tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
An analysis of volleyball injuries in female athletes in grades nine through twelve
Authors: K R Yasher, K Liller, S Wong, S Jang, B J Morris, J G Konin
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Participation in women's sports has increased over the years, potentially leading to an increased exposure rate for injury. Identifying the prevalence and severity of specific injuries associated with volleyball can lead to effective injury prevention interventions and educational programs. Objective To analyze injury trends associated with women's volleyball for grade 9–12. Design A retrospective analysis of medical records collected by certified athletic trainers at 10 high schools was performed over a three year period from 2006–2009. Setting Data was collected via web based software in the USA for volleyball athletes in grades 9–12. Participants Participants included female volleyball players in grades 9–12 who participated in a sanctioned high school volleyball athletic season. Intervention Injury definitions were standardized prior to the medical documentation, and were limited to self-reporting by the athletes or direct observation by the athletic trainer. Injury is defined by something that results from participation in competition or practice, requires medical attention and results in restriction and or modification in participation for one or more days beyond the day of injury. Main outcome measurements Measurements were recorded based upon each exposure, defined as a single practice or game session per player. Results A total of 30 366 exposures were recorded, with just 31documented injuries. 35.5% of the documented injuries involved the ankles followed by knees and thumbs with 13%. 66.67% of injuries occurred during non-contact skills practices, 24% occurred to middle blockers, 19% occurred due to jumping and landing and 26% occurred toward the end of practice. For every 1000 exposures, 0.964 injuries occurred during a practice session and 0.698 injuries occurred during a match. Conclusions Volleyball injuries in females in grades 9–12 appear low overall in prevalence and severity. Future studies for volleyball participation are encouraged to assess different age groups, gender, and other variables.
A Pharmacological Approach to the Structure of Sodium Channels in Myelinated Axons
Authors: J M Ritchie
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1979)

Figure 6 summarizes the present state of our knowledge on the sodium channel in myelinated nerve fibers. Two sites have been discussed in detail: a metal cation binding site accessible by tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin from the outside surface only; and a second site accessible from the inside surface with which local anesthetics combine. Hydrogen ions gain access to this region of the sodium channel (and hence determine the relative local concentration of protonated drug) more readily from the extracellular fluid than from the axoplasm (Schwarz et al 1977). In addition, a variety of other sites have been mentioned, binding of drugs to which alters selectively the kinetics of opening and closing of the h and m gates. In myelinated nerve fibers these channels are packed tightly on the nodal membrane. The highest estimate for the sodium channel density in the mammalian node is 10,000 micron2. A re-evaluation of the effective nodal area, however, might reduce this value to 3000-5000/micron 2. This would still leave the nodal membrane rather crowded with sodium channels. Furthermore, the channel density would still be greater than the density of particles, sometimes believed to be sodium channels seen in freeze fracture studies (Rosenbluth 1976). One possibility for resolving this problem is that the units detected by X-ray inactivation (Levinson & Ellory 1973), and those seen in freeze-fracture studies (Rosenbluth 1976) represent not single sodium channels but groups of three. Catterall & Morrow (1978) in a comparison of the binding of saxitoxin and Leiurus sculpturatus scorpion toxin venom have concluded that there are three saxitoxin binding sites for each scorpion toxin binding site. On this basis, three saxitoxin molecules might act to block independently each of the three openings of the channels; while the the conformational change produced by the scorpion venom molecule would affect the inactivation process of all three channels.
Subendocardial origin of ventricular arrhythmias in 24-hour-old experimental myocardial infarction.
Authors: L N Horowitz, J F Spear, E N Moore
Journal: Circulation (1976)

In 12 anesthetized open-chest dogs, ventricular epicardial activation maps were constructed and electrograms were recorded from the bundle of His, left bundle branch, and subendocardial Purkinje fibers 24 hours following Harris 2-stage ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. All animals developed ectopic ventricular depolarizations and/or ventricular tachycardia. The earliest area of epicardial activation was located along the border of the infarct in the left ventricle in all animals. Bipolar recording from various levels of the conduction system and ventricular myocardium revealed that the earliest recorded electrical activity originated in subendocardial Purkinje fibers which had survived the acute myocardial infarction. The origin of these arrhythmias was further studied by pacing through the electrode which had recorded the early Purkinje activity and comparing the surface ECG and activation sequence with that of the spontaneous rhythm. These data tend to support the hypothesis that ventricular arrhythmias occurring 24-72 hours following acute myocardial infarction have their origin in the subendocardial Purkinje network which has survived the infarction.
Acute Changes in Haematological Parameters on Cessation of Smoking
Authors: B J Bain, M Rothwell, M D Feher, R Robinson, J Brown, P S Sever
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1992)

