tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Suspended doctors are to be offered a quicker route back to work
Authors: Andrew Cole
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Doctors in the United Kingdom who have been suspended or assessed because of concerns about their performance are to be offered a quicker and more effective route back to work.

Unveiling the new national framework for restoring doctors to safe practice, Alastair Scotland, director of the National Clinical Assessment Service, predicted that up to two thirds of those affected could return to work with the right support. The service, the UK body that helps NHS trusts manage doctors' performance, was set up in 2004 ( BMJ 2005;331:799).

The report, which also applies to dentists, is the result of a three …
Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Janice S. Dorman, Ann R. Steenkiste, James P. Burke, Marco Songini
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Last year, Marrosu et al. (1) reported an increased prevalence of type 1 diabetes among Sardinian individuals with multiple sclerosis and their first-degree relatives. The study was accompanied by a commentary (2) indicating that these autoimmune disorders were “an unlikely alliance” because the HLA haplotype that increases risk for multiple sclerosis (DRB1\*15-DQA1\*0102-DQB1*0602) protects against type 1 diabetes. To the authors’ knowledge, there have been no published studies of an increased risk of multiple sclerosis for individuals with type 1 diabetes or their families.

Could the association between type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis be unique to Sardinia, where the rates of these two disorders are among the highest in the …
Letter: T.S.H. level and thyroid function.
Authors: G Antony
Journal: BMJ (1974)

common pathogens in an inmnunosuppressive environment.The choice of antibiotics in our case was governed by the sensitivity pattern of the initially unidentified Gram-positive bacillus.It was felt necessary to continue antibiotics until the brain-scan and E.E.G. had reverted to normal.In view of poEsible toxicity with long-term gentamicin the patient was dis- charged on ampicillin-thought by some authorities to be the antibiotic of choice in listeria infections.23Both in initial diagnosis and in assessing improvement the brain-scan proved invaluable as a non-invasive tech- nique.-Weare, etc.,
Understanding Genetic Disorders of Collagen
Authors: Stephen M. Krane
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

THE heritable disorders of connective tissue have been defined by McKusick1 as generalized defects that clinically involve primarily one element of connective tissues and are transmissible in mendelian patterns. Most of the disorders of collagen or elastin, the principal fibrillar protein components of connective tissue, have been described on the basis of their clinical manifestations, and until recently it has not been possible to determine the biochemical nature of any defect or even to demonstrate which component of the connective tissues is involved. Moreover, several of the disorders have appeared to be clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and each may thus . . .
Diet-induced atherosclerosis increases the release of nitrogen oxides from rabbit aorta.
Authors: R L Minor, P R Myers, R Guerra, J N Bates, D G Harrison
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

We examined the hypothesis that impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in atherosclerosis is associated with decreased synthesis of nitrogen oxides by the vascular endothelium. The descending thoracic aortae of rabbits fed either normal diet, a high cholesterol diet for 2-5 wk (hypercholesterolemic, HC), or a high cholesterol diet for 6 mo (atherosclerotic, AS) were perfused in a bioassay organ chamber with physiologic buffer containing indomethacin. Despite a dramatic impairment in the vasodilator activity of endothelium-dependent relaxing factor (EDRF) released from both HC and AS aortae (assessed by bioassay), the release of nitrogen oxides (measured by chemiluminescence) from these vessels was not reduced, but markedly increased compared to NL. Thus, impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in atherosclerosis is neither due to decreased activity of the enzyme responsible for the production of nitrogen oxides from arginine nor to arginine deficiency. Because the production of nitrogen oxides increased in response to acetylcholine in both hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic vessels, impairments in signal transduction are not responsible for abnormal endothelium-dependent relaxations. Impaired vasodilator activity of EDRF by cholesterol feeding may result from loss of incorporation of nitric oxide into a more potent parent compound, or accelerated degradation of EDRF.
Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine and War
Authors: Vivienne Nathanson
Journal: BMJ (2006)

In a world where new and reawakened armed conflicts seem to appear every day, doctors need to be clear about their role in a war situation and about the arguments they should consider when asked to perform specific tasks. 

The lessons drawn from war may also be relevant to those working in peacetime: for example, the many decades of experience the military have in using triage is now being cited as useful in dealing with the potential global catastrophe of pandemic flu. 

