tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prothrombin Estimation and Dicoumarol Therapy
Authors: M. Toohey
Journal: BMJ (1950)

MEDICAL JOURNA I anginal pain in one case in which there was probablk pre-existing myocardial degeneration.4. As regards regulation of dosage, our results bear out the dictum of Means (1935) to the effect that the proper dosage of thyroid for a patient with myxoedema is the smal:est dose which will relieve the symptoms.Although in our cases we usually succeeded in restoring the basal metabolic rate and serum cholesterol level to within normal limits, it was notable that the patients were usually more comfortable at a lower dosage than that required for this purpose.In such cases there was a tendency for old symptoms of past disorders to be resur- rected-e.g., dyspepsia, pains in shoulders, arthritic pains, etc.-which had been, as it were, submerged in the myx- oedematous state.It is probably better, therefore, not tc attempt complete restoration of normal metabolism in the average case of myxoedema, and if the B.M.R. is to be used as a check on treatment a figure of 90% of normal would be an appropriate level at which to aim.5. The thyroxine has been administered to most of our patients in a single daily dose after breakfast, and it appears from the metabolic data that there would be no advantage in giving the drug more frequently than this (Table I).6.It is of theoretical interest that the iodine equivalent of our average maintenance dose of L-thyroxine sodium (0.2 mg. -0.13 mg.iodine) is approximately the same as that of an average maintenance dose of thyroid extract (1.5 gr.-0.1 mg.thyroxine iodine).This would suggest that the former drug is absorbed from the alimentary tract about as well as the active principle of thyrold extract.
Clostridium Infections Associated with Musculoskeletal-Tissue Allografts
Authors: Marion A. Kainer, Jeanne V. Linden, David N. Whaley, Harvey T. Holmes, William R. Jarvis, Daniel B. Jernigan, Lennox K. Archibald
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Allografts are commonly used in orthopedic reconstructive surgery. In 2001, approximately 875,000 musculoskeletal allografts were distributed by U.S. tissue banks. After the death from Clostridium sordellii sepsis of a 23-year-old man who had received a contaminated allograft from a tissue bank (Tissue Bank A), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiated an investigation, including enhanced case finding, of the methods used for the recovery, processing, and testing of tissue.A case of allograft-associated clostridium infection was defined as a culture-proven infection of a surgical site within one year after allograft implantation, from January 1998 to March 2002. We traced tissues to tissue banks that recovered and processed these tissues. We also estimated the rates of and risk ratios for clostridium infections for tissues processed by the implicated tissue bank and reviewed processing and testing methods used by various tissue banks.Fourteen patients were identified, all of whom had received allografts processed by Tissue Bank A. The rates of clostridium infection were 0.12 percent among patients who received sports-medicine tissues (i.e., tendons, femoral condyles, menisci) from Tissue Bank A and 0.36 percent among those who received femoral condyles in particular. The risk-ratio estimates for clostridium infections from tissues processed by Tissue Bank A, as compared with those from other tissue banks, were infinite (P<0.001) for musculoskeletal allografts, sports-medicine tissues, or tendons. Because Tissue Bank A cultured tissues only after treating them with a nonsporicidal antimicrobial solution, some test results were probably false negatives. Tissues from implicated donors were released despite the isolation of clostridium or bowel flora from other anatomical sites or reports of infections in other recipients.Clostridium infections were traced to allograft implantation. We provide interim recommendations to enhance tissue-transplantation safety. Tissue banks should validate processes and culture methods. Sterilization methods that do not adversely affect the functioning of transplanted tissue are needed to prevent allograft-related infections.
Urinary-Tract Infection in Children
Authors: Jack Lapides
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The majority of cases of urinary-tract infection are associated with structural or functional abnormalities of the genitourinary system. Diagnosis of bacteriuria is best made by microscopic examination of the urine. Appropriate treatment of a child with urinary-tract infection involves, first, complete urological examination, including pyelography, cystometry, urethral calibration, voiding cystourethrography, cystoscopy and urethroscopy; second, correction of any functional or structural abnormality present; and, finally, institution of an effective antibacterial regimen.
Elimination of Human Lung Cancer Stem Cells through Targeting of the Stem Cell Factor–c-kit Autocrine Signaling Loop
Authors: Vera Levina, Adele Marrangoni, Tingting Wang, Simul Parikh, Yunyun Su, Ronald Herberman, Anna Lokshin, Elieser Gorelik
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are thought to be responsible for tumor initiation and tumor regeneration after chemotherapy. Previously, we showed that chemotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells lines can select for outgrowth of highly tumorigenic and metastatic CSCs. The high malignancy of lung CSCs was associated with an efficient cytokine network. In this study, we provide evidence that blocking stem cell factor (SCF)-c-kit signaling is sufficient to inhibit CSC proliferation and survival promoted by chemotherapy. CSCs were isolated from NSCLC cell lines as tumor spheres under CSC-selective conditions and their stem properties were confirmed. In contrast to other tumor cells, CSCs expressed c-kit receptors and produced SCF. Proliferation of CSCs was inhibited by SCF-neutralizing antibodies or by imatinib (Gleevec), an inhibitor of c-kit. Although cisplatin treatment eliminated the majority of tumor cells, it did not eliminate CSCs, whereas imatinib or anti-SCF antibody destroyed CSCs. Significantly, combining cisplatin with imatinib or anti-SCF antibody prevented the growth of both tumor cell subpopulations. Our findings reveal an important role for the SCF-c-kit signaling axis in self-renewal and proliferation of lung CSCs, and they suggest that SCF-c-kit signaling blockade could improve the antitumor efficacy of chemotherapy of human NSCLC.
A Little Freedom for the Hemophiliac
Authors: Anthony F. H. Britten
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

