tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Bacterial translocation in the rat model of lectin induced diarrhoea.
Authors: R Shoda, D Mahalanabis, M A Wahed, M J Albert
Journal: Gut (1995)

Locus coeruleus neurons in brain slices prepared from neonatal rats have rhythmic oscillations in membrane potential at frequencies ranging from 0.3 to 3 Hz. Recordings from pairs of neurons separated by 50–300 microns showed that this oscillatory activity was synchronized at ages less than 24 d. Slices cut from rats 24–27 d old showed rhythmic activity which was only partially synchronous between cell pairs, but full synchrony could be restored by superfusion with tetraethylammonium (2 mM) and/or barium (2 mM). No synchronous rhythmic activity was observed between neurons in slices from rats 40 d old, even in the presence of tetraethylammonium and barium. In those cells in which rhythmic potential oscillations were synchronous, action potentials occurring in one cell were not observed in the second cell. Electrotonic coupling was directly demonstrated between 41% of neurons (12 of 29 pairs) in slices from rats less than 10 d old but not in tissue from older rats (4 pairs). The input resistance of neurons from neonatal rats (less than 15 d old) was about half (81 M omega) that measured under identical conditions from neurons from adult rats (213 M omega). The electrotonic potential in cells from rats less than 15 d old was best fit by a double exponential, whereas that from adults was best fit by a single exponential. The results demonstrate that significant electrical coupling occurs among locus coeruleus neurons from neonatal rats; this appears to decline with age. The coupling serves as a low-pass filter and causes the synchronized occurrence of membrane potential oscillations. Such a rhythmic background activity within the entire nucleus may be important for the widespread trophic role of the noradrenergic neurons during development.
Cost-effectiveness Analysis
Authors: David M. Eddy
Journal: JAMA (1992)

MAXON H. EDDY, MD: All right. I've read your articles about what's going on in Oregon.<sup>1-3</sup>I agree with you that their first attempt to use cost-effectiveness analysis to set priorities failed but that that failure did not necessarily doom the entire method. I also understand that even now Oregon's commission is not totally satisfied with the priority-setting process it eventually used and that it is seeking ways to improve the process. Based on what you've already written, I'll bet you're going to try to convince me that Oregon should use cost-effectiveness analysis to rank its services. I've got to warn you that you're going to have a hard time. In 40 years of practice I never withheld a test or treatment that I thought would help my patients, even when I had to absorb the cost myself. I believe that what we do in medicine should be determined
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PHYSIOLOGIC MARKERS AND HEALTH BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD OBESITY
Authors: Morgen Govinden, Roopa Gurm, Rose Follis, Nicole Corriveau, Eva Kline-Rogers, Susan Aaronson, Jean DuRussel-Weston, Caren Goldberg, Kim Eagle, Elizabeth Jackson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Weak association between subjective symptoms of and objective testing for dry eyes and dry mouth: results from a population based study
Authors: E. M Hay, E Thomas, B Pal, A. Hajeer, H Chambers, A J Silman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1998)

<h3>OBJECTIVES</h3> To determine associations between symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth and objective evidence of lacrimal and salivary gland dysfunction in a population based sample. To determine associations between these elements and the presence of autoantibodies. <h3>METHODS</h3> A cross sectional population based survey. Subjects were interviewed and examined (Schirmer-1 test and unstimulated salivary flow) for the presence of dry eyes and mouth. Antibodies (anti-Ro [SS-A], anti-La [SS-B], rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody) were measured. <h3>RESULTS</h3> 341 subjects were examined. Twenty four per cent had dry eye symptoms, 29% dry mouth symptoms, and 14% both. There was only a weak association between the presence of oral or ocular symptoms and their respective test results. Associations were strongest between dry mouth symptoms and positive test results, and in subjects under 55 years of age. There was no association between the presence of autoantibodies and either symptoms or signs of dry eyes or dry mouth. <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> Only weak associations were found between self reported symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth and objective measures said to define Sjögrens syndrome in the general population. The clinical significance of these symptoms in the community needs reappraisal.
Inappropriate Drug-Donation Practices in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992 to 1996
Authors: Patrick Berckmans, Véronique Dawans, Gérard Schmets, Daniel Vandenbergh, Philippe Autier
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

