tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cardiac surgery in young pigs
Authors: A. W. CLARK, A. PASTELLOPOULOS, E. R. HOWARD, M. PIETRONI, K. WILLIAMS, P. A. CULLUM
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1972)

Journal Article Cardiac surgery in young pigs Get access A. W. CLARK, A. W. CLARK From the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Surgery, and Anaesthetics, King's College Hospital and Medical School, Denmark Hill, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. PASTELLOPOULOS, A. PASTELLOPOULOS From the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Surgery, and Anaesthetics, King's College Hospital and Medical School, Denmark Hill, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. R. HOWARD, E. R. HOWARD From the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Surgery, and Anaesthetics, King's College Hospital and Medical School, Denmark Hill, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. PIETRONI, M. PIETRONI From the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Surgery, and Anaesthetics, King's College Hospital and Medical School, Denmark Hill, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar K. WILLIAMS, K. WILLIAMS From the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Surgery, and Anaesthetics, King's College Hospital and Medical School, Denmark Hill, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P. A. CULLUM P. A. CULLUM 2 From the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Surgery, and Anaesthetics, King's College Hospital and Medical School, Denmark Hill, London 2 This work is part of an M Chir thesis being submitted to the University of Cambridge by P.A.C. Requests for reprints to P.A.C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 6, Issue 6, November 1972, Pages 634–640, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/6.6.634 Published: 01 November 1972
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality: Are We Doing Enough to Address the Root Causes?
Authors: Dionne J. Blackman, Christopher M. Masi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

Breast cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy and the second most lethal form of cancer among women in the United States. Mortality from breast cancer has declined since the late 1980s, but this decline has been steeper among white women compared with black women. As a result, the black:white mortality rate ratio has increased over the last two decades. Other ethnic minorities also suffer from disproportionately high breast cancer mortality rates. This review discusses the causes of racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer mortality and describes the most common approaches to reducing these disparities. The literature suggests that outcome disparities are related to patient-, provider-, and health system-level factors. Lack of insurance, fear of testing, delay in seeking care, and unfavorable tumor characteristics all contribute to disparities at the patient level. At the provider level, insufficient screening, poor follow-up of abnormal screening tests, and nonadherence to guideline-based treatments add to outcome disparities. High copayment requirements, lack of a usual source of care, fragmentation of care, and uneven distribution of screening and treatment resources exacerbate disparities at the health system level. Although pilot programs have increased breast cancer screening among select populations, persistent disparities in mortality suggest that changes are needed at the policy level to address the root causes of these disparities.
Higher dose chemotherapy improves survival from breast cancer
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Higher dose chemotherapy reduces overall risk of relapse after breast cancer by 22% compared with less aggressive regimens. Similar benefits were seen in older and younger women, results from a meta-analysis show ( JAMA 2005;293:1073-81).

The study retrospectively analysed data from four randomised clinical trials of treatments for lymph node positive breast cancer in 1975-99. Each trial compared more aggressive with less aggressive chemotherapy regimens, including a treatment arm using drug doses or schedules that were regarded as being high.

A total of 6487 women with lymph node positive breast cancer were included, with 542 …
Infective Endocarditis Involving Apparently Structurally Normal Valves in Patients Without Previously Recognized Predisposing Heart Disease
Authors: Byung Joo Sun, Suk-Won Choi, Ki-Ho Park, Jeong Yoon Jang, Dae-Hee Kim, Jong-Min Song, Duk-Hyun Kang, Yang Soo Kim, Jae-Kwan Song
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
Levels of benzo(a)pyrene in oil shale industry wastes, some bodies of water in the Estonian S.S.R. and in water organisms.
Authors: I A Veldre, A R Itra, L P Paalme
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