In his book, Gross considers the ethics of …
Suppression of the neutral protease activity of macrophages treated with asbestos in vitro.
Authors: J A Hamilton
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

Macrophages are often conspicuous in asbestos-induced inflammatory lesions. Chrysotile type B elicits macrophages into the peritoneal cavity of mice which produce high levels of the neutral protease, plasminogen activator; in vitro addition of these same fibers to mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulates enzyme production. It is reported here that, for endotoxin-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages fed chrysotile type B in vitro, the increased plasminogen activator activity is suppressed by low concentrations of anti-inflammatory steroids. Other active drugs include colchicine and vinblastine. These studies are considered important, as they suggest an approach to controlling the levels of a potentially deleterious enzyme system (PA-plasmin) from macrophages treated with asbestos fibers.
Parallel visual pathways from the retina to the visual cortex – how do they fit?
Authors: Luiz Carlos L. Silveira
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Which roles are played by subcortical pathways in models of cortical streams for visual processing? Through their thalamic relays, magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) projecting ganglion cells send complementary signals to V1, where their outputs are combined in several different ways. The synergic role of M and P cells in vision can be understood by estimating cell response entropy in all domains of interest.
Medicine and Health in New Jersey: A History
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1965)

In any field of learning, if we start with a small area and explore thoroughly, we will acquire insight into the whole. The present volume, undertaken as part of a series to commemorate the New Jersey Tercentenary celebration, traces the history of medicine in New Jersey. And in so doing, it provides the reader not only with a fine local chronicle, but with an overall view of the progress of medicine in this country as well. The scale is relatively small, for in less than 200 text pages only the highlights can be traced. But Professor Cowen gives us a rapid and effective survey of Colonial medicine, and the profound and often painful changes which the 19th century brought about, and then the most recent developments of the 20th century. New Jersey is indeed the focus of exposition, but the lessons are of broader import. The practice of medicine is
Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Complementary DNA: a Candidate for Gene Therapy in Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: P. Walsh, A. Dorner, R. C. Duke, L.-J. Su, L. M. Glode
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1995)

At present, there is no highly effective treatment for metastatic melanoma. Innovative approaches aimed at inducing a more effective immune response against tumors have shown promising results in animal models. One approach involves the genetic modification of tumor cells so that they produce cytokines that stimulate an immune response. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cytokine gene therapy for metastatic melanoma in a murine melanoma model. B16F10 murine melanoma cells, which readily metastasize to the lungs, were transduced with a retroviral vector containing genes encoding neomycin resistance and human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The presence of M-CSF messenger RNA in transduced cells was examined by coupled reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. Concentrations of soluble M-CSF in cell culture supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). A clonal cell line, designated N+/CSF+, that expressed and secreted M-CSF was identified. Another clonal cell line, designated N+/CSF−, did not secrete M-CSF at levels detectable by ELISA. B16F10, N+/CSF−, and N+/CSF− cells, individually or in combination, were injected intravenously or subcutaneously into C57BL/6 mice; we then evaluated the tumorigenicity and metastatic behavior of the cells, as well as the immune responses and survival of the mice. The immune responses assayed were the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) tumoricidal activities. Injection of B16F10 cells into the tail vein of C57BL/6 mice led to the establishment of lung metastases by week 2 and death by week 8. Injection of the N+/CSF+ or N+/CSF− cells led to the establishment of lung metastases that were detected at 2 and 3 weeks, respectively; however, these metastatic lesions were eliminated, and the animals had survival rates similar to those of the noninjected control mice. Injection of mice with a mixture of B16F10 and N+/CSF− cells resulted in the development of metastatic disease and 0% survival at 8 weeks, whereas mice that had been given an injection of a mixture of B16F10 and N+/CSF+ cells had an 80% survival rate at 8 weeks and survived at least two times longer (P =.007). The CTL and PEC tumoricidal activities in animals given an injection of N+/CSF+ cells suggested that monocytes and lymphocytes were responsible for the observed antitumor response. These findings suggest that the expression of M-CSF by genetically modified melanoma cells caused an effective antitumor immune response in host C57BL/6 mice and, thus, prolonged survival over that observed in the control mice. [J Natl Cancer Inst 87:809–816, 1995]
THE INTRACELLULAR TOXINS OF SOME OF THE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA.
Authors: VICTOR C. VAUGHAN
Journal: JAMA (1903)

Two years ago, at a meeting of this Association at Atlantic City, and before this Section, I had the privilege of describing some experiments made by some of my students and myself on intracellular toxins. I desire in this paper to make some additional statements on this subject. By means of the large incubating tanks which I described in a paper read before the Association of American Physicians in 1901, and which are figured in the transactions of that society, I have been able to obtain both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in large amounts absolutely free from the constituents of the culture medium on which the germs have been grown. In this way I have studied the cell substance of the colon bacillus, the bacilli of diphtheria and anthrax, the<i>Micrococcus prodigiosus</i>, and the lemon and orange sarcines. I have found that the cell substance of all of these organisms
The Gasoline Shortage and The Physician
Authors: Zenonas Danilevicius
Journal: JAMA (1974)

