tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Terminology associated with vitrification and other cryopreservation procedures for oocytes and embryos
Authors: J. M. Shaw, G. M. Jones
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2003)

Over the past 30 years many cryopreservation procedures have been applied to oocytes, embryos, sperm, ovarian and testicular tissue. Over this time many, often specialized, terms have been developed for all aspects of these procedures. This can make it difficult for readers who are not familiar with the terminology or protocols to compare and evaluate different procedures. This paper describes the main cryopreservation procedures, the terminology associated with them, and briefly explains the underlying physical, chemical and biological processes. The aim is to help readers understand and interpret other papers on slow cooling, rapid cooling, ultrarapid cooling and vitrification.
Cancer risks in LKB1 germline mutation carriers
Authors: H Mehenni, N Resta, J-G Park, M Miyaki, G Guanti, M C Costanza
Journal: Gut (2006)

<b>Background and aims:</b> Germline mutations in the <i>LKB1</i> gene are known to cause Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, which is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by hamartomatous polyposis and mucocutaneous pigmentation. This syndrome is associated with an increased risk of malignancies in different organs but there is a lack of data on cancer range and risk in <i>LKB1</i> germline mutation carriers. <b>Patients and methods:</b> The cumulative incidence of cancer in 149 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome patients with germline mutation(s) in <i>LKB1</i> was estimated using Kaplan-Meier time to cancer onset analyses and compared between relevant subgroups with log rank tests. <b>Results:</b> Thirty two cancers were found in <i>LKB1</i> mutation carriers. Overall cancer risks at ages 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years were 6%, 18%, 31%, 41%, and 67%, respectively. There were similar overall cancer risks between male and female carriers. However, there were overall cancer risk differences for exon 6 mutation carriers versus non-exon 6 mutation carriers (log rank p = 0.022 overall, 0.56 in males, 0.0000084 in females). Most (22/32) of the cancers occurred in the gastrointestinal tract, and the overall gastrointestinal cancer risks at ages 40, 50, 60, and 70 years were 12%, 24%, 34%, and 63%, respectively. In females, the risks for developing gynaecologic cancer at ages 40 and 50 years were 13% and 18%, respectively. <b>Conclusions:</b> Mutations in exon 6 of <i>LKB1</i> are associated with a higher cancer risk than mutations within other regions of the gene. Moreover, this study provides age related cumulative risks of developing cancer in <i>LKB1</i> mutation carriers that should be useful for developing a tailor made cancer surveillance protocol for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome patients.
Effects of a Dietary Portfolio of Cholesterol-Lowering Foods vs Lovastatin on Serum Lipids and C-Reactive Protein
Authors: David J. A. Jenkins
Journal: JAMA (2003)

ContextTo enhance the effectiveness of diet in lowering cholesterol, recommendations of the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program emphasize diets low in saturated fat together with plant sterols and viscous fibers, and the American Heart Association supports the use of soy protein and nuts.ObjectiveTo determine whether a diet containing all of these recommended food components leads to cholesterol reduction comparable with that of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins).DesignRandomized controlled trial conducted between October and December 2002.Setting and ParticipantsForty-six healthy, hyperlipidemic adults (25 men and 21 postmenopausal women) with a mean (SE) age of 59 (1) years and body mass index of 27.6 (0.5), recruited from a Canadian hospital-affiliated nutrition research center and the community.InterventionsParticipants were randomly assigned to undergo 1 of 3 interventions on an outpatient basis for 1 month: a diet very low in saturated fat, based on milled whole-wheat cereals and low-fat dairy foods (n = 16; control); the same diet plus lovastatin, 20 mg/d (n = 14); or a diet high in plant sterols (1.0 g/1000 kcal), soy protein (21.4 g/1000 kcal), viscous fibers (9.8 g/1000 kcal), and almonds (14 g/1000 kcal) (n = 16; dietary portfolio).Main Outcome MeasuresLipid and C-reactive protein levels, obtained from fasting blood samples; blood pressure; and body weight; measured at weeks 0, 2, and 4 and compared among the 3 treatment groups.ResultsThe control, statin, and dietary portfolio groups had mean (SE) decreases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of 8.0% (2.1%) (P = .002), 30.9% (3.6%) (P&lt;.001), and 28.6% (3.2%) (P&lt;.001), respectively. Respective reductions in C-reactive protein were 10.0% (8.6%) (P = .27), 33.3% (8.3%) (P = .002), and 28.2% (10.8%) (P = .02). The significant reductions in the statin and dietary portfolio groups were all significantly different from changes in the control group. There were no significant differences in efficacy between the statin and dietary portfolio treatments.ConclusionIn this study, diversifying cholesterol-lowering components in the same dietary portfolio increased the effectiveness of diet as a treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Chronic graft-versus-host disease in children: incidence, risk factors, and impact on outcome
Authors: Marco Zecca, Arcangelo Prete, Roberto Rondelli, Edoardo Lanino, Adriana Balduzzi, Chiara Messina, Franca Fagioli, Fulvio Porta, Claudio Favre, Andrea Pession, Franco Locatelli
Journal: Blood (2002)
Natural and traumatic sports-related fatalities: A 10 year retrospective study.
Authors: Elisabeth Elena Turk
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

