tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Multicenter Study Comparing Case Definitions Used to Identify Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Valentin Prieto-Centurion, Andrew J. Rolle, David H. Au, Shannon S. Carson, Ashley G. Henderson, Todd A. Lee, Peter K. Lindenauer, Mary A. McBurnie, Richard A. Mularski, Edward T. Naureckas, William M. Vollmer, Binoy J. Joese, Jerry A. Krishnan
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Clinical trials in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) usually require evidence of airflow obstruction and clinical risk factors. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnosis codes or patient-reported physician diagnoses are often used for epidemiologic studies and performance improvement programs.To evaluate agreement between these case definitions for COPD and to assess the comparability of study populations identified as having COPD not using the clinical trial reference standard.We recruited patients from the COPD Outcomes-based Network for Clinical Effectiveness and Research Translation multicenter clinical registry in a cross-sectional study. Demographics, clinical, and post-bronchodilator spirometry data were collected at an in-person study visit. The kappa statistic (κ) was used to evaluate agreement. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify patient characteristics associated with meeting the trial reference standard.A total of 998 (82.8%) of 1,206 study participants met at least one case definition for COPD (of the 998: 91% using ICD-9 codes, 73% using patient-reported physician diagnosis, 56% using trial reference standard); agreement between case definitions was poor (κ = 0.20-0.26). Lack of airflow obstruction was the principal (89%) reason patients identified as having COPD did not meet the trial reference standard. Patients who were black (vs. white), obese (vs. normal weight), or had depression (vs. not) were less likely to meet the trial reference standard (odds ratio [95% CI], 0.37 [0.26-0.53], 0.51 [0.34-0.75], 0.53 [0.40-0.71], respectively).Findings highlight concerns about the applicability of findings in clinical trials to patients meeting other case definitions for COPD.
Preimplantation genetic screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs
Authors: S. Mastenbroek, M. Twisk, F. van der Veen, S. Repping
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2011)

BACKGROUNDPreimplantation genetic screening (PGS) has increasingly been used in the past decade. Here we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs on the effect of PGS on the probability of live birth after IVF.
Incidence of Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus Among White Americans by Sex, Stage, and Age
Authors: L. M. Brown, S. S. Devesa, W.-H. Chow
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2008)

Rapid increases in the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus have been reported among white men. We further explored the temporal patterns of this disease among white individuals by sex, stage, and age by use of data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. We identified 22,759 patients from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 2004, with esophageal cancer, of whom 9526 were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Among white men, increases in the incidence of esophageal cancer were largely attributed to a 463% increase in the incidence of adenocarcinoma over this time period, from 1.01 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.90 to 1.13) in 1975-1979 to 5.69 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI = 5.47 to 5.91) in 2000-2004. A similar rapid increase was also apparent among white women, among whom the adenocarcinoma rate increased 335%, from 0.17 (95% CI = 0.13 to 0.21) to 0.74 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI = 0.67 to 0.81), over the same time period. Adenocarcinoma rates rose among white men and women in all stage and age groups, indicating that these increases are real and not an artifact of surveillance.
Ultrastructural artefacts in biopsied normal myocardium and their relevance to myocardial biopsy in man.
Authors: P J Olmesdahl, M A Gregory, E W Cameron
Journal: Thorax (1979)