As mentioned earlier in the Journal, 1 snuggling, as a means of coping with the energy crisis, if synchronized and intensive enough, could very well lead to a series of pregnant women going into labor at the same time. Since this wouldn't occur for at least nine months or more, obstetricians would have time to arrange car pools for getting to the hospital to deliver the babies. However, should all this planning fail, the physician will have to be prepared to travel to the hospital without waiting for other car pool members. William Simon should not be left with the impression that snuggling can solve all of the problems arising from the fuel shortage.  If and when gasoline rationing is put into effect, special provisions must be made for the medical profession. Physicians must have a car available at all times in order to attend to emergencies, to see patients
Increase in density and accumulation of serotonin by human aging platelets
Authors: Diego Mezzano, Eduardo Aranda, Soledad Rodríguez, Arnaldo Foradori, Pablo Lira
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1984)

Abstract 51 Cr‐labeled autologous platelets were infused into splenectomized subjects and the specific radioactivities of high‐density (HD) and low‐density (LD) platelet subpopulations were determined sequentially in postinfusion samples. A rapid decrease in the specific radioactivity of LD cohorts (T 1/2 = 2.5 days) was observed, but the specific radioactivity of HD platelets remained constant or increased slightly during the first 4 days and then gradually declined for the next 5 days. No experimental artifacts during the platelet‐labeling steps that could account for these results were demonstrated. These findings confirm previous observations in eusplenic individuals and support the hypothesis that human LD platelets are, on the average, younger than HD platelets. LD platelets contain 33.8 ± 13.5 ng serotonin (5HT)/10 8 platelets and HD platelets 76.8 ± 9.5 ng 5HT/10 8 platelets (P &lt; 0.001). Sequential measurements of 5HT in PRP platelets were performed during the recovery phase of thrombocytopenia following splenectomy in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), a condition associated with aging of platelets in circulation. Presplenectomy platelet 5HT was 17.7 ng/10 8 platelets and on days 1, 6, and 12 after surgery it increased to 18.1, 37.8, and 61.0 ng/10 8 platelets (n = 7). When three healthy volunteers were given aspirin (500 mg/day) for up to 15 days, no significant change in the 5HT content of circulating platelets was observed. If aspirin blocks, at least partially, the secretory process in vivo without interfering the 5HT uptake by the platelets, this finding stands against the possibility that a net depletion of 5HT occurs during the life‐span of normal human platelets. The observation that human HD platelets, enriched with older cells, contain more 5HT than LD platelets taken together with the parallel increase in platelet 5HT and age during the recovery from thrombocytopenia in ITP patients and the lack of effect of aspirin on platelet 5HT content, provides initial evidence that human platelets accumulate 5HT during their life‐span in circulation.
Migraine as a Risk Factor for Subclinical Brain Lesions
Authors: Mark C. Kruit
Journal: JAMA (2004)

IGRAINE IS A COMMON, chronic, multifactorial neurovascular disorder typically characterized by recurrent attacks of disabling headache and autonomic nervous system dysfunction (migraine without aura); up to one third of patients also have neurological aura symptoms (migraine with aura). 1,24][5][6][7][8][9] Case reports on patients with so-called migrainous infarction suggest that the posterior circulation territory (PCT) is most commonly affected. 8,9However, data are lacking on prevalence of subclinical infarcts in a wide spectrum of migraine patients in the general population.1][12] Several clinic-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have reported this,
Corticosteroids in the management of croup
Authors: I. Doull
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Although croup is one of the commonest childhood complaints, its treatment has been empirical at best. Traditional management at home consists of creating a warm moist atmosphere by placing the child in a steam filled bathroom with the hot water taps running, but there is no objective evidence that this treatment is effective. Nebulised adrenaline is commonly prescribed in North America, and although it is of proved benefit, its effect is short lived.1 Corticosteroids have been advocated, but until recently their use was contentious because of conflicting reports.2 3 4

Croup, or laryngotracheobronchitis, is most commonly seen in children aged 6 months to 4 years. It is caused by viral infection, usually with parainfluenza virus, although infection with influenza, respiratory syncitial virus, or rhinovirus may cause a similar clinical picture. Croup is characterised by a harsh, barking, seal-like cough, stridor, and hoarse voice, with …
Flupenthixol for depression
Authors: J P R Young
Journal: BMJ (1976)

about 1 cm without discoloration or tenderness.The remainder of the physical examination, including visual field and ophthalmoscopic examination, was normal.Laboratory investigations, including complete blood count, differential white cell count, serum electrolytes, chest x-ray, urine analysis, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and glucose, examination for antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor, and serum protein electrophoresis, were normal and serological test for syphilis was negative.The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) was 4 mm in 1 h on three determinations.After the third day in hospital the swelling decreased by about half and, since the patient remained free from other symptoms, she was discharged home.Diagnoses entertained included cranial arteritis, trauma, autoerythro- cyte sensitivity, and allergic reaction, but none was established.
Anxiety and depression in patients with chronic urticaria and generalized pruritus
Authors: R.A. LSHEEHAN-DARE, M.J. HENDERSON, J. A.COTTERILL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

