tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Research on self-control: An integrating framework
Authors: A. W. Logue
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1988)

Abstract The tendency to choose a larger, more delayed reinforcer over a smaller, less delayed one has frequently been termed “selfcontrol.” Three very different research traditions – two models emphasizing the control of local contingencies of reinforcement (Mischel's social learning theory and Herrnstein's matching law) and molar maximization models (specifically optimal foraging theory) – have all investigated behavior within the self-control paradigm. A framework is proposed to integrate research from all three research areas. This framework consists of three parts: a procedural analysis, a causal analysis, and a theoretical analysis. The procedural analysis provides a common procedural terminology for all three areas. The causal analysis establishes that, in all three research traditions, self-control varies directly with the current physical values of the reinforcers; that is, choices increase with reinforcer amount and decrease with reinforcer delay. But self-control also varies according to past events to which a subject has been exposed, and according to current factors other than the reinforcers. Each of the three models has therefore incorporated these indirect effects on self-control by postulating unobservable mechanisms. In all three cases, these mechanisms represent a subject's behavior as a function of a perceived environment. The theoretical analysis demonstrates that evolutionary theory can encompass the research from all three areas by considering differences in the adaptiveness of self-control in different situations. This integration provides a better and more predictive description of self-control.
Complement C5a Receptor Facilitates Cancer Metastasis by Altering T-Cell Responses in the Metastatic Niche
Authors: Surya Kumari Vadrevu, Navin K. Chintala, Sharad K. Sharma, Priya Sharma, Clayton Cleveland, Linley Riediger, Sasikanth Manne, David P. Fairlie, Wojciech Gorczyca, Othon Almanza, Magdalena Karbowniczek, Maciej M. Markiewski
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract The impact of complement on cancer metastasis has not been well studied. In this report, we demonstrate in a preclinical mouse model of breast cancer that the complement anaphylatoxin C5a receptor (C5aR) facilitates metastasis by suppressing effector CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses in the lungs. Mechanisms of this suppression involve recruitment of immature myeloid cells to the lungs and regulation of TGFβ and IL10 production in these cells. TGFβ and IL10 favored generation of T regulatory cells (Treg) and Th2-oriented responses that rendered CD8+ T cells dysfunctional. Importantly, pharmacologic blockade of C5aR or its genetic ablation in C5aR-deficient mice were sufficient to reduce lung metastases. Depletion of CD8+ T cells abolished this beneficial effect, suggesting that CD8+ T cells were responsible for the effects of C5aR inhibition. In contrast to previous findings, we observed that C5aR signaling promoted Treg generation and suppressed T-cell responses in organs where metastases arose. Overall, our findings indicated that the immunomodulatory functions of C5aR are highly context dependent. Furthermore, they offered proof-of-concept for complement-based immunotherapies to prevent or reduce cancer metastasis. Cancer Res; 74(13); 3454–65. ©2014 AACR.
Rheumatism in the early 18th century: a doctor's diary
Authors: A Boonen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

History never feels so true as when told by those having experienced it themselves. By chance we found the diary of a doctor, living around the turn of the 17th century. Dr Michiel Korsten was born in 1666 in a small Flemish village and kept a diary from 1702 until his death in 1732 at age 66. You will look in vain for intellectual contents in his notes. In contrast, this “bourgeois” man described trifling events and small talk about the middle class and the clergy of the town where he lived. He appeared to have a special interest in clothes and wine and punctiliously noted expenses for his wigs, his jackets, or liquor. More interesting for the medical reader, are his writings about his personal health problems: “podagra” (gout), “sciatica” (degenerative spine disease), and kidney stones. Being a patient and a doctor at the same time, he described quite precisely the symptoms and the treatments he used.

