tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Travel to high altitude with pre-existing lung disease
Authors: A. M. Luks, E. R. Swenson
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

The pathophysiology of high-altitude illnesses has been well studied in normal individuals, but little is known about the risks of high-altitude travel in patients with pre-existing lung disease. Although it would seem self-evident that any patient with lung disease might not do well at high altitude, the type and severity of disease will determine the likelihood of difficulty in a high-altitude environment. The present review examines whether these individuals are at risk of developing one of the main forms of acute or chronic high-altitude illness and whether the underlying lung disease itself will get worse at high elevations. Several groups of pulmonary disorders are considered, including obstructive, restrictive, vascular, control of ventilation, pleural and neuromuscular diseases. Attempts will be made to classify the risks faced by each of these groups at high altitude and to provide recommendations regarding evaluation prior to high-altitude travel, advice for or against taking such excursions, and effective prophylactic measures.
Involvement of HLA class I alleles in natural killer (NK) cell-specific functions: expression of HLA-Cw3 confers selective protection from lysis by alloreactive NK clones displaying a defined specificity (specificity 2).
Authors: E Ciccone, D Pende, O Viale, A Than, C Di Donato, A M Orengo, R Biassoni, S Verdiani, A Amoroso, A Moretta
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

This study was designed to identify the target molecules of the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated recognition of normal allogeneic target cells. As previously shown, the gene(s) governing the first NK-defined allospecificity (specificity 1) were found to be localized in the major histocompatibility complex region between BF gene and HLA-A. In addition, the analysis of a previously described family revealed that a donor (donor 81) was heterozygous for three distinct NK-defined allospecificities (specificities 1, 2, and 5). HLA variants were derived from the B-Epstein-Barr virus cell line of donor 81 by gamma irradiation followed by negative selection using monoclonal antibodies specific for the appropriate HLA allele. Several variants were derived that lacked one or more class I antigen expressions. These variants were analyzed for the susceptibility to lysis by NK clones recognizing different allospecificities. The loss of HLA-A did not modify the phenotype (i.e., "resistance to lysis"). On the other hand, a variant lacking expression of all class I antigens became susceptible to lysis by all alloreactive clones. Variants characterized by the selective loss of class I antigens coded for by the maternal chromosome became susceptible to lysis by anti-2-specific clones. Conversely, variants selectively lacking class I antigens coded for by paternal chromosome became susceptible to lysis by anti-1 and anti-5 clones (but not by anti-2 clones). Since the Cw3 allele was lost in the variant that acquired susceptibility to lysis by anti-2 clones and, in informative families, it was found to cosegregate with the character "resistance to lysis" by anti-2 clones, we analyzed whether Cw3 could represent the element conferring selective resistance to lysis by anti-2 clones. To this end, murine P815 cells transfected with HLA Cw3 (or with other HLA class I genes) were used as target cells in a cytolytic assay in which effector cells were represented by alloreactive NK clones directed against different specificities. Anti-2-specific clones efficiently lysed untransfected or A2-, A3-, and A24-transfected P815 cells, while they failed to lyse Cw3-transfected cells. NK clones recognizing specificities other than specificity 2 lysed untransfected or Cw3-transfected cells. Thus, the loss of Cw3 resulted in the de novo appearance of susceptibility to lysis, and transfection of the HLA-negative P815 cells with Cw3 resulted in resistance to lysis by anti-2 clones. Therefore, we can infer that Cw3 expression on (both human and murine) target cells confers selective protection from lysis mediated by anti-2 NK clones.
Influence of potassium ions and osmolality on the resting membrane potential of rabbit ventricular papillary muscle with estimation of the activity and the activity coefficient of internal potassium.
Authors: T Akiyama, H A Fozzard
Journal: Circulation Research (1975)

