tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Homogeneity of mind can yield heterogeneity in behavior producing emergent collaboration in groups
Authors: Rick O'Gorman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract The evolved psychological process for producing social norms is both needed to facilitate emergent group-level traits and capable of delivering such a process. I discuss how this process can work to generate group-level traits and how specific mechanisms established to buttress social norms similarly can explain how group-level traits are supported.
A multicentre, randomised phase II study of weekly or 3-weekly docetaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer
Authors: J. Tabernero, M.A. Climent, A. Lluch, J. Albanell, J.B. Vermorken, A. Barnadas, A. Antón, C. Laurent, J.I. Mayordomo, N. Estaun, I. Losa, V. Guillem, J. Garcia-Conde, J.L. Tisaire, J. Baselga
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2004)
How the Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) Breached the Canadian Rocky Mountains
Authors: Jasmine K. Janes, Yisu Li, Christopher I. Keeling, Macaire M.S. Yuen, Celia K. Boone, Janice E.K. Cooke, Joerg Bohlmann, Dezene P.W. Huber, Brent W. Murray, David W. Coltman, Felix A.H. Sperling
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

The mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), a major pine forest pest native to western North America, has extended its range north and eastward during an ongoing outbreak. Determining how the MPB has expanded its range to breach putative barriers, whether physical (nonforested prairie and high elevation of the Rocky Mountains) or climatic (extreme continental climate where temperatures can be below −40 °C), may contribute to our general understanding of range changes as well as management of the current epidemic. Here, we use a panel of 1,536 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to assess population genetic structure, connectivity, and signals of selection within this MPB range expansion. Biallelic SNPs in MPB from southwestern Canada revealed higher genetic differentiation and lower genetic connectivity than in the northern part of its range. A total of 208 unique SNPs were identified using different outlier detection tests, of which 32 returned annotations for products with putative functions in cholesterol synthesis, actin filament contraction, and membrane transport. We suggest that MPB has been able to spread beyond its previous range by adjusting its cellular and metabolic functions, with genome scale differentiation enabling populations to better withstand cooler climates and facilitate longer dispersal distances. Our study is the first to assess landscape-wide selective adaptation in an insect. We have shown that interrogation of genomic resources can identify shifts in genetic diversity and putative adaptive signals in this forest pest species.
Divergent Expression Patterns for Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1β and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Transporter-2 in Developing Kidney
Authors: Paul B. Freeburg, Dale R. Abrahamson
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) are α/β heterodimeric transcription factors of the basic helix-loop-helix-Per-Arnt-Sim (bHLH-PAS) superfamily and are chiefly responsible for cellular adaptation to oxygen deprivation. HIF function relies on the stabilization of the α subunit. When oxygen tension falls, HIF-α subunits translocate to the nucleus and, upon dimerization with HIF-β, activate transcription of target genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and -2, and WT-1, which are vital for kidney development. HIF-β subunits are stable regardless of oxygen concentration and constitutively translocate to the nucleus. It was shown previously that HIF-1β protein expression is nearly ubiquitous in newborn kidney and that HIF-1β dimerizes with either HIF-1α or -2α. Here it is shown that aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear transporter-2 (ARNT2/HIF-2β) also heterodimerized with HIF-1α and -2α. ARNT2/HIF-2β protein was highly expressed in newborn kidney but decreased significantly with age, whereas HIF-1β levels remained relatively constant. By immunohistochemical analysis, widespread expression of HIF-1β was observed in developing and mature kidneys. ARNT2/HIF-2β protein distribution was restricted to distal segments of developing nephrons and in mature kidney was confined specifically to thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. The data presented here suggest that ARNT2/HIF-2β is required at high levels during nephrogenesis in distal tubules and later exclusively in thick ascending limb. Furthermore, Hypoxyprobe-1 and lotus lectin co-localization studies showed that developing proximal convoluted tubules were the most severely hypoxic nephron segment in immature kidney. Because HIF-2β protein was not abundantly expressed in this segment, it may not be engaged in mediating responses to severe hypoxia. The differential distribution patterns for HIF-1β and -2β suggest divergent roles during kidney development for these highly related bHLH-PAS proteins.
Rimonabant for prevention of cardiovascular events (CRESCENDO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Eric J Topol, Marie-Germaine Bousser, Keith AA Fox, Mark A Creager, Jean-Pierre Despres, J Donald Easton, Christian W Hamm, Gilles Montalescot, P Gabriel Steg, Thomas A Pearson, Eric Cohen, Christophe Gaudin, Bernard Job, Judith H Murphy, Deepak L Bhatt
Journal: The Lancet (2010)
Breakthrough Reactions during Oxaliplatin Desensitization: An Analysis of 177 Cases
Authors: Ju-Young Kim, Kyung-Hwan Lim, Woo-Jung Song, Hye-Ryun Kang, Heung-Woo Park, Kyung-Up Min, Sang Heon Cho
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis
Authors: David H. Ellison, Tomas Berl
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

