tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Polymyalgic presentation of Sjogren's syndrome: a report of three patients
Authors: B PAL, H N MISRA
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1998)

We report on three patients who presented with polymyalgia but on subsequent clinical and laboratory assessment showed findings consistent with primary Sjogren’s syndrome.

Clinical, immunological, and genetic differences exist now to classify Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) more clearly into primary and secondary SS than in the past.1 2 Primary SS patients can present with a plethora of symptoms although most patients present with sicca complaints, lethargy or arthralgia. Polymyalgia, as presenting complaints of primary SS, has not been reported previously.

Our patients presented during a two year period with proximal aching and stiffness associated with a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and all three responded characteristically as in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) patients to oral prednisolone therapy.3Subsequent investigations and clinical evaluations (table 1) however raised …
An Oral Drug for Leishmaniasis
Authors: Sandra Jacobs
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Encouraging results are reported in this issue of the Journal for an oral drug for use in the battle against visceral leishmaniasis in India (pages 1739–1746). Given the hurdles that typically stymie the development of drugs for diseases endemic primarily to impoverished regions, the story of miltefosine may offer a model for future successes.In Bihar, in northeastern India, with 83 million residents who are among the poorest and least educated people in the country, as many as 200,000 deaths from visceral leishmaniasis occur each year. Nearly everyone in this region of India has watched a neighbor or family member . . .
Exploiting common targets in human fertilization and HIV infection: development of novel contraceptive microbicides
Authors: Gustavo F. Doncel
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2005)

The continued high rates of unintended pregnancies and the unrelentless expansion of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, especially in less developed countries, warrant the development of novel strategies to help individuals avoid these risks. Dually active compounds displaying contraceptive and microbicidal anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) properties constitute one such strategy. Sharing the same anatomical and functional context, sperm fertilization and genital infection by HIV offer an opportunity for simultaneous intervention. Some of the molecules and mechanisms used by sperm to fertilize the oocyte are similar, if not identical, to those used by HIV while infecting host cells. An example of common structures is the lipid membrane surrounding the spermatozoon and the HIV core. Disruption of its architecture by surface-active compounds exerts both spermicidal and virucidal activity. A more specific alteration of lipid rafts [membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins] by beta-cyclodextrins also results in similar effects. During fertilization and infection, both sperm and HIV interact with their target cell receptors through chemical charges, hydrophobic forces and carbohydrate recognition. Anionic polymers such as cellulose sulphate and polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) inhibit sperm and HIV cell binding. Because some of the molecules involved in this interaction, e.g. heparin sulphate proteoglycan, are also used by other pathogens to infect their target tissues, polyanions exert broad antimicrobial activity as well. During fertilization and infection, sperm and HIV, as well as other microbes, use signal transduction molecules and mechanisms such as adenyl cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent kinase, calcium and tyrosine phosphorylation, whose inhibition has been shown to impair sperm function and HIV replication. These commonalities at the level of sperm and HIV structure, cell binding and fusion processes, and signalling pathways therefore provide the biological framework to develop bifunctional inhibitors with both antimicrobial and contraceptive properties.
Alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum gene expression in human heart failure. A possible mechanism for alterations in systolic and diastolic properties of the failing myocardium.
Authors: M Arai, N R Alpert, D H MacLennan, P Barton, M Periasamy
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

