tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Arsenic Exposure Perturbs the Gut Microbiome and Its Metabolic Profile in Mice: An Integrated Metagenomics and Metabolomics Analysis
Authors: Kun Lu, Ryan Phillip Abo, Katherine Ann Schlieper, Michelle E. Graffam, Stuart Levine, John S. Wishnok, James A. Swenberg, Steven R. Tannenbaum, James G. Fox
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

The human intestine is host to an enormously complex, diverse, and vast microbial community-the gut microbiota. The gut microbiome plays a profound role in metabolic processing, energy production, immune and cognitive development, epithelial homeostasis, and so forth. However, the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome can be readily affected by external factors, which raises the possibility that exposure to toxic environmental chemicals leads to gut microbiome alteration, or dysbiosis. Arsenic exposure affects large human populations worldwide and has been linked to a number of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders.We investigated the impact of arsenic exposure on the gut microbiome composition and its metabolic profiles.We used an integrated approach combining 16S rRNA gene sequencing and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics profiling to examine the functional impact of arsenic exposure on the gut microbiome.16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that arsenic significantly perturbed the gut microbiome composition in C57BL/6 mice after exposure to 10 ppm arsenic for 4 weeks in drinking water. Moreover, metabolomics profiling revealed a concurrent effect, with a number of gut microflora-related metabolites being perturbed in multiple biological matrices.Arsenic exposure not only alters the gut microbiome community at the abundance level but also substantially disturbs its metabolic profiles at the function level. These findings may provide novel insights regarding perturbations of the gut microbiome and its functions as a potential new mechanism by which arsenic exposure leads to or exacerbates human diseases.Lu K, Abo RP, Schlieper KA, Graffam ME, Levine S, Wishnok JS, Swenberg JA, Tannenbaum SR, Fox JG. 2014. Arsenic exposure perturbs the gut microbiome and its metabolic profile in mice: an integrated metagenomics and metabolomics analysis. Environ Health Perspect 122:284-291; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307429.
Brahma, Parkman and Webster
Authors: Orville T. Bailey
Journal: JAMA (1972)

In the late 1840s, the Western world was torn by cataclysmic events which have influenced all subsequent history. But there was one enclave of peace—Boston and its satellites, Cambridge and Concord. The population of Boston itself was 130,000. There were 100,000 natives, principally of English descent, and 30,000 newly arrived immigrants from Ireland. The special character of Boston derived from its domination by the Brahmins, an upper class descended from original settlers of Massachusetts, who had been people of good education dedicated to cultural pursuits. The control of the city was thus in the hands of a relatively small group whose members combined integrity with intellectual attainments. They also had wealth. To be a Brahmin, both money and intellect were essential; there was also a certain smugness. When and how the upper class of Boston acquired the name<i>Brahmin</i>is not known for certain. One possibility is that it comes
Altered relationship between body fat and plasma adiponectin in end-stage renal disease
Authors: Tetsuo Shoji, Kayo Shinohara, Sawako Hatsuda, Eiji Kimoto, Shinya Fukumoto, Masanori Emoto, Hideki Tahara, Hidenori Koyama, Eiji Ishimura, Takami Miki, Tsutomu Tabata, Yoshiki Nishizawa
Journal: Metabolism (2005)
Paclitaxel-PHBV nanoparticles and their toxicity to endometrial and primary ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Cristian Vilos, Francisco A Morales, Paula A Solar, Natalia S Herrera, Fernando D Gonzalez-Nilo, Daniel A Aguayo, Hegaly L Mendoza, Jeffrey Comer, Maria L Bravo, Pamela A Gonzalez, Sumie Kato, Mauricio A Cuello, Catalina Alonso, Erasmo J Bravo, Eva I Bustamante, Gareth I Owen, Luis A Velasquez
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Death and Deliverance: "Euthanasia" in Germany 1900-1945
Authors: M. Shepherd
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Michael Burleigh, Cambridge University Press, pounds sterling14.95, pp 382, ISBN 0 521 47769 7