Thirty-four dermatology out-patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria and 34 with idiopathic generalized pruritus were investigated using standardized self-assessment psychological questionnaires to determine the incidence of significant symptoms of depression and anxiety. These patients were compared with age- and sex-matched but otherwise unselected general dermatology out-patients. Using the Beck depression inventory, significantly more patients with generalized pruritus (32.4%) had depressive symptomatology (score greater than 14) than controls (13.2%, P less than 0.05). Although more patients with chronic urticaria had depressive symptomatology (14.7%) than controls (4.4%), the difference was not statistically significant. Using the Speilberger state-trait anxiety inventory there were no significant differences between the patients with pruritus or urticaria and their controls with respect to state or trait anxiety scores above the upper 90% probability limit for the general population. Thus, significant depression may be expected in a substantial proportion of patients with idiopathic generalized pruritus but in a relatively small proportion of those with chronic urticaria.
Staph. pyogenes Septicaemia treated with Penicillin
Authors: G. I. M. Swyer
Journal: BMJ (1945)

Staphylococcus pyogenes Septicaemia treated with PenicillinThe report of Howells et al. (1945) on the successful use of penicillin in two cases of Staph.pyogenes septicaemia prompts me to hope that the follawing case might also be worthy of record. CASE REPORTA Polish officer aged 53 was admitted to the Royal Masonic Hospital on April 27, 1945, complaining of continuous epigastric pain during the past four weeks.He gave a history of trichiniasis at the age of 15 and rheumatic fever at 25.-In 1940, at a routine medical examination, evidence of organic heart disease was discovered, and he was down-graded to the lowest category.Apart from occasional palpitation and indefinite fleeting pains in various parts of his body, he remained in reasonably good health until one month before admission, when he gradually became aware of increasing upper abdominal pain, unaffected by food.Two weeks later the pain became much more severe, so that he was unable to sleep.He was treated for indigestion, but without result.For the three days preceding his admission to hospital he had observed oliguria.He had no cough, dyspnoea, or chest pain, and had lost no weight.
Abstract LB-122: A phase I dose escalation study of NVP-BGJ398, a selective pan FGFR inhibitor in genetically preselected advanced solid tumors
Authors: Jurgen Wolf, Patricia M. LoRusso, Ross D. Camidge, Jose Manuel Perez, Josep Tabernero, Manuel Hidalgo, Martin Schuler, Gary G. Tian, Jean Charles Soria, Jean Pierre Delord, Mario Campone, Thomas Bachelot, Ruud van der Noll, Francois P. Ringeisen, Lucia Nogova, Lecia V. Sequist, Jan HM Schellens
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The family of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and FGF receptors (FGFRs) plays a critical role in cell proliferation and survival. A variety of genetic alterations (e.g. amplifications, mutations, and translocations) of these receptors and ligands have been found in diverse types of tumors. NVP-BGJ398 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of the FGFR tyrosine kinases. It inhibits the proliferation of various FGFR-dependent cell lines at nano-molar concentrations including breast and lung cancers harboring FGFR1 amplification, FGFR2-amplified gastric cancer cell lines and FGFR3-mutated bladder cancers. Objectives of the study: The purpose of this phase I-First In Human dose-escalation study is to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and/or recommended phase II dose (RPTD) of NVP-BGJ398 when administered orally to adult patients with advanced solid tumors. Secondary objectives include safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and preliminary anti-tumor activity in FGFR-dependent cancer. Methods: Patients received BGJ398 daily in a 28-day cycle in escalating dose cohorts starting from 5mg once daily. After cohort 3, patients had to have FGFR1 or FGFR2 amplification or FGFR3 mutation. Dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) were pre-defined and included both severe events and those resulting in significant dosing delays. Preliminary data: 26 patients have been treated, including 10 patients with FGFR1-amplified breast and 3 patients with FGFR1-amplified squamous cell lung cancer. The dose was escalated from 5 mg to 150 mg over 7 dose cohorts. One DLT of delayed dose occurred following a grade 3 AST/ALT event at 100 mg. Adverse events (AE) were generally grade 1-2. The most frequently observed AEs were diarrhea (37%) fatigue (37%) and nausea (32%) Hyperphosphatemia was observed, with increasing frequency at higher doses of NVP-BGJ398, and could be managed with phosphate binders and diuretics. One lung cancer patient with an FGFR1/CEP8 ratio of 2.6 by FISH analysis responded to 100 mg of NVP-BGJ398 with a 33% reduction in target lesions by CT scan at 8 weeks, confirmed at 12 weeks, and a substantial SUV decrease on PET. These observations provide early evidence that inhibition of the FGFR pathway is effective in patients with FGFR dependent cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-122. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-122