tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
AN EXPERIMENTAL INQUIRY INTO THE EFFECTS OF INJECTING PUS INTO THE VEINS OF ANIMALS
Authors: J. S. Gamgee
Journal: BMJ (1853)

of pathology, intervening between inmation and hyper- trophy, to which the term inflammatory hypertrophy may be given, embraees a large number of morbid products which have hitherto remained unclassed, or which have been arranged in such a manner as to convey no idea of their real nature."He distinguishes three classes of cases, in the first of which inflammation lingers on a long time without causing any structural change; in the setond, it lingers on in the same way, but is attended with hy- pertrophy; and in the third, it subsides, after having given a stimulus to the hypertrophy, which then goes on wvithout it.It seems to me in the highest degree pro- bable, that in many of those cases which Mr. Humphry would comprise under inflammatory hypertrophy, there is no true inflammation, but one only of its parts, viz.more or less of hyperwmic afflux.The instance of elephant- iasis to which he alludes, seems, from all that we know of *its pathology, to be certainly widely different in its real essence fromu any mere inflammation either of the lymphatics or of the skin.Whatever inflammation may havc to do with
Physician payment: fee for time
Authors: F. O. Walker
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —In their article on a fee-for-time system, Drs Wachtel and Stein 1 argue for the controversial proposal that physician compensation should be based solely on time. The approach is inherently counterintuitive. Should a talkative dermatologist who sees 20 patients a day be paid the same as a terse one who sees 60? Is 2 hours spent replacing a hip equivalent to four half-hour sessions demonstrating back exercises? Is 1 hour spent doing laparoscopic tubal ligation worth the same as time spent discussing the use of birth control pills? Given such obvious shortcomings of the feefor-time proposal, one wonders how it merits serious consideration. Perhaps the authors were so concerned with pay differences between specialties that they overlooked the adverse effects of a fee-for-time system within specialties.  Attempts to define relative value by formula, although new to medicine, are not new to the workplace. Rhoads, in one of
Impaired glucose tolerance: qualitative and quantitative study of general practitioners' knowledge and perceptions
Authors: G. Wylie
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To investigate general practitioners9 knowledge of and attitudes to impaired glucose tolerance. <b>Design:</b> Mixed methodology qualitative and quantitative study with semistructured interviews, focus groups, and questionnaires. <b>Setting:</b> 34 general practitioners in five primary care groups in the north east of England. <b>Results:</b> All the general practitioners had knowledge of impaired glucose tolerance as a clinical entity, but they had little awareness of the clinical significance of impaired glucose tolerance and were uncertain about managing and following up these patients. Attitudes to screening were mixed and were associated with reservations about increased workload, concern about lack of resources, and pessimism about the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions. Some general practitioners felt strongly that screening patients for impaired glucose tolerance and subsequent lifestyle intervention medicalised an essentially social problem and that a health educational approach, involving schools and the media, should be adopted instead. A minority expressed a positive attitude towards a pharmacological approach. <b>Conclusion:</b> Awareness of impaired glucose tolerance needs to be raised, and guidelines for management are needed. General practitioners remain to be convinced that they have a role in attempting to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes by targeting interventions at patients with impaired glucose tolerance. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Impaired glucose tolerance is common and carries a 50% risk of progression to type 2 diabetes within 10 years of diagnosis and a doubling of the risk of developing cardiovascular disease Lifestyle intervention can significantly reduce the progression to diabetes, although the evidence for reduction in cardiovascular disease is less compelling <h3>What this study adds</h3> Awareness of the clinical significance of impaired glucose tolerance among general practitioners is low General practitioners are uncertain how best to manage and follow up patients with established impaired glucose tolerance General practitioners are reluctant to screen patients for impaired glucose tolerance for a variety of reasons
Modulation of severity of reperfusion stunning in the isolated rat heart by agents altering calcium flux at onset of reperfusion.
Authors: E F du Toit, L H Opie
Journal: Circulation Research (1992)

