tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DYSENTERY INTOXICATION
Authors: Abraham Penner, Alice Ida Bernheim
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1942)

The intravenous injection of Shiga toxin into dogs causes a rise in hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit reading, and specific gravity of the whole blood. There is thus a decrease in circulating blood volume. The specific gravity of the blood plasma does not change. These findings indicate that the toxin of B. shigae produces a shock-like circulatory state. As a result there occurs a compensatory vasoconstriction in the duodenum of the dog and in the cecum of the rabbit. It has been shown that the toxin of B. shigae has no direct effect upon the intestinal mucosa when brought into contact therewith, but that its absorption through the mucosa leads to the appearance of a lesion in the duodenum of the dog. Therefore we interpret the pathological alterations in the intestinal tract, following the injection of Shiga toxin, as the anatornic end result of a pronounced and prolonged homeostatic vasoconstriction.
Solitary aortic arch artery. A result of surgical ablation of cardiac neural crest and nodose placode in the avian embryo.
Authors: T H Rosenquist, M L Kirby, L H van Mierop
Journal: Circulation (1989)

Cells from the cardiac neural crest are essential for the normal development of both the heart and the great vessels. If cardiac neural crest is ablated surgically from Hamburger-Hamilton stage 9 chicken embryos, they will develop anomalies of both the heart and great vessels that are similar to anomalies that occur in humans. In the absence of cardiac neural crest, another area of neural ectoderm (nodose placode) provides replacement cells that are less competent than those of the neural crest. In this study, both the cardiac neural crest and the nodose placodes have been surgically ablated. A syndrome of unusual prevalence (47%) and severity was found among the survivors of this surgery, which was characterized by a large undivided aorta that arched dorsally without right or left deviation to become the dorsal aorta. There was no other tributary to the formation of the dorsal aorta. There were no ducti arteriosi, and the pulmonary arteries were both ectopic and hypoplastic. The brachiocephalic arteries were asymmetric and hypoplastic. The association of the aorta with the anlagen of the thyroid and thymus glands, as well as with the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve, indicated that the solitary surviving aortic arch artery is that of arch III in this syndrome. These results establish a biological limit of the plasticity of the neural ectoderm and give a probable cellular basis for a lethal congenital septal defect.
Reduction in lung injury after combined surfactant and high-frequency ventilation.
Authors: J C Jackson, W E Truog, T A Standaert, J H Murphy, S E Juul, E Y Chi, J Hildebrandt, W A Hodson
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Previous studies demonstrated that high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) begun at birth limits the development of alveolar proteinaceous edema in premature monkeys at risk for hyaline membrane disease (HMD). We hypothesized that exogenous surfactant combined with HFOV would lead to even further reductions in edema. Twenty Macaca nemestrina monkeys were delivered at 134 d gestation (term = 168 d) and treated with either HFOV or conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) from the first breath; modified bovine surfactant (Survanta [beractant]) was introduced into the trachea over the first few minutes of life. These animals were compared with 20 animals treated with either CMV or HFOV but without surfactant. At 6 h the lung was rapidly frozen in situ during inflation for determination of the volume fraction of alveolar edema. The combined use of surfactant and HFOV from the first breath reduced alveolar proteinaceous edema (3 +/- 1%; mean +/- SEM) from that seen with CMV alone (27 +/- 3%, p < 0.0001), CMV after surfactant (21 +/- 3%, p < 0.0001), and HFOV alone (13 +/- 3%, p < 0.015). We conclude that the use of surfactant with HFOV after premature birth is superior to either surfactant or HFOV alone in reducing lung injury during the first few hours of life. We speculate that this reduction in lung injury may reduce the incidence or severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Gene-Environment and Gene-Treatment Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Paul W. Franks, Ewan Pearson, Jose C. Florez
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

Type 2 diabetes has rapidly emerged as a global health crisis. Because population-level genetic changes take many generations to occur, this epidemic is almost certainly primarily a consequence of recent environmental changes; nonetheless, diabetes does appear to occur preferentially in genetically predisposed populations, which suggests that the effects of pre-existing susceptibility genes have been triggered by recent shifts in nongenetic factors.

