tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Extending the Scope in Celiac Disease
Authors: Fergus Shanahan, Wilfred M. Weinstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

A century has passed since Samuel Gee's description of the "coeliac affection."1 A definitive break-through in this disease came about 40 years ago with the recognition that the elimination of dietary gluten (in wheat, rye, barley, and oats) could reverse the clinical manifestations. About a decade later, peroral suction biopsy of the small intestine established that patients with the disease have a characteristic, albeit not entirely specific, "flat," or avillous, mucosal lesion. It has since become evident that celiac disease (also called celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy) has a broad clinical spectrum and may present with more subtle manifestations than . . .
RÔLE OF TRAUMA IN THE ETIOLOGY OF ORGANIC AND FUNCTIONAL NERVOUS DISEASE
Authors: A. KINNIER WILSON
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The subject of the possible causal relation of trauma to the development of organic and functional nervous disease is thorny and difficult, yet of first and ever increasing importance. It concerns the general practitioner fully as much as the specialist, if not, indeed, more. There must be scarcely any medical men who have had experience of the question of trauma in compensation cases but are able to quote decisions in law which have been admittedly unsatisfactory from a medical and scientific point of view. The reason is that medicine is not an exact science, at least by no means wholly so; hence we must expect (1) great variety of opinion, and (2) occasional conflict of medical evidence. I say occasional; yet when, in reality, has a case involving the question of trauma come before the courts in which medical men have not appeared to be diametrically opposed to each other?
Glue-Sniffing in Children
Authors: Helen H. Glaser
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Glue-sniffing, the deliberate inhalation of vaporized plastic cements, is a practice of increasing frequency among adolescents. Sensations resembling acute alcoholic intoxication are induced by self-exposure to the volatile organic solvents variously present in model airplane glues. Symptoms vary from mild euphoria and exhilaration to gross disorientation and coma after prolonged inhalation. Physiological addiction evidently does not occur, but psychological dependency is common. Although cement fumes are potentially injurious to liver, kidneys, brain, and bone marrow, there have been no reports of serious organ damage ascribed to glue-sniffing. In 2 years 130 glue-sniffers were arrested in Denver; the average age of these children was 13, and all but 6 of them were boys. Delinquency, economic deprivation, and minority group factors were associated problems in many of these cases.
More psychiatrists attack plans for DSM-5
Authors: G. Watts
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The authors of the 5th edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-5 ), due to be published in May 2013, have responded to previous criticisms of their text by announcing a further series of changes.1

But far from mollifying their critics, these concessions have served to ignite a further and still more vituperative barrage of dissent.

The list of topics under reconsideration or already subject to change can be found on the DSM-5 website.2 It includes the proposed “attenuated psychosis syndrome,” which is slated for further study, and also major depressive disorder. Here the authors have added a footnote “to …
Outcome in the chronic fatigue syndrome.
Authors: H. Cope, A. S. David
Journal: BMJ (1992)

hepatitis B virus is already fraught with difficulties.A good response (>100 mU antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen/ml) is achieved in only 76-4% of adults and is less likely with increasing ages; the vaccine is expensive, and uptake among health service workers is low.6These problems must not be compounded by use of an inappropriate site of injection.
Insulin/IGF-1 and TNF-α stimulate phosphorylation of IRS-1 at inhibitory Ser307 via distinct pathways
Authors: Liangyou Rui, Vincent Aguirre, Jason K. Kim, Gerald I. Shulman, Anna Lee, Anne Corbould, Andrea Dunaif, Morris F. White
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

Serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS-1 might inhibit insulin signaling, but the relevant phosphorylation sites are difficult to identify in cultured cells and to validate in isolated tissues. Recently, we discovered that recombinant NH2-terminal Jun kinase phosphorylates IRS-1 at Ser307, which inhibits insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1. To monitor phosphorylation of Ser307 in various cell and tissue backgrounds, we prepared a phosphospecific polyclonal antibody designated αpSer307. This antibody revealed that TNF-α, IGF-1, or insulin stimulated phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser307 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes. Insulin injected into mice or rats also stimulated phosphorylation of Ser307 on IRS-1 immunoprecipitated from muscle; moreover, Ser307 was phosphorylated in human muscle during the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Experiments in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes revealed that insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Ser307 was inhibited by LY294002 or wortmannin, whereas TNF-α–stimulated phosphorylation was inhibited by PD98059. Thus, distinct kinase pathways might converge at Ser307 to mediate feedback or heterologous inhibition of IRS-1 signaling to counterregulate the insulin response.
Futility and avoidance: medical professionals in the treatment of obesity
Authors: M. A. Roman-Diaz
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To the Editor.  —As a family physician with a special interest in obesity, I read with enthusiasm Dr Frank's1timely Commentary. I share both his belief that obesity has been neglected by the medical profession and the frustration one feels when colleagues downplay our efforts to treat obese patients. Patients are frequently unhappy with the low priority physicians give to the treatment of obesity, and many obese persons report being treated disrespectfully by the medical profession.2In my experience, colleagues often provide substandard care to obese patients. I regard this response as part of our society's dislike of obesity. Studies document discrimination against the obese in areas such as work, education, and housing applications.3Moreover, these negative emotional responses against the obese frequently start early in life. Fortunately, our society is developing a more tolerant attitude toward obesity. New York State has recently passed legislation that protects
AORTIC SIZE INDICES: A MORE COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF AORTIC RISK
Authors: Arturo Evangelista, Stuart Hutchison, Daniel Montgomery, Alan Braverman, Linda Pape, Patrick O'Gara, Reed Pyeritz, Amit Korach, Emil Missov, Troy LaBounty, Alessandro Della Corte, Mark Fillinger, Christoph Nienaber, Kim Eagle, Eric Isselbacher
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Subacute bacterial endocarditis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis.
Authors: R A Hoppmann, C M Wise, V R Challa, J E Peacock
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1988)