Cigarette smoking is known to affect many haematological parameters but little is known of their rate of return to normal on withdrawal of cigarettes. Two groups of chronic smokers were studied whilst smoking and in the 2 weeks after cessation. A rapid return towards normal was found in the elevated haemoglobm concentration, packed cell volume, red cell count, white cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count and platelet count, indicating that at least some of the abnormalities in these parameters are an acute, reversible effect of cigarette smoking rather than being a response to tissue damage.
Identification of c-Cbl as a New Ligase for Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor with Distinct Roles from Mdm2 in Receptor Ubiquitination and Endocytosis
Authors: Bita Sehat, Sandra Andersson, Leonard Girnita, Olle Larsson
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract The insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) plays several pivotal roles in cancer. Although most studies on the function of the IGF-IR have been attributed to kinase-dependent signaling, recent findings by our group and others have implicated biological roles mediated by ubiquitination of the receptor. As previously reported, the E3 ligases Mdm2 and Nedd4 mediate IGF-IR ubiquitination. Here we show that c-Cbl is a novel E3 ligase for IGF-IR. On ligand stimulation, both Mdm2 and c-Cbl associate with IGF-IR and mediate receptor polyubiquitination. Whereas Mdm2 catalyzed lysine 63 (K63) chain ubiquitination, c-Cbl modified IGF-IR through K48 chains. Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination occurred when cells were stimulated with a low concentration (5 ng/mL) of IGF-I, whereas c-Cbl required high concentrations (50–100 ng/mL). Mdm2-ubiquitinated IGF-IR was internalized through the clathrin endocytic pathway whereas c-Cbl–ubiquitinated receptors were endocytosed via the caveolin route. Taken together, our results show that c-Cbl constitutes a new ligase responsible for the ubiquitination of IGF-IR and that it complements the action of Mdm2 on ubiquitin lysine residue specificity, responsiveness to IGF-I, and type of endocytic pathway used. The actions and interactions of Mdm2 and c-Cbl in the ubiquitination and endocytosis of IGF-IR may have implications in cancer. In addition, identification and functional characterization of new E3 ligases are important in itself because therapeutic targeting of substrate-specific E3 ligases is likely to represent a critical strategy in future cancer treatment. [Cancer Res 2008;68(14):5669–77]
Organization and results of the EGFR mutation Spanish quality control program
Authors: José Javier Gómez-Román, Sola Gallego Iosu, Bárbara Angulo, Nicolás Martínez Montserrat, Lazuén Fernández Servando
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

There is a need for EGFR mutation performing in non-small cell carcinomas to select the best treatment. One of the most important problems is accuracy of results. The Spanish Society of Pathology has developped a quality control program. We present their structure and results.  The organizing laboratory selects four cases tested with two techniques to send them. To simulate bronchoscopic samples tissue microarray punchers are used to construct a paraffin block with five to six 1 mm samples. Four unstained slides are identified and sent. Each laboratory extracts DNA and perform the analysis with their own method. They have to stain one of the sections and to inform about histology and percentage of tumoral cells. A questionary with information about the method, number of analysis performed last year, and the text with all the information they include in clinical practice are analysed by the organizing laboratory. A general and a particular inform are sent to each participant.  In the third round 31 spanish centres (25 hospitals, two medicine schools and four private laboratories) sent the complete results. Three mutated (one L858R and two different Del19) and one wild-type adenocarcinomas were selected. No false positive results were reported. There were 11 non-informative and 13 false-negative cases among the 124 analysed. Most of the false-negative results were obtained in centres that used Sanger sequentiation in the L858R case where the percentage of neoplastic cells was small.  There is a need to stablish an organized quality control program for molecular testing in lung cancer patients. Pathology societies could be the organizers making routine laboratories perform these tests according to best practises.
Identification of a SOX2-dependent subset of tumor- and sphere-forming glioblastoma cells with a distinct tyrosine kinase inhibitor sensitivity profile
Authors: Daniel Hägerstrand, Xiaobing He, Maja Bradic Lindh, Saskia Hoefs, Göran Hesselager, Arne Östman, Monica Nistér
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2011)

