tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Treatise on the Transformation of the Intestinal Flora, with Special Reference to the Implantation of Bacillus Acidophilus.
Authors: Leo Frederick Rettger, Harry Asber Cheplin
Journal: JAMA (1921)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Pharmacologic disruption of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 inhibits tumorigenicity and tumor progression in prostate cancer
Authors: Francesco Crea, Elaine M Hurt, Lesley A Mathews, Stephanie M Cabarcas, Lei Sun, Victor E Marquez, Romano Danesi, William L Farrar
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2011)

Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) mediates gene silencing through histone H3K27 methylation. PRC2 components are over-expressed in metastatic prostate cancer (PC), and are required for cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal. 3-Dezaneplanocin-A (DZNeP) is an inhibitor of PRC2 with broad anticancer activity.we investigated the effects of DZNeP on cell proliferation, tumorigenicity and invasive potential of PC cell lines (LNCaP and DU145).Exploring GEO and Oncomine databases, we found that specific PRC2 genes (EED, EZH2, SUZ12) predict poor prognosis in PC. Non-toxic DZNeP concentrations completely eradicated LNCaP and DU145 prostatosphere formation, and significantly reduced the expression of CSC markers. At comparable doses, other epigenetic drugs were not able to eradicate CSCs. DZNeP was also able to reduce PC cell invasion. Cells pre-treated with DZNeP were significantly less tumorigenic (LNCaP) and formed smaller tumors (DU145) in immunocompromised mice.DZNeP is effective both in vitro and in vivo against PC cells. DZNeP antitumor activity is in part mediated by inhibition of CSC tumorigenic potential.
Soluble E-Cadherin is an Independent Pretherapeutic Factor for Long-Term Survival in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Annie On-On Chan, Kent-Man Chu, Shiu-Kum Lam, Benjamin Chun-Yu Wong, Ka-Fai Kwok, Simon Law, Samuel Ko, Wai-Mo Hui, Yui-Hung Yueng, John Wong
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Purpose: To evaluate whether pretherapeutic serum soluble E-cadherin is an independent factor predicting long-term survival in gastric cancer. Gastric cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world, but a satisfactory tumor marker is currently unavailable for gastric cancer. Soluble E-cadherin has recently been found to have prognostic value in gastric cancer. Patients and Methods: One hundred sixteen patients with histologically proven gastric adenocarcinoma were included in the trial. Pretherapeutic serum was collected, and soluble E-cadherin was assayed using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The patients were followed up prospectively at the outpatient clinic. Results: There were 75 men and 41 women, with a mean (± SD) age of 66 ± 14 years. Forty-eight percent of tumors were located in the gastric antrum. The median survival time was 11 months. The mean pretherapeutic value of soluble E-cadherin was 9,159 ng/mL (range, 6,002 to 10,025 ng/mL), and the mean pretherapeutic level of carcinoembryonic antigen was 11 ng/mL (range, 0.3 to 4,895 ng/mL). On multivariate analysis, soluble E-cadherin is an independent factor predicting long-term survival. Ninety percent of patients with a serum level of E-cadherin greater than 10,000 ng/mL had a survival time of less than 3 years (P = .009). Conclusion: Soluble E-cadherin is a potentially valuable pretherapeutic prognostic factor in patients with gastric cancer.
Evaluation of a self-management plan for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: PB Watson, GI Town, N Holbrook, C Dwan, LJ Toop, CJ Drennan
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

