tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Selective inhibition of osmotic water flow by general anesthetics to toad urinary bladder.
Authors: S D Levine, R D Levine, R E Worthington, R M Hays
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Vasopressin increases the permeability of the total urinary bladder, an analogue of the mammalian renal collecting duct, to water and small solutes, especially the amide urea. We have observed that three general anesthetic agents of clinical importance, the gases methoxyflurane and halothane and the ultrashortacting barbiturate methohexital, reversibly inhibit vasopressin-stimulated water flow, but do not depress permeability to urea, or the the lipophilic solute diphenylhydantoin. In contrast to their effects in vasopressin-treated bladders, the anesthetics do not inhibit cyclic AMP-stimulated water flow, consistent with an effect on vasopressin-responsive adenylate cyclase. The selectivity of the anesthetic-induced depression of water flow suggests that separate adenylate cyclases and cyclic AMP pools may exist for control of water and urea permeabilities in to toad bladder. Furthermore, theophylline's usual stimulatory effect on water flow, but not its effect on urea permeability, was entirely abolished in methoxyflurane-treated bladders, suggesting that separate phosphodiesterases that control water and urea permeabilities are present as well. We conclude that the majority of water and urea transport takes place via separate pathways across the rate-limiting luminal membrane of the bladder cell, and that separate vasopressin-responsive cellular pools of cyclic AMP appear to control permeability to water and to urea.
The Impact of the Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices on Vaccination Coverage Levels
Authors: Carol Pierce
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To assess the impact on clinic-specific vaccination coverage of implementing the Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices. <h3>Design.</h3> —A nonrandomized intervention trial conducted for 1 year. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Two public health clinics in Albuquerque, NM: 1 intervention site and 1 control site, each serving 1 of 4 city quadrants. <h3>Participants.</h3> —All children enrolled in the 2 city public health clinics. <h3>Interventions.</h3> —Implementation of the Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices. <h3>Outcome Measures.</h3> —Assessment of up-to-date vaccination coverage levels prior to and at the conclusion of the project. The impact on the proportion of children who dropped out of vaccination services after receiving 1 dose by 3 months of age. <h3>Results.</h3> —At the intervention site, up-to-date coverage at 12 months of age rose from 57.5% to 80.4%, while levels at the control site decreased from 42.1% to 41.9%. Before the intervention, 24% of children at the intervention site who received the first dose of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP 1) by 3 months of age failed to receive the third dose of DTP (DTP 3) by 12 months of age vs 5% after the intervention. At the control site, the proportion of children who received DTP 1 by 3 months of age, but not DTP 3 by 12 months of age, increased from 39% to 51%. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Implementation of the Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices in a public health clinic was associated with important increases in vaccination coverage levels and a reduction in the proportion of children who dropped out of vaccination services.
Race and Renal Impairment in Heart Failure
Authors: Grace L. Smith, Michael G. Shlipak, Edward P. Havranek, Frederick A. Masoudi, William M. McClellan, JoAnne M. Foody, Saif S. Rathore, Harlan M. Krumholz
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— Renal impairment is an emerging prognostic indicator in heart failure (HF) patients. Despite known racial differences in the progression of both HF and renal disease, it is unclear whether the prognosis for renal impairment in HF patients differs by race. We sought to determine in HF patients the 1-year mortality risks associated with elevated creatinine and impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and to quantify racial differences in mortality. Methods and Results— We retrospectively evaluated the National Heart Care Project nationally representative cohort of 53 640 Medicare patients hospitalized with HF. Among 5669 black patients, mean creatinine was 1.6±0.9 mg/dL, and 54% had an eGFR ≤60, compared with creatinine 1.5±0.7 mg/dL and 68% eGFR ≤60 in 47 971 white patients. Higher creatinine predicted increased mortality risk, although the magnitude of risk differed by race (interaction P =0.0001). Every increase in creatinine of 0.5 mg/dL was associated with a &gt;10% increased risk in adjusted mortality for blacks, compared with &gt;15% increased risk in whites (interaction P =0.0001), with the most striking racial disparities at the highest levels of renal impairment. Depressed eGFR showed similar racial differences (interaction P =0.0001). Conclusions— Impaired renal function predicts increased mortality in elderly HF patients, although risks are more pronounced in whites. Distinct morbidity and mortality burdens in black versus white patients underscore the importance of improving patient risk-stratification, defining optimal therapies, and exploring physiological underpinnings of racial differences.
Dilatation of the Stomach, with Enteroptosis
Authors: H. C. Tweedy
Journal: BMJ (1894)

