tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Structure, Function, and Regulation of Leukotriene A<sub>4</sub> Hydrolase
Authors: JESPER Z. HAEGGSTRÖM
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Leukotrienes are important chemical mediators in a variety of inflammatory and allergic conditions, including those affecting the respiratory system. These signaling molecules can be divided into two groups: the proinflammatory leukotriene B 4  (LTB 4 ) and the spasmogenic leukotrienes C 4 . D 4 , and E 4 , also termed cysteinyl-leukotrienes (1). LTB 4  is one of the most powerful chemotactic agents known to date and acts via specific seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled surface receptors on the target cells (2). The profile of the biological properties of LTB 4  makes it a key component in the complex network of soluble and cell-bound factors that govern the development and maintenance of inflammation. Hence, LTB 4  has been proposed to play a role in a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, dermatoses, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In particular, LTB 4  seems to play a role in the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of tissue injury. This article gives a brief overview of the biochemistry and molecular biology of LTA 4  hydrolase, the enzyme catalyzing the final step in the biosynthesis of LTB 4 .
Cannabis Controversy and Other Sundry Troubles
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

THE Hallucinogens Sub-Committee of the Home Office's Committee on Drug Dependence under the chairmanship of Lady Wootton1 has recently submitted its recommendations on appropriate penalties for the misuse of cannabis and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). The Sub-Committee concluded that cannabis is a potent drug, having as wide a capacity as alcohol to alter mood, judgment and functional ability, and admitted that it is a dangerous drug in that sense, but in terms of physical harmfulness much less dangerous than opiates, amphetamines and barbiturates and also less dangerous than alcohol. Furthermore, the Sub-Committee could find no evidence that the increase in . . .
The quality of the b(r)east
Authors: A. McPherson
Journal: BMJ (1995)

I had been struggling to write the first chapter for a woman's health book commissioned by the BBC for Woman's Hour. “The benefits and burdens of breasts” was a starting point because breast cancer seemed to be the number one worry for most women. A colleague who read the draft of the chapter said, “Interesting but unbalanced. You say that only one in nine breast lumps is malignant and then ramble on about cancer with one moving cancer story after another.”

As a female general practitioner I had read these accounts with mixed feelings as some of them told the familiar tale of “seeing the doctor, being reassured that there wasn't anything to worry about, and then wham—it was cancer after all.” I see women with lumps, thickening, and tender breasts every day and I still find it difficult to tell the normal from the abnormal. It's the nature of the b(r)east.

You can guess how I felt two weeks after finishing the chapter, when pulling off a thread from my own breast: “What was that? A tiny lump? Perhaps it's just a prominent rib or normal porridgy breast tissue.”

I had never been a great breast self examination person and I had become increasingly confused as to the difference between self examination and being …
The Epidemiology of Human Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis, 1980-1981
Authors: Charles G. Helmick
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Little is known about the epidemiology of human rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), an important problem whether examined by the cost, the number of persons treated, or the public health resources required. Twenty-one states participated in a surveillance of PEP in 1980-1981. When state health departments were involved, PEP was given correctly to at least 88% of persons. The highest incidence of PEP was in young people up to age 15 years, males, and those in rural areas. Postexposure prophylaxis occurred primarily during the spring, summer, and fall months. The epidemiology of PEP varies depending on the source of exposure and age. Domestic animals and rodents-lagomorphs accounted for PEP far out of proportion to their small role in animal rabies. Postexposure prophylaxis can be prevented for many by not keeping wild animals as pets and reduced by having physicians consult with state or local health departments before starting treatment.
Smaller Amounts of Antiretroviral Drugs Are Needed When Combined with an Active Ribozyme against HIV-1
Authors: Catharina Maijgren-Steffensson, Anders Sönnerborg, Anders Vahlne, Sven Britton, Sten Larsson, Lars Ährlund-Richter
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2001)

