tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Emotion, Cognition, and Mental State Representation in Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: C. Daniel Salzman, Stefano Fusi
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2010)

Neuroscientists have often described cognition and emotion as separable processes implemented by different regions of the brain, such as the amygdala for emotion and the prefrontal cortex for cognition. In this framework, functional interactions between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex mediate emotional influences on cognitive processes such as decision-making, as well as the cognitive regulation of emotion. However, neurons in these structures often have entangled representations, whereby single neurons encode multiple cognitive and emotional variables. Here we review studies using anatomical, lesion, and neurophysiological approaches to investigate the representation and utilization of cognitive and emotional parameters. We propose that these mental state parameters are inextricably linked and represented in dynamic neural networks composed of interconnected prefrontal and limbic brain structures. Future theoretical and experimental work is required to understand how these mental state representations form and how shifts between mental states occur, a critical feature of adaptive cognitive and emotional behavior.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure during Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Hypoxemic Patients
Authors: BERNARD MAITRE, SAMIR JABER, SALVATORE M. MAGGIORE, EMMANUEL BERGOT, JEAN CHRISTOPHE RICHARD, HAMID BAKTHIARI, BRUNO HOUSSET, GEORGES BOUSSIGNAC, LAURENT BROCHARD
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) may worsen oxygenation and clinical status in severely hypoxemic patients. We conducted a prospective, randomized double-blind trial to compare the delivery of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as a tool for maintaining oxygenation during FOB, to the delivery of oxygen only. Thirty consecutive patients who needed FOB for diagnostic purposes were enrolled. Their arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2 ) to inspired oxygen fraction (Fi O2 ) ratio was below 300 mm Hg. CPAP was generated by a simple new device open to the atmosphere. During FOB and the 30 min thereafter, pulse oximetry values (SpO2 ) were significantly higher in the CPAP than the Oxygen group (95.7 ± 1.9% versus 92.6 ± 3.1, p = 0.02). The lowest SpO2 values were observed in the Oxygen group (93.5 ± 2.4% versus 88.6 ± 3.4, p = 0.002). Arterial blood gases 15 min after FOB showed that PaO2 had increased in the CPAP group and decreased in the Oxygen group ( Δ PaO2 = + 10.5% ± 16.9 versus − 15% ± 16.6, p = 0.01). Five patients in the Oxygen group, but none in the CPAP group, developed respiratory failure in the 6 h after FOB and required ventilatory assistance (p = 0.03). We conclude that in hypoxemic patients, the use of a new CPAP device during FOB allowed minimal alterations in gas exchange and prevented subsequent respiratory failure.
Bacteraemia and antibiotic resistance of its pathogens reported in England and Wales between 1990 and 1998: trend analysis
Authors: M H Reacher, A Shah, D M Livermore, M C Wale, C Graham, A P Johnson, H Heine, M A Monnickendam, K F Barker, D James, R C George
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> Determination of causes, trends, and antibiotic resistance in reports of bacterial pathogens isolated from blood in England and Wales from 1990 to 1998. <b>Design:</b> Description of bacterial isolates from blood, judged to be clinically significant by microbiology staff, reported to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. <b>Setting:</b> Microbiology laboratories in England and Wales. <b>Subjects:</b> Patients yielding clinically significant isolates from blood. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Frequency and Poisson regression analyses for trend of reported causes of bacteraemia and proportions of antibiotic resistant isolates. <b>Results:</b> There was an upward trend in total numbers of reports of bacteraemia. The five most cited organisms accounted for over 60% of reports each year. There was a substantial increase in the proportion of reports of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin, Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to penicillin and erythromycin, and Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium resistance to vancomycin. No increase was seen in resistance of Escherichia coli to gentamicin. <b>Conclusions:</b> Reports from laboratories provide valuable information on trends and antibiotic resistance in bacteraemia and show a worrying increase in resistance to important antibiotics.
Comparison of the Effect of Mutant and Wild-Type p53 on Global Gene Expression
Authors: Thomas J. O’Farrell, Paritosh Ghosh, Nobuaki Dobashi, Carl Y. Sasaki, Dan L. Longo
