tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects of chlorphentermine on the rat lung
Authors: D. Heath, P. Smith, P. S. Hasleton
Journal: Thorax (1973)

<b>Heath, D., Smith, P., and Hasleton, P. S. (1973).</b><i>Thorax</i>, <b>28</b>, 551-558. <b>Effects of chlorphentermine on the rat lung.</b> Chlorphentermine hydrochloride (`Lucofen9) is a sympathomimetic agent which is used in the treatment of obesity at a dosage of 25 mg thrice daily. When this drug, which is available on the British market, was administered intraperitoneally to rats in a dosage of 50 mg per kg body weight for 50 days, they all developed striking pathological changes in the lungs. Numerous large cells with foamy cytoplasm appeared in the alveolar spaces. Groups of them clumped together and disintegrated to pack the alveoli with granular eosinophilic material. The identification of these cells proved to be difficult even by electron microscopy, and this ultrastructural study is described separately in the following paper. During our acute experiments the rats did not develop right ventricular hypertrophy or hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease.
Palatopharyngeus has respiratory activity and responds to negative pressure in sleep apnoeics
Authors: IL Mortimore, NJ Douglas
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

The intrinsic tongue muscle, genioglossus, and soft palatal muscles, tensor palatini, levator palatini and palatoglossus, are known to exhibit phasic respiratory activity and to respond reflexly to negative pressure in man, which may be important in the maintenance of upper airway patency. We hypothesized that the palatopharyngeus muscle should also have respiratory activity and increased activity in response to negative upper airway pressure. We have, therefore, examined the palatopharyngeus and the antagonist muscle, levator palatini, in eight awake sleep apnoea patients, using bipolar electromyography during nose- or mouth-breathing in different postures, and with or without application of negative pressure. Overall, palatopharyngeus and levator palatini demonstrated phasic respiratory activity. Palatopharyngeus demonstrated increased activity in the supine compared to erect posture. Analysis by route of respiration showed palatopharyngeus to be more active in the supine posture when nose-breathing compared to mouth-breathing. Graded negative pressure application caused significant increases in palatopharyngeus and levator palatini activity when applied via the mouth. Nasal negative pressure application caused a nonsignificant trend to increasing palatopharyngeus activity with increasing negative pressure compared to a significant increase for levator palatini. We conclude that palatopharyngeus and levator palatini demonstrate respiratory activity and reflex activation in response to negative pressure. Palatopharyngeus may, therefore, have a role as an upper airway dilator. The differential response of palatopharyngeus to oral and nasal negative pressure application may be important in the pathogenesis of sleep apnoea.
BJSM Online at a screen near you: www.bjsportsmed.com
Authors: D Macauley, Janet O'Flaherty
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2000)

Warm downA parting gift.Some memorable papers that made us smile.Astrology is not our strongest suit and, as scientists, our first response was that perhaps the postman had got it wrong (page 465).Strange, unusual, intuitively, and intellectually challenging.But fascinating.In the scientific world of sport, dominated by physiologists, biochemists, pharmacists, and even geneticists, the idea that performance could be related in some way to the path of the moon and the stars sounds daft at first.Can you imagine the implications?Pregnancies planned to coincide with astrological events.Multi million pound transfer deals determined by heavenly bodies.Never mind your goal scoring record, tell us your star sign.Fishing injuries.It's sport, it's injury-yes, it's the right journal.Looking for a reviewer, no one came to mind immediately.Nothing in the medical literature was even close.The paper that nearly got away (page 459).We finally found two reviewers; a kilted colleague on a Scottish island, and a Gaelic speaking part time GP in the west of Ireland.So you don't think it is relevant to our journal?Wait until you try removing a fishhook.
Month by month analysis of the number of athletic training injuries: a prospective one year study on 2701 athletes
Authors: J A Sanchis-Gimeno, E Casas-Roman, C Garcia-Campero, R Hurtado-Fernandez, L Aparicio-Bellver
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Various studies have focused on sport injuries.1,2 In a previous report the incidence of injuries in athletes in a one year study was analysed using a sample size that was less than 150 subjects.1 It was hypothesised that subjects who were more involved in sport before injury (eight hours or more a week of …
Retraction: Evaluation of Colon Cancer-Specific Antigen 2 as a Potential Serum Marker for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Robert E Schoen, Ahmed Magheli, Lori J Sokoll, Daniel W Chan, Robert H Getzenberg
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

