tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Duration of Symptoms and Plasma Cytokine Levels in Patients with the Common Cold Treated with Zinc Acetate
Authors: Ananda S. Prasad, James T. Fitzgerald, Bin Bao, Frances W.J. Beck, Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Background: Adults and children in the United States get two to six colds per year. Evidence that zinc is effective therapy for colds is inconsistent. Objective: To test the efficacy of zinc acetate lozenges in reducing the duration of symptoms of the common cold. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan. Patients: 50 ambulatory volunteers recruited within 24 hours of developing symptoms of the common cold. Intervention: Participants took one lozenge containing 12.8 mg of zinc acetate or placebo every 2 to 3 hours while awake as long as they had cold symptoms. Measurements: Subjective symptom scores for sore throat, nasal discharge, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough, scratchy throat, hoarseness, muscle ache, fever, and headache were recorded daily for 12 days. Plasma zinc and proinflammatory cytokine levels were measured on day 1 and after participants were well. Results: Forty-eight participants completed the study (25 in the zinc group and 23 in the placebo group). Compared with the placebo group, the zinc group had shorter mean overall duration of cold symptoms (4.5 vs. 8.1 days), cough (3.1 [95% CI, 2.1 to 4.1] vs. 6.3 [CI, 4.9 to 7.7] days), and nasal discharge (4.1 [CI, 3.3 to 4.9] vs. 5.8 [CI, 4.3 to 7.3] days) and decreased total severity scores for all symptoms (P < 0.002, test for treatment × time interaction). Mean changes in soluble interleukin-1 receptor antagonist level differed nonsignificantly between the zinc group and the placebo group (difference between changes, −89.4 pg/mL [CI, −243.6 to −64.8 pg/mL]). Conclusion: Administration of zinc lozenges was associated with reduced duration and severity of cold symptoms, especially cough. Improvement in clinical symptoms with zinc treatment may be related to a decrease in proinflammatory cytokine levels; however, in this study, the observed differences between changes in cytokine levels in zinc and placebo recipients were not significant.
Host Factors: An Overview
Authors: Robert H. Moser
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Poets and philosophers were the first to rhapsodize about the uniqueness of every human creature. Then came the psychiatrists, next the psychologists, and now physiologists, geneticists, and enzyme chemists have joined the chorus. So each man (and woman) is a different entity—each splendid in its own way.  But this does present some problems. In our efforts to understand mechanisms of disease, one of the more intriguing and vexing aspects is this very variability from person to person in the ability to cope with a disease.  For example, a group of skiers are exposed to hepatitis A virus (in a cross-contaminated water supply in an Austrian mountain spa). Let us assume reasonable comparability in size of inoculum and apparent health of the victims. There will be enormous variations in individual response. A tiny percentage may die; another group may become very ill; another larger group will become moderately ill; another will
Hypnosis in Suppression of Cough Reflex
Authors: Richard H. Gwartney, Nicholas Krikes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

ALTHOUGH cough represents a protective mechanism there are certain states in which cough is definitely harmful. Functionally, cough itself can initiate bronchial irritation, thus beginning a cycle that may become progressively more severe. The literature is replete with references to cases in which cough has directly or indirectly resulted in death. However, the common consequences seen by all physicians are loss of rest and sleep, anorexia, vomiting, chest pain and many other annoying complications.The voluntary control of cough, which is possible to some extent, — as observed in tuberculous patients, for example, — becomes essential in conditions in which . . .
Intravenous Thrombolysis and Coronary Revascularization Rates-Reply
Authors: C. David Naylor
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Cheng notes a greater relative increase in revascularization procedures among patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator as compared with those given streptokinase. It is perhaps tempting to indulge in some speculation about this observation—eg, higher clot lysis rates with tissue plasminogen activator, or perhaps greater early lysis followed by higher rates of reocclusion. However, for all revascularization procedures, the actual odds ratios and confidence limits were reported as follows: tissue plasminogen activator: odds ratio, 2.25(95% confidence interval, 1.31 to 3.94), and streptokinase: odds ratio, 1.66(95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 259). The confidence limits clearly overlap and are compatible with random variation. These nonsignificant differences must also be considered in light of the trials themselves, which were done by different groups at different times. The three streptokinase trials were initiated between 1982 and 1984 and completed prior to August 1986, whereas the trials of tissue plasminogen activator ran
Dendritic Cell-Based Tumor Vaccines and Antigen Presentation Attenuators
Authors: Kevin Evel-Kabler, Si-Yi Chen
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Dendritic cell (DC)-based tumor vaccines are being extensively tested to treat cancer patients. Although the results of most DC-based clinical trials have been disappointing, recent advances in the basic molecular understanding of positive and negative regulation of antigen presentation and immune responses can form a basis to enhance the efficacy of DC-based vaccines. Here we describe the new understanding of the importance of Toll-like receptor, tumor necrosis factor receptor, and cytokine receptor signaling in activation of innate and adaptive immunity. In particular, we describe the emerging importance of hardwired negative regulators, such as cytokine signaling regulators, as antigen presentation attenuators (APAs), providing a new strategy to break self-tolerance and enhance the potency of tumor vaccines by inhibiting APAs.
Lower oesophageal contractility as an indicator of brain death in paralysed and mechanically ventilated patients with head injury
Authors: M E Sinclair
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Chez des sujets sous ventilation mecanique, recevant des produits de blocage neuromusculaire, apres traumatisme crânien, l'evaluation de la contractilite spontanee de l'œsophage inferieur peut permettre de distinguer ceux qui survivront (10 sur 11 avec activite conservee) de ceux qui sont en etat de mort cerebrale (5 sur 5)
Loophole to be closed on recognition of qualifications
Authors: Rory Watson
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Health and social care regulators in the United Kingdom are welcoming the European parliament's decision to close a loophole which they believe could have posed a threat to patient safety.