Data on the content of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in oil shale industry wastewater, the effectiveness of various effluent treatment processes (evaporation, extraction with butyl acetate, trickling filters, aeration tanks) in reducing the level of BP in oil shale wastewater, the level of BP in various bodies of water of Estonia, and in fish and other water organisms are reviewed. The quantitative determination of BP in concentrated diethyl ether extracts of water samples was carried out by ultraviolet and spectroluminescence procedures by use of the quasi-linear spectra at -196 degrees C in solid paraffins. It has been found that oil shale industry wastewater contains large amounts of BP. The most efficient purification process for removing the BP in oil shale industry phenol water is extraction with butyl acetate. The level of BP in the rivers of the oil shale industry area is comparatively higher than in other bodies of water of the Republic. The concentration of BP in the lakes of the Estonian S.S.R. is on the whole insignificant. Even the maximum concentration found in our lakes is as a rule less than the safety limit for BP in bodies of water (0.005 microgram/l). During water is treated at the waterworks. The effectiveness of the water treatment in reducing the level of BP varies from 11 to 88%. Filtration was found to be the most effective treatment. About 20 samples of fish from nine bodies of water in Estonia have been analyzed for content of BP. The average content of BP in the muscular tissue of various species of fish is as a rule less than 1 microgram/kg. There is no significant difference in the concentration of BP in sea and freshwater fish. There is no important difference in the content of BP in the organs of various fish. Fat fish contain more BP than lean ones. The weight (age) of fish does not influence the content of BP in the muscular tissue of fish.
World Medical Association calls on Iran to respect medical ethics code
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The World Medical Association has called on Iran to respect the international code of medical ethics after receiving several reports of abuse.

The German Medical Association raised the motion at the association’s annual general assembly in Delhi on 18 October, urging national medical associations to speak out in support of the rights of patients and doctors in Iran. The motion was passed unanimously.

Frank Montgomery, vice president of the German Medical Association, told the meeting that his organisation had received reports from doctors in Iran that injured people had been taken to prisons without adequate medical treatment or the consensus of …
Estrogen Excess Associated with Novel Gain-of-Function Mutations Affecting the Aromatase Gene
Authors: Makio Shozu, Siby Sebastian, Kazuto Takayama, Wei-Tong Hsu, Roger A. Schultz, Kirk Neely, Michael Bryant, Serdar E. Bulun
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Gynecomastia of prepubertal onset may result from increased estrogen owing to excessive aromatase activity in extraglandular tissues. A gene in chromosome 15q21.2 encodes aromatase, the key enzyme for estrogen biosynthesis. Several physiologic tissue-specific promoters regulate the expression of aromatase, giving rise to messenger RNA (mRNA) species with an identical coding region but tissue-specific 5'-untranslated regions in placenta, gonads, brain, fat, and skin.We studied skin, fat, and blood samples from a 36-year-old man, his 7-year-old son, and an unrelated 17-year-old boy with severe gynecomastia of prepubertal onset and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by elevated estrogen levels.Aromatase activity and mRNA levels in fat and skin and whole-body aromatization of androstenedione were severely elevated. Treatment with an aromatase inhibitor decreased serum estrogen levels and normalized gonadotropin and testosterone levels. The 5'-untranslated regions of aromatase mRNA contained the same sequence (FLJ) in the father and son and another sequence (TMOD3) in the unrelated boy; neither sequence was found in control subjects. These 5'-untranslated regions normally make up the first exons of two ubiquitously expressed genes clustered in chromosome 15q21.2-3 in the following order (from telomere to centromere): FLJ, TMOD3, and aromatase. The aromatase gene is normally transcribed in the direction opposite to that of TMOD3 and FLJ. Two distinct heterozygous inversions reversed the direction of the TMOD3 or FLJ promoter in the patients.Heterozygous inversions in chromosome 15q21.2-3, which caused the coding region of the aromatase gene to lie adjacent to constitutively active cryptic promoters that normally transcribe other genes, resulted in severe estrogen excess owing to the overexpression of aromatase in many tissues.
The Role of Iron in Diabetes and Its Complications
Authors: Giovanni Targher, Massimo Franchini, Martina Montagnana, Giuseppe Lippi
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

Markers of fatty liver such as γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) are independently associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (1). Some recent studies have shown that hyperferritinemia may also predict new-onset type 2 diabetes (2).