Predisposition is influenced by the level of certain environmental exposures, personal factors, access to good-quality primary care, and by genotype. Interactions between genetic and nongenetic risk factors are hypothesized to raise diabetes risk in a synergistic manner; reciprocally, health-enhancing changes in behavior, body composition, or medication may reduce the risk of disease conveyed by genetic factors. Defining the nature of these interactions and identifying ways through which reliable observations of gene-environment interactions (GEIs) can be translated into the public health setting might help 1 ) optimize targeting of health interventions to persons most likely to respond well to them, 2 ) improve cost- and health-effectiveness of existing preventive and treatment paradigms; 3 ) reduce unnecessary adverse consequences of interventions; 4 ) increase patient adherence to health practitioners’ recommendations; and 5 ) identify novel interventions that are beneficial only in a defined genetic subgroup of the population. In this Perspective, we describe the rationale and evidence relating to the existence of gene-environment and gene-treatment interactions in type 2 diabetes. We discuss the tried, tested, and often-failed approaches to investigating gene-lifestyle interactions in type 2 diabetes; we discuss some recent developments in gene-treatment interactions (pharmacogenetics); and we look forward to the strategies that are likely to dominate these fields of research in the future. We conclude with a discussion of the requirements for translating findings from these future studies into a form where they can be used to help predict, prevent, or treat diabetes. Here we …
Deposition of Flowborne Materials on Vessel Walls
Authors: Simon Rodbard, Alonza C. Johnson
Journal: Circulation Research (1962)

An air stream saturated with acetic acid vapor was blown through a tube made of agar which contained sodium hydroxide and phenolphthalein. Where flow was laminar, transfer of acid from the stream to the wall and decoloration of the indicator were of limited degree. Deposition of flowborne material was increased wherever the streamlines were disturbed, as at discontinuities and narrowings. Deposition was minimal slightly beyond the nozzle of the venturi tube, at the site where the momentum of the stream deviates it from the wall. These patterns of deposition by the stream are discussed in terms of their potential effects on the nutrition of the vessel wall, with particular reference to the localization of atheromatous and endocarditic lesions.
Remarks on the Morbid Anatomy and Pathology of Diabetes
Authors: R. S. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1883)

monic phthisis, without coma.In seven other cases of coma, the epithelium did not present important changes.Teschenacher draws attention to the resemblance to traumatic shock, and suggests that the cause is to be found in some lesion of the sympathetic system.The symptoms are certainly suggestive of this view, and the contracted left ventricle ofteni found post mortemn favours it.If a poison, dleveloping in or retained in the body, is the cauise of the coma, this may act especially on the great abdominal sympathetic.In conclusion, it seems to me, from the foregoing review of the evidence a(lvanced in their favour, that (as Ebstein also has said) no one of these theories is applicable to all cases of the coma of diabetes, tlhouigh each explanation may fit particular cases.Though the evidence in favour of acetonaemia appears to me at present quite inconclusive, yet, intoxication by some such poison, with a special affinity for the sympathetic system, developing in the blood or tis- sues, appears to me the most likely direction in which we shall have to search for the cause of dliabetic coma.
Lymphocyte activation after exposure to swine dust: a role of humoral mediators and phagocytic cells
Authors: C. Müller-Suur, P.H. Larsson, K. Larsson, J. Grunewald
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