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The mechanisms for “gain-of-function” phenotypes produced by mutant p53s such as enhanced proliferation, resistance to transforming growth factor-β–mediated growth suppression, and increased tumorigenesis are not known. One theory is that these phenotypes are caused by novel transcriptional regulatory events acquired by mutant p53s. Another explanation is that these effects are a result of an imbalance of functions caused by the retention of some of the wild-type transcriptional regulatory events in the context of a loss of other counterbalancing activities. An analysis of the ability of DNA-binding domain mutants A138P and R175H, and wild-type p53 to regulate the expression levels of 6.9 × 103 genes revealed that the mutants retained only &amp;lt;5% of the regulatory activities of the wild-type protein. A138P p53 exhibited mostly retained wild-type regulatory activities and few acquired novel events. However, R175H p53 possessed an approximately equal number of wild-type regulatory events and novel activities. This is the first report that, after examination of the regulation of a large unfocused set of genes, provides data indicating that remaining wild-type transcriptional regulatory functions existing in the absence of counterbalancing activities as well as acquired novel events both contribute to the gain-of-function phenotypes produced by mutant p53s. However, mutant p53s are likely to be distinct in terms of the extent to which each mechanism contributes to their gain-of-function phenotypes.
Comparison of Two Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Regimens for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Results of the Phase III Trial ACCORD 12/0405-Prodige 2
Authors: Jean-Pierre Gérard, David Azria, Sophie Gourgou-Bourgade, Isabelle Martel-Laffay, Christophe Hennequin, Pierre-Luc Etienne, Véronique Vendrely, Eric François, Guy de La Roche, Olivier Bouché, Xavier Mirabel, Bernard Denis, Laurent Mineur, Jean-François Berdah, Marc André Mahé, Yves Bécouarn, Olivier Dupuis, Gérard Lledo, Christine Montoto-Grillot, Thierry Conroy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Purpose Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is considered a standard approach for T3-4 M0 rectal cancer. In this situation, we compared neoadjuvant radiotherapy plus capecitabine with dose-intensified radiotherapy plus capecitabine and oxaliplatin. Patients and Methods We randomly assigned patients to receive 5 weeks of treatment with radiotherapy 45 Gy/25 fractions with concurrent capecitabine 800 mg/m 2 twice daily 5 days per week (Cap 45) or radiotherapy 50 Gy/25 fractions with capecitabine 800 mg/m 2 twice daily 5 days per week and oxaliplatin 50 mg/m 2 once weekly (Capox 50). The primary end point was complete sterilization of the operative specimen (ypCR). Results Five hundred ninety-eight patients were randomly assigned to receive Cap 45 (n = 299) or Capox 50 (n = 299). More preoperative grade 3 to 4 toxicity occurred in the Capox 50 group (25 v 1%; P &lt; .001). Surgery was performed in 98% of patients in both groups. There were no differences between groups in the rate of conservative surgery (75%) or postoperative deaths at 60 days (0.3%). The ypCR rate was 13.9% with Cap 45 and 19.2% with Capox 50 (P = .09). When ypCR was combined with yp few residual cells, the rate was respectively 28.9% with Cap 45 and 39.4% with Capox 50 (P = .008). The rate of positive circumferential rectal margins (between 0 and 2 mm) was 19.3% with Cap 45 and 9.9% with Capox 50 (P = .02). Conclusion The benefit of oxaliplatin was not demonstrated and this drug should not be used with concurrent irradiation. Cap 50 merits investigation for T3-4 rectal cancers.
Homeostatic Proliferation Plus Regulatory T-Cell Depletion Promotes Potent Rejection of B16 Melanoma
Authors: Justin Kline, Ian E. Brown, Yuan-Yuan Zha, Christian Blank, John Strickler, Harald Wouters, Long Zhang, Thomas F. Gajewski
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the antitumor efficacy of T-cell anergy reversal through homeostatic proliferation and regulatory T-cell (Treg) depletion in a clinically relevant murine adoptive immunotherapy model. Experimental Design: B16 melanoma cells were engineered to express the model SIYRYYGL (SIY) antigen to enable immune monitoring. Tumor-specific T cells expanded in tumor-challenged wild-type hosts but became hyporesponsive. To examine whether lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation could reverse tumor-induced T-cell anergy, total splenic T cells were transferred into lymphopenic RAG2−/− mice or control P14/RAG2−/− mice. Tumor growth was measured, and SIY-specific immune responses were monitored using ELISPOT and SIY/Kb tetramers. To determine whether Treg depletion could synergize with homeostatic proliferation, RAG2−/− mice received total or CD25-depleted T cells, followed or preceded by B16.SIY challenge. This approach was further investigated in wild-type mice lymphodepleted with sublethal total body irradiation. Results: Adoptive transfer of total splenic T cells into RAG2−/− mice moderately affected the growth rate of B16.SIY. As Treg expansion occurred in tumor-bearing mice, CD25+ T cells were depleted from total T cells before adoptive transfer. Interestingly, transfer of CD25-depleted T cells into RAG2−/− mice resulted in potent rejection of B16 melanoma in both prophylactic and short-term preimplanted tumor settings and was associated with maintained T-cell effector function. Using a clinically applicable approach, wild-type mice were lymphodepleted using sublethal total body irradiation, which similarly supported tumor rejection upon transfer of CD25-depleted T cells. Conclusions: Our results indicate that combined CD25 depletion and homeostatic proliferation support a potent antitumor immune response—an approach with potential for clinical translation.
Modern Taurine Cattle Descended from Small Number of Near-Eastern Founders
Authors: R. Bollongino, J. Burger, A. Powell, M. Mashkour, J.-D. Vigne, M. G. Thomas
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2012)