Putative cancer stem cells have been identified in glioblastomas and are associated with radio- and chemo-resistance. Further knowledge about these cells is thus highly warranted for the development of better glioblastoma therapies. Gene expression analyses of 11 high-grade glioma cultures identified 2 subsets, designated type A and type B cultures. The type A cultures displayed high expression of CXCR4, SOX2, EAAT1, and GFAP and low expression of CNP, PDGFRB, CXCL12, and extracellular matrix proteins. Clinical significance of the 2 types was indicated by the expression of type A– and type B–defining genes in different clinical glioblastoma samples. Classification of glioblastomas with type A– and type B–defining genes generated 2 groups of tumors composed predominantly of the classical, neural, and/or proneural subsets and the mesenchymal subset, respectively. Furthermore, tumors with EGFR mutations were enriched in the group of type A samples. Type A cultures possessed a higher capacity to form xenograft tumors and neurospheres and displayed low or no sensitivity to monotreatment with PDGF- and IGF-1–receptor inhibitors but were efficiently growth inhibited by combination treatment with low doses of these 2 inhibitors. Furthermore, siRNA-induced downregulation of SOX2 reduced sphere formation of type A cultures, decreased expression of type A–defining genes, and conferred sensitivity to monotreatment with PDGF- and IGF-1–receptor inhibitors. The present study thus describes a tumor- and neurosphere-forming SOX2-dependent subset of glioblastoma cultures characterized by a gene expression signature similar to that of the recently described classical, proneural, and/or neural subsets of glioblastoma. The findings that resistance to PDGF- and IGF-1–receptor inhibitors is related to SOX2 expression and can be overcome by combination treatment should be considered in ongoing efforts to develop novel stem cell–targeting therapies.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE RELATION OF THE PITUITARY BODY TO RENAL FUNCTION
Authors: Ketil Motzfeldt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1917)

1. The inconstant results of past observations on the relation of pituitary extracts to renal activity have been due chiefly to unsuitable methods. 2. A standard curve of artificially induced polyuria may be plotted for rabbits, giving 200 cc. of water by mouth. 3. Extracts of the pars intermedia and posterior lobe of the hypophysis, given by mouth, subcutaneously, or intravenously, are able definitely to check polyuria thus induced. Extracts of the anterior lobe show a similar effect, but only to a slight degree. 4. This antidiuretic effect is constant, and is independent of (a) changes in blood pressure, (b) intestinal absorption, and (c) the vagi. The effect is apparently prevented or delayed by division of the splanchnics, and is diminished by division of the renal nerves near the hilus. 5. A similar antidiuretic property is possessed: (a) by beta-imidazolylethylamine, (b) by p-oxyphenylethylamine, (c) by a preparation from Secale cornutum, (d) by small doses of nicotine, (e) by large doses of caffeine, and (f) by extracts of the adrenal cortex. 6. No effect on the polyuria is produced: (a) by strychnine (b) by morphine, (c) by adrenalin, or by extracts of (d) thyroid, (e) thymus, (f) pineal, (g) pancreas, or (h) corpora lutea. 7. In animals under chloral or paraldehyde anesthesia a short and inconstant initial increase in flow of urine is seen. 8. The antidiuretic effect is absent or only slightly marked in checking the so called salt diuresis.
Responsible Governance for Mental Health Research in Low Resource Countries
Authors: M. Taghi Yasamy, Pallab K. Maulik, Mark Tomlinson, Crick Lund, Mark Van Ommeren, Shekhar Saxena
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Blurb: Taghi Yasamy and colleagues identify challenges facing good research governance in low- and middle-income countries and provide suggestions for a way forward.
Critical function of Bmx/Etk in ischemia-mediated arteriogenesis and angiogenesis
Authors: Y. He
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2006)

Bmx/Etk non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase has been implicated in endothelial cell migration and tube formation in vitro. However, the role of Bmx in vivo is not known. Bmx is highly induced in the vasculature of ischemic hind limbs. We used both mice with a genetic deletion of Bmx (Bmx-KO mice) and transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active form of Bmx under the endothelial Tie-2 enhancer/promoter (Bmx-SK-Tg mice) to study the role of Bmx in ischemia-mediated arteriogenesis/angiogenesis. In response to ischemia, Bmx-KO mice had markedly reduced, whereas Bmx-SK-Tg mice had enhanced, clinical recovery, limb perfusion, and ischemic reserve capacity when compared with nontransgenic control mice. The functional outcomes in these mice were correlated with ischemia-initiated arteriogenesis, capillary formation, and vessel maturation as well as Bmx-dependent expression/activation of TNF receptor 2– and VEGFR2-mediated (TNFR2/VEGFR2-mediated) angiogenic signaling in both hind limb and bone marrow. More importantly, results of bone marrow transplantation studies showed that Bmx in bone marrow–derived cells plays a critical role in the early phase of ischemic tissue remodeling. Our study provides the first demonstration to our knowledge that Bmx in endothelium and bone marrow plays a critical role in arteriogenesis/angiogenesis in vivo and suggests that Bmx may be a novel target for the treatment of vascular diseases such as coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease.
Cognitive and brain reserve and the risk of postoperative delirium in older patients: analysis of data from a prospective observational study
Authors: Jane S Saczynski, Sharon K Inouye, Cyrus M Kosar, Doug Tommet, Edward R Marcantonio, Tamara Fong, Tammy Hshieh, Sarinnapha Vasunilashorn, Eran D Metzger, Eva Schmitt, David C Alsop, Richard N Jones
Journal: The Lancet Psychiatry (2014)
Effect of Parental Type 2 Diabetes on Offspring With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Lena M. Thorn, Carol Forsblom, Johan Wadén, Jenny Söderlund, Milla Rosengård-Bärlund, Markku Saraheimo, Outi Heikkilä, Kustaa Hietala, Kim Pettersson-Fernholm, Jorma Ilonen, Per-Henrik Groop
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