Exposure to swine dust causes intense airway inflammation with multifold increase in inflammatory cells and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This in vitro study focuses on the swine-dust activation of lymphocytes in whole blood, in phagocyte-depleted whole blood and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), in order to investigate whether phagocytic cells and/or soluble mediators are involved in the activation of T-cells following exposure to organic dust from a swine confinement house. T-cell activation was analysed by flow cytometry with double staining for CD3 and the activation marker CD69. Swine dust (50 µg) incubated (24 h) with heparinized whole blood was shown to activate 27.6% of the T-cells, while swine dust incubated with whole blood depleted from phagocytic cells or PBMC only activated 4.5% and 4.8% of the T-cells, respectively. Plasma separated from whole blood preincubated with swine dust for 24 h stimulated as much as 32.4% of PBMC T-cells and contained high levels of interleukin (IL)-12 (14 pg·mL) and interferon (IFN)-γ (2284 pg·mL −1 ), while plasma from PBMC incubated with swine dust contained low levels of IL-12 (2 pg·mL −1 ) and IFN-γ (196 pg·mL −1 ). This study demonstrates that activation of T-cells by organic dust from a swine confinement building seems to require phagocytic cells, most likely acting through the release of soluble mediators. Also, conditioned plasma from swine-dust exposed whole blood, which was capable of activating T-cells, contained high concentrations of interleukin-12 and interferon-γ.
Part 8: Advanced Life Support
Authors: Laurie J. Morrison, Charles D. Deakin, Peter T. Morley, Clifton W. Callaway, Richard E. Kerber, Steven L. Kronick, Eric J. Lavonas, Mark S. Link, Robert W. Neumar, Charles W. Otto, Michael Parr, Michael Shuster, Kjetil Sunde, Mary Ann Peberdy, Wanchun Tang, Terry L. Vanden Hoek, Bernd W. Böttiger, Saul Drajer, Swee Han Lim, Jerry P. Nolan, Christophe Adrie, Mohammed Alhelail, Pavan Battu, Wilhelm Behringer, Lauren Berkow, Richard A. Bernstein, Sadiq S. Bhayani, Blair Bigham, Jeff Boyd, Barry Brenner, Eric Bruder, Hermann Brugger, Ian L. Cash, Maaret Castrén, Michael Cocchi, Gregory Comadira, Kate Crewdson, Michael S. Czekajlo, Suzanne R. Davies, Harinder Dhindsa, Deborah Diercks, C. Jessica Dine, Csaba Dioszeghy, Michael Donnino, Joel Dunning, Nabil El Sanadi, Heather Farley, Peter Fenici, V. Ramana Feeser, Jane A.H. Foster, Hans Friberg, Michael Fries, F. Javier Garcia-Vega, Romergryko G. Geocadin, Marios Georgiou, Jaspinder Ghuman, Melissa Givens, Colin Graham, David M. Greer, Henry R. Halperin, Amanda Hanson, Michael Holzer, Elizabeth A. Hunt, Masami Ishikawa, Marios Ioannides, Farida M. Jeejeebhoy, Paul A. Jennings, Hitoshi Kano, Karl B. Kern, Fulvio Kette, Peter J. Kudenchuk, Douglas Kupas, Giuseppe La Torre, Todd M. Larabee, Marion Leary, John Litell, Charles M. Little, David Lobel, Timothy J. Mader, James J. McCarthy, Michael C. McCrory, James J. Menegazzi, William J. Meurer, Paul M. Middleton, Allan R. Mottram, Eliano Pio Navarese, Thomas Nguyen, Marcus Ong, Andrew Padkin, Edison Ferreira de Paiva, Rod S. Passman, Tommaso Pellis, John J. Picard, Rachel Prout, Morten Pytte, Renee D. Reid, Jon Rittenberger, Will Ross, Sten Rubertsson, Malin Rundgren, Sebastian G. Russo, Tetsuya Sakamoto, Claudio Sandroni, Tommaso Sanna, Tomoyuki Sato, Sudhakar Sattur, Andrea Scapigliati, Richard Schilling, Ian Seppelt, Fred A. Severyn, Greene Shepherd, Richard D. Shih, Markus Skrifvars, Jasmeet Soar, Keiichi Tada, Sara Tararan, Michel Torbey, Jonathan Weinstock, Volker Wenzel, Christoph H. Wiese, Daniel Wu, Carolyn M. Zelop, David Zideman, Janice L. Zimmerman
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Throughout this article, the reader will notice combinations of superscripted letters and numbers (eg, "Cricoid Pressure ALS-CPR&A-007B ").These callouts are hyperlinked to evidence-based worksheets, which were used in the development of this article.An appendix of worksheets, applicable to this article, is located at the end of the text.The worksheets are available in PDF format and are open access.The topics reviewed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force are grouped as follows: (1) airway and ventilation, (2) supporting the circulation during cardiac arrest, (3) periarrest arrhythmias, (4) cardiac arrest in special circumstances, (5) identifying reversible causes, (6) postresuscitation care, (7) prognostication, and (8) organ donation.Defibrillation topics are discussed in Part 6.T he most important developments and recommenda- tions in advanced life support (ALS) since the 2005 ILCOR review are as follows
Diabetes, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Ellen L. Air, Brett M. Kissela
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

