tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of facemask resuscitation at birth.
Authors: A D Milner, H Vyas, I E Hopkin
Journal: BMJ (1984)

The efficacy of facemask resuscitation was assessed by measuring the expiratory tidal volume during the first three inflations in nine babies with birth asphyxia and comparing the results with those obtained in a further nine babies resuscitated after endotracheal intubation. The facemask system was relatively inefficient, with tidal exchange less than one third of that seen after intubation and rarely sufficient to produce adequate alveolar ventilation. Successful resuscitation depended on stimulating the baby to make his own respiratory efforts.
Ischemic acute renal failure and antioxidant therapy in the rat. The relation between glomerular and tubular dysfunction.
Authors: J E Bird, K Milhoan, C B Wilson, S G Young, C A Mundy, S Parthasarathy, R C Blantz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The effects of antioxidant therapy with probucol were evaluated in rats subjected to 1 h renal ischemia and to 24 h reperfusion. Probucol exerted significant antioxidant effects in renal cortical tubules in vitro when exposed to a catalase-resistant oxidant. At 24 h probucol treatment (IP) improved single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) (28.1 +/- 3.3 nl/min) in comparison to untreated ischemic (I) rats (15.2 +/- 3.0), primarily as a result of improving SNGFR in a population of low SNGFR, low flow and/or obstructed nephrons. However, absolute proximal reabsorption remained abnormally low in IP rats at 24 h (5.9 +/- 0.8 nl/min), and cell necrosis was greater than in I rats. Kidney GFR remained low in IP rats due to extensive tubular backleak of inulin measured by microinjection studies. Evaluations after 2 h of reperfusion revealed a higher SNGFR in IP (36 +/- 3.1 nl/min) than I rats (20.8 +/- 2.7 nl/min). Absolute proximal reabsorption was essentially normal (11.6 +/- 1.3 nl/min) in IP rats, which was higher than IP rats at 24 h and the concurrent I rats. Administration of the lipophilic antioxidant, probucol, increased SNGFR and proximal tubular reabsorption within 2 h after ischemic renal failure. Although SNGFR remained higher than I rats at 24 h, absolute reabsorption fell below normal levels and tubular necrosis was more extensive in IP rats. Early improvement in nephron filtration with antioxidants may increase load dependent metabolic demand upon tubules and increase the extent of damage and transport dysfunction.
Why stop at antidepressants?
Authors: Simon Hatcher
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Two problems arise when assessing treatments for depression. The first is specific to depression and the second is inherent in using randomised controlled trials as the sole evidence for deciding questions about treatment. Moncrieff and Kirsch focus on drug treatments, yet most of these issues also apply to non-drug interventions.1

Parker has described the problems of a “one size fits all” approach to trials of treatment for depression in which people with different severities of illness and symptoms are all included under the same heading of depression.2 Ensuring participants remain blind to treatment is …
Progress in Clinical Rheumatology
Authors: J. W. HOLLINGSWORTH
Journal: JAMA (1965)

With 23 papers on unrelated problems of clinical rheumatology, the editor, Dr. Allan St.J. Dixon, has selected his contributors so that all the topics are handled with authority and freshness. His contributors, mostly from England but some from the United States, include some senior clinicians such as Professor Bywaters who, with Dr. J. T. Scott, has contributed an excellent review on systemic diseases of connective tissue. Many of the papers are by younger rheumatologists, however, and often they have brought to their topics new knowledge, enthusiastically presented.  It is not possible to comment on all the individual topics, but Dr. D. A. Brewerton described the hand deformities of rheumatoid arthritis with great clarity. A paper on surgical correction of the hand lesions, by Dr. Peter Casagrande, made an excellent sequence on this complicated but important clinical feature of the disease. Dr. Malcolm Thompson's description of the multiple clinical features of
Ventricular arrhythmias in trials of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. A meta-analysis.
Authors: S D Solomon, P M Ridker, E M Antman
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND Although thrombolytic therapy reduces long-term mortality in acute myocardial infarction, many clinicians remain concerned about an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias associated with the use of these agents. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine whether thrombolytic therapy increases the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and whether an increase in arrhythmias could be responsible for the increased mortality seen in the first 24 hours after lytic therapy, we performed a meta-analysis of 15 randomized trials of thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction in which the odds of developing in-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients receiving thrombolysis was compared with that of patients receiving placebo. For trials that reported the incidence of VF during the first 6 hours after thrombolysis, the summary odds ratio for developing VF in the thrombolytic group was 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6 to 1.6; P = .94). For trials that reported the incidence of VF during the first hospital day, the summary odds ratio for developing VF was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.85 to 1.2; P = .95). The summary odds ratio for the development of VF at any time during hospitalization in the thrombolytic group was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.76 to 0.90; P &lt; .0001). In trials that reported the incidence of VT any time during hospitalization, the summary odds ratio for the development of VT in the thrombolytic group was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.15 to 1.55; P &lt; .0001). CONCLUSIONS The likelihood of developing VF in the early hours after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction is similar in patients receiving thrombolytics or placebo. However, throughout the hospital course, the risk of VF is greater in patients receiving placebo, whereas the risk of VT is higher in patients receiving thrombolysis.
Feasibility of atrial fibrillation detection and use of a preceding synchronization interval as a criterion for shock delivery in humans with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Jasbir S. Sra, Cheryl Maglio, Anwer Dhala, Zalmen Blanck, Michael Biehl, Sanjay Deshpande, Edward T. Keelan, Mohammad R. Jazayeri, Masood Akhtar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
The role of two endogenous proteases of the stratum corneum in degradation of desmoglein-1 and their reduced activity in the skin of ichthyotic patients
Authors: Y. SUZUKI, J. KOYAMA, O. MORO, I. HORTI, K. KIKUCHI, M. TANIDA, H. TAGAMI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

