tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
An ultrasound biomicroscopic study of eyes after deep sclerectomy with collagen implant
Authors: Auguste G.-Y Chiou, André Mermoud, Jerald P Underdahl, Corinne C Schnyder
Journal: Ophthalmology (1998)

This study aimed to assess the natural history of eyes after deep sclerectomy with collagen implant (DSCI), a nonperforating glaucoma-filtering surgery.The design was a prospective, longitudinal, observational, and nonrandomized study.Forty-five eyes of 41 patients with medically uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma were studied.Deep sclerectomy with collagen implant was performed.Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) of the sclerectomy site was performed 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months after surgery. The following parameters were assessed: length and height of the collagen implant, thickness of the residual trabeculodescemetic membrane, and bleb appearance.Mean intraocular pressure decreased from a preoperative value of 26.3 +/- 3.5 mmHg (mean +/- standard deviation) to a postoperative value of 16.6 +/- 3.1 mmHg (mean +/- standard deviation) at 18 months (P < 0.001). The UBM findings showed a subconjunctival filtration with a nonperforated thin trabeculodescemetic membrane. In 23 eyes (51%), a hypoechoic area in the suprachoroidal space was observed. The thickness of the trabeculodescemetic membrane was stable throughout the study with a mean value of 0.13 mm +/- 0.02 (mean +/- standard deviation) at 18 months. The collagen implant dissolved slowly within 6 to 9 months, leaving a tunnel in the sclera.The UBM findings are consistent with intraocular pressure lowering by aqueous filtration through the thin remaining trabeculodescemetic membrane to an area under the scleral flap, which was maintained open by the collagen implant. The authors speculate that aqueous humor then reached the subconjunctival space and, eventually, was filtered through the thin scleral wall into the suprachoroidal space. Complete resorption of the collagen implant occurred between 6 and 9 months after surgery.
Clinical Remarks ON THE VALUE OF BLOOD EXAMINATION
Authors: H. B. Shaw
Journal: BMJ (1907)

THEuRE can be little doubt that a great deal of the progress of modern medicine is based upon an appeal to methods -of investigation which, in comparison with ones, have given to medicine a precision in diagnosis which was hitherto unknown.This tendency does not remain satis- fed with past achievements, and every-year the medical profession is asked to consider some new.diagnostic*so that the older members of the profession may well from-a metaphorical breathlessness in their efforts keep pace with the newer revelations of the laboratory.The younger members of our profession are not without Their disquietudes, for the same inevitable deduction is irought home forcibly to them that in order to equip themselves thoroughly for the duties before them, unust.plantheir careers on lines very different to their.medicalforefathers.In no department of clinical nvestigation have -strides been made as in the examination of thecorpus- cular contents of the blood, and it -is not out of place consider from the point of view of the practitioner ,whether really, after all, the extra toil expended in such examinations is recompensed.inany adequate way.'worth a practitioner's