tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prostate Cancers in Men with Low PSA Levels — Must We Find Them?
Authors: H. Ballentine Carter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer among men in the United States. In the era before prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, most prostate cancers were identified at a stage (T2 or T3) that could not be cured. Today, with the widespread use of PSA screening, most prostate cancers are identified at an earlier stage, which can be treated effectively with surgical or nonsurgical approaches. Once PSA screening became widespread in the United States, the rate of death from prostate cancer declined — for example, in 1997 it fell below the rate recorded in 1986, a year . . .
Estrogen promotes cutaneous wound healing via estrogen receptor β independent of its antiinflammatory activities
Authors: Laura Campbell, Elaine Emmerson, Faith Davies, Stephen C. Gilliver, Andre Krust, Pierre Chambon, Gillian S. Ashcroft, Matthew J. Hardman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2010)

Post-menopausal women have an increased risk of developing a number of degenerative pathological conditions, linked by the common theme of excessive inflammation. Systemic estrogen replacement (in the form of hormone replacement therapy) is able to accelerate healing of acute cutaneous wounds in elderly females, linked to its potent antiinflammatory activity. However, in contrast to many other age-associated pathologies, the detailed mechanisms through which estrogen modulates skin repair, particularly the cell type–specific role of the two estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, has yet to be determined. Here, we use pharmacological activation and genetic deletion to investigate the role of both ERα and ERβ in cutaneous tissue repair. Unexpectedly, we report that exogenous estrogen replacement to ovariectomised mice in the absence of ERβ actually delayed wound healing. Moreover, healing in epidermal-specific ERβ null mice (K14-cre/ERβL2/L2) largely resembled that in global ERβ null mice. Thus, the beneficial effects of estrogen on skin wound healing are mediated by epidermal ERβ, in marked contrast to most other tissues in the body where ERα is predominant. Surprisingly, agonists to both ERα and ERβ are potently antiinflammatory during skin repair, indicating clear uncoupling of inflammation and overall efficiency of repair. Thus, estrogen-mediated antiinflammatory activity is not the principal factor in accelerated wound healing.
PSYCHIC INGREDIENTS OF VARIOUS PERSONALITY TYPES
Authors: MARTIN B. GIFFEN, JAMES A. KENNY, THEODORE C. KAHN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

The usual method of validating psychological tests by comparing them with clinically-defined psychiatric categories has been reversed. Instead, various personality types bearing psychiatric labels have been assessed by means of symbol patterns. A few examples have been given to illustrate the method. Superior normals are found to excel in creative imagination. Neurotics appear to be only partially emancipated from the stimuli of objects. Persons with characterological personalities appear to have been fixated at a pre-adolescent level of symbol perception. Schizophrenics use symbols autistically. And deteriorated organic patients show a lack of capacity to deal symbolically with their environment except on a concrete and unimaginative level. These findings are not new and are readily accepted by persons familiar with mental patients. Yet it is interesting that we were able to distinguish the different psychiatric categories by means of symbol patterns found typical of the various disease groups.
Severe acute kidney injury associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cirrhosis: A case-control study
Authors: Chiara Elia, Isabel Graupera, Rogelio Barreto, Elsa Solà, Rebeca Moreira, Patricia Huelin, Xavier Ariza, Cristina Solé, Elisa Pose, Anna Baiges, Núria Fabrellas, Esteban Poch, Javier Fernández, Vicente Arroyo, Pere Ginès
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2015)
Microsatellite Variation in Colonizing and Palearctic Populations of Drosophila subobscura
Authors: Marta Pascual, Charles F. Aquadro, Vanessa Soto, Luis Serra
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

