tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Surgeon wins record libel damages
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1996)

A British surgeon dubbed “Dr Dolittle” by the Daily Mirror after the death of a patient has won the fourth highest libel damages ever awarded in Britain. Mr Anthony Percy, a consultant orthopaedic surgeon at Queen Mary's Hospital in Sidcup, Kent, was awarded pounds sterling625000 ($938000) by a jury at the High Court in London after a three week trial.

Mr Percy, who alleged that he was “framed and set up” by the Department of Health to divert attention from a shortage of neurosurgical beds, sued after a front page story last March blamed him for the death of 45 year old Mr Malcolm Murray. Mr Murray, who sustained a major brain injury in a hit and run accident, died at Leeds General Infirmary after having been flown …
Paroxysmal hypotension associated with sympathetic withdrawal. A new disorder of autonomic vasomotor regulation.
Authors: R S Williams, T M Bashore
Journal: Circulation (1980)

We evaluated a patient who had transient episodes of hypotension with clinical and laboratory features apparently distinct from previously recognized disorders of vasomotor regulation. In between his abrupt attacks of hypotension, the patient is asymptomatic and demonstrates normal autonomic modulation of heart rate and blood pressure in response to changes in body position, Valsalva maneuver, cold, and exercise. During periods of hypotension, his plasma norepinephrine falls markedly and he has blunted or absent responses to stimuli that normally have a pressor effect due to sympathetic efferent discharge. Mechanical or known hormonal disorders that produce episodic hypotension have been excluded by extensive testing. We suggest two possible causes for our patient's paroxysmal sympathetic withdrawal: first, a centrally mediated inhibition of sympathetic discharge to peripheral resistance and capacitance vessels, but with no afferent stimulus reflexly producing sympathetic withdrawal readily evident; or second, an episodic release of an unknown endogenous compound with inhibitory effects upon central or preganglionic sympathetic neurons or upon postganglionic sympathetic neurons by a presynaptic inhibition of norepinephrine release.
Effect of HIV Infection and Tuberculosis on Hospitalizations and Cost of Care for Young Adults in the United States, 1985 to 1990
Authors: Lisa S. Rosenblum
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

To evaluate the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis on hospitalizations and the cost of care.National Hospital Discharge Survey, a nationally representative survey of discharges from U.S. nonfederal short-stay hospitals, and statewide billing information.Patients 15 to 44 years of age with a listed diagnosis of HIV infection (n = 418,200) or active tuberculosis (n = 77,700) during 1985-1990.During 1985-1990, hospitalizations related to HIV infection increased sixfold, from 18 to 102 per 100,000 persons; during 1988-1990, hospitalizations related to tuberculosis increased twofold, from 8 to 16 per 100,000 persons. The prevalence of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients increased from 2.4% in 1985-1988 to 5.1% in 1989-1990 (P = 0.003). The prevalence of HIV infection among patients with tuberculosis increased from 11% in 1985-1988 to 28% in 1989 to 39% in 1990 (P < 0.001). Infection with HIV was more prevalent among patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (31%) than among those with pulmonary tuberculosis (18%) (P = 0.01). An increase in the duration of hospital stay was associated with both tuberculosis and HIV infection. From 1985 to 1990, inpatient care costs increased 7.7-fold and 3.2-fold for HIV and tuberculosis hospitalizations, respectively. During this period, HIV and tuberculosis hospitalizations resulted in 5,793,000 and 1,107,900 days of care, respectively, with an estimated direct cost of $5.7 to $7.4 billion and $0.89 to $1.07 billion, respectively. Estimated national costs of inpatient care for HIV infection or tuberculosis or both totaled $6.4 to $8.1 billion, 5% of which was for patients with both HIV infection and tuberculosis.This is the first study to use a nationally representative sample of hospitals, combined with cost data, to estimate hospitalizations and their costs for HIV and tuberculosis care. Our findings suggest that the convergence of the HIV and tuberculosis epidemics has had an increasing effect on morbidity and the cost of care among young adults in the United States. The increasing prevalence of comorbidity of HIV infection and tuberculosis in inpatients underscores the need for strict infection control of tuberculosis on the part of hospitals, increased attention to prevention, and early identification and treatment of HIV infection, and tuberculosis to reduce morbidity, hospitalizations, and the cost of care.
Leiomyosarcomatosis of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: P. Rutgeeerts, K. Geboes, L. Broeckaert, G. Vantrappen
Journal: Endoscopy (1979)

