tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of perceptual versus heart rate monitoring in the development of endurance.
Authors: K F Koltyn, W P Morgan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1992)

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effectiveness of using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) with heart rate in the monitoring of exercise intensity during aerobic dance instruction. Thirty-eight students who enrolled in aerobic dance classes used heart rate to monitor exercise intensity while 38 additional students used RPE to monitor exercise intensity during a 14-week course. Classes met twice a week for 50 min and all outside workouts were recorded. The groups did not differ with respect to the number of outside workouts. The dependent variable was endurance performance as measured by the distance run in 15 min. Data were analysed with a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multifactor experiments. There were significant trials (P less than 0.0001) and interaction (P less than 0.05) effects, and both groups improved significantly in endurance performance during 14 weeks of training. However, the group using RPE to monitor exercise intensity had a significantly greater gain in endurance. The heart rate group had a mean increase of 6% (166 m) whereas the RPE group increased 11% (274 m). It is concluded that during aerobic dance the monitoring of exercise intensity with RPE is associated with greater improvement in endurance than is heart rate monitoring.
EGFR-Mediated Reactivation of MAPK Signaling Contributes to Insensitivity of <i>BRAF</i>-Mutant Colorectal Cancers to RAF Inhibition with Vemurafenib
Authors: Ryan B. Corcoran, Hiromichi Ebi, Alexa B. Turke, Erin M. Coffee, Michiya Nishino, Alexandria P. Cogdill, Ronald D. Brown, Patricia Della Pelle, Dora Dias-Santagata, Kenneth E. Hung, Keith T. Flaherty, Adriano Piris, Jennifer A. Wargo, Jeffrey Settleman, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Jeffrey A. Engelman
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2012)

BRAF mutations occur in 10-15% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) and confer adverse outcome. While RAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib (PLX4032) have proven effective in BRAF mutant melanoma, they are surprisingly ineffective in BRAF mutant CRCs, and the reason for this disparity remains unclear. Compared to BRAF mutant melanoma cells, BRAF mutant CRC cells were less sensitive to vemurafenib, and P-ERK suppression was not sustained in response to treatment. Although transient inhibition of phospho-ERK by vemurafenib was observed in CRC, rapid ERK re-activation occurred through EGFR-mediated activation of RAS and CRAF. BRAF mutant CRCs expressed higher levels of phospho-EGFR than BRAF mutant melanomas, suggesting that CRCs are specifically poised for EGFR-mediated resistance. Combined RAF and EGFR inhibition blocked reactivation of MAPK signaling in BRAF mutant CRC cells and markedly improved efficacy in vitro and in vivo. These findings support evaluation of combined RAF and EGFR inhibition in BRAF mutant CRC patients.BRAF valine 600 (V600) mutations occur in 10% to 15% of colorectal cancers, yet these tumors show a surprisingly low clinical response rate (~5%) to selective RAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib, which have produced dramatic response rates (60%–80%) in melanomas harboring the identical BRAF V600 mutation. We found that EGFR-mediated MAPK pathway reactivation leads to resistance to vemurafenib in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancers and that combined RAF and EGFR inhibition can lead to sustained MAPK pathway suppression and improved efficacy in vitro and in tumor xenografts.
A case of small-intestinal mucosal atrophy
Authors: R. E. Barry, J. S. Morris, A. E. A. Read
Journal: Gut (1970)