We hypothesized that the use of an Action Plan might assist self-management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A pilot process and randomized, controlled study were undertaken to evaluate an Action Plan that provided advice on management of usual care and exacerbations, together with a booklet on self-management. Fifty six subjects with COPD recruited through general practitioners (GPs) completed the 6 month study, 27 in the control group and 29 in the intervention group. The control group received usual care from their GP, and the intervention group received a booklet and Action Plan from their practice nurse plus a supply of prednisone and antibiotic from their GP. The two groups were demographically similar with a mean age of 68 yrs. The resources were well received by GPs, practice nurses and intervention group subjects. After 6 months, there were no differences in quality of life scores or pulmonary function. There were significant changes in self-management behaviour in the intervention group compared to controls. In response to deteriorating symptoms, 34 versus 7% (p=0.014) initiated prednisone treatment and 44 versus 7% (p=0.002) initiated antibiotics. Subjects in the intervention group readily adopted self-management skills but did not show any difference in quality of life or lung function parameters. A larger, prospective, controlled, clinical trial of this approach is warranted.
Evidence that chronic alcohol exposure promotes intestinal oxidative stress, intestinal hyperpermeability and endotoxemia prior to development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats
Authors: Ali Keshavarzian, Ashkan Farhadi, Christopher B. Forsyth, Jayanthi Rangan, Shriram Jakate, Maliha Shaikh, Ali Banan, Jeremy Z. Fields
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Differential AKT dependency displayed by mouse models of BRAFV600E-initiated melanoma
Authors: Victoria Marsh Durban, Marian M. Deuker, Marcus W. Bosenberg, Wayne Phillips, Martin McMahon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Malignant melanoma is frequently driven by mutational activation of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) accompanied by silencing of the phosphatase and tensin homology (PTEN) tumor suppressor. Despite the implied importance of PI3K signaling in PTENNull melanomas, mutational activation of the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of PI3Kα (PIK3CA), is rarely detected. Since PTEN has both PI3-lipid phosphatase-dependent and -independent tumor suppressor activities, we investigated the contribution of PI3K signaling to BRAFV600E-induced melanomagenesis using mouse models, cultured melanoma cells, and PI3K pathway-targeted inhibitors. These experiments revealed that mutationally activated PIK3CAH1047R cooperates with BRAFV600E for melanomagenesis in mice. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of PI3Ks prevented growth of BRAFV600E/PTENNull melanomas in vivo and in tissue culture. Combined inhibition of BRAFV600E and PI3K had more potent effects on the regression of established BRAFV600E/PTENNull melanomas and cultured melanoma cells than individual blockade of either pathway. Surprisingly, growth of BRAFV600E/PIK3CAH1047R melanomas was dependent on the protein kinase AKT; however, AKT inhibition had no effect on growth of BRAFV600E/PTENNull melanomas. These data indicate that PTEN silencing contributes a PI3K-dependent, but AKT-independent, function in melanomagenesis. Our findings enhance our knowledge of how BRAFV600E and PI3K signaling cooperate in melanomagenesis and provide preclinical validation for combined pathway-targeted inhibition of PI3K and BRAFV600E in the therapeutic management of BRAFV600E/PTENNull melanomas.
Intact grammars but intermittent access
Authors: Susan Edwards, David Lightfoot
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Grodzinsky examines Broca's aphasia in terms of some specific grammatical deficits. However, his grammatical models offer no way to characterize the distinctions he observes. Rather than grammatical deficits, his patients seem to have intact grammars but defective modules of parsing and production.
Prophylaxis of streptococcal infections and rheumatic fever: a comparison of orally administered clindamycin and penicillin
Authors: B. F. Massell
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Orally administered clindamycin and penicillin were compared for effectiveness in preventing streptococcal infections in 202 randomly assigned patients with previous rheumatic fever (RF). Among 143 patients aged 21 years or younger observed for 537 patient-years, the number of streptococcal infections (and number per patient-year) was 23 (0.084) in the penicillin group and 12 (0.045) in the clindamycin group. Excluding uncooperative patients, the rate of streptococcal infection remained less, though not statistically significant, in the clindamycin group than in the penicillin group. Two RF recurrences occurred in the penicillin group, and no recurrences occurred in the clindamycin group. Clindamycin was well tolerated except for possible mild gastrointestinal symptoms in six patients. Clindamycin can be substituted for penicillin for RF prophylaxis when there is allergy to penicillin or concern about the development of penicillin-resistant mouth organisms. (<i>JAMA</i>241:1589-1594, 1979)
Is atopic disease a risk factor for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A systematic review
Authors: J. Schmitt, A. Buske‐Kirschbaum, V. Roessner
Journal: Allergy (2010)

To cite this article: Schmitt J, Buske‐Kirschbaum A, Roessner V. Is atopic disease a risk factor for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A systematic review. Allergy 2010; 65 : 1506–1524. Abstract The increase in prevalence and burden of atopic diseases, i.e. eczema, rhinitis, and asthma over the past decades was paralleled by a worldwide increase in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses. We systematically reviewed epidemiologic studies investigating the relationship between atopic diseases and ADHD. Electronic literature search in PubMed and PsycINFO (until 02/2010) supplemented by handsearch yielded 20 relevant studies totaling 170 175 individuals. Relevant data were abstracted independently by two reviewers. Six studies consistently reported a positive association between eczema and ADHD with one study suggesting effect modification by sleeping problems. Twelve studies consistently found a positive association between asthma and ADHD, which, however, appeared to be at least partly explained (confounded) by concurrent or previous eczema. Rhinitis and serum‐IgE level were not related to ADHD symptomatology. We conclude that not atopic disease in general, but rather that eczema appears to be independently related to ADHD. Conclusions about temporality and whether the observed association constitutes a causal relationship are impossible, as most studies were cross‐sectional ( n = 14; 70%) or case–control studies without incident exposure measurement ( n = 5; 25%). Another methodological concern is that the criteria to define atopic disease and ADHD were inadequate in most studies. A failure to adjust for confounders in the majority of studies was an additional limitation so that meta‐analysis was not indicated. Future interdisciplinary high‐quality prospective research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between eczema and ADHD and to eventually establish targeted preventive and treatment strategies.
Doctor as murderer
Authors: B. O'Neill
Journal: BMJ (2000)