Archaeozoological and genetic data indicate that taurine cattle were first domesticated from local wild ox (aurochs) in the Near East some 10,500 years ago. However, while modern mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation indicates early Holocene founding event(s), a lack of ancient DNA data from the region of origin, variation in mutation rate estimates, and limited application of appropriate inference methodologies have resulted in uncertainty on the number of animals first domesticated. A large number would be expected if cattle domestication was a technologically straightforward and unexacting region-wide phenomenon, while a smaller number would be consistent with a more complex and challenging process. We report mtDNA sequences from 15 Neolithic to Iron Age Iranian domestic cattle and, in conjunction with modern data, use serial coalescent simulation and approximate Bayesian computation to estimate that around 80 female aurochs were initially domesticated. Such a low number is consistent with archaeological data indicating that initial domestication took place in a restricted area and suggests the process was constrained by the difficulty of sustained managing and breeding of the wild progenitors of domestic cattle.
More on glucose transporters: The acinar organization for hepatic glucose transport
Authors: Jorge J. Gumucio, Bahri Bilir, Jorge J. Gumucio
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

The “erythroid/brain” glucose transporter (GT) isoform is expressed only in a subset of hepatocytes, those forming the first row around the terminal hepatic venules, while the “liver” GT is expressed in all hepatocytes. After 3 d of starvation, a three- to fourfold elevation of expression of the erythroid/brain GT mRNA and protein is detected in the liver as a whole; this correlates with the expression of this GT in more hepatocytes, those forming the first three to four rows around the hepatic venules. Starvation-dependent expression of the erythroid/brain GT on the plasma membrane of these additional hepatocytes is lost within 3 h of glucose refeeding; however, by immunoblotting we show that the protein is still present. Its loss from the surface is possibly explained by internalization.
GI Highlights from the literature
Authors: G. P. Aithal
Journal: Gut (2011)

▶  Malfertheiner P, Bazzoli F, Delchier JC, et al . H pylori eradication with a capsule containing bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole, and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus clarithromycin-based triple therapy: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011; 377 :905–13.

H pylori is the main cause of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer worldwide. Eradication of the bacterium is therefore advocated in most patients found to be infected with it. Proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy is the accepted first-line therapy, but their have been concerns about reduced efficacy in recent years. Bismuth-based quadruple therapy is reserved as second-line therapy, due to concerns regarding tolerability.

This randomised controlled trial conducted in Europe by Malfertheiner and colleagues recruited 440 H pylori -positive patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and randomised them to receive Proton pump inhibitor triple therapy or bismuth quadruple therapy. The primary outcome was successful H pylori eradication, which required two negative carbon-urea breath tests at 6 and 10 weeks post-treatment.

