tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Serum Thyrotropin Responses to Synthetic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Normal Children and Hypopituitary Patients. A NEW TEST TO DISTINGUISH PRIMARY RELEASING HORMONE DEFICIENCY FROM PRIMARY PITUITARY HORMONE DEFICIENCY
Authors: Thomas P. Foley, Janice Owings, John T. Hayford, Robert M. Blizzard
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

Synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was administered intravenously in a dose of 7 mug/kg to 20 normal children ages 4-13 yr. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured by radioimmunoassay and rose from a mean value of 1.7 muU/ml (range = < 1.25-7.2) to a mean peak value of 21.5 muU/ml (5.2-33.2) at 15 or 30 min after administration.13 patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism and apparent normal thyroid function, ages 3-19 yr, responded to TRH in a manner very similar to the control subjects: TSH rose from a mean value of 1.8 muU/ml (range < 1.25-4.3) to a mean peak value of 18.5 muU/ml (range = 9.5-45.0) which occurred between 15 and 60 min after TRH.13 idiopathic hypopituitary patients with documented thyroid deficiency were tested after thyroid therapy had been discontinued for a minimum of 10 days. The serum TSH values in 10 of 13 patients rose from a mean base line level of 2.2 muU/ml (< 1.25-5.3) to a peak mean value of 32.5 muU/ml (9.6-61.3) between 30 and 120 min after TRH. In three patients, however, little or no TSH response was detected, even when serum thyroxine levels were extremely low. Similar to the latter group, three of five patients with hypopituitarism secondary to craniopharyngiomas had undetectable or barely measurable TSH levels before and after TRH. Two of these five patients had significant responses which were compatible with hypopituitarism resulting from damage to the hypothalamus or hypothalamic vessels instead of the pituitary. Side effects were experienced in 41 of 54 patients (76%). The effects were limited to a mild nausea-like sensation in 63% of the patients and occurred within the first 5 min after receiving TRH. No evidence of serious toxicity or long-term side effects was noted. The TRH test is a safe, effective way to measure TSH reserve in children. The positive response in 10 of 13 patients with secondary hypothyroidism supports data previously accumulated that most patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism have an abnormality of their hypothalamic-releasing hormone function, whereas the remaining minority probably have primary pituitary disease.
Poor world health and rich world wealth
Authors: D. Taylor
Journal: BMJ (2001)

News p 635 

Oxfam and allied aid organisations have recently accused the international pharmaceutical industry of using its influence to maintain a worldwide system of intellectual property law and enforcement that is now denying the world's poor access to essential medicines and blocking progress towards health for all.1 Enabling all sections of the global population to gain the extended life expectancy enjoyed in developed countries is one of the world's fundamental challenges.2 But it is not clear that doing away with legitimate intellectual property rights will aid this process in the long term, or that individual companies can carry a responsibility that properly belongs to governments and peoples.

The concern of Oxfam and others has been made acute by the HIV-AIDS pandemic in regions where the price of patent protected antiretroviral drugs and drugs for opportunistic infections makes them unaffordable to all but a privileged few. Health gains made in previous decades are being lost. The pharmaceutical industry's critics also blame it for inadequate research investment in diseases relevant to the health of the world's poor. Oxfam's report Dare to Lead urges the newly formed Anglo-US company GlaxoSmithKline to play a central role …
DNA from <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (MY-1) Inhibits Immunoglobulin E Production by Human Lymphocytes
Authors: SHIGEHARU FUJIEDA, SUMIKO IHO, YUICHI KIMURA, HIROSHI SUNAGA, HIDEKI IGAWA, CHIZURU SUGIMOTO, SABURO YAMAMOTO, HITOSHI SAITO
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