AT a magnificent Russian luncheon in August, 1969, punctuated by erudite toasts of increasing gaiety as the vodka flowed, all attention focussed on hemophilia. This unforgettable celebration followed the morning allocated to the World Federation of Hemophilia during the Moscow Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion. Each of our hosts and each guest contributed toasts, some more than one. And the ultimate toast was "to the day when normal people will wish they had hemophilia!"We have not yet reached that Utopian era in the disease that once caused Queen Victoria to write "Our poor family seems persecuted . . .
Choroideremia: Variability of Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics and First Report of a Negative Electroretinogram
Authors: Agnes B. Renner, Ulrich Kellner, Elke Cropp, Markus N. Preising, Ian M. MacDonald, José A.J.M. van den Hurk, Frans P.M. Cremers, Michael H. Foerster
Journal: Ophthalmology (2006)
The Evolution of Medical and Surgical Therapy for Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Robert M. Califf
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To elucidate the factors associated with improved survival following coronary artery bypass surgery, we studied 5809 patients receiving medical or surgical therapy for coronary artery disease. Three factors were associated with a significant surgical survival benefit: more severe coronary disease, a worse prognosis with medical therapy, and a more recent operative date. Patients with more extensive coronary obstruction had the greatest improvement in survival. Patients with a poor prognosis because of factors such as older age, severe angina, or left ventricular dysfunction had a reduction in risk that was proportionate to their overall risk on medical therapy. Survival with surgery progressively improved over the study period and by 1984 surgery was significantly better than medical therapy for most patient subgroups. Thus, contemporary coronary revascularization is associated with improved longevity in many patients with ischemic heart disease, especially in those with adverse prognostic indicators.
Loss of GLIS2 causes nephronophthisis in humans and mice by increased apoptosis and fibrosis
Authors: Massimo Attanasio, N Henriette Uhlenhaut, Vitor H Sousa, John F O'Toole, Edgar Otto, Katrin Anlag, Claudia Klugmann, Anna-Corina Treier, Juliana Helou, John A Sayer, Dominik Seelow, Gudrun Nürnberg, Christian Becker, Albert E Chudley, Peter Nürnberg, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Mathias Treier
Journal: Nature Genetics (2007)
β-Adrenergic system, a backstage manipulator regulating tumour progression and drug target in cancer therapy
Authors: Jing Tang, Zhijie Li, Lan Lu, Chi Hin Cho
Journal: Seminars in Cancer Biology (2013)