The authors wish to retract the article entitled "Evaluation of Colon Cancer-Specific Antigen 2 as a Potential Serum Marker for Colorectal Cancer," which was published in the March 1, 2008, issue of Clinical Cancer Research. As the authors re-reviewed the data presented in the article, they identified differences between some of the plate reader values and those that were reported in the article. For some of the data, the values were indeed from the plate reader data, whereas the source of other values was not apparent. Therefore, the authors believe that the article may contain data falsification. Furthermore, the values were not blanked. The authors feel that the inconsistencies in the data collection and recordation warrant retraction of the article. Five of the 6 authors of the original article agreed to this Retraction. Attempts on the part of the journal office to contact the first author, Eddy S. Leman, were unsuccessful.
Circulating immune complexes detected by 125I-Clq deviation test in sera of cancer patients.
Authors: H Teshima, H Wanebo, C Pinsky, N K Day
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

The presence of circulating immune complexes in freshly drawn sera of patients with various forms of malignancies was detected by the 125I-Clq deviation test of Sobel et al. More than 50% of the 459 cancer sera showed a high inhibition of 125I-Clq uptake by sensitized sheep erythrocytes when compared with sera of 50 healthy laboratory personnel. The levels were compared with levels of total hemolytic complement and immunochemical determinations of Cl1 and C3. A correlation between high levels of circulating immune complexes and low levels of Clq was suggested. These immune complexes were separated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation at low pH and were found to be heavier than 19S. Fluctuation of levels of immune complexes was evident when serial samples from the same patient were tested. Decrease of levels of immune complexes and a concomitant increase of Clq were detected after Calmette-Gueérin bacillus and autologous tumor cell treatment in some melanoma patients.
Sequential Versus Concurrent Trastuzumab in Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Edith A. Perez, Vera J. Suman, Nancy E. Davidson, Julie R. Gralow, Peter A. Kaufman, Daniel W. Visscher, Beiyun Chen, James N. Ingle, Shaker R. Dakhil, JoAnne Zujewski, Alvaro Moreno-Aspitia, Thomas M. Pisansky, Robert B. Jenkins
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

NCCTG (North Central Cancer Treatment Group) N9831 is the only randomized phase III trial evaluating trastuzumab added sequentially or used concurrently with chemotherapy in resected stages I to III invasive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer.Patients received doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide every 3 weeks for four cycles, followed by paclitaxel weekly for 12 weeks (arm A), paclitaxel plus sequential trastuzumab weekly for 52 weeks (arm B), or paclitaxel plus concurrent trastuzumab for 12 weeks followed by trastuzumab for 40 weeks (arm C). The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS).Comparison of arm A (n = 1,087) and arm B (n = 1,097), with 6-year median follow-up and 390 events, revealed 5-year DFS rates of 71.8% and 80.1%, respectively. DFS was significantly increased with trastuzumab added sequentially to paclitaxel (log-rank P < .001; arm B/arm A hazard ratio [HR], 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.85). Comparison of arm B (n = 954) and arm C (n = 949), with 6-year median follow-up and 313 events, revealed 5-year DFS rates of 80.1% and 84.4%, respectively. There was an increase in DFS with concurrent trastuzumab and paclitaxel relative to sequential administration (arm C/arm B HR, 0.77; 99.9% CI, 0.53 to 1.11), but the P value (.02) did not cross the prespecified O'Brien-Fleming boundary (.00116) for the interim analysis.DFS was significantly improved with 52 weeks of trastuzumab added to adjuvant chemotherapy. On the basis of a positive risk-benefit ratio, we recommend that trastuzumab be incorporated into a concurrent regimen with taxane chemotherapy as an important standard-of-care treatment alternative to a sequential regimen.
A preliminary assessment of professional footballers' awareness of injury prevention strategies.
Authors: R D Hawkins, C W Fuller
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1998)