ally difficult owing to peculiarity in the development of the tumour.My feeling is very distinct, in that in future I slhall always commelnce the operation of hysterectomy with the intention of completing it in the way I have described, and I feel that I can safely recommend it to others as an operation well wortlhy of attenti on.
Health promotion in general practice
Authors: D. Wood, S. Pyke, A.-L. Kinmonth, S. Thompson
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Authors' reply: British family heart study

Editor,--The British family heart study entailed intensive intervention graded in relation to overall coronary risk. As well as following up individually high risk factors, it resulted in a 12% reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease. If this reduction was sustained--a crucial and untested assumption --it could lead to an 8% reduction in non-fatal myocardial infarction and coronary death in the population. This potential difference in cardiac events between the intervention and comparison groups would be in addition to the secular downward trend in morbidity and mortality due to coronary heart disease (rather …
Lack of TGF-β production by hepatitis C virus-specific T cells during HCV acute phase is associated with HCV clearance in HIV coinfection
Authors: Sawsan Harfouch, Marguerite Guiguet, Marc-Antoine Valantin, Assia Samri, Zineb Ouazene, Laurence Slama, Stéphanie Dominguez, Anne Simon, Ioannis Theodorou, Vincent Thibault, Brigitte Autran
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Abstract 3325: Phenotypic heterogeneity and distribution of human glioblastoma tumour-initiating cells
Authors: Sara GM Piccirillo, Colin Watts
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract In the last years the idea that tumours arise from a sub-population of cells endowed with “stem cell” features completely revolutionized the field of Oncology. This hypothesis found its initial confirmation by studies on non-solid tumours and then has been extended also to solid tumours. It is a common believe that the so called “cancer stem cells” concept could also provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanism of tumour growth and to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of incurable cancers. The most lethal tumour of the Central Nervous System is Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) which accounts for over 60% of brain tumours. Median life expectancy in optimally managed patients is only 12-14 months with only 25% surviving 24 months. The current clinical management of patients diagnosed with a GBM involves a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy has been the principle therapeutic modality since the late seventies and additional targeted chemotherapy is of only modest benefit. Thus the need for new treatments is an unmet clinical need. It is hypothesized that “cancer stem cells” are a significant factor in gliomagenesis and in the emergence of treatment resistant clones in GBM. However, it is not known how these cells contribute to the heterogeneity of this process. Here we report the isolation and genetic characterization of distinct “cancer stem cell” populations from different areas of the same GBM specimens: margin, necrotic and core mass. Our results demonstrated that only the cells derived from the core mass retain stem cell features, such as clonogenicity and multipotency, and possess long-term self-renewal and tumour-initiating capacity, therefore can be considered as bona fide “cancer stem cells”. On the contrary, cancer stem cells are rarely found in the other areas. Most importantly, cells derived from margin areas are not endowed with migratory ability and are genetically aberrant, displaying patterns of karyotypic alterations that overlap only partially with those present in core mass cells. This approach could help us in increasing our understanding of the heterogeneity of cell populations in human GBM in relation to the concept of a stem cell hierarchy in tumours. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3325. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3325
A Surgeons' FDA?
Authors: Kenneth G. Davis
Journal: JAMA (1975)