To identify the most common causes of death during sports activity in the population of Hamburg, Germany, and to identify which groups of sportspeople are particularly in danger of dying during sports and in which types of sport most fatalities occur.We performed a 10-year autopsy-based retrospective study of all 48,335 fatalities in Hamburg and the surrounding areas that were subjected to police investigations between 1997 and 2006 and screened for sports-related deaths. The main outcome measure was cause of death depending on form of sport, age and risk factors.Most of the fatalities were male. In natural deaths, cardiac causes were the most frequent causes found, with running and football being the most frequent forms of sport in which death had occurred. In some of the cases, sports medical examinations had been performed before death, certifying eligibility for the respective activity. Traumatic deaths were found in all age groups, with younger age groups more likely to have traumatic than natural deaths, and as expected, occurred more commonly in "risky" outdoor activities.Although exercise can have beneficial effects on health, fatalities related to sports activity occur. Cardiac disease is the main cause of sudden death from natural causes. In patients with pre-existing coronary heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy constitutes a risk factor for exercise-related sudden death. Traumatic deaths often happen on holiday outside the person's country of dwelling, and are most commonly attributable to drowning and blunt trauma. Preparticipation medical screening cannot always prevent fatal incidents during sports activity. Postmortem macroscopic and histological examination can clarify the cause of death and legal issues.
Medium Chain Acyl–Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency in a Neonate
Authors: Gregory Rice, Thomas Brazelton, Kathleen Maginot, Shardha Srinivasan, Gregory Hollman, Jon A. Wolff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

To the Editor: Medium-chain acyl–coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is the most frequently diagnosed defect in mitochondrial beta-oxidation, with a prevalence of 1 case per 15,000 persons in the United States.1 Since patients with MCAD deficiency typically present at 3 to 24 months of age with an unanticipated episode of life-threatening, hypoketotic hypoglycemia, the disease has been a prime impetus for the screening of newborns' blood with tandem mass spectroscopy, a major new public health initiative. We report on a 3-day-old neonate with lethargy, ketotic hypoglycemia, and poor feeding; incessant ventricular tachyarrhythmia developed, which progressed to episodes of torsades de . . .
Differential Response of Rat Tooth Germs to a Murine Sarcoma Virus in Cell Culture and Syngeneic Transplants2
Authors: S. A. Schwartz, W. H. Kirsten
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1973)