Resting membrane potentials of rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles were measured in modified Tyrode's solutions that were isotonic (1.0 X T), hypertonic (1.58 X T), or hypotonic (0.76 X T) at eight different concentrations of external potassium, [K]o, ranging from 0.78 to 100 mM. The amount of hyperpolarization produced by exposure to the hypertonic solutions was relatively constant with an average of 4.6 mv at all levels of [K]o except 0.78 and 1.56 mM. This potential change is much less than the 10.6 mv which would be predicted if the papillary muscles behaved as nearly perfect osmometers and the activity coefficient of intracellular potassium (K) remained constant. The amount of depolarization produced by exposure to the 0.76 X T hypotonic solutions averaged 6.8 mv at all levels of [K]o except 0.78 mM; this value is close to the predicted value of 6.9 mv. Variations in the activity and the activity coefficient of intracellular K were introduced to explain these discrepancies. We estimated that the activity of intracellular K in 1.58 X T hypertonic solution was increased 15-23% compared with that in isotonic solution. This change is much less than the 58% that would be predicted if the papillary muscle behaved as a nearly perfect osmometer. We also estimated that the activity of intracellular K in 0.76 X T hypotonic solution fell 22-26%, which is very close to the predicted value of 24%. The activity coefficient of intracellular K appeared to fall in 1.58 X T hypertonic solution to about 0.76 of its value in isotonic solution. This decline in the estimated activity coefficient of intracellular K could not be attributed to an increase in Coulombic attractive and repulsive forces as predicted by the Debye-Hückel equation for a univalent electrolyte.
Letter by Nieminen et al Regarding Article, “Differential Impact of Blood Pressure-Lowering Drugs on Central Aortic Pressure and Clinical Outcomes: Principal Results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) Study”
Authors: Tuomo Nieminen, Mika Kähönen, Tiit Kööbi
Journal: Circulation (2006)

The interesting article by Williams et al 1 convincingly shows that treatments based on atenolol and amlodipine differ substantially in their influences on central aortic pressures even in long-term treatment, despite having similar effects on brachial blood pressures.The authors conclude that this phenomenon is due to differences in the timing of systolic ejection caused by lower heart rate during treatment with the ␤-blocker atenolol.This mechanism certainly has merit.However, there is another physiological and pharmacological factor to be considered: Because a ␤-blocker slows down heart rate, the filling time of the left ventricle increases, leading to larger end-diastolic volume and preload.According to the Frank-Starling law, the higher the preload, the larger the stroke volume (SV).This suggests that ␤-blocker therapy would increase SV.This has indeed been demonstrated particularly in using ␤-blockers with vasodilatory properties-such as nebivolol 2 or carvedilol 3 -but also using, for example, atenolol 4 and metoprolol. 3Therefore, the enhancement of SV occurs despite the slightly negative inotropic effect of the ␤-blockers.On the other hand, SV is a well-known determinant of pulse pressure (PP) 5 : Given a constant compliance, elevation of PP is secondary to a rise in SV and vice versa.In the case of atenolol and the consequential increase in SV, the increase in central aortic PP and the changes in the corresponding pressure waveform are probably a combination of the enhanced direct outflow from the heart and stronger reflected pressure waves.We believe that this simple mechanism partially explains the differential effect of amlodipine and atenolol on aortic pressures.
Sodium Restriction Shifts Circadian Rhythm of Blood Pressure From Nondipper to Dipper in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Takashi Uzu, Kazuhiko Ishikawa, Takashi Fujii, Satoko Nakamura, Takashi Inenaga, Genjiro Kimura
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Sodium restriction has been widely used for treatment of hypertension and renal diseases. Whether sodium restriction can transform the circadian rhythm of blood pressure from nondipper to dipper is examined. Methods and Results Patients (n=42) with essential hypertension were maintained on a high-sodium diet (12 to 15 g of NaCl per day) and a low-sodium diet (1 to 3 g/d) for 1 week each. On the last day of each diet, blood pressures were measured noninvasively every hour for 24 hours with an automatic oscillometric device. Twenty-one patients were classified as non–sodium sensitive whereas 21 were classified as sodium sensitive on the basis of a ≥10% change in 24-hour mean arterial pressure caused by sodium restriction. Nocturnal blood pressure fall was significant in the non–sodium sensitive subjects but not in sodium-sensitive subjects. There was a significant interaction between sodium restriction and nocturnal fall in blood pressure only in the sodium-sensitive subjects, indicating that the degree of the nocturnal fall was affected by sodium restriction. Furthermore, changes in the nocturnal fall induced by sodium restriction had a positive relationship with sodium sensitivity ( r =.38, P &lt;.02) and a negative relationship with the nocturnal fall before sodium restriction ( r =−.75, P &lt;.0001). Conclusions These findings show the difference in nocturnal fall in blood pressure between the non–sodium sensitive and sodium-sensitive types of essential hypertension. The diminished nocturnal fall, recognized in the sodium-sensitive type, is restored by sodium restriction, indicating that the circadian rhythm of blood pressure shifted from a nondipper to a dipper pattern. On the other hand, the nocturnal fall is not affected by sodium restriction in the non–sodium sensitive type, and the circadian rhythm remains of the dipper variety.
Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome
Authors: Ben Langmead, Cole Trapnell, Mihai Pop, Steven L Salzberg
Journal: Genome biology (2009)