The diary starts with memories of his medical education. After having finished “Grammatica, Syntaxis et Poetica” at the school of the Jesuits in Liege, he first followed an additional course “Logica et Physica”. In 1690, at the age of 24 years, he started to study medicine at Leiden University in Holland. At that time Leiden housed one of the most famous faculties of medicine in Europe. Young Michiel Korsten stayed there at Mr Van Velthoven's home, a rich merchant from his own native village. For board and lodging he paid 200 guilders a year. The courses in medicine he attended were for the greater part private and were given at the professor's house. According to his diary he had to pay 40 guilders a year for chemistry, 20 guilders “to be tought about herbs”, 20 guilders for “anatomy and to watch separation …
Increased risk of coronary heart disease death in men with low total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the Russian Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Follow-up Study.
Authors: D B Shestov, A D Deev, A N Klimov, C E Davis, H A Tyroler
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND A continuously increasing risk of coronary heart disease with increasing levels of cholesterol has been reported by many observational and experimental studies. However, this type of association has not been observed in studies in the Russian Lipid Research Clinics. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve-year coronary heart disease mortality among 40- to 59-year-old men was analyzed in the Moscow and St Petersburg examines in the Russian Lipid Research Clinics Program. The baseline survey examined 6431 men fasting and free of prevalent coronary heart disease. Lipids and lipoproteins, blood pressure, body mass, education level, alcohol intake, and smoking history were obtained. Mortality follow-up was based on contacts with participants or their relatives or neighbors. Coronary heart disease mortality was analyzed based on risk factor levels and was further divided into rapid and nonrapid deaths. A J-shaped cholesterol-coronary heart disease risk function was present for both total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Further examination showed hypocholesterolemic men to have lower low-density and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, higher alcohol consumption, leaner body mass, and less education than men with normal or high cholesterol levels. When education level was considered, the J-shaped risk function was present only among men with less than a high school education. When deaths were classified into rapid (less than 24 hours after onset of symptoms) and nonrapid, the J-shaped risk function was restricted to rapid deaths. CONCLUSIONS The results of disclose a sizeable subset of hypocholesterolemics in this population at increased risk of cardiac death associated with lifestyle characteristics.
Cost-effectiveness of Noninvasive Testing for Osteomyelitis-Reply
Authors: Mark H. Eckman, John B. Wong, Sheldon Greenfield, William C. Mackey, Stephen G. Pauker
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Economic analyses of health care strategies must carefully differentiate costs from charges.<sup>1</sup>Costs represent the actual amount paid for resources consumed in providing a service, while charges represent the price requested for reimbursement of that service. Because market forces affect charges, large and seemingly arbitrary differences between costs and charges for different services may exist.<sup>2</sup>We agree with Dr Makler that it is important to use costs, which correspond more closely to actual resource consumption, and not charges, when performing cost-effectiveness analyses. Makler believes that the costs listed in our analysis are not representative, quoting the 1993 Medicare resource-based relative value scale—based reimbursement for a three-phase bone scan of $204.06 as proof. We believe this is an underestimate, which may include neither the costs of the radiopharmaceutical nor the hospital costs for the addition of a three-phase scan to the regional scan. Unfortunately, even costs vary
Winternitz and Emphysema
Authors: Howard Dayman
Journal: JAMA (1965)

To  Editor:—  In  editorial Pulmonary Emphysema: An Experimental Model ( JAMA  190 : 774 [Nov 23] 1964) and  Archives of Pathology communication Histopathology of Exposure to  ( 78 :544 [Nov] 1964), you note  development of changes in  lungs of dogs after phosgene exposure. Bronchiolitis, scarring, and bronchiolar obliteration are cited, together with adjacent parenchymal foci of alveolitis and rupture of alveolar walls. Mention of Winternitz (Pathology of Phosgene Poisoning, in Collected Studies on Pathology of War Gas Poisoning , New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 1920) reminds me that his work is now almost forgotten.  In summarizing  effects of phosgene he observes that the epithelium of  trachea and larger bronchi is not damaged, while that of  smaller bronchi and bronchioles is seriously injured,  more distal portion suffering  most.... These, in turn, lead to mechanical disturbances in  air sacs, resulting in atelectasis or
Pseudoainhum in chronic psoriasis
Authors: S.L. Almond, R.K. Curley, L. Feldberg
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Pseudoainhum is a term used to describe the presence of constricting bands of the extremities due to a variety of underlying causes. Progression of the lesions can cause irreversible damage and autoamputation of the affected digit. This report documents a rare association of pseudoainhum and psoriasis and emphasizes the importance of recognizing this condition.
Uninsured in America? Blame the first world war
Authors: W. Moore
Journal: BMJ (2009)