The widely reported revelations concerning the Holocaust have tended to overshadow the many other atrocities perpetrated by the National Socialist regime during its 12 years in power in Germany. Among the worst of these crimes was the so called “euthanasia” programme, a state sponsored policy of systematic mass murder designed to exterminate children and adults with severe mental and physical disabilities in the interest of national welfare. The experience gained from these …
Maternal hyperhomocysteinemia: A risk factor for neural-tube defects?
Authors: Régine P.M. Steegers-Theunissen, Godfried H.J. Boers, Frans J.M. Trijbels, James D. Finkelstein, Henk J. Blom, Chris M.G. Thomas, George F. Borm, Maurice G.A.J. Wouters, Tom K.A.B. Eskes
Journal: Metabolism (1994)
Brain circuitry model for mental illness will transform management, NIH mental health director says
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The field of mental health is on the cusp of a revolution, which is set to transform the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness and reverse the lack of major progress made in curbing associated ill health and death over the past 100 years, the director of the US National Institute of Mental Health, has claimed.

“We are at an extraordinary moment when the entire scientific foundation for mental health is shifting, with the 20th century discipline of psychiatry becoming the 21st century discipline of clinical neuroscience,” Thomas Insel said before a meeting on the challenges facing mental health research at the Royal Society in London on 31 August. 

But those looking for magic bullets will be disappointed. “There …
Systolic pulmonary artery pressure and heart rate are main determinants of oxygen consumption in the right ventricular myocardium of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Yeun Ying Wong, Nico Westerhof, Gerrina Ruiter, Mark Lubberink, Pieter Raijmakers, Paul Knaapen, J. Tim Marcus, Anco Boonstra, Adriaan A. Lammertsma, Willem J. van der Laarse, Anton Vonk‐Noordegraaf
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2011)
Nigerians in drug trial take their case to US court
Authors: A. Raufu
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The families of 52 children who were part of a Pfizer drug trial seven years ago in Kano, northern Nigeria, have taken the multinational drug company to a district court in the US state of Connecticut to demand compensation for damage allegedly sustained during the drug trials.

