tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal expectancy effects: the first 345 studies
Authors: Robert Rosenthal, Donald B. Rubin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1978)

Abstract The research area of interpersonal expectancy effects originally derived from a general consideration of the effects of experimenters on the results of their research. One of these is the expectancy effect, the tendency for experimenters to obtain results they expect, not simply because they have correctly anticipated nature's response but rather because they have helped to shape that response through their expectations. When behavioral researchers expect certain results from their human (or animal) subjects they appear unwittingly to treat them in such a way as to increase the probability that they will respond as expected. In the first few years of research on this problem of the interpersonal (or interorganism) self-fulfilling prophecy, the “prophet” was always an experimenter and the affected phenomenon was always the behavior of an experimental subject. In more recent years, however, the research has been extended from experimenters to teachers, employers, and therapists whose expectations for their pupils, employees, and patients might also come to serve as interpersonal self-fulfilling prophecies. Our general purpose is to summarize the results of 345 experiments investigating interpersonal expectancy effects. These studies fall into eight broad categories of research: reaction time, inkblot tests, animal learning, laboratory interviews, psychophysical judgments, learning and ability, person perception, and everyday life situations. For the entire sample of studies, as well as for each specific research area, we (1) determine the overall probability that interpersonal expectancy effects do in fact occur, (2) estimate their average magnitude so as to evaluate their substantive and methodological importance, and (3) illustrate some methods that may be useful to others wishing to summarize quantitatively entire bodies of research (a practice that is, happily, on the increase).
Safety of Anacetrapib in Patients with or at High Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Christopher P. Cannon, Sukrut Shah, Hayes M. Dansky, Michael Davidson, Eliot A. Brinton, Antonio M. Gotto, Michael Stepanavage, Sherry Xueyu Liu, Patrice Gibbons, Tanya B. Ashraf, Jennifer Zafarino, Yale Mitchel, Philip Barter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Anacetrapib is a cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor that raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety profile of anacetrapib in patients with coronary heart disease or at high risk for coronary heart disease. Eligible patients who were taking a statin and who had an LDL cholesterol level that was consistent with that recommended in guidelines were assigned to receive 100 mg of anacetrapib or placebo daily for 18 months. The primary end points were the percent change from baseline in LDL cholesterol at 24 weeks (HDL cholesterol level was a secondary end point) and the safety and side-effect profile of anacetrapib through 76 weeks. Cardiovascular events and deaths were prospectively adjudicated.A total of 1623 patients underwent randomization. By 24 weeks, the LDL cholesterol level had been reduced from 81 mg per deciliter (2.1 mmol per liter) to 45 mg per deciliter (1.2 mmol per liter) in the anacetrapib group, as compared with a reduction from 82 mg per deciliter (2.1 mmol per liter) to 77 mg per deciliter (2.0 mmol per liter) in the placebo group (P<0.001)--a 39.8% reduction with anacetrapib beyond that seen with placebo. In addition, the HDL cholesterol level increased from 41 mg per deciliter (1.0 mmol per liter) to 101 mg per deciliter (2.6 mmol per liter) in the anacetrapib group, as compared with an increase from 40 mg per deciliter (1.0 mmol per liter) to 46 mg per deciliter (1.2 mmol per liter) in the placebo group (P<0.001)--a 138.1% increase with anacetrapib beyond that seen with placebo. Through 76 weeks, no changes were noted in blood pressure or electrolyte or aldosterone levels with anacetrapib as compared with placebo. Prespecified adjudicated cardiovascular events occurred in 16 patients treated with anacetrapib (2.0%) and 21 patients receiving placebo (2.6%) (P = 0.40). The prespecified Bayesian analysis indicated that this event distribution provided a predictive probability (confidence) of 94% that anacetrapib would not be associated with a 25% increase in cardiovascular events, as seen with torcetrapib.Treatment with anacetrapib had robust effects on LDL and HDL cholesterol, had an acceptable side-effect profile, and, within the limits of the power of this study, did not result in the adverse cardiovascular effects observed with torcetrapib. (Funded by Merck Research Laboratories; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00685776.).