The present study tested the hypothesis that a reduction in calcium flux across the sarcolemma or the sarcoplasmic reticulum at the onset of reperfusion could attenuate subsequent mechanical "stunning" (postischemic myocardial dysfunction). The isolated working rat heart was subjected to 20 minutes of total global ischemia, reperfused in the Langendorff mode for 5 minutes, and then made to work again for 10 minutes. During the early reperfusion period (first 2 minutes), the effects of agents thought to increase cytosolic calcium (high external calcium [modified Tyrode's solution replaced Krebs-Henseleit buffer as the perfusate], isoproterenol, forskolin, and Bay K 8644) were tested. All these interventions worsened stunning. The cardiac output (CO) of control hearts recovered to 74.7 +/- 3.4%, whereas recovery was 56.3 +/- 3.7% (p less than 0.05) for high calcium (10 mM), 53.4 +/- 3.6% (p less than 0.05) for isoproterenol, 43.4 +/- 4.1% (p less than 0.05) for Bay K 8644, and 62.7 +/- 2.4% (p less than 0.002) for forskolin. Interventions aimed at limiting calcium flux during early reperfusion, such as reperfusion with a low extracellular calcium or the addition of ryanodine (3 x 10(-9) M), nisoldipine (10(-8) M), or the inorganic blockers Mn2+ (2 mM) or Mg2+ (16 mM), were also tested. Low extracellular calcium (0.75 mM) improved CO to 91.8 +/- 0.8% (p less than 0.05). Reperfusion with ryanodine and nisoldipine gave CO recoveries of 103.6 +/- 1.8% (p less than 0.002) and 99.0 +/- 2.8% (p less than 0.002), respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The flow cytometer.
Authors: A H Wyllie
Journal: BMJ (1987)

One-hundred and two patients with epithelial borderline ovarian tumors treated at Tampere University Hospital between January 1965 and September 1991 were evaluated. There were 48 patients with serous tumors and 54 with mucinous tumors. Ninety-three (91%) patients had clinical stage I and nine had stage III disease. Abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed in 70% of the patients. Forty percent of those with serous and 20% with mucinous tumors were operated conservatively. After conservative surgery six patients had a total of 10 deliveries and none of these had a recurrence. Seven patients received chemotherapy, none had radiation therapy. An aneuploid DNA pattern was identified in 8.2% of 85 specimens studied and a high S-phase fraction was found in 8.6% of 81 specimens studied. DNA measurement failed to identify the malignantly behaving tumors. Elevated preoperative serum levels of CA125 were found in 10(63%) out of 16 cases studied. All of them dropped postoperatively to normal. During the follow-up period (mean 11.6 years, range 4.5-29.7 years) 22 patients died but in 17 of them death was unrelated to ovarian tumor. The corrected (borderline malignancies related) 5-year survival rate was 100% in patients with serous tumor and 96% with mucinous tumor, 25-year survival rate was 97% and 91%, respectively. There was no difference between the serous and mucinous groups. Our results show that ovarian borderline tumors have a good prognosis. Quite conservative therapy is often enough, especially in low-stage disease in young women who want to retain their fertility.
CARDIAC AUTOANTIBODIES
Authors: S. P. Halbert, S. E. Holm, A. Thompson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

