tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Importance of the stomach in maintaining calcium homoeostasis in the rat.
Authors: J Axelson, P Persson, R Gagnemo-Persson, R Hakanson
Journal: Gut (1991)

The stomach helps to maintain calcium homoeostasis by making dietary calcium accessible for uptake in the intestines, although the effect of the stomach on calcium homoeostasis is poorly understood. We examined the effect on blood calcium of gastric surgery in the rat. Within three weeks gastrectomy and fundectomy (excision of the acid producing part of the stomach) induced a slight lowering of the blood calcium concentration. When parathyroidectomy was combined with either gastrectomy or fundectomy the blood calcium concentrations promptly dropped to values lower than after parathyroidectomy alone. The mortality was close to 100% during the first three weeks after combined parathyroidectomy and gastric surgery. It was nil in rats subjected to parathyroidectomy alone. Gastrectomised rats absorbed Ca2+ better than unoperated control rats, possibly reflecting the fact that the serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration was raised. Gastrectomised rats had a food intake that was about 70% of that in intact rats, and the amount of dietary calcium absorbed (net absorption per kg body weight) by the gastrectomised rats was approximately 65% of that in intact control rats. We conclude that the acid producing part of the stomach is important for calcium homoeostasis, since its removal induced lethal hypocalcaemia in parathyroidectomised rats. One possible explanation for the hypocalcaemia induced by gastrectomy is a progressive calcium deficit. In addition, the loss of calciotrophic hormones originating in the stomach may contribute.
Sequential pure red cell and megakaryocyte aplasia associated with chronic liver disease and ulcerative colitis
Authors: Richard M. Fox, Frank C. Firkin
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1978)

Abstract The clinical course of a patient with chronic hepatitis and previous ulcerative colitis who subsequently developed pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is described. The PRCA remitted initially with corticosteroid therapy. A subsequent relapse responded to cyclophosphamide therapy following splenectomy. This was followed by a fatal third episode of red cell aplasia associated with megakarocyte aplasia.
Treatment Alternatives for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Fasiha Kanwal, Ian M. Gralnek, Paul Martin, Gareth S. Dulai, Mary Farid, Brennan M.R. Spiegel
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Background: Treatment options for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have disparate risks and benefits. Interferon has clinically significant side effects, and lamivudine is associated with viral resistance. In contrast, adefovir is safe and has lower viral resistance but is more expensive. The most cost-effective approach is uncertain. Objective: To determine whether and under what circumstances the improved efficacy of adefovir offsets its increased cost compared with lamivudine or interferon. Design: Cost–utility analysis stratified by hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status. Data Sources: Systematic review of MEDLINE from 1970 to 2005. Target Population: Patients with chronic HBV infection, elevated aminotransferase levels, and no cirrhosis. Time Horizon: Lifetime. Perspective: Third-party payer. Interventions: 1) No HBV treatment ("do nothing" strategy), 2) interferon monotherapy, 3) lamivudine monotherapy, 4) adefovir monotherapy, or 5) lamivudine with crossover to adefovir upon resistance ("adefovir salvage" strategy). Outcome Measure: Incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. Results of Base-Case Analysis: The "do nothing" strategy was least effective yet least expensive. Compared with the "do nothing" strategy, using interferon cost an incremental $6337 to gain 1 additional QALY. Compared with interferon, the adefovir salvage strategy cost an incremental $8446 per QALY gained. Both the lamivudine and adefovir monotherapy strategies were more expensive yet less effective than the alternative strategies and were therefore dominated. Results of Sensitivity Analysis: In sensitivity analysis, interferon was most cost-effective in health care systems with tight budgetary constraints and a high prevalence of HBeAg-negative patients. Limitations: These results apply only to patients with chronic HBV infection, elevated aminotransferase levels, and no clinical or histologic evidence of cirrhosis. They do not apply to alternative populations. Conclusions: Neither lamivudine nor adefovir monotherapy is cost-effective in chronic HBV infection. However, a hybrid salvage strategy reserving adefovir only for lamivudine-associated viral resistance may be highly cost-effective across most health care settings. Interferon therapy may still be preferred in health care systems with limited resources, especially in those serving populations with a high prevalence of HBeAg-negative HBV.
Long-term hemodynamic follow-up of cardiac transplant patients treated with cyclosporine and prednisone.
Authors: M L Greenberg, B F Uretsky, P S Reddy, R L Bernstein, B P Griffith, R L Hardesty, M E Thompson, H T Bahnson
Journal: Circulation (1985)

