tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of the HepB Typer-Entecavir kit for detection of entecavir resistance mutations in chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Sang Hoon Ahn, Ji-Yong Chun, Soo-Kyung Shin, Jun Yong Park, Wangdon Yoo, Sun Pyo Hong, Soo-Ok Kim, Kwang-Hyub Han
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2013)

Background/Aims Molecular diagnostic methods have enabled the rapid diagnosis of drug-resistant mutations in hepatitis B virus (HBV) and have reduced both unnecessary therapeutic interventions and medical costs. In this study we evaluated the analytical and clinical performances of the HepB Typer-Entecavir kit (GeneMatrix, Korea) in detecting entecavir-resistance-associated mutations. Methods The HepB Typer-Entecavir kit was evaluated for its limit of detection, interference, cross-reactivity, and precision using HBV reference standards made by diluting high-titer viral stocks in HBV-negative human serum. The performance of the HepB Typer-Entecavir kit for detecting mutations related to entecavir resistance was compared with direct sequencing for 396 clinical samples from 108 patients. Results Using the reference standards, the detection limit of the HepB Typer-Entecavir kit was found to be as low as 500 copies/mL. No cross-reactivity was observed, and elevated levels of various interfering substances did not adversely affect its analytical performance. The precision test conducted by repetitive analysis of 2,400 replicates with reference standards at various concentrations showed 99.9% agreement (2398/2400). The overall concordance rate between the HepB Typer-Entecavir kit and direct sequencing assays in 396 clinical samples was 99.5%. Conclusions The HepB Typer-Entecavir kit showed high reliability and precision, and comparable sensitivity and specificity for detecting mutant virus populations in reference and clinical samples in comparison with direct sequencing. Therefore, this assay would be clinically useful in the diagnosis of entecavir-resistance-associated mutations in chronic hepatitis B. Keywords: HBV; Drug; Resistance mutation; Entecavir; MALDI-TOF
Elizabeth Anne Alexander (nee Gillberry)
Authors: T. Alexander
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Family planning medical officer Coventry and Warwickshire, medical officer University of Warwick, and Benefits Agency medical examiner (b Liverpool 1927; q Liverpool University 1955), died from a series of small strokes on 4 May 2003​2003




Figure 1




After house jobs, she moved to a Bristol pathology rotation and then, following marriage, to London, where she combined a research post at the Institute of Dermatology with evening surgeries in general practice. In 1963 she moved to Coventry, where family planning clinics (then for married women only) allowed the possibility of some sessional work. She worked with others to found the Coventry Brook Clinic. In 1970 the University of Warwick, alarmed by its high student pregnancy rate, invited her to start family planning sessions. She leaves a husband, David, and a son.
Retrospective Studies
Authors: PHILIP E. SARTWELL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1974)

The retrospective or case-control method of epidemiologic investigation is described and compared with the prospective (cohort) method. Both methods have the weakness of being observational or nonexperimental in nature. Two methods employed in retrospective studies for reducing (but never eliminating) the likelihood of spurious inferences through indirect association are matching controls to cases with respect to possible confounding factors, and statistical adjustment. Some etiologic factors or susceptibility-associated factors that have been identified by studies of this type are smoking, in relation to lung cancer and other conditions; oral contraception, in relation to intravascular thrombosis; features of the reproductive history, in relation to breast and cervical cancer; and maternal rubella, in relation to congenital defects. The results of properly designed and conducted retrospective studies rarely disagree to any extent with those of equally well-conducted prospective studies. The retrospective method is both valid and useful.
Blood prostaglandin activity associated with noradrenaline-provoked flush in the carcinoid syndrome
Authors: A. G. SMITH, M.W. GREAVES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1974)

A case of the carcinoid syndrome with unusual skin lesions is described. A rise in blood prostaglandin activity associated with noradrenaline-induccd flushing is reported. The significance of prostaglandins in the carcinoid syndrome is discussed.
Mandatory assessment of patients aged over 75.
Authors: M K Thompson
Journal: BMJ (1991)

for our patients in renal failure should not be greater than our concern for other human beings, even if we are nephrologists or transplant surgeons.Giving a fair price is not the solution for poverty.This is a worldwide problem.Opening such a door will add to the miseries ofThird World countries as they would become the sole source of organs for sale.
Asthma and natural killer T cells
Authors: H E Davies
Journal: Thorax (2006)