The recent colonization of North America by Drosophila subobscura has provided a great opportunity to analyze a colonization process from the beginning. A comparative study using 10 microsatellite loci was conducted for five European and two North American populations. No genetic differentiation between European populations was detected, indicating that gene flow is high among them and that the microsatellites used in the present work represent neutral markers not subject to differentiation due to selection. Extensive reduction in the number of alleles and a significant decrease in heterozygosity in colonizing populations were detected that could be explained by the founder effect and a subsequent quick but not infinite expansion. Assuming that all alleles present in the colonized area were carried by the sample of colonizers, we estimated that most probably 4–11 individuals expanded in the new area. FST and the chord distance measures reflect the colonization process more accurately, since drift has been the major force in differentiating the Old and New World populations, and thus other measures considering allele size differences, such as RhoST and δμ, are less reliable for studying nonequilibrium populations. Finally, our results were consistent with the two-phase microsatellite mutational model, indicating that most alleles are generated by gain or loss of a repeat unit, while some alleles originate by more complex mutations.
Comparative Value of Dobutamine and Adenosine Stress in the Detection of Coronary Stenosis With Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography
Authors: Stéphane Lafitte, Hisashi Matsugata, Barry Peters, Mario Togni, Monet Strachan, Oi Ling Kwan, Anthony N. DeMaria
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Controversy continues as to whether adenosine or dobutamine is the superior pharmacological stress agent for myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE).We compared real-time MCE refilling curves and wall thickening during adenosine and dobutamine stress in 14 open-chest dogs with left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary artery stenoses that reduced hyperemia by 40% to 60% and 70% to 90% (mild and severe non-flow-limiting stenosis, NFLS) and resting flow by 10% to 30% and 35% to 50% (mild and severe flow-limiting stenosis, FLS). MCE was performed with low-energy imaging during Optison infusion. After high-energy bubble destruction, time-intensity data from risk beds were fitted for an exponential function as y=A(1-e(-)(bt)), from which the rate of intensity increase (b) and maximal plateau intensity (A) were derived. Although severe NFLS and greater stenoses decreased b with both dobutamine and adenosine, with mild NFLS it was reduced in 58% of animals with dobutamine versus 8% with adenosine. The absolute decrease in b, however, was greater for adenosine than dobutamine with FLS. The A parameter was decreased with both adenosine and dobutamine only with the most severe FLS. Wall thickening was decreased with dobutamine in 33% of animals with severe NFLS and in all animals with any FLS; with adenosine, in all with severe FLS.Both dobutamine and adenosine significantly reduce MCE refilling rates in the setting of severe stenosis and in the absence of contractile abnormalities. Dobutamine decreases refilling rate and wall thickening at a less reduced flow grade than adenosine, but adenosine produces a greater magnitude of change than dobutamine.
Device for obtaining samples of intestinal contents for microbiological and biochemical examinations.
Authors: I Skala, J Simacek
Journal: Gut (1968)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To determine whether eradication of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection reduces recurrence of benign gastric ulceration. <b>Design:</b> Randomised, double blind, controlled study. Patients were randomised in a 1:2 ratio to either omeprazole 40 mg once daily for eight weeks or the same treatment plus amoxycillin 750 mg twice daily for weeks 7 and 8. A 12 month untreated follow up ensued. <b>Setting:</b> Teaching and district general hospitals between 1991 and 1994. <b>Subjects:</b> 107 patients with benign gastric ulcer associated with <i>H pylori</i>. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Endoscopically confirmed relapse with gastric ulcer (analysed with life table methods), <i>H pylori</i> eradication, and healing of gastric ulcers (Mantel-Haenszel test). <b>Results:</b> 172 patients were enrolled. Malignancy was diagnosed in 19; 24 were not infected with <i>H pylori</i>; four withdrew because of adverse events; and 18 failed to attend for start of treatment, leaving 107 patients eligible for analysis (35 omeprazole alone; 72 omeprazole plus amoxycillin). In the omeprazole/amoxycillin group 93% (67/72; 95% confidence interval 84% to 98%) of gastric ulcers healed and 83% (29/35; 66% to 94%) in the omeprazole group (P=0.103). Eradication of <i>H pylori</i> was 58% (42/72; 46% to 70%) and 6% (2/35; 1% to 19%) (P&lt;0.001) and relapse after treatment was 22% (16/72) and 49% (17/35) (life table analysis, P&lt;0.001), in the two groups, respectively. The recurrence rates were 7% (3/44) after successful <i>H pylori</i> eradication and 48% (30/63) in those who continued to be infected (P&lt;0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> Eradication of <i>H pylori</i> reduces relapse with gastric ulcer over one year. Eradication rates achieved with this regimen, however, are too low for it to be recommended for routine use. <h3>Key messages</h3> The occurrence of gastric ulcer is positively associated with <i>H pylori</i> infection Treatment to eradicate <i>H pylori</i> (omeprazole 40 mg once daily and amoxycillin 750 mg twice daily) reduces recurrence of gastric ulcers compared with omeprazole treatment alone Regardless of the treatment given, rates of recurrence of gastric ulcers were lower in patients with successful <i>H pylori</i> eradication compared with those who continued to be infected The rate of eradication of <i>H pylori</i> was 58% in the omeprazole/amoxycillin treatment group Rates of healing of gastric ulcers were not significantly higher in those patients who received eradication treatment
Display and Analysis of Patterns of Differential Activity of Drugs Against Human Tumor Cell Lines: Development of Mean Graph and COMPARE Algorithm
Authors: K. D. Paull, R. H. Shoemaker, L. Hodes, A. Monks, D. A. Scudiero, L. Rubinstein, J. Plowman, M. R. Boyd
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1989)