News p 331 

Harold Shipman, a general practitioner from Greater Manchester, has been convicted of murdering 15 of his patients. Inevitably, his conviction raises serious concerns for clinicians, patients, and society. How could such crimes go undetected? What lessons can be learnt and can similar murders by doctors be prevented in future?

Serial killers in health care like Shipman and Beverly Allitt are particularly shocking because they damage the trust that exists between clinicians and their patients. In 1993 Allitt, a nurse working on a paediatric ward, was convicted of murdering four children, attempting to murder three, and causing grievous bodily harm to six.1

Like many singlehanded doctors, Harold Shipman had over 3000 patients in his care. His patients seemed to like him. Until the suspicions began to gather that eventually led to his prosecution, few concerns were raised about his clinical competence. Evidence emerged that he had falsified the notes of some of his patients, but this was not incompetent record keeping: rather, it was done to conceal his crimes.

In 1976 Shipman was convicted of several offences relating to the misuse of pethidine, and this conviction was reported to the General Medical Council. Shipman sought treatment and no further action was taken. This conviction adds to all the other concerns raised, although no evidence of recent drug misuse has been presented. Moroever, it important not to appear to conclude that drug misusers turn into serial killers. Since the 1970s new procedures have …
Role of Leptin in the Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy in Experimental Animals and Humans
Authors: Nicholas A. Tritos, Warren J. Manning, Peter G. Danias
Journal: Circulation (2004)

recently published a well-designed study demonstrating that left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) occurs in mice that are either leptin-deficient (ob/ob) or leptin-resistant (db/db).They also found that systemic administration of leptin to the leptin-deficient animals attenuated LVH more than would be predicted by the leptin-induced hypophagia and weight loss.These observations suggest that leptin may have a direct inhibitory effect on cardiac hypertrophy. 1 We have recently examined the association between systemic leptin levels and cardiovascular indexes in a population of healthy obese and lean men. 2,3In addition to showing that the obese had greater absolute and height-indexed left ventricular (LV) mass (confirming the association between obesity and LVH in this normotensive population 2-4 ), we also found a positive association between serum leptin and height-indexed LV mass, 2 which did not persist after adjustment for body mass index. 2 The data by Barouch et al 1 in experimental animals corroborate our observations in humans 2,3 and provide a potential pathophysiological explanation.With rare exceptions, human obesity is associated with hyperleptinemia and apparent leptin resistance. 5LVH in this group of patients could be due to the lack of the leptin attenuating effect on LV mass, similar to the occurrence of LVH in the hyperleptinemic, leptin-resistant db/db mice.It remains to be established whether pharmacological amelioration of leptin resistance will either prevent or, at least, attenuate LVH in rodent and human obesity.
Human Kallikrein 6 (hK6): A New Potential Serum Biomarker for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Eleftherios P. Diamandis, Andreas Scorilas, Stefano Fracchioli, Marleen van Gramberen, Henk de Bruijn, Alfthan Henrik, Antoninus Soosaipillai, Linda Grass, George M. Yousef, Ulf-Hakan Stenman, Marco Massobrio, Ate GJ van der Zee, Ignace Vergote, Dionyssios Katsaros
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Purpose: The discovery of new ovarian cancer biomarkers that are suitable for early disease diagnosis and prognosis may ultimately lead to improved patient management and outcomes. Patients and Methods: We measured, by immunoassay, human kallikrein 6 (hK6) concentration in serum of 97 apparently healthy women, 141 women with benign abdominal diseases, and 146 women with histologically proven primary ovarian carcinoma. We then calculated the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of this test and examined the association of serum hK6 concentration with various clinicopathologic variables and patient survival. Results: Serum hK6 concentration between normal and benign disease patients was not different (mean, 2.9 and 3.1 μg/L, respectively). However, hK6 in presurgical serum of ovarian cancer patients was highly elevated (mean, 6.8 μg/L; P &lt; .001). Serum hK6 decreased after surgery (to a mean of 3.9 μg/L) in 68% of patients. The diagnostic sensitivity of serum hK6 at 90% and 95% specificity is 52% and 47%, respectively, in the whole patient population. For early stage disease (stage I or II), sensitivity is approximately 21% to 26%. When combined with CA-125, at 90% specificity, sensitivity increases to 72% (for all patients) and to 42% in stage I or II disease. Serum hK6 concentration correlates moderately with CA-125 and is higher in patients with late-stage, higher-grade disease and in patients with serous histotype. Preoperative serum hK6 concentration is a powerful predictor of disease-free and overall survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions: Serum hK6 concentration seems to be a new biomarker for ovarian carcinoma and may have value for disease diagnosis and prognosis.
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Deiodinase-Regulated Thyroid Hormone Signaling1
Authors: Balázs Gereben, Ann Marie Zavacki, Scott Ribich, Brian W. Kim, Stephen A. Huang, Warner S. Simonides, Anikó Zeöld, Antonio C. Bianco
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2008)

