tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Injection Sclerotherapy of Oesophageal Variceal Haemorrhage. A Prospective Long-term Follow-up Study
Authors: T. Sauerbruch, M. Weinzierl, H. Ansari, G. Paumgartner
Journal: Endoscopy (1987)

One-hundred-seventy-five patients with oesophageal variceal bleeding and liver cirrhosis who underwent long-term injection sclerotherapy were prospectively followed for 44 +/- SD 17 months. While aetiology (alcoholic vs. non-alcoholic cirrhosis) had no influence on survival, the Child status assessed at the time of initiation of sclerotherapy was of important prognostic value (mortality rate after a mean follow-up of 44 months: Child A 5%, Child B 45%, and Child C 83%). Initiation of sclerotherapy (elective vs. emergency) had no influence on survival in the A/B patients, whereas electively treated Child C patients had a somewhat better outcome than those in whom sclerotherapy was started during active bleeding. Rebleeding, especially within the first two months after starting repeat sclerotherapy, was significantly influenced by the Child status of the patients. About one-fourth of all deaths were combined with rebleeding in the Child B and C patients, but none of the A patients had intestinal bleeding prior to death. It is concluded that Child A patients have an excellent long-term prognosis after variceal haemorrhage treated by repeated endoscopic injection of the varices.
Melanoma thickness correlates with prognosis
Authors: Virginia Snodgrass Cowart
Journal: JAMA (1982)

A scoring system for melanoma may help physicians select which patients should undergo lymphadenectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The system was outlined at the recent National Clinical Dermatology Conference in Chicago by Darrell Rigel, MD, chief resident in dermatology at New York University School of Medicine. The single most important prognostic factor appears to be thickness of the lesion, Rigel said, specifically a lesion measuring 4.75 mm or more from the stratum granulosum to the deepest point. Those patients with the thickest lesions died within two years of presentation. Since metastasis occurs early in melanoma, Rigel pointed out, thicker lesions are more likely to have metastasized. Although 430 factors that potentially affect prognosis of melanoma have been identified, Rigel's group looked only at 40 factors that previously had been shown to be associated with survival. More than 1,100 patients with melanoma were examined, but Rigel reported on only 533,
Threat to social justice
Authors: I. Heath
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The speed of change in the NHS since 1990 has been furious and, with the recent spate of three white papers1 2 3 and a bill,4 there is no let up in sight. It is essential to continue to ask whether this change has been, and will be, for the better. This does not imply a facile assumption that all is well.5 We need always to be striving for improvement, and yet in the laudable desire to improve it is easy to lose sight of the fundamental aims of the health service and of its purpose within society. It is time to take stock of the current changes and analyse how far they take Britain towards the NHS to which it aspires.



ALAISTAIR TAYLOR/THE INKSHED



### Health as a social goal

At its inception the NHS was designed to provide personal health care as a publicly organised service. It was to include all citizens and was a deliberate move towards social justice.6 Despite all the recent changes the NHS remains explicitly committed to equity.7 However, it is now expected to operate in the context of a wider society which apparently has no such commitment. Increasing socioeconomic polarisation has let the rich become richer and more complacent and the poor become poorer and more marginalised. Homelessness, unemployment, and the prison population have all risen.8 Poverty, marginalisation, loss of autonomy, unemployment, and homelessness are all destructive of health and so make the task of the NHS more difficult. During the 1980s social divisions in Britain accelerated at a rate not matched for a sustained period by any other rich industrialised country.9 Yet responsibility for health has been shifted from society to the individual10 and we seem to have lost any notion of the pursuit of health as a social goal. …
Diagnosis of Aortic Root Dissection by Echocardiography
Authors: NAVIN C. NANDA, RAYMOND GRAMIAK, PRAVIN M. SHAH
Journal: Circulation (1973)