A DNA fraction purified from Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) and designated MY-1 induced interferon (IFN)- γ production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). IFN- γ is well known as a downregulator of IgE production. In this study we investigated whether MY-1 regulates IgE production by human PBMC in vitro. MY-1 inhibited IgE production in PBMC taken from normal donors and stimulated with interleukin (IL)-4 plus monoclonal anti-CD40 antibody, without affecting production of IgA. MY-1 enhanced production of IFN- γ and IL-12 by PBMC. Inhibition by MY-1 of IgE production was mediated by both IFN- γ and IL-12, since the MY-1–induced suppression was blocked by the addition of monoclonal anti–IFN- γ antibody, monoclonal anti–IL-12 antibody or a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed at the IL-12 receptor. MY-1 inhibited the induction of ɛ germ-line transcript by IL-4. Additionally, MY-1 inhibited spontaneous in vitro production of IgE by PBMC from atopic donors in the absence of IL-4 plus anti-CD40 mAb. These results suggest that exposure to MY-1 may be a novel strategy for the treatment of IgE-related allergic disease. Fujieda S, Iho S, Kimura Y, Sunaga H, Igawa H, Sugimoto C, Yamamoto S, Saito H. DNA from Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (MY-1) inhibits immunoglobulin E production by human lymphocytes.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE TREATMENT OF PUERPERAL FEVER
Authors: BARTON COOKE HIRST
Journal: JAMA (1913)

At the last meeting of the American Medical Association held at Atlantic City, Dr. T. J. Watkins read a paper on the treatment of puerperal infection, advocating a non-interfering, expectant policy. In the discussion that followed, two widely divergent opinions were voiced. Some would immediately attack the uterus and empty it of its contents; others would wait for Nature to expel ovular remnants.  In proposing that a committee be appointed to investigate the subject, three purposes were kept in mind: (1) to obtain the opinions of authorities and of the profession at large, thus to learn what is the general teaching and practice of to-day; (2) to call general attention to the importance of the subject; (3) if possible, to formulate a course of procedure which would be generally applicable to the treatment of sepsis with retained ovular material.  It was decided to send a letter of inquiry to the
miR-1202 is a primate-specific and brain-enriched microRNA involved in major depression and antidepressant treatment
Authors: Juan Pablo Lopez, Raymond Lim, Cristiana Cruceanu, Liam Crapper, Caroline Fasano, Benoit Labonte, Gilles Maussion, Jennie P Yang, Volodymyr Yerko, Erika Vigneault, Salah El Mestikawy, Naguib Mechawar, Paul Pavlidis, Gustavo Turecki
Journal: Nature Medicine (2014)
Differences in the Prevalence of Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance According to Maternal or Paternal History of Diabetes
Authors: Braxton D Mitchell, Rodolfo Valdez, Helen P Hazuda, Steven M Haffner, Ana Monterrosa, Michael P Stern
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

Objective— To determine whether diabetes risk is influenced by which parent (a parental history of diabetes is a well-documented risk factor for NIDDM) is reported to have diabetes. Research Design and Methods— We compared the prevalence of NIDDM and IGT for 4914 subjects according to their parental history of diabetes (mother only, father only, both parents, neither parent). Subjects were drawn from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based survey of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors conducted in Mexican American and non-Hispanic white individuals between 1979–1988. Results— Men with a parental history of diabetes had a higher prevalence of both NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance than men reporting no parental history of diabetes. Prevalence was equally high regardless of which parent, or whether both parents, had diabetes. In contrast, in women, only a maternal history of diabetes was associated with a higher prevalence of NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance. Virtually no difference in NIDDM prevalence was found between women with a paternal-only history of diabetes and women with no parental history of diabetes. Conclusions— Results differed markedly between men and women. The reason for this sex difference is unclear. It may represent a measurement bias, a sex-specific environmental effect, or a genetic effect that is expressed or transmitted differently between the sexes.
Two-dimensional echocardiography in experimental coronary stenosis. II. Relationship between systolic wall thinning and regional myocardial perfusion in severe coronary stenosis.
Authors: N G Pandian, R A Kieso, R E Kerber
Journal: Circulation (1982)

