tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Influence of pneumococcal serotype group on outcome in adults with bacteraemic pneumonia
Authors: M. Lujan, M. Gallego, Y. Belmonte, D. Fontanals, J. Valles, T. Lisboa, J. Rello
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

The influence of infecting serotype group on outcome in bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia remains unclear. We performed a prospective, 10-yr observational study in an 800-bed teaching hospital. 299 adults diagnosed with pneumonia whose blood cultures showed growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae were included in the study. High invasive disease potential (H) serotypes included serotypes 1, 5 and 7F, which served as a reference category, were compared with low invasive disease potential (L) serotypes (3, 6A, 6B, 8, 19F, and 23F) and other (O) serotypes (non-H, non-L). The influence on outcome was determined for each group of serotypes after adjusting for underlying conditions and severity of illness at admission. Overall, 30-day mortality was 11%. H serotypes (n = 93) infected primarily younger people and presented a higher risk of complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema (17.2 versus 5.1%; p = 0.01), with lower mortality (3.2%). The isolation of L serotypes (n = 78) was an independent risk factor for 30-day mortality (OR 7.02, 95% CI 1.72-28.61), as were Charlson score (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.08-1.58), alcohol abuse (OR 3.99, 95% CI 1.39-11.39) and severity of illness measured by American Thoracic Society (ATS)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) criteria (OR 4.80, 95% CI 1.89-12.13). A vaccination strategy including serotypes 3, 6A, 6B, 8, 19F and 23F may improve survival in adults.
2001 PHASE 2 RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY OF NITAZOXANIDE PLUS PEGINTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN IN HCV GENOTYPE 1 NAIVE PATIENTS: WEEK 12 SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE RATE
Authors: B.R. Bacon, M.L. Shiffman, J.K. Lim, A. Berman, V.K. Rustgi, E.B. Keeffe
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Strikingly different molecular relapse kinetics in NPM1c, PML-RARA, RUNX1-RUNX1T1, and CBFB-MYH11 acute myeloid leukemias
Authors: Hans Beier Ommen, Susanne Schnittger, Jelena V. Jovanovic, Ingrid Beier Ommen, Henrik Hasle, Mette Østergaard, David Grimwade, Peter Hokland
Journal: Blood (2009)
Moves to measure wellbeing must support a social model of health
Authors: Sarah Atkinson
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The Office for National Statistics recently announced the start of further consultation on how to assess the United Kingdom's progress by more than just its economic performance.This followed the decision by the present UK government to incorporate measures of general wellbeing, including subjective wellbeing, into future National Household Surveys (www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/consultations/openconsultations/measuring-national-well-being/index.html).The decision recognises the argument that concrete policy goals, such as economic growth and material prosperity, are only the means to human flourishing rather than ends in themselves.The announcement will be well received in many progressive policy circles.The think tank the New Economics Foundation has long advocated a less materially oriented evaluation of whether a country is doing well, including people's views of their own wellbeing.Similarly, public health professionals committed to a social model of health
Value of in vivo electrophysiological measurements to evaluate canine small bowel autotransplants.
Authors: M A Meijssen, E Heineman, R W de Bruin, H J Veeze, J Bijman, H R de Jonge, F J ten Kate, R L Marquet, J C Molenaar
Journal: Gut (1991)

This study aimed to develop a non-invasive method for in vivo measurement of the transepithelial potential difference in the canine small bowel and to evaluate this parameter in small bowel autotransplants. In group 0 (control group, n = 4), two intestinal loops were created without disturbing their vascular, neural, and lymphatic supplies. In group I (successful autotransplants, n = 11), two heterotopic small bowel loops were constructed. Long term functional sequelae of vascular, neural, and lymphatic division were studied. Group II (n = 6) consisted of dogs with unsuccessful autotransplants suffering thrombosis of the vascular anastomosis, which resulted in ischaemic small bowel autografts. In group I, values of spontaneous transepithelial potential difference, an index of base line active electrolyte transport, were significantly lower compared with group 0 (p less than 0.05), probably as a result of denervation of the autotransplants. Both theophylline and glucose stimulated potential difference responses, measuring cyclic adenosine monophosphate mediated chloride secretion and sodium coupled glucose absorption respectively, showed negative luminal values in group I at all time points after transplantation. These transepithelial potential difference responses diminished progressively with time. From day 21 onwards both theophylline and glucose stimulated potential difference responses were significantly less than the corresponding responses at day seven (p less than 0.05). Morphometric analysis showed that the reduction of transepithelial potential difference responses preceded degenerative mucosal changes in the heterotopic small bowel autografts. In group II, potential difference responses to theophylline and glucose showed positive luminal values (p&lt;0.01 v group I), probably as a result of passive potassium effusion from necrotic enterocytes.
Cardiomyocyte‐restricted over‐expression of C‐type natriuretic peptide prevents cardiac hypertrophy induced by myocardial infarction in mice
Authors: Yong Wang, Monique C. de Waard, Anja Sterner‐Kock, Holger Stepan, Heinz‐Peter Schultheiss, Dirk J. Duncker, Thomas Walther
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2007)
Dying for palliative care
Authors: R. Charlton
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,—It seems appropriate that articles communicating poor recognition of the palliative care philosophy should have space “afforded” to them.1 They emphasise the crisis in caring for dying people despite the creation of a specialty and reiterate results of other studies showing that patients are still dying unprepared and suffering.2 The reason for this is twofold.