Pfizer tested its drug trovafloxacin (Trovan) in some children at the Infectious Disease Hospital in Kano in 1996 during an epidemic of meningitis. Many of the children died, while several others developed permanent mental and …
Spatiotemporal Assessments of Dermal Hyperemia Enable Accurate Prediction of Experimental Cutaneous Carcinogenesis as well as Chemopreventive Activity
Authors: Raymond L. Konger, Zhengbin Xu, Ravi P. Sahu, Badri M. Rashid, Shama R. Mehta, Deena R. Mohamed, Sonia C. DaSilva-Arnold, Joshua R. Bradish, Simon J. Warren, Young L. Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Field cancerization refers to areas of grossly normal epithelium that exhibit increased risk for tumor occurrence. Unfortunately, elucidation of the locoregional changes that contribute to increased tumor risk is difficult due to the inability to visualize the field. In this study, we use a noninvasive optical-based imaging approach to detail spatiotemporal changes in subclinical hyperemia that occur during experimental cutaneous carcinogenesis. After acute inflammation from 10 weeks of UVB irradiation subsides, small areas of focal hyperemia form and were seen to persist and expand long after cessation of UVB irradiation. We show that these persistent early hyperemic foci reliably predict sites of angiogenesis and overlying tumor formation. More than 96% of the tumors (57 of 59) that developed following UVB or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (DMBA/PMA) treatment developed in sites of preexisting hyperemic foci. Hyperemic foci were multifocal and heterogeneously distributed and represented a minor fraction of the carcinogen-treated skin surface (10.3% of the imaging area in vehicle-treated animals). Finally, we also assessed the ability of the anti-inflammatory agent, celecoxib, to suppress hyperemia formation during photocarcinogenesis. The chemopreventive activity of celecoxib was shown to correlate with its ability to reduce the area of skin that exhibit these hyperemic foci, reducing the area of imaged skin containing hyperemic foci by 49.1%. Thus, we propose that a hyperemic switch can be exploited to visualize the cancerization field very early in the course of cutaneous carcinogenesis and provides insight into the chemopreventive activity of the anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib. Cancer Res; 73(1); 150–9. ©2012 AACR.
Interleukin-6 in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment Promotes the Growth and Survival of Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Tasnim Ara, Liping Song, Hiroyuki Shimada, Nino Keshelava, Heidi V. Russell, Leonid S. Metelitsa, Susan G. Groshen, Robert C. Seeger, Yves A. DeClerck
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Neuroblastoma, the second most common solid tumor in children, frequently metastasizes to the bone marrow and the bone. Neuroblastoma cells present in the bone marrow stimulate the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) to activate osteoclasts. Here we have examined whether stromal-derived IL-6 also has a paracrine effect on neuroblastoma cells. An analysis of the expression of IL-6 and its receptor, IL-6R, in 11 neuroblastoma cell lines indicated the expression of IL-6 in 4 cell lines and of IL-6R in 9 cell lines. Treatment of IL-6R–positive cells with recombinant human IL-6 resulted in signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and extracellular signal–regulated kinase-1/2 activation. Culturing IL-6R–positive neuroblastoma cells in the presence of BMSC or recombinant human IL-6 increased proliferation and protected tumor cells from etoposide-induced apoptosis, whereas it had no effect on IL-6R–negative tumor cells. In vivo, neuroblastoma tumors grew faster in the presence of a paracrine source of IL-6. IL-6 induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in neuroblastoma cells with concomitant release of prostaglandin-E2, which increased the expression of IL-6 by BMSC. Supporting a role for stromal-derived IL-6 in patients with neuroblastoma bone metastasis, we observed elevated levels of IL-6 in the serum and bone marrow of 16 patients with neuroblastoma bone metastasis and in BMSC derived from these patients. Altogether, the data indicate that stromal-derived IL-6 contributes to the formation of a bone marrow microenvironment favorable to the progression of metastatic neuroblastoma. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):329–37]
Pressure monitoring devices. Overlooked source of nosocomial infection
Authors: R. A. Weinstein
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Contaminated pressure monitoring devices recently have been implicated as a source of epidemic organisms in three outbreaks of nosocomial bacteremia, one outbreak of candidemia, and one outbreak of hepatitis. Measures necessary to prevent monitoring-related infections have not always been appreciated or taken. As a minimum, pressure monitoring devices should be sterilized between use with different patients; strict aseptic technique should be employed when setting up and using monitoring systems; and each patient's monitoring tubing, fluid, and monitoring devices should be changed at regular intervals.
Risk of Operative Site Bleeding With Parenteral Ketorolac
Authors: T. Gumprecht
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To the Editor.  —I read with interest the article by Dr Strom and colleagues1regarding parental ketorolac and the risks of gastrointestinal and operative site bleeding. While I acknowledge the necessity of publishing such a postmarketing surveillance study, the conclusions are concerning.  In particular, this article seems to indicate that there is a low risk of operative site bleeding with this medication. It is important to point out a study2in the ear, nose, and throat literature that demonstrated an approximately 5-fold increase in postoperative hemorrhage in patients who had received ketorolac perioperatively for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy vs control patients. That article2indicates the necessity of double-blinded studies of this drug for specific types of surgical procedures. Ketorolac appears to prompt bleeding after surgery performed on mucosal surfaces (ie, nasal, sinus, and tonsil and adenoid procedures). I believe a warning should be given on labelling for this
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN WEIGHT GAIN AND LOSS AND CHANGE IN EPICARDIAL FAT BURDEN: A 4-YEAR STUDY WITH COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Ryo Nakazato, Damini Dey, Victor Y. Cheng, Haim Shmilovich, Ronak Rajani, Yuka Ohtaki, Rine Nakanishi, Piotr J. Slomka, Sean W. Hayes, Louise E.J. Thomson, John D. Friedman, Nathan D. Wong, Leslee J. Shaw, Matthew J. Budoff, Alan Rozanski, Daniel S. Berman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
DIVISIONS OF THE SO CALLED FLEXNER GROUP OF DYSENTERY BACILLI
Authors: Wilburt C. Davison
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1920)