▴ Akbari O, Faul JL, Hoyte EG, et al. CD4+ invariant T-cell-receptor+ natural killer T cells in bronchial asthma. N Engl J Med2006;354:1117–29[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] The presence of CD4+ T helper cells in the airways of patients with asthma is well recognised, precipitating airway inflammation via cytokines such as interleukin-4, … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.aulast%253DAkbari%26rft.auinit1%253DO.%26rft.volume%253D354%26rft.issue%253D11%26rft.spage%253D1117%26rft.epage%253D1129%26rft.atitle%253DCD4%252B%2Binvariant%2BT-cell-receptor%252B%2Bnatural%2Bkiller%2BT%2Bcells%2Bin%2Bbronchial%2Basthma.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa053614%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16540612%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa053614&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=16540612&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F61%2F6%2F544.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000235981700005&link_type=ISI
Risk of Clostridium difficile Infection in Hospitalized Patients Receiving Metronidazole for a Non–C difficile Infection
Authors: Sandra Rodriguez, Marlow B Hernandez, Giorgio Tarchini, Megan Zaleski, Marjon Vatanchi, Lyssette Cardona, Fernando Castro-Pavia, Alison Schneider
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2014)
Time to look again at sight tests
Authors: R. Wormald, S. Fraser, C. Bunce
Journal: BMJ (1997)

There is no formal screening programme for glaucoma in Britain, and current practice can best be described as opportunistic surveillance, with no attempt to define clearly, or cover, the entire population at risk. To facilitate this surveillance, certain sections of the population are exempt from sight test charges, including first degree relatives of people with glaucoma, diabetic patients, and people receiving income support. However, probably about half of cases of glaucoma remain undiagnosed,1 and patients continue to present late in the course of the disease.

Detecting presymptomatic chronic glaucoma requires two independent events. Firstly, an individual must attend for a sight test, and, secondly, the practitioner must use appropriate tests: intraocular pressure measurement, optic disc assessment, and visual field testing–preferably all three.2 We know roughly how often optometrists perform tests for glaucoma from work done by the International Glaucoma Association,2 but until recently we lacked information on who consults optometrists and how often–particularly since charging for sight tests began in 1989. …
Insulin resistance in non-obese, non—insulin-dependent diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Masanori Emoto, Yoshiki Nishizawa, Kiyoshi Maekawa, Takahiko Kawagishi, Kyoko Kogawa, Yoshikazu Hiura, Katsuhito Mori, Shinji Tanaka, Eiji Ishimura, Masaaki Inaba, Yasuhisa Okuno, Hirotoshi Morii
Journal: Metabolism (1997)
Did Not Boom an Irregular Device.
Authors: Geo. S. Hull
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Chambersburg, Pa., Oct. 7, 1895. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I send you by this mail, a reprint of my article on "Electricity," not so much on account of any merit it may possess, but to demonstrate to you how little your reporter understood what I was talking about when he wrote you the report of the proceedings of our State Society. He must have been a very serious man to fail to see that I was poking fun at "Electropoise," and write you that I said that<i>argon</i>was what was driven into the system, etc. Look at the report, and then at the latter part of my article, and determine whether I was too ponderous at my fun, or he too dull of comprehension. No serious harm has been done—the "Electropoise" men have not yet thanked me for my ad. through yourJournal, nor yet have they "gone for me"
Early virologic response (EVR) at week 8 is more predictive of sustained response (SR) to pegylated combination therapy than at week 12
Authors: M. Martinot-Peignoux, L. Comanor, M.P. Ripault, N. Boyer, C. Castelnau, N. Guily, D. Hendricks, P. Kipnis, P. Marcellin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Children's environmental health: a critical challenge of our time
Authors: Frederica P Perera
Journal: The Lancet (2014)