Stroke affects more than 700,000 individuals each year; it is the third largest cause of death and the largest cause of adult disability in the U.S. Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of stroke, yet this risk is not realized or understood by patients with diabetes. This likely reflects a lack of understanding within the medical community of how diabetes confers this risk. We will explore the potential underlying mechanisms that lead to increased incidence of stroke among diabetic patients. Beyond diabetes itself, the metabolic syndrome and its components will also be discussed. The impact of diabetes and hyperglycemia on stroke outcomes and a discussion of current approaches to reduce stroke in this high-risk population are included. Because type 2 diabetes affects the vast majority of those diagnosed with diabetes, it will be the primary focus of this discussion.

It has been well documented that diabetes confers a significantly increased risk of stroke, as well as increased mortality following stroke (1–7). Stroke is a preventable disease with high personal and societal cost. While great progress has been made in understanding the link between diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD), the literature on diabetes and stroke has been less enlightening. CHD is a larger problem that accounts for 40–50% of mortality in diabetes. Because of the overwhelming impact of CHD, the impact of stroke has been relatively underappreciated. Thus, physicians, diabetes educators, and nurses are less equipped to educate patients. We therefore review the relationship between diabetes and stroke.

Given that more than one million people are diagnosed with diabetes yearly, a figure that is expected to rise, the impact of diabetes on the incidence of stroke is of increasing importance. Diabetic patients compose roughly 6.3% of the U.S. population but account for 15–27% of all …
Complete closure of large gastric defects after endoscopic full-thickness resection, using endoloop and metallic clip interrupted suture
Authors: Q. Shi, T. Chen, Y.-S. Zhong, P.-H. Zhou, Z. Ren, M.-D. Xu, L.-Q. Yao
Journal: Endoscopy (2013)

Successful closure of wall defects is the key procedure following endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR). In this report we describe a new method similar to interrupted suture to repair gastric defects by means of endoloops and metallic clips.We retrospectively analyzed 20 patients who presented at our institute between March 2011 and February 2012 with gastric submucosal tumors and who consequently underwent EFTR, with the resulting large gastric defects being closed using endoloops and metallic clips. Tumor characteristics, en bloc resection rates, and postoperative complications were evaluated in all the patients.The median age of the 20 patients was 47 years. The mean maximum size of lesions was 1.47 ± 0.72 cm (range 0.4 - 3 cm). All lesions were diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound as tumors in the muscularis propria layer. The en bloc resection rate was 100 %. Five patients developed fever and complained of slight abdominal pain in the first day after treatment. No patient had severe complications such as peritonitis or abdominal abscess. In all cases, wounds healed after 1 month. We observed the persistence of the clips for over 3 months in 6 out of 19 cases without any clinical manifestations or large injury to the intestine.Our study provides evidence that the use of metallic clips and endoloops is a relatively safe, easy, and feasible method for repairing gastric defects resulting from EFTR.
The $1000 Genome: Ethical and Legal Issues in Whole Genome Sequencing of Individuals
Authors: John A. Robertson
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2003)

Progress in gene sequencing could make rapid whole genome sequencing of individuals affordable to millions of persons and useful for many purposes in a future era of genomic medicine. Using the idea of $1000 genome as a focus, this article reviews the main technical, ethical, and legal issues that must be resolved to make mass genotyping of individuals cost-effective and ethically acceptable. It presents the case for individual ownership of a person's genome and its information, and shows the implications of that position for rights to informed consent and privacy over sequencing, testing, and disclosing genomic information about identifiable individuals. Legal recognition of a person's right to control his or her genome and the information that it contains is essential for further progress in applying genomic discoveries to human lives.
Depressed superoxide radical generation by neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and neutropenia: correlation with neutrophil reactive IgG.
Authors: P Davis, C Johnston, J Bertouch, G Starkebaum
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1987)