Players from five English professional football clubs completed a questionnaire containing 52 items relating to injury prevention practices and advice received on these issues. Responses were received from 55 players, which represents a mean response of 11 (4) and a response rate of 38 (14)% from each club (means (SD)). The main deficiencies in awareness of injury prevention strategies for players were identified as: use of shin pads during training, carbohydrate intake before and after training and after matches, cool downs after training and matches, and flexibility work. These deficiencies indicate a need for wider education of players in current injury prevention strategies.
Is pamidronate effective for acute rheumatic pain?
Authors: A El-Shafei
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

In an article on Rubens' painting "The Three Graces" Dequeker suggests that hypermobility is a medical explanation of the seeming scoliosis and Trendelenburg sign in the middle figure . 1 But the posture of this middle figure should probably be interpreted as an artistic phenomenon without medical reference.Sculptors in classical Greek and Roman periods often used the contrapposto posture.In this, by putting most weight on one leg, the other leg can be shown in a relaxed and semiflexed position.This undulating between tension and relaxation will animate the figure.A person with normal muscular function and a normal back can perfectly well pose in this way with relaxed hip abductors on the weightbearing side, a descending hip on the opposite side, and a compensating scoliotic posture.This posture is facilitated by support from the arm as in Rubens' painting.If the person tries to take a forward step, relaxation of the muscles of the weightbearing hip can no longer be maintained, and the positive Trendelenburg sign will disappear.In the Renaissance period the use of this contrapposto posture was revived.During his stay in Rome Rubens eagerly studied the then recently excavated Laokoön sculpture with its three distorted figures. 2 He often used such distorted postures in his paintings to give the impression of vigorous muscular characters capable of performing great tasks.The best example is probably "The Debarkation at Marseilles" in the Maria de Medici cycle from 1622 to 1625 for the Luxembourg Palace in Paris. 3 Here, three young women, nereides, with curved muscular backs at the bottom of the picture nearly seem to carry the ship of Maria de Medici.
Current Pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: A. Lleó, S.M. Greenberg, J.H. Growdon
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2005)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease that affects approximately 4.5 million people in the United States. The mainstays of current pharmacotherapy for AD are compounds aimed at increasing the levels of acetylcholine in the brain, thereby facilitating cholinergic neurotransmission through inhibition of the cholinesterases. These drugs, known as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), were first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1995 based on clinical trials showing modest symptomatic benefit on cognitive, behavioral, and global measures. In 2004 the FDA approved memantine, an NMDA antagonist, for treating dementia symptoms in moderate to severe AD cases. In clinical practice, memantine may be co-administered with an AChEI, although neither drug individually or in combination affects the underlying pathophysiology of dementia. Dementia in AD results from progressive synaptic loss and neuronal death. As knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for neurodegeneration in AD increases, it is anticipated that neuroprotective drugs to slow or prevent neuronal dysfunction and death will be developed to complement current symptomatic treatments.
THE CARE OF CHOREIC CHILDREN
Authors: A. D. Fordyce
Journal: BMJ (1923)

He was inoculated with benign tertian on Septenmber 8th, 1922.During the attack of malaria and for some weeks afterwards his mental condition underwent a change.From being apathetic and lacrymose he developed well marked auditory and visual hallucina- tions, and also delusions of persecution, which for a time made him ,very troublesome with his food.Gertsmann refers to similar cases and seeks to explain the presence of the auditory hallucinations by the greater infiltration of the temporal lobes.The patient, how- ever, made a good recovery and was discharged.Hle has since written a letter to his medical officer which shows that he has at present remarkably good insight.On his discharge (June 30th, 1923) the following notes were made: Yerrous System.-Pupils:right, slightly irregular, reactions (direct and consensual) to light sluggish; left, dilated, oval reactions to light, direct sluggish, consensual absent.All superficial reflexes equal and present; tongue, no tremors; speech, no impediment.Riaht knee-jerk
Projected Clinical Benefits and Cost-effectiveness of a Human Papillomavirus 16/18 Vaccine
Authors: S. J. Goldie, M. Kohli, D. Grima, M. C. Weinstein, T. C. Wright, F. X. Bosch, E. Franco
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2004)