In healthcare reform, timing is everything. The enthusiasts who first tried to bring compulsory health insurance to the United States were convinced that conditions were perfect for success at the beginning of the 20th century. There was widespread consensus about the problem. Rising medical costs had put basic health care beyond the means of many American families, so that millions were uninsured and those who could afford insurance often found that it did not cover their needs. There was general agreement about the solution. Beginning in Germany in 1883, countries across Europe had introduced national insurance schemes guaranteeing medical care for all, which provided a sensible template for the US to copy. And there was heartfelt support for change. …
Effects of plasmid-mediated growth hormone-releasing hormone supplementation on LL-2 adenocarcinoma in mice
Authors: Amir S Khan, Ingrid W Anscombe, Kathleen K Cummings, Melissa A Pope, Louis C Smith, Ruxandra Draghia-Akli
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

This study was designed to measure the effects of plasmid growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) supplementation on LL-2 (Lewis lung adenocarcinoma) tumor-bearing immunocompetent mice. Male and female mice (n = 20/group/experiment) received 2.5 × 106 LL-2 cells in the left flank. One day later, we injected the mice intramuscularly with 20 μg of a myogenic plasmid, pSP-hGHRH or pSP-βgal, as a control. Mean serum IGF-I was significantly higher in treated animals versus controls (P < 0.05). Male and female mice constitutively expressing GHRH exhibited a decline in tumor growth rate relative to controls (20% for males, P < 0.03, and 11% for females, P < 0.13). Histopathological analysis revealed that treated animals were less likely to develop lung metastases than controls (11%) and had no alternate-organ metastases. The number of metastases/lung was reduced by 57% in female mice with GHRH treatment (P < 0.006). When tumor size exceeded 8% of body weight, GHRH-treated mice showed normal urea, creatinine, and kidney volume, while controls displayed signs of renal insufficiency. This study provides evidence that with plasmid-mediated GHRH supplementation in tumor-bearing mice, tumor growth rate is not increased but is actually attenuated.
Postmenopausal Hormone-Replacement Therapy
Authors: Kathryn A. Martin, Mason W. Freeman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Although current epidemiologic evidence overwhelmingly supports the notion that estrogen-replacement therapy protects postmenopausal women against coronary artery disease, the appropriate treatment of these women with gonadal steroids remains controversial. To some extent, this controversy reflects physicians' reluctance to commit patients to decades of treatment with medications whose benefits have only been inferred from observational studies rather than demonstrated in prospective clinical trials. Also, most of the studies have included few details about the type or dose of estrogen or the duration of its use. The paucity of information on the combined use of estrogen and progestin is even more pronounced, . . .
Hydroxypyridinium collagen cross-links in human liver fibrosis: Study of alveolar echinococcosis
Authors: Sylvie Ricard-Blum, Solange Bresson-Hadni, Dominique-Angèle Vuitton, Gerard Ville, Jean-Alexis Grimaud
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

