tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HIV Impairs Opsonic Phagocytic Clearance of Pregnancy-Associated Malaria Parasites
Authors: Jessica Keen, Lena Serghides, Kodjo Ayi, Samir N Patel, John Ayisi, Anne van Eijk, Richard Steketee, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, Kevin C Kain
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Background Primigravid (PG) women are at risk for pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM). Multigravid (MG) women acquire protection against PAM; however, HIV infection impairs this protective response. Protection against PAM is associated with the production of IgG specific for variant surface antigens (VSA-PAM) expressed by chondroitin sulfate A (CSA)-adhering parasitized erythrocytes (PEs). We hypothesized that VSA-PAM-specific IgG confers protection by promoting opsonic phagocytosis of PAM isolates and that HIV infection impairs this response. Methods and Findings We assessed the ability of VSA-PAM-specific IgG to promote opsonic phagocytosis of CSA-adhering PEs and the impact of HIV infection on this process. Opsonic phagocytosis assays were performed using the CSA-adherent parasite line CS2 and human and murine macrophages. CS2 PEs were opsonized with plasma or purified IgG subclasses from HIV-negative or HIV-infected PG and MG Kenyan women or sympatric men. Levels of IgG subclasses specific for VSA-PAM were compared in HIV-negative and HIV-infected women by flow cytometry. Plasma from HIV-negative MG women, but not PG women or men, promoted the opsonic phagocytosis of CSA-binding PEs (p < 0.001). This function depended on VSA-PAM-specific plasma IgG1 and IgG3. HIV-infected MG women had significantly lower plasma opsonizing activity (median phagocytic index 46 [interquartile range (IQR) 18–195] versus 251 [IQR 93–397], p = 0.006) and levels of VSA-PAM-specific IgG1 (mean fluorescence intensity [MFI] 13 [IQR 11–20] versus 30 [IQR 23–41], p < 0.001) and IgG3 (MFI 17 [IQR 14–23] versus 28 [IQR 23–37], p < 0.001) than their HIV-negative MG counterparts. Conclusions Opsonic phagocytosis may represent a novel correlate of protection against PAM. HIV infection may increase the susceptibility of multigravid women to PAM by impairing this clearance mechanism.
Predicting Cognitive Sequelae in Survivors of Critical Illness with Cognitive Screening Tests
Authors: Fu L. Woon, Callie B. Dunn, Ramona O. Hopkins
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

Rationale: Survivors of critical illness have a high rate of cognitive impairments that may persist years after hospital discharge. Data are lacking regarding whether cognitive screening tests administered at hospital discharge can be used to predict which critically ill patients are likely to have long-term cognitive sequelae.Objectives: This prospective study assessed whether two cognitive screening tests, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Mini-Cog, administered at hospital discharge, predict cognitive sequelae in survivors of critical illness 6 months after hospital discharge.Methods: Seventy critically ill patients completed the MMSE and Mini-Cog just before hospital discharge. Of these 70 patients, 53 completed a neuropsychological battery 6 months after hospital discharge.Measurements and Main Results: At hospital discharge, 45 patients (64%) had impaired performance on the MMSE (score < 27, mean = 24.4) and 32 (45%) on the Mini-Cog. Twenty-seven patients (39%) were impaired on both the MMSE and Mini-Cog, whereas only 20 patients (28%) had scores in the normal range on both tests. Cognitive sequelae occurred in 57% of survivors (30 of 53) at 6 months, with predominant dysfunction in the memory (38%) and executive (36%) domains. Logistic regression analyses showed that neither the MMSE nor the Mini-Cog predicted cognitive sequelae at 6 months.Conclusions: A large number of critically ill survivors had cognitive impairments, as assessed by the MMSE and Mini-Cog, at hospital discharge. However, the MMSE and Mini-Cog scores did not predict long-term cognitive sequelae at 6-month follow-up and cannot be used as surrogate endpoints for long-term cognitive impairment.
The ECG has limited value for detecting left atrial enlargement
Authors: M.D. Alaoua, M. Alam, F. Khaja, B. Rybicki, S. Goldstoin, H. Sabbah, S. Smith, N. Wulbrecht, K. Richer-Comish, S. Borzak
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Aberrant DNA methylation distinguishes hepatocellular carcinoma associated with HBV and HCV infection and alcohol intake
Authors: Marie-Pierre Lambert, Anupam Paliwal, Thomas Vaissière, Isabelle Chemin, Fabien Zoulim, Massimo Tommasino, Pierre Hainaut, Bakary Sylla, Jean-Yves Scoazec, Jörg Tost, Zdenko Herceg
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
urocortin promotes hemodynamic and bioenergetic recovery and improves cell survival in the isolated rat heart exposed to ischemia/reperfusion
Authors: Tiziano M Scarabelli, Evasio Pasini, Anastasis Stephanou, Laura Comini, Salvatore Curello, Riccardo Raddino, Roberto Ferrari, Richard Knight, David S Latchman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Corticosteroids and Pituitary-adrenal Function
Authors: M. A. Ganderton, V. H. T. James
Journal: BMJ (1970)