A case report of a patient suffering from diffuse leiomyosarcomatosis of the gastrointestinal tract is presented. The endoscopic features of the lesions localized in the stomach, the small bowel and the colon are compared with the radiological data. A description of the pathology of these polypoid lesions is given. The origin of this widespread leiomyosarcomatosis of the gastrointestinal system is discussed.
SOCIAL CLASS AND MENTAL ILLNESS : SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors: RAYMOND G. HUNT
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

From a survey of the recent literature concerning the prevalence and treatment of mental illnesses it was concluded that great caution should be exercised in the generalization of clinical data not only to "normal" populations, but even within clinical groups. The hypothesis was offered in regard to psychotherapy that it may well be a "middle class" form of treatment. In concluding it is suggested that clinical practitioners assume a far more studied and sophisticated cross-cultural (or, more exactly, pan-cultural) posture than has characterized them in the past.
Abstract 3658: The association of mitochondrial DNA content with bladder cancer risk and outcome
Authors: Yuanqing Ye, Colin P. Dinney, Ashish M. Kamat, Xifeng Wu
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Mitochondrion plays essential role in energy production and apoptosis process from the initiation to regulation of apoptosis. Many studies have showed the association of dys-regulated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with the development and progression of cancer, aging and longevity, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we will test the hypothesis that variation in mtDNA content (also called mtDNA copy number) may be associated with individual's bladder cancer risk and clinical outcome in a case-control study of 1026 bladder cancer patients and 980 healthy-controls. We will also assess the association of mtDNA content with progression/recurrence in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients and overall survival in muscle invasive and metastatic bladder cancer (MIMBC) patients. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood lymphocytes was used to measure mtDNA content. We observed significantly lower mtDNA content in bladder cancer patients (mean = 1.05, SD = 0.36) than controls (mean = 1.11, SD = 0.39) with P value &amp;lt; 0.001. When we categorized the mtDNA content using the quartile distribution in controls, Lower mtDNA content (less than 1st quantile) was associated with 1.69-fold increased risk of bladder cancer (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17 to 1.68), compared to those who have higher mtDNA content (greater than 4th quartile). In patients with MIMBC, we also observed the significant association of lower mtDNA content with poor survival. After categorizing the mtDNA content using quartile distribution in patients who were alive, there is a significantly increased risk of death for patients with lower mtDNA content (hazard ratio = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.77). There is also a significantly reduced median survival time (44.5 months vs 25.4 months, log-rank P = 0.004). However, there is no significant association of mtDNA content with progression/recurrence in NMIBC patients. In conclusion, low mtDNA content is associated with significantly increased risk of bladder cancer risk and poor survival. The resulted from our study will contribute to personalized risk prediction and may also become potential molecular targets for prevention. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3658. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3658
Selective Expansion of Cross-Reactive Cd8+ Memory T Cells by Viral Variants
Authors: John B.A.G. Haanen, Monika C. Wolkers, Ada M. Kruisbeek, Ton N.M. Schumacher
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

