tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Prognostic Role of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with or without Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Jalal K. Ghali, Youlian Liao, Brian Simmons, Angel Castaner, Guichan Cao, Richard S. Cooper
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Objective: To examine the association between echocardiographically determined left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality in patients with and without coronary artery disease. Design: Cohort study with a mean follow-up period of 4 years. Setting: An inner-city public hospital in Chicago. Patients: A cohort of 785 patients, most of whom were black and had hypertension. Interventions: Coronary arteriography for presumed coronary artery disease and echocardiography. Main Outcome Measure: All-cause and cardiac mortality. Results: Left ventricular hypertrophy, based on left ventricular mass corrected for body surface area, was present in 194 of 381 patients (51%) with coronary artery disease and in 162 of 404 patients (40%) without coronary artery disease. Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy had worse survival than those without hypertrophy in both the group with coronary artery disease and the group without coronary artery disease. After adjustment was made for age at baseline, sex, and hypertension, the relative risk for death from any cause in patients with hypertrophy compared with patients without hypertrophy was 2.14 (95% Cl, 1.24 to 3.68) among those with coronary artery disease and 4.14 (Cl, 1.77 to 9.71) among those without coronary artery disease. Conclusions: Echocardiographically determined left ventricular hypertrophy is an important prognostic marker in patients with or without coronary artery disease. The effect of reversing ventricular hypertrophy in patients with and without coronary disease deserves further study.
Phenytoin-Induced Methadone Withdrawal
Authors: THEODORE G. TONG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

Methadone-maintained volunteers experienced moderately severe opiate withdrawal symptoms within 3 or 4 days of beginning phenytoin in therapeutic doses. The area under the methadone plasma concentration-time curve decreased while the ratio of the pyrrolidine-to-metabolite excretion in urine to this area increased significantly. This suggests that phenytoin accelerates methadone metabolism. Methadone dosing adjustments should be anticipated when phenytoin is initiated or discontinued in methadone-maintained patients.
Noninvasive Detection and Localization of Vulnerable Plaque and Arterial Thrombosis With Computed Tomography Angiography/Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Kusai Aziz, Kevin Berger, Kate Claycombe, Ruiping Huang, Roshan Patel, George S. Abela
Journal: Circulation (2008)

It has been shown that plaque uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose is proportional to macrophage density. We tested the hypothesis that arterial thrombosis occurs in areas with high fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and that computed tomography angiography (CTA) can detect thrombi in vessels.Twenty New Zealand White rabbits were studied before and after atherosclerosis induction through de-endothelialization and a high-cholesterol diet; 14 were then thrombus triggered. CTA/positron emission tomography scans were performed before cholesterol diet, at the middle diet feeding, at the end of diet feeding, and after triggering. Serum inflammatory markers were measured. Maximal standardized uptake value was measured over the thoracic and upper and lower abdominal aortas and correlated with thrombosis and macrophage density on sections from the same sites. Aortic diameters averaged 2.84+/-1.16 mm. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CTA for detecting thrombi were 92%, 89%, and 90%, respectively. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and C-reactive protein levels increased with atherosclerosis and thrombosis triggering. Maximal standardized uptake value at baseline was 0.62+/-0.13, 0.96+/-0.33 at the middle of feeding, and 1.06+/-0.38 at the end of feeding. Segments that developed thrombosis had the highest maximal standardized uptake value of 1.32+/-0.69 (113% increase; P=0.002) and had a 129% increase in macrophage density compared with segments without thrombi (P=0.01).Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was proportional to the duration of cholesterol feeding and peaked with plaque disruption and thrombosis. CTA was highly accurate in detecting thrombi. Our findings in this animal model of atherosclerotic plaques with high macrophage density showed that CTA/positron emission tomography can be used to identify and localize inflamed plaques and thrombosis. With the currently available technology and nuclear tracers, however, many challenges remain before clinical applications are possible.
The Troglodyte Frieze, Revisited
Authors: Henry I. Miller
Journal: JAMA (1984)