From these data it is seen that ill defined divisions of the so called Flexner group exist. The divisions do not appear to be sufficiently distinct to warrant the use of separate names. To avoid confusion all mannitol-fermenting dysentery bacilli should be called Bacillus dysenteriae Flexner and the subdivision noted. There are two methods for this division, one by the fermentation of carbohydrates, the other by agglutination with monovalent rabbit sera. These do not coincide and one or the other and not both must be adopted. Inasmuch as Murray studied organisms from widely distributed sources, it would seem preferable to adopt his serological classification and to add to it the types that fail to be agglutinated by his V, W, X, Y, and Z sera, as this method is simpler and more rapid. The results of the agglutination reactions of the patient's serum may be expressed in the same terms as the serological typing of the organism from his stool. Fermentation is less constant and gives rise to more divisions than there are carbohydrates. See PDF for Structure The serological reactions of these type sera, as Murray points out, show cross-agglutination to a greater or less extent, but they indicate that there are five antigens, V, W, X, Y, and Z and probably others, one or more of which predominate in a given strain. Polyvalent diagnostic and therapeutic sera are practically worthless unless they include antibodies for the more common of these types. The diagnostic importance of recognizing that there are five or more antigens in this group is seen from the fact that the sera of some patients react with one, others with another, and that unless several antigens are used, some positive tests may be missed. The therapeutic importance is emphasized by the fact that probably the best polyvalent therapeutic serum at present available has a very low titer for the X antigen, although that type was found in many of these cases (Table V).
Effect of Dopamine Agonists on Lactotroph Adenomas of the Human Pituitary
Authors: Lucia Stefaneanu, Kalman Kovacs, Bernd W Scheithauer, George Kontogeorgos, Darren L Riehle, Thomas J Sebo, David Murray, Sergio Vidal, Ami Tran, Michael Buchfelder, Rudolf Fahlbusch
Journal: Endocrine Pathology (2000)
Reduced–Size Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: Use in the Management of Children With Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Jean C. Emond, Peter F. Whitington, Richard J. Thistlethwaite, Estella M. Alonso, Christoph E. Broelsch
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

Reducing the size of a liver for use in a recipient smaller than the donor is one way to reduce mortality before orthotopic liver transplantation in children because of the scarcity of pediatric organ donors. In this report, we review the results of this approach over the past 2 years, during which we have used reduced-size orthotopic liver transplantation routinely in small children. Forty-nine children underwent orthotopic liver transplantation between September, 1986, and October, 1988; orthotopic liver transplantation with a whole organ (full-size orthotopic liver transplantation) was performed in 36 children, whereas 13 patients received reduced-size orthotopic liver transplantation. In two pairs of patients, the reduced grafts were obtained from single donors, using a "split-liver" procedure. All grafts were implanted in the orthotopic position following total recipient hepatectomy. The preoperative diagnostic categories were not significantly different between groups. Patients receiving reduced-size orthotopic liver transplantation were younger (1.6 +/- 1.5 vs. 4.4 +/- 4.6 years), and a higher percentage were in the intensive care unit prior to transplant (31 vs. 9%). Thirty of 36 (82%) patients receiving full-size orthotopic liver transplantation and 10 of 13 (77%) patients receiving reduced-size orthotopic liver transplantation are alive 3 to 27 months after transplantation. The rates of retransplantation were 24% for full-size orthotopic liver transplantation and 15% for reduced-size orthotopic liver transplantation. Despite the greater complexity of reduced-size orthotopic liver transplantation and the higher frequency of critically ill recipients selected for the procedure, the results of reduced-size orthotopic liver transplantation are comparable with full-size orthotopic liver transplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Problems in Receptor Identification: Catecholamines
Authors: Pedro Cuatrecasas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

