tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Impaired Cortical Network for Preattentive Detection of Change in Speech Sounds in Schizophrenia: A High-Resolution Event-Related Potential Study
Authors: Kiyoto Kasai, Kazuyuki Nakagome, Kenji Itoh, Ichiro Koshida, Akinobu Hata, Akira Iwanami, Masato Fukuda, Nobumasa Kato
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia is associated with language-related dysfunction. At the most basic level, the dysfunction of schizophrenic patients in perceiving phoneme boundaries has been demonstrated in a behavioral task. The goal in this study was to obtain an electrophysiological index of preattentive detection of change in speech sounds by schizophrenic patients. METHOD: A high-density recording system was used to measure mismatch negativity, i.e., difference in electrophysiological responses between standard and deviant auditory stimuli. The amplitude of mismatch negativity was measured in 23 right-handed schizophrenic patients and in 28 healthy comparison subjects. Three types of mismatch negativity were recorded: change in duration of pure-tone stimuli, change in duration of the Japanese vowel /a/, and difference between vowels /a/ and /o/ (across-phoneme change). RESULTS: The schizophrenic patients had a lower amplitude of mismatch negativity for across-phoneme change than for change in duration of tone or vowel. For across-phoneme change, the schizophrenia group showed significantly lower bilateral amplitude of mismatch negativity than the comparison subjects. These findings coincide with those from the analysis of scalp current density, indicating that the schizophrenic patients had a significantly weaker left temporal combination of current sink (perpendicularly sinking into the scalp) and current source (arising out of the scalp) and a significantly weaker right frontal/temporal current sink than the comparison subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate impaired frontotemporal cortical networks for preattentive detection of change in speech sounds in schizophrenia. The language-related dysfunction in schizophrenia may be present at the early stage of auditory processing of relatively simple stimuli, such as phonemes, and not just at stages involving higher-order semantic processes.
Outcomes of Upper Eyelid Reconstruction
Authors: Eugenie W.T. Poh, Brett A. O'Donnell, Alan A. McNab, Timothy J. Sullivan, Brent Gaskin, Raman Malhotra, Saj Ataullah, Paul S. Cannon, Brian Leatherbarrow, Weng O. Chan, Garry Davis, Dinesh Selva
Journal: Ophthalmology (2013)
Asymptomatic embolisation for prediction of stroke in the Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study (ACES): a prospective observational study
Authors: Hugh S Markus, Alice King, Martin Shipley, Raffi Topakian, Marisa Cullinane, Sheila Reihill, Natan M Bornstein, Arjen Schaafsma
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2010)

Whether surgery is beneficial for patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis is controversial. Better methods of identifying patients who are likely to develop stroke would improve the risk-benefit ratio for carotid endarterectomy. We aimed to investigate whether detection of asymptomatic embolic signals by use of transcranial doppler (TCD) could predict stroke risk in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis.The Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study (ACES) was a prospective observational study in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 70% from 26 centres worldwide. To detect the presence of embolic signals, patients had two 1 h TCD recordings from the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery at baseline and one 1 h recording at 6, 12, and 18 months. Patients were followed up for 2 years. The primary endpoint was ipsilateral stroke and transient ischaemic attack. All recordings were analysed centrally by investigators masked to patient identity.482 patients were recruited, of whom 467 had evaluable recordings. Embolic signals were present in 77 of 467 patients at baseline. The hazard ratio for the risk of ipsilateral stroke and transient ischaemic attack from baseline to 2 years in patients with embolic signals compared with those without was 2.54 (95% CI 1.20-5.36; p=0.015). For ipsilateral stroke alone, the hazard ratio was 5.57 (1.61-19.32; p=0.007). The absolute annual risk of ipsilateral stroke or transient ischaemic attack between baseline and 2 years was 7.13% in patients with embolic signals and 3.04% in those without, and for ipsilateral stroke was 3.62% in patients with embolic signals and 0.70% in those without. The hazard ratio for the risk of ipsilateral stroke and transient ischaemic attack for patients who had embolic signals on the recording preceding the next 6-month follow-up compared with those who did not was 2.63 (95% CI 1.01-6.88; p=0.049), and for ipsilateral stroke alone the hazard ratio was 6.37 (1.59-25.57; p=0.009). Controlling for antiplatelet therapy, degree of stenosis, and other risk factors did not alter the results.Detection of asymptomatic embolisation on TCD can be used to identify patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis who are at a higher risk of stroke and transient ischaemic attack, and also those with a low absolute stroke risk. Assessment of the presence of embolic signals on TCD might be useful in the selection of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis who are likely to benefit from endarterectomy.British Heart Foundation.
Specific and general underpinnings to number; parallel development
Authors: Antonio Martins-Mourao, Annette Karmiloff-Smith
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract In this commentary, we outline an epistemological continuum between earlier and later number concepts, showing how empirical findings support the view that specific and general underpinnings to number develop in parallel in children; and we raise the question, based on cross-syndrome comparisons in infancy, as to whether exact or approximate number abilities underlie these later skills.
Long-lasting Toll suppression
Authors: Hema Bashyam
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

