tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Antigen-induced airway responses are inhibited by a potassium channel opener.
Authors: M Ichinose, M Miura, T Takahashi, H Yamauchi, N Nakajima, A Igarashi, J Ishikawa, H Inoue, K Maeyama, T Watanabe
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

We have investigated the effect of a potassium channel opener, BRL 38227, on antigen-induced bronchoconstriction and airway microvascular leakage in sensitized guinea pigs by simultaneously measuring pulmonary resistance (Rl) and extravasation of Evans blue dye. Guinea pigs were sensitized 3 wk before experimentation with ovalbumin (OA) and aluminum hydroxide. The trachea was cannulated, and lungs were mechanically ventilated. All animals were pretreated 30 min before experimentation with atropine (1 mg/kg intravenously) and propranolol 1 mg/kg to block muscarinic and beta-adrenergic responses, respectively. BRL 38227 (200 micrograms/kg) was administered intravenously 1 min before intravenous dye injection (30 mg/kg); OA (3 mg/ml) was inhaled using an ultrasonic nebulizer (for 30 s) 1 min after dye injection. BRL 38227 significantly inhibited OA-induced bronchoconstrictor response (p < 0.01) and plasma leakage in trachea (p < 0.05) and main bronchi (p < 0.05). BRL 38227 also had an inhibitory effect on exogenous histamine- and leukotriene-induced bronchoconstriction and microvascular leakage. However, BRL 38227 did not affect OA-induced histamine release from minced lung tissues in sensitized guinea pigs. We conclude that the allergic bronchoconstrictor response and airway plasma leakage are inhibited by a potassium channel opener, possibly as a result of its effect on the airway smooth muscle and the postcapillary venule level.
Management of Dislocated Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses
Authors: William E. Smiddy, Harry W. Flynn
Journal: Ophthalmology (1991)

Management options for posteriorly dislocated posterior chamber intraocular lenses include observation, removal, exchange, and repositioning. Many microsurgical techniques have been developed for repositioning posterior chamber implants. These include repositioning into the ciliary sulcus without suturing if adequate posterior capsule support remains, iris fixation suturing techniques, and scleral fixation suturing techniques. The indications, timing, and techniques for intervention are reviewed in a series of 32 cases with posteriorly dislocated posterior chamber implants. A final visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved in 15 (79%) of 19 IOL repositioned cases, in 6 (75%) of 8 IOL exchanged cases, and in 1 (33%) of 3 IOL removed cases. In two patients observed without surgery, final visual acuity was 20/25 and 20/300, respectively.
Viral respiratory infection causes airway hyperresponsiveness and decreases histamine N-methyltransferase activity in guinea pigs.
Authors: H Nakazawa, K Sekizawa, M Morikawa, K Yamauchi, M Satoh, K Maeyama, T Watanabe, H Sasaki
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

We investigated the effects of viral respiratory infection by Sendai virus on bronchial responses to aerosolized histamine in anesthetized guinea pigs and on the activity of histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT). We measured the change in total pulmonary resistance induced by histamine in the presence or absence of a specific HMT inhibitor, SKF 91488, in noninfected and infected animals. In the absence of SKF 91488, the bronchoconstrictor response to histamine was greater in infected than in noninfected animals. SKF 91488 (10(-2) M, 90 breaths) potentiated the responses to histamine in noninfected animals, and the magnitude of augmented responses to histamine by SKF 91488 was similar to that by viral infection. Furthermore, SKF 91488 did not further potentiate the responses to histamine in infected animals. However, responses to aerosolized acetylcholine were unaffected by viral infection and SKF 91488. The HMT activity decreased by 56% in the trachea, 86% in the bronchi, and 52% in the parenchymal tissue in the infected animals. In contrast to HMT activity, acetylcholinesterase activity was unaffected by viral infection. These results suggest that respiratory infection by Sendai virus causes enhanced bronchial responsiveness to histamine by decreasing HMT activity in airways.
England will pilot cancer patient survey to compare hospitals
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A large pilot survey of people in England who have been treated for five different cancers has found that, while many have a good quality of life, some report serious problems that can be difficult to live with.