In the past few years much progress has been made in the identification of membrane-bound receptor structures for polypeptide hormones such as insulin, glucagon and ACTH, as well as for cholinergic receptors in the electric organ of fish and eels, glycine receptors in the spinal chord, and receptors for morphine and other opiate drugs in brain.1 These studies have been based on the selective binding of highly radioactive (1 to 2 Ci per millimole) hormone derivatives or drug antagonists to isolated cells or membrane preparations. Because all such methods of receptor identification depend only on the recognition or binding function . . .
Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into Practice
Authors: Troyen A. Brennan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Letters20 May 2003Charter on Medical Professionalism: Putting the Charter into PracticeTroyen A. Brennan, MDTroyen A. Brennan, MDBrigham and Women's Hospital; Boston, MA 02146 (Brennan)Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-138-10-200305200-00018 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail The following letters from the readers of Annals represent just the kind of debate about professional ethics we had hoped the physician charter would engender. Seven members of the Medical Professionalism Project have responded accordingly. Although we could not hope to address every issue raised, one does seem salient throughout: the apparent conflict between a patient-centered ethic of care and the commitment to a just distribution of finite resources. We recognize that compromise is necessary between these two principles, but such compromises are at the center of the liberal state's equilibrium between equality and civil rights. We believe that physicians ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston, MA 02146 (Brennan) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoMedical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician Charter 15 Months Later Linda Blank , Harry Kimball , Walter McDonald , Jaime Merino , and Metrics Cited ByResponsibility and Well-Being: Resource Integration under Responsibilization in Expert ServicesA Physician Charter: The 10th AnniversaryChristine K. Cassel, MD, Virginia Hood, MBBS, MPH, and Werner Bauer, MDGebruik van COXIB's: niet zinnig, niet zuinig 20 May 2003Volume 138, Issue 10Page: 851KeywordsHealth carePatient advocacy ePublished: 20 May 2003 Issue Published: 20 May 2003 CopyrightCopyright © 2003 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
361. Lentiviral Vector Transduction Efficiency and Biosafety Profile of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Barry M. McGrath, Ciara O'Shea, Linda Howard, Mary Murphy, Frank Barry, Timothy O'Brien, Padraig M. Strappe
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer tremendous potential in regenerating diseased or injured tissues due to their ability to differentiate into various different cell types including cartilage, bone, fat and other connective tissue. Lentiviral vector transduced MSCs are of interest to gene therapy as they can be used to deliver genes to sites of injury after systemic delivery, serve as a platform for controlled therapeutic gene expression and have the potential for modification by over-expression of differentiation factors. Therapeutic use of transduced MSCs must also satisfy questions regarding biosafety such as the effect of transduction on cellular phenotype and differentiation capability and the risk of insertional mutagenesis caused by integrating viral vectors.
Intra-alveolar macrophage numbers in current smokers and non-smokers: a morphometric study of tissue sections.
Authors: W A Wallace, M Gillooly, D Lamb
Journal: Thorax (1992)

The alveolar macrophage is believed to be important in the defence of the lung and possibly in the pathogenesis of lung disease. Cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have suggested that smokers have an increased number of alveolar macrophages but have not enabled the number to be related to a measure of lung structure.The number of alveolar macrophages was counted in histological sections from lung resection specimens from a group of smokers and non-smokers. The results were related to a measurement of lung structure obtained by means of an automated morphometric technique and expressed in terms of units of lung volume or of lung surface area.The smokers had a significantly increased number of alveolar macrophages per unit lung volume and per unit surface area, through the relative increase was less than has appeared from bronchoalveolar lavage studies. When smokers and non-smokers with similar lung structure were compared the smokers had more alveolar macrophages, indicating that smoking and not loss of lung structure is responsible for the increase.Smokers had more alveolar macrophages than non-smokers when the number was expressed quantitatively with respect to the underlying architecture. Changes in cell populations postulated to be important in the pathogenesis of disease within the lung should be related to lung architecture because this may vary considerably between individuals.