We have tested for combined anti-HIV-1 effects of a hammerhead ribozyme and antiretroviral drugs and the possibility of reducing the drug burden of patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The antiretroviral compounds used represent the three groups in HAART: nucleoside analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. A human T cell line (HUT78), stably expressing a hammerhead ribozyme targeted to nef (hhRz.nef9016–9029), was infected with HIV-1SF2 in the presence of a single drug. The combined effects on HIV-1 replication were measured by p24 antigen determinations over a 2-week period. In the presence of the ribozyme, smaller amounts of antiretroviral drugs were required to reduce the HIV-1 p24 levels equally as much as when only drugs were present. The results support a strategy of combining ribozyme gene therapy with HAART to improve the long-term outcome of anti-HIV-1 therapy.
The Immobilized Patient: Functional Pathology and Management
Authors: Reginald R. Cooper
Journal: JAMA (1980)

All of those involved in the care of patients with serious problems should be vitally concerned with the numerous effects of immobilization on the structure and function of the human body. I believe that these potentially serious consequences have received far too little attention from the medical community at large. The author of this volume calls our attention to many of the body systems that can be altered drastically by lack of attention to appropriate management during immobility. With modern methods of treatment, many who previously would have died now live only to face physical and mental impairment that can induce a temporary or permanent decrease in mobility. The author reminds us of the historical war that has raged between the proponents of rest and those of early mobilization. Although the volleys still fly in the form of heated debate and caustic articles, we have learned much about the pathophysiology
Management of rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: B McConkey, R S Amos
Journal: BMJ (1977)

bleeding tendency cannot be explained on the basis of a lowered VWFR.The disproportionate increase in VIIIC compared with VIIIA and VWFR may represent a non-specific effect (sic) analogous to similar results seen after exercise.5Nevertheless, in four patients the ratio VIIIA:VWFR was greater than 15, suggesting that the functional capacity of the factor VIII molecule (as assessed by ristocetin cofactor activity) may be impaired in some cases of renal failure.
Effect of socioeconomic disparities on incidence of dementia among biracial older adults: prospective study
Authors: K. Yaffe, C. Falvey, T. B. Harris, A. Newman, S. Satterfield, A. Koster, H. Ayonayon, E. Simonsick
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<b>Objective</b> To examine whether observed differences&nbsp;in dementia rates between black and white older people living in the community could be explained by measures of socioeconomic status (income, financial adequacy, education, and literacy) and health related factors. <b>Design</b> Prospective cohort study. <b>Setting</b> General community from two clinic sites in the United States (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Memphis, Tennessee). <b>Participants</b> 2457 older people (mean age 73.6 years; 1019 (41.5%) black; 1233 (50.2%) women), dementia-free at baseline, in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Dementia was determined over 12 years (ending January 2011) by prescribed dementia drugs, hospital records, and decline in global cognitive scores. The influence of socioeconomic status and health related factors on dementia rates was examined in a series of Cox proportional hazard models in which these variables were added sequentially in covariate blocks. <b>Results</b> Over follow-up, 449 (18.3%) participants developed dementia. Black participants were more likely than white participants to develop dementia (211 (20.7%) <i>v</i> 238 (16.6%), P&lt;0.001; unadjusted hazard ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.20 to 1.74). The hazard ratio lessened somewhat after adjustment for demographics, apolipoprotein E e4, comorbidities, and lifestyle factors (1.37, 1.12 to 1.67) but was greatly reduced and no longer statistically significant when socioeconomic status was added (1.09, 0.87 to 1.37). <b>Conclusion</b> These findings suggest that differences in the burden of risk factors, especially socioeconomic status, may contribute to the higher rates of dementia seen among black compared with white older people. Strategies aimed at reducing these disparities may favorably affect the incidence of dementia.
Give Me Air! — But Not Much
Authors: Drummond Rennie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

