tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nurse practitioners in accident and emergency departments: what do they do?
Authors: S. M. Read, N. M. Jones, B. T. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1992)

OBJECTIVE--To determine the distribution and scope of nurse practitioner schemes in accident and emergency departments in England and Wales; to describe the caseloads of doctors and nurse practitioners on two representative days; and to estimate the number of patients managed by nurse practitioners in the year to 31 March 1991. DESIGN--A postal survey of accident and emergency departments and a content analysis of case notes of new patients attending a representative sample of accident and emergency departments on two days. SETTING--All accident and emergency departments in England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS--Survey: 560 nurses in charge of accident and emergency departments. Census: case notes of 5814 patients in 37 accident and emergency departments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Survey: number of accident and emergency departments with nurse practitioner schemes. Census: demographic and clinical characteristics of new patients attending and whether nurse practitioner or doctor made diagnoses and ordered investigations, treatments, referrals, discharges. RESULTS--513 replies (92%) from 465 surveyed functioning accident and emergency departments and 48 departments recently closed. 27 (6%) departments used designated nurse practitioners and 159 (34%) "unofficial" nurse practitioners. Only 530 (9%) of the 5814 patients in the census were managed entirely or mainly by nurse practitioners, with higher proportions in ophthalmic departments (nearly 30%) and minor casualty departments (over 40%) than in major departments (3%). Most patients managed by nurse practitioners (86%) had minor trauma. In the year ending 31 March 1991 an estimated 390,000 (95% confidence interval 260,000 to 520,000) patients out of a total of 12.5 million (3.1%, 2.1% to 4.1%) were clinically managed by a nurse practitioner. CONCLUSIONS--Designated nurse practitioner schemes are rare. The volume and range of nurse practitioner work in major general accident and emergency departments is small compared with those in specialised and minor accident and emergency departments.
Pharmacologic inhibition of PKCα and PKCθ prevents GVHD while preserving GVL activity in mice
Authors: Kelley M. K. Haarberg, Jun Li, Jessica Heinrichs, Dapeng Wang, Chen Liu, Crystina C. Bronk, Kane Kaosaard, Alexander M. Owyang, Sacha Holland, Esteban Masuda, Kin Tso, Bruce R. Blazar, Claudio Anasetti, Amer A. Beg, Xue-Zhong Yu
Journal: Blood (2013)
Exploding microwaved eggs.
Authors: P. Corridan, J. Hsuan, N. J. Price, P. J. McDonnell
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Numbers of infants categorised according to quintiles ofratio ofplacental weight to birth weight and by gestational age and birth weight (figures in parentheses are column percentages) NoWeeks of gestation Birth weight (g) of Placental weight:birth weight infants
Benefits of supplementary tube feeding after fractured neck of femur: a randomised controlled trial.
Authors: M D Bastow, J Rawlings, S P Allison
Journal: BMJ (1983)

A total of 744 elderly women with fractured neck of femur were classified into three groups according to anthropometric measurements on admission: group 1, well nourished; group 2, thin; group 3, very thin. Group 1 ate well and had a low mortality and a short rehabilitation time. The thinner the patients the lower their voluntary food intake, the higher their mortality and the longer their rehabilitation time. A series of 122 patients from groups 2 and 3 were entered postoperatively into a randomised controlled trial of overnight supplementary nasogastric tube feeding (4.2 MJ (1000 kcal), including 28 g protein) in addition to their normal ward diet. This treatment was associated with improvements not only in anthropometric and plasma protein measurements but also in clinical outcome, especially in the very thin group 3 patients. Rehabilitation time and hospital stay were shortened. Mortality in group 3 was less in the tube fed patients (8%) than in the controls (22%) but this difference did not reach statistical significance. One in five patients could not tolerate the nasogastric tube, but in the remainder the treatment caused no side effects and did not seriously diminish voluntary oral food intake by day.
Management of chronic hepatitis B in childhood: ESPGHAN clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Etienne M. Sokal, Massimiliano Paganelli, Stefan Wirth, Piotr Socha, Pietro Vajro, Florence Lacaille, Deirdre Kelly, Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)