Tooth germs from 16-, 17-, and 18-day Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rat embryos were grownin cell or organ cultures and in synqeneic newborn rats to determine oncogenic responses to the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Isolated, dispersed epithelium did not respond to virus infection, whereas mesenchymal cells developed typical foci of morphologically transformed cells. Control and virus-infected tooth germs of all stages grew well in agar medium for up to 7 days. Characteristic cytodifferentiation and histodifferentiation were observed. Noninfected tooth germs differentiated into advanced structures with calcification of the extracellular matrix after subcutaneous transplantation into W/Fu neonates for 30 days. Virus-infected tooth germs had altered odontoblastic precursor cells isolated within the mesenchyme after 14 days' transplantation. The characteristic phenotype of odontoblasts and the orderly deposition of extracellular matrix were lost. Amelogenesis opposite altered mesenchymal areas was retarded or arrested. Long-term syngeneic transplantation (>350 days) of virus-infected tooth germs resulted in the development of transplantable sarcomas. Notumo~sdeveloped in long-term transplants of noninfected rat tooth germs.
NO/redox disequilibrium in the failing heart and cardiovascular system
Authors: Joshua M. Hare, Jonathan S. Stamler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

There is growing evidence that the altered production and/or spatiotemporal distribution of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species creates oxidative and/or nitrosative stresses in the failing heart and vascular tree, which contribute to the abnormal cardiac and vascular phenotypes that characterize the failing cardiovascular system. These derangements at the integrated system level can be interpreted at the cellular and molecular levels in terms of adverse effects on signaling elements in the heart, vasculature, and blood that subserve cardiac and vascular homeostasis.
The &lt;italic&gt;H-2&lt;/italic&gt; Locus and Viral Leukemogenesis as Studied in Congenic Strains of Mice&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Judith R. Tennant, George D. Snell
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1968)

By the use of congenic resistant strains of mice, which differ essentially one from another only at single histocompatibility loci, the effect of histocompatibility-2 (H-2) on leukemogenesis by the BALB/ Tennant-leukemia (B/T-L) virus was investigated. Different alleles at this locus were found to predispose to both different incidences and to different rates of development of leukemia in mice challenged at 1–4 days of age. There were some discrepancies between the two measures of susceptibility (incidence and rate of development), but whether these were due to sampling error or represent a real difference is at present unknown. The most favorable allele, as measured by incidence of leukemia but not by the age at which leukemia developed, was H-2d, the allele of strain BALB/cJ in which the B/T-L virus originated. The least favorable allele by both measures, with concordance of results on two genetic backgrounds, was H-2b. Alleles H-2a and H-2k occupied intermediate positions, with H-2k probably the more resistant of the two. In crosses between congenic strains with different H-2 alleles there was no clear dominance of susceptibility or resistance. However, in a cross between two H-2k strains, the moderately susceptible B10.BR used in the congenic tests and the unrelated highly resistant C57BR/cdJ, resistance was dominant. Since both these strains are H-2k, the H-2 locus cannot be responsible for differences in susceptibility in this instance. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Sclerotherapy plus octreotide versus sclerotherapy alone in the prevention of early rebleeding from esophageal varices: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial*1
Authors: Primignani M, Andreoni B, Carpinelli L, Capria A, Rocchi G, Lorenzini I, Staudacher C, Beretta L, Motta R, de Franchis R
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Because of its ability to decrease portal pressure, azygos blood flow, and postprandial splanchnic hyperemia, octreotide administration could be effective in reducing early rebleeding in patients undergoing endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy (EVS). We report the results of a trial comparing EVS + octreotide versus EVS alone. Consecutive patients with cirrhosis and endoscopically proven variceal hemorrhage were considered eligible for the trial if hemodynamically stable for at least 24 hours after bleeding stopped. Patients with advanced liver cancer or having received EVS treatment in the past were not enrolled. After enrollment patients were submitted to EVS (day 1); all patients were randomized to receive octreotide, 100 micrograms three times a day subcutaneously, or an identical placebo, up to day 29; EVS was repeated at days 8, 15, and 29. Fifty-eight patients were randomized to receive either EVS + octreotide (n = 26) or EVS alone (n = 32). The two groups were evenly balanced for sex, age, Child-Pugh class, history of previous bleeding, endoscopic appearance of varices, or treatment received in emergency. Eight of 26 (31%) patients in the EVS + octreotide group rebled, compared with 11 of 32 (34%) in the EVS group. Four of the eight (50%) patients in the former group and 8 of 11 (73%) in the latter, respectively, bled within day 15. There were 10 (38.5%) deaths in the EVS + octreotide group (seven bleeding-related), compared with seven (21.9%) (five bleeding-related) in the EVS group; these differences did not reach statistical significance. Administration of octreotide, 100 micrograms three times a day, subcutaneously, to patients undergoing EVS for prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding does not decrease the incidence of early rebleeding.
Use of pulse transit time as a measure of inspiratory effort in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: DJ Pitson, A Sandell, R van den Hout, None Stradling
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