A 62-year-old woman who reported dysgeusia was found to have a serum sodium level of 122 mmol per liter. The serum osmolality was 250 mOsm per kilogram of water, and the urinary osmolality 635 mOsm per kilogram of water. Chest CT showed a mass in the lower lobe of the left lung, which proved to be a small-cell carcinoma. How should her hyponatremia be treated?
Does body height reduction influence interpretation of lung function in COPD patients?
Authors: A. Kjensli, M. Ryg, J.A. Falch, G. Armbrecht, L.M. Diep, E.F. Eriksen, I. Ellingsen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

Vertebral deformities are prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and may cause excessive loss of height. As height is used for calculating reference values for pulmonary function tests, larger than normal height reduction could cause overestimation of lung function. In this cross-sectional study of 465 COPD patients and 462 controls, we explored how often lung function is misinterpreted due to height reduction in COPD patients, and whether the number or severity of vertebral deformities correlate with height reduction. Measured height was compared to recalled tallest height (RTH) and height calculated from arm span (ASH) to assess height reduction. Vertebral deformities were assessed from radiographs and pulmonary function was assessed using standard formulae. Height reduction was frequent in both the study and control groups, and increased with the number and severity of vertebral deformities. When using current measured height, lung function was overestimated in a significant proportion of COPD patients at relatively modest height reductions. The effects were smallest for forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity, and most pronounced for total lung capacity and residual volume. Therefore, we propose that in COPD patients with excessive height reduction, one might use RTH or ASH in calculating predicted values. Furthermore, such patients should be evaluated for co-existing vertebral deformities and osteoporosis.
Targeting of Lung Cancer Mutational Hotspots by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: L. E. Smith, M. F. Denissenko, W. P. Bennett, H. Li, S. Amin, M.-s. Tang, G. P. Pfeifer
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2000)

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in combustion products of organic matter, including cigarette smoke. Metabolically activated diol epoxides of these compounds, including benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (B[a]PDE), have been suggested as causative agents in the development of lung cancer. We previously mapped the distribution of B[a]PDE adducts within the p53 tumor suppressor gene (also known as TP53), which is mutated in 60% of human lung cancers, and found that B[a]PDE adducts preferentially form at lung cancer mutational hotspots (codons 154, 157, 158, 245, 248, and 273). Other PAHs may be important in lung cancer as well. Methods: Here we have mapped the distribution of adducts induced by diol epoxides of additional PAHs: chrysene (CDE), 5-methylchrysene (5-MCDE), 6-methylchrysene (6-MCDE), benzo[c]phenanthrene (B[c]PDE), and benzo[g]chrysene (B[g]CDE) within exons 5, 7, and 8 of the p53 gene in human bronchial epithelial cells. Results: CDE exposure produced only low levels of adducts. Exposure of cells to the other activated PAHs resulted in DNA damage patterns similar to those previously observed with B[a]PDE but with some distinct differences. 5-MCDE, 6-MCDE, B[g]CDE, and B[c]PDE efficiently induced adducts at guanines within codons 154, 156, 157, 158, and 159 of exon 5, codons 237, 245 and 248 of exon 7, and codon 273 of exon 8, but the relative levels of adducts at each site varied for each compound. B[g]CDE, B[c]PDE, and 5-MCDE induced damage at codon 158 more selectively than 6-MCDE or B[a]PDE. The sites most strongly involved in PAH adduct formation were also the sites of highest mutation frequency (codons 157, 158, 245, 248, and 273). Conclusion: The data suggest that PAHs contribute to the mutational spectrum in human lung cancer.
Etretinate increases carcinoembryonic antigen in palmar scrapings
Authors: Neal S. Penneys, Richard Taylor, D. Hernandez
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1992)