Humanitarian assistance to people suffering as a result of catastrophes generally includes large charitable donations of drugs from sources such as private individuals or companies, nongovernmental organizations, United Nations agencies, and foreign governments. Unfortunately, evaluations have repeatedly shown that many of the medical supplies sent are not the appropriate ones.1,2 During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, many areas became totally dependent on foreign help for medicines and medical supplies. Information circulated about massive quantities of irrelevant drugs that arrived in Mostar, Tuzla, Gorazde, Sarajevo, and Bihac, cities that were key targets for humanitarian assistance. These rumors prompted us . . .
Surgical Site InfectionSurgical Site Infection
Authors: Lawrence T. Kim
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Thomas Anthony, MD, MSc; Bryce W. Murray, MD; John T. Sum-Ping, MD; Fima Lenkovsky, MD; Vadim D. Vornik, MD; Betty J. Parker, RN; Jackie E. McFarlin, RN, CIC; Kathleen Hartless, RN, CIC; Sergio Huerta, MDObjective: To determine if an evidenced-based practice bundle would result in a significantly lower rate of surgical site infections (SSIs) when compared with standard practice.Design: Single-institution, randomized controlled trial with blinded assessment of main outcome. The trial opened in April 2007 and was closed in January 2010.Setting: Veterans Administration teaching hospital.Patients: Patients who required elective transabdominal colorectal surgery were eligible. A total of 241 subjects were approached, 211 subjects were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 interventions, and 197 were included in an intention-to-treat analysis.Interventions: Subjects received either a combination of 5 evidenced-based practices (extended arm) or were treated according to our current practice (standard arm). The interventions in the extended arm included (1) omission of mechanical bowel preparation; (2) preoperative and intraoperative warming; (3) supplemental oxygen during and immediately after surgery; (4) intraoperative intravenous fluid restriction; and (5) use of a surgical wound protector.Main Outcome Measure: Overall SSI rate at 30 days assessed by blinded infection control coordinators using standardized definitions.Results: The overall rate of SSI was 45% in the extended arm of the study and 24% in the standard arm (P = .003). Most of the increased number of infections in the extended arm were superficial incisional SSIs (36% extended arm vs 19% standard arm; P = .004). Multivariate analysis suggested that allocation to the extended arm of the trial conferred a 2.49-fold risk (95% confidence interval, 1.36-4.56; P = .003) independent of other factors traditionally associated with SSI.Conclusions: An evidenced-based intervention bundle did not reduce SSIs. The bundling of interventions, even when the constituent interventions have been individually tested, does not have a predictable effect on outcome. Formal testing of bundled approaches should occur prior to implementation.Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00953784
Lifebox: Make it zero
Authors: S. Kessler
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Some Christmas presents don’t make it past Christmas dinner. Others are lost under the sofa by the time January rolls around. There are very few gifts that you can guarantee will be in constant use one year later—and what’s more, that they will be used to save lives.

BMJ readers can claim just that. Last Christmas you put 187 pulse oximeters directly into operating theatres in 10 low resource countries through your generous response to the BMJ ’s Christmas appeal for the Lifebox Foundation.1 2 3

Every penny you donated—more than £30 000 in a few weeks—was used to send oximeters and education materials to hospitals in need. From Cambodia to Cameroon, Nepal to Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea to the Philippines, your support is making a difference.4 …
Effect of growth hormone on alcohol dehydrogenase activity in hepatocyte culture
Authors: Esteban Mezey, James J. Potter, Deborah L. Rhodes
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