Recent studies have shown that intracellular Ca2+ handling is abnormal in the myocardium of patients with end-stage heart failure. Muscles from the failing hearts showed a prolonged Ca2+ transient and a diminished capacity to restore a low resting Ca2+ level during diastole. Accordingly, we examined whether this defect in Ca2+ transport function is due to alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum gene expression. We determined the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport proteins in failing human hearts from 17 cardiac transplant recipients with a diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy, primary pulmonary hypertension, or ischemic heart disease. The expression levels of each mRNA were compared with each other and then correlated with that of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) mRNA in the failing ventricle. The mRNA levels for the calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor, RYR2), Ca2+ uptake pump (Ca(2+)-ATPase, SERCA2 isoform), and phospholamban differed significantly between heart samples but showed an inverse relation with that of ventricular ANF mRNA. In contrast, calsequestrin mRNA levels remained unchanged in these failing hearts. In addition, beta-myosin and alpha-cardiac actin mRNA levels also showed an inverse relation with ANF mRNA levels. These changes were observed in both right and left ventricles of hearts with congestive heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy, primary pulmonary hypertension, or ischemic heart disease. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that abnormal calcium handling in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of failing hearts is due to the altered expression of the genes encoding sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins.
Donor splice-site mutations in WT1 are responsible for Frasier syndrome
Authors: Sandrine Barbaux, Patrick Niaudet, Marie-Claire Gubler, Jean-Pierre Grünfeld, Francis Jaubert, Frédérique Kuttenn, Claire Nihoul Fékété, Nicole Souleyreau-Therville, Elisabeth Thibaud, Marc Fellous, Ken McElreavey
Journal: Nature Genetics (1997)
Effect of the Affordable Medicines Facility—malaria (AMFm) on the availability, price, and market share of quality-assured artemisinin-based combination therapies in seven countries: a before-and-after analysis of outlet survey data
Authors: Sarah Tougher, Yazoume Ye, John H Amuasi, Idrissa A Kourgueni, Rebecca Thomson, Catherine Goodman, Andrea G Mann, Ruilin Ren, Barbara A Willey, Catherine A Adegoke, Abdinasir Amin, Daniel Ansong, Katia Bruxvoort, Diadier A Diallo, Graciela Diap, Charles Festo, Boniface Johanes, Elizabeth Juma, Admirabilis Kalolella, Oumarou Malam, Blessing Mberu, Salif Ndiaye, Samuel B Nguah, Moctar Seydou, Mark Taylor, Sergio Torres Rueda, Marilyn Wamukoya, Fred Arnold, Kara Hanson
Journal: The Lancet (2012)
Adipokines from local fat cells shape the macrophage compartment of the creeping fat in Crohn's disease
Authors: Lea Isabell Kredel, Arvind Batra, Thorsten Stroh, Anja A Kühl, Martin Zeitz, Ulrike Erben, Britta Siegmund
Journal: Gut (2012)

The creeping fat in Crohn's disease (CD) is infiltrated by macrophages; local adipokine levels are increased. This study aimed to link these observations to define a role for macrophages in the pathology of human CD.Human peripheral blood CD14 cells were polarised in vitro into M1 and M2 macrophages. The effects on adipokine receptors, phenotypic surface markers, cytokines and chemokines were assessed after treatment with leptin and adiponectin. Immunohistochemistry visualised macrophage subtypes in samples of mesenteric fat tissue from patients with CD. The chemotactic potential of secreted macrophage products was determined by T cell migration and chemokine production in vitro.Although both adipokines altered the phenotype and function of M1 and M2 macrophages, M2 macrophages were more susceptible. M1 responded to leptin by increased cytokine production, but the stronger effect was seen in M2 macrophages with high expression of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor α. Adiponectin exerted similar effects and led to upregulated mannose receptor expression by M2 macrophages. Large macrophage numbers within the mesenteric fat tissue of patients with CD comprise a unique infiltration predominantly of M2 macrophages, leading to an IL-10-rich environment. While leptin increased the potency of both subtypes to attract CD3 T cells, adiponectin only affected M2 macrophages.The adipocyte-dependent microenvironment within the creeping fat of patients with CD modulates the local macrophage compartment to a preference for the M2 subtype. The findings in this study with human cells suggest a protective role for the mesenteric fat in CD in terms of an enveloping barrier with the potential to limit intestinal inflammation.
Excess Number of Bladder Cancers in Workers Exposed to Ortho-Toluidine and Aniline
Authors: E. Ward, A. Carpenter, S. Markowitz, D. Roberts, W. Halperin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1991)