A study by Didierlaurent et al. (page 323) explains why fighting the flu makes us vulnerable to bacterial infections in the following months. A clampdown of innate immune receptors in the lung might leave the door open to opportunistic bacteria.

The team previously showed that mice that had just recovered from the flu had a weak inflammatory response that made them more susceptible to other pathogens over the next six months. The group now finds that post-flu inflammation in these mice is tempered by a dampened innate immune system.

The innate system usually responds to ligands that activate Toll-like receptors (TLRs). But in mice recovering from the flu, these ligands did not activate TLRs on lung macrophages. The cells therefore did not produce the chemokines necessary to attract neutrophils—the main instigators of lung inflammation.

Although the blunted TLR response might protect the lungs against inflammation-induced damage, it made them vulnerable to bacterial infection. After beating influenza, the mice were killed by pneumonia-causing bacteria that are normally held at bay in the airways.

Influenza and other respiratory viruses are not known to encode TLR-suppressing proteins. This suppression may thus represent the lung's attempts to protect itself from damaging levels of inflammation. The authors suspect that the lungs might suppress TLR expression in response to any insult that causes a massive inflammatory response, including pathogens, injury, or environmental allergens. Their theory is bolstered by the fact that another respiratory pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus, also suppressed macrophage TLR signaling.
Flow cytometric DNA analysis of 20 bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: S Caulet, F Capron, C Ghorra, JM Brechot, B Lebeau, J Diebold
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1993)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumours was measured by flow cytometry in order to investigate correlations between ploidy, S-phase fraction (SPF) and two histological classifications (World Health Organization (WHO), Warren and Gould), and clinical staging. A paraffin-embedded technique was used on 20 surgical specimens. Cases comprised (according to the classification of Warren and Gould) 7 carcinoids, 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (WDNC), 6 intermediate neuroendocrine carcinomas (INC), and 4 small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (SCNC). DNA aneuploidy was demonstrated in 3 out of 7 of the carcinoids, 3 out of 9 of the WDNCs and INCs, and 2 out of 4 of the SCNCs. A variable SPF was found in each group, except for the SCNCs which showed a constantly high SPF. In our small series, no correlation was noted between high SPF or aneuploidy and metastases. In conclusion, we observed no diagnostic value of malignancy for DNA aneuploidy. The SCNC group appeared to be an homogeneous group according to the SPF compared to the small cell carcinoma (SCC) group of the WHO classification. This and the prognostic incidence of high SPF need to be further studied.
A case of 'Crohn's carcinoma'.
Authors: K A Fleming, A C Pollock
Journal: Gut (1975)

A case of adenocarcinoma of the ileum, occurring in an area concomitantly the site of Crohn9s disease, is described. Examination of the literature suggests that there are certain characteristics of the small bowel carcinoma which arises in Crohn9s disease. These include invisibility of the tumour on macroscopic inspection, dysplasia in the surrounding mucosa, and a peculiar endometriosis-like pattern of invasion. The finding that these tumours have certain characteristics is taken as evidence that carcinoma is a complication of Crohn9s disease of the small bowel.
Artificial antigen-presenting constructs efficiently stimulate minor histocompatibility antigen–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Liesbeth E. M. Oosten, Els Blokland, Astrid G. S. van Halteren, Julie Curtsinger, Matthew F. Mescher, J. H. Frederik Falkenburg, Tuna Mutis, Els Goulmy
Journal: Blood (2004)
Six years' experience with perthoracic core needle biopsy in pulmonary lesions.
Authors: A Morgenroth, H P Pfeuffer, M Austgen, H J Viereck, F Trendelenburg
Journal: Thorax (1989)