The Department of Health said that it planned to extend the survey to other types of cancer in 2013 to help commissioners improve services.

Mike Richards, the national director for cancer, said, “By scaling these surveys up we can now potentially compare quality of life following a diagnosis of cancer for patients treated at different hospitals. This will be trialled for colorectal cancer in the …
John Esquemeling, Buccaneer's Surgeon and Historian
Authors: Joseph A. Cook
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

MUCH of what has been written regarding the escapades of the buccaneers who plundered the trade of the West Indies during the last half of the seventeenth century is an outgrowth of the writings of a French surgeon, Alexandre Olivier Exmelin. John Esquemeling, as his name was anglicized, presented the classic account of his life with The Buccaneers of America in 1678 and it still serves as a major reference source concerning the buccaneers and the West Indies during this period.The principal chroniclers of this period of history were either clerics or medics.1 , 2 The French priests, Labat and Charlevoix, . . .
Cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid are potent inhibitors of vasopressin action on rabbit cortical collecting duct.
Authors: D L Hirt, J Capdevila, J R Falck, M D Breyer, H R Jacobson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

AA is metabolized by a cytochrome P450, NADPH-dependent epoxygenase to four regioisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). The EETs are further hydrated enzymatically to their respective diols, vic-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). We studied the effect of pretreatment with DHETs on 10 microU/cm2 arginine vasopressin (AVP)-stimulated hydraulic conductivity (Lp) (Lp x 10(-7) cm/atm/s, mean +/- SE) in rabbit cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) perfused in vitro at 37 degrees C. At 10(-6) M all four DHETs were potent inhibitors of the hydroosmotic effect of AVP. 14,15-DHET was the most potent isomer; it reduced AVP-induced Lp from a control value of 234.75 +/- 11.7, n = 17, to a value of 95.2 +/- 8.39, n = 5, P less than 0.0001, a reduction of AVP-mediated water flow of 60%. The inhibitory effect of 14,15-DHET was dose dependent and significant to nanomolar concentrations. 14,15-DHET at 10(-7) M was as potent an inhibitor of AVP's activity as was 10(-7) M PGE2. AVP's hydroosmotic effect is mediated through its intracellular second messenger, cAMP. 8-p-Chlorophenylthio-cAMP (CcAMP) at 10(-4) M induced a peak Lp of 189.6 +/- 11.0, n = 8; pretreatment with 10(-6) M 14,15-DHET reduced CcAMP-peak Lp to 132.0 +/- 13.4, n = 5, P less than 0.01, demonstrating a post-cAMP effect. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy suggests that EETs are present in extracts purified from CCDs. We conclude that cytochrome P450 epoxygenase eicosanoids are potent inhibitors of the hydroosmotic effect of vasopressin and are endogenous constituents of normal CCDs, the major target tissue for AVP.
Maharishi Ayur-Veda
Authors: Gary Gorlick
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I recommend that you follow "Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Modern Insights into Ancient Medicine"<sup>1</sup>with republication of "The Emperor's New Clothes." The use of the word "ancient" in the title is the key: the ideas expressed were pure hocus-pocus and truly ancient ignorance. Pathetic.
Importance of scrotal ultrasonography in gynaecomastia.
Authors: G. S. Conway, T. MacConnell, G. Wells, S. D. Slater
Journal: BMJ (1988)

teers were eating plastic particles and when they were eating bran.Comment t Supplementing the daily diet of healthy volunteers with 15 g inert plastic particles increased the stool mass by nearly three times the mass of plastic ingested, increased the frequency of defecation, and reduced the transit time through the whole gut.These effects may be caused by mechanical stimulation of mucosal receptors as stroking the intestinal epithelium can induce secretion and stimulate peristalsis.4The enteric nervous reflexes that induce these phenomena may be activated by direct stimulation of sensory nerve endings or through release of transmitters, such as histamine, serotonin, or prostaglandins, from mucosal or submucosal cells.The siniilarity in the results we obtained during ingestion of coarse bran and plastic "fibre" and the observation that the laxative action of coarse bran is greater than that offine bran suggest that at least part of the action of coarse wheat bran may also be mediated by mechanical stimulation of mucosal receptors.We think that our results may add a new perspective to the laxative action of bran, which could lead to the development of new fibre products.1 Riottot M, Saquet E, Leprince C. Effect of wheat bran upon gastrointestinal transit in germ free and conventional rats.Digestion 1984;29:37-41. 2
BACTERIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO INFLUENZA BACILLI.
Authors: DAVID J. DAVIS
Journal: JAMA (1907)