β-Adrenoceptors are broadly distributed in various tissues of the body. Stress hormones regulate a panel of important physiological functions and disease states including cancer. Nicotine and its derivatives could stimulate the release of stress hormones from cancer cells, leading to the promotion of cancer development. β-Blockers have been widely used to control hypertension for decades. Recently, these agents could have significant implications in cancer therapy through blockade of adrenoceptors in tumour tissues. In this review, we summarize recent advancements about the influence of stress hormones, nicotine and β-adrenoceptors on cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, and also tumour vasculature normalization. Relevant signal pathways and potential value of β-blockers in the treatment of cancer are also discussed in this review.
Does psychoanalysis have a valuable place in modern mental health services? Yes
Authors: P. Fonagy, A. Lemma
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<b>Peter Fonagy </b>and<b> Alessandra Lemma</b> say that the psychoanalytical approach can provide a useful and unique contribution to modern healthcare, but <b>Paul Salkovskis </b>and<b> Lewis Wolpert</b> argue that it may have no place there at all (doi:10.1136/bmj.e1188)
Endotoxin inhibits heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with severe sepsis
Authors: S. Schroeder, J. Bischoff, L. E. Lehmann, R. Hering, T. von Spiegel, C. Putensen, A. Hoeft, F. Stüber
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (1999)
Influences of the media on suicide
Authors: K. Hawton
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The bacterial genus <i>Xylella</i> contains plant pathogens that are major threats to agriculture worldwide. Although extensive research was conducted to characterize different subspecies of <i>Xylella fastidiosa</i> (<i>Xf</i>), comparative analysis at above-species levels were lacking due to the unavailability of appropriate data sets. Recently, a bacterium that causes pear leaf scorch (PLS) in Taiwan was described as the second <i>Xylella</i> species (i.e., <i>Xylella taiwanensis</i>; <i>Xt</i>). In this work, we report the complete genome sequence of <i>Xt</i> type strain PLS229<sup>T</sup>. The genome-scale phylogeny provided strong support that <i>Xf</i> subspecies <i>pauca</i> (<i>Xfp</i>) is the basal lineage of this species and <i>Xylella</i> was derived from the paraphyletic genus <i>Xanthomonas</i>. Quantification of genomic divergence indicated that different <i>Xf</i> subspecies share ~87-95% of their genomic segments, while the two <i>Xylella</i> species share only ~66-70%. Analysis of overall gene content suggested that <i>Xt</i> is most similar to <i>Xf</i> subspecies <i>sandyi</i> (<i>Xfs</i>). Based on the existing knowledge of <i>Xf</i> virulence genes, the homolog distribution among 28 <i>Xylella</i> representatives was examined. Among the 10 functional categories, those involved in secretion, metabolism, and stress response are the most conserved ones with no copy number variation. In contrast, several genes related to adhesins, hydrolytic enzymes, and toxin-antitoxin systems are highly variable in their copy numbers. Those virulence genes with high levels of conservation or variation may be promising candidates for future studies. In summary, the new genome sequence and analysis reported in this work contributed to the study of several important pathogens in the family Xanthomonadaceae.
Digoxin Overdose and Hemoperfusion
Authors: Henry R. Wagner
Journal: JAMA (1980)