In 1891, Dr. Wizard of Chamonix made a careful report of an autopsy he had performed on his professional colleague, Dr. Jacottet, "a robust young man," who had died at an altitude of 4350 m after ascending Mont Blanc (4807 m). The lungs showed considerable edema; the heart was normal. In retrospect we can surmise that this was the first recorded case of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). Despite obscure clinical reports from Peru from 1913 onwards1 , 2 detailed physiologic investigation of HAPE did not begin until the problem got closer to home with Houston's report from Aspen, Colorado.3 Parochially, it has . . .
Heart in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: A. S. ABBASI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1974)

Comments1 June 1974Heart in Rheumatoid ArthritisA. S. ABBASI, M.D.A. S. ABBASI, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-80-6-779_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The paper "Cardiac Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis" (Ann Intern Med 79:800-806, 1973) is interesting; however, it would be helpful to clarify some points.1. In the supine position of the patient, a small pericardial effusion may be missed by echocardiography. In the semirecumbent position, which allows the pericardial fluid to accumulate toward the most dependent part of the pericardial sac, that is, the apical region of the heart, an ultrasound beam directed toward the apex may detect even a small effusion (1).2. In our experience the echocardiographic criterion for the diagnosis of thickened pericardium is unreliable....References1. ABBASIELLISFLYNN ANJ: Echocardiographic M-scan technique in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. J Clin Ultrasound 1:300, 1973 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. FEIGENBAUM H: Echocardiography. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1972, p. 183 Google Scholar3. FEIGENBAUMZAKYNASSER HAW: Use of ultrasound to measure left ventricular stroke volume. Circulation 35:1092-1099, 1967 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. ABBASISMITHMILLER AJR: False positive pericardial effusion due to calcified mitral annulus (abstract). J Clin Ultrasound 1:356, 1973 Google Scholar1. ELLISABBASI NA: Technical difficulties in the echocardiographic diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (abstract). Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 15-18 October 1973, p. 33 Google Scholar2. ABBASISMITHMILLER AJP: False positive pericardial effusion due to calcified mitral ring (abstract). Ibid., p. 31 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Department of Medicine UCLA Medical Center Los Angeles, California 90024 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1974Volume 80, Issue 6Page: 779-780KeywordsEchocardiographyHeartPericardiumRheumatoid arthritisUltrasound imaging Issue Published: 1 June 1974 PDF DownloadLoading ...
STUDIES ON RENAL JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
Authors: Phyllis Merritt Hartroft, W. Stanley Hartroft
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1955)