Six years' experience of percutaneous core needle biopsy using the Hausser needle in 502 patients, aged 20-89 years, is reported. A biopsy was carried out when sputum and bronchoscopic methods had failed to establish a definitive histological diagnosis. Over 60% of the lesions were peripheral and about 40% were 2-4 cm in diameter. A correct diagnosis was made by this means in 312 of the 339 patients shown eventually to have a malignant lesion (92%) and in 130 of 146 patients with a benign lesion (89%). A definitive diagnosis was never established in 17 patients. Complications arose in 15% of cases. Pneumothorax occurred in 43 patients (7%), of whom 12 required a chest drain. Further complications included a small haemoptysis (less than 30 ml) in 27 patients (5%), haemothorax necessitating a chest drain in three patients, and an intrapulmonary haematoma in five patients. There were no fatal or permanent complications. Percutaneous core needle biopsy is a valuable procedure with a high diagnostic accuracy in these patients and a low rate of complications.
A phase II study of SB939, a novel pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor, in patients with translocation-associated recurrent/metastatic sarcomas—NCIC-CTG IND 200
Authors: Q. S.-C. Chu, T.O. Nielsen, T. Alcindor, A. Gupta, M. Endo, A. Goytain, H. Xu, S. Verma, R. Tozer, M. Knowling, V.B. Bramwell, J. Powers, L.K. Seymour, E.A. Eisenhauer
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)
Ethical debate: Should industry sponsor research? Tobacco industry research: collaboration, not confrontation, is the best approach Tobacco company sponsorship discredits medical but not all research Condemning the drinks industry rules out potentially useful research If the drinks industry does not clean up its act, pariah status is inevitable Collaborative research with infant formula companies should not always be censored How much research in infant feeding comes from unethical marketing?
Authors: C. J Proctor, T. Sorell, H. Hannum, G. Edwards, A. Lucas, P. Rundall
Journal: BMJ (1998)