MBIcRfJOURNAL ever, the advice to continue increasing the dose "until intolerable side-effects are provoked or a total daily dose of about 8 g. is attained" should be modified.Experience in starting three to five new patients weekly on treatment with L-dopa has shown that many months are needed to become familiar with the drug's actions, its foibles, and the range of patients' responses to it.Some of our patients have done well on as little as 1-5 g. per day, and only rarely was it nec- essary to exceed 6 g. per day.In a group of 88 patients we found the average effective therapeutic dose to be 4-5 g. per day.This is in agreement with the average dose used
Superannuation and the Elderly G.P
Authors: D. McFarlane
Journal: BMJ (1973)

vaccination had readily paid £150 for a holiday for two, £10 for his Dassport, and £7 to park his car at the airport.If doctors are unble or unwilling to alter their open-ended contract with the Government, at least let there -be proper professional respect in the private sector.-I am, etc.,
The social dynamics of embodied cognition
Authors: S. Stavros Valenti, Thomas A. Stoffregen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Reaching in the A-not-B situation is not the product of a single person, but rather of a person-person system. We argue that models of embodied cognition distributed over persons may be necessary to capture the essential qualities of evolving behaviors, even those as simple as perseverative reaching.
Effect of Changes in Hydrostatic Pressure in Peritubular Capillaries on the Permeability of the Proximal Tubule
Authors: John P. Hayslett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

The effect of increased hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular vessels on net sodium reabsorption from the proximal tubule was examined in the Necturus. An increase in the pressure gradient of 2.0 cm H(2)O across the wall of the proximal tubule, produced by ligation of the postcaval vein was associated with a marked reduction in net reabsorption and an increased back flux of water and electrolytes. This change was accompanied by a slight, but significant drop in the transepithelial electrical potential but not by an alteration in the steady-state chemical gradient. These studies highlight the importance of changes in the permeability characteristics of the proximal tubule on net sodium transport.
F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose: Its Potential in Differentiating Between Stress Fracture and Neoplasia
Authors: ROBERT PAUL, AAPO AHONEN, PEKKA VIRTAMA, ALLAN AHO, TAUNO EKFORS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) accumulates into regions of enhanced glucose uptake and metabolism such as the brain, heart, and malignant tumors. The clinical usefulness of this positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical is illustrated in a case where the clinical picture and CT indicated a malignant bone lesion in the clavicle. Histologically a stress fracture was found secondary to chronic strain on the clavicle. On follow-up the lesion's course was benign. Planar imaging with F-18 FDG was performed twice during follow-up, and on both occasions there was no accumulation of radioactivity over the suspicious area, indicating normal glucose consumption. This case demonstrates the differential diagnostic potential of F-18 FDG and shows that clinically useful information may be obtained without a position emission tomograph.
An essential role for RasGRP1 in mast cell function and IgE-mediated allergic response
Authors: Yan Liu, Minghua Zhu, Keigo Nishida, Toshio Hirano, Weiguo Zhang
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