To determine if there is a quantitative relationship between systolic contraction abnormalities (demonstrated by two-dimensional echocardiography) and reduced myocardial perfusion in a setting of moderate and severe coronary stenosis, we created 70% or 90% reduction in circumflex coronary artery diameter in open-chest dogs. Transient ischemia was induced by superimposing increased myocardial oxygen requirements (i.v. isoproterenol, aortic constriction) in the presence of the stenosis or by decreased coronary perfusion (lowering arterial pressure with i.v. nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, or hemorrhage). Acute systolic wall thinning show by two-dimensional echocardiography or by implanted myocardial sonomicrometers was taken as functional evidence of myocardial ischemia. Myocardial perfusion was determined by radiolabeled microspheres when wall thinning was apparent. Systolic wall thinning could not be induced by these interventions when the degree of coronary stenosis was only 70%. Systolic wall thinning occurred only when increased myocardial oxygen requirements or decreased aortic pressure were superimposed on 90% coronary stenosis. Under these conditions, myocardial perfusion was reduced to 28 +/- 27 ml/100 g/min (mean +/- SD), 15--25% of control. Aortic diastolic pressure was a major determinant of ischemia in that contraction abnormalities produced by a 90% stenosis and vasodilators or hemorrhage could be acutely reversed by superimposing acute aortic constriction, which elevated arterial pressure; myocardial perfusion increased correspondingly. Thus, the demonstration of transient systolic wall thinning by two-dimensional echocardiography during a stressful intervention indicated that severe coronary stenosis was present, and that the perfusion of the acutely dyskinetic myocardial area was 25% of control or less.
THE TONGUE AS IT INTERESTS THE DERMATOLOGIST.
Authors: C. W. ALLEN
Journal: JAMA (1898)

For a number of years I have made note in my case books of the appearances presented by the tongue in dermatologic, syphilitic and other cases, and have been impressed with the relative frequency with which this organ is involved in one way or another. At times the tongue lesion has no connection with or bearing upon the skin affection under treatment, while at others, and habitually in syphilis, it has important bearings. The subject is so large I must content myself with generalities and general conclusions. The statistics I present cover several series of observations made at intervals covering a period of ten years. Thirty-nine hundred tongues were examined with the object above mentioned. The importance of diagnosis in affections of the tongue need not be dwelt upon in addressing men who are constantly seeing the ravages produced in neglected cases of syphilis, tuberculosis and leucophakia going on to
Multifunctional, multichannel bridges that deliver neurotrophin encoding lentivirus for regeneration following spinal cord injury
Authors: Hannah M. Tuinstra, Misael O. Aviles, Seungjin Shin, Samantha J. Holland, Marina L. Zelivyanskaya, Alan G. Fast, Sarah Y. Ko, Daniel J. Margul, Anne K. Bartels, Ryan M. Boehler, Brian J. Cummings, Aileen J. Anderson, Lonnie D. Shea
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Serum Uric Acid and Achievement—An Explanation
Authors: L. A. Healey
Journal: JAMA (1970)

To the Editor. —  From the well known caricatures of gouty nobility in the 18th century, through the frequently noted association of gout and genius (Bacon, Milton, Newton, and Franklin, to name af ew), to statistical studies of recent years, much has been made of the association between social class or achievement and gout or hyperuricemia. Dunn et al 1 found that the mean serum uric acid level of executives was 5.7 mg/100 ml, compared to  mean of 4.7 mg/100 ml for craftsmen. Brooks and Mueller 2 found  correlation between serum uric acid level and drive, achievement, and leadership in  group of university professors. They felt that a tendency to gout is  tendency toward the executive suite, an hypothesis originally proposed by Orowan. 3 A recent editorial 4 has again speculated on the relation between uric acid and the psyche.  Our studies in Filipinos suggest an
CARCINOMA IN SITU ASSOCIATED WITH VIRUS-CONTAINING ANAL WARTS
Authors: J. D. ORIEL, I. W. WHIMSTER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1971)

SUMMARY.— A patient is described who had anal warts (condylomata acuminata) in which papillomavirus particles were demonstrated in the electron microscope. One of these warts showed an area of carcinoma in situ.
Fibrinolysis in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia of Pregnancy
Authors: E. N. Wardle, I. S. Menon
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Plasma fibrinolysis is much reduced in normal pregnancy but is the same in women with toxaemia or hypertension, though urinary fibrinolysis is lower in them. The evidence suggests that in toxaemia there must be in addition a slow state of intravascular coagulation. Fibrinolytic inhibitors were found to be normal in this series, though in pregnancy there are raised levels of antitrypsin, α<sub>2</sub>-macroglobulin, and β-lipoprotein. β-Lipoprotein levels in non-pregnant patients show a correlation with euglobulin lysis times and with inhibitor units.
Intraoperative Detection of Carcinoid Tumor of the Ovary by Gamma Probe
Authors: I F. van Luijk, J W. Arndt, F Jeurissen, M J. Kagie
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

