tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF TRIMETHADIONE (TRIDIONE) AND OTHER DRUGS ON CONVULSIONS CAUSED BY DI-ISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (DFP)
Authors: H. E. HIMWICH, C. F. ESSIG, J. L. HAMPSON, P. D. BALES, A. M. FREEDMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1950)

Trimethadione in doses of 200-400 mg/kg restores the normal electroencephalogram after the production of grand-mal-like electrical patterns in rabbits by DFP. Trimethadione when administered before DFP prevents the establishment of the seizure pattern, though not of milder types of excessive activity. A profound fall of cholinesterase activity is observed, and presumably acetylcholine accumulates. Despite its valuable therapeutic effects trimethadione does not hinder the extreme decrease of cholinesterase activity. Atropine, like trimethadione, both prevents the electrical seizures and restores the control electroencephalogram after the abnormal brain waves have been evoked by DFP, and yet the cholinesterase activity is also greatly diminished and to the same extent as it is in the absence of atropine. Pentothal has been used successfully to restore the normal electroencephalogram after seizure patterns have been produced. Phenobarbital possesses both preventive and curative effects while dilantin has been used only to keep the convulsive pattern from occuring. Like trimethadione, however, dilantin permits some excessive electrical activity.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Harry Goldblatt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1938)

The production of the acute malignant phase of experimental hypertension has been accomplished in seventeen dogs. The method used to produce this type of hypertension was the same as for the benign type (4), namely, constriction of the main renal arteries, or the equivalent, constriction of the aorta above the origin of both main renal arteries, but the constriction was especially severe. The malignant phase in the animals was characterized by hypertension, terminal renal insufficiency and the development of petechiae and larger hemorrhages in many internal organs, especially the alimentary tract. These were due to dissecting hemorrhage through, or rupture of, the wall of severely hyalinized or necrotic arterioles, or rupture of capillaries. Hyalinization and necrosis of arterioles were more severe and more widespread in animals that had a period of benign hypertension before the onset of renal insufficiency. In animals with a previous long period of benign hypertension, thickening of the media also occurred in arterioles, with or without hyalinized intima. Elevation of blood pressure (mechanical factor) and renal insufficiency (humoral factor) are at least two of the necessary conditions for the development of the necrotic arterioles and hemorrhages. Necrotic arterioles and hemorrhages have not yet been observed in animals that have had very high blood pressure for years without renal insufficiency, nor in animals with azotemia, due to removal of both kidneys, but without hypertension. Hyalinized retinal arterioles have been observed in dogs with persistent hypertension and with moderate or no disturbance of renal function. That ischemia is not the cause of the necrosis of the arterioles is shown by their absence from the ischemic kidneys of the dogs and their widespread presence in other organs that were not ischemic. These experiments show that the necrotic arterioles and hemorrhages are secondary to and not the primary cause of the malignant phase of hypertension.
Fungal infections of the skin.
Authors: R. P. Warin
Journal: BMJ (1966)