On the main building of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a  honoring the immortals of science—Newton, Lavoisier, Archimedes, and Pasteur, among others. Similarly, mused former presidential science adviser Edward E. David, Jr, in a recent Science  1 editorial, might there be tucked away in some dank, moldy MIT subbasement a troglodyte frieze commemorating those who have retarded scientific progress? Certainly, there is no shortage of historical candidates for such a monumental work; those deserving intellectual perdition include the persecutors of Galileo, the perpetrators of the Piltdown Man hoax, and the supporters of Lysenkoism.  Those who have served as midwives at recombinant DNA's birth of a new generation of biotechnology could add some new candidates. The overzealous souls pushing government overregulation of the products and processes of recombinant DNA technology, for instance. Or the sophists who invoke shopworn analogies to nuclear war and chestnut blight or little-understood but chilling
Controlled prospective study of faecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer in Bury, black pudding capital of the world
Authors: S. Fludger
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer in the United Kingdom, claiming 20 000 lives each year. Most cancers originate from malignant transformation of adenomas, and screening the general population to detect asymptomatic adenomas and early cancers shows the greatest potential to reduce mortality. In the most evaluated screening protocol, small volumes of blood loss from such lesions are detected by a faecal occult blood test, and people testing positive then have a colonoscopy. This reduces mortality in two ways: detection and endoscopic removal of adenomas prevents later transformation and may reduce the incidence of cancer by 16%1; and early detection of carcinomas allows treatment of less advanced lesions, resulting in a better prognosis. A large trial of such screening showed that a 15% reduction in mortality from colorectal cancer can be achieved. …
Dermatologie und Venerologie einschliesslich Berufskrankheiten dermatologischer Kosmetik und Andrologie. In fünf Bänden
Authors: Fred A. Parish
Journal: JAMA (1961)

In pre-Hitler Germany, medicine and printing were at a high level, often superior to that in America. Everywhere, training in dermatology was far more German-oriented than today, especially in the field of textbooks and descriptive atlases. In the United States, many of the worthwhile and essential books came from abroad, and it was necessary to translate from a foreign tongue to acquire a good working knowledge of this specialty. Fortunately for the American practitioner, the pendulum has swung toward our own language, and the arduous task of reading the German can be left to the translator and the reviewer. This multi-authored book is the fourth of five in the series. The authors have treated the subject of skin diseases under three headings: pediatrie, adult, and senile. Some of the major sections deal with congenital skin malformations, pigmented lesions, sarcoma, carcinoma, melanoma, and diseases of the eye, ear, throat, teeth, and mucous membranes as
International Efforts to Control Infectious Diseases, 1851 to the Present
Authors: Alexandra Minna Stern, Howard Markel
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Many 21st-century observers explain international efforts to control infectious diseases as a function of globalization and recent transformations in international commerce, transportation, and human migration. However, these contemporary global health initiatives can be more fully understood by also exploring the origins of international health organizations and regulations, which were initially dedicated exclusively to stemming the tide of infectious epidemics. This article reviews 3 eras of international approaches to controlling infectious diseases (1851-1881, 1881-1945, and 1945 to the present) and concludes by assessing how nations have a strong fiscal and humanitarian incentive to invest in infectious disease control programs and infrastructures in and beyond their own borders.
827 EFFICACY OF PEGINTERFERON ALPHA-2a AND RIBAVIRIN IN HIV/HCV CO-INFECTED PATIENTS: SUBANALYSIS OF HEPATYS, FRENCH NATIONAL SURVEY
Authors: I. Ravaux, D. Ouzan, M. Rosenheim, M. Doffoel, P. Marcellin, J.M. Pawlotsky, C. Hayem, A. Pinta, M. Vray, M. Bourliere
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Influence of left ventricular dimensions on endocardial and epicardial QRS amplitude and ST-segment elevations during acute myocardial ischemia.
Authors: J Lekven, K Chatterjee, J V Tyberg, W W Parmley
Journal: Circulation (1980)

