tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Role of fibronectin on the clearance and tissue uptake of antigen and immune complexes in rats.
Authors: F G Cosio, A P Bakaletz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

In the present study, we have evaluated how plasma fibronectin (FN) and tissue FN can affect the clearance from the circulation and organ uptake of antigen or immune complexes (IC) that have the capacity to bind to FN. Phenylated gelatin (DNP-GL) (a FN binding antigen) and IC composed of DNP-GL and monoclonal IgGl anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) antibodies were tested. These probes were compared with DNP-bovine serum albumin (BSA) (a non-FN-binding antigen) and DNP-BSA IC formed with the same anti-DNP antibody used for the preparation of DNP-GL IC. We found evidence that DNP-GL, but not DNP-BSA, formed complexes with soluble FN in vitro and the data strongly suggest that DNP-GL-FN complexes form in vivo. The formation of complexes with plasma FN aided in the clearance of DNP-GL from the circulation, as shown by the facts that DNP-GL was removed from the circulation much faster than DNP-BSA and that complexes of DNP-GL with plasma FN were removed from the circulation faster than uncomplexed DNP-GL. The sites of deposition of DNP-GL were also different from those of DNP-BSA. Thus, DNP-GL demonstrated higher hepatic, splenic, and renal uptake than did DNP-BSA. Renal uptake of DNP-GL was quite high despite the fact that DNP-GL is anionic. Indeed, expressed per gram of tissue, liver and kidney deposition of DNP-GL was not significantly different. By immunofluorescence microscopy, DNP-GL could be demonstrated in hepatic sinusoids and glomerular mesangium. In vitro, DNP-GL bound to FN in the mesangium of frozen sections of kidney tissue. IC formed with DNP-GL or DNP-BSA demonstrated virtually the same size, yet the fate of DNP-GL IC was strikingly different from that of DNP-BSA IC. The removal of DNP-GL IC from the circulation was mediated by the antigen and not by Fc receptors since gelatin (an inhibitor of DNP-GL clearance) but not aggregated IgG (an inhibitor of Fc receptors) inhibited the removal of DNP-GL IC from the circulation. In summary, these studies suggest that the ability of an antigen or IC to bind to FN markedly influences the fate of that antigen or IC. Specifically, binding to FN accelerates clearance from the circulation and favors hepatic and renal (primarily mesangial) uptake of the FN binding antigen of IC.
Spread of Pacific Northwest <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> Strain
Authors: Jaime Martinez-Urtaza, Craig Baker-Austin, Jessica L Jones, Anna E Newton, Gladys D Gonzalez-Aviles, Angelo DePaola
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

In this letter, the virulent Pacific Northwest clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was shown to have spread and caused considerable illness in persons on the Atlantic coasts of the United States and Spain.
Postprandial Recurrent Hemiplegia
Authors: Karim Farid, Pauline Renou, Marianne Laffite, Thierry Couffinhal, Michèle Allard, Philippe Fernandez, Igor Sibon
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

Introduction: Postprandial hemodynamic disturbances have been previously described. We report a case of postprandial transient ischemic attacks. Materials and Methods: Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences, apparent diffusion coefficient), MR angiography, and Tc-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime single photon emission computed tomography-CT before and after acetazolamide challenge were performed in a patient with recurrent spells of hemiplegia following fatty meals. Results: No recent infarction was observed on apparent diffusion coefficient maps. MR angiography showed occlusion of the left internal carotid artery and severe atherosclerosis of the cervical arteries. Tc-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime single photon emission computed tomography demonstrated hypoperfusion in the left middle cerebral artery territory at baseline and absence of cerebrovascular reactivity. Discussion and Conclusion: This case report supports the hypothesis of a modulation of the cerebral blood flow by fatty acids and highlights the potential impact of dietetic education in patients with impaired cerebrovascular reactivity.
Different signaling pathways in the livers of patients with chronic hepatitis B or chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Masao Honda, Taro Yamashita, Teruyuki Ueda, Hajime Takatori, Ryuhei Nishino, Shuichi Kaneko
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