<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3> These studies were carried on with a view of determining the frequency of occurrence of influenza-like bacteria in the sputa and throats of persons afflicted with the various infectious diseases, and also of comparing such bacilli for the purpose of determining possible variations which might lead to a subdivision of the influenza group. In a previous paper<sup>1</sup>on the bacteriology of whooping cough I discussed the occurrence of these bacilli in this disease and also gave some data on their occurrence in other infections. Here I shall refer to some of these results and add to them further data on certain properties of these bacilli. <h3>TECHNIC.</h3> The technic used in examining the respiratory tract for bacteria was briefly as follows: In nearly all of the cases sputum was obtained in a sterile Petri dish, and as soon as possible brought to the laboratory and examined. In some cases
Subcutaneous Metastasis From an Occult Esophageal Cancer Detected by PET-CT
Authors: Filip Gemmel, Hielke Roosjen, Peter van der Wijk, James Collins
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

We describe a unique case of an occult esophageal cancer patient without any significant symptomatology, which initially presented with a subcutaneous metastasis in the thigh. Eventually, FDG PET-CT unmasked the primary tumor of unknown origin.
Assessing Adiposity
Authors: Marc-Andre Cornier, Jean-Pierre Després, Nichola Davis, Daurice A. Grossniklaus, Samuel Klein, Benoit Lamarche, Francisco Lopez-Jimenez, Goutham Rao, Marie-Pierre St-Onge, Amytis Towfighi, Paul Poirier
Journal: Circulation (2011)

The Scope of the Problem Classification of Overweight and ObesityThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classify obesity according to BMI 1 as summarized in Table 1. 2,2a Among adults, a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m 2 corresponds to a healthy weight, BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m 2 is overweight, and BMI of Ն30.0 kg/m 2 is obese.The degree of obesity is classified separately.A BMI of 30.0 toThe American Heart Association makes every effort to avoid any actual or potential conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of an outside relationship or a personal, professional, or business interest of a member of the writing panel.Specifically, all members of the writing group are required to complete and submit a Disclosure Questionnaire showing all such relationships that might be perceived as real or potential conflicts of interest.
Hepatic Autophagy in Uncontrolled Experimental Diabetes and Its Relationships to Insulin and Glucagon
Authors: M. Amherdt, V. Harris, A. E. Renold, L. Orci, R. H. Unger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

Exogenous glucagon is known to increase hepatic lysosomes, but the relationships between endogenous glucagon and insulin levels and hepatic lysosomes have not been examined. To determine if the hormones of the pancreatic islets influence the development of these organelles glycogenosomes, dense bodies, and autophagosomes were morphometrically quantitated in normal rats, in rats with mild streptozotocin diabetes with normal hormone levels, and in rats with severe streptozotocin diabetes with hyperglucagonemia, hypo-insulinemia, and clinical evidence of uncontrolled diabetes and ketoacidosis. In the latter volume density of lysosomes averaged 222.8x10(-4) (SEM +/-19.8x10(-4)), significantly above the control value of 75x10(-4) (SEM +/-7.0x10(-4)) (P<0.0005); glycogenosomes were absent in the diabetics, the increase being largely the result of increased autophagosomes. Insulin treatment corrected the hyperglucagonemia, hypoinsulinemia, and other manifestations of uncontrolled diabetes and reduced the volume density of lysosomes to 37.4x10(-4) (SEM +/-2.0x10(-4)), significantly below both the untreated diabetic rats and the nondiabetic controls (P<0.0025). In mild streptozotocin diabetes, in which hyperglucagonemia, hypoinsulinemia, and other evidence of uncontrolled diabetes were absent, lysosomes averaged 77.6x10(-4) (SEM +/-5.5x10(-4)), not different from the controls. A statistically significant correlation between all measurements of lysosomal volume density and plasma glucagon was observed (r=0.79; P<0.001). It is concluded that uncontrolled streptozotocin diabetes in rats is accompanied by hepatic autophagy which may be related to the increased plasma glucagon level and/or the decreased insulin and which is corrected by insulin therapy.
New Strategies in Overcoming Acquired Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Lung Cancer
Authors: Geoffrey R. Oxnard, Maria E. Arcila, Juliann Chmielecki, Marc Ladanyi, Vincent A. Miller, William Pao
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