A 57 year old white man with aortic insufficiency and previously undiagnosed ankylosing spondylitis, who developed subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), is described. Emergency aortic valve replacement was necessary, and the aortic valve pathology showed diffusely fibrosed and thickened valve leaflets with bacterial vegetations. This is the first recorded case of SBE in ankylosing spondylitis.
Experience and agency: Slipping the mesh
Authors: Andy Clark, Julian Kiverstein
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Can we really make sense of the idea (implied by Block's treatment) that there can be isolated islets of experience that are not even potentially available as fodder for a creature's conscious choices and decisions? The links between experience and the availability of information to guide conscious choice and inform reasoned action may be deeper than the considerations concerning (mere) reportability suggest.
Addressing Missing Data in Clinical Trials
Authors: Thomas R. Fleming
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

The reliability and interpretability of results from clinical trials can be substantially reduced by missing data. Frequently used approaches to address these concerns, such as upward adjustments in sample sizes or simplistic methods for handling missing data, including last-observation-carried-forward, complete-case, or worst-case analyses, are usually inadequate. Although rational imputation methods may be useful to treat missingness after it has occurred, these methods depend on untestable assumptions. Thus, the preferred and often only satisfactory approach to addressing missing data is to prevent it. Procedures should be in place to maximize the likelihood that outcome data will be obtained at scheduled times of evaluation for all surviving patients who have not withdrawn consent. To meaningfully reduce missing data, it is important to recognize and address many factors that commonly lead to higher levels of missingness.
High-definition endoscopy with i-scan enables diagnosis of characteristic mucosal lesions in Whipple's disease
Authors: H. Neumann, C. Neufert, M. Vieth, J. Siebler, K. Mönkemüller, M. Neurath
Journal: Endoscopy (2012)

Whipple's disease is a rare multisystemic chronic bacterial infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei, which can involve the gastrointestinal, nervous, and cardiac systems and skin. Clinical presentation and laboratory findings are often variable and depend on the major organs involved, and this can hamper establishing the final diagnosis of Whipple's disease [1]. Histopathological examination using periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain demonstrates PAS-positive sickle particles within cells (SPC), which are characteristic of the disease [1]. Previous endoscopic studies using high-resolution endoscopes have already highlighted the potential of optical magnification endoscopy and optical chromoendoscopy using narrow band imaging for diagnosis of Whipple's disease-specific mucosal alterations [2] [3]. Moreover, ultrastructural findings in Whipple's disease, using fluorescein-aided confocal laser endomicroscopy, have also been reported [4] [5]. To date, no data are available on the utility of high-definition white-light endoscopy or virtual chromoendoscopy in the characterization of Whipple's disease.
Functional Coevolutionary Networks of the Hsp70–Hop–Hsp90 System Revealed through Computational Analyses
Authors: Simon A. A. Travers, Mario A. Fares
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Currently, the identification of groups of amino acid residues that are important in the function, structure, or interaction of a protein can be both costly and prohibitively complex, involving vast numbers of mutagenesis experiments. Here, we present the application of a novel computational method, which identifies the presence of coevolution in a data set, thereby enabling the a priori identification of amino acid residues that play an important role in protein function. We have applied this method to the heat shock protein (Hsp) protein-folding system, studying the network between Hsp70, Hsp90, and Hop (heat shock–organizing protein). Our analysis has identified functional residues within the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) 1 and 2A domains in Hop, previously shown to be interacting with Hsp70 and Hsp90, respectively. Further, we have identified significant residues elsewhere in Hop within domains that have been recently proposed as being important for Hop interaction with Hsp70 and/or Hsp90. In addition, several amino acid sites present in groups of coevolution were identified as 3-dimensionally or linearly proximal to functionally important sites or domains. Based on our results, we also investigate a further functional domain within Hop, between TPR1 and TPR2A, which we suggest as being functionally important in the interaction of Hop with both Hsp70 and Hsp90 whether directly or otherwise. Our method has identified all the previously characterized functionally important regions in this system, thereby indicating the power of this method in the a priori identification of important regions for site-directed mutagenesis studies
A scintigraphic study of local oesophageal bolus transit: differences between patients with Barrett's oesophagus and healthy controls
Authors: A W Stier
Journal: Gut (2002)