The effect of growth hormone on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase was determined in hepatocyte culture from normal and hypophysectomized male rats. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity was highest in hepatocytes harvested from hypophysectomized rats. The enzyme activity remained stable in hepatocytes harvested from normal rats during 2 to 6 days of culture but declined steadily in hepatocytes cultured from hypophysectomized rats. The combination of growth hormone (1 μg per ml) and corticosterone (1 μM) increased alcohol dehydrogenase activity in hepatocytes from normal rats, while neither hormone alone had an effect. Corticosterone (1 μM) prevented the decline of the enzyme activity in hepatocytes from hypophysectomized rats, and the combination of growth hormone (1 μg per ml) and corticosterone (1 μM) resulted in a further increase in enzyme activity. The increases in alcohol dehydrogenase, due to the exposure of the hepatocytes to the combination of growth hormone and corticosterone, were associated with increases in the rate of ethanol elimination. These observations indicate that growth hormone enhances liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethanol elimination, and that this effect is dependent on the permissive influence of corticosterone.
An Introduction to Electrocardiography: A Primer for Students, Graduates, Practitioners and Nurses Concerned With Coronary Care and Other Forms of Intensive Care
Authors: William H. Wehrmacher
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>ECG—An Introductory Course: A Practical Introduction to Clinical Electrocardiography,</h3> by M. J. Halhuber, R. Günther, and M. Ciresa (H. J. Hirsch, trans), 155 pp, 98 illus, paper, $14.80, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1979. John Hamer laments, "The increasing demands on the medical curriculum make it difficult to find a place for electrocardiography," while at the same time, urgent demands for prompt interpretation of ECGs in the emergency room and in the intensive care unit now require greater understanding among all physicians as well as among nurses and paramedical personnel. Electrocardiographic specialists cannot be made immediately available 24 hours a day in all the critical situations where emergency interpretation is essential. Growing malpractice litigation adds additional demands for at least superficial training, because a revised interpretation of an ECG by a specialist is not likely to arrive in time to correct a faulty therapeutic program resulting from faulty initial interpretation. To satisfy
Diagnosis and Management of Smallpox
Authors: Joel G. Breman, D.A. Henderson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

The last case of endemic smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977, and eradication of the disease was declared in 1980. With no natural reservoir, variola virus, which causes smallpox, has existed only in laboratories; indeed, the last case of smallpox was due to infection acquired in a laboratory in the United Kingdom in 1978. During the global program of smallpox eradication, the World Health Organization (WHO) made concerted efforts to decrease the number of laboratories retaining variola virus. On the basis of contacts with all countries and a total of 823 microbiology institutions, 76 such laboratories had been identified by . . .
Robert John Kennedy Fleming
Authors: J. Fleming
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Consultant paediatri?an Greenwich, London (b Bromley 1948;q St Bartholomews Hospital 1972;MSc,MD), died from a heart attack on 13 April 2002. Tim embarked upon a career in adult medicine, but changed direction, spending a year as house physician in paediatrics in Johannesburg. Returning to London he did registrar posts at Queen's in Hackney, and Great Ormond Street, and spent three years in gastroenterology research at the Institute of Child Health, London. Tim was also active in medical politics, sitting on various commit tees, including the BMA council, and chairing many others. He was appointed consultant at Greenwich in 1988. Tim's handwriting was famously impossible to read. In recent years it became progressively smaller until this and other symptoms led last year to a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. He leaves a wife, Lesley; and three daughters. [Andrew Evans, Helen Issler, Bushra Al Rubeyi, Gwyneth Young] B+
Primary Lung Cancer Presenting with Gastrointestinal Tract Involvement: Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Features in a Series of 18 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Giulio Rossi, Alessandro Marchioni, Elena Romagnani, Federica Bertolini, Lucia Longo, Alberto Cavazza, Fausto Barbieri
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
What is a good death?: Grandmother's death was a good example
Authors: M. Kittel
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Editor—My grandmother was what you could call a grand old dame, in terms of dignity, not wealth. One day she decided it was time to die. She lay down in her bed and did not get up any more until she was dead—three months later.1

In the years before this day, with a razor sharp mind in a fragile body, she had often asked if there was any way we could help her to die. She often had health problems and pain. However, she was happy and friendly and still enjoyed life's good moments, family events, parties, etc. She lived life to the full. When she went to a party, she exhausted herself so much; she often had to pay for days afterwards.

I visited her one month before her death. I had to leave the country for a medical attachment in the United States, and we both knew we would not see each other any more. We chatted a whole afternoon, calmly and with breaks—she was already weak. We crowned this by having a small glass of beer together, which she loved. She then gave me her blessing for the future and I left. After I had left the room I cried, but sadness and happiness had melted into one great feeling in my heart during this truly amazing event.