To  Editor.—  The recent article entitled Digoxin Overdose by Warren and Fanestil (242:2100, 1979) reported on a 41-year-old woman who ingested the entire contents of her recently deceased child's digoxin elixir bottle, a dose calculated to be 18 mg. Based on calculated digoxin clearance by hemoperfusion-hemodialysis, they concluded that less than 1% of  ingested dose could be removed by a five-hour hemodialysis; they proclaimed this method to be of unproved value. Dunea's editorial (242:2106, 1979) added some skeptical comments on this conclusion.  Based on  wisdom that toddlers like to bottoms-up their digoxin bottle,  largest available bottles contain 60 mL of elixir, or 60 times 50 μg equal to 3 mg per bottle. Did  described patient drink a whole six-pack? Was  ingested dose correctly calculated, or maybe hemoperfusion is not that bad at all?
Postnatal lung function in lambs after fetal hormone treatment. Effects of gestational age.
Authors: M Ikegami, D H Polk, A H Jobe, J Newnham, P Sly, R Kohen, R Kelly
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

We previously found that a single dose of betamethasone in combination with thyroxine given by intramuscular injection to fetal sheep 48 h before preterm delivery at 128 d gestation improved postnatal lung function. We have now asked how the combination of 0.5 mg/kg betamethasone and 15 micrograms/kg T4 given by a single fetal intramuscular injection changes lung response 48 h after treatment at 121 and 135 d gestation. At 121 d gestation the fetal hormone treatment significantly improved postnatal lung function. Compliance increased by 55%, arterial PO2 increased from 39 to 215 mm Hg, PCO2 decreased from 109 to 79 mm Hg, and maximal lung volumes increased by 112%. The hormone treatment decreased the severity of the respiratory failure, although these very preterm lambs still had severe respiratory failure. At 135 d gestation, the fetal hormone treatment decreased the ventilatory pressure requirements that were needed to normalize PCO2 values from 30 to 21 cm H2O. Compliance increased by 40%, and maximal lung volumes increased by 33%. Alveolar or lung tissue, saturated phosphatidylcholine, or alveolar SP-A pool sizes did not change with hormone treatment at 135 d gestation. We conclude that fetal hormone treatment significantly improved postnatal lung function at both gestational ages, although the characteristics of the responses were different.
Effects of staurosporine, PMA and A23187 on human melanocyte cultures with dibutyryl cyclic AMP
Authors: K. MAEDA, Y. TOMITA, M. FUKUDA, H. TAGAMI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

Journal Article Effects of staurosporine, PMA and A23187 on human melanocyte cultures with dibutyryl cyclic AMP Get access K. MAEDA, K. MAEDA Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, JapanShiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Y. TOMITA, Y. TOMITA Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan Dr Yasushi Tomita, Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1‐1 Seiryo‐machi, Aoba‐ku, Sendai 980, Japan. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. FUKUDA, M. FUKUDA Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. TAGAMI H. TAGAMI Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 126, Issue 2, 1 February 1992, Pages 118–124, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb07807.x Published: 01 February 1992
THE PRESERVATION OF THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FOODS IN PROCESSING
Authors: EDWARD F. KOHMAN
Journal: JAMA (1942)

The prodigious increase in the consumption of succulent vegetables and fruits makes an interesting statistical study. A century ago most of the people of the United States regarded tomatoes as poisonous, and when children ate them inadvertently medication to counteract their "toxin" was not unusual. In 1918 Hess<sup>1</sup>recommended tomato juice as an antiscorbutic for 3 month old infants, and in later publications he stated that infants can tolerate twice as much tomato juice as orange juice. Today tomato juice is the leader in volume of an array of ever available fruit juices. Many a middle aged person who takes for breakfast a glass of orange juice comprising two or three normal size fruits can well remember when one such fruit in his Christmas stocking was his annual quota. Samuel Pepys once drank a whole glass of orange juice and was surprised that he did not become ill. Less
A CASE OF CYST OF THE CEREBELLUM.
Authors: WM. F. WEGGE
Journal: JAMA (1894)