More than 360million persons worldwide (6% of the world population) are chronically infected by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Although the incidence of HBV infection has dramatically declined since the implementation of universal immunization programs in several countries and blood-donor screening, a significant number of children are still infected each year, often developing chronic infection and requiring appropriate follow-up [1]. Despite a rather benign course of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) during childhood and adolescence, 3–5% and 0.01–0.03% of chronic carriers develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), respectively, before adulthood [2,3].
[463] DETECTION OF CD4+ T CELL RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE HCV INFECTION IRRESPECTIVE OF CLINICAL OUTCOME
Authors: J. Schulze zur Wiesch, V. Kasprowicz, A.Y. Kim, T. Kuntzen, S.A. Longworth, B.E. Nolan, A.G. Wurcel, C. McMahon, T.M. Allen, B. McGovern, L. Lewis-Ximenes, R.T. Chung, W. Kwok, B.D. Walker, G.M. Lauer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
THE DETERMINATION OF THE CIRCULATING BLOOD VOLUME IN INFANTS BY THE CARBON MONOXIDE METHOD
Authors: Rustin McIntosh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1929)

The carbon monoxide method for determination of blood volume has been used with success in experiments on adults, but has to our knowledge not been previously applied to infants.Miller (1) in 1910 einployed the procedure as refined by Zuntz and Plesch (2) in studying a group of thirty children ranging from 6 to 16 years of age, but no reports of studies in younger individuals are available.The principle of this method was first advocated by Grehant and Quinquaud (3), and was first applied to the study of blood volume in man by Haldane and Lorrain Smith (4).Improvements in the form of application have been contributed by a number of workers (5), particularly by Salvesen (6) and by Harrop and his associates (7).An accurately measured quantity of carbon monoxide gas is delivered into a breathing apparatus, from which it is absorbed rapidly from the respired air.The time required for maximal absorption, and the conditions under which absorption is accelerated, have been carefully determined by Harrop.After a suitable interval has elapsed for the establishment of equilibrium between the gas in the circulating blood and the respired air, and for complete mixing of the blood, a sample of the latter is withdrawn from a vein and analyzed for carbon mon- oxide content by an adaptation of the method of Van Slyke and Robscheit-Robbins (8).When the proper corrections have been applied, the calculation of the circulating blood is then simplified to the following equation: Quantity of gas absorbed X 100Circulating blood volume = (I)Percentage of gas in the blood 203
Cancer Immunotherapy: A Future Paradigm Shift in the Treatment of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Valsamo K. Anagnostou, Julie R. Brahmer
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Emerging evidence on the role of the antitumor activity of the immune system has generated great interest in immunotherapy even for tumors that were historically considered as nonimmunogenic. Immunotherapy is emerging as a major modality in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment focusing on vaccine approaches to elicit specific immune responses and development of inhibitors of the molecular mediators of cancer-induced immunosuppression (immune checkpoints) to boost antitumor immune responses. Amplification of the host response against evolving tumors through vaccination is being investigated in ongoing clinical trials with tumor cell vaccines; however, the clinical efficacy of these agents has been limited. Blocking inhibitory pathways such as the CTL antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint pathways with mAbs has generated antitumor immune responses that are transforming cancer therapeutics. PD-1 and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies have shown durable responses in NSCLC, with a favorable safety profile and manageable side effects. The activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors is currently been assessed in treatment-naïve patients with PD-L1–positive advanced NSCLC. Combinatorial approaches with other immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, or targeted agents are being explored in ongoing clinical trials, and may improve outcome in NSCLC. Clin Cancer Res; 21(5); 976–84. ©2015 AACR.
MEF2D Drives Photoreceptor Development through a Genome-wide Competition for Tissue-Specific Enhancers
Authors: Milena M. Andzelm, Timothy J. Cherry, David A. Harmin, Annabel C. Boeke, Charlotte Lee, Martin Hemberg, Basil Pawlyk, Athar N. Malik, Steven W. Flavell, Michael A. Sandberg, Elio Raviola, Michael E. Greenberg
Journal: Neuron (2015)
Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Barry Z. Izenstein
Journal: JAMA (1987)