Many of the observations made by Deane and associates (8, 13, 14) regarding the effects of salt restriction, excess salt intake, and hypophysectomy on the zonna glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the rat have been confirmed. A positive correlation (r = 0.63) of high statistical significance has been demonstrated between the degree of granulation of JG cells (JGI) and the width of the zona glomerulosa in 159 rats from 5 series of experiments in which low, normal, and high salt regimens were employed. A somewhat higher correlation (r = 0.81) was obtained when only rats were included from the most recent experiment of the series in which JGI counts were more accurate. Under the conditions of these experiments, therefore, increased granulation and degranulation of JG cells were associated with hyperactivity and suppressed activity, respectively, of the zona glomerulosa. Rats sacrificed 4 to 7 weeks after hypophysectomy were found to have normal JG cells. This finding constitutes another example of the similarity in response of JG cells to that of the zona glomerulosa, which also remained unaltered following hypophysectomy despite atrophy of the rest of the adrenal cortex.
Pivotal Role of a gp91 <sup>phox</sup> -Containing NADPH Oxidase in Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Mice
Authors: Jennifer K. Bendall, Alison C. Cave, Christophe Heymes, Nicholas Gall, Ajay M. Shah
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Angiotensin II induces both cardiac and vascular smooth muscle (VSM) hypertrophy. Recent studies suggest a central role for a phagocyte-type NADPH oxidase in angiotensin II-induced VSM hypertrophy. The possible involvement of an NADPH oxidase in the development of cardiac hypertrophy has not been studied. Methods and Results- Mice with targeted disruption of the NADPH oxidase subunit gp91(phox) (gp91(phox-/-)) and matched wild-type mice were subjected to subcutaneous angiotensin II infusion at a subpressor dose (0.3 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was unaltered by angiotensin II in either group. Angiotensin II significantly increased heart/body weight ratio, atrial natriuretic factor and beta-myosin heavy chain mRNA expression, myocyte area, and cardiac collagen content in wild-type but not gp91(phox-/-) mice. Angiotensin II treatment increased myocardial NADPH oxidase activity in wild-type but not gp91(phox-/-) mice.A gp91(phox)-containing NADPH oxidase plays an important role in the development of angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy, independent of changes in blood pressure.
THE INVASION OF PORTO RICO FROM A MEDICAL STANDPOINT.
Authors: N. SENN
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The occupation of Cuba and the Philippine Islands by our conquering navy and army in such rapid succession seemed to increase the desire of conquest and opportunities to test the strength of our arms. With the destruction of the weak navy of our enemy there was nothing in the way of sending troops to any of the many Spanish possessions. The fall of the heroic Cervera and his faithful little band, off the harbor of Santiago, before the murderous fire of our wellequipped fleet cleared the pathways of the ocean of further sources of danger. It was but natural that the beautiful island of Porto Rico, one of Spain's most valuable possessions, should have been selected by the military authorities as the next objective point for contention. Repeated attacks by our navy on its best stronghold, San Juan, had failed to bring about surrender and to gain a foothold on
Technique of Internal Fixation of Fractures
Authors: J. G. Bonnin
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Bjerkelund sums up the position with perception by saying: " Perhaps we must hope that basic research will soon provide us with new and better therapeutics, the clinical trials of which can be better planned from the very beginning if we are willing to learn from our earlier experience.In the meantime, we must tolerate and accept that differences in the
Locum GP from Germany is struck off medical register
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Daniel Ubani, the doctor from Germany who killed a patient with 10 times the recommended dose of diamorphine on his first day as an out of hours locum GP in Britain, has been struck off by the General Medical Council.

In the light of his “serious and persistent failings” in the clinical care of three patients on that first day, there would remain a serious risk to patients if he stayed on the medical register, the GMC’s fitness to practise panel held. David Gray, 70, who had renal colic, was pronounced dead four hours after Dr Ubani gave him the painkiller at his home in Manea, Cambridgeshire, in February 2008 ( BMJ 2010;340:c550, doi:10.1136/bmj.c550). …
Inhibition by protein kinase-C inhibitor and cycloheximide of phorbol ester- and epidermal growth factor-induced arachidonic acid metabolism in cultured porcine thyroid cells
Authors: Kikuo Kasai, Tatsushi Emoto, Masaki Hiraiwa, Hisamoto Kuroda, Akira Yamazaki, Yoshiyuki Hattori, Shin-Ichi Shimoda
Journal: Metabolism (1990)
Science, Society and the Press
Authors: Barbara J. Culliton
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

Apprehension about federal support of and public involvement in research has prompted the biomedical community to adopt an accommodating--some would say, enlightened--attitude toward the press during the past several years. However, it is not uncommon for investigators to see reporters as a potential extension of themselves, whose job it is to "educate" the public so that it will appreciate and, therefore, support the scientific enterprise. With the distinction between "educating" and "informing" in mind, it is simply the duty of the press to inform the public about developments in science--particularly those that have implications for public health and safety--but not necessarily to speak for the biomedical community. As the recombinant-DNA controversy shows, the essence of the important issues between science and society will be that they have no obvious, easy answers, and that they cannot be resolved by a "scientific" analysis of the "facts."
Augmentation of tumor angiogenesis by a Myc-activated microRNA cluster
Authors: Michael Dews, Asal Homayouni, Duonan Yu, Danielle Murphy, Cinzia Sevignani, Erik Wentzel, Emma E Furth, William M Lee, Greg H Enders, Joshua T Mendell, Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
Journal: Nature Genetics (2006)
Etiology and Prognostic Significance of Albuminuria in Diabetes
Authors: Giancarlo Viberti
Journal: Diabetes Care (1988)