We investigated the role of stratum corneum (SC) trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases in the degradation of desmoglein-1 (DSG-1) in the SC sheet. DSG-1, whose presence in the SC sheet was confirmed by Western blot analysis, was degraded completely during incubation of the SC sheet in Tris buffer. The degradation of DSG-1 was inhibited by the addition of protease inhibitors, such as aprotinin or a mixture of leupeptin and chymostatin. Either leupeptin or chymostatin alone did not inhibit its degradation. These results indicated that both trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases are involved in the degradation of DSG-1. We further examined the activities of the two proteases in the SC obtained from patients with ichthyosis vulgaris, in whom SC desquamation is abnormal. The enzymatic activities measured using synthetic substrates were significantly decreased in these ichthyotic SC samples. This result supports the idea that these proteases play an important role in normal SC desquamation.
804 MODULATION OF REGULATORY T CELLS ACTIVITY IN COMBINATION WITH IL-12 INDUCES A REBOUND EFFECT INCREASING THE TOLEROGENIC LIVER ENVIRONMENT IN CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS
Authors: I. Otano, C. Olagüe, L. Suarez, J. Dotor, M. González, A. Benito, R. Hernández, S. Menne, J. Prieto, G. González-Aseguinolaza
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Relative efficacy of antithrombin compared with antiplatelet agents in accelerating coronary thrombolysis and preventing early reocclusion.
Authors: E J Haskel, N A Prager, B E Sobel, D R Abendschein
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND Optimal coronary thrombolysis should be prompt and persistent. Although activation of platelets and increased thrombin activity have been associated with clinical thrombolysis, the role of each in delaying thrombolysis or inducing early coronary reocclusion has been difficult to define. METHODS AND RESULTS In conscious dogs with coronary thrombosis induced by electrical current, we assessed the impact on the rapidity of thrombolysis and the incidence of reocclusion of two types of adjunctive treatment given concomitantly with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA): 1) inhibition of platelet function with a peptide mimetic antagonist of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors or with lysine acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and 2) inhibition of thrombin activity with recombinant hirudin or with heparin. ASA but not the receptor antagonist shortened the time to thrombolysis with t-PA (20 +/- 13 [mean +/- SD] minutes with ASA, 36 +/- 15 minutes with receptor antagonist, and 43 +/- 16 minutes with the saline control). Reocclusion occurred promptly after completion of the infusion of t-PA in all seven dogs given saline. Reocclusion was delayed and prevented in some dogs within 90 minutes after the end of the infusion of t-PA by both antiplatelet agents but still occurred in 42% despite continued inhibition of platelet function (i.e., three of six dogs given ASA and two of six given receptor antagonist). In contrast, inhibition of thrombin activity with recombinant hirudin in a dose that prolonged the partial thromboplastin time modestly (1.5-2-fold) resulted in accelerated lysis (19 +/- 10 minutes) and prevention of reocclusion in each of six dogs. Heparin given in doses that elicited similar prolongation of the partial thromboplastin time did not accelerate lysis nor prevent reocclusion, which occurred in five of six dogs. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of thrombin by recombinant hirudin facilitates thrombolysis and maintains patency of coronary arteries recanalized with t-PA particularly effectively. The benefit conferred may reflect direct anticoagulant effects plus diminished activation of platelets secondary to decreased thrombin activity.
Evidence for a Sex-Specific Residual Effect of Cannabis on Visuospatial Memory
Authors: Harrison G. Pope, Jr., Arthur Jacobs, Jean-Paul Mialet, Deborah Yurgelun-Todd, Staci Gruber
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1997)