If you are a primary care physician, caring for patients with type I or type II diabetes, then you will find the second edition of Dr Mayer Davidson's<i>Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Treatment</i>a valuable addition to your metabolic library. This is a 589-page, ten-chapter text, principally written by one author. Its emphasis is on patient care, and combines a pathophysiologic approach with fundamentals of treatment. What is new and interesting about this book? What distinguishes it from the other texts of diabetes? There is a detailed, well-written chapter discussing dietary therapy. New ideas concerning the use of the newer sweeteners, simple sugars, alcohol, and fiber are well covered, as is formal instruction in planning a diet. Meal-planning information includes more than what the primary care physician might think is "palatable," and is an excellent resource for the teaching nurse and diabetologist. The pitfalls in diagnosing diabetes, newer diagnostic criteria,
Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Decreased Circulating Mannan-Binding Lectin Concentrations in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Irina Kowalska, Jose Manuel Fernandez-Real, Marek Straczkowski, Agnieszka Kozlowska, Agnieszka Adamska, Francisco Ortega, Agnieszka Nikolajuk, Monika Karczewska-Kupczewska, Slawomir Wolczynski, Maria Gorska
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

Insulin resistance has been described as associated with low levels of mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a protein of the innate immune system (1). The aim of the present study was to study serum MBL concentration in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in relation to insulin resistance, adiponectin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Insulin sensitivity, serum MBL concentration, adiponectin, hsCRP, and sex hormones were measured in 102 PCOS (34 of whom were lean and 68 overweight or obese) …
Antimyosin scintigraphy in myocarditis: Evaluation of diagnostic methodology
Authors: Jagat Narula, Tsunehiro Yasuda, James F. Southern, Ban An Khaw, Igor F. Palacios, John B. Newell, G.William Dec, John T. Fallon, H.William Strauss, Edgar Haber
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF CALCIUM CHLORID ON THE KIDNEY
Authors: JOHN P. BOWLER
Journal: JAMA (1924)

During the last two years, in the Mayo Clinic, patients with obstructive jaundice requiring operation have been given intravenous injections of calcium chlorid preoperatively in order to reduce their coagulation time, and to assist in the prevention of bleeding. Five cubic centimeters of a 10 per cent, aqueous solution of calcium chlorid has been given daily for three days, and the results—the hastening of blood coagulation, as evidenced by a lowering of blood coagulation time, and the absence of postoperative hemorrhage in jaundiced patients—have been striking. These results have been reported previously.<sup>1</sup>Our experimental work with intravenous injections of calcium chlorid prior to its use for human patients convinced us that, in the amounts given, no effect on renal function or renal tissue was produced either clinically or pathologically; and since we could find nothing in the literature with regard to such an effect, we endeavored to ascertain whether
Platelet-targeted fibrinolysis enhances clot lysis and inhibits platelet aggregation.
Authors: C Bode, G Meinhardt, M S Runge, M Freitag, T Nordt, M Arens, J B Newell, W Kübler, E Haber
Journal: Circulation (1991)

Although plasminogen activator therapy has been shown to reduce mortality in patients with severe myocardial infarction, several problems fuel the search for more potent and specific thrombolytic agents.To explore the effect of plasminogen activator targeting to platelets, we covalently linked urokinase that had been modified with N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate to the Fab' of a monoclonal antibody (7E3) that selectively binds to platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa. In an assay measuring (as reflected by plasmin generation) a plasminogen activator's ability to bind GP IIb/IIIa immobilized on plastic, urokinase-7E3 Fab' produced 31-fold more plasmin than did urokinase (p = 0.0001). The addition of solubilized GP IIb/IIIa blocked this enhancement of plasmin generation, indicating that binding was impaired. Plasmin generation reflecting binding to immobilized intact platelets was 2.4-fold greater for urokinase-7E3 Fab' than for unconjugated urokinase (p = 0.002). In a plasma clot lysis assay, urokinase-7E3 Fab' was at least 25-fold more potent than either urokinase alone or a mixture of urokinase and 7E3 (Fab')2 (p less than 0.009), and potency could be related to platelet concentration in the clot. Ex vivo, ADP-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by a urokinase-7E3 IgG conjugate at a concentration of 8 nM, whereas a mixture of urokinase and 7E3 (Fab')2 in equimolar amounts required 60 nM and urokinase alone required 1 microM to achieve the same effect.Therefore, the targeting of urokinase to the GP IIb/IIIa platelet receptor both accelerates clot lysis (when platelets are associated with a fibrin clot) and inhibits platelet aggregation.
Interleukin-1 beta predicts death or myocardial infarction independently of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and standard risk factors in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Jason M. Lappe, Joseph B. Muhlestein, John F. Carlquist, Brent P. Davis, Benjamin D. Horne, Jeffrey L. Anderson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
THE TREATMENT OF AURAL CATARRH IN THE LONDON CENTRAL THROAT, NOSE AND EAR HOSPITAL.
Authors: FAYETTE CLAY EWING
Journal: JAMA (1896)