Firstly, …
SELECTION FOR UNRELATED DONOR BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: SheilaM Gore, WalterR Gilks, BenjaminA Bradley, MartinR Howard, JohnM Goldman, SusanA Cleaver, IanD Fraser, Richard Goffin, JillM Hows, M.R Howard, J.M Hows, S.M Gore, B.A Bradley
Journal: The Lancet (1989)
Canine cyclic hematopoiesis is associated with abnormal purine and pyrimidine metabolism.
Authors: W R Osborne, W P Hammond, D C Dale
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

Canine cyclic hematopoiesis is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by regular 11-13-d cycles of the neutrophil, reticulocyte, and platelet counts caused by a defect in regulation of marrow stem cell proliferation. Treatment with lithium abrogates cycling of the cell counts in these grey collie dogs. Aware of the defective lymphopoiesis associated with adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiencies, we hypothesized that abnormal purine or pyrimidine metabolism might be present in these dogs. Using high pressure liquid chromatography, we measured erythrocyte purine and pyrimidine nucleotide levels and plasma purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and bases in normal and grey collie dogs before and during lithium treatment. During neutropenic periods in the grey collies, erythrocyte ATP, GTP, and UTP levels were significantly elevated. Normal dogs made neutropenic with cyclophosphamide did not show such elevations. Lithium treatment normalized the levels of erythrocyte ATP, GTP, and UTP in the grey collies and eliminated the differences between normal and grey collie nucleotide levels. Plasma thymine levels were markedly increased during neutropenia in the grey collie but were not increased in cyclophosphamide-treated normal dogs. The finding of abnormal concentrations of purine and pyrimidine metabolites in these dogs suggest that a metabolic derangement in purine or pyrimidine metabolism may be the cause of the defective stem cell proliferation in this disease.
ANOMALY OF THE APPENDIX
Authors: L. S. Willour
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Attachment of the tip of the appendix to the bladder with rupture into this organ has been reported by Judd, but I am unable to find any case, noted at operation, in which the appendix tip was attached to the intestine and communicating with its lumen. Careful search of the literature reveals three cases found at necropsy: one by Thoyer,<sup>1</sup>in which the cause of death was cancer of the rectum; one by McDonald,<sup>2</sup>in which the cause of death is not given, and one by Pohlman,<sup>3</sup>in which the cause of death was pulmonary tuberculosis. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> R. H., a farmer, aged 28, whose history as to previous disease was negative, had a typical attack of acute appendicitis in December, 1922, as reported by his family physician, at which time operation was advised. Two weeks before I saw him he had an attack of pain
Quality of Outpatient Care: Diabetes-Reply
Authors: Lucian L. Leape
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Drs Bowman and Konen raise an important concern about compliance and also provide additional evidence of the ineffectiveness of educational programs in changing human behavior. Patient compliance may well be a greater barrier to improving diabetes status than physician compliance. The latter may be more tractable, however. In addition, the ethical considerations are different. As a society we have some obligation to provide proven remedies. Whether individual citizens have an obligation to accept them is more debatable. As I noted, even with a rigorous effort Norman et al<sup>1</sup>were able to obtain only a 75% compliance rate. A reasonable national compliance norm for a given test or treatment might prove to be only 60%. But if an individual plan's compliance rate was only 30%, that would be immensely valuable information for patients and physicians. Without required reporting, neither would be aware that care was substandard. Dr Clemenson
Satisfaction With And Preference For Ciclesonide Hydrofluoroalkane Nasal Aerosol Or Mometasone Furoate Nasal Aqueous Spray In Patients With Perennial Allergic Rhinitis: Results From A Validation Study
Authors: E.O. Meltzer, P.H. Ratner, M. Testa, R. Turner, W. Spalding, J. Karafilidis
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Direct-to-Consumer Advertising With Interactive Internet Media
Authors: Bryan A. Liang
Journal: JAMA (2011)

DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER ADVERTISING (DTCA) IS LEgal only in the United States and New Zealand and has been linked with drug overutilization, public health concerns, and higher costs. Despite global proscriptions, DTCA is the most rapidly increasing form of pharmaceutical marketing, with approximately $4 billion in US expenditures, outpacing physician marketing and research and development. The Internet has rapidly developed, with users moving from passive information using read-only “Web 1.0” technology to interactive tailored relationships using “Web 2.0” technology. This includes social networking sites and other interactive systems, resulting in new online DTCA marketing opportunities that transcend geopolitical borders. Currently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not issued guidelines on this form of DTCA marketing. Yet electronic DTCA with Web 2.0 technology already has the potential for significant presence and may have unrealized public health effects.
Maternal Smoking and Perinatal Health
Authors: Richard H. Aubry
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Mary Sexton, PhD, MPH, and Richard J. Hebel, PhD, have contributed to the current knowledge of maternal and perinatal health in their article "A Clinical Trial of Change in Maternal Smoking and Its Effect on Birth Weight." Smoking has generally been recognized as unhealthy and it is suspected that it may directly or indirectly impair fetal growth during pregnancy. However, because of the multitude of factors influencing fetal growth, this has been hard to prove or measure. More important, the potential benefit to be derived from cutting down or stopping smoking during pregnancy is as controversial. Despite these difficulties, the authors, via rigorous control and the use of a biochemical marker for smoking, have demonstrated that a specific antismoking campaign for smoking pregnant women results in twice the number of women discontinuing or cutting down to five cigarettes or less per day and that the intervention results in an important
Potential and Pitfalls of e-Cigarettes
Authors: Wasim Maziak
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Dr Abrams1 painted an optimistic picture about the promise of e-cigarettes due to their harm-reduction potential and the ability of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations to minimize their unintended consequences. However, the manufacture and marketing of a highly addictive product has 1 primary intention at its core: to hook as many people as possible. So what public health considers an unintended consequence is industry’s intended effect.
Bacteriology of Chronic Otitis Media
Authors: Itzhak Brook
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Tympanocentesis was performed in 50 patients with chronic otitis media; pus was cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Only aerobes were isolated from 21 patients (42%), three patients had only anaerobes (Peptococcus sp), and 25 patients (50%) had both aerobes and anaerobes. Only one specimen had no growth. There were 68 aerobic isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered in 36 patients (72%); other aerobes commonly recovered included Proteus sp and Staphylococcus aureus. There were 48 anaerobes isolated. Anaerobic Gram-positive cocci were isolated in 24 instances (21 Peptococcus sp and three Peptostreptococcus sp). Sixteen Bacteroides sp were recovered, including seven B fragilis group and six B melaninogenicus.
Prognostic and Predictive Effects of Immunohistochemical Factors in High-Risk Primary Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Nicolaus Kröger, Karin Milde-Langosch, Sabine Riethdorf, Claudia Schmoor, Martin Schumacher, Axel R. Zander, Thomas Löning
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: To analyze prognostic and predictive effects of immunohistochemical factors within a randomized study of high-dose versus standard-dose chemotherapy in high-risk breast cancer with &amp;gt;10 involved lymph nodes. Experimental Design: Histopathologic specimens in 188 of 302 patients were analyzed for Ki-67, p16, maspin, Bcl-2, Her2/neu, and p53. Results: In a univariate analysis after adjustment for therapy, tumor size, and estrogen receptor, Her2/neu positivity (P = 0.001) was a negative and Bcl2 positivity (P = 0.003) was a positive prognostic factor for event-free survival. In a multivariate analysis, Her2/neu positivity (hazard ratio, 3.68; 95% confidence interval, 2.01-6.73; P = 0.0001) had a negative influence on event-free survival, whereas p53 positivity (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.95; P = 0.03) and Bcl2 positivity (hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-0.64; P = 0.0006) were associated with a better event-free survival. Analyzing the predictive effect of the immunohistochemical factors, an interaction between p53 and treatment could be shown (P = 0.005). The hazard ratio for high-dose chemotherapy versus standard chemotherapy is estimated as 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-7.92) in p53-negative patients and as 0.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.2-1.07) in p53-positive patients, which indicates a superiority of high-dose chemotherapy in p53-positive patients and an inferiority in p53-negative patients. No interactive effect could be shown for the other factors. Conclusions: Her2/neu and Bcl-2 are prognostic but not predictive factors in patients with high-risk primary breast cancer; p53-positive patients might benefit more from high-dose chemotherapy than from standard chemotherapy, and p53-negative patients might benefit more from standard chemotherapy than from high-dose therapy.
Thrombo-embolism in Acute and in Healed Myocardial Infarction
Authors: R. DREW MILLER, ROBERT A. JORDAN, ROBERT L. PARKER, JESSE E. EDWARDS
Journal: Circulation (1952)

