tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HIV Prevalence and Associated Risks in Young Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Linda A. Valleroy
Journal: JAMA (2000)

Studies conducted in the late 1980s on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among older men who have sex with men (MSM) suggested the epidemic had peaked; however, more recent studies in younger MSM have suggested continued high HIV incidence.To investigate the current state of the HIV epidemic among adolescent and young adult MSM in the United States by assessing the prevalence of HIV infection and associated risks in this population in metropolitan areas.The Young Men's Survey, a cross-sectional, multisite, venue-based survey conducted from 1994 through 1998.One hundred ninety-four public venues frequented by young MSM in Baltimore, Md; Dallas, Tex; Los Angeles, Calif; Miami, Fla; New York, NY; the San Francisco (Calif) Bay Area; and Seattle, Wash.A total of 3492 15- to 22-year-old MSM who consented to an interview and HIV testing.Prevalence of HIV infection and associated characteristics and risk behaviors.Prevalence of HIV infection was high (overall, 7.2%; range for the 7 areas, 2.2%-12. 1%) and increased with age, from 0% among 15-year-olds to 9.7% among 22-year-olds. Multivariate-adjusted HIV infection prevalence was higher among blacks (odds ratio [OR], 6.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1-9.8), young men of mixed or other race (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 3. 0-7.6), and Hispanics (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5-3.4), compared with whites (referent) and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (OR, 1. 1; 95% CI, 0.5-2.8). Factors most strongly associated with HIV infection were being black, mixed, or other race; having ever had anal sex with a man (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.8-13.8); or having had sex with 20 or more men (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.0-4.7). Only 46 (18%) of the 249 HIV-positive men knew they were infected before this testing; 37 (15%) were receiving medical care for HIV, and 19 (8%) were receiving medical drug therapy for HIV. Prevalence of unprotected anal sex during the past 6 months was high (overall, 41%; range, 33%-49%).Among these young MSM, HIV prevalence was high, underscoring the need to evaluate and intensify prevention efforts for young MSM, particularly blacks, men of mixed race or ethnicity, Hispanics, and adolescents. JAMA. 2000;284:198-204
De Novo Demonstration and Co-localization of Free-Radical Production and Apoptosis Formation in Rat Kidney Subjected to Ischemia/Reperfusion
Authors: CHIANG-TING CHIEN, PO-HUANG LEE, CHAU-FONG CHEN, MING-CHIEH MA, MING-KUEN LAI, SU-MING HSU
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2001)

Abstract. Ischemia-induced oxidative damage to the reperfused kidney was examined. A modified chemiluminescence method, an in situ nitro blue tetrazolium perfusion technique, and a DNA fragmentation/apoptosis-related protein assay were adapted for demonstration de novo and co-localization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis formation in rat kidneys subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury. The results showed that prolonged ischemia potentiated proapoptotic mechanisms, including increases in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, CPP32 expression, and poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase fragments, and subsequently resulted in severe apoptosis, including increases in DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell number in renal proximal tubules (PT) and distal tubules (DT) in a time-dependent manner. The increased level of ROS detected on the renal surface was correlated with that in blood and was intensified by a prolonged interval of ischemia. The main source of ROS synthesis was the PT epithelial cells. The ROS and apoptotic nuclei detected in the PT cells can be ameliorated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) treatment before reperfusion. However, the apoptotic nuclei remained in DT in the SOD-treated rats, indicating that formation of apoptosis in DT was not influenced by the small amounts of ROS produced. In PT and DT cell cultures, significant increases in apoptotic cells and ROS were evident in PT cells after hypoxia/reoxygenation insult. Furthermore, the oxidative damage in PT, but not in DT, can be alleviated by ROS scavengers SOD and hexa(sulfobutyl)fullerene, confirming that PT are vulnerable to ROS. These results lead us to conclude that ROS produced in significant amounts in PT epithelium under ischemia/reperfusion or hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions may be responsible for the apoptotic death of these cells.
Immunomodulation therapy with lenalidomide in follicular, transformed and diffuse large B cell lymphoma: current data on safety and efficacy
Authors: Madhav Desai, Kate J Newberry, Jorge Romaguera, Liang Zhang, Zhishuo Ou, Michael Wang
Journal: Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2013)

Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent which has been approved for multiple myeloma. Lenalidomide is also effective in and tolerated well by patients with follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and transformed large cell lymphoma. This review summarizes the results of current preclinical and clinical studies of lenalidomide, alone or in combination with the monoclonal antibody rituximab, as a therapeutic option for these three lymphoma types. This review will serve as a tool guiding future clinical investigations to improve survival rates for these three lymphomas.
Calcitriol and the parathyroid hormone-ionized calcium curve
Authors: R Ouseph, J D Leiser, S M Moe
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1996)

Investigations of the effects of calcitriol on the inverse sigmoidal relationship between parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ionized calcium (iCa) have yielded contradictory conclusions, possibly because of variations in experimental and analytical approaches. To clarify the existing literature, PTH-iCa curves were constructed by inducing hypo- and hypercalcemia through alterations in dialysate calcium concentration in eight hemodialysis patients with mild to moderate secondary hyperparathyroidism. The effects of low (metabolic acidosis) versus normal bicarbonate dialysis were compared before and after 4 wk of intravenous calcitriol, in a cross-over design. The PTH-iCa curves were primarily evaluated by using a four-parameter model. In addition, a variety of alternative published analytic approaches were examined and PTH-iCa curve slopes were further evaluated after normalization by (maximum - minimum PTH). The latter partially corrects for gland mass and cell-secretory capacity, and therefore yields a purer measure of the sensitivity of secretory activity to changes in iCa. The results of the study indicate that calcitriol decreased basal, maximal, and minimal PTH and non-normalized slope (all P < 0.05), but did not affect set point or normalized slope, independent of the specific analytic approach. Acute metabolic acidosis did not affect the PTH-iCa curve. Thus, intravenous calcitriol appears to decrease parathyroid gland functional mass, as reflected by decreases in maximal and minimal PTH levels, but does not affect the sensitivity of the parathyroid gland to changes in iCa, as set point and normalized slope were unaffected.
Slit–Roundabout Signaling Regulates the Development of the Cardiac Systemic Venous Return and Pericardium
Authors: Mathilda T.M. Mommersteeg, William D. Andrews, Athena R. Ypsilanti, Pavol Zelina, Mason L. Yeh, Julia Norden, Andreas Kispert, Alain Chédotal, Vincent M. Christoffels, John G. Parnavelas
Journal: Circulation Research (2012)