A patient is described with a severe malabsorption syndrome which failed to respond to a gluten-free diet. Although subtotal villous atrophy was present in the jejunal mucosa, histological features of subepithelial fibrosis and apparently normal enterocytes were not suggestive of coeliac disease. The findings of decreased mucosal thickness, of a normal mitotic rate in the crypt cell population, and of the decreased rate of loss of epithelial cells further suggested that the disease process producing the `flat9 mucosa was not that of coeliac disease. The condition was complicated by ileal ulceration and active tuberculosis.
Efficiency of Intensive Care
Authors: Murray M. Pollack
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To calculate overall pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) efficiency rates, 1668 patients representing 6962 patient-days were studied in eight PICUs. The contributions to inefficiency by two patient groups--low-risk monitored patients and potential early-discharge patients--were quantified using measures of daily mortality risk and therapeutic assessments. Low-risk monitored patients never received a unique PICU therapy and had daily mortality risks less than 1%. Potential early-discharge patients were similar to the low-risk monitored patients except that their unnecessary PICU use came only on their last consecutive day(s) of PICU stay. Efficiency ratings ranged from 0.894 to 0.547 in the eight PICUs. Low-risk monitored patients constituted from 16% to 58% of the PICU patient populations and used from 5.4% to 34.5% of the total days of care. Potential early-discharge patients constituted from 12% to 29% of the populations and the potential early-discharge days of care ranged from 5.1% to 17.2% of the total days of care. These results indicate that large disparity exists in efficiency among PICUs. Efficiency rates of greater than 0.80 seem to be a reasonable goal.
The Performance of a Digital Blood Pressure Monitoring Device
Authors: J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In our search for improved methods of noninvasive blood pressure monitoring for use with essential hypertension, anesthesia recovery, and patient transport, we found many devices for sale to the public that purport to measure pulse rates and blood pressure noninvasively, accurately, and inexpensively. We selected one of these, the Healthcheck ("Cuffless" model CX-1 060020, Cheshire, CT06410) Digital Blood Pressure Monitor, which seemed to be easy to use, pocket portable, and sufficiently durable for routine use. The package advice ("Easy to operate! Simply slide your finger into the ring, turn on the unit and an accurate reading will appear in less than one minute!" and "Always use in consultation with a physician.") seemed to suggest that this was an instrument worthy of evaluation. We are concerned that it might be accepted for general use, particularly in situations in which cost is important. <h3>Study. —</h3> A total of 50
p120 GAP requirement in normal and malignant human hematopoiesis.
Authors: T Skorski, P Kanakaraj, M Nieborowska-Skorska, M Ratajczak, C Szczylik, G Zon, R B Arlinghaus, A Gewirtz, B Perussia, B Calabretta
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