sacrifice of time and money *equiplhimself -with he instruments and out an 'ordinary 'blood examination?Suah a question when looked at from the point of view of a busy practi- titioner, harassed by a thousand and one anxieties routine work, is a very cogent one.It may well be asked whether, after all, the number of diseases which can positively diagnosed by an appeal to the microscopic examinationof the blood is for.an ordinary practitioner this country not a very limited one.The answer is,'that ;such cases are very limited, for amongst 1,117 medical cases, including men and women who were admitted lUniversity College Hospital during one year, there only 20cases ;of chlorosis, secondary anaemia,leuco- 'cythaemia, lymphadenoma, pernicious anaemia,
Phase I Dose-Finding Study of Weekly Docetaxel Followed by Flavopiridol for Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: M.N. Fornier, D. Rathkopf, M. Shah, S. Patil, E. O'Reilly, A.N. Tse, C. Hudis, R. Lefkowitz, D.P. Kelsen, G.K. Schwartz
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Flavopiridol is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that enhances docetaxel-induced apoptosis in a sequence-specific manner. In vivo, docetaxel must precede flavopiridol by at least 4 h to induce this effect. We conducted a phase I trial of weekly, sequential docetaxel followed 4 h later by flavopiridol in patients with advanced solid tumors. Experimental Design: Docetaxel at a fixed dose of 35 mg/m2 was administered over 30 min, followed 4 h later by escalating doses of flavopiridol, ranging from 20 to 80 mg/m2 in successive cohorts, administered weekly over 1 h. This schedule was repeated for 3 weeks of each 4-week cycle. Results: Twenty-seven evaluable patients were enrolled. The combination was well tolerated, with one dose-limiting toxicity occurring at flavopiridol 70 mg/m2 (grade 3 mucositis) and one dose-limiting toxicity at 80 mg/m2 (grade 4 neutropenia). We observed 1 complete response in a patient with pancreatic carcinoma and 4 partial responses in pancreatic (1), breast (2), and ovarian (1) cancer patients. Stable disease was seen in 10 patients. Pharmacokinetic studies showed Cmax ranging from 1.49 ± 0.69 μmol/L (flavopiridol 20 mg/m2) to 4.54 ± 0.08 μmol/L (flavopiridol 60 mg/m2) in cycle 1. Conclusions: Treatment with weekly, sequential docetaxel followed by flavopiridol is an effective and safe regimen at all flavopiridol dose levels. The pharmacokinetic data indicate that concentrations of flavopiridol that enhance the effects of docetaxel both in vitro and in vivo can be achieved. Clinical activity is encouraging, even in patients who have received a prior taxane and in patients with gemcitabine-refractory metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Chronicle: results of a randomised phase III trial in locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation randomising postoperative adjuvant capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) versus control
Authors: R. Glynne-Jones, N. Counsell, P. Quirke, N. Mortensen, A. Maraveyas, H.M. Meadows, J. Ledermann, D. Sebag-Montefiore
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Production of Inflammatory Cytokines in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury: A Reappraisal
Authors: JEAN-DAMIEN RICARD, DIDIER DREYFUSS, GEORGES SAUMON
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