Cross-linking of the FcεRI activates the phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Previous studies demonstrate that Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP)1 is essential in T cell receptor–mediated Ras-Erk activation. Here, we report that RasGRP1 plays an important role in FcεRI-mediated PI3K activation and mast cell function. RasGRP1-deficient mice failed to mount anaphylactic allergic reactions. RasGRP1−/− mast cells had markedly reduced degranulation and cytokine production. Although FcεRI-mediated Erk activation was normal, PI3K activation was diminished. Consequently, activation of Akt, PIP3-dependent kinase, and protein kinase C δ was defective. Expression of a constitutively active form of N-Ras could rescue the degranulation defect and Akt activation. We further demonstrated that RasGRP1−/− mast cells were defective in granule translocation, microtubule formation, and RhoA activation. Our results identified RasGRP1 as an essential regulator of mast cell function.
Gastric Alkalinization
Authors: Richard H. Higgs, Robert D. Smyth, Donald O. Castell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

The increase in lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure after gastric alkalinization has been attributed to endogenous gastrin release. The sphincter response to four different alkalinizing agents and serum gastrin levels were compared in 10 normal subjects. Despite increases in sphincter pressure after gastric alkalinization, serum gastrin levels did not change significantly. Serum gastrin levels and lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure did decrease after 30 minutes of gastric acidification. Although the pressure increased with subsequent gastric alkalinization, serum gastrin levels did not change from the depressed post-acidification level. Finally, in five patients with peptic-ulcer disease, calcium carbonate increased sphincter pressure at a time when serum gastrin levels were unchanged. When serum gastrin levels did increase, sphincter pressure had returned toward basal levels. These observations confirm the effect of gastric alkalinization in increasing the pressure, but suggest that endogenous gastrin release has little, if any, role in this response. (N Engl J Med 291:486–490, 1974)
Antibody to Platelet/Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Reduces Myocardial Infarct Size in a Rat Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Richard J. Gumina, Jo El Schultz, Zhenhai Yao, Dermot Kenny, David C. Warltier, Peter J. Newman, Garrett J. Gross
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Antibodies to selected neutrophil or endothelial cell adhesion molecules decrease myocardial infarct size in vivo. Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is an immunoglobulin gene superfamily member expressed constitutively on neutrophils and endothelium. F(ab′) 2 fragments of antibody against PECAM-1 inhibit transendothelial migration of neutrophils in several in vivo models of acute inflammation. Therefore, we examined the effect of F(ab′) 2 fragments of anti–PECAM-1 antibody in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Methods and Results F(ab′) 2 fragments of the anti–PECAM-1 antibody SEW16 and control normal rabbit IgG (NRIgG) were administered at 5 mg/kg to male Wistar rats, and the rats were subjected to a 30-minute coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. At the completion of each experiment, the area at risk, infarct size (IS), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were determined. Compared with untreated (n=8; IS, 57±5%) or NRIgG-treated (n=10; IS, 62±3%) control rats, SEW16-treated rats (n=15; IS, 28.5±4%) displayed a 54% decrease in myocardial infarct size ( P &lt;.001). Hemodynamic parameters, leukocyte counts, total left ventricular weight, and area-at-risk weights did not differ significantly between the treatment groups. However, measurement of MPO activity revealed that neutrophil accumulation was reduced 83% (NRIgG, 975±55 mU/g; SEW16, 167±62 mU/g). Conclusions These results demonstrate that blocking PECAM-1 exerts a significant protective effect in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via blockade of neutrophil accumulation in the myocardium.
Probable amniotic fluid embolism precipitated by amniocentesis and treated by exchange transfusion.
Authors: J Dodgson, J Martin, J Boswell, H B Goodall, R Smith
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Clinical evaluation of lysuride in the management of hyperprolactinaemia Bromocriptine is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that acts as a dopamine agonist and is highly effective in achieving normoprolactinaemia in most patients with raised serum prolactin concentrations.Some patients, however, may have unacceptable side effects.Lysuride hydrogen maleate (lisuride; Revanil, Schering UK) is an 8-a-ergolene which has potent dopamine agonist activity both in vitro and in vivo'; currently there are few data available about the incidence of side effects with lysuride in relation to its clinical efficacy.We have therefore assessed the efficacy of lysuride in 24 consecutive women presenting with hyperprolactinaemia. Patients, methods, and resultsAll 24 patients (age range 19-42) presented with a serum prolactin concentration (mean of three estimations) above 360 mU/I, which is the upper limit of normal in on 18 August 2023 by guest.
Early diagnosis of cytomegalovirus hepatitis in liver transplant recipients: Role of immunostaining, dna hybridization and culture of hepatic tissue
Authors: Carlos V. Paya, Keith E. Holley, Russell H. Wiesner, Kumaravelu Balasubramaniam, Thomas F. Smith, Mark J. Espy, Jurgen Ludwig, Kenneth P. Batts, Paul E. Hermans, Ruud A.F. Krom
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