Infections of the skin by various species of the yeast Candida, commonly C. albicans, have become more frequent in recent years, and their recognition and treatment are important. These fungi are frequent commensals in animals and men, and are present in the alimentary tract and mucosa of many people. They may become pathogenic on the skin if local and general conditions become suitable. They prefer moist sites (Fig. 1), scaling cracked skin, and pockets between the nail fold and nail plate ; and skin contaminated with sugar from glycosuria or from which bacterial competition has been removed by the use of antibiotics. General conditions favouring growth include debility and serious illness, diabetes, antibiotic and steroid therapy, and rarely hypocalcaemia. Candida infection is recog nized by the well-defined edge of the inflamed area, which is often undermined, and the adjacent skin may show small super ficial pustules, which rupture and leave a tiny circle with a raised edge. Evaluation of mycological reports on scrapings can be difficult, and a positive culture is of little significance unless fungal elements are found on direct microscopy.
New Specialty—Family Practice
Authors: John G. Walsh
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Family practice was recognized and approved as a specialty on Feb 8, 1969, by action of the Liaison Committee of the Advisory Board for Medical Specialties and the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association. The American Board of Family Practice was authorized to conduct examinations and to certify candidates who meet the qualifications and pass the examination. The sponsoring organizations— the American Academy of General Practice and the Section on General Practice of the AMA—after negotiations agreed to specific stipulations relating to the composition of the Board of Directors of the American Board of Family Practice. Following the organizational period, the board consists of 15 members: five from the American Academy of General Practice, five from the Section on General Practice of the AMA, and one each from the specialty boards of surgery, internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics-gynecology and psychiatry-neurology. The new certifying board tests three categories of
Long-Term Nasogastric Feeding Tube
Authors: Ernest H. Picard
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The method of nasogastric tube feeding described by Davis and Hoffman (<b>209</b>:685, 1969) has also been described by Casper, Darby, and Picard (<i>Geriatrics</i><b>15</b>: 172, 1960). This should probably be brought to the authors' attention, since their article is published under the deck "TECHNICAL ADVANCES."
The Lens, Cataracts, and Galactosemia
Authors: David G. Cogan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Like the trunk of a tree, the lens grows throughout life by forming successive layers at its outer circumference. Older layers are thereby progressively displaced toward the center so that periods of unfavorable growth or transient metabolic disturbances may be permanently inscribed as deep-lying concentric rings. In the lens these rings comprise the lamellar or zonular cataracts that occur in the neonatal period and are often called "congenital" cataracts.Galactosemia provides a metabolic disturbance that produces cataracts in the first few weeks of life. The elevated blood galactose of the galactosemic infant causes an abnormal hydration and eventual opacification of . . .
259 REMOVAL OF ASYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE (ADMA) DURING ARTIFICIAL LIVER SUPPORT USING FRACTIONATED PLASMA SEPARATION AND ADSORPTION (PROMETHEUS®)
Authors: K. Rifai, S.M. Bode-Boeger, J. Martens-Lobenhoffer, D. Fliser, M.P. Manns, J.T. Kielstein
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Retreating chronic hepatitis C with daily interferon alfacon-1/ribavirin after nonresponse to pegylated interferon/ribavirin: DIRECT results
Authors: Bruce R. Bacon, Mitchell L. Shiffman, Flavia Mendes, Reem Ghalib, Tarek Hassanein, Giuseppe Morelli, Shobha Joshi, Kenneth Rothstein, Paul Kwo, Norman Gitlin
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Up to 50% of patients with chronic hepatitis C fail to respond to initial therapy with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). With unsuccessful viral eradication, these patients remain at risk for developing progression of their liver disease. Retreatment with PEG-IFN/RBV yields sustained virologic response (SVR) rates that are under 10%. A wholly synthetic interferon, interferon alfacon-1 or consensus interferon (CIFN) given with RBV, was evaluated in patients who failed initial PEG-IFN/RBV therapy. The intent-to-treat analysis included 487 patients; 245 received CIFN 9 μg/day and RBV, and 242 received CIFN 15 μg/day and RBV. Within this group of patients, 59.3% had documented advanced fibrosis at baseline liver biopsy (stage F3 or F4). SVR rates were 6.9% (17/245 patients) in the 9 μg group and 10.7% (26/242) in the 15 μg group. In the intent-to-treat analysis, SVR rates were higher among patients with a >2-log10 decrease in hepatitis C virus RNA during prior PEG-IFN/RBV therapy: 11% (4/38) in the 9 μg group and 23% (7/31) in the 15 μg group. Among patients with lower baseline fibrosis scores (F0-F3), SVR rates were 7.8% (15/192) in the 9 μg group and 13.1% (23/175) in the 15 μg group. In this same group of patients (F0-F3), if a >2-log10 decrease in hepatitis C virus RNA with previous PEG-IFN/RBV treatment was achieved, SVR rates improved to 10.7% and 31.6% in the 9 μg and 15 μg groups, respectively. CIFN/RBV combination retreatment was safe and well tolerated. Conclusion: Retreatment of PEG-IFN and RBV nonresponders with CIFN and RBV is safe and efficacious and can be considered a retreatment strategy for patients failing previous therapy with PEG-IFN/RBV, especially in interferon-sensitive patients with lower baseline fibrosis scores. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
A Plea for Mercy
Authors: Everett W. Corradini
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> This is a plea for mercy—from the younger scholars in our profession toward the older workhorses in the age group 55 and over. Our literature is being increasingly inundated with reports that are biostatistically oriented. For example, a recent three-page discussion of blood pressure (221:365, 1972) used the following expressions: log-normal distribution; linear combination; oneway analysis of variance; within- and between-patient variability; standard deviation; mean square error; degrees of freedom; confidence limits; probability level of significance; (pooled variability) standard deviation; one(two-) tail test; bell-shaped distribution; homoscedasticity; skewed curve. Some of these terms are self-explanatory; others are not contained in any dictionary available to the average physician. Most or all are discussed in textbooks of biostatistics, but many of us older folks do not have the mathematical background to understand them. There are additional considerations. This same article points out that the more than 27,000 readings of blood
Refraction of Premature Babies' Eyes
Authors: M. V. Graham, O. P. Gray
Journal: BMJ (1963)