Under plans to update existing European rules on the mutual recognition of qualifications, the European Commission had proposed that professionals trained in one EU country should be able to practise in another for up to four months without registering with the necessary authorities.

The legislation, which applies to doctors, …
Minimally invasive surgery May disseminate undiagnosed tumour
Authors: R C Johnson, L J Fligelstone, T S Maughan
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, - R C G Russell's article on laparoscopic cholecystectomy is comprehensive but fails to mention an important aspect of the operation - namely, the problems that arise if an inapparent carcinoma of the gall bladder is removed laparoscopically.1 Several cases of tumour seeding …
Atypical lichen planus induced by native medicine
Authors: FEMI SOYINKA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Two cases of bullous and nodular lichen planus induced by ingested and topically administered native medicine are described. The high incidence of lichen planus in Africa could be due to the widespread use of herbal drugs. This could partly explain the absence of buccal mucosal lesion in lichen planus in African Negroes.
UK hospitals that offer cord blood collection will need licence from July
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The fast growing practice of collecting blood from the umbilical cords of newborn infants is to be regulated for the first time in the United Kingdom. Cord blood, a source of very “naive” blood stem cells, is used to treat some types of anaemia and leukaemia and may hold promise in treating other diseases.

The Human Tissue Authority announced this week that all maternity units, whether NHS or private, that collect cord blood must be operating under a licence by 5 July.

An unknown number of private companies are currently offering a cord blood collection service. They …
Response of Pregnant Human Uterus to Prostaglandin-F2 -induction of Labour
Authors: S. M. M. Karim, R. R. Trussell, R. C. Patel, K. Hillier
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Labour was successfully induced in 10 women at or near term with prostaglandin F(2alpha) infusion. In no case was there an increase in the resting tone of the myometrium, and complete relaxation between contractions was recorded.
“Once, All the World Was Anaerobic”
Authors: Antone A. Medeiros
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

Anaerobic bacteria are the most primitive and prevalent members of the body microflora, outnumbering aerobic bacteria by 1000:1 in the normal colon and 10:1 in the skin, mouth, and vagina. Emphasizing their immense variety is the fact that investigators using sophisticated technics were able to speciate only 18 per cent of anaerobic isolates from infections and normal flora.2 Anaerobes may protect locally against exogenous pathogens, and they become pathogens themselves only under special clinical circumstances, commonly the aspiration of infected material or a breach of some mucosal barrier such as perforation of the bowel.Recent improvements in technics for cultivating . . .
Interferon Alfa–Induced Adverse Effects in Patients with a Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Carmine M. Pariante, Sabine Landau, Bernardo Carpiniello
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

To the Editor: Hack et al. (Jan.17 issue) 1 report that 20year-olds who had very low birth weight have a lower rate of risk-taking behavior than their normal-birth-weight peers, and the authors describe this finding as "reassuring."Mc-Cormick and Richardson, in their editorial, 2 suggest that the avoidance of risk-taking behavior indicates a special "resilience" in very-low-birth-weight children and their families.I disagree.As the parent of a very-low-birth-weight adult, the moderator of an Internet list for parents of preterm children, and the author of a book on prematurity, I am in close contact with many families with very-low-birth-weight children.Our children, even when they do not have major neurosensory handicaps, often have cognitive and behavioral deficits that isolate them from both their peers and their peers' risk-taking behavior.Our children's isolation and withdrawal are actually caused by a lack of social and intellectual resilience.As a result, many of us worry that our children will never become fully functioning members of society.Unfortunately, recent research supports our fears.In a report on a national cohort of prematurely born teens in the Netherlands, Walther et al. 3 estimate that, because of social and cognitive problems, 40 percent of very-lowbirth-weight children will never live independently.This Dutch cohort was born only a few years later than the group studied by Hack et al. and has a similar rate of neurosensory impairment (10 percent).
Community care and general practice
Authors: D. Kingdon, S. Sumners
Journal: BMJ (1995)

