tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Erythromycin resistant propionibacteria in antibiotic treated acne patients: association with therapeutic failure
Authors: E.ANNE EADY, J.H. COVE, K.T. HOLLAND, W.J. CUNLIFFE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1989)

Erythromycin resistant (EmR propionibacteria were isolated from the skin surface of 51% of patients treated with oral erythromycin and 42% of patients treated with topical clindamycin compared with 3% of untreated control subject (P < 0.001). Amongst the topical clindamycin‐treated patients, there was a higher incidence of EmR propionibacterial carriage in those patients who had previously been treated with oral erythromycin (64%) than in patients with no known previous exposure to erythromycin (20%; 0.01 > P > 0.001). Patients responding to oral erythromycin treatment carried EmR propionibacteria less frequently (24%) than patients who were not responding or who had relapsed (70%; P < 0.001). These observations suggest that the use of oral erythromycin and/or topical clindamycin encourages the development of resistant propionibacteria and that the emergence of resistant strains is associated with therapeutic failure in erythromycin‐treated patients. In total 63 resistant isolates were obtained from 52 subjects. There were 42 strains of Propionibacterium acnes, 16 strains of Propionibacterium granulosum and five strains of Propionibacterium avidum. The majority of isolates were inducibly or constitutively resistant to macrolide (e.g. erythromycin), lincosamide (e.g. clindamycin) and streptogramin B type antibiotics. Therefore, the isolates are phenotypically indistinguishable from the majority of EmR bacteria in which resistance is due to methylation of 23S ribosomal RNA.
The anti-reflux mechanism after cardiomyotomy.
Authors: R Lobello, D A Edwards, J W Gummer, M Stekelman
Journal: Thorax (1978)

Only 18 or 83 patients who had had a cardiomyotomy for achalasia could be induced to reflux barium. Mucosal herniation through the myotomy was shown in most by radiography. Perfusion manometry showed a higher pressure zone in the oesophagogastric junction region in 22 of 24 patients studied. This high pressure zone responded to an increment in abdominal pressure by a greater increment. The same response was seen in a patient with a small hiatal hernia and myotomy. We concluded that the persisting high pressure zone seen by perfusion manometry is likely to be caused by the hiatus, and that the hiatus rather than the sphincter is likely to be responsible for the incremental response of the high pressure zone to increased abdominal pressure. The anti-reflux mechanism after cardiomyotomy is more likely to be the hiatal mechanism than persisting sphincter fibres.
Comprehensive control (or elimination) of hepatitis B virus transmission in the United States.
Authors: F B Hollinger
Journal: Gut (1996)

In the United States, the reported rate of hepatitis B has declined by over 50% since 1987, probably as a result of vaccination programmes, behavioural changes, refinements in blood screening procedures, and the availability of virus inactivated blood components. The majority of new hepatitis B infections occur in 20-39 year olds, and perinatal transmission is uncommon except in certain at risk groups. Initial efforts to control hepatitis B in the US were targeted at high risk groups, including health care personnel. Then, in 1988, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended screening of all pregnant females for hepatitis B surface antigen and full immunisation of infants born to those testing positive. A recommendation for universal immunisation of infants was endorsed in 1991. Compliance has been slow but progressive. The CDC also has recommended 9catch up9 immunisation of adolescents and high risk children and adults. Demonstration projects suggest that these can be successful, given the provision of free or low cost vaccine and appropriate support. Hepatitis B vaccination has been shown to be cost effective and should be integrated into the routine childhood immunisation schedule. Responses to hepatitis B vaccine have largely been shown to be durable, although at least one booster dose after five to 10 years seems prudent, especially if a low dose, yeast derived vaccine has been used.
A Prospective Study of Calcaneal Bone Mineral Density in Acute Charcot Osteoarthropathy
Authors: Nina L. Petrova, Michael E. Edmonds
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