In a previous number, having given the treatment of the different forms of nasal discharge classified as catarrhal, at the Central Hospital, I shall now proceed to make clear the method used for the cure of those varieties of ear disease usually termed catarrh, and divided into acute non-suppurative, acute suppurative, chronic non-suppurative and chronic suppurative. <h3>Acute Non-suppurative and Suppurative.</h3> —Since the acute suppurative is only a more advanced or severe form of the non-suppurative, for clinical convenience they will be discussed together. Children who are victims of adenoids in the naso-pharynx are most susceptible to acute catarrh. Frequently the disease progresses no further than the non-suppurative variety. When due to adenoids they are removed under nitrous oxid gas, the curette generally being invoked, followed by a good finger scraping. When the faucial tonsils are enlarged they are removed first, at the same sitting, with a Mackenzie guillotine, the whole
Needle in a Haystack
Authors: Roger Kapoor, Richard H. Moseley, John R. Kapoor, Lawrence M. Crapo, Sanjay Saint
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

A 50-year-old woman reported multiple, loose bowel movements associated with mild, cramping abdominal pain. She had been well until 2 months earlier, when her bowel habits changed from one formed stool per day to frequent loose stools of moderate volume.
A Pooled Analysis of Data Comparing Sirolimus-Eluting Stents with Bare-Metal Stents
Authors: Christian Spaulding, Joost Daemen, Eric Boersma, Donald E. Cutlip, Patrick W. Serruys
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Although randomized studies have shown a beneficial effect of drug-eluting stents in reducing the risk of repeated revascularization, these trials were underpowered to compare rates of death and myocardial infarction. The long-term safety of drug-eluting stents has been questioned recently.
Prolasping thrombosed haemorrhoids: outcome of conservative management.
Authors: R H Grace, A Creed
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Prolapsing Thrombosed Haemorrhoids: Outcome of Conservative ManagementProlapsed thrombosed haemorrhoids are a common and painful surgical emergency.Though emergency haemorrhoidectomy was discussed as early as 19141 the usual treatment in the United Kingdom is non-operative.The natural history of thrombosed haemorrhoids managed conservatively, however, is not known and there are no reports on whether patients continue to have symptoms.We report here the incidence of continuing symptoms after recovery from an acute episode and the incidence of subsequent elective haemorrhoid- ectomy.
Laparoscopic Versus Conventional Cholecystectomy Use of Biliary Scintigraphy
Authors: CONRAD E. NAGLE, JOHN MURPHY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become a popular alternative to traditional open cholecystectomy for uncomplicated, acute cholecystitis. At some centers, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is already the more frequently performed procedure. The presence or suspicion of common bile duct (CBD) stones or obstruction may necessitate conventional surgery or additional procedures. This report describes a patient with acute cholecystitis for whom the surgical management changed based on biliary scintigraphy. The demonstration of an unsuspected CBD obstruction by biliary imaging allowed the surgeon to change the initial plan for laparoscopic cholecystectomy to conventional open surgery. Stones in the common bile duct were removed.
Nomogram for number needed to treat will be of limited use
Authors: J. Thomas, C. Sharp
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Nomogram for number needed to treat will be of limited use EDITOR,-Gilles Chatellier and colleagues suggest that in calculations of the "number needed to treat" a nomogram based on the formula 1 should be used in Pc x relative risk reduction preference to 1The two formulas are, PC...Pi however, equivalent and will both suffer from the same problems when Pc and Pi differ by an amount greater than Pc.The nomogram is consequently useful in only a limited number of circumstances-for example, when published study results have been adjusted for confounding effects and only relative risks or odds ratios are reported.In these cases such estimates could then be combined with an estimate of the baseline risk to yield the number needed to treat.
Results of Treatment of Thyrotoxicosis following Relapse after Antithyroid Drug Therapy
Authors: D. G. McLarty, W. D. Alexander, R. McG. Harden, D. H. Clark
Journal: BMJ (1969)