General practitioners can identify need, provide information, and work with carers and managers

Community care for people with problems of old age, mental illness, learning disability, and physical disability did not begin in Britain in 1993. But a lot of noise was made about it then. What did happen that year was a fundamental change in the system of funding residential and nursing homes. The 1990 NHS and Community Care Act devolved the prime responsibility for means tested funding from the central Department of Social Security to local social services departments. The act also replaced an open-ended and rapidly expanding budget with a limited budget based on individual assessments of needs.1

There has been much apparent change and apprehension. Yet, after the second financial year, the debate on community care seems to have gone comparatively quiet. Has anything of substance actually changed? How well is the system working? Has “monitoring fatigue” set in?2 Has there really been enough money? Some local authorities have reported budgetary crises,3 but most have managed with the resources allocated to them, sometimes by tightening …
Hours of work of junior doctors
Authors: P. D Welsby
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Both IL-21 and TLR agonists are important regulators of B cell responses, and the combination of IL-21 and TLR stimulation results in increased Ab production. However, it is not clear yet how IL-21 interacts with TLR signaling in B cells. In this study, we show that IL-21 enhances TLR-induced IgG production, whereas it has no effect on TLR-induced IL-6 production by human B cell cultures. These observations are explained by the finding that IL-21 augments TLR-induced IgG production via the TLR–MyD88–STAT3 pathway but not the classical TLR-MyD88–NF-κB pathway. We further demonstrate that stimulation of human B cells with IL-21 and TLR7/8 or TLR9 agonists increases the phosphorylation of STAT3, whereas the activation of NF-κB is not affected. Interestingly, like IL-21, IL-10 in combination with TLR signaling also enhances phosphorylation of STAT3, resulting in an increase of IgG production. Hence, IL-21 and IL-10 increase the activity of the TLR–MyD88–STAT3 pathway in human B cells via enhancing the phosphorylation of STAT3 for Ab production.
THE CAUSE OF LUMBAR PUNCTURE HEADACHE
Authors: RUSSELL G. MacROBERT
Journal: JAMA (1918)

Lumbar puncture headache differs from all others in that, being present when the patient is sitting up, it completely disappears when he lies down. It is throbbing and severe, and felt mostly in the frontal and occipital regions. No drugs give sufficient relief to allow its victim to walk about and attend to his affairs, or even to sit up. The pain comes on quickly when he sits up, being fully present in twenty seconds. It takes about the same length of time to subside when he lies down. This situation usually persists for about seven days with full severity, and then ends somewhat abruptly in the course of twenty-four hours.  The only effective treatment is a week's stay in bed with the head low. While in this position the patient is quite comfortable, and there are no clinical signs of trouble present.  Regarding causative or influencing factors of
DNA Methylation As a Clinical Marker in Oncology
Authors: Jean-Pierre Issa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

Article Tools UNDERSTANDING THE PATHWAY Article Tools OPTIONS & TOOLS Export Citation Track Citation Add To Favorites Rights & Permissions COMPANION ARTICLES No companion articles ARTICLE CITATION DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.1016 Journal of Clinical Oncology - published online before print May 7, 2012 PMID: 22564986 DNA Methylation As a Clinical Marker in Oncology Jean-Pierre IssaxJean-Pierre IssaSearch for articles by this author Show More Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.42.1016 First Page Full Text PDF Figures and Tables © 2012 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Nilotinib treatment in mouse models of P190 Bcr/Abl lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Pavinder Kaur, Niklas Feldhahn, Bin Zhang, Daniel Trageser, Markus Müschen, Veerle Pertz, John Groffen, Nora Heisterkamp
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2007)

