tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The weirdest people in the world?
Authors: Joseph Henrich, Steven J. Heine, Ara Norenzayan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Abstract Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers – often implicitly – assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these “standard subjects” are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species – frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior – hence, there are no obvious a priori grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of human nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges.
Vascular Reactivity and Panic Attacks
Authors: Robert R. Freedman
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  Pies1 recently reported a case in which presumptive Raynaud's phenomenon occurred in a patient with panic disorder and suggested the possibility of a common underlying mechanism. We have obtained data from several sources that argue against this hypothesis. First, although panic disorder patients had significantly lower finger temperatures than normal subjects before and during intravenous infusions in the laboratory, 2 this difference was not found during 24-hour ambulatory monitoring. 3 We ascribed the laboratory finding to anticipatory anxiety resulting from the experimental situation: the patients had previously been informed that they were likely to experience panic attacks during sodium lactate and isoproterenol infusions.  Second, the pattern of peripheral vasomotor activity found during panic attacks is different from that occurring during Raynaud's phenomenon. During panic attacks, we usually found a pattern of peripheral vasodilation followed by vasoconstriction. 3 During ambulatory monitoring of Raynaud's phenomenon, 4 peripheral vasoconstriction alone
PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS-LIKE ERUPTION FOLLOWING USE OF SULFANILAMIDE AND SULFAPYRIDINE
Authors: Max S. Wien
Journal: JAMA (1941)

The increasing use of sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine and related compounds by physicians and their description in the lay press with subsequent indiscriminate, uncontrolled use by the public emphasize the important need for the medical profession to be on the lookout for toxic manifestations occurring as a result of the use of these preparations by both the physician and the public. While it is intended that the public be impressed with the fear of toxic reactions in order to avoid the baneful sequelae which might result from the indiscriminate use of the sulfonamides, on the other hand a thorough knowledge of what reactions to expect and the recognition of them will help dispel the fear of toxic effects on the part of the physician, thus giving him a feeling of greater security in the use of these valuable new chemotherapeutic agents. The physician's knowledge of the reactions and his early recognition of
Confocal laser scanning microscopic observation of glycocalyx production by Staphylococcus aureus in mouse skin: does S. aureus generally produce a biofilm on damaged skin?
Authors: H. Akiyama, W-K. Huh, O. Yamasaki, T. Oono, K. Iwatsuki
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Bacteria that adhere to damaged tissues encase themselves in a hydrated matrix of polysaccharides, forming a slimy layer known as a biofilm. This is the first report of detection of glycocalyx production by Staphylococcus aureus using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) on damaged skin tissues.To analyse glycocalyx production by S. aureus cells on damaged skin tissues and the influence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and various antimicrobial agents on its production using CLSM in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-treated (neutropenic) or non-Cy-treated (normal) mice.S. aureus cells were inoculated on damaged skin tissues in neutropenic or normal mice with or without topical application of antimicrobial agents. S. aureus cells were stained with safranine, and positive staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated concanavalin A was considered to indicate the presence of glycocalyx.All S. aureus cells tested on damaged skin tissues formed microcolonies encircled by glycocalyx. The colony counts of S. aureus cells on croton oil dermatitis in normal mice treated with 2% fusidic acid ointment were about 100 times lower than those in neutropenic mice (control).As S. aureus cells can generally produce a biofilm on damaged skin tissues, antimicrobial agents may not eradicate S. aureus cells without the help of PMNs. S. aureus glycocalyx may play a crucial role in colonization and adherence to damaged skin tissues.
p53, Mdm2, and c‐Myc overexpression is associated with a poor prognosis in aggressive non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas
Authors: Katia B.B. Pagnano, Jose Vassallo, Irene Lorand‐Metze, Fernando F. Costa, Sara T.O. Saad
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2001)