Abstract Bowtie is an ultrafast, memory-efficient alignment program for aligning short DNA sequence reads to large genomes. For the human genome, Burrows-Wheeler indexing allows Bowtie to align more than 25 million reads per CPU hour with a memory footprint of approximately 1.3 gigabytes. Bowtie extends previous Burrows-Wheeler techniques with a novel quality-aware backtracking algorithm that permits mismatches. Multiple processor cores can be used simultaneously to achieve even greater alignment speeds. Bowtie is open source http://bowtie.cbcb.umd.edu .
Diagnostic Value of Free Prostate-Specific Antigen among Men with a Prostate-Specific Antigen Level of &lt;3.0μg per Liter
Authors: Patrik Finne, Anssi Auvinen, Liisa Määttänen, Teuvo L. Tammela, Mirja Ruutu, Harri Juusela, Paula Martikainen, Matti Hakama, Ulf-Håkan Stenman
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Height, Body Mass Index, and Ovarian Cancer: A Follow-Up of 1.1 Million Norwegian Women
Authors: A. Engeland, S. Tretli, T. Bjorge
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2003)

Body mass index (BMI) has shown both positive and negative associations with ovarian cancer. Whether a possible association between height and ovarian cancer exists is unknown. We explored whether BMI and height were associated with ovarian cancer risk in a Norwegian cohort of approximately 1.1 million women, aged 14-74 years who were measured between 1963 and 1999. The cohort was followed for an average of 25 years through linkage to population-based cancer and death registries. Among the cohort, 7882 histologically verified cases of ovarian cancer were registered. Relative to women with a medium BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), women who were overweight or obese in adolescence or young adulthood had an increased risk of ovarian cancer; women with a very high BMI in adolescence had a relative risk of 1.56 (95% confidence interval = 1.04 to 2.32) compared with women with medium BMI. No such association was seen in older women. A positive association between height and risk of ovarian cancer, particularly endometrioid ovarian cancer, was observed in women younger than 60 years of age.
Evidence-Based Clinical Prevention in the Era of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Authors: Albert L. Siu, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, David Grossman
Journal: JAMA (2015)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Distribution of Body Fat and Its Influence on Esophageal Inflammation and Dysplasia in Patients With Barrett's Esophagus
Authors: Eric M. Nelsen, Yujiro Kirihara, Naoki Takahashi, Qian Shi, Jason T. Lewis, Vikneswaran Namasivayam, Navtej S. Buttar, Kelly T. Dunagan, Ganapathy A. Prasad
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012)
The nonspecificity of electroencephalographic triphasic waves: The emperor defrocked
Authors: Harold O. Conn, Lewis L. Levy
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

A blind analysis of 56 EEGs with triphasic wave patterns was performed to determine the diagnostic specificity of individual electrographic features. EEG and clinical variables analyzed included longitudinal topography, phase lags, symmetry, background activity, reactivity, longitudinal bipolar phase reversal sites, responses to photic stimulation and mental status at the time of recording. The only statistically significant finding for any of the diagnostic groups tested was the presence of severe background slowing in cases of hepatic encephalopathy ( P &lt;0.001). We found no evidence to suggest that other features may contribute to a more highly characteristic pattern for hepatic encephalopathy. None of the features studied reliably distinguished hepatic encephalopathy from other forms of metabolic encephalopathy.
The burden of pulmonary hypertension
Authors: M. Humbert
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

A rare disease affects less than one in 2,000 individuals within the general population 1, 2. By nature, rare diseases concern a low number of patients, families and healthcare providers. This often has negative consequences for the patients, who may suffer from less than optimal care 1, 2. Rare respiratory diseases are no exception and it is time to improve awareness, as well as understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology and management, of these conditions 2. In the current issue of the European Respiratory Journal , Peacock et al. 3 provide novel original data on the epidemiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in Scotland (UK). PAH describes a group of noninfectious, nonmalignant respiratory diseases causing breathlessness, loss of exercise capacity and death due to elevated pulmonary artery pressure and subsequent right heart failure 4. A definite diagnosis of PAH requires strict right heart catheter criteria. Indeed, PAH is defined by an elevation of the mean pulmonary artery pressure >25 mmHg at rest and/or 30 mmHg during exercise without elevation of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (<15 mmHg), and elimination of frequent causes such as hypoxia, respiratory diseases and thrombo-embolic disease 4. Half of all PAH cases referred to pulmonary vascular centres have no identifiable risk factor, corresponding to idiopathic (sporadic) and familial PAH. The other …
Phylogenetic relationships within the aplocheiloid fish genus Rivulus (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae): implications for Caribbean and Central American biogeography
Authors: W. J. Murphy, G. E. Collier
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