The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research has focused on their role in preserving serum levels of the biologically active molecule T(3) during iodine deficiency. More recently, a fascinating new role of these enzymes has been unveiled. The activating deiodinase (D2) and the inactivating deiodinase (D3) can locally increase or decrease thyroid hormone signaling in a tissue- and temporal-specific fashion, independent of changes in thyroid hormone serum concentrations. This mechanism is particularly relevant because deiodinase expression can be modulated by a wide variety of endogenous signaling molecules such as sonic hedgehog, nuclear factor-kappaB, growth factors, bile acids, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, as well as a growing number of xenobiotic substances. In light of these findings, it seems clear that deiodinases play a much broader role than once thought, with great ramifications for the control of thyroid hormone signaling during vertebrate development and metamorphosis, as well as injury response, tissue repair, hypothalamic function, and energy homeostasis in adults.
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa and North America
Authors: Edward J. Mills, Jean B. Nachega, Iain Buchan, James Orbinski, Amir Attaran, Sonal Singh, Beth Rachlis, Ping Wu, Curtis Cooper, Lehana Thabane, Kumanan Wilson, Gordon H. Guyatt, David R. Bangsberg
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is a powerful predictor of survival for individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS. Concerns about incomplete adherence among patients living in poverty have been an important consideration in expanding the access to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa.To evaluate estimates of antiretroviral therapy adherence in sub-Saharan Africa and North America.Eleven electronic databases were searched along with major conference abstract databases (inclusion dates: inception of database up until April 18, 2006) for all English-language articles and abstracts; and researchers and treatment advocacy groups were contacted. Study Selection and Data Abstraction To best reflect the general population, studies of mixed populations in both North America and Africa were selected. Studies evaluating specific populations such as men only, homeless individuals, or drug users, were excluded. The data were abstracted in duplicate on study adherence outcomes, thresholds used to determine adherence, and characteristics of the populations. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed in which heterogeneity was examined using multivariable random-effects logistic regression. A sensitivity analysis was performed using Bayesian methods.Thirty-one studies from North America (28 full-text articles and 3 abstracts) and 27 studies (9 full-text articles and 18 abstracts) from sub-Saharan Africa were included. African studies represented 12 sub-Saharan countries. Of the North American studies, 71% used patient self-report to assess adherence; this was true of 66% of the African assessments. Studies reported similar thresholds for adherence monitoring (eg, 100%, >95%, >90%, >80%). A pooled analysis of the North American studies (17,573 patients total) indicated a pooled estimate of 55% (95% confidence interval, 49%-62%; I2, 98.6%) of the populations achieving adequate levels of adherence. Our pooled analysis of African studies (12,116 patients total) indicated a pooled estimate of 77% (95% confidence interval, 68%-85%; I2, 98.4%). Study continent, adherence thresholds, and study quality were significant predictors of heterogeneity. Bayesian analysis was used as an alternative statistical method for combining adherence rates and provided similar findings.Our findings indicate that favorable levels of adherence, much of which was assessed via patient self-report, can be achieved in sub-Saharan African settings and that adherence remains a concern in North America.
Proliferative retinopathy in a patient with diabetes mellitus and idiopathic haemochromatosis.
Authors: C H Walsh, J M Malins
Journal: BMJ (1978)

precipitated by leaving a protective home environment for university, where she faced major interpersonal difficulties as a consequence of her low self-esteem and appearance.Should the association between anorexia nervosa and Turner's syndrome occur with greater than chance frequency, the latter may not be the only condition which shows this association.Anorexia nervosa may well be a manifestation of a wide range of both psychological and organic disturbances,5 and not a unitary syndrome with a common cause.Epidemiological studies of the association with other disorders seems desirable.