Liver samples from patients with three different types of liver diseases, alveolar echinococcosis (a dense and irreversible fibrosis), hepatocellular carcinoma and alcoholic cirrhosis, were analyzed for their content in hydroxypyridinium cross-links found in mature collagen. We demonstrated the presence of small amounts of pyridinoline in control livers (0.27 +/- 0.06 pmol/pmol of collagen). Pyridinoline content was increased in fibrotic livers, with the highest values found in patients with alveolar echinococcosis (up to 1.33 pmol/pmol of collagen). The deoxy analogue of pyridinoline was not detected in either normal or fibrotic livers. Pyridinoline levels, expressed as picomoles per picomole of collagen, were similar in all patients with carcinoma (0.7 +/- 0.05 pmol/pmol of collagen). They were heterogeneous in patients with alveolar echinococcosis and were particularly high in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (1.04 +/- 0.11 pmol/pmol of collagen). These results demonstrate for the first time the presence of an hydroxypyridinium cross-link in liver fibrosis and suggest that pyridinoline measurement might be an important criterion in assessing the irreversibility of human liver fibrosis.
Adefovir rapidly suppresses hepatitis B in HBeAg-negative patients developing genotypic resistance to lamivudine
Authors: Pietro Lampertico, Mauro Viganò, Elena Manenti, Massimo Iavarone, Giovanna Lunghi, Massimo Colombo
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Progression of hepatitis B in patients with lamivudine-resistant strains is slowed down by adefovir dipivoxil (ADV). Whether the time point of ADV administration (genotypic vs. phenotypic resistance) influences the outcome of therapy is unknown. We compared the outcome of ADV therapy in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B patients with genotypic and phenotypic resistance to lamivudine. Ten milligrams of ADV was administered daily for 2 years to 46 HBeAg-negative patients at the time of phenotypic resistance (group A, >6 log10 copies/mL of hepatitis B virus [HBV] DNA and high alanine aminotransferase [ALT] levels) and 28 patients at the time of genotypic resistance (group B, 3-6 log10 copies/mL of HBV-DNA and normal ALT). HBV DNA was assessed every 2 months using Versant 3.0 assay, and lamivudine resistance was confirmed via INNO-LiPA assay in all patients. By month 3, HBV DNA tested negative in all patients from group B compared with only 20 (46%) in group A (P < .0001). The 2-year rates of virological response were 100% in the former patients and 78% in the latter ones (P < .0001). ALT levels remained persistently normal in all group B patients, whereas in group A patients they normalized at rates of 50% at month 6 (P < .0001), 72% at month 12 (P < .01), and 93% at month 24. None of the patients developed ADV resistance or ADV-related side effects. In conclusion, to optimize antiviral treatment in HBeAg-negative patients selecting resistant strains to lamivudine, ADV should be added to lamivudine as soon as genotypic resistance is detected. (HEPATOLOGY 2005.)
Abstract LB-151: A novel TGFβ 1/2 specific antibody suppresses 4T1 tumor growth by enhancing NK cell recruitment and function
Authors: Ou Li, Shireen Khan, Nerissa Mendoza, Sandra Vanegas, Cat Tran, Amer Mirza
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract TGFβ can play an important role in tumor progression. Whether expressed by the tumor, or the tumor microenvironment, it has a profound impact on not only the tumor itself but also the host immune system. There are three isoforms of TGFβ: TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and TGFβ3. The functions of TGFβ1 and 2 have been widely studied. However, little is known about how TGFβ3 affects both tumor growth and the host. Here we used a novel human antibody that neutralizes only TGFβ1 and 2, while leaving TGFβ3 activity untouched. By specifically blocking TGFβ1 and 2 functions, we were able to investigate the role of TGFβ3 in modulating the immune compartment, and its ability to combat tumor growth. We used the 4T1 murine breast carcinoma model, which secretes all three isoforms of TGFβ. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with 10mg/kg the novel anti-TGFβ1/2 antibody, which inhibited 25% of 4T1 tumor growth after 20 days. We evaluated the immune cells from tumors and found there was a significant increase (14%) in the NK cells that infiltrated the tumor site in the antibody-treated group. To explore the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we evaluated the effect of tumor-secreted TGFβ isoforms on NK cells in vitro in a co-culture system. When 4T1 tumor cells were co-cultured with enriched NK cells, the TGFβ1/2 antibody elevated the levels of IFNγ, GzmB and perforin. However, the expression levels of NKG2D, CD69, Ly49A and C were unchanged. We also detected a significant upregulation of FasL on NK cells treated with the TGFβ1/2 antibody. Moreover, NK cells treated with the TGFβ1/2 antibody in the co-culture system showed improved killing activity towards Yac-1 cells, which was confirmed to be mediated by GzmB. In summary, a novel therapeutic antibody candidate that specifically neutralizes TGFβ1 and 2 inhibits 4T1 tumor growth by (i) changing the tumor microenvironment to attract NK cells to tumor sites; and (ii) by increasing NK cell function via upregulation of FasL and GzmB. Citation Format: Ou Li, Shireen Khan, Nerissa Mendoza, Sandra Vanegas, Cat Tran, Amer Mirza. A novel TGFβ 1/2 specific antibody suppresses 4T1 tumor growth by enhancing NK cell recruitment and function. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-151. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-151
Abstract 4590: Safety and Efficacy of Prolonged Use of Unfractionated Heparin After Percuatneous Coronary Intervention: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Param P Singh, Sarabjeet Singh, Janos Molnar, Rohit Arora
Journal: Circulation (2008)