Background: In an exploratory study, we used a novel computerized battery of neuropsychological tests of attention to assess residual cognitive impairment in marijuana users. Methods: We compared 25 college students who were heavy marijuana smokers (who had smoked a median of 29 days in the last 30 days) with 30 students who were light smokers (who had smoked a median of 1 day in the last 30 days). All subjects were tested after a supervised period of abstinence from marijuana and other drugs lasting at least 19 h. Results: Differences between the overall groups of heavy and light smokers did not reach statistical significance on the four subtests of attention administered. However, upon examining data for the two sexes separately, marked and significant differences were found between heavy- and light-smoking women on the subtest examining visuospatial memory. On this test, subjects were required to examine a 6 × 6 'checkerboard' of squares in which certain squares were shaded. The shaded squares were then erased and the subject was required to indicate with the mouse which squares had formerly been shaded. Increasing numbers of shaded squares were presented at each trial. The heavy-smoking women remembered significantly fewer squares on this test, and they made significantly more errors than the light-smoking women. These differences persisted despite different methods of analysis and consideration for possible confounding variables. Conclusions: This observation suggests that it may be important to study the residual effects of marijuana on men and women separately – particularly since women have been greatly underrepre-sented in previous studies in this area.
Can We Solve the Hospital-Cost Problem in Our Democracy?
Authors: Carl J. Schramm
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

One of the ironies of modern life is that in an era of apparent mastery over our environment, we find ourselves faced with problems, largely of our own making, that seem to defy our best efforts to solve them. The cost of health care is one of these problems, both now and in the foreseeable future. It is commonly believed that in a society committed to equity of access to fundamental opportunities, everyone should benefit equally from medicine's ability to conquer disability and prolong life in the face of death. This is why Congress passed the Medicare and Medicaid legislation . . .
Mutant PIK3CA promotes cell growth and invasion of human cancer cells
Authors: Yardena Samuels, Luis A. Diaz, Oleg Schmidt-Kittler, Jordan M. Cummins, Laura DeLong, Ian Cheong, Carlo Rago, David L. Huso, Christoph Lengauer, Kenneth W. Kinzler, Bert Vogelstein, Victor E. Velculescu
Journal: Cancer Cell (2005)
Adverse Events Associated With Childhood Vaccines Other Than Pertussis and Rubella
Authors: Kathleen R. Stratton
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In September 1993, the Institute of Medicine released a report entitled Adverse Events Associated With Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality. The report examined putative serious adverse consequences associated with administration of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids; measles, mumps, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines; oral polio vaccine and inactivated polio vaccine; hepatitis B vaccines; and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines. The committee spent 18 months reviewing all available scientific and medical data, from individual case reports (published and unpublished) to controlled clinical trials. The committee found that the evidence favored the rejection of a causal relation between diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and encephalopathy, infantile spasms, and sudden infant death syndrome, and between conjugate Hib vaccines and susceptibility to Hib disease. The committee found that the evidence favored acceptance of a causal relation between diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and Guillain-Barré syndrome and brachial neuritis, between measles vaccine and anaphylaxis, between oral polio vaccine and Guillain-Barré syndrome, and between unconjugated Hib vaccine and susceptibility to Hib disease. The committee found that the evidence established causality between diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and anaphylaxis, between measles vaccine and death from measles vaccine-strain viral infection, between measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and thrombocytopenia and anaphylaxis, between oral polio vaccine and poliomyelitis and death from polio vaccine-strain viral infection, and between hepatitis B vaccine and anaphylaxis. For five vaccine-related adverse events, there was no evidence identified. For the remaining 33 vaccine-related adverse events, the evidence was inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation.
UN recommends reparations fund to help those who were raped in Congo
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2011)

A United Nations expert panel has recommended that a reparations fund be established to provide assistance, including medical care, to thousands of women and children, and some men, who have been raped in the war ravaged Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

An estimated 200 000 women have been raped in the country during the past 12 years of war, says the UN. The perpetrators have included armed rebel groups from the DRC and neighbouring countries, soldiers from the DRC armed forces, and civilians.

Navi Pillay, the UN’s commissioner for human rights, said, “Victims are often left to bear the cost of the harm suffered, with dramatic physical, psychological, and material consequences, which destroy …
Basic statistics and epidemiology: a practical guide
Authors: A Ugoni
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Edited by Antony Stewart. Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd, 2002, £19.95, pp 151, softcover. ISBN 1857755898

In the preface, the author writes “Indeed, the avoidance of too much detail and too many theories is a prime objective”. I feel that this aim prevents the book from becoming a required text for either students or practitioners of epidemiological research, as the author’s writing style is engaging and very easy to follow. As a result, I struggle to imagine to whom this text is targeted. A student of epidemiology requires far more detail and, most likely, would find this text superfluous. At the other …
Remarks on a Case of Non-Typical Syphilis (Syphilis Gravis) Cured by the Aachen Specific Method Combined with Surgical Treatment
Authors: B. Brandis, T. Thissen
Journal: BMJ (1897)