Problems of Infection, Immunity and Allergy in Acute Radiation Diseases
Authors: Frank W. Fitch
Journal: JAMA (1962)

This volume, originally published in Russian in 1958, reviews published work and presents the results of studies by the authors on various aspects of infection and immunity in the irradiated animal. Over half the references cited are in the Russian scientific literature. Most of the emphasis is concentrated on the interaction between the irradiated animal and its usual microbiological flora. Apparently, it is in this area that much of the Russian investigation effort in radiation immunology has been centered. Inadequate data are presented in many instances to permit critical evaluation by the reader. The authors conclude, however, that the biological behavior of the flora changes significantly in the irradiated animal; the virulence and antibiotic resistance as well as the number of microorganisms increase. In addition, changes which favor progression of disease occur in the irradiated animal; bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of various tissues as well as lysozyme production decreases. The
The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor NVP-LAQ824 Inhibits Angiogenesis and Has a Greater Antitumor Effect in Combination with the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584
Authors: David Z. Qian, Xiaofei Wang, Sushant K. Kachhap, Yukihiko Kato, Yongfeng Wei, Lu Zhang, Peter Atadja, Roberto Pili
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Chromatin remodeling agents such as histone deacetylase inhibitors have been shown to modulate gene expression in tumor cells and inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors represent critical molecular targets for antiangiogenesis therapy. In this study, we investigated the biological effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor NVP-LAQ824 in combination with the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584 on tumor growth and angiogenesis. We report that treatment with NVP-LAQ824 affected tumor and endothelial cells and was associated with increased histone acetylation, p21 up-regulation, and growth inhibition. In addition, NVP-LAQ824 treatment inhibited the expression of angiogenesis-related genes such as angiopoietin-2, Tie-2, and survivin in endothelial cells and down-regulated hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and VEGF expression in tumor cells. Combination treatment with NVP-LAQ824 and PTK787/ZK222584 was more effective than single agents in inhibiting in vitro and in vivo VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Endothelial cell proliferation, tube formation, and invasion into the Matrigel plugs were reduced. In mouse models with established subcutaneous prostate (PC3) and orthotopic breast tumors (MDA-MB321), this combination treatment induced 80 to 85% inhibition of tumor growth without overt toxicity. These results suggest that the combination of histone deacetylase inhibitors and VEGF receptor inhibitors may target multiple pathways in tumor progression and angiogenesis and represents a novel therapeutic approach in cancer treatment.
Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Association With Disease Duration and Hospitalization
Authors: Marie E. Holmqvist, Martin Neovius, Jonas Eriksson, Ängla Mantel, Solveig Wållberg-Jonsson, Lennart T. H. Jacobsson, Johan Askling
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Recent reports suggest that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE), particularly in conjunction with hospitalization. Using hospitalization data to identify RA and VTE may identify patients when they are at elevated risk for other reasons, obscuring the incompletely understood underlying association between RA and VTE and leading to inappropriate institution or timing of interventions.To estimate risks for VTE in patients with RA, including the relation of these risks to disease duration and hospitalization.Prospective, population-based cohort study of 1 prevalent RA cohort (n = 37,856), 1 incident RA cohort (n = 7904), and matched general population comparison cohorts, all from Sweden, with follow-up from 1997 through 2010.First-time VTE.Patients with prevalent RA were at greater risk of VTE than the general population (rate, 5.9 [95% CI, 5.1-6.6] vs 2.8 [95% CI, 2.6-3.1] per 1000 person-years (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.0 [95% CI, 1.9-2.2]; P < .001). By the time of RA symptom onset, there was no statistically significant association between a history of VTE and RA (odds ratio, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.0-1.4]; P = .08; 150 events in the RA cohort vs 587 in the comparison cohort). Counting from RA diagnosis, an increased rate in the RA cohort vs the comparison cohort (3.8 [95% CI, 2.5-5.2] vs 2.4 [95% CI, 1.9-2.9] per 1000 person-years; HR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.1-2.5]; P = .02) was detected within the first year and did not increase further during the first decade. Although rates for VTE following hospitalization were higher, the 1-year rate of VTE per 1000 person-years was not higher in the RA cohort than in the comparison cohort after hospital discharge (11.8 [95% CI, 8.6-15.1] vs 13.1 [11.3-14.8]; HR, 1.0 [95% CI, 0.7-1.4]; P = .90). The rates of VTE increased with age but were largely similar across sex and rheumatoid factor status, as were the HRs for VTE across age, sex, and rheumatoid factor status.Compared with the general population, Swedish patients with RA had an elevated risk for VTE that was stable over the first 10 years after diagnosis. Although hospitalization was a risk factor for VTE the first year after discharge, the excess risk was not greater in patients with RA than in the general population.