OBJECTIVE To measure prospectively bone mineral density (BMD) of the Charcot and non-Charcot foot in 36 diabetic patients presenting with acute Charcot osteoarthropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Calcaneal BMD was measured with quantitative ultrasound at presentation, at 3 months of casting, and at the time of the clinical resolution. RESULTS BMD of the Charcot foot was significantly reduced compared with BMD of the non-Charcot foot at presentation (P = 0.001), at 3 months of casting (P &amp;lt; 0.001), and at the time of clinical resolution (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Overall, from the time of presentation to the time of resolution there was a significant fall of BMD of the Charcot foot (P &amp;lt; 0.001) but not of the non-Charcot foot (P = 0.439). CONCLUSIONS Although the Charcot foot was treated with casting until clinical resolution, there was a significant fall of BMD only from presentation up until 3 months of casting.
A search for persistent virus infection in Crohn's disease.
Authors: R J Phillpotts, J Hermon-Taylor, N M Teich, B N Brooke
Journal: Gut (1980)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Restriction enzymes have been one of the primary tools in the population genetics toolkit for fifty years, being coupled with each new generation of technology to provide a more detailed view into the genetics of natural populations. Restriction site-Associated DNA protocols, which joined enzymes with short-read sequencing technology have democratized the field of population genomics, providing a means to assay the underlying alleles in scores of populations. More than ten years on, the technique has been widely applied across the tree of life and served as the basis for many different analysis techniques. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to conduct a RAD analysis from experimental design to de novo analysis – including parameter optimization – as well as reference-based analysis, all in Stacks version 2, which is designed to work with paired-end reads to assemble RAD loci up to 1000 nucleotides in length. The protocol focuses on major points of friction in the molecular approaches and downstream analysis, with special attention given to validating experimental analyses. Finally, the protocol provides several points of departure for further analysis.
Role of the Renal Sympathetic Nerves in the Development and Maintenance of Hypertension in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
Authors: Sherry R. Winternitz, Richard E. Katholi, Suzanne Oparil
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

Neurogenic factors and, in particular, enhanced renal sympathetic tone, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat of the Okamoto strain. To examine the hypothesis that the renal sympathetic nerves contribute to the development and maintenance of hypertension by causing urinary sodium retention, 7-wk-old (early hypertensive) and 18-wk-old (established hypertensive) male spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to bilateral renal denervation and compared with sham-operated controls. In 7-wk-old animals renal denervation delayed the onset and slowed the rate of development of hypertension. These alterations were associated with a significantly greater fractional excretion of sodium (percentage of sodium intake excreted) during the first 3 wk after denervation. Blood pressure 2 wk after surgery was 169±3.5 (sham) vs. 150±2.4 mm Hg (denervated) (P < 0.001), corresponding to fractional sodium excretions of 65±1.3% (sham) vs. 80±2.3% (denervated) (P < 0.001). By the 5th wk after surgery, at which time an increase in renal norepinephrine content of denervated animals suggested reinnervation, blood pressures in the two groups converged (sham, 199±6.5 mm Hg vs. denervated 180±3.5 mm Hg, NS) and there was no difference in sodium excretion (sham, 77±2.5% vs. denervated 79±2.3%). Plasma and kidney renin activity of denervated animals did not differ significantly from that of sham-operated controls. In 18-wk-old rats renal denervation did not alter blood pressure or urinary sodium excretion. These data indicate that the renal sympathetic nerves contribute to the development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat in part by causing enhanced sodium retention. Once hypertension is established the renal nerves do not play a significant role in the maintenance of increased blood pressure.
Extending the Floor and the Ceiling for Assessment of Physical Function
Authors: James F. Fries, Bharathi Lingala, Liseth Siemons, Cees A. W. Glas, David Cella, Yusra N. Hussain, Bonnie Bruce, Eswar Krishnan
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2014)

Objective To improve the assessment of physical function by enhancing precision of physical function assessment as it pertains to subjects at extreme ends of the health continuum (i.e., subjects with extremely poor function [“floor”] or extremely good health [“ceiling”]). Methods Under the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) (a National Institutes of Health initiative), we developed new items to assess floor and ceiling physical function in order to supplement the existing item bank. Using item response theory and standard PROMIS methodology, we developed 31 floor items and 31 ceiling items and administered the items during a 12‐month prospective, observational study of 737 subjects whose health status was at either extreme. Effect size was calculated and change over time was compared across anchor instruments and across items. Using the observed changes in scores, we back‐calculated sample size requirements for the new and comparison measures. Results We studied 444 subjects who had been diagnosed as having a chronic illness and/or were of old age and 293 generally fit subjects (including athletes in training). Item response theory analyses confirmed that the new floor and ceiling items outperformed reference items ( P &lt; 0.001). The estimated post hoc sample size requirements were reduced by a factor of 2–4 for the floor population and a factor of 2 for the ceiling population. Conclusion Extending the range of items by which physical function is measured can substantially improve measurement quality, reduce sample size requirements, and improve research efficiency. The paradigm shift from assessing disability to assessing physical function focuses assessment on the entire spectrum of physical function, signals improvement in the conceptual base of outcome assessment, and may be transformative as medical goals more closely approach societal goals for health.
Analysis of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 and their association with the lymphocytic infiltrate in the small intestine of patients with coeliac disease.
Authors: C G Beckett, D Dell'Olio, M Kontakou, R T Przemioslo, S Rosen-Bronson, P J Ciclitira
Journal: Gut (1996)