In the United Kingdom, gout represents one of the most common inflammatory arthropathies predominantly managed in the primary care setting. Gout is a red flag indicator for cardiovascular disease and comorbidity. Despite this, there are no incentivised treatment protocols and suboptimal management in the primary care setting is common. A computer based retrospective search at a large inner city GP practice between January 2014-December 2014 inclusive, identified 115 patients with gout. Baseline measurements revealed multiple gout related consultations, poor medication compliance, high uric acid levels and deficiencies in uric acid monitoring. A series of improvement cycles were conducted. A telephone questionnaire conducted in January 2015, identified that patient education was suboptimal. The following improvement cycles aimed to educate patients, improve uric acid monitoring and support medication compliance. It was ultimately hoped that these measures would reduce gout flares and GP practice attendance. The improvement cycles contributed towards reduction in uric acid levels from 0.37 to 0.3 (p=0.14), 20% reduction in patients experiencing one or more gout flares and 77% reduction in GP related consultations between March 2015-March 2016 compared to baseline. The proportion of patients fully compliant with taking their urate lowering therapies improved from 63% to 91% (p=0.0001). A follow up series of PDSA cycles were performed between July-December 2016. The purpose of these cycles was to assess the sustainability of the improved medication compliance demonstrated by the improvement cycles. Three months following the completion of the improvement cycles, full medication compliance dropped from 91% to 70% (p=0.0001). The introduction of a paper calendar saw sustained and maintained improvement in medication compliance to 100% (p=0.0001) at the end of the study period. The improvement and PDSA cycles have demonstrated that simple interventions can be a sustainable way of improving disease control and patient outcomes.
The Integration of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience in the 21st Century
Authors: Joseph B. Martin
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: This article examines the historical basis for the divergence of neurology and psychiatry over the past century and discusses prospects for a rapprochement and potential convergence of the two specialties in the next century. METHOD: The author presents a brief historical overview of developments in neurology and psychiatry from the late 19th century. The histories of research and prevailing scientific opinion on two neuropsychiatric disorders, Alzheimer’s disease and Tourette’s syndrome, are compared to illustrate the effects of viewing a disease process from, respectively, the neurologic/organic and psychiatric/functional perspectives. RESULTS: Research on Alzheimer’s disease, because of its early pathologic demonstration, moved rapidly toward identification of associated synaptic abnormalities and genetic mutations. In Tourette’s syndrome, the absence of evident brain pathology resulted in vacillation between organic and functional explanations and persistent controversy about the nature of the illness. CONCLUSIONS: Neurology and psychiatry have, for much of the past century, been separated by an artificial wall created by the divergence of their philosophical approaches and research and treatment methods. Scientific advances in recent decades have made it clear that this separation is arbitrary and counterproductive. Neurologic and psychiatric research are moving closer together in the tools they use, the questions they ask, and the theoretical frameworks they employ. The interests of neurology and psychiatry converge within the framework of modern neuroscience. Further progress in understanding brain diseases and behavior demands fuller collaboration and integration of these fields. Leaders in academic medicine and science must work to break down the barriers between disciplines.
William Budd, M.D., F.R.S: In Memoriam
Authors: W. M. Clarke
Journal: BMJ (1880)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Username * Your Email * Send To * You are going to email the following William Budd, M.D., F.R.S: In Memoriam Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Peer Supervision of Individual Psychotherapy
Authors: WILLIAM E. TODD, IRVING PINE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

In spite of his previous training, supervision, and analysis or therapy, a psychotherapist who treats varied and difficult patients risks incurring induced emotional problems or ignoring the development of countertransference. For 13 years a group of psychiatrists has been meeting monthly to discuss members' problems in psychotherapy. It has been found that this kind of continuing peer supervision helps minimize nontherapeutic reactions and provides a unique kind of learning which helps the psychotherapist develop his treatment skills.
Paravertebral ossification in psoriatic arthritis.
Authors: E G Bywaters, A S Dixon
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1965)

In 1957 a patient with psoriasis and arthritis who showed remarkable paraspinal and para-articular ossifications was admitted to the Canadian Red Cross Memorial Hospital.We have since seen three other such cases (including one with autopsy studies) all of whom had psoriatic arthritis. Case ReportsCase 1, a man aged 52 years when first seen in October, 1957, developed at 48 years pain in the left shoulder, then in the left wrist, and 2 weeks later in the right wrist and right foot-so badly that he could not walk.History.-He was admitted to another hospital with
A single recombinant anti-RhD IgG prevents RhD immunization: association of RhD-positive red blood cell clearance rate with polymorphisms in the FcγRIIA and FcγIIIA genes
Authors: Sylvia Miescher, Martin O. Spycher, Hanspeter Amstutz, Masja de Haas, Marion Kleijer, Ulrich J. Kalus, Hartmut Radtke, Alphonse Hubsch, Irmgard Andresen, Roland M. Martin, Johann Bichler
Journal: Blood (2004)
A 3-dimensional extracellular matrix as a delivery system for the transplantation of glioma-targeting neural stem/progenitor cells
Authors: K. Hansen, F.-J. Muller, M. Messing, F. Zeigler, J. F. Loring, K. Lamszus, M. Westphal, N. O. Schmidt
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2010)

Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) display inherent pathotropic properties that can be exploited for targeted delivery of therapeutic genes to invasive malignancies in the central nervous system.Optimizing transplantation efficiency will be essential for developing relevant NSPC-based brain tumor therapies.To date, the realworld issue of handling and affixing NSPCs in the context of the neurosurgical resection cavity has not been addressed.Stem cell transplantation using biocompatible devices is a promising approach to counteract poor NSPC graft survival and integration in various types of neurological disorders.Here, we report the development of a 3-dimensional substrate that is based on extracellular matrix purified from tissue-engineered skin cultures (3DECM).3DECM enables the expansion of embedded NSPCs in vitro while retaining their uncommitted differentiation status.When implanted in intracerebral glioma models, NSPCs were able to migrate out of the 3DECM to targeted glioma growing in the contralateral hemisphere, and this was more efficient than the delivery of NSPC by intracerebral injection of cell suspensions.Direct application of a 3DECM implant into a tumor resection cavity led to a marked NSPC infiltration of recurrent glioma.The semisolid consistency of the 3DECM implants allowed simple handling during the surgical procedure of intracerebral and intracavitary application and ensured continuous contact with the surrounding brain parenchyma.Here, we demonstrate proof-of-concept of a matrix-supported transplantation of tumor-targeting NSPC.The semisolid 3DECM as a delivery system for NSPC has the potential to increase transplantation efficiency by reducing metabolic stress and providing mechanical support, especially when administered to the surgical resection cavity after brain tumor removal.
Increased Expression of Androgen Receptor Sensitizes Prostate Cancer Cells to Low Levels of Androgens
Authors: Kati K. Waltering, Merja A. Helenius, Biswajyoti Sahu, Visa Manni, Marika J. Linja, Olli A. Jänne, Tapio Visakorpi
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Androgen receptor (AR) is known to be overexpressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer. To interrogate the functional significance of the AR level, we established two LNCaP cell sublines expressing in a stable fashion two to four times (LNCaP-ARmo) and four to six times (LNCaP-ARhi) higher level of AR than the parental cell line expressing the empty vector (LNCaP-pcDNA3.1). LNCaP-ARhi cell line grew faster than the control line in low concentrations, especially in 1 nmol/L 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Microarray-based transcript profiling and subsequent unsupervised hierarchical clustering showed that LNCaP-ARhi cells clustered together with VCaP cells, containing endogenous AR gene amplification and overexpression, indicating the central role of AR in the overall regulation of gene expression in prostate cancer cells. Two hundred forty genes showed >2-fold changes on DHT treatment in LNCaP-ARhi at 4 h time point, whereas only 164 and 52 showed changes in LNCaP-ARmo and LNCaP-pcDNA3.1, respectively. Many androgen-regulated genes were upregulated in LNCaP-ARhi at 10-fold lower concentration of DHT than in control cells. DHT (1 nmol/L) increased expression of several cell cycle-associated genes in LNCaP-ARhi cells. ChIP-on-chip assay revealed the presence of chromatin binding sites for AR within +/-200 kb of most of these genes. The growth of LNCaP-ARhi cells was also highly sensitive to cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, roscovitine, at 1nmol/L DHT. In conclusion, our results show that overexpression of AR sensitizes castration-resistant prostate cancer cells to the low levels of androgens. The activity of AR signaling pathway is regulated by the levels of both ligand and the receptor.
Systematic review of prevalence of aspirin induced asthma and its implications for clinical practice
Authors: Christine Jenkins, John Costello, Linda Hodge
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Background/Aim: Most known cancer syndromes confer an increased risk of more than one tumour types, and families with more than one colorectal cancer often segregate other cancers as well. The aim of this study was to examine if there is a general increased risk of other cancers in colorectal cancer families, which are defined as having two or more cases of colorectal cancer in close relatives. Materials and Methods: The study used a detailed family history of cancer diagnoses in a cohort of more than 3,000 consecutive colorectal cancer cases. A comparison was made between families with sporadic and those with familial colorectal cancer cases. Detailed morphology data were used to find further support for putative syndromes. Results: There were significantly more non-colorectal cancers in the family history of the familial CRC cases (p&lt;0.001), with significantly more gastric cancers (p&lt;0.001), prostate cancers (p&lt;0.001), urinary bladder cancers (p&lt;0.001) and melanomas (p=0.002), leukaemia/lymphomas (p=0.004), gynaecological cancers (p=0.007) and breast cancers (p=0.023). There was also some support for different morphological profiles for four of the five tested syndromes. Conclusion: This study found support for a general increased risk of one or more different cancer syndromes involving families with colorectal cancer and other cancers. Further studies will define the different possible syndromes and determine the genetic background.