In Barrett's patients, functional disorders of oesophageal motility are currently measured by oesophageal manometry. Yet abnormalities of oesophageal volume transport in the critical regions of the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) and lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) cannot be determined using these methods.To further characterise the activity of the sphincter regions, we developed a quantitative method for differentiation of oesophageal volume transport in Barrett's patients and healthy controls.We used a new technique of processing scintigraphic images, with data analysis based on a new concept of relative local transit time. Twelve patients with Barrett's oesophagus and 11 healthy volunteers were examined using alimentary scintigraphy after a semisolid test meal in a multiple swallow test. In individual scintigraphic images of five swallows we studied: (1) overall oesophageal clearance and (2) the topographic profile of the relative local transit time obtained by image conversion to a two dimensional line graph. This profile was reconstructed by assembling constituent Gauss bands, allocating their integrals to five oesophageal regions according to their band position.(1) Overall oesophageal clearance was not significantly different between the two groups. (2) In comparison with healthy volunteers, relative regional transit times of all 12 Barrett's patients were significantly increased in the hypopharyngeal region and decreased in the region of the distal oesophagus. The extent of the decrease in the region of the distal oesophagus showed a close correlation with the length of Barrett's metaplasia.Improvement in image processing allows alimentary scintigraphy to describe different regional patterns of oesophageal volume transport. Local oesophageal bolus transit is markedly abnormal in Barrett's patients without alteration in clearance. The presence of metaplasia itself implies a negative impact on both sphincter functions. These findings substantiate the diagnostic value of refined oesophageal scintigraphy.
Influenza Viruses, Cell Enzymes, and Pathogenicity
Authors: Rudolf Rott, Hans-Dieter Klenk, Yoshiyuki Nagai, Masato Tashiro
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Proteolytic cleavage of the influenza virus hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) by cellular proteases is a prerequisite for virus infectivity, spread of the virus in the infected organism, tissue tropism, and viral pathogenicity. Production of infectious virus depends upon the structure at the HA cleavage site as well as the substrate specificity and the distribution of appropriate enzymes. Differences exist in the specificities of the endoproteases that recognize the different sequence motifs at the cleavage site. With avian influenza viruses that cause lethal systemic infections, the cleavage site consists of multi-basic amino acids. Furin, which activates this type of HA, is a member of the subtilisin family and represents the prototype of ubiquitously occurring membrane-bound proteases. On the other hand, serine proteases secreted from a restricted number of cell types and some bacterial enzymes recognize a monobasic cleavage signal at HA of the mammalian and the apathogenic avian influenza viruses. The limited occurrence of these proteases results in only localized infection. Implementation of these defined conditions for virus activation may represent a novel type of disease control. Rott R, Klenk H-D, Nagai Y, Tashiro M. Influenza viruses, cell enzymes, and pathogenicity.
Gallium-67 Imaging: Chloroquine Overdose
Authors: PETER L. HAVENS, JOHN R. STY, ROBERT G. WELLS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