There is evidence to suggest that the p120 GAP (GAP), originally described as an inhibitor of p21ras, may also serve as a downstream effector of ras-regulated signal transduction. To determine whether GAP expression is required for the growth of human normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells, we used GAP antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to inhibit it and analyzed the effects of this inhibition on the colony-forming ability of nonadherent, T lymphocyte-depleted mononuclear cells and of highly purified progenitors (CD34+ MNC) obtained from the bone marrow and peripheral blood of healthy volunteers or chronic myeloid leukemia (CML, bcr-abl-positive) patients. The acute myelogenous leukemia cell line MO7, the Philadelphia BV173 cell line, and the acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 and HL-60 cell lines were similarly examined. GAP antisense treatment inhibited colony formation from normal myelo-, erythro-, and megakaryopoietic progenitor cells as well as from CML progenitor cells. Proliferation of MO7 (growth factor-dependent) and BV173 (bcr-abl-dependent) cells, but not that of NB4 and HL-60 (growth factor-independent) cells, was also inhibited, even though a specific downregulation of GAP was observed in each cell line, as analyzed by either or both mRNA and protein expression. Stimulation of MO7 cells with hematopoietic growth factors increased the expression of GAP as well as the levels of active GTP-bound p21ras. Stimulation of GAP expression was inhibited upon GAP antisense treatment. These data indicate that p120 GAP is involved in human normal and leukemic hemopoiesis and strongly suggest that GAP is not only a p21ras inhibitor (signal terminator), but also a positive signal transducer.
Digital Computer Processing of Radioisotope Scintiscan Matrices
Authors: W. Newlon Tauxe
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Our findings so far at the Mayo Clinic have suggested that the digital computer constitutes a tool of major importance in the processing and handling of scintiscan matrices. All data accumulated in the course of scanning, along with correct x-y orientation, are tape recorded in computer-compatible format and fed into a high-speed digital computer for reconstitution of the scan matrix. Improvement has been manifested by finding more filling defects, defining areas totally void of activity, providing better resolution, and obtaining greater detail. Of perhaps even greater importance is the ability of the computer to quantitate activity in terms of actual gamma rays per character. Since it handles low count rates better than the photoscan does, it can provide a combination of thyroid-uptake data and scan information on usual thyroid-uptake doses (5μc in the cases presented). These scans are cheaper than the usual photoscans, both in the amount of electronic equipment needed and in the cost of the film, film processing, and storage.
Childhood Air Pollutant Exposure and Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Young Adults
Authors: Carrie V. Breton, Xinhui Wang, Wendy J. Mack, Kiros Berhane, Milena Lopez, Talat S. Islam, Mei Feng, Fred Lurmann, Rob McConnell, Howard N. Hodis, Nino Künzli, Ed Avol
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Exposure to ambient air pollutants increases risk for cardiovascular health outcomes in adults. The contribution of childhood air pollutant exposure to cardiovascular health has not been thoroughly evaluated.The Testing Responses on Youth study consists of 861 college students recruited from the University of Southern California in 2007 to 2009. Participants attended 1 study visit during which blood pressure, heart rate, and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) were assessed. Self-administered questionnaires collected information about health and sociodemographic characteristics, and a 12-hour fasting blood sample was drawn for lipid and biomarker analyses. Residential addresses were geocoded and used to assign cumulative air pollutant exposure estimates based on data derived from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Air Quality System database. The associations between CIMT and air pollutants were assessed using linear regression analysis. Mean CIMT was 603 μm (±54 SD). A 2 standard deviation (SD) increase in childhood (aged 0-5 years) or elementary school (aged 6-12 years) O(3) exposure was associated with a 7.8-μm (95% confidence interval, -0.3-15.9) or 10.1-μm (95% confidence interval, 1.8-18.5) higher CIMT, respectively. Lifetime exposure to O(3) showed similar but nonsignificant associations. No associations were observed for PM(2.5), PM(10), or NO(2), although adjustment for these pollutants strengthened the childhood O(3) associations.Childhood exposure to O(3) may be a novel risk factor for CIMT in a healthy population of college students. Regulation of air pollutants and efforts that focus on limiting childhood exposures continue to be important public health goals.
Relationship Between Premorbid Functioning and Symptom Severity as Assessed at First Episode of Psychosis
Authors: Jonathan Rabinowitz, Goedele De Smedt, Philip D. Harvey, Michael Davidson
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: Investigating the relationship between premorbid and prodromal status and the clinical manifestations of the first psychotic episode is relevant for understanding the pathophysiology of psychosis and for improving management of the disease. This study examined patterns of premorbid functioning of persons interviewed during their first episode of psychotic illness and examined the relationship of premorbid characteristics with symptom severity and cognitive functioning during the first illness episode. METHOD: The data were derived from the baseline assessments of a multicenter international drug trial that enrolled 535 patients in their first episode of psychosis. Subjects' scores on the Premorbid Adjustment Scale were used to assign them to groups according to whether their premorbid functioning was stable–good, stable–poor, or deteriorating. The three groups' scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression (CGI) severity scale, and a cognitive battery were compared. RESULTS: Almost half of the patients (47.5%) had stable–good premorbid functioning, 37.3% had stable–poor premorbid functioning, and 15.1% had initially good, but later deteriorating, premorbid functioning. Compared to the stable–poor and deteriorating groups, the stable–good group had lower (better) negative syndrome and general psychopathology scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and a lower CGI severity scale score. Differences between the stable–poor and stable–good groups were also found on some cognitive measures and on the positive syndrome subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the subjects, who were interviewed during their first episode of psychotic disorder, had evident premorbid behavioral disturbances. Poor premorbid functioning before onset of psychosis was associated with more severe symptoms and more severe cognitive manifestations of illness during the first illness episode.
Peutz-Jeghers polyps, dysplasia, and K-<i>ras</i> codon 12 mutations
Authors: M M Entius, A M Westerman, F M Giardiello, M-L F van Velthuysen, M M Polak, R J C Slebos, J H P Wilson, S R Hamilton, G J A Offerhaus
Journal: Gut (1997)