Abstract The expression of p53, p21/WAF‐1, Mdm2, c‐Myc, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) proteins was examined by the immunohistochemistry of paraffin‐embedded tissues of 62 patients with aggressive non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) and correlated to clinical data. Expression of p53, p21/WAF‐1, Mdm2, and c‐Myc protein was observed in 17 out of 62 cases (30%), 25 out of 60 (42%), 13 out of 44 (30%), and 39 out of 51 (76.5%), respectively. The p53 + /p21WAF‐1 phenotype, which is more frequently found in p53 mutations, was associated with a worse overall survival ( P = 0.04) and with a lower rate of complete response (CR) ( P F = 0.01). p53 and c‐Myc negative expression was related to a better response to chemotherapy ( P F = 0.005 and 0.035, respectively). The expression of p53, c‐Myc, and Mdm2 was related to a shortened overall survival ( P &lt; 0.001, 0.05, and 0.037, respectively), suggesting that the expression of these proteins could be associated with a poor outcome in these patients. Am. J. Hematol. 67:84–92, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Marked prolongation of porcine renal xenograft survival in baboons through the use of α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout donors and the cotransplantation of vascularized thymic tissue
Authors: Kazuhiko Yamada, Koji Yazawa, Akira Shimizu, Takehiro Iwanaga, Yosuke Hisashi, Matthew Nuhn, Patricia O'Malley, Shuji Nobori, Parsia A Vagefi, Clive Patience, Jay Fishman, David K C Cooper, Robert J Hawley, Julia Greenstein, Henk-Jan Schuurman, Michel Awwad, Megan Sykes, David H Sachs
Journal: Nature Medicine (2004)
Streptococcal Infections: Clinical Aspects, Microbiology, and Molecular Pathogenesis
Authors: Nicholas J. Lekas
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Medical Writings: Book Notes15 May 2001Streptococcal Infections: Clinical Aspects, Microbiology, and Molecular PathogenesisNicholas J. Lekas, MDNicholas J. Lekas, MDOakwood Hospital and Medical Center, Dearborn, Michigan. (Lekas)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-10-200105150-00020 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Stevens DL, Kaplan EL, eds. 449 pages. New York: Oxford Univ Pr; 2000. $98.50. ISBN 0195099214. Order phone 800-451-7556.Field of medicine: Infectious diseases, public health, microbiology, and epidemiology.Format: Hardcover book.Audience: Physicians in adult and pediatric infectious disease, public health officials, epidemiologists, and microbiologists.Purpose: To review the spectrum of clinical problems caused by streptococci and to define current understanding of the epidemiology, physiology, and pathophysiology of these microorganisms.Content: The book concentrates on the major clinically significant and pathogenic streptococci. Pathophysiologic concepts are reviewed from a molecular perspective. Forty percent of the book is devoted to group ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Oakwood Hospital and Medical Center, Dearborn, Michigan. (Lekas) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 May 2001Volume 134, Issue 10Page: 1010KeywordsClinical microbiologyGroup A streptococciInfectious disease epidemiologyInfectious diseasesMicrobiologyPathogenesisPathogensPrevention, policy, and public healthStreptococcal infectionsVaccines ePublished: 15 May 2001 Issue Published: 15 May 2001 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2001 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Confirmation of Brain Death at Bedside by Isotope Angiography
Authors: Julius M. Goodman
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Documentation of the absence of cerebral circulation is useful as a confirmatory test of brain death. Intravenous isotope angiography performed at the bedside with a mobile gamma camera is a safe, convenient, rapid, reliable, and easily understood method of proving the absence of cerebral blood flow that occurs in brain death.
Antiapoptosis action of aged garlic extract (AGE) protects epithelial cells from methotrexate induced injury
Authors: T Li
Journal: Gut (2005)

Pitfalls in diagnosing acute pancreatitisWe thank Jolobe for his letter (Gut 2005;54:1207-8) which mentions the difficulty of establishing the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis.We did not address diagnostic tests and medical intensive care treatment of acute pancreatitis in our article, 1 but reviewed the interventional and surgical treatment strategies in acute pancreatitis.There is no doubt that treatment of acute pancreatitis, including organ failure in its early phase, is solely supportive. 2 Due to improvements in inten- sive care medicine, mortality of severe disease has decreased dramatically over the past decades.However, to treat patient adequately, the correct diagnosis has to be made.Therefore, the first step in the diagnostic process of acute pancreatitis is to think of this disease.According to the latest classification from Atlanta, 3 acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas with variable involvement of other regional tissues or remote organ systems.From a clinical point of view, acute upper abdominal pain and elevated pancreatic enzyme levels are needed to diagnose acute pancreatitis.As pointed out by Jolobe in his letter, acute pancreatitis is still underdiagnosed under certain clinical conditions, including diabetic ketoacidosis, but also in other clinical situations, such as shock of unknown origin, patients under intensive care treatment, as well as rare causes of the disease.As acute pancreatitis can be associated with diabetic ketoacidosis and the association between these two is a two way cause-and-effect relationship, early imaging of the pancreas is recommended in these patients to establish the correct diagnosis.Our article focused on the surgical and interventional treatment of severe acute pancreatitis.
LINGO-1 antagonist promotes spinal cord remyelination and axonal integrity in MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Sha Mi, Bing Hu, Kyungmin Hahm, Yi Luo, Edward Sai Kam Hui, Qiuju Yuan, Wai Man Wong, Li Wang, Huanxing Su, Tak-Ho Chu, Jiasong Guo, Wenming Zhang, Kwok-Fai So, Blake Pepinsky, Zhaohui Shao, Christilyn Graff, Ellen Garber, Vincent Jung, Ed Xuekui Wu, Wutian Wu
Journal: Nature Medicine (2007)
Lyell's Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Authors: W. S. Jamieson, I. Capperauld
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Lyelrs Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis SIR,--We were very interested to read the article on Lyell's disease by Dr. J. Jefferson (24 June, p. 802), particularly as we admitted a similar case on 12 June which caused a great deal of diagnostic difficulty.This was a 2-week-old female child who had been restless and irritable for two days.On the day of admission the mother had taken her to the local child welfare clinic, where it was noted that she had a blepharitis, and was given sulpha- cetamide eye ointment to apply.Five hours later the mother noticed the skin was peeling off the child's buttocks and brought her to hos- pital.The main clinical findings were a tem- perature of 990 F. (37.50 C.), general erythema of the skin (boiled lobster appearance), patchy areas of moist erythema with yellow crusts on the face, particularly around the mouth, nose, and eyes, and large patches of what appeared to be scalds of the perineum, buttocks, and trunk.In view of the appearance of the child's skin and the state of agitation of the mother (who was 17 years old, and this was her first child) it was suspected that she had been accidentally scalded, but the mother was emphatic that there was no possibility of this.In addition, the child showed no evidence of shock, dehydration, or systemic disturbance.A swab from the facial lesions yielded a heavy growth of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to benzylpenicillin.Treatment was on the same lines as that described by Dr. Jefferson, except that the child was nursed in a gallows splint to keep the perineum exposed.All the skin lesions healed completely within two weeks, and at no time throughout her stay did the child show any evidence of systemic disturbance.-We are, etc.,
Charity calls for routine BRCA testing of ovarian cancer patients
Authors: Jacqui Wise
Journal: BMJ (2013)