Background: Retinoids can affect epithelial structure and function. Patients who take etretinate can develop stickiness of their palms and soles. Objective: We measured carcinoembryonic antigen, a representative glycoprotein in palmar scrapings, to see whether levels were increased in patients taking etretinate when compared with a variety of controls. Methods: Carcinoembryonic antigen was measured by a standard immunoassay in scrapings taken from the palm. Results: Carcinoembryonic antigen is increased in palmar scrapings in patients taking etretinate. Conclusion: Etretinate usage may affect sweat gland function or possibly adherence of carcinoembryonic antigen to surface keratinocytes. The presence of increased amounts of glycoprotein on the surface of the skin may explain the stickiness often noted by patients taking etretinate. Background: Retinoids can affect epithelial structure and function. Patients who take etretinate can develop stickiness of their palms and soles. Objective: We measured carcinoembryonic antigen, a representative glycoprotein in palmar scrapings, to see whether levels were increased in patients taking etretinate when compared with a variety of controls. Methods: Carcinoembryonic antigen was measured by a standard immunoassay in scrapings taken from the palm. Results: Carcinoembryonic antigen is increased in palmar scrapings in patients taking etretinate. Conclusion: Etretinate usage may affect sweat gland function or possibly adherence of carcinoembryonic antigen to surface keratinocytes. The presence of increased amounts of glycoprotein on the surface of the skin may explain the stickiness often noted by patients taking etretinate.
In Vivo Collagen Turnover Following Experimental Balloon Angioplasty Injury and the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases
Authors: Bradley H. Strauss, Ranga Robinson, Wayne B. Batchelor, Robert J. Chisholm, Grama Ravi, Madhu K. Natarajan, Richard A. Logan, Shamir R. Mehta, Daniel E. Levy, Alan M. Ezrin, Fred W. Keeley
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Extracellular matrix formation is the major component of the restenosis lesion that develops after balloon angioplasty. Although ex vivo studies have shown that the synthesis of collagen is stimulated early after balloon angioplasty, there is a delay in accumulation in the vessel wall. The objectives of this study were to assess collagen turnover and its possible regulation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in a double-injury iliac artery rabbit model of restenosis. Rabbits were killed at four time points (immediately and at 1, 4, and 12 weeks) after balloon angioplasty. In vivo collagen synthesis and collagen degradation were measured after a 24-hour incubation with [ 14 C]proline. Arterial extracts were also run on gelatin zymograms to determine MMP (gelatinase) activity. Collagen turnover studies were repeated in a group of 1-week postangioplasty rabbits that were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of either a nonspecific MMP inhibitor, GM6001 (100 mg/kg per day), or placebo. Collagen synthesis and degradation showed similar temporal profiles, with significant increases in the balloon-injured iliac arteries compared with control nondilated contralateral iliac arteries immediately after angioplasty and at 1 and 4 weeks. Peak collagen synthesis and degradation occurred at 1 week and were increased (approximately four and three times control values, respectively). Gelatin zymography was consistent with the biochemical data by showing an increase of a 72-kD gelatinase (MMP-2) in the balloon-injured side immediately after the second injury, peaking at 1 week, and still detectable at 4 and 12 weeks (although at lower levels). In balloon-injured arteries, the MMP inhibitor reduced both collagen synthesis and degradation. Overall, at 1 week after balloon angioplasty, GM6001 resulted in a 33% reduction in collagen content in balloon-injured arteries compared with placebo (750±143 to 500±78 μg hydroxyproline per segment, P &lt;.004), which was associated with a nonsignificant 25% reduction in intimal area. Our data suggest that degradation of newly synthesized collagen is an important mechanism regulating collagen accumulation and that MMPs have an integral role in collagen turnover after balloon angioplasty.
AN INVESTIGATION OF SERRATUS MAGNUS INFECTION IN CANCER OF THE BREAST
Authors: T. B. Henderson
Journal: BMJ (1909)

I TB I2:If bacteriM.infection.is present,.this method at the moment -cannot clai-m any great diagnostic value, but in the absence of such infection its great help in affording a diagnosis between malignant disease and gastric or in- testinal ulcers, non-malignant strictures, aneurysms, non- malignant conditions of-the bladder (such as stone), or non-malignant pelvic conditions in the female, is apparent.The negative evidence afforded by -a normal antitryptic index is also of very great value in excluding malignant disease.My-thanks are due to Dr.
Science, medicine, and the future: Radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Neil R Grubb, Steve Furniss
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia, especially among elderly people.Restoration of sinus rhythm by cardioversion or drug treatment improves symptoms, cardiac output, and exercise tolerance.Unfortunately, the recurrence rate in successfully treated patients is high.Research into the underlying electrophysiological mechanisms that cause atrial fibrillation has fuelled the development of new therapeutic approaches.This article describes the advances in understanding how the arrhythmia is generated and discusses the therapeutic potential of radiofrequency ablation. MethodsWe obtained information from several sources.We used Medline and BIDS to identify key papers, and we searched abstracts from the meetings of the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology between 1995 and 2000 for additional information on evolving technologies.
Structural Considerations in the Fitness Landscape of a Virus
Authors: T. Watabe, H. Kishino
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