BACKGROUND: Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines are raised in the small intestine of patients with coeliac disease after ingestion of gluten but there are equivalent data on interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) producing cells. These cytokines are known to exert important regulatory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production from lymphocytes and macrophages. AIMS: To investigate whether there is a primary deficiency of IL-4 and IL-10 producing cells and their site of production in the small intestine of patients with coeliac disease in relation to the changes in inflammatory cell infiltrate. PATIENTS: Jejunal biopsy specimens from patients with coeliac disease (11 untreated, 10 treated) and nine disease controls were studied. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining of sections for IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines and the cell phenotypic markers CD3 (T lymphocytes) and CD45 (total inflammatory cell infiltrate) was carried out using monoclonal antibodies. Expression of IL-4 and IL-10 messenger RNA was detected by in situ hybridisation with oligonucleotide probe cocktails for each cytokine. RESULTS: IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA and protein were detected in the lamina propria of treated and untreated coeliac patients and disease controls but not in the epithelium. A significant increase in the number of CD45 (p &lt; 0.005) and CD3 (p &lt; 0.05) positive cells was found in the lamina propria of patients with untreated coeliac disease compared with treated coeliac patients and disease controls but there were no differences in IL-4 or IL-10 between these groups with either method. CONCLUSIONS: There is no primary deficiency of IL-4 and IL-10 producing cells in the small intestine of patients with coeliac disease. Detectable concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 were found in control patients which suggests that these cytokines are involved in normal mucosal immunoregulation. The increased number of T lymphocytes but not IL-4 or IL-10 producing cells in the lamina propria of patients with untreated than in those with treated disease suggests not only that the lamina propria is the major mucosal compartment for cytokine production but that newly recruited mucosal T lymphocytes are directed to a predominant Th1 and not a Th2 cytokine response in coeliac patients on a diet containing gluten.
Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk in Primary Hypertension
Authors: Elena Ratto, Giovanna Leoncini, Francesca Viazzi, Valentina Vaccaro, Angelica Parodi, Valeria Falqui, Novella Conti, Cinzia Tomolillo, Giacomo Deferrari, Roberto Pontremoli
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

The metabolic syndrome can be found in approximately one third of patients who do not have diabetes but have primary hypertension. Its presence has been associated with a wide range of traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors and early signs of cardiovascular and renal damage. Moreover, it was emphasized recently that the metabolic syndrome predicts an increased probability of sustaining a cardiovascular event or dying. In the clinical setting of insulin resistance, attention should be paid to the metabolic side effects of antihypertensive drugs; therefore, preference should be given to renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and calcium channel blockers rather than to β blockers and diuretics.
Women's views about management and cause of urinary tract infection: qualitative interview study
Authors: G M Leydon, S Turner, H Smith, P Little
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Objectives</b> To explore the views of women with urinary tract infection on the acceptability of different strategies for managing the infection, including delayed use of antibiotics, and the cause of infection. <b>Design</b> Qualitative interview study with semistructured one to one interviews within a randomised controlled trial of different management strategies. Analysis drew on some of the principles of constant comparison to generate key themes grounded in reported experiences and understandings. <b>Setting</b> Seven general practices across four counties in southern England. <b>Participants</b> 21 women presenting to general practices who were taking part in the larger trial. <b>Results</b> Women preferred not to take antibiotics and were open to alternative management approaches. With a strategy of “antibiotic delay” some women felt a lack of validation or that they were not listened to by their general practitioner. Women attributed urinary tract infection to lifestyle habits and behaviours, such as poor hygiene, general “negligence,” and even a “penalty of growing old.” <b>Conclusion</b> A clear acknowledgment of women’s triggers to consult is needed. If women are asked to delay taking antibiotics, the clinician must address the particular worries that women might have and explain the rationale for not using antibiotics immediately.
Effects of MK-801 on cerebral regional oxygen consumption in focal cerebral ischemia in rats.
Authors: O Z Chi, M Anwar, A K Sinha, H R Weiss
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