Purpose: To demonstrate the detection of carcinoid tumor of the ovary by gamma probe during surgery in a patient in whom the exact location of a metastatic tumor was uncertain. Methods: Twenty-four hours after injection of 350 MBq (9.5 mCi) I-123, an anterior image of the abdomen was acquired before surgery to demonstrate MIBG accumulation. Holding the ovary in the hand during the operation, a surgical gamma probe indicated the exact location of highest radioactivity. Results/Conclusions: Intraoperative MIBG scanning is a useful noninvasive detection method to localize metastases of carcinoid in the ovary. This method should be used only when it is not clear where the area of increased activity is located in the body because there are certain costs involved.
Therapeutic value of colchicine in the treatment of patients with psoriatic arthritis.
Authors: R J McKendry, G Kraag, S Seigel, A al-Awadhi
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To test the hypothesis that colchicine is an effective treatment of psoriatic arthritis. METHODS--Twenty five patients with psoriatic arthritis were entered into a two centre, double blind, crossover study of 23 weeks9 duration comparing the therapeutic effect of colchicine (0.6-1.8 mg/day) with placebo. RESULTS--No significant difference was noted between colchicine or placebo treatment for the primary outcome measure (Lansbury joint count) or any of the seven secondary outcome measures. No change in the psoriasis was noted during active or placebo treatment. Adverse clinical effects were reported more often during treatment with colchicine (14 patients) than with the placebo (four patients), resulting in the early withdrawal of three patients receiving colchicine from the trial. Increased creatine kinase values, without weakness, occurred during treatment with colchicine (five patients) and placebo (four patients). CONCLUSIONS--In conclusion, our study did not provide evidence that colchicine is of therapeutic value in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis.
Endotoxin-Induced Regional Circulatory Changes in the Unanesthetized Monkey
Authors: FELIX WYLER, RALPH P. FORSYTH, ALAN S. NIES, JOHN M. NEUTZE, KENNETH L. MELMON
Journal: Circulation Research (1969)

Endotoxin in eight unanesthetized monkeys produced a small decrease in cardiac output, a marked fall in blood pressure, and a decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance. The distribution of cardiac output was measured by injecting nuclide-labeled radioactive microspheres (50µ in diameter) into the left ventricle, and blood flow and vascular resistance were calculated for each organ. All vascular beds except that of the spleen reacted with variable degrees of vasodilation, and the most pronounced decreases in resistance were observed in the coronary, gastrointestinal, and adrenal vasculature. Cerebral flow was reduced, but flow was maintained in the brain stem and cerebellum. In contrast to studies in other species, both the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys showed vasodilation and no significant decrease in flow during the early phase of endotoxemia. There is some similar evidence in humans of decreased total systemic peripheral resistance without abnormal myocardial function or pooling of blood during the early phase of endotoxemia. The acute regional circulatory changes we have found appear to indicate that endotoxin either directly or through secondary biochemical reactions initiates and maintains a generalized (except for the spleen) vasodilation that reflex compensatory mechanisms cannot overcome. This vasodilation is particularly critical in preventing maintenance of adequate blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres.
Neurofibromatosis 1 (Recklinghausen Disease) and Neurofibromatosis 2 (Bilateral Acoustic Neurofibromatosis)
Authors: John J. Mulvihill
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