Viral fitness is determined by replication within hosts and transmission between them. We examine how pleiotropic mutations that have antagonistic effects (i.e., antibody evasion vs. receptor binding) on viral replication within hosts can impact viral immune escape in the host population. When the host population is vaccinated, the virus escapes from passive immunity by mutations in the antibody-binding region on the surface of the target protein. However, the reduced ability of the antibody to bind the virus is often accompanied by a reduced ability of the virus to bind the cell receptor because the antibody-binding region overlaps with the receptor-binding domain (RBD). The types of permitted mutations are limited. To investigate the causal relation between a mutation in a viral genome and adaptive evolution of a viral population, we developed a mathematical model that describes the population dynamics of viruses, antibodies, and normal/infected cells within a host. The coefficients describe the binding affinity between the virus and the induced antibody and that between the virus and its receptor. Our knowledge-based index enables us to estimate the effect of a mutation in a binding region on the binding affinity. Using population genetic theory, we evaluated the probability that a mutant is fixed in a host population. The mutations that can be fixed with high probabilities may determine how long a vaccine remains effective. We simulate the adaptive evolution of coronavirus, the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome, and show that some of mutations in the RBD may have high fixation probabilities in the vaccinated host population.
Human tissue monitoring and specimen banking: opportunities for exposure assessment, risk assessment, and epidemiologic research.
Authors: L W Lee, J Griffith, H Zenick, B S Hulka
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

A symposium on Human Tissue Monitoring and Specimen Banking: Opportunities for Exposure Assessment, Risk Assessment, and Epidemiologic Research was held from 30 March to 1 April 1993 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. There were 117 registered participants from 18 states and 5 foreign countries. The first 2 days featured 21 invited speakers from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, various other government agencies, and universities in the United States, Canada, Germany, and Norway. The speakers provided a state-of-the-art overview of human exposure assessment techniques (especially applications of biological markers) and their relevance to human tissue specimen banking. Issues relevant to large-scale specimen banking were discussed, including program design, sample design, data collection, tissue collection, and ethical ramifications. The final group of presentations concerned practical experiences of major specimen banking and human tissue monitoring programs in the United States and Europe. The symposium addressed the utility and research opportunities afforded by specimen banking programs for future research needs in the areas of human exposure assessment, risk assessment, and environmental epidemiology. The third day of the symposium consisted of a small workshop convened to discuss and develop recommendations to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regarding applications and utility of large-scale specimen banking, biological monitoring, and biological markers for risk assessment activities.
Republished research: Effect of exercise referral schemes in primary care on physical activity and improving health outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: T G Pavey, A H Taylor, K R Fox, M Hillsdon, N Anokye, J L Campbell, C Foster, C Green, T Moxham, N Mutrie, J Searle, P Trueman, R S Taylor
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

▸ This article is an abridged version of a paper that was published on bmj.com. Cite this article as: BMJ 2011; 343 :d6462

Study question Can exercise referral schemes improve health outcomes in individuals with or without pre-existing conditions?

Summary answer We found weak evidence of a short term increase in physical activity and reduction in levels of depression in sedentary individuals after participation in exercise referral schemes, compared with after usual care.

What is known and what this paper adds Exercise referral schemes are commonly used in primary care to promote physical activity. Evidence indicating a health benefit of these schemes is limited, so …
Increased natural killer cell cytotoxicity and NKp30 expression protects against hepatitis C virus infection in high-risk individuals and inhibits replication in vitro
Authors: Lucy Golden-Mason, Andrea L. Cox, Jessica A. Randall, Linling Cheng, Hugo R. Rosen
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

CD56pos natural killer (NK)/natural T (NT) cells are important innate effectors providing the first line of defense against viral infection. Enhanced NK activity has been shown to protect from human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. However, the role played by these innate effectors in protection against or development of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is unknown. We characterized CD56pos populations in 11 injection drug users (IDUs) who remained uninfected despite being repeatedly exposed to HCV. NK profiles in exposed but uninfected (EU) individuals were compared with preinfection samples (median 90 days prior to HCV seroconversion) collected from 14 IDUs who were exposed and subsequently became infected (EI) and unexposed normal control subjects (n = 8). Flow cytometric analysis of CD56pos populations demonstrated that EUs had a higher proportion of CD56low mature ( P = 0.0011) NK cells compared with EI subjects. Bead-isolated NKs (&gt;90% purity) from EUs had significantly higher interleukin-2 (IL-2)–induced cytolytic activity against the NK-sensitive cell line K562 at an effector-to-target ratio of 10:1 ( P &lt; 0.0001). NKp30, a natural cytotoxicity receptor involved in NK activation, is highest on NK/NT cells in EUs relative to infected subjects. Using the JFH-1 infection system, we demonstrated that NKp30high cells in the absence of exogenous stimulation significantly reduce infection of hepatocytes. Conclusion: CD56pos populations in EUs are enriched for effector NKs displaying enhanced IL-2–induced cytolytic activity and higher levels of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp30-activating receptor. In addition, NKp30high cells are more effective in preventing infection of Huh-7.5 cells than their NKp30low/neg counterparts. These data support the hypothesis that NK cells contribute to anti-HCV defense in vivo in the earliest stages of infection, providing innate protection from HCV acquisition. (Hepatology 2010)