1. A high proportion of rabbits immunized with pooled rabbit heart homogenates in complete Freund's adjuvant responded with the production of multiple precipitating antibodies to soluble rabbit heart antigens. The most potent antisera revealed at least five distinct antigens. 2. Rabbit anti-rabbit heart antibodies reacted with similar antigens in other mammalian hearts, (human, rat, guinea pig, and bovine) with apparent "reactions of identity" by immunodiffusion. 3. Rabbits immunized with human, rat, or guinea pig heart homogenates also responded with multiple precipitating antibodies directed against rabbit cardiac antigens, although somewhat less intensively than animals immunized homologously. The specificities of these antibodies appeared to be the same as those evoked homologously. 4. The autoantibody nature of the homologously and heterologously induced responses was unequivocally demonstrated in several instances by reactions between the sera from immunized rabbits and their own hearts. 5. Many of the autoantibodies appeared to be directed against antigens restricted to the heart, judging by comparative immunodiffusion tests with other rabbit tissue extracts. This was convincingly confirmed by multiple absorption of potent antisera with several rabbit tissues. The cardiac-restricted antigens were also present in heart extracts of other mammalian species. In those instances where some of the cardiac-evoked autoantibodies reacted with other rabbit tissues, the tissue cross-reactions were quite variable. 6. Rabbits immunized with guinea pig heart homogenate suffered a high early mortality of undetermined cause, compared to animals immunized with rabbit, human, or rat hearts. 7. A small proportion of the anti-heart sera revealed immunodiffusion reactions with Group A streptococcal products, derived from organisms grown in antigen-free media. In these few instances, the reactions appeared unrelated to cardiac autoantibody responses.
Abstract P1-05-05: Epithelial cell reprogramming assay reveals inter-individual heterogeneity in stem/basal and progenitor cell profile of the normal breast
Authors: H Nakshatri, M Anjanappa, P Bhat-Nakshatri
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Objectives: The majority of our understanding of mammary epithelial cell hierarchy is from mouse models. In addition, due to limited replication potential, primary cells of either mouse or human origin have rarely been used for functional studies. In this study, we took advantage of the recently developed epithelial cell-reprogramming assay that utilizes irradiated fibroblasts and ROCK inhibitor to characterize breast epithelial cells from individuals with varying degree of breast cancer risk. Methods: Primary breast tissues were collected at the time of surgery and cultured either immediately or at convenient time after freezing in liquid nitrogen with ROCK inhibitor. Flow cytometry sorting was employed to fractionate and propagate stem-like/basal (CD49f+/EpCAM-), luminal progenitor (CD49f+/EpCAM+), and mature (CD49f-/EpCAM+) cell enriched fractions. Similar fractionation/characterization was performed using CD133, CD10, CD271, EGFR and ALDEFLUOR. Results: Inter-individual variability was observed in proportion of CD49f+/EpCAM+, CD49-/EpCAM+ and CD133+ cells. Epithelial cells from a patient considered high risk based on the history of hyperplasia as well as cells from BRCA1 and BRCA2 patients displayed unique CD49f and EpCAM staining pattern compared to cells isolated from adjoining “normal” tissue of two cancer patients. In addition, CD133+ population was higher in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutant patients. Morphologically, cells isolated from BRCA1 patient displayed higher levels of cells with mesenchymal phenotype. Upon short-term culturing of cells under regular 2D culture without reprogramming conditions, cell surface marker profile remained unchanged suggesting that most of the cell surface marker profile is cell intrinsic. CD49f+/EpCAM-, CD49f+/EpCAMhigh, CD49f+/EpCAMmedium, CD49f-/EpCAM+, CD133+/EpCAM+, and CD10+/EpCAM+ cells were amicable for further propagation in culture. CD49f+/EpCAMmedium cells cultured for two weeks remained CD49f+/EpCAMmedium. Additional marker profiling including cancer stem cell markers is underway to further refine stem, progenitor, and mature cells. Conclusion: Ability to propagate distinct subpopulation of normal cells from patients with different breast cancer risk would allow investigation of the impact of cell type origin of cancer on the course of the disease including response to therapy and the development of in vitro assay for breast cancer risk assessment. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-05-05.
Clinical follow up study of 87 patients with sicca symptoms (dryness of eyes or mouth, or both)
Authors: M. Pertovaara, M. Korpela, H. Uusitalo, J. Pukander, A. Miettinen, H. Helin, A. Pasternack
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1999)