Six patients with aortic root dissection confirmed by angiography, surgery, or autopsy were studied by echocardiography. All showed marked parallel widening of the anterior (16 to 21 mm) and/or posterior (10 to 13 mm) aortic walls together with enlargement of the aortic root image. (Normal mean aortic wall thickness 5.7 mm, sd 1.2; aortic valve disease patients 6.7 mm, sd 1.5.) In five patients slender aortic valve cusps were recorded moving to the periphery of the inner lumen in systole and not extending to the outer lumen. This finding is useful in excluding calcification of the aortic valve which may produce confusing multiple echoes within the aortic root. Two patients showed 8 to 20 mm variations in the width of the aortic image with slight change in the direction of the transducer indicating that the dissecting hematoma was not uniform in thickness. Other associated findings on the echogram seen in three patients included the demonstration of pericardial fluid collection and mitral diastolic flutter suggestive of aortic regurgitation. Demonstration of enlargement of the aortic root with marked parallel widening of anterior and/or posterior walls appears to be specific for aortic root involvement in dissecting aneurysm of the aorta.
Is there a place for placebo controlled trials of antiepileptic drugs?
Authors: S D Shorvon, M L Espir, T J Steiner, C I Dellaportas, F C Rose
Journal: BMJ (1985)

In many patients who develop epilepsy the disease is short lived and the overall number of seizures small. The role of anticonvulsant drugs in such patients is uncertain. If treatment is merely suppressive and the disease self limiting then treatment may not be necessary in some patients. If, on the other hand, early treatment prevents the subsequent evolution to chronic epilepsy then it is imperative. To resolve this issue it is essential to undertake placebo controlled trials, in which a group of patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy is given active treatment and compared with a similar group given placebo alone.
Fractures of the Neck of the Femur in Children
Authors: Charles M. Hamilton
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Current publications on fractures of the neck of the femur in children illustrate the high rate of complications: avascular necrosis (50%), coxa vara (33%), and nonunion (17%). Nine new cases are presented. Three of the patients are still under treatment, and 2 of these appear doomed to a poor result. Of the remaining 6, only 1 has a poor result, caused by avascular necrosis. Another has results classified as only fair by roentgenographic standards but functionally good. In 4 others the results have been excellent up to the time of writing. The author recommends open reduction and internal fixation with Knowles pins as the primary form of treatment in all displaced fractures of the femoral neck in children.
The role of doxorubicin in non-viral gene transfer in the lung
Authors: Uta Griesenbach, Cuixiang Meng, Raymond Farley, Aaron Gardner, Maresa A. Brake, Gad M. Frankel, Dieter C. Gruenert, Seng H. Cheng, Ronald K. Scheule, Eric W.F.W. Alton
Journal: Biomaterials (2009)
Separating <i>A</i> and <i>W</i> effects: Pointing to targets on computer displays
Authors: Christine L. MacKenzie, Evan D. Graham
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

We address two main issues: the distinction between time-constrained and spatially constrained tasks, and the separable A and W effects on movement time (MT) in spatially- constrained tasks. We consider MT and 3-D kinematic data from human adults pointing to targets in human-computer interaction. These are better fit by Welford's (1968) two- part model, than Fitts' (1954; Fitts & Peterson 1964) ID model. We identify theoretical and practical implications.
Health in Sweden and the United States
Authors: Leland M. Read
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In answer to the article by Dr. Andrews, Jr., inThe Journal(223:1369, 1973), I believe he should have added the subtitle "<i>Gruesome</i>Lessons for America." Sweden is<i>not</i>one of the healthiest nations in the world. Infant survival rate, a minor part of the health scene, is more a social than a medical problem. Then to compare that rate in a homogeneous little country to a heterogenous subcontinent like the United States is like comparing grapes to pumpkins. Compare Sweden to Utah if you wish, (their rates are about the same), or compare United States to Europe, (our rates are rather better), but not Sweden to the United States. Swedish socialists never mention rates that are unfavorable. They have significantly more deaths in Sweden from stomach ulcers and from pneumonia than we do here, but you have to search for these figures. Andrews' economic figures are
A PATIENT WITH FOUR URETERS
Authors: O. Addison
Journal: BMJ (1932)