The authors observed areas of significant abnormal accumulation of Ga-67 in a child with chloroquine poisoning. Images of the heart and kidneys are illustrated. The exact pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for this occurrence has not been elucidated. However, the pattern of gallium uptake correlates with the known biodistribution of chloroquine.
Fortification of Flour and Bread With Iron
Authors: William H. Crosby
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  An editorial from the AMA Council on Foods and Nutrition 1 reflects a softening of official posture in the matter of fortification of bread with additional iron.  weight of the Council has been thrown repeatedly in favor of a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposal that requires that the iron in enriched flour and bread be increased by some 300%. Prior to the recent editorial, the matter of  from excess iron was ignored in the planning and belittled in the defense of this unfortunate proposal. 2-4 Now the Council concedes that a potential hazard exists. The Council appreciates, also, that factual information concerning both the beneficial and possible harmful effects of this fortification is limited and that very little research has been carried out in this area during the past two years when fortification has been under discussion.  Council now calls for research into
Angiotensin converting enzyme and malignant histiocytosis
Authors: J R Hobbs
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Binder concluded that insulin is a micro- vascular vasoconstrictor.Circulating insulin has general cardiovascular effects unrelated to its hypoglycaemic action, which have been attributed to hypovolaemia perhaps caused by stimulation of endothelial transport of plasma proteins4 rather than to changes in vascular tone.Insulin, however, has a local vasodilator effect in the isolated rat tail, apparently due to antagonism of nora- drenaline mediated vasoconstriction.5Any local vasoactivity of insulin in the intact human is hard to demonstrate as the standard clinical method of blood flow measurement, that of isotope washout,6 is invalidated by high local insulin concentrations that could interfere with partition of the marker isotope between tissue and blood.7We applied photoelectric plethysmography, a non-invasive optical method, to measure changes in blood flow close to sites of subcutaneous injection of insulin. 8In normal and stable diabetic patients subcutaneous injection of insulin produced variable increases in local blood flow lasting up to 60 minutes.Since control injections of insulin diluent did not have this effect this local hyperaemia appears to be due to intrinsic local vasodilator activity of insulin itself. 9More recently other workers have used laser doppler flowmetry, a technique similar to photoelectric plethysmography, to show that circulating insulin is a microvascular vasodilator.'IThe balance of evidence therefore seems to favour insulin having an intrinsic vasodilator and hyperaemic action.Through this action insulin could promote its own absorption; conversely, the apparent failure of insulin to exert this effect in certain patients with brittle diabetes9 could impair absorption in these patients, some of whom seem to have a barrier to subcutaneous insulin absorption.
Nurture your scientific curiosity early in your research career
Authors: Maja Jagodic, Pernilla Stridh, Annica K B Gad, Ananta Paine, Klas I Udekwu, Louise K Sjöholm, Mattias Svensson, Qiang Pan-Hammarström
Journal: Nature Genetics (2013)

Uncertainty makes scientific research challenging and at the same time exciting. Whereas curiosity and passion for uncovering the unknown drive future generations of researchers, the landscape of science has changed. We investigated whether the requirements for having a successful research career are changing, and whether junior researchers are aware of these requirements. Structured discussion with peers and more experienced researchers can point the way forward to an excellent career.
SEVERE MALARIA AND GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE-DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY: A REAPPRAISAL OF THE MALARIA/G-6-P.D. HYPOTHESIS
Authors: S.K Martin, L.H Miller, D Alling, V.C Okoye, G.J.F Esan, B.O Osunkoya, M Deane
Journal: The Lancet (1979)
The Risk of Transmission of HIV From Health Care Professional to Patient
Authors: Frances Taylor
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The two articles<sup>1,2</sup>about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a dentist and his patients focused on the fact that the infected dentist was a health care provider and ignored the fact that he was also a patient in his own practice.<sup>3</sup>The consequence of this is to place the serological status of the provider under severe scrutiny while ignoring infection control and sterilization techniques used on other patients during invasive procedures. If it were this man's role as patient rather than as practitioner that resulted in transmission, it would not have been the serological status of the provider that mattered. As a consumer of dental care, my current concern is not what the status of my dentist may be but what sterilization, disinfection, and any other protection procedures his or her office uses against cross contamination. The<i>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</i>report states
Effect of a magnesium-based phosphate binder on medial calcification in a rat model of uremia
Authors: Tineke M. De Schutter, Geert J. Behets, Hilde Geryl, Mirjam E. Peter, Sonja Steppan, Kristina Gundlach, Jutta Passlick-Deetjen, Patrick C. D'Haese, Ellen Neven
Journal: Kidney International (2013)

Calcium-based phosphate binders are used to control hyperphosphatemia; however, they promote hypercalcemia and may accelerate aortic calcification. Here we compared the effect of a phosphate binder containing calcium acetate and magnesium carbonate (CaMg) to that of sevelamer carbonate on the development of medial calcification in rats with chronic renal failure induced by an adenine diet for 4 weeks. After 1 week, rats with chronic renal failure were treated with vehicle, 375 or 750 mg/kg CaMg, or 750 mg/kg sevelamer by daily gavage for 5 weeks. Renal function was significantly impaired in all groups. Vehicle-treated rats with chronic renal failure developed severe hyperphosphatemia, but this was controlled in treated groups, particularly by CaMg. Neither CaMg nor sevelamer increased serum calcium ion levels. Induction of chronic renal failure significantly increased serum PTH, dose-dependently prevented by CaMg but not sevelamer. The aortic calcium content was significantly reduced by CaMg but not by sevelamer. The percent calcified area of the aorta was significantly lower than vehicle-treated animals for all three groups. The presence of aortic calcification was associated with increased sox9, bmp-2, and matrix gla protein expression, but this did not differ in the treatment groups. Calcium content in the carotid artery was lower with sevelamer than with CaMg but that in the femoral artery did not differ between groups. Thus, treatment with either CaMg or sevelamer effectively controlled serum phosphate levels in CRF rats and reduced aortic calcification.