To evaluate the long-term hemodynamic results in cardiac transplant patients treated with cyclosporine and prednisone, 19 patients were studied by cardiac catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy 13 +/- 3 months after transplantation. Immunosuppression consisted of 6 +/- 4 mg/kg/day cyclosporine and 20 +/- 8 mg/day prednisone. Eighteen patients were asymptomatic but had developed postoperative systemic hypertension (17 on antihypertensive therapy). These patients were compared with a normotensive control group of 18 patients without cardiovascular disease. Significant differences were found in heart rate; right atrial, pulmonary arterial, pulmonary arterial wedge, systemic arterial, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures; cardiac index and stroke volume index; systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance; and end-diastolic volume index and left ventricular ejection fraction. The most frequent hemodynamic abnormalities included an elevated arterial pressure in 10 patients (56%), an elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in six patients (33%), and a reduced ejection fraction in five patients (28%). Hemodynamic abnormalities tended to resolve or improve in the five patients restudied 2 years after transplantation. There was no significant relationship between fibrosis or inflammation on endomyocardial biopsy and hemodynamic abnormalities. We conclude that mild-to-moderate hemodynamic abnormalities are common in asymptomatic cardiac transplant patients receiving cyclosporine and prednisone.
Stat3 Activation in Urothelial Stem Cells Leads to Direct Progression to Invasive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Philip Levy Ho, Erica Julianne Lay, Weiguo Jian, Diana Parra, Keith Syson Chan
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Two subtypes of human bladder cancer, noninvasive papillary and muscle-invasive cancer, develop through independent pathologic and molecular pathways. Human invasive bladder cancer frequently develops without prior clinical evidence of a noninvasive tumor stage. However, an animal model that recapitulates this unique clinical progression of invasive bladder cancer has not yet been developed. In this study, we created a novel transgenic mouse model of invasive bladder cancer by targeting an active dimerized form of Stat3 to the basal cells of bladder epithelium. When exposed to the carcinogen nitrosamine, Stat3-transgenic mice developed invasive cancer directly from carcinoma in situ (CIS), bypassing the noninvasive papillary tumor stage. Remarkably, invasive bladder cancer driven by active Stat3 was predominantly composed of stem cells, which were characterized by cytokeratin 14 (CK14) staining and enhanced tumor sphere-forming ability. Active Stat3 was also shown to localize to the nucleus of human invasive bladder cancers that were primarily composed of CK14+ stem cells. Together, our findings show that Stat3-induced stem cell expansion plays a critical role in the unique clinical progression of invasive bladder cancer through the CIS pathway.
Effect of physical activity and body size on survival after diagnosis with colorectal cancer
Authors: A M M Haydon
Journal: Gut (2005)

Physical inactivity and obesity increase the risk of colorectal cancer but little is known about whether they influence prognosis after diagnosis.Incident cases of colorectal cancer were identified among participants of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, a prospective cohort study of 41 528 Australians recruited from 1990 to 1994. Participants diagnosed with their first colorectal cancer between recruitment and 1 August 2002 were eligible. At the time of study entry, body measurements were taken and participants were interviewed about their physical activity. Information on tumour site and stage, treatments given, recurrences, and deaths were obtained from systematic review of the medical records.A total of 526 cases of colorectal cancer were identified. Median follow up among survivors was 5.5 years, and 208 deaths had occurred, including 181 from colorectal cancer. After adjusting for age, sex, and tumour stage, exercisers had an improved disease specific survival (hazard ratio 0.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54-1.00)). The benefit of exercise was largely confined to stage II-III tumours (hazard ratio 0.49 (95% CI 0.30-0.79)). Increasing per cent body fat resulted in an increase in disease specific deaths (hazard ratio 1.33 per 10 kg (95% CI 1.04-1.71)). Similarly, increasing waist circumference reduced disease specific survival (hazard ratio 1.20 per 10 cm (95% CI 1.05-1.37)).Increased central adiposity and a lack of regular physical activity prior to the diagnosis of colorectal cancer is associated with poorer overall and disease specific survival.
The role of ultrasonography in the evaluation of endometrial receptivity following assisted reproductive treatments: a critical review
Authors: S Friedler
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (1996)