We assessed the cross-sectional relationships between ferritin, GGT, and glucose intolerance status in a large cohort of adults. We performed a retrospective analysis on the database of our clinical chemistry laboratory to retrieve results of serum ferritin, GGT, lipids, glucose (fasting plasma glucose [FPG]), and C-reactive protein (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]) tests, which were performed on the whole cohort of outpatient adults (aged ≥35 years) consecutively referred …
Synchronous Chronic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Ipsilateral Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Daniel L. Cooke, Guy Johnson, Michael R. Levitt, David H. Lewis, Laligam N. Sekhar, Basavaraj Ghodke
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are a complex family of vascular malformations. Most series discuss features in isolation of other vascular pathologies, despite evidence that dAVFs may arise in a setting of elevated angiogenic growth factors related to regional hypoxia. We describe a 72-year-old man with ischemic symptoms secondary to middle cerebral artery stenosis and an incidental ipsilateral Borden I dAVF. Balloon-occlusion single photon emission computed tomography demonstrated reversible ischemia within the basal ganglia consistent with fistula-related "steal" phenomenon. This case supports the hypothesis that dAVFs may arise secondary to angiogenic growth factors related to regional tissue hypoxia.
Abstract 5052: MicroRNA alterations following radiation in melanoma
Authors: Steve A. Walston, Nicolaus Gordon, Arnab Chakravarti, Kamalakannan Palanichamy
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Purpose: Melanoma only accounts for 4% of skin cancer while causing 75% of cancer related deaths. Also, the incidence is increasing with the annual percent change in the United States reported as 2.4% for the period 1986-2006 and currently increasing faster than any other cancer worldwide. Moreover, patients who develop locally advanced or metastatic melanoma have limited treatment options with 5-year survival rates of 65% and 16%, for regional disease and metastatic disease, respectively. Historically, melanoma was regarded as resistant to radiation therapy (RT), however, recently the utility of RT has been re-explored in the adjuvant setting with fractionated radiotherapy (FRT) and also in the oligometastatic setting with stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT), and does show increase in local control in appropriately selected patients. The importance of microRNA (miRNA) in cancer continues to be elucidated and in melanoma they are extensively reported as having significant roles in melanoma transformation, progression, invasiveness, metastasis, and outcome/prognosis. However, there are no reports of melanoma miRNA profiling and RT. miRNA expression profiles change as a consequence of RT in several tumor types. Experiments show delivery of miRNA in vivo appears both feasible and tolerable in murine models. Additionally, correcting miRNA deregulation has been shown to mitigate the tumorigenic phenotype and also induce radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Materials/Methods: We cultured more than a dozen melanoma cell lines and sequenced for mutations in key genes such as B-RAF, N-RAS, etc. to group them. Next we isolated their miRNA of untreated and treated with 6 Gray dose of radiation isolated at 5 days. The miRNA expression was quantified using RT-qPCR of TaqMan Low Density Arrays (TLDA) cards. The data is reported using hierarchical clustering and those miRNAs significantly deregulated have been delineated. Results/Discussion: We have characterized the miRNA expression profiles of melanoma cell lines when comparing untreated and those treated with radiation. Our data indicate that miRNA profiles done pre and post RT are significantly different. To this end we have identified clusters of miRNA associated with RT sensitivity/resistance. Thus, these miRNAs could be important factors in response to RT and their differential expression may be linked to resistance to RT. Consequently, it is conceivable that these miRNA and/or their mRNA targets could be used in the future as targets for drug development to radiosensitize melanoma and thus further improve outcomes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5052. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5052
Drug marketing practices come under scrutiny
Authors: Fred Charatan
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Recently it has become apparent that autoimmune haemolytic anaemia may occur in patients taking methyldopa (Aldomet - MSD).<sup>1 2</sup> Seventeen such instances have been reported,<sup>1–3</sup> the direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test being positive in all these patients. The anaemia apparently remits slowly after withdrawal of the drug although the Coombs test may remain positive for some months. Prednisone has induced remission of the anaemia in a few patients who have continued to take methyldopa.
A low intensity, community based lifestyle programme to prevent weight gain in women with young children: cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: C. Lombard, A. Deeks, D. Jolley, K. Ball, H. Teede
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Objective</b> To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a community behavioural intervention to prevent weight gain and improve health related behaviours in women with young children. <b>Design</b> Cluster randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting</b> A community setting in urban Australia. <b>Participants</b> 250 adult women with a mean age of 40.39 years (SD 4.77, range 25-51) and a mean body mass index of 27.82 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (SD 5.42, range 18-47) were recruited as clusters through 12 primary (elementary) schools. <b>Intervention</b> Schools were randomly assigned to the intervention or the control. Mothers whose schools fell in the intervention group (n=127) attended four interactive group sessions that involved simple health messages, behaviour change strategies, and group discussion, and received monthly support using mobile telephone text messages for 12 months. The control group (n=123) attended one non-interactive information session based on population dietary and physical activity guidelines. <b>Main outcome measures</b> The main outcome measures were weight change and difference in weight change between the intervention group and the control group at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were changes in serum concentrations of fasting lipids and glucose, and changes in dietary behaviours, physical activity, and self management behaviours. <b>Results</b> All analyses were adjusted for baseline values and the possible clustering effect. Women in the control group gained weight over the 12 month study period (0.83 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12 to 1.54), whereas those in the intervention group lost weight (−0.20 kg, −0.90 to 0.49). The difference in weight change between the intervention group and the control group at 12 months was −1.13 kg (−2.03 to −0.24 kg; P&lt;0.05) on the basis of observed values and −1.11 kg (−2.17 to −0.04) after multiple imputation to account for possible bias created by missing values. Secondary analyses after multiple imputation showed a difference in the intervention group compared with the control group for total cholesterol concentration (−0.35 mmol/l, −0.70 to −0.001), self management behaviours (diet score 0.18, 0.13 to 0.33; physical activity score 0.24, 0.05 to 0.43), and confidence to control weight (0.40, 0.11 to 0.69). Regular self weighing was associated with weight loss in the intervention group only (−1.98 kg, −3.75 to −0.23). <b>Conclusions</b> Weight gain in women with young children could be prevented using a low intensity self management intervention delivered in a community setting. Self management of health behaviours improved with the intervention. The response rate of 12%, although comparable with that in other community studies, might limit the ability to generalise to other populations. <b>Trial registration</b> Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number ACTRN12608000110381.
Lung function, breathing pattern, and gas exchange in interstitial lung disease.
Authors: S Javaheri, L Sicilian
Journal: Thorax (1992)