Immunostaining techniques that use a monoclonal antibody against an early cytomegalovirus antigen or a polyclonal antibody, in situ DNA hybridization and inoculation of cell cultures for the detection of cytomegalovirus from liver biopsy specimens were studied in 20 liver transplant patients with cytomegalovirus hepatitis, as defined by histological criteria. A total of 108 liver biopsy specimens from 20 patients with a diagnosis of cytomegalovirus hepatitis (obtained per protocol at 7, 21, 90, and 180 days or whenever liver dysfunction occurred), which had previously been examined histologically and in cell culture, were again studied by recutting the liver tissue for histological examination, DNA hybridization and immunostaining with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to cytomegalovirus. In 5 of 20 patients, the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus hepatitis could have been made earlier (mean = 9.6 days) by immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody. Of 47 biopsy specimens with cytomegalovirus inclusion bodies, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic procedures were immunostaining with monoclonal antibody (84% and 90%) and polyclonal antibody (72% and 97%), in situ DNA hybridization (72% and 100%) and cell culture detection (52% and 95%), respectively. Immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody against an early CMV antigen frequently detected cytomegalovirus infection in the liver allograft earlier than identification of typical histological inclusion bodies. DNA in situ hybridization was less sensitive than other techniques but highly specific; cytomegalovirus cell culture lacked sensitivity compared with the other procedures.
Thoracoscopic Stand-Alone Left Atrial Appendectomy for Thromboembolism Prevention in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Toshiya Ohtsuka, Mikio Ninomiya, Takahiro Nonaka, Motoyuki Hisagi, Takahiro Ota, Toru Mizutani
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Provider-Patient Communication and Metabolic Control
Authors: Richard L Street, Veronica K Piziak, Wllma S Carpentier, Jean Herzog, Joyce Hejl, Gladys Skinner, Lynn McLellan
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

OBJECTIVE To determine whether nurses' and NIDDM patients' communicationstyles during consultations are related to subsequent metabolic control and to examine factors influencing patterns of communication in these consultations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 47 NIDDM patients participated in the study and completed the following procedures: 1) assessment of baseline HbA1 2) attended 3.5 days of diabetes education, 3) returned in 1 mo fora follow-up consultation with a nurse, and (4) returned in 9–12 wk for a follow-up HbA1 assessment. The communication variables coded from the consultations were the frequency with which nurses produced controlling, informative, and patientcentered utterances and the frequency with which patients sought information, engaged in decision making, and expressed negative affect. RESULTS The results were as follows: 1) patients experienced poorer metabolic control after interacting with nurses who were more controlling and directive in their communication with patients (r = 0.39, P &amp;lt; 0.01); 2) the nurses' use of patientcentered responses was directly related to the degree to which patients expressed feelings (r = 0.34, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and exhibited decision-making behavior (r = 0.62, P &amp;lt; 0.01); and 3) several of the nurses' and patients' communicative behaviors were related to patient characteristics such as age, sex, education, and baseline HbA1 levels. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that providers' attempts to exert considerable control during consultations with NIDDM patients may be counterproductive and contribute to poorer outcomes. The findings also indicate that patient-centered behaviors (e.g., encouraging the patient's involvement, respecting the patient's opinion, and offering support) facilitate the patient's ability to be an active participant in the consultation.
Superoxide Dismutases in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Marvin L. Salin, Joe M. McCord
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

Isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found to contain two distinct superoxide dismutases, electrophoretically identical to the superoxide dismutases found in other human tissues. One is inhibited by cyanide and is located in the cytosol. The other is not inhibited by cyanide and is mitochondrial. These findings disagree with reports by other laboratories, which did not find the cyanide-sensitive cytoplasmic enzyme. The superoxide dismutase-containing preparation of leukocytes released large amounts of superoxide into the medium when the cells were phagocytizing, suggesting that, if the cell population is homogeneous, superoxide production probably takes place on the outer surface of the cell membrane, in addition to inside the phagocytic vacuole.
The cAMP effectors Epac and protein kinase a (PKA) are involved in the hepatic cystogenesis of an animal model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)
Authors: Jesús M. Banales, Tatyana V. Masyuk, Sergio A. Gradilone, Anatoliy I. Masyuk, Juan F. Medina, Nicholas F. LaRusso
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

PCK rats, an animal model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), develop cholangiocyte-derived liver cysts associated with increased intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), the inhibition of which suppresses cyst growth. We hypothesized that elevated cAMP stimulates cholangiocyte proliferation via two downstream effectors, exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epac1 and Epac2 isoforms) and protein kinase A (PKA), and that intracellular calcium is also involved in this process. Assessment of Epac isoforms and PKA regulatory subunits at the messenger RNA and protein level showed that cultured normal rat cholangiocytes express Epac1, Epac2, and all regulatory PKA subunits. Epac isoforms and the PKA RIbeta subunit were overexpressed in cultured PCK cholangiocytes. Proliferation analysis in response to Epac and PKA activation indicated that both normal and PCK cholangiocytes increase their growth upon Epac-specific stimulation, while PKA-specific stimulation results in differential effects, suppressing proliferation in normal cholangiocytes but accelerating this process in PCK cholangiocytes. On the other hand, both PKA and Epac activation of cystic structures generated by normal and PCK cholangiocytes when cultured under three-dimensional conditions resulted in increased cyst growth, particularly in PCK-cholangiocyte derived cysts. Pharmacological inhibitors and small interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing demonstrated the specificity of each effector activation, as well as the involvement of MEK-ERK1/2 signaling in all the observed effector-associated proliferation changes. Hyperproliferation of PCK cholangiocytes in response to PKA stimulation, but not to Epac stimulation, was found to be associated with decreased intracellular calcium, and restoration of calcium levels blocked the PKA-dependent proliferation via the PI3K/AKT pathway.Our data provide strong evidence that both cAMP effectors, Epac and PKA, and the levels of intracellular calcium are involved in the hepatic cystogenesis of ARPKD.
Hepatitis B x antigen up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 in hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Zhaorui Lian, Jie Liu, Mengchao Wu, Hong-Yang Wang, Patrick Arbuthnot, Michael Kew, Mark A. Feitelson
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Hepatitis B x antigen (HBxAg) is a trans-activating protein that contributes to liver cancer, in part, by altering the expression of cellular genes. However, few natural effectors of HBxAg have been identified. Hence, HBxAg positive and negative HepG2 cells were prepared and analyzed by PCR select cDNA subtraction. The results identified elevated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 short form splice variant (VEGFR-3(S)) expression in HBxAg positive compared to negative cells. Normally, VEGFR-3 activates Akt signaling in lymphatic endothelial cells, resulting in lymphangiogenesis. In contrast, the results here show that the expression of VEGFR-3(S) is up-regulated in >75% of HBxAg positive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodules. VEGFR-3(S) up-regulation correlates with the expression of HBxAg, is associated with decreased survival in tumor bearing patients, and when over-expressed in HepG2 cells, strongly stimulated cell growth in culture, in soft agar, and accelerated tumor formation in a ligand independent manner. VEGFR-3(S) siRNA partially blocked the ability of HBxAg to promote hepatocellular growth. In conclusion, HBxAg may short circuit VEGFR-3(S) signaling in liver cancer. Blocking VEGFR-3(S) signaling may be effective in preventing tumor development and/or prolonging survival in tumor bearing patients.