The role of memory T cells during the immune response against random antigenic variants has not been resolved. Here, we show by simultaneous staining with two tetrameric major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide molecules, that the polyclonal CD8(+) T cell response against a series of natural variants of the influenza A nucleoprotein epitope is completely dominated by infrequent cross-reactive T cells that expand from an original memory population. Based on both biochemical and functional criteria, these cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells productively recognize both the parental and the mutant epitope in vitro and in vivo. These results provide direct evidence that the repertoire of antigen-specific T cells used during an infection critically depends on prior antigen encounters, and indicate that polyclonal memory T cell populations can provide protection against a range of antigenic variants.
nWASP, the Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Plays a Pivotal Role in the Control of Endothelial Migration and Angiogenesis.
Authors: W. Jiang, T. Martin, R. Mansel
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Introduction. nWASP, the neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, is a member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) protein family which are known regulators of actin polymerization. Via interactions with actin, ERM (ezrin/moesin/radixin) family proteins, and other cytoskeletal associated proteins, nWASP is a key cell migration mediator. It has been shown that nWASP is aberrantly expressed in human breast cancer and that a reduction of nWASP is linked to a poor clinical outcome. Over-expression of nWASP in breast cancer cells also reduces their aggressiveness in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the potential influence of nWASP on the biological functions of endothelial cells and the angiogenic aspect of endothelial cells.Materials and methods. A panel of human cell lines of variety origins (n=43) were screened for the presence/absence of nWASP expression. A human vascular endothelial cell line, HECV, was found to be negative for nWASP expression and was chosen as a cell model in the present study. An expression construct for human nWASP was prepared using a mammalian expression vector, pcDNA3/V5/GFP/TOPO vector. HECV cells were transfected with the expression construct, or control vectors. The impact of nWASP over-expression in the endothelial cell line on the adhesiveness, migration and in vitro angiogenesis was assessed using a panel of in vitro models.Results. HECV cells, following transfection with the nWASP construct, successfully expressed nWASP, a subline subsequently established from which was so named as HECVnWASPexp7. Using an electric cell impedance sensing (ECIS) method, it was shown that HECVnWASPexp7 cells showed a significantly reduced adhesiveness to matrix surface (333.4±1.4 ohm), p&amp;lt;0.01 when compared with the wild type cells (HECVwt 419.7±1.6 ohm) and transfection control (HECVpControl 387.9±1.46 ohm). In a similar fashion, HECVnWASPexp7 cells also displayed a marked reduction in cell migration when compared with control cells. Using an in vitro microtubule formation assay, it was shown that both HECVwt and HECVpControl cells responded well in their microtubule formation to an angiogenic factor, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). However, HECVnWASPexp7cells were less responsive to HGF when assessed for microtubules. We have further shown that in response to an nWASP inhibitor, Wiskostatin, HECVnWASPexp7 cells markedly increased their tubule formation, a clear contrast to the wild type and control cells.Conclusion. It is concluded that nWASP is a key regulator of the migratory property of vascular endothelial cells and that this effect on cell migration is reflected by changes in the angiogenic activities of the cells. Collectively, nWASP is a potential intrinsic angiogenic regulator in endothelial cells. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2156.
Blazing a new TRAIL in hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Nelson Chao
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

There is a ying/yang to most biological therapies, and the balance of efficacy versus toxicity is delicate and sometimes difficult to achieve in favor of the patients. When the therapeutic window is wide, these therapies can be used in the majority of patients, but when the therapeutic window is narrow, the decision to proceed must be carefully balanced with a thoughtful risk-benefit analysis. In this issue of the JCI, Ghosh et al. tackle one of the major obstacles in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) technology: balancing the beneficial antitumor effect with the harmful anti-host effect.
SLIPPING OF THE LOWER FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS
Authors: JOSEPH J. KURLANDER
Journal: JAMA (1931)