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the relation between the severity of abnormalities in ventilatory function tests and tidal breathing pattern and gas exchange indices in interstitial lung disease. METHODS: Pulmonary function, ventilation, carbon dioxide production, oxygen consumption, arterial blood gas tensions, and pH were measured during resting steady state conditions in 60 patients with proved interstitial lung disease. Patients were categorised by forced vital capacity (FVC) (percentage of predicted values) as having a mild, moderate, or severe restrictive defect with means (SD) of 71% (4%), 57% (4%), and 41% (7%) of predicted values, respectively. RESULTS: FVC varied from 29% to 79% of predicted values and from 0.99 l to 4.32 l. The two measurements of FVC correlated strongly with most static lung volumes and with transfer factor for carbon monoxide. Mean respiratory rates (per minute) and tidal volumes (ml) were 17 (4) and 484 (131), 20 (4) and 460 (139), and 23 (5) and 377 (109) in mild, moderate, and severe restrictive defects, respectively. FVC correlated negatively with respiratory rate and positively with tidal volume. Arterial carbon dioxide tension ranged from 30 to 49 mm Hg; only two patients were hypercapnic. Mean arterial oxygen tensions were not significantly different among the three groups, and there were no significant correlations between forced expiratory volume in one second or FVC and arterial carbon dioxide tension or carbon dioxide production. CONCLUSION: Low values of FVC were associated with increased respiratory rate and decreased tidal volume; this pattern of breathing mimics external elastic loading, suggesting that mechanoreceptors may contribute to the rapid and shallow pattern of breathing in interstitial lung disease. Hypercapnia seems to be rare in interstitial lung disease even when functional impairment is severe and tidal volume is small. The increased respiratory rate is important in maintaining adequate ventilation. In the face of a severe restrictive defect carbon dioxide production did not increase, which also contributed to the maintenance of eucapnia.
Better Population Health Through Behavior Change in Adults
Authors: Bonnie Spring, Judith K. Ockene, Samuel S. Gidding, Dariush Mozaffarian, Shirley Moore, Milagros C. Rosal, Michael D. Brown, Dorothea K. Vafiadis, Debbie L. Cohen, Lora E. Burke, Donald Lloyd-Jones
Journal: Circulation (2013)

The American Heart Association makes every
Hypogonadotropic Disorders in Men and Women: Diagnosis and Therapy with Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Authors: NANETTE SANTORO, MARCO FILICORI, WILLIAM F. CROWLEY
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1986)

HYPOGONADOTROPIC hypogonadism (HH) is a clinical syndrome occurring in both sexes which has long puzzled clinicians due to the apparent paradox of nonfunctioning gonads in the face of normal or only slightly lowered levels of circulating gonadotropins. Using frequent sampling of gonadotropin levels as an index of hypothalamic GnRH secretion, we have examined the hypothesis that this group of disorders represents a spectrum of abnormal patterns of the pulsatile release of endogenous GnRH. After a broad, normative data base was established in both men and women for purposes of comparison, it appears that quantifiable abnormalities of GnRH secretion are discernible in both males and females with HH. These abnormalities include a total absence of GnRH secretion, defects of the amplitude and frequency of its secretion, and altered bioactivity of the gonadotropins released. In addition, physiological regimens of hypothalamic replacement therapy with exogenous GnRH, which are fashioned to mimic the normal frequency of endogenous GnRH secretion, result in complete normalization of reproductive function and fertility in hypogonadotropic subjects of both sexes.