Auo. 7, i897.41 ozs.These included all my cases from January, 1890, to April, 5th I891, that were capable of operation by litholapaxy.No case was refused operation no matter in what state of general health, so there was no selection of cases.Moreover, subsequently to April 5th, 1891, I had a con- tinuous series of 31 litholapaxies before I met with a fatal case in the person of an old man of 8o years, who, in addition to an oxalic stone of five years' duration, was suffering from fever and diarrhoea; he died of exhaustion two days after operation without any urinary symptoms.Litholapaxy could have no more eloquent advocacy than this continuous series Of 133 cases without a death in the hands of one surgeon.My friend, Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Freyer, ias pub- lished a series of ioo consecutive operations for stone without a death in his practice in India, and another brother officer, Surgeon-Major Stephen Little, has also recently completed a century of consecutive successful litholapaxies.Of my I33 cases above alluded to, the specimens of which are amongst those on the table, I find that 39 were 6o years of age or over, 35 were 12 years or under, while 59 were of ages varying from 12 to 6o.As regards time under operation, eliminating 5 cases in which no time was recorded, the average was under thirteen minutes from the beginning of the use of instruments to the completion of the operation.The shortest time was four minutes and the longest sixty-three minutes.A moment should never be wasted during the performance of a litholapaxy, and rapidity should always be aimed at, so as to minimise.the amount of antesthetic inhaled and the time under its influence.
The Art and Science of Reminiscing Theory: Research, Methods, Applications
Authors: H. Matthews
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Ed Barbara K Haight, Jeffrey D Webster Taylor and Francis, pounds sterling35, pp 323 ISBN 1 56032 298 5

One of the things that attracted me to old age psychiatry was an interest in my patients' wealth of life experience. Recent anniversaries have reawakened powerful memories of the second world war in many people with very diverse effects.

Regarding dementia, much of the interest now is not so much in trying to reorient patients to the present, but in making use of and sense of those reminiscences that …
Streptococcal Infections
Authors: Benedict F. Massell
Journal: JAMA (1972)

When streptococcal infections with an antistreptolysin O response occur in spite of prophylaxis with penicillin administered orally, throat cultures are often falsely negative. In comparisons of rheumatic children given prophylaxis with siblings not receiving prophylaxis, cultures were negative in only 4.1% of 244 clinical infections in siblings but in 34.4% of 61 clinical infections in rheumatic children. Corresponding figures for subclinical infections were 12.8% of 384 infections in siblings and 49.5% of 95 infections in children receiving prophylaxis. Masked streptococcal infections are dangerous. Thus, 15 rheumatic fever recurrences followed 68 such infections, whereas six recurrences occurred in 88 infections with positive cultures. Although penicillin often masked throat cultures when streptococcal infection occurred in spite of prophylaxis, it did not alter the frequency with which streptococcal infections caused clinical symptoms.
Higher dietary fructose is associated with impaired hepatic adenosine triphosphate homeostasis in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Manal F. Abdelmalek, Mariana Lazo, Alena Horska, Susanne Bonekamp, Edward W. Lipkin, Ashok Balasubramanyam, John P. Bantle, Richard J. Johnson, Anna Mae Diehl, Jeanne M. Clark
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Fructose consumption predicts increased hepatic fibrosis in those with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Because of its ability to lower hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, habitual fructose consumption could result in more hepatic ATP depletion and impaired ATP recovery. The degree of ATP depletion after an intravenous (IV) fructose challenge test in low- versus high-fructose consumers was assessed. We evaluated diabetic adults enrolled in the Action for Health in Diabetes Fatty Liver Ancillary Study (n = 244) for whom dietary fructose consumption estimated by a 130-item food frequency questionnaire and hepatic ATP measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy and uric acid (UA) levels were performed (n = 105). In a subset of participants (n = 25), an IV fructose challenge was utilized to assess change in hepatic ATP content. The relationships between dietary fructose, UA, and hepatic ATP depletion at baseline and after IV fructose challenge were evaluated in low- (<15 g/day) versus high-fructose (≥ 15 g/day) consumers. High dietary fructose consumers had slightly lower baseline hepatic ATP levels and a greater absolute change in hepatic α-ATP/ inorganic phosphate (Pi) ratio (0.08 versus 0.03; P = 0.05) and γ-ATP /Pi ratio after an IV fructose challenge (0.03 versus 0.06; P = 0.06). Patients with high UA (≥ 5.5 mg/dL) showed a lower minimum liver ATP/Pi ratio postfructose challenge (4.5 versus 7.0; P = 0.04). High-fructose consumption depletes hepatic ATP and impairs recovery from ATP depletion after an IV fructose challenge. Subjects with high UA show a greater nadir in hepatic ATP in response to fructose. Both high dietary fructose intake and elevated UA level may predict more severe hepatic ATP depletion in response to fructose and hence may be risk factors for the development and progression of NAFLD.