Biopsy specimens, as a source of myocardial tissue, are being used increasingly in the appraisal of various myocardial diseases. A study of myocardial tissue, biopsied and processed in various ways, and obtained from normal healthy experimental animals, showed that a variety of artefacts may be found. These artefacts develop in reactive, beating myocardium but not in non-reactive hearts. The artefacts are in many instances similar to, or mimic, changes previously described as pathological in origin. This is most unsatisfactory, and if valid pathological appraisals of myocardial biopsies are to be made, a technique allowing the recovery of tissue, free of biopsy artefact, is required. Such a technique is described.
Regression of Drug-Resistant Lung Cancer by the Combination of Rosiglitazone and Carboplatin
Authors: Geoffrey D. Girnun, Liang Chen, Jessica Silvaggi, Ronny Drapkin, Lucian R. Chirieac, Robert F. Padera, Rabi Upadhyay, Scott B. Vafai, Ralph Weissleder, Umar Mahmood, Elnaz Naseri, Stephanie Buckley, Danan Li, Jeremy Force, Kate McNamara, George Demetri, Bruce M. Spiegelman, Kwok-Kin Wong
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Current therapy for lung cancer involves multimodality therapies. However, many patients are either refractory to therapy or develop drug resistance. KRAS and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations represent some of the most common mutations in lung cancer, and many studies have shown the importance of these mutations in both carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Genetically engineered murine models of mutant EGFR and KRAS have been developed that more accurately recapitulate human lung cancer. Recently, using cell-based experiments, we showed that platinum-based drugs and the antidiabetic drug rosiglitazone (PPARgamma ligand) interact synergistically to reduce cancer cell and tumor growth. Here, we directly determined the efficacy of the PPARgamma/carboplatin combination in these more relevant models of drug resistant non-small cell lung cancer.Tumorigenesis was induced by activation of either mutant KRAS or EGFR. Mice then received either rosiglitazone or carboplatin monotherapy, or a combination of both drugs. Change in tumor burden, pathology, and evidence of apoptosis and cell growth were assessed.Tumor burden remained unchanged or increased in the mice after monotherapy with either rosiglitazone or carboplatin. In striking contrast, we observed significant tumor shrinkage in mice treated with these drugs in combination. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that this synergy was mediated via both increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation. Importantly, this synergy between carboplatin and rosiglitazone did not increase systemic toxicity.These data show that the PPARgamma ligand/carboplatin combination is a new therapy worthy of clinical investigation in lung cancers, including those cancers that show primary resistance to platinum therapy or acquired resistance to targeted therapy.
UG and SLA: The access question, and how to beg it
Authors: Kevin R. Gregg
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Epstein, Flynn, and Martohardjono trivialize the question of access to universal grammar in second language acquisition by arguing against a straw-man version of the no-access position and by begging the question of how second language (L2) knowledge is represented in the mind/brain of an adult L2 learner. They compound their errors by employing a research methodology that fails to provide any relevant evidence.
Rapid Automated Microscopy for Microbiological Surveillance of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia
Authors: Ivor S. Douglas, Connie S. Price, Katherine H. Overdier, Robert F. Wolken, Steven W. Metzger, Kenneth R. Hance, David C. Howson
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)

Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is imprecise.To (1) determine whether alternate-day surveillance mini-bronchoalveolar lavage (mini-BAL) in ventilated adults could reduce time to initiation of targeted treatment and (2) evaluate the potential for automated microscopy to reduce analysis time.Adult intensive care unit patients who were anticipated to require ventilation for at least a further 48 hours were included. Mini-BALs were processed for identification, quantitation, and antibiotic susceptibility, using (1) clinical culture (50 ± 7 h) and (2) automated microscopy (∼5 h plus offline analysis).Seventy-seven mini-BALs were performed in 33 patients. One patient (3%) was clinically diagnosed with VAP. Of 73 paired samples, culture identified 7 containing pneumonia panel bacteria (>10(4) colony-forming units/ml) from five patients (15%) (4 Staphylococcus aureus [3 methicillin-resistant S. aureus], 2 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae) and resulted in antimicrobial changes/additions to two of five (40%) of those patients. Microscopy identified 7 of 7 microbiologically positive organisms and 64 of 66 negative samples compared with culture. Antimicrobial responses were concordant in four of five comparisons. Antimicrobial changes/additions would have occurred in three of seven microscopy-positive patients (43%) had those results been clinically available in 5 hours, including one patient diagnosed later with VAP despite negative mini-BAL cultures.Microbiological surveillance detected infection in patients at risk for VAP independent of clinical signs, resulting in changes to antimicrobial therapy. Automated microscopy was 100% sensitive and 97% specific for high-risk pneumonia organisms compared with clinical culturing. Rapid microscopy-based surveillance may be informative for treatment and antimicrobial stewardship in patients at risk for VAP.
Gut CD103+ dendritic cells express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase which influences T regulatory/T effector cell balance and oral tolerance induction
Authors: G. Matteoli, E. Mazzini, I. D. Iliev, E. Mileti, F. Fallarino, P. Puccetti, M. Chieppa, M. Rescigno
Journal: Gut (2010)