We set out to estimate the value of ultrasonographic parameters as prognostic indicators of implantation following in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer. Our survey included 414 natural cycles, 3558 cycles following ovarian stimulation for IVF and embryo transfer, and 411 cycles with hormone replacement therapy for oocyte donation, reviewing 27 reports identified in a computerized literature research. The ultrasonographic prognostic indicators for implantation evaluated included peri-ovulatory endometrial thickness and pattern and Doppler measurements of uterine artery blood flow. Topics include: definitions of the ultrasonographic parameters proposed to evaluate uterine receptivity; the clinical context in which they were used; the proposed optimal timing for sonographic evaluation; and, finally, their actual correlation with pregnancy rate following assisted reproductive technologies. For various sonographic parameters, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, sensitivity and specificity were calculated, based on published data. Sonographic parameters had a high negative predictive value and sensitivity, but a limited positive predictive value and low specificity. Several confounding factors may influence the interpretation of reports, and the statistical evaluation sometimes lacks calculation of the positive and negative predictive values of the parameters examined. Although ultrasonographic parameters of endometrial receptivity have a strong negative value in setting some minimum criteria, their value as prognostic indicators for implantation following embryo transfer has yet to be proved.
Results of a randomized study of previously-untreated intermediate and high grade lymphoma using CHOP versus CNOP
Authors: S. Pavlovsky, M.T. Santarelli, A. Erazo, J.C. Diaz Maqueo, N. Somoza, M. Lluesma Goñalons, G. Cervantes, E.L. Garcia Vela, C. Corrado, H. Magnasco, G. Milone
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1992)
Long term effectiveness of urgent heart transplantation (HTx) compared with elective HTx
Authors: E. Gronda, M. Frigeno, M. Mangiavacchi, E. Vitali, F. Oliva, B. Andreuzzi, G. Comerio, G. Masciocco, A.P. Barosi, P. Barbieri, A. Pellegrini
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Off-Pump Versus On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Differences in Short-Term Outcomes and in Long-Term Mortality and Need for Subsequent Revascularization”
Authors: Edward L. Hannan, Chuntao Wu, Craig R. Smith, Robert S.D. Higgins, Russell E. Carlson, Alfred T. Culliford, Jeffrey P. Gold, Robert H. Jones
Journal: Circulation (2008)
Dose response study of ipratropium bromide aerosol on maximum exercise performance in stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Authors: A. Ikeda, K. Nishimura, H. Koyama, M. Tsukino, M. Mishima, T. Izumi
Journal: Thorax (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Birds have classic examples of exaggerated sexually dimorphic traits, including colors. Sexes among the wild rock dove and its derived domestic breeds, however, are quite indistinguishable and sex can only be ascertained through genotyping or egg laying and successful hatching of eggs. Yet, the pigeon fancy has discovered sexually dimorphic traits and harnessed some of these traits in some auto-sexing breeds. Early genetics pioneers characterized the sex-linked <i>Stipper</i> locus and showed it to be linked to the pigeon Z linked <i>B-locus</i> (<i>Tyrp1</i>). The alleles of the <i>Stipper</i> locus have variable dominance relative to wild-type (more severe alleles are incompletely dominant, less severe alleles are reportedly fully dominant), characterized by a continuum of lightening in homozygotes and increased variegation in heterozygotes corresponding with severity. We leveraged this positional information and population structure among breeds in a candidate gene approach to identify the genetic mechanism of de novo pigeon sex dichromatism. A large tandem duplication (77 kb) centered on the gene <i>Melanoma antigen recognized by T cells</i> (<i>Mlana</i>) is completely associated with alleles of the <i>Stipper</i> locus. Copy number of the 77 kb genetic lesion was not correlated with allele severity suggesting that other mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation could underlie both allele severity and degree of variegation.
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: An Underappreciated Cause of Geriatric Lung Disease: From the Author
Authors: Thomas Kennedy
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

"Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: An Underappreciated Cause of Geriatric Lung Disease: From the Author." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 151(3_pt_1), p. 922
Sweet talk: insights into the nature and importance of glucose transport in lung epithelium
Authors: James P. Garnett, Emma H. Baker, Deborah L. Baines
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

For over 50 years, glucose has been recognised to cross the lung epithelial barrier and be transported by lung epithelial cells. However, until recently, research into these processes focused on their effects on lung liquid volume. Here, we consider a newly identified role for pulmonary glucose transport in maintaining low airway surface liquid (ASL) glucose concentrations and propose that this contributes to lung defence against infection. Glucose diffuses into ASL via paracellular pathways at a rate determined by paracellular permeability and the transepithelial glucose gradient. Glucose is removed from ASL in proximal airways via facilitative glucose transporters, down a concentration gradient generated by intracellular glucose metabolism. In the distal lung, glucose transport via sodium-coupled glucose transporters predominates. These processes vary between species but universally maintain ASL glucose at 3–20-fold lower concentrations than plasma. ASL glucose concentrations are increased in respiratory disease and by hyperglycaemia. Elevated ASL glucose in intensive care patients was associated with increased Staphylococcus aureus infection. Diabetic patients with and without chronic lung disease are at increased risk of respiratory infection. Understanding of mechanisms underlying lung glucose homeostasis could identify new therapeutic targets for control of ASL glucose and prevention and treatment of lung infection.
Use of Isoniazid for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in a Public Health Clinic
Authors: Philip A. LoBue, Kathleen S. Moser
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Isoniazid is an efficacious treatment for latent tuberculosis. Concerns remain, however, regarding hepatotoxicity associated with this medication. In addition, adherence may be suboptimal because at least 6 months of treatment is required. We extracted information from our latent tuberculosis treatment database to determine adverse effects and treatment completion rates associated with the use of isoniazid at a county tuberculosis clinic. Outcomes were available for 3,788 patients started on isoniazid between 1999 and 2002. Six hundred seventy-two patients (18%) experienced one or more adverse effects, including 10 (0.3%) determined to have isoniazid-associated liver injury. No hospitalizations or deaths occurred in patients experiencing an adverse effect. A higher incidence of adverse effects was associated with increasing age. Sixty-four percent of patients completed at least 6 months of isoniazid. Higher completion rates were associated with younger age, Hispanic ethnicity, and non-U.S. country of birth. Lower completion rates were associated with being homelessness, using excess alcohol, and having experienced an adverse effect. In summary, we conclude that in our clinic population isoniazid is a safe therapy for latent tuberculosis, but its effectiveness is limited by modest completion rates.
Why are (male) surgeons still addressed as Mr?
Authors: I. Loudon
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Surgeons, or rather male surgeons, are always addressed as Mr in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, sometimes but not always in Australia and New Zealand, and rarely in Canada or the United States. This curious British tradition is such a mystery to doctors in other countries as well as to the British public, that even a work as erudite as the 1996 edition of The New Fowler's Modern English Usage seems to have got it wrong.1 Is it therefore a tradition that should be perpetuated indefinitely, or should it be abandoned?