Pulse transit time (PTT) is the time taken for the arterial pulse pressure wave to travel from the aortic valve to a peripheral site. For convenience, it is usually measured from the R wave on the electrocardiogram to the pulse wave arrival at the finger. Pulse transit time is inversely proportional to blood pressure, and the falls in blood pressure which occur with inspiration (pulsus paradoxus) correspond to rises (lengthening) in pulse transit time. In awake normal subjects, the size of these inspiratory rises in pulse transit time correlate well with the degree of inspiratory effort. The aim of this study was to investigate whether inspiratory rises in pulse transit time could provide a quantitative measure of inspiratory effort in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eight patients with obstructive sleep apnoea, attending the laboratory for institution of nasal continuous positive airway pressure, took part in the study. Once asleep, airway pressure was varied between optimal treatment level and minimum pressure, to produce a range of inspiratory efforts whilst continuous recordings of oesophageal pressure and pulse transit time were made. There was an excellent correlation between the size of the swings in oesophageal pressure and the size of the swings in pulse transit time (mean r = 0.94). Pulse transit time may, therefore, provide a clinically useful noninvasive and quantitative measure of inspiratory effort in patients with sleep-related breathing disorders.
Children’s Symptoms in the Wake of <i>Challenger</i>: A Field Study of Distant-Traumatic Effects and an Outline of Related Conditions
Authors: Lenore C. Terr, Daniel A. Bloch, Beat A. Michel, Hong Shi, John A. Reinhardt, SuzAnne Metayer
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1999)

OBJECTIVE: The Challenger space shuttle explosion in January 1986 offered an opportunity to determine what, if any, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and bereavement normal latency-age children and adolescents would develop after a distant, horrifying event. METHOD: With a structured interview, the authors assessed the symptoms of 153 randomly selected children from Concord, N.H., and Porterville, Calif. Responses were statistically compared between East Coast children, who saw the event on television and who generally cared more about the teacher aboard Challenger, and West Coast children, who heard about it first; between latency-age children and adolescents; and between children seen 5–7 weeks later and those same children seen 14 months later. RESULTS: More than 60% of the subjects feared at least one stimulus related to Challenger within the first 5–7 weeks of the explosion. The East Coast and latency-age groups appeared significantly more symptomatic than did the West Coast and adolescent groups. Over the 14-month study period, most symptoms dramatically faded. However, adolescents' diminished expectations for the future in general increased, and latency-age children's changed approach to space careers held relatively steady. Three East Coast latency-age children met the DSM-III-R symptom requirements for PTSD in 1986; no children met these in 1987. CONCLUSIONS: Children's symptomatic patterns after Challenger relate to the patterns for PTSD listed in diagnostic manuals and to three symptoms not in the DSM-IV list. To the authors, distant traumas appear to be one of a newly defined spectrum of trauma-related conditions that include relatively evanescent symptoms and a few longer-lasting ones. These symptoms may affect large numbers of normal children.
Number of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors and Mortality in Patients With First Myocardial Infarction
Authors: John G. Canto, Catarina I. Kiefe, William J. Rogers, Eric D. Peterson, Paul D. Frederick, William J. French, C. Michael Gibson, Charles V. Pollack, Joseph P. Ornato, Robert J. Zalenski, Jan Penney, Alan J. Tiefenbrunn, Philip Greenland, for the NRMI Investigators
Journal: JAMA (2011)