<h3>Objective</h3> CD103<sup>+</sup> gut dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to be required for de novo conversion of adaptive T regulatory (Treg) cells. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme involved in tryptophan catabolism that is expressed by DCs isolated from tumour-draining lymph nodes. IDO-expressing DCs sustain and differentiate Tregs. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and the possible physiological role of IDO in the tolerogenic properties of intestinal DCs. <h3>Design</h3> The expression level of IDO in CD103<sup>+</sup> and CD103<sup>−</sup> DCs was analysed by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. CD103<sup>+</sup> and CD103<sup>−</sup> DCs were sorted from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and the small intestinal lamina propria, and the role of IDO in the conversion of Tregs and Th effector cell development was evaluated via specific inhibition or gene deletion. Oral tolerance, experimental colitis and T cell differentiation in vivo were assessed upon IDO inactivation. <h3>Results</h3> We show that, primarily, CD103<sup>+</sup> but not CD103<sup>−</sup> gut DCs express IDO whose inhibition results in reduced CD4<sup>+</sup>Foxp3<sup>+</sup> T regulatory cell conversion and enhanced T cell proliferation. When IDO was inhibited or genetically deleted there was an increase in Th1 and Th17 differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, in vivo IDO blockade affected the development of Tregs specific for orally administered antigens, impaired oral tolerance induction and exacerbated colitis. <h3>Conclusions</h3> We identified a new IDO-dependent pathway leading to acquisition of tolerogenic functions in mucosal CD103-expressing DCs, indicating IDO as a possible therapeutic target for gut disorders.
The public health utility of genome-wide association study results for smoking behavior
Authors: Helena Furberg, Jamie Ostroff, Caryn Lerman, Patrick F Sullivan
Journal: Genome Medicine (2010)

New approaches to improve smoking cessation rates are needed. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in understanding the genetics of smoking behavior, and this knowledge may eventually be used to personalize treatment for smokers. Although there are highly significant and reproducible genetic associations, none are yet ready for clinical applications. We suggest that translational research from several disciplines, including behavioral science, ethics and economics, should be performed in parallel with ongoing genome-wide association studies for smoking behavior and pharmacogenetic trials. The coordinated effort of multidisciplinary research teams will help reveal the circumstances under which we can translate genetic insights into clinical practice in the hope of reducing the burden of smoking in society.
Ultra High-Resolution Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in the Evaluation of Anterior Corneal Dystrophies and Degenerations
Authors: Lejla M. Vajzovic, Carol L. Karp, Payman Haft, Mohamed Abou Shousha, Sander R. Dubovy, Volkan Hurmeric, Sonia H. Yoo, Jianhua Wang
Journal: Ophthalmology (2011)
Unusual Cerebral Embolization
Authors: J. Neal Rutledge
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Embolization of metallic missile fragments within the cardiovascular system has been described in several case reports and review articles.<sup>1</sup>It is rare in a civilian environment, and we would like to present an unusual case of a shotgun pellet embolization from the lung to a posterior cerebral artery. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 36-year-old man, after sustaining a shotgun blast to the chest that resulted in a sucking wound, was intubated and stabilized in the Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, emergency room. After surgical debridement, closure of chest wounds, and skin grafting of a wound to the right arm, the patient awoke in the recovery room. Neurological examination findings were normal. No wounds of the head or neck were found. Except for a minor amount of adult respiratory distress syndrome, the patient did well the next 48 hours and was ready to be extubated when he
Is IK1 blockade proarrhgthmic or antiarrhythmic?
Authors: H. Ichikawa
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Journal Article Is IK1 blockade proarrhgthmic or antiarrhythmic? Get access Hajime Ichikawa Hajime Ichikawa The First Department of Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 28, Issue 7, July 1994, Pages 1120–1121, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/28.7.1120 Published: 01 July 1994
Mercury and Pink Disease
Authors: F. C. Naish
Journal: BMJ (1955)

A sentinel health information system using telematics and a network of general practitioners was set up in Aquitaine in south western France in 1986. Among the health problems under surveillance was acute diarrhoea. Data for each patient who fulfilled the usual case definition for acute diarrhoea were reported by general practitioners using home terminals (Minitels) connected to a central computer by telephone. Over one year 2234 cases of diarrhoea were reported, the incidence varying from 0.8 to 1.5 cases per doctor per week. Seasonal variations in incidence were observed, with peaks in the winter and in the summer. Only 379 (17%) episodes of diarrhoea were classified as severe, and these patients consulted their general practitioners earlier than patients whose diarrhoea was less severe. Foreign travel was rarely found in the patients9 histories, but clusters of cases were found in communities (4.6%) and in families (22.3%). The advantages of this system were easy reporting and immediate feedback, but it was difficult to extrapolate the data, and the system was inadequate for intervening in outbreaks of diarrhoeal disease. Our knowledge of diarrhoeal diseases in south west France improved.
Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting LecLex-Related Glycans with Potent Antitumor Activity
Authors: Jia Xin Chua, Mireille Vankemmelbeke, Richard S. McIntosh, Philip A. Clarke, Robert Moss, Tina Parsons, Ian Spendlove, Abid M. Zaitoun, Srinivasan Madhusudan, Lindy G. Durrant
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