In studying a cohort of inner city children in New York City, my colleagues and I are finding that many of the children were exposed prenatally to various air pollutants, pesticides, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and metals. By age 7 years, 25% of the children were overweight or obese, more than 25% had a diagnosis of asthma, and 15% had experienced delayed cognitive or motor development that could affect their ability to learn. One boy in the study is affected by asthma and developmental problems.
Effect of Brefeldin A on transcytotic vesicular pathway and bile secretion: A study on the isolated perfused rat liver and isolated rat hepatocyte couplets
Authors: Domenico Alvaro, Antonio Benedetti, Alessandro Gigliozzi, Adriano Bini, Sonia Furfaro, Cristina Bassotti, Tiziana La Rosa, Anne Marie Jezequel, Livio Capocaccia
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

This study investigated the effect of Brefeldin A (BFA) on the transcytotic vesicular pathway labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in both isolated rat hepatocyte couplets (IRHC) and the isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL). To evaluate the role of the transcytotic vesicular pathway on bile secretion, the effect of BFA on bile secretion in the IPRL was then investigated. In the basolateral area of IRHC, BFA showed no effect on the density and percentage of area of HRP-labeled vesicles. However, HRP-labeled vesicles tended to accumulate in the juxtanuclear area of BFA-treated hepatocytes (P < .001 vs. controls). In the pericanalicular area, on the other hand, HRP-labeled vesicles were depleted compared with controls (P < .001). In keeping with these findings, although the early peak remained unchanged, BFA inhibited as much as 50% of the late peak of HRP excretion in bile, after a pulse load of HRP in the IPRL. Bile flow and the biliary secretion of bile salts (BS) and phospholipids were not modified by BFA in isolated livers perfused without BS in the perfusate or with 1 mumol/min taurocholate (TCA). In BFA-treated livers, peak bile flow and BS output decreased by 20% (P < .05 vs. controls) only when a 5 mumol TCA bolus was administered. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that BFA inhibits the transcytotic vesicular pathway in the liver. However, BFA has no significant effect on bile secretion either in basal conditions or during perfusion with physiological amounts of BS. BFA slightly decreases bile flow and BS output only after an overload of BS, providing evidence against the physiological relevance of the transcytotic vesicular pathway in the process of bile formation.
Transforming growth factor-β induces vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression leading to lymphangiogenesis in rat unilateral ureteral obstruction
Authors: Yasuhiro Suzuki, Yasuhiko Ito, Masashi Mizuno, Hiroshi Kinashi, Akiho Sawai, Yukihiro Noda, Tomohiro Mizuno, Hideaki Shimizu, Yoshiro Fujita, Katsuyuki Matsui, Shoichi Maruyama, Enyu Imai, Seiichi Matsuo, Yoshifumi Takei
Journal: Kidney International (2012)
Coronary heart disease: genetic aspects.
Authors: H N Neufeld, U Goldbourt
Journal: Circulation (1983)

Morbidity and mortality differences between populations, between ethnic groups and between individuals are not satisfactorily explained by the variation of risk factors. Differences in genetic susceptibility might be responsible for a part of the unexplained variation of coronary heart disease (CHD) rates. Genetic factors are also significant in determining the level of risk factors in individuals. Ample evidence links genetic factors to the levels of serum cholesterol, blood pressure and diabetes. Marked sex differences in CHD mortality also indicate the role of heredity in the development of the disease. The male:female ratio varies widely between different countries, as well as between different ethnic groups. These variations are difficult to explain by variation in environmental and behavioral differences between males and females alone. The degree of atherosclerosis in males and females varies, depending on the anatomic location of the atherosclerosis. Inherited disorders of metabolism and the variability of anatomic patterns provide additional indications of the role of genetics. The data accumulated in the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study over 15 years reveal an ethnic variation of risk factors coupled with remarkably larger variation in disease rates. Patterns of incidence assessed in the national mortality data of the Israeli study and in histologic findings in the coronary arteries of infants from different ethnic groups are compatible with a hypothesis that ethnic and sex differences in early structural changes of the coronary arteries partly determine the susceptibility of the latter to the development of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, findings from our studies and the review of the evidence from genetic epidemiologic investigations indicate a significant role of genetics in determining the degree, time course and severity of the atherosclerotic process and of the occurrence of symptomatic CHD. This important role of the genetic component is relevant to preventive strategies offered as tools for reducing the burden of CHD. Research into genetic determinants of both susceptibility to atherosclerosis or clinical manifestation of CHD and individual response to preventive measures should be encouraged.
Myocardial ultrastructure and the development of atrioventricular block in Kearns-Sayre syndrome.
Authors: R Charles, S Holt, J M Kay, E J Epstein, J R Rees
Journal: Circulation (1981)