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine may be commercially available in a few years. We explored the clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of introducing an HPV16/18 vaccine in a population with an organized cervical cancer screening program. Methods: A computer-based model of the natural history of HPV and cervical cancer was used to project cancer incidence and mortality, life expectancy (adjusted and unadjusted for quality of life), lifetime costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (i.e., the additional cost of a strategy divided by its additional clinical benefit compared with the next most expensive strategy) associated with different cancer prevention policies, including vaccination (initiated at age 12 years), cytologic screening (initiated at 18, 21, 25, 30, or 35 years), and combined vaccination and screening strategies. We assumed that vaccination was 90% effective in reducing the risk of persistent HPV16/18 infections and evaluated alternative assumptions about vaccine efficacy, waning immunity, and risk of replacement with non-16/18 HPV types. Results: Our model showed that the most effective strategy with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of less than $60–000 per quality-adjusted life year is one combining vaccination at age 12 years with triennial conventional cytologic screening beginning at age 25 years, compared with the next best strategy of vaccination and cytologic screening every 5 years beginning at age 21 years. This triennial strategy would reduce the absolute lifetime risk of cervical cancer by 94% compared with no intervention. These results were sensitive to alternative assumptions about the underlying patterns of cervical cancer screening, duration of vaccine efficacy, and natural history of HPV infection in older women. Conclusions: Our model predicts that a vaccine that prevents persistent HPV16/18 infection will reduce the incidence of HPV16/18-associated cervical cancer, even in a setting of cytologic screening. A program of vaccination that permits a later age of screening initiation and a less frequent screening interval is likely to be a cost-effective use of health care resources.
In Vivo Modulation of Soluble “Antagonistic” IL-6 Receptor Synthesis and Release in ESRD
Authors: Bruno Memoli, Giuseppe Grandaliano, Michela Soccio, Loredana Postiglione, Brunella Guida, Vincenzo Bisesti, Pasquale Esposito, Alfredo Procino, Daniela Marrone, Ashour Michael, Michele Andreucci, Francesco Paolo Schena, Giovanni Pertosa
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2005)

Soluble gp130 (sgp130) is a soluble circulating receptor of IL-6 with "antagonistic" biologic activity. It is generated independently by either shedding of the extracellular domain of membrane gp130 or alternative mRNA splicing. This study was addressed to clarify the mechanisms underlying sgp130 synthesis and release in patients who undergo regular dialysis treatment (RDT) using dialytic membranes with different biocompatibility. Two groups of RDT patients were enrolled: 11 patients who were treated with cellulosic membranes (C) and 10 patients who were treated with synthetic membranes (S). Ten healthy subjects constituted the control group. Serum samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were harvested in all groups (before dialysis in RDT patients). PBMC were cultured for 24 h in the absence or presence of LPS. The serum levels of sgp130 were significantly higher in C group than in control and S patients (C, 603.1 +/- 89.9; control, 396 +/- 49.5; S, 423.4 +/- 27.7 ng/ml; P < 0.01). PBMC from C patients, in the absence of any mitogenic stimulation, released a significantly greater amount of sgp130 as compared with S and control groups (C, 532.6 +/- 161.2; S, 332.4 +/- 148.6; control, 341.4 +/- 125.4 pg/ml; P < 0.01). The sgp130 release was positively correlated with the release of both IL-6 (r = 0.336, P < 0.05) and sIL-6R receptor (r = 0.324, P < 0.05). A significantly higher gp130 gene expression was also observed in unstimulated PBMC from C patients when compared with control and S groups. It is interesting that the expression of the 85-bp exon characteristic of the alternative splicing mRNA for sgp130 was low in all groups. Finally, confocal microscopy analysis showed an increased expression of gp130 on cell surface in unstimulated PBMC from C patients as compared with control and S groups. Our results demonstrate that in patients on RDT with C membranes, the synthesis and release of sgp130 "antagonistic" receptor is significantly increased. This release is seemingly due to a shedding of membrane-bound gp130 receptor. The increased sgp130 release may partially counteract the inflammatory effects caused by IL-6.
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Fludarabine Phosphate in Previously Untreated Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: J.-F. Rossi, A. Van Hoof, K. De Boeck, S.A. Johnson, D. Bron, C. Foussard, T.A. Lister, C. Berthou, M.H.H. Kramer, T.J. Littlewood, R.E. Marcus, E. Deconinck, M. Montillo, O. Guibon, S.M. Tollerfield
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