We investigated the production of proinflammatory cytokines by the lung during high mechanical stretch in vivo. To do this, we subjected rats to high-volume (42 ml/kg tidal volume [VT]) ventilation for 2 h. The animals developed severe pulmonary edema and alveolar flooding, with a high protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The animals' BALF contained no tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, negligible amounts of interleukin (IL)-1beta, and less than 300 pg/ml of the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, an amount similar to that found in rats ventilated with 7 ml/kg VT. Systemic cytokine levels were below the detection threshold. Because isolated lungs have been shown to produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines when ventilated with a similarly high VT for the same duration (Tremblay, et al. J Clin Invest 1997;99:944-952), we reconsidered this specific issue. We ventilated isolated, unperfused rat lungs for 2 h with 7 ml/kg or 42 ml/kg VT, or maintained them in a statically inflated state. Negligible amounts of TNF-alpha were found in the BALF whatever the ventilatory condition applied. The BALF IL-1beta concentration was slightly elevated and higher in lungs ventilated with 42 ml/kg VT than in those ventilated with 7 ml/kg VT or in statically inflated lungs (p < 0.05). The BALF MIP-2 concentration was moderately elevated in all isolated lungs (200 to 300 pg/ml), and was slightly higher (p < 0.05) in lungs ventilated with 42 ml/kg VT. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, high levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and MIP-2 were found in the animals' plasma before the lungs were removed. Negligible amounts of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were retrieved from the BALF of statically inflated lungs. The concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were higher in the BALF of ventilated lungs (p < 0.001). The TNF-alpha level did not differ with the magnitude of VT, whereas the level of IL-1beta was significantly higher in BALF of lungs ventilated with 42 ml/kg VT (p < 0.01). The MIP-2 concentrations were similar for the two ventilatory conditions. These results suggest that ventilation that severely injures lungs does not lead to the release of significant amounts of TNF-alpha or IL-1beta by the lung in the absence of LPS challenge but may increase lung MIP-2 production.
Both environmental tobacco smoke and personal smoking is related to asthma and wheeze in teenagers
Authors: L. Hedman, A. Bjerg, S. Sundberg, B. Forsberg, E. Ronmark
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been reported as a significant risk factor for childhood asthma. Among adults, personal smoking is a major cause of respiratory symptoms and diseases. The effects of these exposures on the prevalence of asthma and wheeze among teenagers are less well known. <h3>Objective</h3> The aim was to study the independent and combined effects of ETS and personal smoking on the prevalence of asthma and wheeze in teenagers. <h3>Methods</h3> A longitudinal study of asthma and allergic diseases in schoolchildren has been in progress in Northern Sweden since 1996. All children aged 7–8 years in three municipalities were invited and 3430 (97%) participants have been followed by annual questionnaires. At the age 16–17 years, 82% of the initial participants took part in the 2005 survey. <h3>Results</h3> Prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma, ever wheeze and current wheeze was significantly higher among those exposed to maternal ETS and among daily smokers. In multivariate analyses, maternal ETS was a significant risk factor for physician-diagnosed asthma and ever wheeze (OR 1.3–1.5) and personal daily smoking for current wheeze (OR 2.0). ORs for asthma and ever wheeze were highest among daily smokers who were also exposed to maternal ETS with ORs of 1.7 and 2.5, respectively. A significant dose–response association between number of cigarettes/day and the prevalence of wheeze was also found. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Both ETS and personal smoking were significantly related to asthma and wheeze in teenagers. Maternal ETS exposure was associated with lifetime symptoms, but daily smoking among the teenagers was more strongly related to current symptoms.
Vav Regulates Peptide-specific Apoptosis in Thymocytes
Authors: Young-Yun Kong, Klaus-Dieter Fischer, Martin F. Bachmann, Sanjeev Mariathasan, Ivona Kozieradzki, Mai P. Nghiem, Dennis Bouchard, Alan Bernstein, Pamela S. Ohashi, Josef M. Penninger
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