JOURNAL~~~~~~~~~condition.The lesions in the area where the eruption was confluent showed some tendency to ulcerate, but ultimately complete healing took place and the patient was discharged on July 30th wvithout any complications having occurred.There also appeared to be some diminution in the size of the enlarged glands in the axillae at the time of her discharge.As far as I have been able to ascertain from a fairly extensive investigation of the literature, this patient appears to be the oldest one in whom varicella has occurred, though doubtless older persons have been attacked without their histories having been reported.
Effect of Thyroid Status on Insulin Action in Rat Adipocytes and Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Michael P. Czech, Craig C. Malbon, Keith Kerman, Wendy Gitomer, Paul F. Pilch
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

Isolated adipocytes and soleus muscles prepared from mature rats, rendered hypothyroid by a low iodine diet and propylthiouracil, markedly resisted the ability of insulin to increase glucose utilization. In adipocytes, the sum of basal d-(1-14C)-glucose conversion to CO2, glyceride-glycerol, and fatty acid was unaltered by hypothyroidism, although conversion to fatty acid was decreased. The response of each of these metabolic pathways to insulin at all concentrations tested was greatly diminished in hypothyroid rat adipocytes. 3-O-Methylglucose transport rates in the presence of insulin were not significantly different in adipocytes from hypothyroid as compared with euthyroid rats, although basal transport rates were significantly higher in the hypothyroid state. Lipolysis and cyclic AMP accumulation in adipocytes from hypothyroid rats in response to theophylline were markedly diminished compared with euthyroid controls, but insulin was about as effective in inhibiting lipolysis in these cells as in those derived from euthyroid animals. The binding of 125I-insulin to adipocytes at several hormone concentrations was also shown to be unaffected by hypothyroidism.
116 THE GUT MICROBIOME MODULATES FECAL BILE ACID PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS
Authors: G. Kakiyama, J.M. Ridlon, P.B. Hylemon, W.M. Pandak, P.M. Gillevet, D.M. Heuman, K. Daita, J.S. Bajaj
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Scratching and noxious heat stimuli inhibit itch in humans: a psychophysical study
Authors: G. Yosipovitch, M.I. Duque, K. Fast, A.G. Dawn, R.C. Coghill
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