Journal Article Excess Number of Bladder Cancers in Workers Exposed to Ortho-Toluidine and Aniline Get access Elizabeth Ward, Elizabeth Ward * Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveilance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthCincinnate, Ohio * Correspondence to: Dr Elizabeth M. Ward, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Robert Taft Laboratory, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226, Mailstop/r16. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Arvind Carpenter, Arvind Carpenter Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveilance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthCincinnate, Ohio Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Steven Markowitz, Steven Markowitz Environmental Sciences Laboratary, Mt. Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Dennis Roberts, Dennis Roberts Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveilance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthCincinnate, Ohio Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William Halperin William Halperin Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveilance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthCincinnate, Ohio Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 83, Issue 7, 3 April 1991, Pages 501–506, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/83.7.501 Published: 03 April 1991 Article history Received: 26 September 1990 Revision received: 24 December 1990 Accepted: 09 January 1991 Published: 03 April 1991
The effect of age and hair colour on human hairbulb tyrosinase activity
Authors: T. LLOYD, FRANCES L. GARRY, E.K. MANDERS, J.G. MARKS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

We Studied tyrosinase activity from human hairbulbs from 51 subjects, aged 5–72 years. We used anagen hairbulbs and grouped the subjects according to hair colour. We did not observe an age‐dependent fall in hairbulb tyrosinase activity. We observed considerable inter‐individual variation in activity, with a range of 8–342 pmol DOPA formed/three hairbulbs/30 min. The mean tyrosinase activity from red hairbulbs was significantly higher than the mean for the other hair colours. White hairbulbs did not express tyrosinase activity, and specific antibodies to tyrosinase were used to establish that tyrosinase antigen was absent from white hairbulbs.
Increased Progesterone Receptor Expression in Benign Epithelium of <b> <i>BRCA1</i> </b>-Related Breast Cancers
Authors: Tari A. King, Mary L. Gemignani, Weiwei Li, Dilip D. Giri, Kathy S. Panageas, Faina Bogomolniy, Crispinita Arroyo, Narciso Olvera, Mark E. Robson, Kenneth Offit, Patrick I. Borgen, Jeff Boyd
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The study of pathologically normal breast epithelium of BRCA mutation carriers may yield insights into the early natural history of breast tumorigenesis. Hormone receptor expression was assessed in 24 cases of invasive breast cancer associated with a mutation in BRCA1 (n = 15) or BRCA2 (n = 9) and in 39 sporadic cases matched for patient age and tumor hormone receptor status. Expression of progesterone receptor was significantly (P = 0.0003) more common in normal breast epithelium adjacent to invasive breast carcinoma in BRCA1-linked cases compared with sporadic cases. The wild-type BRCA allele was retained in normal epithelium of all cases tested. We conclude that deregulation of progesterone receptor expression, as a result of BRCA1 haploinsufficiency, may represent an early event in BRCA1-linked breast tumorigenesis.
Pheochromocytoma of the Bladder
Authors: Kryder E. Van Buskirk
Journal: JAMA (1966)

PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS, having originated from chromaffin tissue, are most frequently associated with the adrenal glands, but may be located in any area along the fetal route of this tissue.<sup>1</sup>The protean origin of these tumors has been recognized by Rosenheim,<sup>2</sup>who has stated that 10% of the pheochromocytomas are bilateral and 10% ectopic. Although 19 cases of pheochromocytoma originating in the urinary bladder have been previously reported,<sup>3-5</sup>only 3 have been diagnosed and located preoperatively.<sup>6-8</sup>This report emphasizes the techniques of preoperative diagnosis of such a tumor. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 34-year-old married white woman was referred to Walter Reed General Hospital with a tentative diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma of the urethra. The patient stated that for a ten-year period, urination was frequently associated with a cataclysmic experience. Upon voiding, the patient experienced "a hurting and throbbing all over as if her blood vessels were going
Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to human papillomavirus type I (HPV-i) in human warts
Authors: J.L. KIENZLER, M.TH. LEMOINE, G. ORTH, N. JIBARD, D. BLANC, R. LAURENT, P. AGACHE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

