasma renin activity was high and sodium retention occurred. Six other dogs with chronic left ventricular overload, but not retaining sodium, were given deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), 15 mg/day, to study the response in renal sodium excretion. In two of the dogs, LVEDP was below 35 mm Hg and the normal "escape" pattern, characterized by return of sodium excretion to the normal control level, was observed. However, in the other four animals, LVEDP was above 35 mm Hg, escape failed to occur and marked sodium retention resulted; a further elevation of LVEDP was observed and pulmonary edema occurred on four occasions. The failure of dogs with marked elevation of LVEDP to escape from DOCA indicates that other factors in addition to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are involved in the sodium retention of left ventricular failure.