The influence of acute myocardial ischemia and changes in ventricular dimensions on endocardial and epicardial electrograms were evaluated in 17 anesthetized open-chest dogs before and after left ventricular volume expansion and before and after coronary artery ligation. In eight dogs, regional myocardial blood flow was determined by the labeled microsphere technique. Endocardial QRS (endo-QRS) amplitude in ischemic and nonischemic zones, and epicardial QRS (epi-QRS) in nonischemic zones maintained a negative linear relation with left ventricular end-diastolic dimension before and after coronary artery ligation, although acute ischemia decreased endo-QRS independently. Epi-QRS amplitude in the ischemic zone decreased after coronary artery ligation but changed inconsistently during volume expansion. Ischemia-induced epicardial ST-segment elevation decreased during volume expansion and was associated with improved epicardial blood flow. Changes in epi-QRS in ischemic zones, however, were not related to epicardial blood flow during volume expansion. These findings indicate the potential problems of using changes in QRS amplitude for determining the extent of myocardial ischemic injury.
Gene Transfer of An Engineered Zinc Finger Protein Enhances the Anti-angiogenic Defense System
Authors: Katsutoshi Yokoi, Huanda Steve Zhang, Shu Kachi, Kamaljit S Balaggan, Qi Yu, Dmitry Guschin, Mike Kunis, Richard Surosky, Liza M Africa, James W Bainbridge, Sharon Kaye Spratt, Philip D Gregory, Robin R Ali, Peter A Campochiaro
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

Zinc finger protein transcription factors (ZFP TFs) have been shown to positively or negatively regulate the expression of endogenous genes involved in a number of different disease processes. In this study we investigated whether gene transfer of an engineered ZFP TF designed to up-regulate expression of the chromosomal pigment epithelium-derived factor (Pedf) gene could suppress experimentally induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Transient transfection with engineered ZFP TFs significantly increased both Pedf messenger RNA (mRNA) and secreted PEDF protein levels in cell culture. Six weeks after intravitreous or subretinal injection of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing the PEDF-activating ZFP TF in mice, we observed increased retinal Pedf mRNA, and a significant reduction in the size of CNV at Bruch's membrane rupture sites, assessed in vivo by fluorescein angiography or by postmortem measurements on choroidal flat mounts. Importantly, the anti-angiogenic activity persisted at 3 months after intravitreous injection. These data suggest that ZFP TF-driven enhancement of the endogenous anti-angiogenic defense system may provide a new approach for prophylaxis and treatment of neovascular diseases of the eye.
Results of Stapes Mobilization and Vein Plug Stapedioplasty
Authors: Clair M. Kos
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Among 1,020 stapes mobilizations, 715 were attempted by the indirect approach to the capitulum and 305 by the direct approach to the footplate. In the 715 patients of the indirect-approach group, 11 of 100 resulted in air-bone gap closure or maximum hearing improvement permitted by the level of auditory nerve function. Only 2 of 100 achieved normal hearing. In the 305 patients of the directapproach group, 24 of 100 produced maximum hearing improvement and 8 of 100 resulted in normal hearing. In the 170 patients who underwent vein plug stapedioplasty, 90 of 100 achieved maximum hearing improvement and 50 of 100 produced normal hearing.
Late reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction limits the dilatation of left ventricle without the reduction of infarct size.
Authors: A Hirayama, T Adachi, S Asada, M Mishima, S Nanto, H Kusuoka, K Yamamoto, Y Matsumura, M Hori, M Inoue
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND While previous clinical studies have shown a possible beneficial effect of the reperfusion performed at a relatively late phase of acute myocardial infarction ("late reperfusion") in preventing left ventricular enlargement, the mechanism has not been clarified. METHODS AND RESULTS Of 89 patients with an initial anterior myocardial infarction, reperfusion was successful in 69. These 69 were divided into three groups according to the time required to achieve reperfusion after the onset of symptoms: early-reperfused (&lt; 3 hours from the onset to reperfusion; n = 22), intermediate-reperfused (3 to 6 hours from the onset to reperfusion; n = 28), and late-reperfused (&gt; 6 hours from the onset to reperfusion; n = 19). The 20 patients whose infarct-related artery were occluded in the acute phase as well as 1 month later was classified as nonreperfused. Infarct size, evaluated as defect volume by 201Tl single-photon emission computed tomography 1 month after the onset, was 1593 +/- 652 units (mean +/- SD) in the late-reperfused group, significantly larger (P &lt; .05) than that of the intermediate-reperfused (1066 +/- 546 U) or the early-reperfused groups (372 +/- 453 U) but not different from that of the nonreperfused group (1736 +/- 562 U). Wall motion abnormality index as well as global ejection fraction evaluated by left ventriculography 1 month after the onset showed that late reperfusion did not preserve the left ventricular wall motion and function. These results indicate that the earlier reperfusion decreased the size of the infarction and preserved left ventricular function, whereas late reperfusion (&gt; 6 hours after onset) did not limit infarct size or preserve left ventricular function. In contrast, the end-diastolic volume index did not differ significantly among the early-reperfused (50 +/- 15 mL/m2), intermediate-reperfused (54 +/- 14 mL/m2), and late-reperfused (53 +/- 19 mL/m2) groups; those were significantly smaller than that of the nonreperfused group (68 +/- 12 mL/m2; P &lt; .05). Left ventriculographic data obtained in both the acute and chronic phase in 39 patients showed that left ventricular volumes increased significantly during the course of myocardial infarction only in the nonreperfused group. CONCLUSIONS Late reperfusion appeared to prevent ventricular dilatation acute myocardial infarction independent of the limitation of infarct size.
The role and regulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene expression in cancer invasion and metastasis
Authors: Yao Wang
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2001)