The objective of this study was to develop and investigate an approach to optimally detect, rank, display, and analyze patterns of differential growth inhibition among cultured cell lines. Such patterns of cellular responsiveness are produced by substances tested in vitro against disease-oriented panels of human tumor cell lines in a new anticancer screening model under development by the National Cancer Institute. In the first phase of the study, we developed a key methodological tool, the mean graph, which allowed the transformation of the numerical cell line response data into graphic patterns. These patterns were particularly expressive of differential cell growth inhibition and were conveniently amenable to further analyses by an algorithm we devised and implemented in the COMPARE computer program. [J Natl Cancer Inst 81: 1088–1092, 1989]
Upstream Stimulatory Factor Is Required for Human Angiotensinogen Expression and Differential Regulation by the A−20C Polymorphism
Authors: Matthew E. Dickson, Xin Tian, Xuebo Liu, Deborah R. Davis, Curt D. Sigmund
Journal: Circulation Research (2008)

Among naturally occurring polymorphisms in the 5′ flanking region of the human angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, the −20 and −217 polymorphisms have the strongest effects on AGT regulation in AGT-expressing cells derived from liver, kidney, brain, and fat. These polymorphisms may affect allele-specific transcription factor binding, and the high-expressing alleles are both relatively common. We show herein that the −20C allele has higher transcriptional activity than −20A, and the −20A allele confers no additional transactivation potential beyond that of a mutated vector. Gel-shift assays show that upstream stimulatory factor (USF)1 and USF2 preferentially bind the −20C allele, whereas the −20A allele retains a low affinity USF binding site. Plasmid immunoprecipitation assays confirmed preferential association of USF1 with the −20C allele in transfected HepG2 cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that USF1 binds to the endogenous AGT −20C allele in CCF cells, the only cell line tested that carries the −20C allele, and to the human AGT promoter in liver and adipose tissue from transgenic mice. Transduction of AGT-expressing cells with short hairpin RNAs specifically targeting USF1 or USF2, resulted in cell- and allele-specific attenuation of AGT promoter activity. In vivo, knockdown of USF expression in the liver of transgenic mice expressing the −20C allele of AGT resulted in lower AGT expression, a decrease in circulating human AGT protein but no change in expression of GAPDH or hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α. We conclude that USF1 functionally and differentially regulates AGT expression via the −20 polymorphism and that the differential expression exhibited by −20 can be accounted for by differential association with USF1.
Proton Therapy Verification with PET Imaging
Authors: Xuping Zhu, Georges El Fakhri
Journal: Theranostics (2013)

Proton therapy is very sensitive to uncertainties introduced during treatment planning and dose delivery.PET imaging of proton induced positron emitter distributions is the only practical approach for in vivo, in situ verification of proton therapy.This article reviews the current status of proton therapy verification with PET imaging.The different data detecting systems (in-beam, in-room and off-line PET), calculation methods for the prediction of proton induced PET activity distributions, and approaches for data evaluation are discussed.
Methods for epidemiological study of injuries to professional football players: developing the UEFA model
Authors: M Hägglund, M Waldén, R Bahr, J Ekstrand
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