The humoral and cell‐mediated immune response to human papillomavirus type i (HPV‐i) has been studied in 162 patients carrying papillomas of various clinical types: deep plantar wart or myrmecia, common wart, flat wart, and anogenital wart. Circulating antibodies were detected by immunodiffusion and microcomplement fixation, using purified HPV‐i particles as type‐specific antigen. A significant association between myrmecia and anti‐HPV‐i antibodies was found (39% of the cases).
Analysis of MiR-195 and MiR-497 Expression, Regulation and Role in Breast Cancer
Authors: Dan Li, Yulan Zhao, Changxing Liu, Xiaona Chen, Yanting Qi, Yue Jiang, Chao Zou, Xiaolong Zhang, Shunying Liu, Xuejing Wang, Dan Zhao, Qiang Sun, Zhenbing Zeng, Andreas Dress, Marie C. Lin, Hsiang-Fu Kung, Hallgeir Rui, Ling-Zhi Liu, Feng Mao, Bing-Hua Jiang, Lihui Lai
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Purpose: To investigate expression, regulation, potential role and targets of miR-195 and miR-497 in breast cancer. Experimental Design: The expression patterns of miR-195 and miR-497 were initially examined in breast cancer tissues and cell lines by Northern blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Combined bisulfite restriction analysis and bisulfite sequencing were carried out to study the DNA methylation status of miR-195 and miR-497 genes. Breast cancer cells stably expressing miR-195 and miR-497 were established to study their role and targets. Finally, normal, fibroadenoma and breast cancer tissues were employed to analyze the correlation between miR-195/497 levels and malignant stages of breast tumor tissues. Results: MiR-195 and miR-497 were significantly downregulated in breast cancer. The methylation state of CpG islands upstream of the miR-195/497 gene was found to be responsible for the downregulation of both miRNAs. Forced expression of miR-195 or miR-497 suppressed breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Raf-1 and Ccnd1 were identified as novel direct targets of miR-195 and miR-497. miR-195/497 expression levels in clinical specimens were found to be correlated inversely with malignancy of breast cancer. Conclusions: Our data imply that both miR-195 and miR-497 play important inhibitory roles in breast cancer malignancy and may be the potential therapeutic and diagnostic targets. Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); 1722–30. ©2011 AACR.
Altruistic punishment: What field data can (and cannot) demonstrate
Authors: Nikos Nikiforakis
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Abstract The rarity of altruistic punishment in small-scale societies should not be interpreted as evidence that altruistic punishment is not an important determinant of cooperation in general. While it is essential to collect field data on altruistic punishment, this kind of data has limitations. Laboratory experiments can help shed light on the role of altruistic punishment “in the wild.”
Exercise and bone health: optimising bone structure during growth is key, but all is not in vain during ageing: Figure 1
Authors: Stuart J Warden, Robyn K Fuchs
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

The reduction in bone strength and resultant increase in low-trauma fractures associated with ageing represents a prominent and growing societal problem. Although numerous pharmacological agents have been developed to prevent and treat reductions in bone strength as a means to reduce fractures, a commonly advocated intervention is the prescription of load-bearing exercise.1 The skeleton is mechanosensitive across the lifespan and responds and adapts to its prevailing mechanical environment. This concept is supported by two independent, yet related, articles in this issue of the BJSM .2 3 These papers highlight the potential role of exercise on bone health at two differing stages of the lifespan. Kato et al 2 performed a cross-sectional study to show that exercise when young may have lasting effects on bone health during ageing, whereas Martyn-St James and Carroll3 performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to demonstrate that exercise can have beneficial effects on the postmenopausal skeleton.

A dichotomy exists between when the skeleton is most responsive to exercise and when it is prone to osteoporotic fracture. Reduced bone strength is predominantly an age-related phenomenon,4 whereas the ability of the skeleton to respond to mechanical loading is greatest during childhood and decreases with age.5 In fact, the skeletal benefit of a lifetime of exercise seems to occur mainly during the years of skeletal development.6 7 This disparate response of the skeleton to mechanical loading with ageing and the reduction in bone strength with age has raised the question of whether exercise-induced bone changes during growth persist into adulthood where they would be most advantageous in reducing fracture risk.