Persistent clinical proteinuria (i.e., urinary protein excretion &amp;gt;0.5 g/24 h) is an ominous development in a person with diabetes. It eventually leads to a decline in the glomerular filtration rate and ultimately to end-stage renal failure or premature cardiovascular mortality. Progression of renal disease appears to be related to arterial blood pressure and protein intake and is primarily independent of the metabolic state. More s nsitive immunoassays for detecting low concentration of albumin in urine have led to recognition of subclinic l increases in albumin excretion rates in nonclinically proteinuric diabetic patients, a phenomenon named microalbuminuria. Studies have shown that patients with microalbuminuria have a significantly increased risk for clinical proteinuria and cardiovascular mortality. Microalbuminuria is rarely found during the first 5 yr of a patient's diabetes, suggesting that it is a sign of early glomerular damage rather than a marker for susceptibility to it. In patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), an association has been found between microalbuminuria and coronary heart disease, but this relationship needs further investigation. In pat ents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), this subclinical form of proteinuria is associated with poor metabolic control and, more important, with marginal elevation of blood pressure. Correction of hypergly emia by intensified insulin treatment might arrest progression to persistent clinical proteinuria; moreover, restricted protein intake and lowering of blood pressure have been shown to reduce the albumin excretion rate. Recent evidence suggests that the development of nephropathy in IDDM may be linked to a familial, possibly genetically determined, predisposition to hypertension. The identification of genetic components would enable cl nicians to focus therapy on patients at risk for development of diabetic nephropathy.
Multidisciplinary treatment for macrometastatic osteogenic sarcoma.
Authors: N Jaffe, D Traggis, J R Cassady, R M Filler, H Watts, E Frei
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Using a co-ordinated multidisciplinary approach with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, 14 out of 21 patients with metastases from osteogenic sarcoma were rendered free of disease for over two to over 18 months. Most patients had pulmonary metastases, two had bony metastases, and one had metastases in the iliac nodes. As part of this multidisciplinary approach weekly high-dose methotrexate was given and caused tumour regression in seven out of 15 patients. After all clinical evidence of disease had been removed high-dose methotrexate was administered every two to three weeks as maintenance treatment. To assess the efficacy of treatment the results were compared with those in a historical control group of 82 consecutive patients who developed pulmonary or other metastases. The results in the study group were significantly better. This experience may be similar to that in Wilms9s tumour, where actinomycin D has increased the cure rate when administered as adjuvant therapy after treatment of localised or overt metastatic disease.
Antibodies to Human Heat-Shock Protein 60 Are Associated With the Presence and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Jianhui Zhu, Arshed A. Quyyumi, David Rott, Gyorgy Csako, Hongsheng Wu, Julian Halcox, Stephen E. Epstein
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Antibodies to mycobacterial heat-shock protein (HSP) 65 have been reported to be associated with carotid artery thickening. We examined whether antibodies to human HSP60 are associated with the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).Blood samples from 391 patients (62% men, mean age 57 years) being evaluated for CAD by coronary angiography were tested for IgG antibodies to human HSP60 by ELISA. We found that 75% of the study subjects had anti-HSP60 antibodies. The prevalence of CAD was increased in seropositive compared with seronegative patients (68% versus 49%, P:=0.0009). Mean titers of HSP60 antibodies were higher in CAD patients than in non-CAD patients (P:=0.008). No association between HSP60 antibodies and infection or inflammation was found. Importantly, HSP60 antibodies were related to disease severity. The prevalence of HSP60 antibodies was 76%, 80%, and 85% in patients with 1-, 2-, and 3-vessel disease, compared with 64% in patients without CAD (P: for trend=0.003). A similar association between increasing antibody titers and number of diseased vessels was also found (P:=0.03). Significant associations between antibodies to HSP60 and CAD severity persisted after adjustment for traditional risk factors by age, race, sex, smoking, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and C-reactive protein levels. Adjusted OR for number of vessels diseased was 1.86 (95% CI 1.13 to 3.04).This is the first study demonstrating a significant association between human HSP60 antibodies and both the presence and severity of CAD.