The only large survey of the refractive state of the eyes of premature babies to be conducted in the neonatal period was that of Fletcher and Brandon (1955).These authors studied 462 premature infants and followed them up for at least six months.They found a high and fluctuating myopia during the neonatal period which was more exaggerated in smaller infants than in those
Echo-phonocardiographic determination of left atrial and left ventricular filling pressures with and without mitral stenosis.
Authors: A R Palomo, M A Quinones, A D Waggoner, A G Kumpuris, R R Miller
Journal: Circulation (1980)

In mitral stenosis (MS) the interval between the second sound and the opening snap (A2-OS) is known to shorten, while the interval between the onset of the QRS and the first sound (Q-M1) lengthens with smaller mitral valve orifice size and higher left atrial pressures.Because M1 and OS are temporally related to the C and E points on the mitral valve echogram, respectively, the ratio of Q-C to A2-E may relate to left atrial pressure in MS and to left ventricular filling pressures (LVFP) in the absence of MS.To test this hypothesis the Q-C/A2-E ratio was measured in 22 patients without MS from simultaneous mitral valve echogram, ECG and phonocardiogram at cardiac catheterization.An excellent correlation between Q-C/A2-E and left ven- tricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was observed (r = 0.93; SEE = 2.6 mm Hg; LVEDP range 5-28 mm Hg).The resulting regression equation: LVEDP = 21.6 (Q-C/A2-E) + 1.1, was prospectively evaluated in a second group of 32 patients without MS and with echo-phonocardiograms performed at left-heart catheteriza- tion (25 patients) or right-heart catheterization with flow-directed, balloon-tip catheters for measurement of mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) (seven patients); LVFP ranged from 5-40 mm Hg.Calculated LVFP correlated well with measured LVFP (r = 0.81; SEE = 4 mm Hg).Ten of 11 patients (91%) with LVFP > 14 mm Hg were correctly separated from 19 of 21 patients (90%) with LVFP < 14 mm Hg.In 10 patients, LVFPs were acutely altered by either volume expansion or vasodilators and in all instances, calculated LVFP moved in the same direction as measured LVFP.In addition, the same equation was used to estimate mean PCWP in 22 patients with MS and eight with prosthetic mitral valves.Estimated PCWP cor- related well with measured PCWP (r = 0.78; SEE = 4 mm Hg) and correctly separated 18 of 19 patients (95%) with PCWP > 18 mm Hg from nine of 11 patients (87%) with PCWP < 18 mm Hg.Thus, the Q-C/A2-E ratio and left atrial pressure correlate closely.This relationship allows one to closely estimate LVFP in patients with various types of heart disease and to judge severity of MS noninvasively.
Clinical Studies of Storage Iron with Desferrioxamine
Authors: Norman R. Gevirtz, Dina Tendler, Gertrude Lurinsky, Louis R. Wasserman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

TRANSFUSIONAL hemosiderosis, or secondary hemochromatosis, is a consequence of chronic blood-replacement therapy for refractory anemias.2 Desferrioxamine appears to be the most satisfactory therapeutic agent currently available for the treatment of this iron-overloading complication, but studies of urinary excretion of iron have suggested that the clinical efficacy of desferrioxamine is quite limited3 4 5 except in its application to the treatment of acute iron intoxication.6 , 7 The present report records a markedly elevated fecal excretion of iron during periods of desferrioxamine therapy, suggesting that in the treatment of iron-overloading disorders, this agent may be more clinically useful than prior studies have indicated.Materials and . . .
MIDTERM OUTCOMES AND RISK STRATIFICATION OF PLAIN BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY FOR IN STENT RESTENOSIS AFTER FEMOROPOPLITEAL STENTING
Authors: Takuma Iida, Osamu iida, Masashi Fujita, Tetsuya Watanabe, Masaki Awata, Shin Okamoto, Takayuki Ishihara, Tomoharu Dohi, Kiyonori Nanto, Yukika Mizukami, Takashi Kanda, Tatsuya Shiraki, Yoshio Ishida, Masaaki Uematsu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Inaccuracy of forehead thermometers
Authors: G. Vernon
Journal: BMJ (2013)