To the Editor.—  The dialogue (232:35, 37, 1975) concerning the equal treatment of drugs and operations has several interesting implications when carried to its conclusion.  If there were an FDA for the surgeon, perhaps the artisans of the trade could buy advertisements in the journals to promote their latest technique. Then, a new breed of detail man would have to be developed so that they could be trained to provide sample  I'm sure that the surgeons' FDA, in its infinite wisdom, could come up with some method of regulating over-the-counter operations.
"LATE ETHER CONVULSIONS"
Authors: George L. Waldbott
Journal: JAMA (1933)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In his article on "Late Ether Convulsions" (The Journal, April 15), Dr. J. B. Sears suggests that additional such cases should be reported. In a pathologic investigation on thirty-four cases of what had formerly been termed "thymic death" (<i>Am. J. Dis. Child.</i>, to be published), I reported five in which death occurred during ether anesthesia; in two, surgical procedure had hardly been started before death occurred. Convulsions may or may not be present in such cases. The thymus may or may not be enlarged (the average weight of the 34 thymuses was 35.2 Gm.). Because, in all, pulmonary edema has been the only constantly occurring condition found at autopsy and because a similar if not identical edema is reported to be present in human anaphylactic shock, I believe that death is the result of a primary anaphylactic edema. Sears noted that pulmonary edema was present in his
Predicting the Epidemic Sizes of Influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B: A Statistical Method
Authors: Edward Goldstein, Sarah Cobey, Saki Takahashi, Joel C. Miller, Marc Lipsitch
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Background The epidemic sizes of influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1, and B infections vary from year to year in the United States. We use publicly available US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) influenza surveillance data between 1997 and 2009 to study the temporal dynamics of influenza over this period. Methods and Findings Regional outpatient surveillance data on influenza-like illness (ILI) and virologic surveillance data were combined to define a weekly proxy for the incidence of each strain in the United States. All strains exhibited a negative association between their cumulative incidence proxy (CIP) for the whole season (from calendar week 40 of each year to calendar week 20 of the next year) and the CIP of the other two strains (the complementary CIP) from the start of the season up to calendar week 2 (or 3, 4, or 5) of the next year. We introduce a method to predict a particular strain's CIP for the whole season by following the incidence of each strain from the start of the season until either the CIP of the chosen strain or its complementary CIP exceed certain thresholds. The method yielded accurate predictions, which generally occurred within a few weeks of the peak of incidence of the chosen strain, sometimes after that peak. For the largest seasons in the data, which were dominated by A/H3N2, prediction of A/H3N2 incidence always occurred at least several weeks in advance of the peak. Conclusion Early circulation of one influenza strain is associated with a reduced total incidence of the other strains, consistent with the presence of interference between subtypes. Routine ILI and virologic surveillance data can be combined using this new method to predict the relative size of each influenza strain's epidemic by following the change in incidence of a given strain in the context of the incidence of cocirculating strains. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Alcohol and Glibenclamide
Authors: J. M. Stowers
Journal: BMJ (1971)

appear in the plasma, and there is a somewhat delayed return of methionine to previously normal levels.Pyridoxal Phosphate in Assay Treatment 0-015 gmoles 0 75 ,moles Controls (9) .. 98 + 18 9-2 15-4 Patient 1 .. Pyridoxine -HCI 1 g/day x 30 days 11-5 13-5 Father .. 21-4 19-6 Mother .. 31-2 25-8 Brother .. 57-2, 62-6 15 0 4 hr.after 100 mg/kg L-methionine Patient 2 ..
Squamous Epithelioma Probably Due to Tar Ointment in a Case with Psoriasis
Authors: J. OD. Alexander, K. I. Macrosson
Journal: BMJ (1954)