In recent years considerable attention has been given to injuries of the upper femoral epiphysis, particularly to that type of injury known as slipped epiphysis. Orthopedic literature contains a considerable number of articles on injuries and displacement of the upper femoral epiphysis. Likewise, at practically every orthopedic conference or convention, cases of upper epiphysial injuries are demonstrated. At these meetings, however, I have never seen demonstrated nor heard mention of a case of injury to the lower femoral epiphysis.  Injury to the lower femoral epiphysis, especially avulsion with displacement, apparently is so rare that standard textbooks, such as those of Albee,1Jones and Lovett,2and Whitman,3make no mention of this type of injury. Scudder,4in his book (1926) on fractures, states that separation of the lower femoral epiphysis is extremely rare and occurs in children about 10 years of age. He further states that half
Comparative effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccines in US residents aged 65 years and older from 2012 to 2013 using Medicare data: a retrospective cohort analysis
Authors: Hector S Izurieta, Nicole Thadani, David K Shay, Yun Lu, Aaron Maurer, Ivo M Foppa, Riley Franks, Douglas Pratt, Richard A Forshee, Thomas MaCurdy, Chris Worrall, Andrew E Howery, Jeffrey Kelman
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2015)
Further action taken on COX 2 inhibitors in Europe
Authors: Caroline White
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The European drugs watchdog, the European Medicines Agency, has recommended the continued suspension of the cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor valdecoxib (Bextra), at the conclusion of its review on the safety of this class of drugs last week. The agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use also strengthened its guidance for prescribers and patients and urged the companies that market COX 2 inhibitors in Europe to carefully monitor and assess adverse reactions.

In its deliberations, the committee agreed that the data for the other drugs in the …
Flautist's chin: a companion to fiddler's neck.
Authors: M G Dahl
Journal: BMJ (1978)

tactics summed up by Stevenson in his book Ethics and Language.'Teachers may resort to emotive techniques in order to change the attitudes of children towards various methods of behaviour.It is my opinion, however, that any attempt at crude emotivism will fail.We should present the children with the medical facts against a background of caring, now about their parents, later about their dependants.
Urogenital Infections: New Developments in Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Jerry D. Smilack
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Infections of the urinary and genital tracts are extremely common and represent a major source of morbidity and mortality among both ambulatory and institutionalized patients. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is a major problem in hospitalized patients. This compact volume presents the proceedings of a symposium held four years ago by the eastern Pennsylvania chapter of the American Society for Microbiology. By its very nature, this book cannot provide an encyclopedic treatment of the subject of all urogenital tract infections. Rather, with selective focus, it divides the broad subject of urogenital infections into 13 chapter headings, ranging from mundane aspects of urinary tract infection to more esoteric discussion of urogenital mycoplasmal and ureaplasmal disease. Particularly praiseworthy are chapters reviewing chlamydial infection and bacterial vaginosis (formerly nonspecific vaginitis), as well as an excellent introductory chapter providing an overview of urinary tract infections. The busy clinician can easily turn to any of these
TONSILLECTOMY BY THE SLUDER METHOD
Authors: ARTHUR M. CORWIN
Journal: JAMA (1913)

ing all the notes of the scale, from the highest to the lowest, in pure tones free from harmonics and capable of giving these notes in intensities readily measurable and varying from a point below the threshold of excita- tion of the most sensitive hearing up to a degree neces- sary to awake sensation in persons suffering from the most profound deafness.Moreover, in order that such an apparatus may deserve universal acceptation, it: must be possible to con- struct as many others, as are wanted of the same type, each constant for itself and precisely similar to the others.It is only then that we can hope to make it available for a uniform notation comparable among dif- l'cient observers.
Outbreak of swine flu in India is no worse than seasonal flu, say specialists
Authors: P. Pulla
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The outbreak of H1N1 influenza in India this year, which has killed 875 people since 1 January, is not yet a major concern because the incidence and mortality are no different from those caused by seasonal flu in developed countries such as the United States, infectious disease specialists have told The BMJ . 

However, they said the Indian government should now recommend vaccination for at-risk groups including elderly people, patients with chronic diseases, pregnant women, and young children.