The current guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) do not address the prolonged post-procedural use of unfractionated heparin (UFH) to prevent acute occlusion. However, recently published small studies have yielded mixed results, leaving the question unanswered. Hence a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate safety and efficacy of prolonged use of UFH after PCI. A systematic review of literature revealed 7 studies (Juergens et al, Rabah et al, Garachemani et al, Pizzulli et al, Freidman et al, Tanajura et al and Ellis et al) involving 2412 patients. End points analyzed were ischemic complications (acute closure, myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization) and major vascular complications (hematoma, arterio-venous fistula, pseudo-aneurysm and retroperitoneal bleed). Since the studies were homogenous for outcomes, combined relative risks (RR) across all the studies and the 95% confidence intervals were computed using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. A two-sided alpha error &lt; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. There were no significant differences in patient demographics between both groups. Compared with placebo the risk of major vascular complication was significantly higher in patients getting post-procedural UFH for prolonged hours (RR: 2.24, CI: 1.68 – 3.48; p=0.001). However, the risk of ischemic complications was similar in both groups (RR: 0.95, CI: 0.46 – 1.96; p=0.89). The meta-analysis suggests that prolonged use of UFH after PCI may result in increased major vascular complications, even though the incidence of ischemic complications may not decrease.
Respiratory Infections: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: A. P. Panwalker
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Respiratory tract infections are so common that one would think most physicians have mastered the art of diagnosis and the science of management by now. Unfortunately, even the most experienced clinician frequently faces difficulties with these infections, and mortality remains high despite proper management. The publication of a book does not necessarily reduce the awesome morbidity and mortality of disease but can disseminate knowledge that may allow a more rational approach to management. If read carefully by medical students, house staff, and all physicians, this book may indeed have an impact.  I had planned to skim the pages but ended up reading every word of this excellent book. There are almost 500 pages and 47 contributors, many with vast experience. The book is divided into five sections that deal with pathogenesis, diagnostic techniques, clinical presentation of upper and lower respiratory tract disease, etiologic agents, and additional therapeutic considerations. Both pediatric
Older people with schizophrenia: providing services for a neglected group
Authors: S. Rodriguez-Ferrera, C. A Vassilas
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder affecting about 1% of the elderly population.1 Symptoms include delusions and hallucinations as well as apathy, blunting or incongruity of emotional responses, and social withdrawal. Most older people with schizophrenia will have developed the illness before the age of 45. In the past many of these patients have ended up in long stay psychiatric beds, but their exact number is unknown. In Britain the drive to close long stay psychiatric hospitals is continuing at a time when the elderly population is increasing.2 It is important that older people suffering from schizophrenia are not neglected as community psychiatric services are planned.

One survey of five English psychiatric hospitals due for closure reported that about 20% of thelong stay population was over the age of 65 years and had a diagnosis of schizophrenia.3 Few studies have specifically looked at elderly people with schizophrenia, but those who reside in long stay wards …
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Middle Ear with Long-Term Survival
Authors: Patrick J. Conte, Robert H. Sagerman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

EMBRYONAL rhabdomyosarcoma of the middle ear has been described as a uniformly fatal disease. Rapid progression, with early death, has characterized each of the 15 previously reported cases.1 This paper describes a long-term survival (42 months) in a patient treated by radiotherapy after incomplete surgical removal of the tumor.Case ReportIn this 4-year-old girl left-facial-nerve paralysis and otitis media developed on December 1, 1966, disappearing with antibiotic therapy. A bloody discharge appeared in the left ear 2 weeks later, and purplish granulation tissue filling the auditory canal was curetted. The histologic pattern was consistent with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (Fig. 1). . . .