The purpose of this investigation was to study the incidence and location of systemic arterial occlusion and pulmonary embolism in a consecutive series of cases of fatal acute myocardial infarction. Another consecutive series of cases in which healed myocardial infarction was demonstrated at necropsy was similarly studied. In none of the cases included in this study had anticoagulant therapy been employed. Massive pulmonary embolism was the most frequent fatal thrombo-embolic complication found among the cases of acute myocardial infarction. Cerebral infarction was the most frequent fatal thrombo-embolic complication found among the cases of healed myocardial infarction. Cerebral infarction was the most frequent fatal systemic arterial thrombo-embolic lesion in both groups. Acute splenic and renal infarcts were frequently demonstrated but with one exception appeared to play an incidental role in the clinical course of the patients. Although systemic arterial occlusion was frequently found in association with intracardiac mural thrombi, there were many other cases in which evidence of systemic arterial occlusion was found in the absence of intracardiac mural thrombi. A positive correlation existed between the presence of pulmonary and systemic arterial occlusion and the occurrence of congestive cardiac failure.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Supplemental Vitamin E on Attenuation of the Development of Nitrate Tolerance
Authors: Hideki Watanabe, Masaaki Kakihana, Sadanori Ohtsuka, Yasuro Sugishita
Journal: Circulation (1997)

The attenuation of intracellular production of cGMP has been known to be a mechanism of nitrate tolerance. A recent in vitro study showed an increase in superoxide levels and a reduced activation of guanylate cyclase in tolerant vessels. We investigated the preventive effect of an antioxidant, vitamin E, on the development of nitrate tolerance.In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 24 normal volunteers and 24 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD patients) were randomized to receive either vitamin E (200 mg TID vitamin E group) or placebo (placebo group). Vasodilator response to nitroglycerin was assessed with forearm plethysmography by measurement of the change in the forearm blood flow before and 5 minutes after sublingual administration of 0.3 mg nitroglycerin, and at the same time, blood samples were taken from veins to measure the platelet cGMP level. Measurements of the forearm blood flow and blood sampling were obtained serially at baseline (day 0), 3 days after vitamin E or placebo alone was taken (day 3), and 3 days after application of a 10-mg/24-h nitroglycerin tape concomitantly with oral vitamin E or placebo (day 6). The responses of forearm blood flow (%FBF) and cGMP (%cGMP) after sublingual nitroglycerin on day 0 (%FBF: normal volunteers, 32+/-12 versus 31+/-11; IHD patients, 35+/-15 versus 34+/-15; %cGMP: normal volunteers, 38+/-10 versus 35+/-11; IHD patients, 37+/-11 versus 38+/-12, vitamin E group versus placebo group) and day 3 (%FBF: normal volunteers, 33+/-9 versus 32+/-12; IHD patients, 35+/-12 versus 33+/-13; %cGMP: normal volunteers, 38+/-10 versus 37+/-11; IHD patients, 36+/-14 versus 37+/-10, vitamin E group versus placebo group) were not different between the two groups. On day 6, %FBF and %cGMP in the placebo group were significantly lower compared with day 0, and there were significant differences in them between the two groups (%FBF: normal volunteers, 30+/-12 versus 17+/-9, P<.01; IHD patients, 28+/-14 versus 17+/-8, P<.01; %cGMP: normal volunteers, 35+/-11 versus 8+/-5, P<.01; IHD patients, 38+/-10 versus 12+/-4, P<.01, vitamin E group versus placebo group).These results indicate that the combination therapy with vitamin E is potentially a useful method to prevent the development of nitrate tolerance.
Women are increasingly affected by AIDS epidemic, report shows
Authors: Raghav Chawla
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The proportion of women and girls with HIV has increased in every region of the world since 2002, a new report from UNAIDS, the joint United Nations programme on HIV and AIDS, shows.

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A girl sits at the bedside of her dying mother in Tanzania 

Credit: PANOS/SEAN SPRAGUE

The report says that nearly half of the estimated 39.4 million people in the world infected with HIV today are female: the proportion in 1998 was 41%.

The proportion is highest in sub-Saharan Africa, which has three quarters of all women infected with HIV in the world. Fifty …

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Dietetic Treatment of Phenylketonuria
Authors: B. E. Deere
Journal: BMJ (1967)

accurate enough to be of practical value.Professor Leevy et al.' showed that serum folate levels reflect liver tissue levels surpris- ingly accurately.Chanarin et al.' demon- strated similar findings.It may be that serum folate levels do not reflect tissue levels in tissues other than the liver.If this is so, has Dr. Andrews any facts to support this ?There are abundant publications, too well known to require refer- ence, that patients with low serum folate levels and changes believed to be secondary to folic acid deficiency respond when given folic acid.This is strong supporting evi- dence that serum folate levels reflect tissue levels accurately enough for practical pur- poses.The folate level in the central nervous