This investigation tested in rats whether MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, would improve the balance of oxygen supply and consumption in the focal ischemic area of the brain induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Fifteen minutes after middle cerebral artery occlusion, 5 mg/kg MK-801 was administered intravenously to the MK-801 group (n = 12), and normal saline was given to the control group (n = 12). One hour after the occlusion in each group, regional cerebral blood flow was determined in six rats using [14C]iodoantipyrine, and regional arterial and venous oxygen saturations were determined using a microspectrophotometric technique in the other six rats. In both groups of animals, the cerebral blood flow of the ischemic cortex was significantly lower than that of the contralateral cortex (36 +/- 16 [SD] and 67 +/- 14 ml/min/100 g for the control group; 33 +/- 10 and 58 +/- 11 ml/min/100 g for the MK-801 group, respectively). Oxygen extraction was significantly higher in the ischemic cortex (8.8 +/- 2.1 ml O2/100 ml blood) than in the contralateral cortex (5.6 +/- 0.3) for the control group. However, for the MK-801 group, there was no significant difference between the ischemic cortex (6.1 +/- 1.0) and the contralateral cortex (5.7 +/- 1.1). Oxygen extraction in the ischemic cortex of the MK-801 group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Calculated ischemic regional oxygen consumption was similar to the nonischemic values in the control group, whereas the ischemic value was reduced to 61% of the value of the contralateral cortex in the MK-801 group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Current Treatment Protocols Have Eliminated the Prognostic Advantage of Type 1 Fusions in Ewing Sarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: John A. van Doorninck, Lingyun Ji, Betty Schaub, Hiroyuki Shimada, Michele R. Wing, Mark D. Krailo, Stephen L. Lessnick, Neyssa Marina, Timothy J. Triche, Richard Sposto, Richard B. Womer, Elizabeth R. Lawlor
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Purpose Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFTs) exhibit chromosomal translocations that lead to the creation of chimeric fusion oncogenes. Combinatorial diversity among chromosomal breakpoints produces varying fusions. The type 1 EWS-FLI1 transcript is created as a result of fusion between exons 7 of EWS and 6 of FLI1, and retrospective studies have reported that type 1 tumors are associated with an improved outcome. We have re-examined this association in a prospective cohort of patients with ESFT treated according to current Children's Oncology Group (COG) treatment protocols. Methods Frozen tumor tissue was prospectively obtained from patients diagnosed with ESFT, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine translocation status. Analysis was confined to patients with localized tumors who were diagnosed after 1994 and treated according to COG protocols. Translocation status was correlated with disease characteristics, event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS). Results RT-PCR identified chimeric fusion oncogenes in 119 of 132 ESFTs. Eighty-nine percent of identified transcripts were EWS-FLI1, and of these, 58.8% were type 1. Five-year EFS and OS rates for patients with type 1 and non–type 1 fusions diagnosed between 2001 and 2005 were equivalent (type 1: EFS, 63% ± 7%; OS, 83% ± 6%; non–type 1: EFS, 71% ± 9%; OS, 79% ± 8%). Conclusion Current intensive treatment protocols for localized ESFT have erased the clinical disadvantage that was formerly observed in patients with non–type 1 EWS-FLI1 fusions.
Developing Precision Medicine in a Global World
Authors: Eric H. Rubin, Jeffrey D. Allen, Jan A. Nowak, Susan E. Bates
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Advances in understanding the biology of cancer, as well as advances in diagnostic technologies, such as the advent of affordable high-resolution DNA sequencing, have had a major impact on the approach to identification of specific alterations in a given patient's cancer that could be used as a basis for treatment selection, and hence the development of companion diagnostics. Although there are now several examples of successful development of companion diagnostics that allow identification of patients who will achieve the greatest benefit from a new therapeutic, the path to coapproval of a diagnostic test along with a new therapeutic is complex and often inefficient. This review and the accompanying articles examine the current state of companion diagnostic development in the United States and Europe from academic, industry, regulatory, and economic perspectives. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “The Precision Medicine Conundrum: Approaches to Companion Diagnostic Co-development.” Clin Cancer Res; 20(6); 1419–27. ©2014 AACR.
Modification of plasma glycosaminoglycans in long distance runners
Authors: M Contini, S Pacini, L Ibba-Manneschi, V Boddi, M Ruggiero, G Liguri, M Gulisano, C Catini
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2004)

It is well documented that exercise reduces the risk of thromboembolic disease, possibly by increasing the plasma concentration of anticoagulant-antithrombotic compounds.As plasma glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a role in the anticoagulant-antithrombotic potential of plasma, to examine the concentration and profile of these compounds in well trained, long distance runners and sedentary subjects.Plasma GAGs were measured in 10 male, long distance runners and 10 sedentary counterparts before and after ergometric tests. GAGs were extracted, purified, and identified by electrophoretic and enzymatic methods, and measured as hexosamine.Plasma GAGs found in sedentary subjects were slow migrating heparan sulphates I and II, keratan sulphate I, and chondroitin 4-6-sulphate. Those found in trained athletes were slow migrating heparan sulphate I, chondroitin 4-6-sulphate (or keratan sulphate I), and fast migrating heparan sulphate. Total plasma concentrations of GAGs were higher in athletes than in sedentary subjects at rest. In sedentary subjects, plasma GAGs did not change after cycle ergometric exercise at 80% of their anaerobic threshold. However, the appearance of a novel band of heparan sulphate migrating faster than fast migrating heparan sulphate was observed in athletes after exercise.Exercise changes the amount and profile of plasma GAGs; these changes may play a role in protecting subjects who practise aerobic sports against developing cardiovascular disease.