Kato et al 2 address this issue in their study of postmenopausal bone health in former adolescent athletes and controls. Weight-bearing exercise when young was found to have persistent effects on bone mass …
A 24-Week, Randomized, Treat-to-Target Trial Comparing Initiation of Insulin Glargine Once-Daily With Insulin Detemir Twice-Daily in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Oral Glucose-Lowering Drugs
Authors: Sanne G. Swinnen, Marie-Paule Dain, Ronnie Aronson, Melanie Davies, Hertzel C. Gerstein, Andreas F. Pfeiffer, Frank J. Snoek, J. Hans DeVries, Joost B. Hoekstra, Frits Holleman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

OBJECTIVE To determine whether glargine is noninferior to detemir regarding the percentage of patients reaching A1C &amp;lt;7% without symptomatic hypoglycemia ≤3.1 mmol/l. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this 24-week trial, 973 insulin-naive type 2 diabetic patients on stable oral glucose-lowering drugs with A1C 7.0–10.5% were randomized to glargine once daily or detemir twice daily. Insulin doses were systematically titrated. RESULTS 27.5 and 25.6% of patients reached the primary outcome with glargine and detemir, respectively, demonstrating the noninferiority of glargine. Improvements in A1C were −1.46 ± 1.09% for glargine and −1.54 ± 1.11% for detemir (P = 0.149), with similar proportions of patients achieving A1C &amp;lt;7% (P = 0.254) but more detemir-treated patients reaching A1C &amp;lt;6.5% (P = 0.017). Hypoglycemia risk was similar. Weight gain was higher for glargine (difference: 0.77 kg, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Glargine doses were lower than detemir doses: 43.5 ± 29.0 vs. 76.5 ± 50.5 units/day (P &amp;lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In insulin-naive type 2 diabetic patients, glargine reached similar control as detemir, with more weight gain, but required significantly lower doses.
THE USE OF AMPHETAMINE SULFATE (BENZEDRINE) IN CHILD PSYCHIATRY
Authors: LAURETTA BENDER, FRANCES COTTINGTON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1942)

It is our impression from a review of these cases that benzedrine is a useful adjunct to treatment of the neurotic child, in that it gives him a feeling of well-being, and temporarily allows him to feel secure and loved. In this frame of mind he can face his difficulties, express his aggressive impulses without overwhelming fear of consequences, and obtain relief from inner tension and anxiety. The art productions and other means of expressing the fantasy life of these children reflect these processes as they take place. Benzedrine alone does not lead to any but a temporary solution of the child's problems, and must always be combined with a personal therapeutic approach. In the more severely neurotic child, benzedrine acts only as an expedient to help the child adjust in an environment where he can later find help for his deeper conflicts, and leads to an evasion of these problems during the period of administration. Here, too, the art and fantasy production show an inhibition which parallels the evasion noted in the personal therapeutic approach during medication. Benzedrine is of great benefit in stimulating interest and drive in learning in the child with a learning disability, providing the original impulse has been obscured through the operation of neurotic mechanisms. Fear, depression and sexual tension in the child are often completely relieved during the period of benzedrine administration, as is hyperkinesis occurring on a neurotic basis. Activity is frequently integrated and made more productive, and the relationship to the group is thus facilitated. In the group studied, benzedrine had no appreciable effect upon the behavior of children with developmental brain defects or with schizophrenia and its effect upon the psychopathic personality was in all respects unfavorable. Consequently its use in a controlled ward set-up may be an aid in the differential diagnosis of some obscure problems. It has also clarified our concepts in regard to the classification of behavior problems in children as they are here described. However, it is worth emphasizing again that the successful use of this drug in the behavior problems of children depends on a clear understanding of the causes of the child's problems, the proper choice of children to receive the drug, and the use of the drug only as an adjunct to adequate personal psychotherapy, tutoring and social adjustments.