Neutrophils of 31 patients with neutropenia and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been studied to assess their ability to generate superoxide radicals (O-2) on activation. Seventeen patients had classical Felty9s syndrome and 14 presumed chrysotherapy related neutropenia. Results were compared with those from age and sex matched controls with uncomplicated RA and from normal subjects. Neutrophils from patients with Felty9s syndrome had a significantly reduced ability to generate superoxide radicals when compared with the other three groups. In addition, serum levels of IgG polymorphonuclear leucocyte binding activity (IgG PBA) were also raised in the group with Felty9s syndrome. A statistically significant inverse correlation existed between O-2 generation and IgG PBA. It is concluded that neutrophil reactive IgG may have an important role in both quantitative and qualitative defects in neutrophil function in Felty9s syndrome.
Impact of perioperative chemotherapy on survival in patients with advanced primary urethral cancer: results of the international collaboration on primary urethral carcinoma
Authors: G. Gakis, T.M. Morgan, S. Daneshmand, K.A. Keegan, T. Todenhöfer, J. Mischinger, T. Schubert, H.B. Zaid, J. Hrbacek, B. Ali-El-Dein, R.H. Clayman, S. Galland, K. Olugbade, M. Rink, H.-M. Fritsche, M. Burger, S.S. Chang, M. Babjuk, G.N. Thalmann, A. Stenzl, J.A. Efstathiou
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)
Effect of patient completed agenda forms and doctors' education about the agenda on the outcome of consultations: randomised controlled trial
Authors: J F Middleton, R K McKinley, C L Gillies
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To assess the effect of patient completed agenda forms for the consultation and doctors9 education on identifying patients9 agendas on the outcome of consultations. <b>Design</b> Randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting</b> General practices in Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom. <b>Participants</b> 46 general practitioners and 976 patients. <b>Interventions</b> Education for general practitioners, with an embedded clustered randomised controlled trial of a patient agenda form. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Number of problems identified, time required to manage each problem, duration of consultations, number of problems raised after the doctor considered the consultation finished ("by the way" questions), and patient satisfaction. <b>Results</b> Data were available from 45 doctors (98%) and 857 patients (88%). The number of problems identified in each consultation increased by 0.2 (95% confidence interval 0.1 to 0.4) with the agenda form, by 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) with education, and by 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7) with both interventions. The time required to manage each problem was not affected. The duration of consultations with the agenda form was increased by 0.9 minutes (0.3 to1.5 minutes) and with the combined intervention by 1.9 minutes (1.0 to 2.8 minutes). Patient satisfaction with the depth of the doctor-patient relationship was increased with the agenda form. The occurrence of "by the way" presentations did not change. <b>Conclusion</b> A patient completed agenda form before the consultation or general practitioner education about the agenda form, or both, enabled the identification of more problems in consultations even though consultations were longer.
<i>Drg1</i> Expression in 131 Colorectal Liver Metastases: Correlation with Clinical Variables and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Manish A. Shah, Nancy Kemeny, Amanda Hummer, Marija Drobnjak, Monica Motwani, Carlos Cordon-Cardo, Mithat Gonen, Gary K. Schwartz
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: The differentiation-related gene-1 (Drg1) is a recently identified gene down-regulated in malignancy and a putative suppressor of colorectal cancer metastases. Its expression is associated with improved survival in patients with prostate or breast cancer. Drg1 expression is also associated with resistance to irinotecan therapy in preclinical colorectal cancer models. The clinical evaluation of Drg1 in colorectal cancer has been limited. We performed this study to evaluate the role of Drg1 in a large cohort of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who were irinotecan naïve. Experimental Design: We examined Drg1 expression by immunohistochemistry in 131 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer enrolled in a clinical trial of adjuvant fluorouracil-based therapy from 1991 to 1995. We correlated expression of Drg1 to numerous clinical and tumor related variables and to patient outcomes, including a subset of patients who recurred and received irinotecan-based therapy. Results: Drg1 expression was identified in all metastatic tissue samples. There was a trend for unilobar metastases with high Drg1 expression (P = 0.07) and a suggestion of improved 2-year survival (82.4% versus 69.6%, P = 0.148). High Drg1 expression suggested irinotecan resistance (P = 0.07). Conclusions: In colorectal cancer, Drg1 expression may be associated with a less aggressive, indolent colorectal cancer. High Drg1 may also be associated with relative resistance to irinotecan. The role of Drg1 in malignancy continues to be defined.