She died in her room in a nursing home at the age of 95 years, surrounded only by a few of her most cherished items and by my family. I am sure she at one time had feared the anticipation of this great last step in life, but she died in peace, happy and content, and grateful.

I hope I will one day be able to die up to her standards, in dignity. I hope my family will celebrate a good life (as so nicely put by Syed (first letter2) on my deathbed, just like their ancestors celebrated my birth and birthdays.
Follow‐up after systemic adverse reactions of immunotherapy
Authors: E Toubi, A Kessel, A Blant, TD Golan
Journal: Allergy (1999)

Out of 280 immunotherapy (IT)‐treated patients in our allergy clinic, 37 (13%) developed systemic adverse reactions. Parietaria judaica (Pj) extract, a highly allergenic pollen in northern Israel, was part of the IT regimen in 46% of treated patients who developed systemic adverse reactions. Twenty‐six (70%) of systemic adverse reactions occurred during the buildup phase, whereas 11 (30%) occurred in the maintenance phase of treatment. Mild systemic reactions developed in 15/37 (40%), moderate in 20/37 (54%), and severe in 2/37 (5%) of patients. In 22/37 (59% of our IT‐treated patients, adverse reactions developed within 30 min after injection. Among these were the two patients with severe systemic reactions. In 19%, moderate adverse reactions appeared at 30–60 min; in 22%, mild to moderate reactions appeared after 1–2 h. Our study concludes that severe systemic reactions to IT usually appear within 30 min after injection. In Israel, IT with highly allergenic pollens such as Pj frequently causes systemic reactions, even during the maintenance phase of treatment. In such cases, the reduction of IT dosage should be more than 50% during the pollen season, and a waiting period of 1 h should also be considered.
Is CO <sub>2</sub> an Indoor Pollutant? Direct Effects of Low-to-Moderate CO <sub>2</sub> Concentrations on Human Decision-Making Performance
Authors: Usha Satish, Mark J. Mendell, Krishnamurthy Shekhar, Toshifumi Hotchi, Douglas Sullivan, Siegfried Streufert, William J. Fisk
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Associations of higher indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations with impaired work performance, increased health symptoms, and poorer perceived air quality have been attributed to correlation of indoor CO2 with concentrations of other indoor air pollutants that are also influenced by rates of outdoor-air ventilation.We assessed direct effects of increased CO2, within the range of indoor concentrations, on decision making.Twenty-two participants were exposed to CO2 at 600, 1,000, and 2,500 ppm in an office-like chamber, in six groups. Each group was exposed to these conditions in three 2.5-hr sessions, all on 1 day, with exposure order balanced across groups. At 600 ppm, CO2 came from outdoor air and participants' respiration. Higher concentrations were achieved by injecting ultrapure CO2. Ventilation rate and temperature were constant. Under each condition, participants completed a computer-based test of decision-making performance as well as questionnaires on health symptoms and perceived air quality. Participants and the person administering the decision-making test were blinded to CO2 level. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance models.Relative to 600 ppm, at 1,000 ppm CO2, moderate and statistically significant decrements occurred in six of nine scales of decision-making performance. At 2,500 ppm, large and statistically significant reductions occurred in seven scales of decision-making performance (raw score ratios, 0.06-0.56), but performance on the focused activity scale increased.Direct adverse effects of CO2 on human performance may be economically important and may limit energy-saving reductions in outdoor air ventilation per person in buildings. Confirmation of these findings is needed.
Hospital found to be in breach of terms of authorisation after four serious surgical errors
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2012)

One of the country’s leading teaching hospitals has been found to be in “significant breach” of its terms of authorisation by the regulator of NHS foundation trusts, Monitor.

Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, which incorporates Addenbrooke’s Hospital, has been served with regulatory action because of its “successive failure” to meet NHS targets, including those on waiting times for cancer treatment and emergency department performance.

Monitor said that the concerns were compounded by numerous instances of “preventable patient safety incidents” and “poor financial performance.”