Psychological Factors in Alcoholic Women from a State Hospital Sample
Authors: BARRY A. KINSEY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

The author compares the findings of a state hospital study of 46 alcoholic women of low socioeconomic status with results of several other studies of alcoholic women from different socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. In general, similar psychological conditions existed in all the subjects; the author concludes that a basic psychopathology underlies alcoholism in women.
Pigmentation Due to Phenothiazines in High and Prolonged Dosage
Authors: Abraham Satanove
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Seventy-eight patients receiving abnormally high doses of chlorpromazine and related phenothiazine derivatives for prolonged periods developed pigmentary changes in the exposed areas of the skin after exposure to specific bands of sunlight. Histochemical studies suggested that this color was melanin or a melanin-like substance. The phototoxic action of sunlight acting on the abnormal amounts of the phenothiazines in the skin produced an inflammatory response followed by increased production of melanin. The accumulation of melanin, or melanin plus chlorpromazine or its metabolites, is thought to cause the purple color. The skin-window technique demonstrated a sequence of inflammatory cells which transport the pigment to the bloodstream. It is postulated that the cellular transportation of the pigment from the skin into the bloodstream may produce the generalized melanosis found on autopsy.
HIV and HTLV in Africa
Authors: John Kaldor
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To the Editor.—  In a recent letter toThe Journal, Tabor et al 1 claimed that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) had not yet been introduced into two separate populations in  and that human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 was absent from 1976 to 1981. Although the viruses were not present in the individuals for whom stored serum samples were available, the generalizability of the finding even to the local population of Zambia is substantially limited for two reasons.  First, there is no indication of the age or sex distribution of the two groups of study subjects. The median age of hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa is about 45 years, 2,3 suggesting that the group of 123 subjects with this condition may not have been predominantly in the younger age groups that are most sexually active and presumably at highest risk of retroviral infection in Africa.  Second, the 95% confidence
Diastolic dysfunction after neurocardiogenic injury: Prevalence and association with pulmonary edema
Authors: Alexander Kopelnik, Poyee P. Tung, Nader M. Banki, Michael T. Lawton, Daryl Gress, Barbara J. Drew, Elyse Foster, William W. Parmley, Jonathan G. Zaroff
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Radiologic Aspects of Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Joseph J. Bookstein
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Arteriograms in 2,374 patients in the Cooperative Study of Renovascular Hypertension revealed renovascular disease in 884. The etiology of the renal arterial lesions was atherosclerosis in two thirds and fibromuscular hyperplasia (FH) in one third. A favorable response to surgery was higher in FH than in atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis where lesions had less than 50% reduction in luminal diameter, favorable response to surgery was 43%, as contrasted with 68% in patients with more than 50% reduction. In FH, 72% of patients with stenosis of less than 50% had a favorable response to surgery. The highest incidence of favorable response (91%) occurred in patients with FH whose stenosis was judged to be greater than 80%. There is no relationship of surgical response to the presence or absence of collateral circulation or poststenotic dilatation. The arteriogram has only limited value in predicting the response to surgery.