Background Patients who suffer from chronic itch employ creative techniques to alleviate their itch, often using painful thermal stimuli, such as hot and very cold showers, as well as mechanical stimuli, such as scratching. Objectives The present study examined whether the sensory perception of itch is attenuated by remote interactions between both thermal and mechanical stimuli and afferent information related to itch. Patients and methods Itch was induced with histamine iontophoresis in 21 healthy young subjects. Repetitive thermal stimuli including innocuous warmth, innocuous cool, noxious cold and noxious heat as well as scratching were applied 3‐cm distal to the area of histamine iontophoresis. Subjects rated their perceived intensity of histamine‐induced itch with a computerized visual analogue scale. Results Itch intensity ratings were significantly reduced during each period of scratching and repeated noxious heat and cold. Innocuous cooling and warming did not significantly alter itch intensity ratings. Inter‐individual differences in histamine‐induced itch sensitivity were unrelated to inter‐individual differences in pain sensitivity. Conclusions The present psychophysical study demonstrates that repetitive noxious thermal and scratching stimuli inhibit itch and do not require direct physical interaction with the area of the skin from which itch originates.
Glucose tolerance and serum insulin in unaffected identcal twins of diabetics.
Authors: D A Pyke, K W Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Microsomal protein per gram of liver (MPPGL) is an important scaling factor for bottom-up physiology-based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation, but data in pediatrics are limited. Therefore, MPPGL was determined in 160 liver samples from pediatric (<i>n</i> = 129) and adult (<i>n</i> = 31) donors obtained from four sources: the University of Maryland Brain and Tissue Bank (UMBTB), tissue retrieval services at the University of Minnesota and University of Pittsburgh, and Sekisui-Xenotech. Tissues were homogenized and subjected to differential centrifugation to prepare microsomes, and cytochrome <i>c</i> reductase activities in tissue homogenates and microsomes were used to estimate cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) activity as a marker of microsomal recovery; microsomal POR content was also assessed by quantitative proteomics. MPPGL values varied 5- to 10-fold within various age groups/developmental stages, and tissue source was identified as a contributing factor. Using a “trimmed” dataset comprised of samples ranging from 3 to 18 years of age common to the four sources, POR protein abundance and activity in microsomes and POR activity in homogenates was lower in UMBTB samples (autopsy) compared with other sources (perfused/flash-frozen). Regression analyses revealed that the UMBTB samples were driving an apparent age effect as no effect of age on log-transformed MPPGL values was observed when the UMBTB samples were excluded. We conclude that a mean±SD MPPGL value of 30.4±1.7 mg/g is representative between one month postnatal age and early adulthood. Potential source effects should be considered for studies involving tissue samples from multiple sources with different procurement and processing procedures. <h3>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</h3> Microsomal protein per gram of liver (MPPGL) is an important scaling factor for bottom up PBPK modeling and simulation, but data in pediatrics are limited. Although MPPGL varies 5- to 10-fold at a given developmental stage, a value of 30.4 ± 1.7 mg/g (mean ± SD) is representative between one month postnatal age and early adulthood. However, when tissue samples are obtained from multiple sources, different procurement and processing procedures may influence the results and should be taken into consideration.
Developments in the Treatment of Parkinsonism
Authors: Donald B. Calne
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

Over the last decade two important developments have taken place in the treatment of Parkinsonism. The first and most important was the widespread assimilation of levodopa into routine therapy, which derived from evidence that dopamine is a striatal neurotransmitter that becomes depleted in idiopathic and postencephalitic Parkinsonism. Since dopamine does not readily cross the blood–brain barrier, its precursor was administered, and yielded an unequivocal and often dramatic therapeutic response.The second major advance was the introduction of peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors (carbidopa in Sinemet, and benserazide in Madopar), which block conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside the blood–brain barrier and thereby . . .
Value of the Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay in Noninvasive Respiratory Samples for Diagnosis of Community-acquired Pneumonia
Authors: ROSARIO MENÉNDEZ, JUAN CÓRDOBA, PILAR de la CUADRA, MARÍA J. CREMADES, JOSÉ L. LÓPEZ-HONTAGAS, MIGUEL SALAVERT, MIGUEL GOBERNADO
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