<h3>OBJECTIVE</h3> To assess the prognosis of patients with sicca symptoms and to identify the clinical and immunological factors that most sensitively predict the later development of primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) or other connective tissue diseases. <h3>METHODS</h3> Eighty seven patients (72 female, 15 male) with sicca symptoms were re-evaluated after a median follow up time of 11 years (range 8–17). The clinical examination included ophthalmological examination (Schirmer's test, break up time and Rose-Bengal staining). Labial salivary gland biopsy was performed and histological findings graded according to the Chisholm-Mason scale. The immunoserological tests included determination of rheumatoid factor (RF), antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-extractable nuclear antigen-antibodies (ENA), serum immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, and IgM, and serum β<sub>2</sub>-microglobulin (β<sub>2</sub>m). <h3>RESULTS</h3> At follow up 31 patients (36%) fulfilled modified Californian criteria (salivary flow measurements were not performed and Chisholm-Mason grades 3–4 were regarded as diagnostic histological findings) for possible or definite SS. Likewise, a significant progression of the histological findings was observed. Labial salivary gland re-biopsy was performed in 42 patients with grade 0–2 findings at baseline, progression to grades 3–4 being observed in 21 (50%) at follow up. The patients who later developed SS were at baseline significantly older (mean (SD) 52 (9)<i>v</i> 44 (14) years, p⩽0.005) compared with those not fulfilling the SS criteria at follow up; they also had significantly higher serum β<sub>2</sub>m (p⩽0.0005) and IgG concentrations (p⩽0.005), and they had positive ANA more frequently (p⩽0.01). <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> These results suggest that high age, increased values of serum β<sub>2</sub>m, ANA positivity and increased concentrations of serum IgG, might be useful indicators for the subsequent development of SS in patients with sicca symptoms. The prognosis of patients with these symptoms was favourable, and the clinical course was benign even in the 36% of patients who developed SS. No cases of lymphoma were observed.
On the Mechanism of the Nose as Regards Respiration, Taste, and Smell
Authors: G. MacDonald
Journal: BMJ (1888)

the diaphragm is adherent to the somatic wall just opposite the bmchial plexus and developing limbs, and the backward coturse of the uerve is caused by the mcreased size of the heart and lungs, sud the consequent pushing backwards of the diaphragm.It appears to ine that from the nerve-supply of the muscle we are supplied with a hinit that ontogenetically the diaphragm is re- lated t. the same miiuscular stratum as the infra-hyoid muscles.
Clinical Malnutrition in Italy in 1945
Authors: Jack Metcoff, Andrew J. McQueeney
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1946)

THIS report describes a practical survey procedure for rapid clinical assessment of the nutritional status of selected population groups within a given community or area. It summarizes the results of thirty-five such studies performed in Italy during the winter, spring and summer of 1945. Approximately 4000 persons were examined. Data derived from 3109 children and pregnant or nursing women selected from refugee, institutionalized, school and population-at-large groups are presented.By rapid, standardized assessment operations, carried out over a wide geographic area and utilizing a consistent weighted sampling technic, it was possible to gather epidemiologic information on malnutrition. This implies the . . .
Short-term androgen suppression and radiotherapy versus intermediate-term androgen suppression and radiotherapy, with or without zoledronic acid, in men with locally advanced prostate cancer (TROG 03.04 RADAR): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 factorial trial
Authors: James W Denham, David Joseph, David S Lamb, Nigel A Spry, Gillian Duchesne, John Matthews, Chris Atkinson, Keen-Hun Tai, David Christie, Lizbeth Kenny, Sandra Turner, Nirdosh Kumar Gogna, Terry Diamond, Brett Delahunt, Christopher Oldmeadow, John Attia, Allison Steigler
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2014)
Book Review Clinical Monitoring Edited by Carol L. Lake. 832 pp., illustrated. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1990. $67.85. Monitoring in Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Second edition. Edited by Casey D. Blitt. 903 pp., illustrated. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1990. $99.50.
Authors: G. Bashein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)
Information Wanted on Inebriate Hospitals.
Authors: J. B. Carrell
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Hatboro, Pa., Dec. 3, 1907. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I am preparing a paper on the necessity of Pennsylvania enacting a law to build, equip and maintain an inebriate hospital, and will be very thankful to any physician or person experienced in institutional work for information for or against the project. I would like particularly to hear from Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota and New York, where such institutions are, will be, or have been in operation. The paper must be completed by January 1, so I must ask for prompt replies. I will thank in advance all who will be kind enough to respond. Member of Committee of Asylum for Inebriates, of the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania.
Nitric oxide donor prevents hepatic and systemic perfusion decrease induced by endotoxin in anesthetized rabbits
Authors: Catherine M. Pastor, Marie-Reine Losser, Didier Payen
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Controversial studies have been published concerning the role of nitric oxide (NO) release (beneficial or deleterious) during sepsis. Severe hypotension has been treated by NO inhibitors in humans, but animal studies described an increased mortality rate with this treatment. We hypothesized that an NO donor might be beneficial in maintaining liver flow during endotoxemia. To answer that question, mean arterial pressure (MAP), aortic, hepatic artery, and portal vein blood flow velocities (AoV, HAV, and PVV) (Doppler technique) were measured after endotoxin injection (Escherichia coli, Salmonella minnesota, and Salmonella enteritidis, 400 micrograms each, intravenously) in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated rabbits. Fifteen animals were treated with saline solution (10 mL/hr) or linsidomine perfusion (2 mg over 3 hours, 10 mL/hr). Saline-treated animals experienced a hypodynamic shock with a decrease in MAP, AoV, and PVV. In contrast, HAV increased without fully compensating the PVV decrease. In linsidomine-perfused rabbits, AoV and PVV remained at control level, and HAV increased without any further effect on MAP. Serum lactate levels increased in the saline-treated group and did not change in linsidomine-treated animals. These findings show that at the early phase of an endotoxin shock, and in the absence of intense fluid resuscitation, linsidomine perfusion is beneficial in maintaining systemic and hepatic perfusion while preventing lactic acidosis. These data suggest that, in the early phase of endotoxemia, NO is insufficiently released to allow adequate liver perfusion.
GASTRIC ACIDITY IN THYROID DYSFUNCTION
Authors: S. ALLEN WILKINSON
Journal: JAMA (1933)