To understand how the tradition arose it is necessary to go back to the beginning of the 18th century, when physicians were distinguished by the possession of a university medical degree: an MD. Although many had acquired their MDs abroad with minimal effort or bought them for about £20 (about £800 today) from the Universy of Aberdeen or of St Andrews, the possession of a medical doctorate entitled physicians and no other medical practitioner to be addressed as “doctor.” Eighteenth century surgeons, who were of course addressed as Mr, seldom had any formal qualification except in the case of the few who were Members of the Company of Surgeons. After the founding of the Royal College of Surgeons of London in 1800, however, it was customary for surgeons to take the examination for Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons and put MRCS after their name.2

#### Summary points

(Male) surgeons are always addressed as Mr in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland

The tradition arose before 1800 when physicians were by definition doctors who possessed a university medical degree (an MD); surgeons seldom had any formal qualifications

The growth of voluntary hospitals in the 18th century brought high status to surgeons

After the founding …
Improvements in clinical benefit with vinorelbine in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer: A phase II trial
Authors: S. Fields-Jones, A. Koletsky, G. Wilding, M. O'Rourke, T. O'Rourke, J. Eckardt, B. Yates, C. McGuirt, H.A. Burris
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1999)
Five year prospective study of the incidence, clinical features, and diagnosis of achalasia in Edinburgh.
Authors: P J Howard, L Maher, A Pryde, E W Cameron, R C Heading
Journal: Gut (1992)

With the increasing availability of manometry, patients with achalasia are often referred at an early stage when they lack the classic features of established disease. A prospective five year study of the presenting features of untreated achalasia referred to our department was undertaken. Twenty men and 18 women presented throughout adult life, with a mean age at the time of diagnosis of 44 years (range 17 to 76 years). The presenting symptoms were dysphagia: for solids (100%) and for liquids (97%), chest pain (74%), and weight loss (60%). Endoscopy was reported as normal in 15 patients and achalasia was suggested in only 21 of 33 barium examinations. Fourteen had been treated for gastrooesophageal reflux but none had been misdiagnosed as having cardiac or psychiatric disease. The annual incidence of achalasia in the Lothian region is 0.8/100,000 of population. Persistent dysphagia is the cardinal symptom of achalasia which presents throughout adult life. Nevertheless, recent onset achalasia is often misdiagnosed as gastrooesophageal reflux disease. Because endoscopy is frequently normal and the diagnosis is often not made by radiology, manometric investigation is necessary if the condition is to be recognised and treated at an early stage.
The Right Triangle
Authors: Matthew J. Resnick, Daniel A. Barocas
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

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Genome-Wide Patterns of Expression in Drosophila Pure Species and Hybrid Males
Authors: P. Michalak
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

One of the most fundamental questions for understanding the origin of species is why genes that function to cause fertility in a pure-species genetic background fail to produce fertility in a hybrid genetic background. A related question is why the sex that is most often sterile or inviable in hybrids is the heterogametic (usually male) sex. In this survey, we have examined the extent and nature of differences in gene expression between fertile adult males of two Drosophila species and sterile hybrid males produced from crosses between these species. Using oligonucleotide microarrays and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we have identified and confirmed that differences in gene expression exist between pure species and hybrid males, and many of these differences are quantitative rather than qualitative. Furthermore, genes that are expressed primarily or exclusively in males, including several involved in spermatogenesis, are disproportionately misexpressed in hybrids, suggesting a possible genetic cause for their sterility.