The neurofibromatoses comprise at least two autosomal dominant disorders affecting an estimated 100 000 Americans with clinical manifestations that may require care from every type of clinician. Neurofibromatosis 1 and neurofibromatosis 2 have in common the occurrence of many neurofibromas but are distinctly different clinical disorders. The disease genes are on different chromosomes. Magnetic resonance imaging, particularly with gadolinium enhancement, has generally supplanted other techniques for visualizing brain, spinal, and other neural tumors in both disorders. The technique has rekindled the controversy over the nature and frequency of optic pathway tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis 1 and has revealed, throughout the brains of young patients, bright lesions that have uncertain clinical consequences and unknown pathologic bases. In patients with neurofibromatosis 2, small acoustic neuromas can be seen, leading to the possibility of excision with preservation of hearing and facial nerve function. Abnormal hearing may occur to excess in patients with neurofibromatosis 1, but acoustic neuroma has never been documented. In patients with neurofibromatosis 2, a battery of audiologic tests has a high positive predictive power. Lisch nodules or iris hamartomas, probably a universal sign in adults with the neurofibromatosis 1 gene, cause no problem with vision. Posterior capsular lens opacity in patients with neurofibromatosis 2 is a helpful diagnostic sign and a potential source of additional handicap in persons at risk for impaired hearing. Progress in the clinical delineation of the disorders has been matched with considerable research into the still obscure pathogenesis of the disorders. Such rapid advances may necessitate reconsideration of the conclusions of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Neurofibromatosis, especially those on the categories of persons in which a neurofibromatosis should be considered and the need for caution in recommending surgery. Watchful waiting may often be the best management for acoustic neuromas in neurofibromatosis 2.
Diagnostic I-123 Scintigraphy to Assess Potential Breast Uptake of I-131 Before Radioiodine Therapy in a Postpartum Woman With Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Edward Hsiao, Thien Huynh, Robert Mansberg, George Bautovich, Paul Roach
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

A 28-year-old woman had invasive papillary carcinoma of the thyroid diagnosed 3 months after her second pregnancy. The patient had breast-fed her baby since the delivery until her total thyroidectomy, which was performed 4 months postpartum. Bromocriptine therapy and cessation of breast-feeding were implemented immediately after the thyroidectomy to stop lactation and to reduce the activity of the mammary glands to avoid excessive breast uptake from I-131 ablative therapy. Postoperative diagnostic I-123 breast scans were performed to predict the degree of therapeutic I-131 uptake in the breast tissues. The patient had a low-dose diagnostic I-123 scan 5 weeks after commencing bromocriptine and cessation of breast-feeding. The scan demonstrated moderate breast uptake bilaterally. A repeat I-123 scan performed 3 weeks later while the patient was off T3 showed minimal activity in the breasts. The use of diagnostic I-123 scans prior to I-131 ablative therapy is recommended to prevent excessive breast uptake of β-emitting radioisotopes in postpartum patients.
Neuropeptide Y acts directly in the periphery on fat tissue and mediates stress-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Lydia E Kuo, Joanna B Kitlinska, Jason U Tilan, Lijun Li, Stephen B Baker, Michael D Johnson, Edward W Lee, Mary Susan Burnett, Stanley T Fricke, Richard Kvetnansky, Herbert Herzog, Zofia Zukowska
Journal: Nature Medicine (2007)
Prospective study of the radiological changes in hands, feet, and cervical spine in adult rheumatoid disease.
Authors: J Winfield, A Young, P Williams, M Corbett
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1983)

Annual radiographs of hands, feet, and cervical spine were taken in 100 patients with rheumatoid arthritis from the first year of disease for a mean follow-up period of 9.5 years. Seventy-six patients developed peripheral erosive disease and 54 developed rheumatoid changes of the cervical spine, of whom 34 (63%) had subluxations. The severity of rheumatoid neck damage correlated strongly with the severity of peripheral erosive disease (p = 0.002). Cervical subluxation was more likely to occur in patients with erosions of the hands and feet which deteriorated progressively with time (p = 0.018). The timing and severity of cervical subluxation coincided with the progression of peripheral erosive disease in 26 of these 34 patients (76.5%). The other 8 patients with cervical subluxation (23.5%) had none or only mild peripheral erosions, but their subluxations did not progress with time. There were 9 patients with marked cervical subluxations which deteriorated relentlessly, and they all also had severe progressive erosive disease of the hands and feet. One of these patients developed a cervical myelopathy, and 2 other patients with normal neurological signs had upper cervical fusions performed for severe occipital headache. This small group of rheumatoid patients who are at risk of developing cervical myelopathy cannot be predicted with certainty, but can be selected out at an early stage by performing regular radiographs of hands, feet, and cervical spine.