Rationale: The Slit–Roundabout (Robo) signaling pathway has pleiotropic functions during Drosophila heart development. However, its role in mammalian heart development is largely unknown. Objective: To analyze the role of Slit–Robo signaling in the formation of the pericardium and the systemic venous return in the murine heart. Methods and Results: Expression of genes encoding Robo1 and Robo2 receptors and their ligands Slit2 and Slit3 was found in or around the systemic venous return and pericardium during development. Analysis of embryos lacking Robo1 revealed partial absence of the pericardium, whereas Robo1/2 double mutants additionally showed severely reduced sinus horn myocardium, hypoplastic caval veins, and a persistent left inferior caval vein. Mice lacking Slit3 recapitulated the defects in the myocardialization, alignment, and morphology of the caval veins. Ligand binding assays confirmed Slit3 as the preferred ligand for the Robo1 receptor, whereas Slit2 showed preference for Robo2. Sinus node development was mostly unaffected in all mutants. In addition, we show absence of cross-regulation with previously identified regulators Tbx18 and Wt1 . We provide evidence that pericardial defects are created by abnormal localization of the caval veins combined with ectopic pericardial cavity formation. Local increase in neural crest cell death and impaired neural crest adhesive and migratory properties underlie the ectopic pericardium formation. Conclusions: A novel Slit–Robo signaling pathway is involved in the development of the pericardium, the sinus horn myocardium, and the alignment of the caval veins. Reduced Slit3 binding in the absence of Robo1, causing impaired cardiac neural crest survival, adhesion, and migration, underlies the pericardial defects.
Twelve weeks of continuous oral therapy for toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes: A double-blind comparative trial of terbinafine 250 mg/day versus itraconazole 200 mg/day
Authors: M. De Backer, C. De Vroey, E. Lesaffre, I. Scheys, P. De Keyser
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1998)
Defining Childhood Severe Falciparum Malaria for Intervention Studies
Authors: Philip Bejon, James A Berkley, Tabitha Mwangi, Edna Ogada, Isaiah Mwangi, Kathryn Maitland, Thomas Williams, J. Anthony G Scott, Mike English, Brett S Lowe, Norbert Peshu, Charles R. J. C Newton, Kevin Marsh
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Clinical trials of interventions designed to prevent severe falciparum malaria in children require a clear endpoint. The internationally accepted definition of severe malaria is sensitive, and appropriate for clinical purposes. However, this definition includes individuals with severe nonmalarial disease and coincident parasitaemia, so may lack specificity in vaccine trials. Although there is no "gold standard" individual test for severe malaria, malaria-attributable fractions (MAFs) can be estimated among groups of children using a logistic model, which we use to test the suitability of various case definitions as trial endpoints.A total of 4,583 blood samples were taken from well children in cross-sectional surveys and from 1,361 children admitted to a Kenyan District hospital with severe disease. Among children under 2 y old with severe disease and over 2,500 parasites per microliter of blood, the MAFs were above 85% in moderate- and low-transmission areas, but only 61% in a high-transmission area. HIV and malnutrition were not associated with reduced MAFs, but gastroenteritis with severe dehydration (defined by reduced skin turgor), lower respiratory tract infection (clinician's final diagnosis), meningitis (on cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] examination), and bacteraemia were associated with reduced MAFs. The overall MAF was 85% (95% confidence interval [CI] 83.8%-86.1%) without excluding these conditions, 89% (95% CI 88.4%-90.2%) after exclusions, and 95% (95% CI 94.0%-95.5%) when a threshold of 2,500 parasites/mul was also applied. Applying a threshold and exclusion criteria reduced sensitivity to 80% (95% CI 77%-83%).The specificity of a case definition for severe malaria is improved by applying a parasite density threshold and by excluding children with meningitis, lower respiratory tract infection (clinician's diagnosis), bacteraemia, and gastroenteritis with severe dehydration, but not by excluding children with HIV or malnutrition.
Water vapour and carbon dioxide decrease nitric oxide readings
Authors: TW van der Mark, E Kort, RJ Meijer, DS Postma, GH Koeter
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

Measurement of nitric oxide levels in exhaled air is commonly performed using a chemiluminescence detector. However, water vapour and carbon dioxide affect the chemiluminescence process. The influence of these gases at the concentrations present in exhaled air, has not yet been studied. For this in vitro study, mixtures of 50, 100 and 200 parts per billion (ppb) NO in air were prepared and fed into the NO analyser either directly or bubbled through water. Mixtures with CO2 were prepared by adding 0-10% CO2 to the diluent air. We found a significant decrease in NO readings in the water-saturated samples compared to the dry gas (p < 0.001), strongly dependent on the partial pressure of water. NO levels in exhaled air (mean 10 +/- 2 ppb) showed a decrease of 17 +/- 3% when water vapour was not absorbed. From the experiments with CO2 we found a decrease in NO reading of 1.04 +/- 0.07% per volume CO2 (%). Presence of water vapour, thus, leads to a systematic underestimation of NO levels. Insertion of a water absorber might, therefore, be advantageous. The influence of CO2 concentrations in the normal respiratory range is negligible. With high expiratory CO2 levels as applied in permissive hypercapnia, the effects may be substantial.
A Randomized Trial of Cardiovascular Responses to Energy Drink Consumption in Healthy Adults
Authors: Anna Svatikova, Naima Covassin, Kiran R. Somers, Krishen V. Somers, Filip Soucek, Tomas Kara, Jan Bukartyk
Journal: JAMA (2015)

a Calculated using the 2-sample t test.b Performed by asking participants to sustain an isometric handgrip of one-third of maximum voluntary handgrip contraction, using a dynamometer.c Participants completed serial mathematical tasks as fast as possible.d Performed last because of its sustained effects.Participants immersed 1 hand into ice water.
Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990-1998.
Authors: A H Mokdad, E S Ford, B A Bowman, D E Nelson, M M Engelgau, F Vinicor, J S Marks
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