Four so called “never events” were reported between 7 September and 7 October 2011, one relating to surgery done on the wrong person, one relating to surgery on the wrong part of the body, and two relating to instruments left inside …
Inactivated Measles Virus Vaccine
Authors: Samuel Karelitz
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Formalin-killed, aluminum-adsorbed vaccine given in three monthly doses uniformly gave immunity to persons susceptible to measles; two doses produced immunity in all but one, and a single dose in approximately 67% of those susceptible. When challenged with live virus vaccine, children who had had two or three doses of killed virus (KV) vaccine responded with a sharp rise in neutralizing antibodies without becoming ill. Of those who had had one dose, sharp increase in neutralizing antibodies (NA) developed in all but one, and febrile reaction and rash were reduced to a minimum. Regimens of one, two, or three doses of killed vaccine followed a month later by challenge with live virus (LV) are effective alternatives to the use of live virus vaccine alone and eliminate most of the febrile reactions and rashes caused by live virus vaccine, without sacrificing the immunizing effect.
A Nomogram for Estimation of the Cardiac Valve Areas
Authors: PETER C. Y. WONG, CHARLES A. SANDERS
Journal: Circulation (1965)

A nomogram for the estimation of cardiac valve areas by the Gorlin formula has been described. The advantages of the nomographic approach are four-fold: (1) it results in considerable time saving in doing mathematical calculations; (2) it lessens the chance of mathematical error; (3) it provides a rapid means of checking the accuracy of a valve area calculated in the conventional manner; (4) it facilitates the understanding of the relationships between the various factors employed in the valve area formula. As a result, the nomogram will be a useful adjunct in the operation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory and in the education of its physician personnel.
Management of hidradenitis suppurativa: a U.K. survey of current practice
Authors: J.R. Ingram, M. McPhee
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Funding sources: none. Conflicts of interest: J.I. was a local principal investigator for an observational study of hidradenitis suppurativa, which was sponsored by AbbVie. Dear Editor, Management of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS; also known as acne inversa) remains a challenge owing to a combination of multiple treatment options and, until recently,1 a relative lack of published guidelines to assist treatment choices. More than 30 interventions are currently available, while the evidence base to support many of the interventions is weak, as highlighted by a recent HS Priority Setting Partnership.2 It was hypothesized that considerable variation may exist in current U.K. management of HS. To investigate this, an online survey was made available to the membership of the U.K. Dermatology Clinical Trials Network and British Association of Dermatologists between 1 November and 5 December 2014. There were 134 responses, including 88 from consultant dermatologists, 15 from dermatology registrars (residents), 14 from associate specialists, nine from dermatology specialist nurses and eight from general practitioners. Respondents were located in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Thirty‐seven per cent saw three or more new patients with HS each month and 68% had at least six patients with HS under current follow‐up. Two clinicians each saw > 50 patients with HS for regular review.
Manual for Ileostomy Patients
Authors: Lawrence C. Parish
Journal: JAMA (1960)

This excellent manual can be recommended to both the patient with an ileostomy and his physician. It was prepared by a group known as QT, Incorporated, a name derived from wards Q and T of Mount Sinai Hospital, New York. The group was formed about nine years ago by several young women who had recently undergone ileostomies. Their informative and well-organized paper-covered book is divided into five sections: (1) ileostomy in regard to surgery, diet, odor, and pregnancy; (2) appliances and equipment; (3) use of appliances; (4) comments from other patients dealing with commonly raised questions; and (5) illustrations of the appliances. In addition to this manual, QT, Incorporated, also publishes a helpful periodical,<i>Ileostomy Quarterly</i>.
A DNA break– and phosphorylation-dependent positive feedback loop promotes immunoglobulin class-switch recombination
Authors: Bao Q Vuong, Kayleigh Herrick-Reynolds, Bharat Vaidyanathan, Joseph N Pucella, Anna J Ucher, Nina M Donghia, Xiwen Gu, Laura Nicolas, Urszula Nowak, Numa Rahman, Matthew P Strout, Kevin D Mills, Janet Stavnezer, Jayanta Chaudhuri
Journal: Nature Immunology (2013)