India does not currently recommend yearly influenza vaccinations for the general public because the burden of H1N1 is so small when compared with diseases such as tuberculosis, which affected 2.1 million people in 2013.1 Such a vaccination becomes ineffective after a year and takes 3-4 weeks to confer immunity—making its large scale use impractical, said Jagat Prakash Nadda, India’s health minister, in written responses to questions raised in the upper and lower houses of the Indian parliament this week. However, since the H1N1 outbreak began last year the health ministry has recommended a vaccine …
Comment on: Riddle et al. Contributions of Basal and Postprandial Hyperglycemia Over a Wide Range of A1C Levels Before and After Treatment Intensification in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:2508–2514
Authors: Louis Monnier
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

The studies devoted to contributions of postprandial (PPG) and fasting/basal glucose to overall hyperglycemia remain limited to non–insulin-using diabetic patients, and most reports indicate that PPG makes the highest contribution in patients with satisfactory control (1). Recently, Riddle et al. (2) have challenged this concept and extended the analysis to type 2 diabetic patients treated with different insulin regimens. From a general point of view, this study contains both expected and unexpected results. The analysis after treatment intensification with insulin confirms that the contribution of basal hyperglycemia drops from ∼80% to <50%. However, the basal glucose contribution to overall hyperglycemia remains higher in patients with the smallest improvement in HbA …
Inducible costimulator is essential for collagen-induced arthritis
Authors: Roza I. Nurieva, Piper Treuting, Julie Duong, Richard A. Flavell, Chen Dong
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

CD4+ helper Th cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Th cell activation, differentiation, and immune function are regulated by costimulatory molecules. Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is a novel costimulatory receptor expressed on activated T cells. We, as well as others, recently demonstrated its importance in Th2 cytokine expression and Ab class switching by B cells. In this study, we examined the role of ICOS in rheumatoid arthritis using a collagen-induced arthritis model. We found that ICOS knockout mice on the DBA/1 background were completely resistant to collagen-induced arthritis and exhibited absence of joint tissue inflammation. These mice, when immunized with collagen, exhibited reduced anti-collagen IgM Ab's in the initial stage and IgG2a Ab's at the effector phase of collagen-induced arthritis. Furthermore, ICOS regulates the in vitro and in vivo expression of IL-17, a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in rheumatoid arthritis. These data indicate that ICOS is essential for collagen-induced arthritis and may suggest novel means for treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
The Challenge of Subgroup Analyses — Reporting without Distorting
Authors: Stephen W. Lagakos
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Subgroup analyses are an important part of the analysis of a comparative clinical trial. However, they are commonly overinterpreted14 and can lead to further research that is misguided or, worse, to suboptimal patient care.Consider a randomized, clinical trial designed to determine whether a new treatment is more effective than an established treatment and assessed with a test, based on all randomized patients, of the null hypothesis that the treatments have equal efficacy, as measured in terms of the primary end point. Then, subgroup analyses are conducted to assess whether different types of patients respond differently to the new . . .
Ten-year prognosis of Puumala hantavirus-induced acute interstitial nephritis
Authors: M.H. Miettinen, S.M. Mäkelä, I.O. Ala-Houhala, H.S.A. Huhtala, T. Kööbi, A.I. Vaheri, A.I. Pasternack, I.H. Pörsti, J.T. Mustonen
Journal: Kidney International (2006)
NICE recommends minimum price for alcohol to curb high risk drinking
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The government should consider increasing the price of alcohol, making it more difficult to buy, and banning advertising if it wants to create a sensible drinking culture, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has said.

In its evidence based guidance on preventing harmful drinking, NICE recommends a minimum price per unit of alcohol, which, it says, should be regularly reviewed so that alcohol does not become more affordable over time. It also says limits should be put on how much alcohol people can import from abroad, the number of outlets selling alcohol in a given area, and the days and hours that alcohol can be purchased.

Health professionals are also being asked to question routinely their teenage and adult patients about how much they drink to …