The management of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) has been transformed by the observation that lung adenocarcinomas harboring mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are uniquely sensitive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). In these patients, acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI develops after a median of 10 to 14 months, at which time the current standard practice is to switch to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Several possible mechanisms for acquired resistance have been identified, the most common being the development of an EGFR T790M gatekeeper mutation in more than 50% of cases. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of acquired TKI resistance in EGFR-mutant lung cancer and review therapeutic progress with second generation TKIs and combinations of targeted therapies.
Nuclear Hormone Receptor Coregulator: Role in Hormone Action, Metabolism, Growth, and Development
Authors: Muktar A. Mahajan, Herbert H. Samuels
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2004)

Nuclear hormone receptor coregulator (NRC) (also referred to as activating signal cointegrator-2, thyroid hormone receptor-binding protein, peroxisome proliferator activating receptor-interacting protein, and 250-kDa receptor associated protein) belongs to a growing class of nuclear cofactors widely known as coregulators or coactivators that are necessary for transcriptional activation of target genes. The NRC gene is also amplified and overexpressed in breast, colon, and lung cancers. NRC is a 2063-amino acid protein that harbors a potent N-terminal activation domain (AD1) and a second more centrally located activation domain (AD2) that is rich in Glu and Pro. Near AD2 is a receptor-interacting domain containing an LxxLL motif (LxxLL-1), which interacts with a wide variety of ligand-bound nuclear hormone receptors with high affinity. A second LxxLL motif (LxxLL-2) located in the C-terminal region of NRC is more restricted in its nuclear hormone receptor specificity. The intrinsic activation potential of NRC is regulated by a C-terminal serine, threonine, leucine-regulatory domain. The potential role of NRC as a cointegrator is suggested by its ability to enhance transcriptional activation of a wide variety of transcription factors and from its in vivo association with a number of known transcriptional regulators including CBP/p300. Recent studies in mice indicate that deletion of both NRC alleles leads to embryonic lethality resulting from general growth retardation coupled with developmental defects in the heart, liver, brain, and placenta. NRC(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts spontaneously undergo apoptosis, indicating the importance of NRC as a prosurvival and antiapoptotic gene. Studies with 129S6 NRC(+/-) mice indicate that NRC is a pleiotropic regulator that is involved in growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, and wound healing.
BASSINI'S OPERATION FOR INGUINAL HERNIA PUT TO THE CRUCIAL TEST.
Authors: E. J. SENN
Journal: JAMA (1896)