I wish to alert readers, both hospital doctors and general practitioners, to the increasing use of forehead thermometers in hospitals in the UK.1 These thermometers are bought because, not needing probe covers, they are cheaper. No formal health technology assessment of these devices has been performed, in the UK or elsewhere. A 2011 systematic review of …
Healing by primary closure versus open healing after surgery for pilonidal sinus: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Iain J D McCallum, Peter M King, Julie Bruce
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<b>Objective</b> To determine the relative effects of open healing compared with primary closure for pilonidal sinus and optimal closure method (midline <i>v</i> off-midline). <b>Design</b> Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. <b>Data sources</b> Cochrane register of controlled trials, Cochrane Wounds Group specialised trials register, Medline (1950-2007), Embase, and CINAHL bibliographic databases, without language restrictions. <b>Data extraction</b> Primary outcomes were time (days) to healing, surgical site infection, and recurrence rate. Secondary outcomes were time to return to work, other complications and morbidity, cost, length of hospital stay, and wound healing rate. <b>Study selection</b> Randomised controlled trials evaluating surgical treatment of pilonidal sinus in patients aged 14 years or more. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers and assessed for quality. Meta-analyses used fixed and random effects models, dichotomous data were reported as relative risks or Peto odds ratios and continuous data are given as mean differences; all with 95% confidence intervals. <b>Results</b> 18 trials (n=1573) were included. 12 trials compared open healing with primary closure. Time to healing was quicker after primary closure although data were unsuitable for aggregation. Rates of surgical site infection did not differ; recurrence was less likely to occur after open healing (relative risk 0.42, 0.26 to 0.66). 14 patients would require their wound to heal by open healing to prevent one recurrence. Six trials compared surgical closure methods (midline <i>v</i> off-midline). Wounds took longer to heal after midline closure than after off-midline closure (mean difference 5.4 days, 95% confidence interval 2.3 to 8.5), rate of infection was higher (relative risk 4.70, 95% confidence interval 1.93 to 11.45), and risk of recurrence higher (Peto odds ratio 4.95, 95% confidence interval 2.18 to 11.24). Nine patients would need to be treated by an off-midline procedure to prevent one surgical site infection and 11 would need to be treated to prevent one recurrence. <b>Conclusions</b> Wounds heal more quickly after primary closure than after open healing but at the expense of increased risk of recurrence. Benefits were clearly shown with off-midline closure compared with midline closure. Off-midline closure should become standard management for pilonidal sinus when closure is the desired surgical option.
Pulmonary edema in advanced congestive heart failure: characterization and effect of amiodipine
Authors: R. Bellun, S. Roth, A. Miller, G. Neuberg, V. Bernstein, D. Frid, J. Lenis, E. Mohler, B. Sussex, M. Zile, A. Cropp, C. Derry
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Antibodies to Nuclear Antigens in Patients Treated with Procainamide or Acetylprocainamide
Authors: Robert Lahita, Jeffrey Kluger, Dennis E. Drayer, David Koffler, Marcus M. Reidenberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

ANTIBODIES to nuclear antigens develop in patients who have been treated with procainamide. The prevalence of antinuclear antibodies ranges from 50 to 80 per cent1 2 3 4 5 6 7 and increases with the duration of therapy. A syndrome like systemic lupus erythematosus develops in 29 per cent5 of patients receiving long-term procainamide. Procainamide lupus erythematosus is uniformly associated with the presence of antinuclear antibodies.8 This syndrome shares certain clinical and serologic features with "idiopathic" lupus erythematosus. Antibodies to single-stranded DNA (sDNA),9 , 21 ribonucleoprotein,10 and a histone-DNA complex11 develop in patients taking procainamide. In contrast, antibody to native DNA has infrequently been observed in serum samples . . .
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS CYSTITIS AND PYELONEPHRITIS OF COWS
Authors: F. S. Jones, Ralph B. Little
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1930)