To examine trends in diabetes prevalence in the U.S.This study was conducted via telephone surveys in states that participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System between 1990 and 1998. The participants consisted of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years or older. The main outcome measure was self-reported diabetes.The prevalence of diabetes rose from 4.9% in 1990 to 6.5% in 1998--an increase of 33%. Increases were observed in both sexes, all ages, all ethnic groups, all education levels, and nearly all states. Changes in prevalence varied by state. The prevalence of diabetes was highly correlated with the prevalence of obesity (r = 0.64, P<0.001).The prevalence of diabetes continues to increase rapidly in the U.S. Because the prevalence of obesity is also rising, diabetes will become even more common. Major efforts are needed to alter these trends.
Retinal gene therapy in patients with choroideremia: initial findings from a phase 1/2 clinical trial
Authors: Robert E MacLaren, Markus Groppe, Alun R Barnard, Charles L Cottriall, Tanya Tolmachova, Len Seymour, K Reed Clark, Matthew J During, Frans P M Cremers, Graeme C M Black, Andrew J Lotery, Susan M Downes, Andrew R Webster, Miguel C Seabra
Journal: The Lancet (2014)
External noninvasive temporary cardiac pacing: clinical trials.
Authors: P M Zoll, R H Zoll, R H Falk, J E Clinton, D R Eitel, E M Antman
Journal: Circulation (1985)

An external cardiac pacemaker-monitor has been developed that provides safe, effective noninvasive ventricular stimulation that is well tolerated in conscious patients and allows clear recognition of electrocardiographic response. The noninvasive temporary pacemaker (NTP) has now been applied in 134 patients in five hospitals. Stimulation was tolerated well in 73 of 82 conscious patients, and nine found it intolerable. The NTP was effective in evoking electrocardiographic responses in 105 patients; the 29 failures were in the presence of prolonged hypoxia or severe discomfort. The NTP was clinically useful in 82 patients: 43 of 86 were resuscitated from emergency or expected arrest, 38 of 40 were maintained in standby readiness for up to 1 month but did not require stimulation, and one of eight patients with tachycardia obtained some clinical benefit. The NTP was especially useful in 25 patients with complications or contraindications to endocardial pacing and in 57 patients in whom insertion of an endocardial electrode was avoided.
Lymph Node Evaluation in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Population-Based Study
Authors: N. N. Baxter, D. J. Virnig, D. A. Rothenberger, A. M. Morris, J. Jessurun, B. A. Virnig
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2005)