It has been recognized for some time that hyperthyroidism causes changes in gastric acidity and that in some cases there is an absence of hydrochloric acid. Hardt<sup>1</sup>in 1916 called attention to the fact that thyroid feeding caused lowered gastric acidity in normal dogs. Barker<sup>2</sup>in 1918 mentioned hypochlorhydria, and King<sup>3</sup>in 1919 noted that achlorhydria and achylia occur in hyperthyroidism. Lockwood<sup>4</sup>in 1925 and Moll and Scott<sup>5</sup>in 1927 reported a high incidence of achlorhydria in exophthalmic goiter. Following this line of thought, Truesdell<sup>6</sup>in 1926 showed that a lowering of acidity could be produced regularly by feeding thyroid to dogs, and in some achlorhydria was produced. On the other hand, Crile<sup>7</sup>and his co-workers have held that the same mechanism that produced hyperthyroidism could in some cases produce peptic ulcer. He has also stated that denervation of the suprarenals and a
Mechanism of Prophylaxis by Silver Compounds against Infection of Burns
Authors: C. R. Ricketts, E. J. L. Lowbury, J. C. Lawrence, M. Hall, M. D. Wilkins
Journal: BMJ (1970)

To clarify tthe mechanism by which local application of silver compounds protects burns against infection, an ion-specific electrode was used to measùre the concentration of silver ions in solutions. By this method it was shown that in burn dressings silver ions were reduced to a very low level by precipitation as silver chloride. The antibacterial effect was found to depend on the availability of silver ions from solution in contact with precipitate. Between 10(-5) and 10(-6) molar silver nitrate solution in water was rapidly bactericidal. The minimal amount of silver nitrate causing inhibition of respiration of skin in tissue culture was about 25 times the minimal concentration of silver nitrate that inhibited growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Coeliac disease associated with recurrent aphthae.
Authors: M M Ferguson, D Wray, H A Carmichael, R I Russell, F D Lee
Journal: Gut (1980)

Fifty patients presenting sequentially with a history of recurrent aphthae were investigated for evidence of nutritional deficiencies and coeliac disease. In the group, two patients were found to have coeliac disease and their recurrent aphthae cleared soon after starting a gluten free diet. This study confirms the presence of an increased prevalence of nutritional deficiency and of coeliac disease in aphthous patients. However, it is recommended that jejunal biopsy be carried out in these cases only where there is evidence of malabsorption.