The authors demonstrated a significantly superior eradication rate with quadruple therapy compared with triple therapy in their intention to treat analysis, 80% versus 55%. Adverse events were no commoner with quadruple therapy. They concluded that quadruple therapy should be considered as a first-line therapy for the treatment of H pylori . …
Risk factors in elderly patients with acute respiratory failure
Authors: Balam Er Dedekarginoglu, Elif Kupeli, Gaye Ulubay
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction: acute respiratory failure is a condition that may cause morbidity in not only patients with systemic disorders but also healthy people.

Aim: To determine risk factors in elderly patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF).

Method: Cases over 65 years old with (ARF) that applied to the Department of Chest Diseases of our hospital between years 2011 and 2012 were included in the study prospectively.

Findings: 47 cases (M:F=25:22, median age:74,7+10 years) were included in the study. Computed thorax tomography was conducted in 38 cases. Multiple pulmonary pathology was established in 18 cases (41,9%) while 4 cases (9,3%) only had lung bullouses, 3 cases (7%) only had honeycomb appearance, and 1 case (2,3%) only had pneumonia. It was established that 25 cases (53,2%) had type 1 respiratory failure (RF), 22 cases (46,8%) had type 2 RF. Intensive Care (IC) monitoring was necessary for 18 cases. Average term of stay in IC was 10.7+8 days. Need of intubation developed in 13 patients (27,7%). Oseltamivir was administered in 23 cases with suspicion of influenza. Only 3 out of 23 cases administered Oseltamivir were intubated and 9 out of other 24 cases were intubated (p 0.05).

Result: Influenza related respiratory failure should be borne in mind in patients that apply with acute respiratory failure and that do not have a pre-existing pulmonary disease. In these patients supplementation of antiviral agents in the treatment particularly in the high risk group in terms of influenza complications may reduce the need of IC, duration of stay in IC and duration of intubation.
3. Epithelial Cells: Barrier Functions and Shedding-Restitution Mechanisms
Authors: Carl G. A. Persson
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

"3. Epithelial Cells: Barrier Functions and Shedding-Restitution Mechanisms." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 153(6_pt_2), pp. S9–S10
The European Union Directive on Clinical Research: present status of implementation in EU member states? legislations with regard to the incompetent patient
Authors: F. Lemaire, J. Bion, J. Blanco, P. Damas, C. Druml, K. Falke, J. Kesecioglu, A. Larsson, J. Mancebo, D. Matamis, A. Pesenti, J. Pimentel, M. Ranieri
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2005)
Diabetes Insipidus in Uricase-Deficient Mice: A Model for Evaluating Therapy with Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Modified Uricase
Authors: SUSAN J. KELLY, MARIELLE DELNOMDEDIEU, MICHAEL I. OLIVERIO, DAVID L. WILLIAMS, MARK G. P. SAIFER, MERRY R. SHERMAN, THOMAS M. COFFMAN, ALLAN G. JOHNSON, MICHAEL S. HERSHFIELD
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2001)

Abstract. Uricase-deficient mice develop uric acid nephropathy, with high mortality rates before weaning. Urate excretion was quantitated and renal function was better defined in this study, to facilitate the use of these mice as a model for evaluating poly(ethylene glycol)-modified recombinant mammalian uricases (PEG-uricase) as a potential therapy for gout and uric acid nephropathy. The uric acid/creatinine ratio in the urine of uricase-deficient mice ranges from 10 to &gt;30; on a weight basis, these mice excrete 20- to 40-fold more urate than do human subjects. These mice consistently develop a severe defect in renal concentrating ability, resulting in an approximately sixfold greater urine volume and a fivefold greater fluid requirement, compared with normal mice. This nephrogenic diabetes insipidus leads to dehydration and death of nursing mice but, with adequate water replacement, high urine flow protects adults from progressive renal damage. Treatment of uricase-deficient mice with PEG-uricase markedly reduced urate levels and, when initiated before weaning, preserved the renal architecture (as evaluated by magnetic resonance micros-copy) and prevented the loss of renal concentrating function. PEG-uricase was far more effective and less immunogenic than unmodified uricase. Retention of uricase in most mammals and its loss in humans and some other primates may reflect the evolution of renal function under different environmental conditions. PEG-uricase could provide an effective therapy for uric acid nephropathy and refractory gout in human patients.
PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRAL INFECTION
Authors: Michael B. A. Oldstone, Frank J. Dixon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1970)