One hundred and thirty patients who relapsed after a full course of treatment with antithyroid drugs have been reviewed. Of 22 patients receiving a second course of antithyroid drugs, 17 (77%) relapsed. In contrast, only 2 out of 44 patients treated by surgery relapsed and seven became hypothyroid. Nevertheless, local complications, in particular parathyroid insufficiency, were especially common in this group. Eighty patients received radioiodine, 11 (14%) requiring more than three doses before finally being rendered euthyroid. Postradiation hypothyroidism developed in 39 (49%) patients.
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Authors: V. R. MASON
Journal: JAMA (1922)

11.The symptoms of pyloric stenosis are projectile vomiting, visible peristalsis, constipation, starvation stools, rapid loss of weight and pyloric tumor.12. Closer observation will reveal, as well, pallor; lividity; loss of turgor; circumoral cyanosis; cold, clammy, cyanotic hands and feet ; subnormal tem¬ perature, unless obscured by starvation elevation, and spasm not only of the pylorus but often of the larynx, pharynx, esophagus, cardia, and various portions of the intestine.There is also hypertonicity of the skeletal musculature.
Letter: malaria vaccines.
Authors: L J Bruce-Chwatt
Journal: BMJ (1975)

They might, for example, have mentioned the reviewed series of over 2000 patients in seven clinical trials in which embolisom (25 cases) was detected only within that group, making up 25 % of the total, who had positive I.F.T.s.4We ihave screened more t,han 700 surgical patients.The overall incidence of D.V.T. wuas 32%, of clinicalily detectaible D.V.T. approximately 10%/, of symptomatic pul- monary embolisim 2%, and of fatal embolismn 03%.We have detected neither D.V.T.
Sporadic Type Composite Pheochromocytoma with Neuroblastoma: Clinicomorphologic, DNA Content, and Ret Gene Analysis
Authors: Fernando A Candanedo-González, Isabel Alvarado-Cabrero, Armando Gamboa-Domínguez, Arturo Cérbulo-Vázquez, Ricardo López-Romero, Leticia Bornstein-Quevedo, Mauricio Salcedo-Vargas
Journal: Endocrine Pathology (2001)
Pulmonary Hypertension Caused by Persistent Anomalous Vertical Vein Bridging the Left Subclavian Vein and Left Atrium With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sonoko Maemura, Masato Ishizuka, Ryo Nakata, Yoshihiro Motozawa, Keisuke Yamamoto, Masataka Takizawa, Hiroki Uozumi, Hiroshi Ikenouchi
Journal: Circulation (2014)
Cost-Effectiveness of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Compared With Standard Care Among Inoperable Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Matthew R. Reynolds, Elizabeth A. Magnuson, Kaijun Wang, Yang Lei, Katherine Vilain, Joshua Walczak, Susheel K. Kodali, John M. Lasala, William W. O'Neill, Charles J. Davidson, Craig R. Smith, Martin B. Leon, David J. Cohen
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Background— In patients with severe aortic stenosis who cannot have surgery, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been shown to improve survival and quality of life compared with standard therapy, but the costs and cost-effectiveness of this strategy are not yet known. Methods and Results— The PARTNER trial randomized patients with symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis who were not candidates for surgery to TAVR (n=179) or standard therapy (n=179). Empirical data regarding survival, quality of life, medical resource use, and hospital costs were collected during the trial and used to project life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, and lifetime medical care costs to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of TAVR from a US perspective. For patients treated with TAVR, mean costs for the initial procedure and hospitalization were $42 806 and $78 542, respectively. Follow-up costs through 12 months were lower with TAVR ($29 289 versus $53 621) because of reduced hospitalization rates, but cumulative 1-year costs remained higher ($106 076 versus $53 621). We projected that over a patient's lifetime, TAVR would increase discounted life expectancy by 1.6 years (1.3 quality-adjusted life-years) at an incremental cost of $79 837. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for TAVR was thus estimated at $50 200 per year of life gained or $61 889 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. These results were stable across a broad range of uncertainty and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions— For patients with severe aortic stenosis who are not candidates for surgery, TAVR increases life expectancy at an incremental cost per life-year gained well within accepted values for commonly used cardiovascular technologies. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00530894.