Avoiding Fallacies of Misplaced Concreteness in Medical Professionalism
Authors: Joseph C. D'Oronzio
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2004)

(2004). Avoiding Fallacies of Misplaced Concreteness in Medical Professionalism. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 31-33.
Cyclin E Overexpression Obstructs Infiltrative Behavior in Breast Cancer: A Novel Role Reflected in the Growth Pattern of Medullary Breast Cancers
Authors: Pontus Berglund, Maria Stighall, Karin Jirström, Signe Borgquist, Anita Sjölander, Ingrid Hedenfalk, Göran Landberg
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Cell cycle deregulation is a prerequisite in tumor development and overexpression of cyclin E, a major G1-S regulator, is often observed in breast cancer and is further linked to poor prognosis. By overexpressing cyclin E in a retinoblastoma-inactivated breast cancer cell line, we induced significant alterations in the expression of genes associated with proliferation and cell adhesion. Rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton in addition to increased adhesive properties, decreased motility, and invasive potential in functional assays, indicated an overall abrogated mobility. Consistent in vivo findings were obtained upon investigation of 985 primary breast cancers, where cyclin E–high tumors predominantly (67%) displayed a low infiltrative, pushing growth pattern. Furthermore, medullary breast cancers, a subtype defined by its pushing, delimited growth, exhibited a remarkable frequency of cyclin E deregulation (87%) compared with other histologic subtypes (5-20%). Taken together, our results suggest the novel role of cyclin E in modeling infiltrative behavior. The consequences of cyclin E overexpression in breast cancer seems to be multiple, including effects on proliferation as well as growth patterns, a scenario that is indeed observed in the archetype of cyclin E–overexpressing medullary breast cancers.
Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Cornelius J. Doorenbos, Jos W.M. Van Der Meer, D. Zanen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

Letters and Corrections1 June 1986Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Hodgkin's DiseaseCORNELIUS J. DOORENBOS, M.D., JOS W.M. VAN DER MEER, M.D., D. ZANEN, M.D.CORNELIUS J. DOORENBOS, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, JOS W.M. VAN DER MEER, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, D. ZANEN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-104-6-890_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection has been proposed as a possible cause of chronic illness and fatigue (1-4). Recurrent or persistent symptoms include pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, fever, headaches, arthralgia, fatigue, depression, and myalgia (1-3). The diagnosis is made from the clinical picture and the persistence of high titers against the viral-capsid and early antigens, in the absence of another diagnosis.In June 1985, a 34-year-old white man was admitted to our hospital with a presumptive diagnosis of persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection. In December 1983 he was seen in the outpatient department of another hospital because of an attack of...References1. TOBIMORAGRAVID MAZ. Prolonged atypical illness associated with serological evidence of persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection. Lancet. 1982;1:61-4. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. JONESRAYMINNICHHICKSKIBLERLUCAS JCLMRD. Evidence for active Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with persistent, unexplained illnesses: elevated anti-early antigen antibodies. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:1-7. LinkGoogle Scholar3. STRAUSTOSATOARMSTRONG SGG. Persisting illness and fatigue in adults with evidence of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:7-16. LinkGoogle Scholar4. TOBISTRAUS MS. Chronic Epstein-Barr virus disease; a workshop held by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:951-3. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byEpstein-Barr virus as a cause of autoimmune disease and other medical morbidity in patients with affective disorders 1 June 1986Volume 104, Issue 6Page: 890-890KeywordsAntigensArthralgiaEpstein-Barr virusFatigueFeversHodgkin lymphomaMyalgiaOutpatient clinicsPharyngitis Issue Published: 1 June 1986 PDF downloadLoading ...
Choroidal and Extraocular Muscle Metastases From Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Ba D. Nguyen, Michael C. Roarke
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

Lung carcinoma may metastasize to the orbit involving predominantly the choroidal layers. Secondary malignancy targeting extraocular muscles is uncommon. The authors present a case of recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer with serial F-18 FDG PET/CT examinations showing successive right choroidal and medial rectus muscle tumor dissemination.