We studied the causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in 184 patients. Microbiologic evaluation included sputum examination, blood culture, assessment of acute and convalescent antibody titers for Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Coxiella psitacci, Coxiella burnetii and respiratory viruses, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae in throat swab, and PCR assay based on the amplification of pneumolysin gene fragment in sera. The causative pathogen was identified in 78 patients (Streptococcus pneumoniae, 44; M. pneumoniae, 26; C. pneumoniae, 1; others, 7). S. pneumoniae was detected in serum by the PCR assay in 41 patients, five of whom also had a positive blood culture. PCR assay was negative in two patients with positive blood culture for S. pneumoniae. C. pneumoniae was detected by PCR in nine patients, but only one showed seroconversion. M. pneumoniae was detected by PCR in only three patients (two without seroconversion). The diagnosis of pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae was five times greater using PCR in serum than with blood culture. Detection of C. pneumoniae by PCR without fulfilling criteria for acute infection may be considered a prior infection. The PCR assay for the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae has a lower sensitivity than serologic methods.
[748] ROLE OF THE P66SHCA IN ETHANOL-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND LIVER DAMAGE
Authors: S. Fusco, O.R. Koch, C. Capone, S. Borrello, P. Palozza, L.M. Larocca, A.A. Cravero, S.M. Farre, T. Galeotti, G. Pani
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Cancer Dormancy: A Model of Early Dissemination and Late Cancer Recurrence
Authors: David Páez, Melissa J. Labonte, Pierre Bohanes, Wu Zhang, Leonor Benhanim, Yan Ning, Takeru Wakatsuki, Fotios Loupakis, Heinz-Josef Lenz
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Cancer dormancy is a stage in tumor progression in which residual disease remains occult and asymptomatic for a prolonged period of time. Dormant tumor cells can be present as one of the earliest stages in tumor development, as well as a stage in micrometastases, and/or minimal residual disease left after an apparently successful treatment of the primary tumor. The general mechanisms that regulate the transition of disseminated tumor cells that have lain dormant into a proliferative state remain largely unknown. However, regulation of the growth from dormant tumor cells may be explained in part through the interaction of the tumor cell with its microenvironment, limitations in the blood supply, or an active immune system. An understanding of the regulatory machinery of these processes is essential for identifying early cancer biomarkers and could provide a rationale for the development of novel agents to target dormant tumor cells. This review focuses on the different signaling models responsible for early cancer dissemination and tumor recurrence that are involved in dormancy pathways. Clin Cancer Res; 18(3); 645–53. ©2011 AACR.
The Lung and Its Disorders In the Newborn Infant
Authors: V. Chernick
Journal: JAMA (1968)

In 1964 this book was the first of a series of monographs to appear dealing with major problems in clinical pediatrics. It was so well received that it became a medical "best seller," with nearly worldwide appeal resulting in eventual translation into several languages. After four years there was clearly need for revision, and the author has once again displayed her unique abilities in a scholarly extension of the text where new data have become available. The format has not changed and consists of three major sections of nearly equal length entitled "Normal Development and Physiology of the Fetal and Neonatal Lung," "Disorders of Respiration in the Newborn Period," and "Artificial Respiration." The first section has been most extensively reworked with the addition of several new figures and the inclusion of new information on the cellular development of the lung and the perinatal circulation. The only portion of the textbook
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Breast Milk and Neuropsychological Development in Infants
Authors: Mireia Gascon, Marta Fort, David Martínez, Anne-Elie Carsin, Joan Forns, Joan O. Grimalt, Loreto Santa Marina, Nerea Lertxundi, Jordi Sunyer, Martine Vrijheid
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

There is increasing interest in the potential effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on children's neuropsychological development, but only a few small studies have evaluated such effects.Our goal was to examine the association between PBDE concentrations in colostrum and infant neuropsychological development and to assess the influence of other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on such association.We measured concentrations of PBDEs and other POPs in colostrum samples of 290 women recruited in a Spanish birth cohort. We tested children for mental and psychomotor development with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 12-18 months of age. We analyzed the sum of the seven most common PBDE congeners (BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 209) and each congener separately.Increasing Σ7PBDEs concentrations showed an association of borderline statistical significance with decreasing mental development scores (β per log ng/g lipid = -2.25; 95% CI: -4.75, 0.26). BDE-209, the congener present in highest concentrations, appeared to be the main congener responsible for this association (β = -2.40, 95% CI: -4.79, -0.01). There was little evidence for an association with psychomotor development. After adjustment for other POPs, the BDE-209 association with mental development score became slightly weaker (β = -2.10, 95% CI: -4.66, 0.46).Our findings suggest an association between increasing PBDE concentrations in colostrum and a worse infant mental development, particularly for BDE-209, but require confirmation in larger studies. The association, if causal, may be due to unmeasured BDE-209 metabolites, including OH-PBDEs (hydroxylated PBDEs), which are more toxic, more stable, and more likely to cross the placenta and to easily reach the brain than BDE-209.