normal for age of subject.Respiratory and nervous systems normal.Alimentary system normal; there was no sign of ulceration of the mouth, fauces, tongue, etc. ; liver, gallbladder, and ducts normal.Genito-urinary system: both kidneys in the last stage of chronic fibrosis and contraction.The two organs together weighed less than 31 oz.(135 g.).The capsules stripped with great difficulty, leaving a torn shrunken granular surface.
Nonaccidental Head Injury in Infants — The “Shaken-Baby Syndrome”
Authors: Ann-Christine Duhaime, Cindy W. Christian, Lucy Balian Rorke, Robert A. Zimmerman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Trauma is the most common cause of death in childhood, and inflicted head injury is the most common cause of traumatic death in infancy.13 Beginning with the classic descriptions of Kempe et al.4 and Caffey5 and with subsequent clinical, biomechanical, and radiologic studies, the diagnostic features of nonaccidental head injury in infants and toddlers have become widely recognized. This review outlines the mechanisms, typical features, differential diagnosis, and acute management of the most frequently encountered form of infantile inflicted head injury, the so-called shaken-baby syndrome.Biomechanics and TerminologyThe names applied to the syndromes of inflicted head injury in . . .
Familial Occurrence of Parathyroid Adenomas, Pheochromocytoma, and Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid with Amyloid Stroma (Sipple's Syndrome)
Authors: GEORGE SAROSI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

An additional family is reported with the association of bilateral pheochromocytoma, bilateral medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with amyloid stroma, and bilateral parathyroid adenomas. The propositus also had a ganglioneuroma in the right adrenal area and had Parkinson's disease. In the patients with pheochromocytoma and parathyroid adenoma, a thyroid carcinoma had been uniformly present (100%). In addition, when parathyroid adenoma and pheochromocytoma are present, the likelihood of bilateral pheochromocytoma (84%) and multiple parathyroid adenomas (42%) should be borne in mind by the surgeon.
Phagocytosing neutrophils down-regulate the expression of chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2
Authors: Tatyana Doroshenko, Yuri Chaly, Valery Savitskiy, Olga Maslakova, Anna Portyanko, Irina Gorudko, Nikolai N. Voitenok
Journal: Blood (2002)
Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Prohibition or Coffee Shops: Regulation of Amphetamine and Methylphenidate for Enhancement Use by Healthy Adults”
Authors: Veljko Dubljević
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2014)

In my target article (Dubljevic 2013a), I analyzed available information and policy options for the two of the most commonly used cognitive enhancement (CE) drugs: Adderall and Ritalin. I concluded that for all forms of amphetamine, including Adderall, and for instant-release forms of methylphenidate, any form of sale beyond prescription for therapeutic purposes needs to be prohibited, while some form of a taxation approach (Dubljevic 2012a) and the economic disincentives model (EDM) in particular (Dubljevic 2012b) could be an option for public policy on extended-release forms ofmethylphenidate (like RitalinSR). However, not everyone agreed with my conclusions. There has been a considerable amount of constructive criticism regarding my proposal. Some neuroethicists objected to my favoring prohibitive policies to dangerous CE drugs such as amphetamine and argued for laissez-faire or even mandatory use of enhancements. Others took issuewith the conclusion that the economic disincentives model (EDM) could be an option for public policy on extended release forms ofmethylphenidate. Furthermore, there are those that think my argument in general and EDM in particular are failing to address the relevant issues in regulation of CE, such as social justice and real autonomy. Finally, there are those who offer suggestions on how the argument and the model of public policy for CE drugs can be improved. Since it makes sense to respond to similar commentaries together, I first review and respond to the objections coming from the Oxford “pro-enhancement group”: Anders Sandberg (2013), Neil Levy (2013), and Julian Savulescu (2013). Then I explore and answer several objections from neu-
Unveiling the transcriptional control of the developing cardiac conduction system
Authors: D FRANCO
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2004)

The development of the heart is a fascinating process. The heart starts out as a straight tube that subsequently bends to the right and forms an embryonic heart with prospective atrial and ventricular chambers [1]. Soon after, septation is initiated and the atrial and ventricular chambers are separated into left and right components, configuring a four-chambered organ with synchronous contraction. Distinct cell lineages are involved in these processes and their respective morphogenetic contributions are well described. Over the last decade, a turning point has taken place in the field of cardiovascular development since the first cardiac-enriched transcription factors were discovered. Soon after, the generation of targeted mutations led to a wide range of cardiac phenotypes that has progressively enriched our understanding of cardiac (dis)morphogenesis (for a review, see Ref. [2]). Molecular interactions between different transcriptional regulators have been relatively accurately deciphered with respect to the major morphogenetic cardiac events. Interestingly, whereas there was an initial hope that a master myocardial gene would be discovered that eventually would be the key regulator of cardiac differentiation, it is now clear that the regulation of the myocardial phenotype is a complex system in which many players are involved.