All women in England with ovarian cancer should be tested for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations at the time of diagnosis, as currently happens in Scotland, a charity has demanded.

The call by Ovarian Cancer Action was backed by an expert panel of geneticists, genetic counsellors, and medical oncologists at a panel discussion held last week at the Royal Society in London.

The charity’s policy paper calls for all women with invasive non-mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer, …
Maximal Myocardial Perfusion as a Measure of the Functional Significance of Coronary Artery Disease.
Authors: N. UREN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Journal Article Maximal Myocardial Perfusion as a Measure of the Functional Significance of Coronary Artery Disease. Get access NEAL UREN NEAL UREN Research, teaching London, UK By N H Pijls. (Pp 186; £47.50.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991. ISBN 0-7923-1430-1. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 27, Issue 7, July 1993, Page 1384, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/27.7.1384 Published: 01 July 1993
Pet birds and risk of lung cancer in Sweden: a case-control study
Authors: C. Modigh, G. Axelsson, M. Alavanja, L. Andersson, R. Rylander
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To investigate the association between keeping birds and the risk of lung cancer in Sweden. <b>Design</b>: Case-control study based on cases of lung cancer and community controls. Interviews were performed by two nurses specially trained for this project. <b>Setting</b>: Three major referral hospitals located in southwest Sweden. <b>Subjects</b>: All patients aged 75 and under with newly diagnosed lung cancer and of Scandinavian birth who lived in one of 26 municipalities in Gothenburg and Bohus county or Alvsborg county. Potential control subjects matched on county of residence, sex, and closest date of birth were selected from population registries. In the context of a larger case-control study, information on pet birds was obtained from 380 patients with lung cancer (252 men) and 696 controls (433 men). <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Odds ratios for lung cancer in relation to whether or not pet birds were kept and the duration of keeping pet birds. <b>Results</b>: The adjusted odds ratio for ever versus never exposed to pet birds at home was 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.64 to 1.39) for men and 1.10 (0.64 to 1.90) for women. There was no evidence of a trend for increased risk of lung cancer with duration of bird ownership. <b>Conclusion</b>: Bird keeping does not seem to confer any excess risk of lung cancer to Swedish men or women. <h3>Key messages</h3> A population based case-control study of lung cancer in southwest Sweden was conducted with questions about duration of pet bird ownership and types of birds owned No evidence of a trend for increased risk of lung cancer was observed with duration of ownership of birds Bird keeping does not seem to confer any excess risk of lung cancer in Sweden
Depression and Type 2 Diabetes Over the Lifespan
Authors: Briana Mezuk, William W. Eaton, Sandra Albrecht, Sherita Hill Golden
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