For the history of this case previous to the patient's admission to this hospital, I am indebted to Dr. W. H. Gunther. J. B., admitted Oct. 18, 1893, aged 40 years. Occupation, sewer-builder; education, fair; a native of Canada; was first taken ill in the spring of 1893. The first symptoms were observed by his fellow-workmen who noticed that at times the patient would stop in the midst of his work and appear unconscious of his surroundings for periods of varying duration. At such times his left eye would wink frequently. His work was always well done and nothing irrational was noticed. He frequently complained of headache, and claimed to have had a similar attack ten years previously. Dr. Gunther was first called on Sept. 8,1893, when he found the patient in bed, rather stupid; complaining of severe general headache, vertigo and numbness of all extremities. His temperature was 97
THE RIGHTS OF THE PUBLIC IN DEALING WITH THE DEFECTIVE CLASSES.
Authors: ALFRED WILMARTH
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The care of the dependent classes has been a matter actively before the public for many years, and in its rapid evolution has now assumed such proportions and carries with it such enormous expenditures that its growth and possible curtailment are questions of grave importance. We can justly pride ourselves on the admirable system and vast extent of our charities, but we can not but realize that they constitute a tax of no small importance on the income-earning portion of our population. The last census states the number of blind in the United States as 50,411, of deaf and dumb as 80,616, of feeble-minded 95,571, and of insane as 106,254. The two first-named classes are not wholly dependent, and are very often entirely self-sustaining, and money spent in their education is well spent. The classes who nearly or entirely live on the public are the insane and imbecile, the pauper,
Diagnostic utility and accuracy of rapid on-site evaluation of bronchoscopic brushings
Authors: Daniel P. Steinfort, Tracy L. Leong, Irena F. Laska, Anne Beaty, Alpha Tsui, Louis B. Irving
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

The aim of the study was to determine the accuracy of rapid on-site examinations, performed on transbronchial brushings of peripheral pulmonary lesions, in determining final bronchoscopic diagnosis. In addition to determining if rapid on-site examination impacts procedural outcomes. A prospective cohort study of consecutive patients with peripheral pulmonary lesions, which had been located by radial endobronchial ultrasound, was undertaken. Bronchoscopy was terminated if rapid on-site examination demonstrated diagnostic malignant material. Non-diagnostic rapid on-site examination resulted in further bronchoscopic sampling, including transbronchial lung biopsy and/or sampling from different locations. 128 peripheral pulmonary lesions were located by endobronchial ultrasound in 118 patients. The final bronchoscopic diagnoses included nonsmall cell lung cancer (n=76), carcinoid (n=3), and metastatic malignancy (n=3). Procedure times were significantly shorter for procedures when rapid on-site examinations demonstrated malignancy compared to those where rapid on-site examination was non-diagnostic (19±8 min versus 31±11 min, respectively; p<0.0001). In four procedures, initial negative rapid on-site examination results prompted redirection of sampling from alternate bronchial segments, resulting in positive diagnostic tissue being obtained. Positive and negative predictive value of rapid on-site examination for a malignant bronchoscopic diagnosis was 63 (97%) out of 65, and 43 (68%) out of 63, respectively. Rapid on-site examination of brushing specimens has a very high, positive, predictive value for bronchoscopic diagnosis of cancer and shortens the bronchoscopy procedure times. It has the potential to reduce complications, improve cost-effectiveness, and may improve diagnostic performance via live feedback.
The Medical Chief Residency in University Hospitals
Authors: KNIGHT STEEL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

The medical chief residency in university hospitals is examined. A survey of 52 chief residents was undertaken in June 1971; information was gathered about each physician's prior training, his activities, his future plans, as well as his judgments about his experience. Many aspects of the year are scrutinized to determine their worth. As the traditional image of the chief resident as both an omniscient and omnipotent physician fades, a number of changes in the traditional training program seem necessary. The chief resident might well use the year to gain proficiency as a primary care physician working with a health team. He might combine some of his medical skills with a study of education in order to further his ability as a teacher of medicine and also to produce scholarly work in this area. Innovations with this year can be adapted for each hospital, with consideration of its special needs and opportunities.