This article reviews the role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and its protein, mRNA, cDNA, genomic organization, promoter, transcription activation factors, and signal transduction. The uPAR has been implicated in several biological processes including angiogenesis, monocyte migration, cancer metastasis, trophoblast implantation, and wound healing. It is a specific cell surface receptor for its ligand uPA which catalyzes the formation of plasmin from plasminogen to generate the proteolytic cascade that contributes to the breakdown of extracellular matrix, a key step in cancer metastasis. The uPAR is a 55–60 kDa glycoprotein organized as three homologous cysteine-rich domains. It attaches to the plasma membrane via a covalent linkage to a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety and appears to play an important role in transmembrane signalling. The 1.4-kb human uPAR cDNA and 21.23-kb genomic DNA have been cloned and the gene contains seven exons. The uPAR promoter region was defined in a 188 bp fragment between bases −141 and +47 relative to the transcription start site. Binding of transcription factors (Sp1, AP-2, NFκB and two AP-1) to the uPAR promoter region activates the basal transcription of the gene. There is a strong correlation between uPAR expression and the invasive cancer cell phenotype. uPAR may play a critical role in the process of cancer invasion and metastasis, as antisense uPAR mRNA can inhibit cancer spread in vitro and in vivo. These studies may provide a novel therapeutic target for blocking cancer invasion and metastasis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 21, No. 2, 146–170, 2001
Biphasic Vasoconstriction of the Rabbit Ear Artery
Authors: ODD S. STEINSLAND, ROBERT F. FURCHGOTT, SADASHIV M. KIRPEKAR
Journal: Circulation Research (1973)

Sympathetic nerve stimulation and intraluminal norepinephrine infusion for more than 15 seconds produced a biphasic response in the isolated rabbit ear artery perfused with Krebs solution. This response consisted of an initial rapid constriction (phase A), which was followed by partial relaxation, and a final slowly developing constriction (phase B), which lasted for the duration of nerve stimulation or norepinephrine administration. Raising the potassium concentration of the Krebs solution to 12mM decreased the relaxation time between the two constrictor phases in response to norepinephrine; lowering the potassium concentration to 1.2 mM increased the relaxation time and decreased the degree of constriction of both phases. Biphasic vasoconstrictor responses were also elicited by the intraluminal infusion of phenylephrine, histamine, serotonin, or 35 m M potassium. When calcium was absent from the perfusing solution or when manganous sulfate (1m M ) was present, norepinephrine produced only a fast phase A constriction, with no subsequent slow phase B constriction. However, after treatment of the artery with ryanodine, the phase A constriction in response to norepinephrine was markedly inhibited, but the phase B constriction was not. We concluded that the fast phase A constriction depends on the release of calcium from an intracellular pool and that the slow phase B constriction depends on the influx of extracellular calcium.
T cells, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and granzyme B+ cytotoxic cells are associated with joint damage in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: M C Kraan
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