STUDIES ON TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND SYPHILIS
Authors: Hans Zinsser, J. G. Hopkins, Malcolm McBurney
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1916)

1. As regards these strains, at least, there is no consistent change, either increase or decrease, of rabbit pathogenicity during progressive rabbit passage. 2. There is no difference in pathogenicity between these different strains, although some of them were isolated from condylomata, some from chancres, one from a mucous patch, and one by Nichols from the nervous system. 3. We do not believe that there is any consistency of difference in speed of incubation between these various strains. 4. We think that the nature of the lesion produced by any individual strain, and the incubation time as well, are dependent upon the fortuitous factors incident to the nature of the material used, the technique of injection, and the size of rabbit in which the injection is made. As to the tendency to generalize possessed by one strain or another, we are not prepared to make a statement. We have not inspected as carefully as we might all our rabbits in regard to the more obscure syphilitic lesions such as small nodules on the eyebrows, nodules on the nasal bones, and internal lesions of the eye. As a matter of fact, we have noticed three cases of keratitis, probably syphilitic, and a number of preputial metastases, we have seen occasional nodules about the anus, and in one case a peritonitis in the fluid of which living treponemata were found on examination. There has not been in our series an extensive number of generalizations. We attribute this largely to the fact that all the studies here recorded were made on rabbits intratesticularly inoculated. It appears from the writings of other investigators that intravenous and intracardial injection of rabbits leads to a more extensive metastatic or general distribution. Two of the few rabbits inoculated intravenously showed testicular lesions. A series of rabbits intracerebrally inoculated through trephine openings showed nothing definite on autopsy, though one of them showed interference with reflexes and rigidity of the limbs for a time which seemed significant of pathological change. This rabbit, however, recovered entirely.
Molecular Population Genetics of Human <i>CYP3A</i> Locus: Signatures of Positive Selection and Implications for Evolutionary Environmental Medicine
Authors: Xiaoping Chen, Haijian Wang, Gangqiao Zhou, Xiumei Zhang, Xiaojia Dong, Lianteng Zhi, Li Jin, Fuchu He
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

The human CYP3A gene cluster codes for cytochrome P450 (CYP) subfamily enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of various exogenous and endogenous chemicals and is an obvious candidate for evolutionary and environmental genomic study. Functional variants in the CYP3A locus may have undergone a selective sweep in response to various environmental conditions.The goal of this study was to profile the allelic structure across the human CYP3A locus and investigate natural selection on that locus.From the CYP3A locus spanning 231 kb, we resequenced 54 genomic DNA fragments (a total of 43,675 bases) spanning four genes (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, and CYP3A43) and two pseudogenes (CYP3AP1 and CYP3AP2), and randomly selected intergenic regions at the CYP3A locus in Africans (24 individuals), Caucasians (24 individuals), and Chinese (29 individuals). We comprehensively investigated the nucleotide diversity and haplotype structure and examined the possible role of natural selection in shaping the sequence variation throughout the gene cluster.Neutrality tests with Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D* and F*, and Fay and Wu's H indicated possible roles of positive selection on the entire CYP3A locus in non-Africans. Sliding-window analyses of nucleotide diversity and frequency spectrum, as well as haplotype diversity and phylogenetically inferred haplotype structure, revealed that CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 had recently undergone or were undergoing a selective sweep in all three populations, whereas CYP3A43 and CYP3A5 were undergoing a selective sweep in non-Africans and Caucasians, respectively.The refined allelic architecture and selection spectrum for the human CYP3A locus highlight that evolutionary dynamics of molecular adaptation may underlie the phenotypic variation of the xenobiotic disposition system and varied predisposition to complex disorders in which xenobiotics play a role.
TCT-793 Metformin Impairs Endothelialization After Placement of Newer Generation Drug Eluting Stents
Authors: Anwer Habib, Rohini Polavarapu Rohini Polavarapu, Vinit N. Karmali, Hirokuni Akahori, Kim Pachura, Aloke V. Finn
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)