We examined the phylogenetic relationships of 16 northern species of the aplocheiloid genus Rivulus inhabiting the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. A total of 714 base pairs per taxon were sequenced from two segments of the mitochondrial genome, 12S rRNA and cytochrome b. Both parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses suggest an ancient vicariant origin of the Greater Antillean taxa, in addition to a quite recent dispersal of species into the Lesser Antilles from the South American mainland. Combined analyses support the monophyly of the northern South American assemblage as the sister group of a Central American/Columbian biota. However, the monophyly of the Central American biota remains uncertain. Divergence estimates for the Central American taxa are calibrated from the Last Cretaceous separation of the proto-Antilles from the Americas. These data suggest that the extant Central American taxa represent the descendants of at least two separate invasions during the Cenozoic, prior to the closing of the Panamanian isthmus. Times are consistent with the extensive evidence for reptilian and mammalian exchange throughout the Cenozoic.
Beauty sleep: experimental study on the perceived health and attractiveness of sleep deprived people
Authors: J. Axelsson, T. Sundelin, M. Ingre, E. J. W. Van Someren, A. Olsson, M. Lekander
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Objective</b> To investigate whether sleep deprived people are perceived as less healthy, less attractive, and more tired than after a normal night's sleep. <b>Design</b> Experimental study. <b>Setting</b> Sleep laboratory in Stockholm, Sweden. <b>Participants</b> 23 healthy, sleep deprived adults (age 18-31) who were photographed and 65 untrained observers (age 18-61) who rated the photographs. <b>Intervention</b> Participants were photographed after a normal night's sleep (eight hours) and after sleep deprivation (31 hours of wakefulness after a night of reduced sleep). The photographs were presented in a randomised order and rated by untrained observers. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Difference in observer ratings of perceived health, attractiveness, and tiredness between sleep deprived and well rested participants using a visual analogue scale (100 mm). <b>Results</b> Sleep deprived people were rated as less healthy (visual analogue scale scores, mean 63 (SE 2) <i>v</i> 68 (SE 2), P&lt;0.001), more tired (53 (SE 3) <i>v</i> 44 (SE 3), P&lt;0.001), and less attractive (38 (SE 2) <i>v</i> 40 (SE 2), P&lt;0.001) than after a normal night's sleep. The decrease in rated health was associated with ratings of increased tiredness and decreased attractiveness. <b>Conclusion</b> Our findings show that sleep deprived people appear less healthy, less attractive, and more tired compared with when they are well rested. This suggests that humans are sensitive to sleep related facial cues, with potential implications for social and clinical judgments and behaviour. Studies are warranted for understanding how these effects may affect clinical decision making and can add knowledge with direct implications in a medical context.
GENETIC CONTROL OF IMMUNE RESPONSES IN VITRO
Authors: Judith A. Kapp, Carl W. Pierce, Baruj Benacerraf
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

In vivo, the antibody response in mice to the random terpolymer L-glutamic acid(50)-L-alanine(30)-L-tyrosine(10) (GAT) is controlled by a histocompatibility-linked immune response gene(s). We have studied antibody responses by spleen cells from responder and nonresponder mice to GAT and GAT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (GAT-MBSA) in vitro. Cells producing antibodies specific for GAT were enumerated in a modified Jerne plaque assay using GAT coupled to sheep erythrocytes as indicator cells. Soluble GAT stimulated development of IgG GAT-specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses in cultures of spleen cells from responder mice, C57Bl/6 (H-2(b)), F(1) (C57 x SJL) (H-2(b/s)), and A/J (H-2(a)). Soluble GAT did not stimulate development of GAT-specific PFC responses in cultures of spleen cells from nonresponder mice, SJL (H-2(s)), B10.S (H-2(s)), and A.SW (H-2(s)). GAT-MBSA stimulated development of IgG GAT-specific PFC responses in cultures of spleen cells from both responder and nonresponder strains of mice. These data correlate precisely with data obtained by measuring the in vivo responses of responder and nonresponder strains of mice to GAT and GAT-MBSA by serological techniques. Therefore, this in vitro system can effectively be used as a model to study the cellular events regulated by histocompatibility-linked immune response genes.
Intensive Statin Therapy — A Sea Change in Cardiovascular Prevention
Authors: Eric J. Topol
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

In the management of atherosclerotic vascular disease, statin drugs have already surpassed all other classes of medicines in reducing the incidence of the major adverse outcomes of death, heart attack, and stroke. A decade ago, their effectiveness was first demonstrated by the results of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), a trial that provided definitive evidence of the benefit of simvastatin, as compared with placebo, in improving survival.1 By 1996, statins were dubbed "miracle drugs," and their underuse was duly noted.2 Prominent scientists in the field even speculated that heart attacks might be "gone with the century."3 For the most . . .