To determine immunohistological markers in synovial tissue of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) which are associated with unfavourable disease outcome.Synovial tissue was obtained from 36 patients with RA within 1 year after the initial symptoms and before starting disease modifying antirheumatic drug treatment. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological assessments (Larsen score) were performed at the time of the biopsy and at the end of follow up (mean 58 months, range 38-72). Immunohistological analysis was performed to detect T cells, B cells, plasma cells, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), macrophages, and granzyme B+ cytotoxic cells. The sections were evaluated by digital image analysis.Patients were divided into two groups based upon the radiological progression per year of follow up: group I with mild progression (n = 20; Larsen <2 points/year); group II with more severe progression (n = 16; Larsen > or =2 points/year). Regression analysis with a univariate model showed that the numbers of granzyme B+ cytotoxic cells (relative risk (RR) = 12, p = 0.003), T cells (RR = 11, p = 0.013), and FLS (RR = 10, p = 0.020) discriminated between groups I and II. A multivariate model demonstrated that the numbers of T cells (RR = 1.2, p = 0.015) and FLS (RR = 1.4, p = 0.013) were independent discriminators between groups I and II.The numbers of granzyme B+ cytotoxic cells, T cells, and FLS in synovial tissue of patients with RA are related to the severity of joint damage. The data suggest a pathogenetic role for these cells in the process of joint damage.
A Permutation Test of Host-Parasite Cospeciation
Authors: K. Hommola, J. E. Smith, Y. Qiu, W. R. Gilks
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

We introduce a statistical method that explores host–parasite coevolution by testing the null hypothesis that hosts and their associated parasites evolved independently. This test is simple and intuitive and involves only suitable randomization of the observed data. It is not even necessary to construct host and parasite phylogenetic trees, as the test can be performed directly on distance matrices. Statistical power of the test was evaluated using simulated data consistent with the alternative hypothesis of cospeciation. Results were compared with the method of Mantel (1967) and the ParaFit method of Legendre et al. (2002). We observed that our method has greater power overall and thus a higher ability to detect cospeciation in closely related host–parasite systems. Our test was also successful when applied to the pocket gopher and chewing lice system.
THE LYMPHOCYTE IN NATURAL AND INDUCED RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Authors: James B. Murphy, Herbert D. Taylor
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1918)

Mice artificially immunized against a transplantable carcinoma, inoculated, and proved immune, may be again rendered susceptible to the same tumor by exposure to the x-rays. The immune animals which have not been treated with the x-rays preserve, to a large degree, their resistance to a second inoculation of the tumor in question.
Airway and Respiratory Tissue Mechanics in Normal Infants
Authors: GRAHAM L. HALL, ZOLTÁN HANTOS, FERENC PETÁK, JOHANNES H. WILDHABER, KATRINA TILLER, PAUL R. BURTON, PETER D. SLY
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Low-frequency respiratory impedance (Zrs) was measured by applying a forcing signal, between 0.5 and 21 Hz at a transrespiratory pressure of 20 cm H2O, in a cross-sectional study of 37 normal infants. A model containing an airway resistance (Raw) and inertance (Iaw) and a tissue damping (G) and elastance (H) was fitted to the individual Zrs. Forced expiratory volume in 0.5 second (FEV0.5) was determined using the raised volume rapid thoracic compression technique. Multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the relationships between the lung function parameters and length. Both airway and tissue parameters showed a decreasing quadratic relationship with increasing length. FEV0.5 showed an increasing cubic relationship with length. A family history of asthma was found to have a negative effect on Raw, H, and FEV0.5.