A problem with epidemiological studies of football injuries is the inconsistent manner in which injury is defined and data are collected. Projects have been initiated to study the incidence and causes of injury in football, but there is no uniformly accepted reporting system. In this report, some common pitfalls encountered in the recording of injury are addressed, and practical guidelines for epidemiological studies are provided. An injury reporting system developed for the UEFA Football Safety Project for studies on professional footballers is used as a starting point for a general discussion on injury registration and compared with other existing reporting systems. The recording definition of injury may vary between studies depending on its purpose. A time loss injury definition is practical for all playing levels, and, as a minimum, results on time loss injuries should therefore always be reported separately to allow direct comparisons between studies. There is a need to agree on a uniform sports injury classification system with corresponding diagnostic criteria, as well as standardised return to play criteria after injury.
Ancient Hybridization and Phenotypic Novelty within Lake Malawi's Cichlid Fish Radiation
Authors: M. J. Genner, G. F. Turner
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2011)

Does hybridization play a broad innovative role in evolution? Many studies have shown hybrid origins of individual species, particularly in major adaptive radiations, but this may be a consequence, rather than a cause, of the existence of many closely related species. Cases of hybridization in the early stages of major adaptive radiations are comparatively rare. Here, we report phylogenetic evidence for ancient introgression between distinct lineages of the species-rich Lake Malawi haplochromine cichlid fishes. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences indicated surprisingly close relationships between the shallow-water rocky habitat “Mbuna” species and a group of dark-adapted “Deep-Benthic” species specialized for feeding in low-light conditions (dawn/dusk, under overhangs, and deep water). By contrast, analyses of nuclear amplified fragment length polymorphism data demonstrated that these Deep-Benthic cichlids were more closely related to shallow water “Shallow-Benthic” soft-sediment feeders, a group that shares similar head and body morphology. A coalescent-based computer simulation indicated that the mtDNA similarity of rocky habitat Mbuna species and dark-adapted Deep-Benthic species was due to hybridization rather than incomplete lineage sorting. Comparisons of morphology indicated that some Deep-Benthic species possessed novel morphology not present in other Lake Malawi species groups. Thus, these analyses support the hypothesis that ancient hybridization occurred within the Lake Malawi cichlid radiation, that the event occurred before the radiation of a species group adapted to low-light benthic habitats, and that this group went on to dominate the deep-water regions of Lake Malawi. The results of this study contribute to a growing literature consistent with a creative role of hybridization in the evolution of species diversity and adaptive radiations.
<b> <i>TBX3</i> </b> and Its Isoform <b> <i>TBX3+2a</i> </b> Are Functionally Distinctive in Inhibition of Senescence and Are Overexpressed in a Subset of Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Weiwei Fan, Xu Huang, Chira Chen, Joe Gray, Taosheng Huang
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