A right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy specimen from a 30-year-old male with chromic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinal pigmentation and complete atrioventricular block (Kearns-Sayre syndrome) was examined in the electron microscope. There was a proliferation of mitochondria between the myofibrils and beneath the sarcolemma. Many of the mitochondria showed morphologic abnormalities not previously described in this condition. There were associated accumulations of glycogen. A similarly affected female with left anterior hemiblock developed complete atrioventricular block at age 26 years, Despite the ultrastructural changes, clinically detectable myocardial disease is not a feature of Kearns-Sayre syndrome. However, intraventricular conduction defects show an unusually rapid progression to potentially fatal complete atrioventricular block and are an indication for prophylactic cardiac pacing.
Enzymatic infarct size and its significance for evaluation of thrombolytic therapy after acute myocardial infarction.
Authors: W T Hermens, F H van der Veen, G M Willems, R S Reneman
Journal: Circulation (1990)

The February 1990 issue of Circulation contained an editorial comment by Dr. R. Roberts1 concerning our study on enzyme recovery from dog heart.2We appreciate Roberts' interest in our study, and we agree with him that there is urgent need for methods allowing quantitative estimation of myocardial injury.We feel, however, that some of Roberts' remarks could cause confusion regarding the implications of our study.First, we will briefly pay attention to these remarks, and then we will discuss the application of these methods in thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Roberts states that "the elimination rate for CK [creatine
Economics Notes: Measuring outcomes in economic evaluations
Authors: D. Torgerson, J. Raftery
Journal: BMJ (1999)

This is the fifth in a series of occasional notes on economics

To make judgments about efficiency economic evaluation of health care has to compare health outcomes, however measured, with costs. Three main approaches exist to measuring outcomes: clinical end points, quality of life measures, and willingness to pay.

The simplest outcome measure to use in a trial is a clinical one, such as a reduction in the number of strokes or changes in blood pressure. Health economists use such measures to construct cost effectiveness ratios.1 For example, in a trial aimed at preventing hip fractures a cost effectiveness ratio might be cost per averted hip fracture.

Measuring outcome in terms of clinical endpoints has the disadvantage that comparisons between different healthcare treatments are difficult. This is only partly solved when trial endpoints include mortality. …
Pentavalent Tc-99m DMSA Scintigraphy
Authors: O A MOJIMINIYI, R. UDELSMAN, N D W SOPER, B J SHEPSTONE, N E DUDLEY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1991)

Ten patients with suspected primary, recurrent or metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) were studied prospectively with Tc-99m(V) DMSA. Of these, two patients had primary disease, seven patients were asymptomatic but had persistent and serial elevations in serum calcitonin following previous thyroid resections for MCT, and one asymptomatic patient with normal serum calcitonin was studied because of suspected hilar nodes metastases. The serial calcitonin peak in the patients was 0.04-43ng/ml (normal less than 0.08ng/ml). Scintigraphy was considered positive in seven of the asymptomatic patients and equivocal in one. The two patients with primary disease had increased uptake before but not after thyroidectomy. Primary disease, localized recurrence and distant metastases in soft tissue (nine patients) and bone (one patient) were detected in these patients, and this resulted in early surgical resection (five patients) and radiotherapy (one patient). We conclude that Tc-99m(V) DMSA is a useful imaging agent in the evaluation of asymptomatic MCT patients with hypercalcitonemia.
Malignant Disease Mimicking Arthritis of the Hip
Authors: Roy A. Meals
Journal: JAMA (1978)