The advent of tissue-specific molecular markers has greatly allowed a more comprehensive understanding of cardiac development. In fact, the coupling of gene expression profile during cardiac development to other functional molecular biological techniques has permitted a more accurate understanding of cardiac (dis)morphogenesis [3] … 

*Tel.: +34-95-3002763; fax: +34-95-3012141. Email address: dfranco{at}ujaen.es
Intrasplenic transplantation of isolated periportal and perivenous hepatocytes as a long-term system for study of liver-specific gene expression
Authors: Ling Chen, Gerard J. Davis, David W. Crabb, Lawrence Lumeng
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

Many hepatocyte-specific genes are expressed heterogeneously in the liver lobule depending on the location of the hepatocytes in relation to the inflow or outflow of portal blood (i.e., periportal or perivenous). For example, albumin is expressed in all hepatocytes but more so in the periportal zone, cytochrome P-450IIE1 is exclusively expressed in the perivenous zone and glutamine synthetase is limited to one or two cell layers next to the terminal hepatic venule. Additionally, hepatic damage caused by several xenobiotics, including carbon tetrachloride, is more severe in the perivenous zone. We have isolated highly enriched perivenous and periportal hepatocytes by means of a digitonin-collagenase perfusion method and transplanted them separately into the spleens of syngeneic rats. After transplantation, hepatocyte-specific gene expression in the transplanted perivenous and periportal cells was monitored for up to 13 mo with in situ hybridization to detect the specific gene transcripts (mRNAs). We also studied the effects of carbon tetrachloride administration on transplanted periportal cells by comparing them with intrasplenic transplanted periportal hepatocytes without carbon tetrachloride treatment. Our results showed that: (a) both transplanted perivenous and periportal hepatocytes could survive and proliferate in the splenic microenvironment for a prolonged period; (b) long-term-transplanted periportal hepatocytes in spleen could eventually express a high level of cytochrome P-450IIE1 mRNA in all transplanted hepatocytes and could express glutamine synthetase mRNA in only about 5% to 10% of them, specifically those hepatocytes located adjacent to splenic blood vessels. It is noteworthy that periportal hepatocytes in situ normally do not express the glutamine synthetase gene and express only a low level of cytochrome P-450IIE1 mRNA; and (c) carbon tetrachloride yielded different toxic effects on transplanted periportal hepatocytes at day 3 and mo 8. Necrosis was seen only when transplanted periportal hepatocytes expressed a high level of cytochrome P-450IIE1 mRNA by mo 8.
Repeated fasting stress causes activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK/JNK) in rat liver
Authors: Hajime Nishio, Hiroko Kuwabara, Hiroshi Mori, Koichi Suzuki
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)-signaling pathways play key roles in cytoplasmic-nuclear signal transmission in response to various extracellular stimuli. In this study, we investigated the effect of repeated fasting stress on activation of the 3 members of the MAPK family, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), the c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK), and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 kinase), in rat liver. Immunecomplex kinase assays showed that ERK and JNK were significantly activated in the liver extract from fasted rats whereas p38 kinase showed no activation. In an immunohistochemical study, the phosphorylated and activated form of ERK (p-ERK) was abundantly expressed in pericentral hepatocytes of fasted liver compared with those of the control. On the other hand, the phosphorylated and activated form of JNK (p-JNK) was highly expressed in irregular-shaped cells along the sinusoidal lining of fasted liver. A double immunofluorescent study to identify p-JNK immunoreactive cells revealed them to be Kupffer cells, which are the resident hepatic macrophages. In conclusion, ERK and JNK are selectively activated in distinct cell types of rat liver by repeated fasting stress.