TBX3 is a transcription factor of the T-box gene family. Mutations of TBX3 cause ulnar-mammary syndrome (MIM 181450) in humans, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the mammary glands and other congenital anomalies. It recently was found that TBX3 was able to immortalize mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cells. In addition, TBX2, a homologue of TBX3, is active in preventing senescence in rodent cells and was found to be amplified in some human breast cancers, suggesting TBX3 plays a role in breast cancer. This study examined the function of TBX3 and its isoform, TBX3 + 2a. TBX3 + 2a differs from TBX3 in the DNA binding domain with an extra 20 amino acids produced by alternative splicing. We first examined the tissue expression and alternative splicing patterns of these two isoforms. We found that TBX3 and TBX3 + 2a are widely expressed in humans and mice, and alternative splicing could be tissue specific and species specific. Overexpression of TBX3 is able to immortalize MEF cells, whereas TBX3 + 2a shows an acceleration of senescence, a functional difference that may be explained by the fact that these two isoforms may have different downstream targets. TBX3, but not TBX3 + 2a, is able to bind to the previously identified T-box binding site in a gel shift assay. A subset of human breast cancer cell lines overexpresses TBX3. Our results indicate that TBX3 and TBX3 + 2a are functionally distinctive in inhibition of senescence of MEF cells and may play a role in breast cancer.
Higher proportion of viral basal core promoter mutant increases the risk of liver cirrhosis in hepatitis B carriers
Authors: Tai-Chung Tseng, Chun-Jen Liu, Hung-Chih Yang, Chi-Ling Chen, Wan-Ting Yang, Cheng-Shiue Tsai, Stephanie Fang-Tzu Kuo, Femke Carolien Verbree, Tung-Hung Su, Chia-Chi Wang, Chen-Hua Liu, Pei-Jer Chen, Ding-Shinn Chen, Jia-Horng Kao
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Background and objective</h3> Precore (PC) variant (G1896A) and basal core promoter (BCP) variant (A1762T/G1764A) of HBV are associated with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in HBV carriers. However, little is known about their impact on the adverse outcomes of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. <h3>Methods</h3> 251 spontaneous HBeAg seroconverters who had genotype B or C infection and received a long-term follow-up were enrolled. PC and BCP mutants were determined qualitatively and quantitatively to correlate with these adverse outcomes. The findings were validated by an independent case–control study, which included 184 patients with biopsy-proven liver fibrosis stages. <h3>Results</h3> In the longitudinal cohort study, BCP mutant and possibly PC wild type were associated with cirrhosis development, but not HBeAg-negative hepatitis. Multivariable analysis showed that only BCP mutant was an independent risk factor for cirrhosis development. Using quantitative analysis of BCP mutant, a higher proportion of BCP mutant, defined as a continuous variable, a dichotomous variable or an ordinal variable, was associated with a higher risk of cirrhosis. If we chose 45% of BCP mutant as the cut-off, the risk of cirrhosis was higher in patients with BCP mutant ≥45% compared to &lt;45% in the longitudinal cohort; this finding was validated by the case–control study (adjusted OR: 2.81, 95% CI 1.40 to 5.67). <h3>Conclusions</h3> A higher proportion of BCP mutant increases the risk of liver cirrhosis development in HBV carriers with genotype B or C infection.
History of the Concept of Addiction
Authors: Peter E. Nathan, Mandy Conrad, Anne Helene Skinstad
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2015)

Our distant forebears wrestled with concepts of alcohol addiction not unlike those of today: Is addiction a sin or a disease? Is addiction caused by the gods, the substance, the individual's vulnerability, or psychological or social factors? Luther, Calvin, and Catholic Church leaders viewed moderate alcohol use as God's gift; used intemperately, it was a moral transgression. The founders of modern scientific psychiatry rejected moral explanations for addiction in favor of an early biological model. The first two versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I and DSM-II) stigmatized addiction by listing it with other societally disapproved disorders stemming from personality disorder. DSM-III espoused atheoretical, descriptive diagnoses but required tolerance or withdrawal to diagnose dependence. Substance dependence in DSM-III-R included physiological and behavioral symptoms and reflected the substance dependence syndrome. DSM-IV's emphasis on biology in its concept of dependence was unchanged from its immediate predecessors. DSM-5 declared that all drugs taken in excess have in common the direct activation of the brain reward system. This article examines evolving concepts of alcohol addiction through 12,000 years of recorded human history, from the first mention of alcohol consumption in China more than 12,000 years ago to alcohol use and abuse in the DSM era, 1952 to the present.
Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas Positive for Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in North America2
Authors: Ronald Glaser, Melhan Nonoyama, Romuald T. Szymanowski, William Graham
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1980)

Journal Article Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas Positive for Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in North America Get access Ronald Glaser, Ronald Glaser Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Melhan Nonoyama, Melhan Nonoyama Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Romuald T. Szymanowski, Romuald T. Szymanowski Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William Graham William Graham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 64, Issue 6, June 1980, Pages 1317–1319, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/64.6.1317 Published: 01 June 1980 Article history Received: 02 August 1979 Accepted: 24 October 1979 Published: 01 June 1980