The protooncogene Vav functions as a GDP/GTP exchange factor (GEF) for Rho-like small GTPases involved in cytoskeletal reorganization and cytokine production in T cells. Gene-targeted mice lacking Vav have a severe defect in positive and negative selection of T cell antigen receptor transgenic thymocytes in vivo, and vav−/− thymocytes are completely resistant to peptide-specific and anti-CD3/anti-CD28–mediated apoptosis. Vav acts upstream of mitochondrial pore opening and caspase activation. Biochemically, Vav regulates peptide-specific Ca2+ mobilization and actin polymerization. Peptide-specific cell death was blocked both by cytochalasin D inhibition of actin polymerization and by inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC). Activation of PKC with phorbol ester restored peptide-specific apoptosis in vav−/− thymocytes. Vav was found to bind constitutively to PKC-θ in thymocytes. Our results indicate that peptide-triggered thymocyte apoptosis is mediated via Vav activation, changes in the actin cytoskeleton, and subsequent activation of a PKC isoform.
PSYCHIATRIC CASUALTIES IN A GENERAL HOSPITAL OVERSEAS
Authors: HENRY M. FOX, NATHAN SCHNAPER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1944)

1. The personal background and army experience of a group of soldiers overseas has been studied and compared. These included hospitalized psychiatric casualties of which about a third were psychotic and the rest were psychoneurotic. Members of the hospital medical detachment on active duty were also interviewed and the data concerning them tabulated. 2. Of the psychotics, the smaller number were acute psychotic episodes with recovery within a few weeks of the onset; the larger were apparently more chronic psychotic developments. 3. The presenting complaints of the entire group of psychoneurotic patients were listed and tabulated. Only a few patients had only a single complaint. The rest complained on the average of at least 3 or 4 different issues. 4. Of the psychotic patients, most were considered to be in line of duty. A comparatively few were not in line of duty. Less than half of the total psychotic group had been overseas for more than a year and about two-thirds of them had served in the tropics. 5. Of the psychoneurotic patients, the greater number were considered to be not in line of duty. 6. Certain leading contrasts between these two groups were evident. 7. Members of the hospital detachment were interviewed and the tabulated results showed them to be closely comparable as to background factors with the group of psychoneurotic patients considered "line of duty Yes." A group of new recruits to the detachment were similarly examined and the results as to background and personality were almost exactly the same as in the original group, although the smaller group had undergone no combat experience, none of them had been in the tropics for more than a month and none of them had contracted tropical disease.
Cigarette Smoking Prior to First Cancer and Risk of Second Smoking-Associated Cancers Among Survivors of Bladder, Kidney, Head and Neck, and Stage I Lung Cancers
Authors: Meredith S. Shiels, Todd Gibson, Joshua Sampson, Demetrius Albanes, Gabriella Andreotti, Laura Beane Freeman, Amy Berrington de Gonzalez, Neil Caporaso, Rochelle E. Curtis, Joanne Elena, Neal D. Freedman, Kim Robien, Amanda Black, Lindsay M. Morton
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Data on smoking and second cancer risk among cancer survivors are limited. We assessed associations between smoking before first cancer diagnosis and risk of second primary smoking-associated cancers among survivors of lung (stage I), bladder, kidney, and head/neck cancers.Data were pooled from 2,552 patients with stage I lung cancer, 6,386 with bladder cancer, 3,179 with kidney cancer, and 2,967 with head/neck cancer from five cohort studies. We assessed the association between prediagnostic smoking and second smoking-associated cancer risk with proportional hazards regression, and compared these estimates to those for first smoking-associated cancers in all cohort participants.Compared with never smoking, current smoking of ≥ 20 cigarettes per day was associated with increased second smoking-associated cancer risk among survivors of stage I lung (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.26; 95% CI, 0.92 to 11.6), bladder (HR = 3.67; 95% CI, 2.25 to 5.99), head/neck (HR = 4.45; 95% CI, 2.56 to 7.73), and kidney cancers (HR = 5.33; 95% CI, 2.55 to 11.1). These estimates were similar to those for first smoking-associated cancer among all cohort participants (HR = 5.41; 95% CI, 5.23 to 5.61). The 5-year cumulative incidence of second smoking-associated cancers ranged from 3% to 8% in this group of cancer survivors.Understanding risk factors for second cancers among cancer survivors is crucial. Our data indicate that cigarette smoking before first cancer diagnosis increases second cancer risk among cancer survivors, and elevated cancer risk in these survivors is likely due to increased smoking prevalence. The high 5-year cumulative risks of smoking-associated cancers among current smoking survivors of stage I lung, bladder, kidney, and head/neck cancers highlight the importance of smoking cessation in patients with cancer.
Lowest numbers of primary CD8+ T cells can reconstitute protective immunity upon adoptive immunotherapy
Authors: Christian Stemberger, Patricia Graef, Marcus Odendahl, Julia Albrecht, Georg Dössinger, Florian Anderl, Veit R. Buchholz, Georg Gasteiger, Matthias Schiemann, Götz U. Grigoleit, Friedhelm R. Schuster, Arndt Borkhardt, Birgitta Versluys, Torsten Tonn, Erhard Seifried, Hermann Einsele, Lothar Germeroth, Dirk H. Busch, Michael Neuenhahn
Journal: Blood (2014)
An Evaluation of Fetal Renal Function in a Chronic Sheep Preparation
Authors: Edwin L. Gresham, John H. G. Rankin, Edgar L. Makowski, Giacomo Meschia, Frederick C. Battaglia
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