It has been argued that the relationship between depression and diabetes is bi-directional, but this hypothesis has not been explicitly tested. This systematic review examines the bi-directional prospective relationships between depression and type 2 diabetes.A search was conducted using Medline for publications from 1950 through 2007. Reviewers assessed the eligibility of each report by exposure/outcome measurement and study design. Only comparative prospective studies of depression and type 2 diabetes that excluded prevalent cases of depression (for diabetes predicting depression) or diabetes (for depression predicting diabetes) were included. Two sets of pooled risk estimates were calculated using random effects: depression predicting type 2 diabetes and type 2 diabetes predicting depression.Of 42 full-text publications reviewed, 13 met eligibility for depression predicting onset of diabetes, representing 6,916 incident cases. Seven met criteria for diabetes predicting onset of depression, representing 6,414 incident cases. The pooled relative risk (RR) for incident depression associated with baseline diabetes was 1.15 (95% CI 1.02-1.30). The RR for incident diabetes associated with baseline depression was 1.60 (1.37-1.88).Depression is associated with a 60% increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is associated with only modest increased risk of depression. Future research should focus on identifying mechanisms linking these conditions.
Renal and Ureteral Damage
Authors: William P. Mulvaney
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Concerning the article of Auerbach, Mainwaring, and Schwarz describing a chemical pyelitis due to Renacidin (<i>JAMA</i><b>183</b>:61 [Jan 5] 1963), I have some comments. After 6 yr of work with the solvent treatment of calculi, we have reached some conclusions which may prevent similar reactions. Patients with stones and infections, such as in the case described, should always be treated with systemic antibiotics and topical antibacterials added to the solvent. The catheters used should be plastic and large enough to allow proper drainage; 4 and 5 F woven catheters are too small. If the catheters cannot be kept draining without constant attention, the procedure should be discontinued at once. It is believed that febrile reactions and "chemical" pyelitis are, in most instances, complications of drainage and due to increased infrarenal pressure, since such reactions are not encountered with prolonged use of Renacidin through a nephrostomy tube
Purpura Fulminans in a Child With Pneumococcal Septicemia Two Years After Splenectomy
Authors: Marvin M. Adner
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Two years after splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, a 5-year-old child developed pneumococcal septicemia and meningitis, purpura fulminans, and disseminated intravascular coagulation which was treated successfully with heparin sodium and antibiotics. It is probable that the removal of the spleen predisposed the patient to the development of the infection which, in turn, initiated the coagulopathy resulting in purpura fulminans.
The Doctor's Role in Family Planning
Authors: Sydney S. Spivack
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THIS IS A REPORT on a study of the attitudes of physicians toward measures for the control of human fertility and how they respond in practice to the perceived needs of patients for information on such matters. While much research has been conducted on the ways in which married couples of childbearing age use measures for the limitation or spacing in time of the arrival of children,<sup>1-3</sup>very little has been done concerning the attitudes and behavior of those who might be presumed to be the most important transmitters of advice and information on this problem—the members of the medical profession. A study by Guttmacher<sup>4</sup>in 1944 is the only one on the problem that is known to us. He sent a mail questionnaire to some 15,000 physicians, a third of whom were obstetricians and gynecologists and the balance general practitioners. The rate of return was about 22%.
Vaginal Function in Postmenopausal Women-Reply
Authors: James P. Semmens
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Technically, Dr Utian has taken exception with our statement that there has been no physiological study of the effects of menopause on female sexual (vaginal) function. He further stated that the true physiological test of the vagina is its sexual function and refers to his articles, in which function is evaluated by reports of the study subject to the principal investigator and the impression of the principal investigator. In his reference 2, there is confirmation by vaginal smear. He suggests that cytologically, the parabasal cell is a more meaningful index to estrogen response than the intermediate or superficial cells after estrogen replacement. One of the major reasons for conducting a purely physiological study, one that related to the circulation of the vaginal wall, the electropotential of the cells to transudate electrolytes, and the effects of estrogen deprivation on the pH and quantity of vaginal secretions, was that with
951. A New Vector Based on Baculovirus Was Effective in Inhibiting Glioma Cell Growth in the Rat Brain
Authors: Chaoyang Wang, Shu Wang
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)-based vectors are emerging as a new type of gene delivery vehicles. However, gene therapy application of the virus is still in its infancy and no practically useful application in cancer therapy has yet been produced, even in preclinical animal studies. We have constructed a baculoviral expression cassette containing an engineered GFAP promoter to restrict gene expression to astrocytes. Using this recombinant baculovirus, we observed extended in vivo transgene expression in the rat brain at 90 days postinjection, by which time the gene expression from baculovirus vectors with the CMV promoter had already become undetectable. The astrocyte specificity of the GFAP promoter was well preserved, as demonstrated by immunohistological analysis of brain samples and an axonal retrograde transport assay. Also, this recombinant baculovirus provided significantly improvedtransgene expression in glioma cells, with almost 100% of cells being transduced in certain glioma cell lines. When used to produce the A-chain of diphtheria toxin intracellularly in a rat glioma xenograft model, the baculoviruses effectively suppressed tumor development. The new baculovirus vector circumvents some of the inherent problems associated with mammalian viral vectors and provides an additional option for cancer gene therapy.