The radical cure for inguinal hernia has been a problem which called forth the ingenuity of the surgeon from time immemorial up to the present day. The very fact that so many operations and varieties of technique have been devised, showed most positively that there was some fundamental principle at fault and every new operation or a modification was in the hope of correcting it. Like all difficult topics in surgery which are to be solved, the error is made of delving in a world of intricacy and complexity for a difficult solution, when as a matter of fact a simple expedient is awaiting its discoverer under a misty cloud. Sims' speculum is a most excellent example, demonstrating what a wonderful scope of utility such a simple instrument fulfilled. Most elaborate instruments have been invented and every possible means imaginable promulgated for the disposal of the sac and the obliteration
Development of new syndesmophytes and bridges in ankylosing spondylitis and their predictors: a longitudinal study
Authors: Astrid van Tubergen, Sofia Ramiro, Désirée van der Heijde, Maxime Dougados, Herman Mielants, Robert Landewé
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> Structural damage of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is associated with worse physical function and impaired spinal mobility. Knowledge about predictors of new syndesmophyte formation is limited. <h3>Objectives</h3> To assess the development of new syndesmophytes at the level of individual vertebral bodies and to assess predictors for this development. <h3>Methods</h3> Clinical and radiological data from 132 patients from the Outcome in Ankylosing Spondylitis International Study for whom complete sets of radiographs were available at baseline and at 2- and 4-year follow-up were used. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors associated with development of new syndesmophytes within 4 years. <h3>Results</h3> At baseline, 81 (61%) patients had syndesmophytes. New syndesmophytes developed in 44 (33%) patients within 2 years and in 63 (48%) patients within 4 years. The RR of developing new syndesmophytes was 5.0 (95% CI 2.5 to 10.2) at 4 years in patients with existing syndesmophytes as compared with patients without. In the univariable analysis, older age, worse functional status, male gender, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and existing syndesmophytes were associated with development of new syndesmophytes at 4 years. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, only the presence of existing syndesmophytes was a significant predictor (OR 18.72, 95% CI 6.44 to 54.42). When existing syndesmophytes were taken out from the model, age (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.11) and male gender (OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.47 to 10.77) were statistically significant contributors. <h3>Conclusion</h3> In AS, patients with existing syndesmophytes are prone to develop new syndesmophytes over time.
Cholestasis in amoebic liver abscess.
Authors: P Nigam, A K Gupta, K K Kapoor, G R Sharan, B M Goyal, L D Joshi
Journal: Gut (1985)

Two hundred and thirty six patients with amoebic liver abscess were investigated for cholestasis, its mechanism and the natural course of the disease. Cholestasis was seen in 29% of cases and it presented with some unusual features: it was frequently seen in young men (mean age 38.6 +/- 6.3 years) (87%) with acute onset (69%) and was associated with signs of peritonism, or peritonitis (28%), splenomegaly (12%) and hepatic encephalopathy (coma 13%). Raised diaphragm was seen only in 37% of cases. Alcoholism may have contributed to the cholestasis in 37% of cases. Multiple (43%) and single (32%) large liver abscesses, especially on the inferior surface of the liver (25%), were common in jaundiced patients with amoebic liver abscess, while size and number of abscesses were directly related to the raised serum bilirubin concentrations. Bromsulphalein excretion (BSP) was found to be significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) in patients with jaundice (60%). Retrograde injection of contrast media into the common bile duct during six necropsies showed compression by amoebic liver abscess on the hepatic ducts. The mortality (43%) and the complications were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in patients with jaundice. The aspiration/surgical drainage of amoebic liver abscess together with a combination of metronidazole and di-iodohydroxyquinoline was more effective than either metronidazole alone, or dehydroemetine with chloroquine.
Evaluation of Computer-based Diet Education in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus and Limited Educational Background
Authors: Lawrence A Wheeler, Madelyn L Wheeler, Patricia Ours, Cynthia Swider
Journal: Diabetes Care (1985)

A study was conducted to determine whether computer-based techniques for meal planning and diet education could be an effective supplement to diabetes diet counseling in a group of inner-city subjects with limited educational background. Sixteen individuals with diabetes mellitus who were newly referred to an inner-city outpatient diet clinic and who demonstrated ninth-grade reading ability were given computer-based nutritional education. They received meal planning information through use of individualized computer-planned menus and education about the diabetes diet by computer-assisted instruction (CAI) combined with an interactive videodisc system (VIDEO). Total contact time was 180 min of CAI/VIDEO, 50 min of dietitian/patient education, and 20 min of dietitian/patient computer time (the last function could have been performed by a clerk). At the end of 4 wk, the group performance was improved in Exchange Lists knowledge (P &amp;lt; 0.001), recognition of foods containing concentrated carbohydrate (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and reduction of reported fat intake (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In addition, average group weight declined by 4.6 lb (P &amp;lt; 0.005). No improvement was found in food-measuring skills or in calorie-consumption compliance during a standardized buffet lunch. It appears that computer-based techniques are an acceptable supplement to traditional methods of education in this patient group and can improve the effectiveness of diabetes education programs without a significant increase in dietitian time.