A prospective, multicenter, open-label, phase II clinical trial to assess oral fludarabine phosphate treatment in terms of safety, efficacy, and quality of life. Reference to a historical group of patients treated with the intravenous (IV) formulation allowed the two formulations to be compared.Patients with previously untreated B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia received 10-mg tablets of fludarabine phosphate to a dose of 40 mg/m(2)/d for 5 days, repeated every 4 weeks, for a total of six to eight cycles. Efficacy was assessed using International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and National Cancer Institute criteria for response. Safety monitoring included WHO toxicity grading for adverse events. Quality of life was also assessed.Eighty-one patients received treatment. According to International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia criteria, the overall response rate was 71.6% (complete remission, 37.0%; partial remission, 34.6%). The response rate using National Cancer Institute criteria was 80.2% (complete remission, 12.3%; partial remission, 67.9%). Median time to progression was 841 days (range, 28 to 1,146 days). The most frequently reported grade 3/4 toxicity was myelosuppression. WHO grade 3/4 hematological toxicities included granulocytopenia (32.1%), anemia (9.9%), and thrombocytopenia (4.9%). Gastrointestinal toxicity was more common with the oral formulation than with IV fludarabine phosphate, but was generally mild to moderate and did not require treatment. Statistically significant improvements in mean emotional and insomnia quality-of-life scores were seen after treatment.This study demonstrates that oral fludarabine phosphate is clinically effective and generally well tolerated by patients with previously untreated B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oral fludarabine phosphate has a similar clinical efficacy and safety profile to the IV formulation. Oral fludarabine phosphate does not adversely affect quality of life and may improve emotional and insomnia scores.
Relationship Between CYP2A6 and CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 Variation and Smoking Behaviors and Lung Cancer Risk
Authors: Catherine A. Wassenaar, Qiong Dong, Qingyi Wei, Christopher I. Amos, Margaret R. Spitz, Rachel F. Tyndale
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

Genetic variations in the CYP2A6 nicotine metabolic gene and the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 ( CHRNA5-A3-B4 ) nicotinic gene cluster have been independently associated with lung cancer. With genotype data from ever-smokers of European ancestry (417 lung cancer patients and 443 control subjects), we investigated the relative and combined associations of polymorphisms in these two genes with smoking behavior and lung cancer risk. Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to compare smoking variables among the different genotype groups, and odds ratios (ORs) for cancer risk were estimated using logistic regression analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. Cigarette consumption ( P < .001) and nicotine dependence ( P = .036) were the highest in the combined CYP2A6 normal metabolizers and CHRNA5-A3-B4 AA (tag single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1051730 G>A) risk group. The combined risk group also exhibited the greatest lung cancer risk (OR = 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21 to 3.40), which was even higher among those who smoked 20 or fewer cigarettes per day (OR = 3.03; 95% CI = 1.38 to 6.66). Variation in CYP2A6 and CHRNA5-A3-B4 was independently and additively associated with increased cigarette consumption, nicotine dependence, and lung cancer risk. CYP2A6 and CHRNA5-A3-B4 appear to be more strongly associated with smoking behaviors and lung cancer risk, respectively.