Tissue injury (chronic disease) associated with persistent LCM infection is apparently caused by the host immune response to the virus. Employing parabiosis or cell transfer from hyperimmune donors to isologous virus carriers, the tissue injury of chronic disease could be initiated and/or intensified. Furthermore, the transfer of anti-LCM antibody to SWR/J carrier mice results in acute necrotizing inflammatory lesions in regions of viral persistence, followed by chronic mononuclear infiltrates quite similar to those seen after the transfer of immune cells. The pathogenesis of the nonglomerular tissue injury of chronic LCM disease is apparently at least in part related to the interaction of circulating anti-LCM antibody with viral antigen at the tissue site. Trapping of circulating virus-antibody complexes in the glomerular filter is apparently the major cause of the glomerulonephritis.
Manipulating the Genome by Homologous Recombination in Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: A Zimmer
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1992)

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
Ketamine and Rapid-Acting Antidepressants: A Window into a New Neurobiology for Mood Disorder Therapeutics
Authors: Chadi G. Abdallah, Gerard Sanacora, Ronald S. Duman, John H. Krystal
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2014)

Ketamine is the prototype for a new generation of glutamate-based antidepressants that rapidly alleviate depression within hours of treatment. Over the past decade, there has been replicated evidence demonstrating the rapid and potent antidepressant effects of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression. Moreover, preclinical and biomarker studies have begun to elucidate the mechanism underlying the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine, offering a new window into the biology of depression and identifying a plethora of potential treatment targets. This article discusses the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ketamine, summarizes the neurobiology of depression, reviews the mechanisms underlying the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine, and discusses the prospects for next-generation rapid-acting antidepressants.
Jule from the Fish Xiphophorus Is the First Complete Vertebrate Ty3/Gypsy Retrotransposon from the Mag Family
Authors: Jean-Nicolas Volff, Cornelia Körting, Joachim Altschmied, Jutta Duschl, Kimberley Sweeney, Katrin Wichert, Alexander Froschauer, Manfred Schartl
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

Jule is the second complete long-terminal-repeat (LTR) Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposon identified to date in vertebrates. Jule, first isolated from the poeciliid fish Xiphophorus maculatus, is 4.8 kb in length, is flanked by two 202-bp LTRs, and encodes Gag (structural core protein) and Pol (protease, reverse transcriptase, RNase H, and integrase, in that order) but no envelope. There are three to four copies of Jule per haploid genome in X. maculatus. Two of them are located in a subtelomeric region of the sex chromosomes, where they are associated with the Xmrk receptor tyrosine kinase genes, of which oncogenic versions are responsible for the formation of hereditary melanoma in Xiphophorus. One almost intact copy of Jule was found in the first intron of the X-chromosomal allele of the Xmrk proto-oncogene, and a second, more corrupted copy is present only 56 nt downstream of the polyadenylation signal of the Xmrk oncogene. Jule-related elements were detected by Southern blot hybridization with less than 10 copies per haploid genome in numerous other poeciliids, as well as in more divergent fishes, including the medakafish Oryzias latipes and the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Database searches also identified Jule-related sequences in the zebrafish Danio rerio and in both genome project pufferfishes, Fugu rubripes and Tetraodon nigroviridis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Jule is the first member of the Mag family of Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposons described to date in vertebrates. This family includes the silkworm Mag and sea urchin SURL retrotransposons, as well as sequences from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Additional related elements were identified in the genomes of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae and the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides. Phylogeny of Mag-related elements suggested that the Mag family of retrotransposons is polyphyletic and is constituted of several ancient lineages that diverged before their host genomes more than 600 MYA.
Nuclear Facility Mortality Study Is Negative
Authors: K. Smigel
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Nuclear Facility Mortality Study Is Negative Get access Kara Smigel Kara Smigel Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 19, 3 October 1990, Pages 1535–1536, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.19.1535 Published: 03 October 1990