Abstract Background Ph-positive leukemias are caused by the aberrant fusion of the BCR and ABL genes. Nilotinib is a selective Bcr/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor related to imatinib, which is widely used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia. Because Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia only responds transiently to imatinib therapy, we have used mouse models to test the efficacy of nilotinib against lymphoblastic leukemia caused by the P190 form of Bcr/Abl. Results After transplant of 10,000 highly malignant leukemic cells into compatible recipients, untreated mice succumbed to leukemia within 21 days, whereas mice treated with 75 mg/kg nilotinib survived significantly longer. We examined cells from mice that developed leukemia while under treatment for Bcr/Abl kinase domain point mutations but these were not detected. In addition, culture of such cells ex vivo showed that they were as sensitive as the parental cell line to nilotinib but that the presence of stromal support allowed resistant cells to grow out. Nilotinib also exhibited impressive anti-leukemia activity in P190 Bcr/Abl transgenic mice that had developed overt leukemia/lymphoma masses and that otherwise would have been expected to die within 7 days. Visible lymphoma masses disappeared within six days of treatment and leukemic cell numbers in peripheral blood were significantly reduced. Treated mice survived more than 30 days. Conclusion These results show that nilotinib has very impressive anti-leukemia activity but that lymphoblastic leukemia cells can become unresponsive to it both in vitro and in vivo through mechanisms that appear to be Bcr/Abl independent.
Disease modifying treatment and elective surgery in rheumatoid arthritis: the need for more data
Authors: A Jain
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have become the cornerstone of treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The use of these drugs during the perioperative period has caused debate amongst rheumatologists and surgeons. Concerns focus on their potential to increase the risk of infection by affecting the immune response. Rheumatoid patients are at increased risk of infection,1 and this is of concern after surgery.2 Orthopaedic surgery in rheumatoid patients is common,3 and while it may seem prudent to stop DMARD treatment before surgery, this may result in flare up of disease activity. The resultant loss of mobility would adversely affect outcome, particularly after orthopaedic procedures, where mobilisation is crucial for effective rehabilitation.2,4

Early reports suggested that methotrexate should be stopped before rheumatoid surgery, as it was claimed to increase infection rates. Studies have …
Calcium Oxalate Microcrystalline-Associated Arthritis in End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: G S Hoffman, H R Schumacher, H Paul, V Cherian, R Reed, A G Ramsay, W A Franck
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Chronic renal failure is known to be associated with secondary hyperoxalemia and the deposition of calcium oxalate in visceral organs, bones, and cartilage. We report the identification of calcium oxalate crystals in the synovial fluid of three patients with chronic renal failure. In one patient, calcium oxalate crystals were also identified within synovium and cartilage. Crystals were pleomorphic and bipyramidal. Some crystals were rod-like and had positive birefringence, thus tending to be confused with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate when observed with only compensated polarized light microscopy. In one patient asymptomatic effusions were associated with joint capsule calcification, but otherwise normal knee radiographs. The other two patients had bilateral knee pain, one having coexistent features of osteoarthritis and the other Chondrocalcinosis. Samples of proliferative synovium, joint capsule, and cartilage from the patient with Chondrocalcinosis showed abundant calcium oxalate crystals, and not calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate or calcium hydroxyapatite. Thus, radiographically typical Chondrocalcinosis may be due to calcium oxalate. Joint disease in chronic renal failure may be associated with calcium oxalate as well as the previously recognized apatite deposition.
Abstract 2418: NADPH Oxidase 1 over-expression enhances invasion via matrix metalloproteinase-2 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in melanoma cells
Authors: Feng Liu, Angela Garcia, Frank Meyskens
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Nox1 is a member of the NADPH Oxidase family which has not been well characterized in the melanocytic cell lineage. Here we demonstrated that Nox1 and Nox4 were detected in melanocytic lineage, with only Nox1 detected in normal human melanocytes and Nox4 in a subset of metastatic melanoma cell lines. The protein level and enzymatic activity of Nox1 was elevated in all melanoma cells as compared to normal melanocytes. Over-expression of GFP-Nox1 protein in Wm3211 primary melanoma cells increased invasion rate by 4-6 fold as measured by Matrigel invasion assay, while knocking down or inhibiting Nox1 decreased invasion by approximately 40 to 60%. MMP-2 was increased by Nox1 over-expression at the mRNA, protein and activity levels, and decreased by Nox1 knockdown. MMP-2 promoter activity was also regulated by Nox1 knockdown. In addition, stable clones over-expressing Nox1 exhibited an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as examined by cell morphology and EMT markers; knockdown or inhibiting Nox1 led to a reversal of EMT. Supplementing MMP-2 to culture media did not induce EMT, suggesting that EMT induction by Nox1 was not through MMP-2 up-regulation. In summary, Nox1 was over-expressed in all melanoma cell lines examined, and enhanced cell invasion by MMP-2 up-regulation and EMT induction. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2418. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2418