Background: Adequate lymph node evaluation is required for proper staging of colorectal cancer, and the number of lymph nodes examined is associated with survival. According to current guidelines, the recommended minimum number of lymph nodes examined to ensure adequate sampling is 12. We used data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program to determine the proportion of colorectal cancer patients in the United States who receive adequate lymph node evaluation. Methods: For 116 995 adults with colorectal adenocarcinoma, diagnosed from 1988 through 2001, who underwent radical surgery and did not receive neoadjuvant radiation, we evaluated the number of lymph nodes, the likelihood of receiving adequate lymph node evaluation (i.e., at least 12 lymph nodes examined), and the influence of tumor and patient factors on lymph node evaluation. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Among all patients, the median number of lymph nodes examined was nine. Only 37% of all patients received adequate lymph node evaluation. The proportion of patients receiving adequate lymph node evaluation increased from 32% in 1988 to 44% in 2001 ( P trend <.001, Cochran–Armitage test). Advanced tumor stage was statistically significantly associated with adequate lymph node evaluation (odds ratio [OR] of receiving adequate lymph node evaluation=2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.18 to 2.35). Older patients (≥71 years, OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.47) were less likely to receive adequate lymph node evaluation than younger patients, and those with left-sided (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.47) or rectal (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.50 to 0.54) cancers were less likely to receive adequate lymph node evaluation than patients with right-sided cancers. In all analyses, geographic location was an important predictor of adequate lymph node evaluation, which ranged from 33% to 53%, depending on geographic location. Conclusions: In 2001, the majority of patients with colorectal cancer still received inadequate lymph node evaluation. The association of demographic variables, particularly patient age and geographic location, with adequate lymph node evaluation indicates that local surgical and pathology practice patterns may affect adequacy of lymph node evaluation.
Current state of knowledge on Takotsubo syndrome: a Position Statement from the Taskforce on Takotsubo Syndrome of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology
Authors: Alexander R. Lyon, Eduardo Bossone, Birke Schneider, Udo Sechtem, Rodolfo Citro, S. Richard Underwood, Mary N. Sheppard, Gemma A. Figtree, Guido Parodi, Yoshihiro J. Akashi, Frank Ruschitzka, Gerasimos Filippatos, Alexandre Mebazaa, Elmir Omerovic
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2015)
The recurrent IgH translocations are highly associated with nonhyperdiploid variant multiple myeloma
Authors: Rafael Fonseca, Carina S. Debes-Marun, Elisa B. Picken, Gordon W. Dewald, Sandra C. Bryant, Jerry M. Winkler, Emily Blood, Martin M. Oken, Rafael Santana-Dávila, Natalia González-Paz, Robert A. Kyle, Morie A. Gertz, Angela Dispenzieri, Martha Q. Lacy, Philip R. Greipp
Journal: Blood (2003)
Anti-Angiogenesis Therapy in the Vx2 Rabbit Cancer Model with a Lipase-cleavable Sn 2 Taxane Phospholipid Prodrug using α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub>-Targeted Theranostic Nanoparticles
Authors: Dipanjan Pan, Anne H. Schmieder, Kezheng Wang, Xiaoxia Yang, Angana Senpan, Grace Cui, Kendall Killgore, Benjamin Kim, John S. Allen, Huiying Zhang, Shelton D. Caruthers, Baozhong Shen, Samuel A. Wickline, Gregory M. Lanza
Journal: Theranostics (2014)

In nanomedicine, the hydrophobic nature of paclitaxel has favored its incorporation into many nanoparticle formulations for anti-cancer chemotherapy.At lower doses taxanes are reported to elicit anti-angiogenic responses.In the present study, the facile synthesis, development and characterization of a new lipase-labile docetaxel prodrug is reported and shown to be an effective anti-angiogenic agent in vitro and in vivo.The Sn 2 phosphatidylcholine prodrug was stably incorporated into the lipid membrane of α v β 3 -integrin targeted perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticles (α v β 3 -Dxtl-PD NP) and did not appreciably release during dissolution against PBS buffer or plasma over three days.Overnight exposure of α v β 3 -Dxtl-PD NP to plasma spiked with phospholipase enzyme failed to liberate the taxane from the membrane until the nanoparticle integrity was compromised with alcohol.The bioactivity and efficacy of α v β 3 -Dxtl-PD NP in endothelial cell culture was as effective as Taxol ® or free docetaxel in methanol at equimolar doses over 96 hours.The anti-angiogenesis effectiveness of α v β 3 -Dxtl-PD NP was demonstrated in the Vx2 rabbit model using MR imaging of angiogenesis with the same α v β 3 -PFC nanoparticle platform.Nontargeted Dxtl-PD NP had a similar MR anti-angiogenesis response as the integrin-targeted agent, but microscopically measured decreases in tumor cell proliferation and increased apoptosis were detected only for the targeted drug.Equivalent dosages of Abraxane ® given over the same treatment schedule had no effect on angiogenesis when compared to control rabbits receiving saline only.These data demonstrate that α v β 3 -Dxtl-PD NP can reduce MR detectable angiogenesis and slow tumor progression in the Vx2 model, whereas equivalent systemic treatment with free taxane had no benefit.