ARTHRITIS of the hip is a common problem, and although standard medical textbooks include cancer in the differential diagnosis of arthritis, malignant disease is an uncommon source of hip pain and is, therefore, a difficult diagnosis to make. Seven patients with malignant disease masquerading as hip arthritis were examined at the Johns Hopkins-University of Maryland Comprehensive Rheumatic Disease Unit between 1971 and 1976. During this time, a total of 2,458 patients were admitted to the unit for examination and treatment of rheumatic complaints. <h3>Representative Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> A healthy, 89-year-old man had had right hip pain for 2 1/2 months prior to admission. His physician prescribed propoxyphene hydrochloride and later ibuprofen as the pain worsened and spread to both shoulders. The patient was referred to us for evaluation of his arthritis when ibuprofen no longer controlled the pain. Two years earlier, the patient had undergone a suprapubic prostatectomy with a
Cerebral blood flow in diabetes mellitus.
Authors: R M Gardiner
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Cerebral blood flow in diabetes mellitus SIR,-Dr P Dandona and his colleagues (29 July, p 325) appear to conclude from their most interesting demonstration of altered reactivity of the cerebral vasculature to CO2 in diabetics that these patients have an "inability to compensate with increased cerebral blood flow when metabolic requirements of the brain demand this."Such a conclusion is almost certainly not justified.Although CO2 has been suspected as a factor in the mechanism which couples blood flow to metabolism in the brain since Roy and Sherrington's classic study,' no direct evidence exists for this supposition and recent evidence is against it.2Failure to react to one specific stimulus can surely not be taken as evidence of an impaired ability of cerebral vessels to dilate under any circumstances.They may yet respond to the factors, as yet unidentified, which do couple blood flow to metabolism in the brain.
THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE ON THE MOTOR CELLS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
Authors: H. F. HYNDMAN
Journal: JAMA (1910)

Through extensive studies conducted by Meltzer, Auer and other investigators, it has been established, among many other important facts, that injections of magnesium salts produce anesthesia accompanied by a loss of reflexes, muscle tonus, and inhibition of the convulsions produced in tetanus. The effects are said to be paralysis of nerve cells, without preceding excitation, slight lowering of blood-pressure and shallow respiration. The anesthetic dose, it was assumed, exercised an action directly on the nervous system, causing temporary sensory and motor depression, in that the nerve-cells of the cortex and centers in the medulla oblongata were affected. Furthermore, by local application of the magnesium solutions to the nerve trunks the conductivity of the nerve impulse is interrupted, while the contractile power of the muscle is not abolished by an anesthetic dose, since strychnin administered to an animal while under anesthesia caused convulsions to appear. In considering the above facts, it
Black twins are born to white parents after infertility treatment
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The case of black twins being born to a white couple receiving infertility treatment, which became public this week, looks set to become a matter for the courts. The Official Solicitor has been granted injunctions forbidding the release of the identity of any of the parents, the children, the clinic concerned, or the NHS trust with which the case is associated.

It is not known if the incident involved a black man's sperm being introduced into Mrs A's eggs, or complete fertilised embryos from a black couple being implanted in her womb. The error took place before 2001 so the children may now be over 1 year …
Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography for Predicting Outcome in Chronic Aortic Regurgitation During Conservative Management and After Surgery
Authors: Niels Thue Olsen, Peter Sogaard, Henrik B.W. Larsson, Jens Peter Goetze, Christian Jons, Rasmus Mogelvang, Olav W. Nielsen, Thomas Fritz-Hansen
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2011)
Genomics in Space Life Sciences
Authors: Jade Q. Clement, Hiroki Yokota
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2008)

Since the early days of manned spaceflight, hazardous effects of the space environment on living organisms have been disputed.With the continuous manning of the International Space Station, the planned Chinese space station, and renewed interest in returning to the Moon and sending manned flights to Mars, identifying and addressing the potential outcomes of long-term space exposures is critically important.