The purpose of this study was to study the association between a parental history of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic profile as well as the presence of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes complications in patients with type 1 diabetes.This was a cross-sectional study design in 1,860 patients with type 1 diabetes from the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy (FinnDiane) Study (620 patients with and 1,240 age-matched patients without a parental history of type 2 diabetes). Information on parental history was received from the type 1 diabetic offspring by a standardized questionnaire.Patients with type 1 diabetes and a positive parental history of type 2 diabetes had a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (44 vs. 38%; P = 0.013) and a metabolic profile related to insulin resistance (higher BMI, larger waist circumference, and higher triglycerides, A1C, and insulin dose per kilogram) and also had a later onset of type 1 diabetes (17.2 +/- 9.2 vs. 16.1 +/- 8.9 years; P = 0.008), which was also confirmed in the publicly available Diabetes Control and Complications Trial data set. In contrast, no association was observed with blood pressure, diabetes complications, or HLA genotype distribution. Parental history of type 2 diabetes was independently associated with age at onset of type 1 diabetes (odds ratio 1.02 [95% CI 1.01-1.03]), BMI (1.07 [1.02-1.12]), triglycerides (1.18 [1.03-1.35]), and insulin dose per kilogram (1.63 [1.04-2.54]).Parental history of type 2 diabetes is associated with a later onset of type 1 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and a metabolic profile related to insulin resistance.
Regulation and pharmacology of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore
Authors: D. B. Zorov, M. Juhaszova, Y. Yaniv, H. B. Nuss, S. Wang, S. J. Sollott
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

The 'mitochondrial permeability transition', characterized by a sudden induced change of the inner mitochondrial membrane permeability for water as well as for small substances (≤1.5 kDa), has been known for three decades. Research interest in the entity responsible for this phenomenon, the 'mitochondrial permeability transition pore' (mPTP), has dramatically increased after demonstration that it plays a key role in the life and death decision in cells. Therefore, a better understanding of this phenomenon and its regulation by environmental stresses, kinase signalling, and pharmacological intervention is vital. The characterization of the molecular identity of the mPTP will allow identification of possible pharmacological targets and assist in drug design for its precise regulation. However, despite extensive research efforts, at this point the pore-forming core component(s) of the mPTP remain unidentified. Pivotal new genetic evidence has shown that components once believed to be core elements of the mPTP (namely mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator and cyclophilin D) are instead only mPTP regulators (or in the case of voltage-dependent anion channels, probably entirely dispensable). This review provides an update on the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of the mPTP.
Ageing-exaggerated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells is related to attenuation of Jagged1 expression in endothelial cells
Authors: Xiaojing Wu, Qi Zhou, Lan Huang, Aijun Sun, Keqiang Wang, Yunzeng Zou, Junbo Ge
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2007)

Ageing has been shown to enhance neointima formation due to abnormal growth of vascular smooth muscular cells (VSMC), which is regulated by endothelial functions. The mechanism of how endothelium affects the growth of VSMC in the process remains unclear. We here examined the role of Jagged1, a regulator of cell growth.Male Sprague-Dawley rats at 3 (young) and 22 (old) months of age were subjected to a balloon catheter injury in the thoracic aorta. After 4 weeks, the neointima formation in the injured artery of old rats was more than that of young rats. Compared with the young rats, the increase in Jagged1 expression in the endothelium of old rats after the injury was delayed, weakened, and shortened, suggesting an impaired response of Jagged1 to the injury. In contrast, the increase in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the neointima was more significant and maintained longer in old rats than in the young ones. Moreover, the expression of Jagged1 in the cultured arterial endothelial cells (EC) of old animals was less than those of the young ones, which promoted the Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced growth and migration of the co-cultured VSMC. Furthermore, suppression of Jagged1 expression by a small interfering RNA in the EC of young rats reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin and calponin expression and also intensified the PDGF-increased growth and migration of the co-cultured VSMC.Ageing enhanced VSMC proliferation, at least in part, through impairing Jagged1 expression in the EC after vascular injury.