To produce antitumor monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting glycans as they are aberrantly expressed in tumors and are coaccessory molecules for key survival pathways.Two mAbs (FG88.2 and FG88.7) recognizing novel tumor-associated Lewis (Le) glycans were produced by immunizations with plasma membrane lipid extracts of the COLO205 cell line.Glycan array analysis showed that both mAbs bound Le(c)Le(x), di-Le(a), and Le(a)Le(x), as well as Le(a)-containing glycans. These glycans are expressed on both lipids and proteins. Both mAbs showed strong tumor reactivity, binding to 71% (147 of 208) of colorectal, 81% (155 of 192) of pancreatic, 54% (52 of 96) of gastric, 23% (62 of 274) of non-small cell lung, and 31% (66 of 217) of ovarian tumor tissue in combination with a restricted normal tissue distribution. In colorectal cancer, high FG88 glyco-epitope expression was significantly associated with poor survival. The mAbs demonstrated excellent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), in addition to direct tumor cell killing via a caspase-independent mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy revealed antibody-induced pore formation. In addition, the mAbs internalized, colocalized with lysosomes, and delivered saporin that killed cells with subnanomolar potency. In vivo, the mAbs demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy in a metastatic colorectal tumor model, leading to significant long-term survival.The mAbs direct and immune-assisted tumor cell killing, pan-tumor reactivity, and potent in vivo antitumor efficacy indicate their potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment of multiple solid tumors. In addition, internalization of saporin conjugates and associated tumor cell killing suggests their potential as antibody drug carriers.
Magnetic Resonance As a Cancer Imaging Biomarker
Authors: A. Gregory Sorensen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

Cancer is a diverse disease with many manifestations. Magnetic resonance (MR) has a wide range of sensitivities, and therefore has often been used to study cancer in humans in numerous different ways, most typically with MR spectroscopy and MR imaging. This article is not an exhaustive catalog of the use of MR in cancer, but will briefly highlight some of the many promising MR methods that have been developed, proposed, or used to focus on the problem of detecting and characterizing cancer, its treatments, and adverse effects.
Drug-Induced Prolongation of the QT Interval
Authors: Dan M. Roden
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

The single most common cause of the withdrawal or restriction of the use of marketed drugs has been QT-interval prolongation associated with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, or torsade de pointes, a condition that can be fatal. This review summarizes the current knowledge about molecular and clinical predictors of drug-induced QT-interval prolongation and torsade de pointes and discusses how new molecular predictors of drug action might be incorporated into drug-development programs and clinical practice. A general approach to drugs suspected of causing this problem is presented.
Diabetic retinopathy is associated with visceral fat accumulation in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Futoshi Anan, Takayuki Masaki, Yuji Ito, Takahiko Eto, Yoshikazu Umeno, Nobuoki Eshima, Tetsunori Saikawa, Hironobu Yoshimatsu
Journal: Metabolism (2009)
Venous synchrotron coronary angiography
Authors: William Thomlinson, Nicholas Gmur, Dean Chapman, Richard Garrett, Nancy Lazarz, John Morrison, Peter Reiser, Vellore Padmanabhan, Lawrence Ong, Stephen Green, Albert Thompson, Herbert Zeman, Robert Hofstadter, George Brown, John Giacomini, Helen Gordon, Edward Rubenstein
Journal: The Lancet (1991)
The madness of politics
Authors: A. Beveridge
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2003)

Is the Prime Minister mad? The question was heard towards the end of the Thatcher era, when the Prime Minister was widely perceived to have become crazed and grandiose. Now we are hearing it again. Matthew Parris,1 the political columnist with The Times, was amongst the first to question the mental stability of Tony Blair. He felt that the Prime Minister's grasp on reality was slipping and that he was making statements that were 'palpably absurd'. The neuropsychologist Dr Paul Broks2 wondered whether Blair was a 'plausible psychopath', and Dr Sidney Crown,3 a psychotherapist, maintained that the Prime Minister had a 'devious personality'. Political cartoonists have also portrayed the Labour leader as deranged. For example, Martin Rowson of The Guardian satirically depicted Blair descending through various stages of madness, including 'delusional sense of self-importance', 'religious mania' and 'violent psychotic interlude', culminating in 'complete breakdown'.

Remarks of this sort raise a host of questions. For example, how do we recognize mental illness? What is the difference between 'lay' and 'professional' opinion? Is the former just a matter of social prejudice or does it articulate some essential verity about the human condition? Does the latter represent the 'true' picture—a neutral, scientific observation—or is it, too, influenced by the cultural context? Does the use of psychiatric terminology enlighten our understanding of public figures? Does it serve to explain, exonerate and identify those in need of help, or does it undermine, invalidate and insult the individual in question? And, crucially, should psychiatrists pass clinical judgment on people they have never met? With these questions in mind, the aspersions on Mr Blair's sanity will be examined from the perspective of a sceptical psychiatrist.