REVIOUS STUDIES HAVE EXAM-2][3][4][5] These studies have included a meta-analysis from 14 international randomized clinical trials, 1 a case-control study, 2 results from 3 epidemiologic cohort studies, 3 a single-center academic institution, 4 and a community-based registry of patients with non-ST-segment elevation MI only. 5In all of these reports, a majority of patients with MI presented with at least 1 of the 4 major modifiable cardiac risk factors (hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, and diabetes).However, these studies were limited to specific populations (those selected for clinical trials, cohorts restricted to a certain geographical area [Chicago or Framingham, Massachusetts], or patients with non-ST-segment elevation MI).Most of these studies did not focus on inpatient mortality during hospitalization for first MI.However, a recent study from a quality improvement initiative reported a modest but surprising inverse association between number of CHD risk factors and mortality in patients with non-STsegment elevation MI only. 5e National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI) represents a large and generalizable communitybased cohort study of patients hospitalized with acute MI.The main objectives of our study were to ascertain the CHD risk factor distribution of pa-
The prevalence, variety and impact of wrist problems in elite professional golfers on the European Tour
Authors: Roger Hawkes, Phil O'Connor, Doug Campbell
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Objectives Golf is a popular sport played by an estimated 57 million people. Previous studies on wrist injuries in elite golfers have been of simple design and have demonstrated such injuries to be frequent, although no studies report the incidence, variety, severity or impact on the activity of wrist injuries in detail. This prospective cross-sectional study assesses these factors in a cohort of elite professional golfers. Methods European Tour golfers eligible to compete at the 2009 BMW PGA Championship at Wentworth were studied. Study design involved the completion of a structured questionnaire supplemented by interview and examination when required, with performance statistics provided by the European Tour. The severity of injury was assessed by the number of missed tournaments and the amount of time of missed practice. Results 128 of 153 eligible golfers, (84%) completed the study with 38 golfers (30%) reporting 43 problems. The majority of injuries (67%) occurred in the leading wrist at the most common location, the ulnar side of the wrist (35%). 87% of all ulnar-sided and 100% of radial-sided problems were in the leading wrist. Conclusions There were clear side differences reported by the players with the lead wrist demonstrating much higher injury rates in all areas. The most significant injury, in terms of absence from competition, was extensor carpi ulnaris tendon subluxation. Specific injuries are explained in relation to the biomechanics of the golf swing. Most structural injuries have a specific treatment and rehabilitation plan, which can involve significant periods of time away from the sport, while the management of many of the more minor problems is through alterations in technique or practice regimes, aiming to keep a golfer playing during recovery.
Copy Number Changes of CNV Regions in Intersubspecific Crosses of the House Mouse
Authors: R. J. Scavetta, D. Tautz
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

Copy number variation (CNV) contributes significantly to natural genetic variation within and between populations. However, the mutational mechanisms leading to CNV, as well as the processes that control the size of CNV regions, are so far not well understood. Here, we have analyzed a gene family that forms CNV regions on the X and the Y chromosomes in Mus musculus. These CNV regions show copy number differences in two subspecies, M. musculus domesticus and M. musculus musculus. Assessment of copy numbers at these loci for individuals caught in a natural hybrid zone showed copy number increases and a large variance among individuals. Crosses of natural hybrid animals among each other produced even more extreme variants with major differences in copy number in the offspring from the same parents. To assess the inheritance pattern of the loci further, we have produced F1 and backcross hybrid animals from these subspecies. We found that copy number expansions can already be traced in F1 offspring and they became stronger in the backcross individuals. Specific analysis of hybrid male offspring indicated that neither meiotic recombination nor interchromosomal exchange was required for creating these changes because the X and Y chromosomes have no homologues in males. This suggests that intrachromosomal exchanges can drive CNV and that this can occur at an elevated frequency in interspecific crosses, even within an individual. Accordingly, we find copy number mosaicism in individuals, that is, DNA from different tissues of the same individual can have different copy numbers for the loci studied. A preliminary survey of autosomal loci suggests that these can also be subject to change in hybrids. Hence, we conclude that the effects we see are not only restricted to some specific loci but may also be caused by a general induction of replication-coupled repair processes.