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare, autosomal dominant, polyposis syndrome, associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal and extragastrointestinal malignancy. Occasionally dysplasia occurs in PJS polyps.In colorectal carcinomas, mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras oncogene are common and are found at similar frequency in precursor adenomas. Therefore, K-ras codon 12 point mutations in PJS polyps, were evaluated.Fifty two PJS polyps, including four with dysplasia, collected from 19 patients with PJS, were analysed for mutations in the K-ras codon 12 by a mutant enriched polymerase chain reaction procedure, followed by allele specific oligodeoxynucleotide hybridisation.A K-ras codon 12 mutation was identified, in one colonic polyp with dysplasia. The mutation was found in the non-neoplasmic epithelial cells and not in the dysplastic component of the polyp.K-ras codon 12 point mutations are very rare in PJS polyps, by contrast with colorectal adenomas. The findings support previous evidence that there seems to be no intrinsic relation between K-ras codon 12 mutation and dysplasia.
Critical Role of Urea in the Urine-Concentrating Mechanism
Authors: Jeff M. Sands
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

The ability to produce concentrated or dilute urine allows people to vary water excretion to match water intake, thereby maintaining a nearly constant blood plasma osmolality. This is accomplished in the renal medulla through the combined actions of several transport proteins in the loops of Henle,
In vivo macrophage phagocytosis of inhaled black carbon air pollution in COPD
Authors: Nitin Rajan, Jafrin Alam, Rossa Brugha, Claire Greiller, Wai Yee James, Adrian Martineau, Jonathan Grigg
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background

Since airway macrophage (AM) phagocytosis of bacteria is impaired in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Donnelly LE et al., Eur Respir J 2010; 35: 1039–1047), we sought evidence for impaired uptake of traffic-derived black carbon (BC) in AM in COPD.

Methods

AM were obtained from patients with COPD (n=29) by sputum induction with hypertonic saline after informed consent. The mean area (μm2) of BC was assessed in 50 AM per patient using image analysis. Spirometry was performed, and COPD was classified according to GOLD criteria. AM BC load was compared between patient's GOLD stages by Mann Whitney test, and correlation between % predicted FEV1 and AM BC was tested by Spearman rank correlation.

Results

Compared with COPD GOLD stage 1 (n=9), patients with GOLD stage 3 (n=5) had reduced AM BC (p<0.05, [Figure 1]). Percent predicted FEV1 and AM- BC were positively correlated (Rs 0.38, p<0.05, [Figure 2]).

Conclusion

In vivo phagocytosis of inhaled black carbon by AM is impaired in severe COPD. This may contribute to the vulnerability of patients with COPD to particulate matter air pollution.