Bacteriological examination of the genito-urinary tract of calves originating in a herd in which infectious cystitis and pyelonephritis exists among the cows, revealed a variety of cultural types of diphtheroids. Of these types, one obtained from a considerable number of the calves resembled in morphology and cultural characters the organism cultivated from the actual cases of the disease. This group had agglutination affinities like those of the organism mentioned and was capable of absorbing agglutinin from antiserum specific for it. When three cows were inoculated intra-urethrally with cultures isolated from the sheaths of calves, two developed transient infections and the other a severe prolonged cystitis and pyelonephritis.
Expression of IL-20 in lesional skin and synovium of patients with psoriatic arthritis compared to rheumatoid arthritis and its response to ALEFACEPT treatment
Authors: M C Lebre, C L Jonckheere, M C Kraan, A W R van Kuijk, J D Bos, M de Rie, D M Gerlag, P P Tak
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

<h3>Backgroundand objectives</h3> Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory joint disease associated with psoriasis. Alefacept, a lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-3 Ig fusion protein that binds to CD2 and functions as an antagonist to T cell activation, has been shown to result in improvement in psoriasis and has limited effectiveness in PsA. Interleukin-20 (IL-20) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The effects of alefacept treatment on IL-20 expression in the synovium of patients with psoriasis and PsA are currently unknown. <h3>Material and methods</h3> Eleven patients with active PsA and chronic plaque psoriasis were treated with alefacept (7.5 mg per week for 12 weeks) in an open study. Skin biopsies were taken before and after 1 and 6 weeks while synovial biopsies were obtained before and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment. Synovial biopsies from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n=10) were used as disease controls. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect IL-20 expression, and stained synovial tissue sections were evaluated by digital image analysis. Double staining with IL-20 and CD68 (macrophages) and CD55 (fibroblast-like synoviocytes, FLS) was performed to determine the phenotype of IL-20 positive cells in PsA synovium. IL-20 expression in skin sections (n=6) was analysed semi-quantitatively. <h3>Results</h3> IL-20 was abundantly expressed in both RA and PsA synovial tissues. In inflamed PsA synovium CD68<sup>+</sup> macrophages and CD55<sup>+</sup> FLS co-expressed IL-20 and its expression correlated with the numbers of FLS. IL-20 expression in lesional skin of PsA patients correlated positively with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). While IL-20 expression in PsA synovium was not affected by alefacept treatment, IL-20 expression in lesional skin decreased significantly (p=0.04) after 6 weeks of treatment. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Conceivably, the relatively limited effectiveness of alefacept in PsA patients might be explained in part by persistent FLS-derived IL-20 expression.
Inhibition of IgE-mediated mast cell activation by the paired Ig-like receptor PIR-B
Authors: Takahiro Uehara, Mathieu Bléry, Dong-Won Kang, Ching-Cheng Chen, Le Hong Ho, G. Larry Gartland, Fu-Tong Liu, Eric Vivier, Max D. Cooper, Hiromi Kubagawa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

The potential of the paired Ig-like receptors of activating (PIR-A) and inhibitory (PIR-B) types for modifying an IgE antibody–mediated allergic response was evaluated in mouse bone marrow–derived mast cells. Although mast cells produced both PIR-A and PIR-B, PIR-B was found to be preferentially expressed on the cell surface, where it was constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated and associated with intracellular SHP-1 protein tyrosine phosphatase. PIR-B coligation with the IgE receptor (FcεRI) inhibited IgE-mediated mast cell activation and release of serotonin. Surprisingly, the inhibitory activity of PIR-B was unimpaired in SHP-1–deficient mast cells. A third functional tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, one that fails to bind the SHP-1, SHP-2, and SHIP phosphatases, was identified in parallel studies of FcεRI-bearing rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells transfected with constructs having mutations in the PIR-B cytoplasmic region. These results define the preferential expression of the PIR-B molecules on mast cells and an inhibitory potential that can be mediated via a SHP-1–independent pathway.
CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons
Authors: A Tefferi, T L Lasho, C M Finke, R A Knudson, R Ketterling, C H Hanson, M Maffioli, D Caramazza, F Passamonti, A Pardanani
Journal: Leukemia (2014)