Fetal renal function in the sheep was investigated in a chronic preparation which permitted repeated evaluations of urine flow and osmolality as well as renal clearances in animals which were unanesthetized and remote from acute surgical stress. Measurements of fetal blood pressure, pH, osmolality, fetal growth in utero, and final outcome did not indicate an adverse effect of the experimental procedure on the fetus. Fetal urine flow and osmolality were highly variable during the early postoperative period. They did not stabilize until 3-6 days after surgery, when urine osmolality became markedly hypotonic (range 65-160 mOsm/kg H(2)O) and urine flow rose to approximately 0.14 ml/min.kg. Fluctuations in urine flow and osmolality in the early postoperative period were the result of tubular reabsorption of water rather than a change in the glomerular filtration rate. The inulin-(14)C clearance, used as a measure of the glomerular filtration rate, was 1.05 +/-0.05 ml/min.kg (mean +/-sem) for all animals studied. Urea, fructose, sodium, and chloride were partially reabsorbed by the fetal kidney, while creatinine was secreted. Continuous drainage of fetal urine for 18 days in one animal demonstrated that the fetus was able to excrete large amounts of water, sodium, and fructose without apparent detrimental effects.
Persistent asthma: disease control, resource utilisation and direct costs
Authors: E. Van Ganse, L. Laforest, G. Pietri, J.P. Boissel, F. Gormand, R. Ben-Joseph, P. Ernst
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

Despite evidence that adverse outcomes are less frequent when asthma management is optimised, the link between the level of control, disease severity and medical resource utilisation (MRU) is poorly documented. This relationship was investigated in a group of patients suffering from persistent asthma (Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) > or = 2) in France. In 1998 a computerised family practice database was used to identify asthma patients aged 17-50 yrs. Information from the database was complemented by a patient survey to retrospectively assess the level of asthma control and hospital contacts. Costs of MRU over a 12-month study period were related to demographics, medical history, asthma control, and doses of inhaled corticosteroids prescribed during the prestudy period. A review of the computerised medical database identified 1,038 adult patients with persistent asthma, who completed the survey questionnaire. Over a 12-month period, the mean cost of MRU was 549.8 euros for well-controlled patients, 746.3 euros per patient with moderate control, and 1,451.3 euros per patient with poor control. Costs also increased significantly with age, access to free asthma care, comorbid conditions, asthma symptoms in the past year and whether inhaled corticosteroids had been prescribed before the study period. In patients with persistent asthma, large differences were observed in the use of medical resources according to control and severity. Therefore, if patients appropriately use prescribed control therapy, their use of medical resources may be reduced.
Upregulation of MCAM in primary bronchial epithelial cells from patients with COPD
Authors: C. Schulz, V. Petrig, K. Wolf, K. Krätzel, M. Köhler, B. Becker, M. Pfeifer
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2003)

An increasing body of evidence indicates that the bronchial epithelium plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to identify new genes whose bronchoepithelial expression is specifically altered in COPD patients. Primary bronchial epithelial cell (PBEC) cultures were established from exsmokers with stable airflow limitation and never smokers. Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid array technology was used to investigate the differential expression of 847 cytokine and cytokine-related genes between the two groups. Statistical analysis was performed by means of significance analysis of microarrays and Bonferroni-corrected analysis of variance on ranks. Discriminant analysis and light cycler measurements as well as flow cytometry and Western blotting were used to confirm the significance of the array results at both the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression levels. With respect to array experiments, melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) was identified as the sole gene showing highly significant upregulation in PBECs from COPD patients compared to never smokers. Light cycler measurements confirmed these results, revealing a 2.9‐fold and 2.0‐fold increase in MCAM mRNA expression in COPD patients compared to nonsmokers and smokers, respectively. In addition, these differences are associated with higher median protein expression levels. These results strongly suggest involvement of melanoma cell adhesion molecule in the pathophysiology of the chronic airway inflammation seen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Impact of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy on the weight of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: N. Alcorn, A. Tierney, O. Wu, H. Gilmour, R. Madhok
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2010)

The role of tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) in cachexia is established.1 More recent studies have found that adipocytes of obese animals and humans express higher levels of TNF than controls2 3; in this phenotype higher concentrations of TNFα are thought to limit further fat accumulation.4 5 We observed weight gain was becoming an increasing problem in some of our patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) given anti-TNF therapy. Several patients had raised this concern at review appointments and one even elected to discontinue anti-TNF treatment owing to weight gain. The authors therefore undertook a longitudinal retrospective review of …