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![Figure][1]  [1]: pending:yes
SAFETY ANALYSIS OF SPORT IN SWITZERLAND
Authors: O Brügger
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background Every year, around 400 000 Swiss residents are injured in sports accidents so severely that they need medical treatment. 170 people suffer fatal sports accidents in Switzerland. The bfu–Swiss Council for Accident Prevention–is legally mandated to prevent sports injuries. Objective The bfu will present a safety analysis of sport in Switzerland. The aim of a scientific approach is to ensure that decision-makers in the sports sector have a basis available for accident prevention planning. Design The method used covers three stages in accident research: in the accident analysis, the extent of accidents will be documented and focal points detected. The risk analysis will weight the factors relating to the focal points that are of relevance for accidents in Switzerland. The intervention analysis will evaluate prevention possibilities in terms of their effectiveness, efficiency and the degree to which they can be implemented to meet Swiss conditions. Results The types of sports(-groups) that make up the focal points of accidents–snowsports, off-road biking, mountain sports, watersports (drowning) and football–are the main areas of activity for sports accident prevention. The risk factors identified in the risk analysis are largely specific to each type of sport. They can be allocated to the individual person (particularly risk competence, physical and physiological preconditions) or the setting and the activity respectively (including sports infrastructure, equipment, natural surroundings, official rules). The interventions with the potential for reducing the risk of accidents will be a conclusive list of prevention recommendations that are also specific in nature to the type of sport. Conclusion The result of this safety analysis will be the basis for setting an agenda for Switzerland designed to enhance sports safety. Evidence-based recommendations for measures are not always possible given the major gaps in research.
Children and young adults with CF in the USA have better lung function compared with the UK
Authors: C. H. Goss, S. J. MacNeill, H. B. Quinton, B. C. Marshall, A. Elbert, E. A. Knapp, K. Petren, E. Gunn, J. Osmond, D. Bilton
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> People with cystic fibrosis (CF) are managed differently in the USA and UK providing an opportunity to learn from differences in practice patterns. <h3>Objectives</h3> To compare cross-sectional demographics, practice patterns and clinical outcomes between US and UK CF patients. <h3>Methods</h3> This was a cross-sectional study using 2010 data from patients in the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and the UK Cystic Fibrosis patient registries. The <i>a priori</i> outcome measures of interest were lung function and nutritional status. Descriptive statistics and two sample comparisons were performed. Stratification and multivariable linear regression were used to adjust for confounding. <h3>Results</h3> The study cohort included 13 777 children and 11 058 adults from the USA and 3968 children and 3965 adults from the UK. In children, mean body mass index centiles were similar. Lung function (FEV<sub>1</sub> and FVC% predicted) was significantly higher in US patients ages 6–25 years of age. In a regression model adjusted for only age, FEV<sub>1</sub>% predicted was on average 3.31% of predicted (95% CI 2.65 to 3.96) higher in the USA compared with the UK. When adjusted for age, age at diagnosis, gender, pancreatic insufficiency and genotype, FEV<sub>1</sub>% predicted was on average 3.03% of predicted (95% CI 2.37 to 3.69) higher in the USA compared with the UK These differences persisted despite adjustment for possible confounders. Hypertonic saline and dornase alfa were much more commonly prescribed in US children. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Children and young adults with CF have better lung function in the USA compared with the UK despite similar nutritional status.
Rictor and Integrin-Linked Kinase Interact and Regulate Akt Phosphorylation and Cancer Cell Survival
Authors: Paul C. McDonald, Arusha Oloumi, Julia Mills, Iveta Dobreva, Mykola Maidan, Virginia Gray, Elizabeth D. Wederell, Marcel B. Bally, Leonard J. Foster, Shoukat Dedhar
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract An unbiased proteomic screen to identify integrin-linked kinase (ILK) interactors revealed rictor as an ILK-binding protein. This finding was interesting because rictor, originally identified as a regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics, is also a component of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), a complex implicated in Akt phosphorylation. These functions overlap with known ILK functions. Coimmunoprecipitation analyses confirmed this interaction, and ILK and rictor colocalized in membrane ruffles and leading edges of cancer cells. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed a direct interaction between the NH2- and COOH-terminal domains of rictor and the ILK kinase domain. Depletion of ILK and rictor in breast and prostate cancer cell lines resulted in inhibition of Akt Ser473 phosphorylation and induction of apoptosis, whereas, in several cell lines, depletion of mTOR increased Akt phosphorylation. Akt and Ser473P-Akt were detected in ILK immunoprecipitates and small interfering RNA–mediated depletion of rictor, but not mTOR, inhibited the amount of Ser473P-Akt in the ILK complex. Expression of the NH2-terminal (1–398 amino acids) rictor domain also resulted in the inhibition of ILK-associated Akt Ser473 phosphorylation. These data show that rictor regulates the ability of ILK to promote Akt phosphorylation and cancer cell survival. [Cancer Res 2008;68(6):1618–24]