The clinical manifestations of chronic hepatitis B (CH-B) and chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) are different. We previously reported differences in the gene expression profiles of liver tissue infected with CH-B or CH-C; however, the signaling pathways underlying each condition have yet to be clarified. Using a newly constructed cDNA microarray consisting of 9614 clones selected from 256,550 tags of hepatic serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) libraries, we compared the gene expression profiles of liver tissue from 24 CH-B patients with those of 23 CH-C patients. Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate hepatocytes from liver lobules and infiltrating lymphoid cells from the portal area, from 16 patients, for gene expression analysis. Furthermore, the comprehensive gene network was analyzed using SAGE libraries of CH-B and CH-C. Supervised and nonsupervised learning methods revealed that gene expression was correlated more with the infecting virus than any other clinical parameters such as histological stage and disease activity. Pro-apoptotic and DNA repair responses were predominant in CH-B with p53 and 14-3-3 interacting genes having an important role. In contrast, inflammatory and anti-apoptotic phenotypes were predominant in CH-C. These differences would evoke different oncogenic factors in CH-B and CH-C. In conclusion, we describe the different signaling pathways induced in the livers of patients with CH-B or CH-C. The results might be useful in guiding therapeutic strategies to prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in cases of CH-B and CH-C.
Dyspnoea: a multidimensional and multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Louis Laviolette, Pierantonio Laveneziana
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Dyspnoea is a debilitating symptom that affects quality of life, exercise tolerance and mortality in various disease conditions/states. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), it has been shown to be a better predictor of mortality than forced expiratory volume in 1 s. In patients with heart disease it is a better predictor of mortality than angina. Dyspnoea is also associated with decreased functional status and worse psychological health in older individuals living at home. It also contributes to the low adherence to exercise training programmes in sedentary adults and in COPD patients. The mechanisms of dyspnoea are still unclear. Recent studies have emphasised the multidimensional nature of dyspnoea in the sensory–perceptual (intensity and quality), affective distress and impact domains. The perception of dyspnoea involves a complex chain of events that depend on varying cortical integration of several afferent/efferent signals and coloured by affective processing. This review, which stems from the European Respiratory Society research symposium held in Paris, France in November 2012, aims to provide state-of-the-art advances on the multidimensional and multidisciplinary aspects of dyspnoea, by addressing three different themes: 1) the neurophysiology of dyspnoea, 2) exercise and dyspnoea, and 3) the clinical impact and management of dyspnoea.
Liver histology in hepatitis C infection: a comparison between patients with persistently normal or abnormal transaminases.
Authors: C J Healey, R W Chapman, K A Fleming
Journal: Gut (1995)

Forty two cases of confirmed hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with available liver histology were studied. Most patients, 23 of 42 (55%) had abnormal liver function tests but 19 of 42 (45%) had persistently normal liver transaminases (mean aspartate transaminase (AST) 24.1 IU/l, mean follow up 10 months). Histological examinations in the group with normal AST activities were normal in two of 19 (11%), showed non-specific reactive hepatitis in eight of 19 (42%), chronic persistent hepatitis in six of 19 (31%), and chronic active hepatitis in three of 19 (16%). Twenty three of 42 (55%) had either persistently or temporary raised liver transaminases (mean AST 96.2 IU/l, mean follow up 16 months). Histological examinations in this second group with abnormal liver biochemistry showed reactive hepatitis in five of 23 (22%), chronic persistent hepatitis in six of 23 (26%), chronic active hepatitis in 10 of 23 (43%), and cirrhosis in two (9%). Average alcohol intake was significantly higher in the group within abnormal liver function (17.8 v 6.4 units, p = 0.01). Although serious pathology was more frequent in the abnormal transaminase group, significant liver pathology (chronic persistent hepatitis or chronic active hepatitis) was found in nine of 19 (47%) of cases with repeatedly normal transaminases. Liver biopsy is advised in all cases of chronic hepatitis C infection to accurately assess both the degree of fibrosis and the current activity of the disease.
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE CLINICS
Authors: A. Wilbur Duryee
Journal: JAMA (1942)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The committee appointed by the American Heart Association to establish standards for peripheral vascular disease clinics desires to have a complete list of such clinics throughout the United States. Kindly communicate as soon as possible after seeing this notice with the chairman of this committee, giving the following data: Name of hospital? Name of chief or chiefs of clinic? Under medical or surgical service? Is there an associated hospital service?
Molecular Architecture of the DNA-Binding Region and Its Relationship to Classification of Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins
Authors: W. R. Atchley, J. Zhao
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

Multivariate statistical analyses are used to explore the molecular architecture of the DNA-binding and dimerization regions of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. Alphabetic amino acid data are transformed to biologically meaningful quantitative values using a set of 5 multivariate "indices." These multivariate indices summarize variation in a large suite of amino acid physiochemical attributes and reflect variability in polarity-accessibility-hydrophobicity, propensity for secondary structure, molecular size, codon composition, and electrostatic charge. Using these index score data, discriminant analyses describe the multidimensional aspects of physiochemical variation and clarify the structural basis of the prevailing evolutionary classification of bHLH proteins. A small number of amino acids from both the binding dimerization domains, when considered simultaneously, accurately distinguish the 5 known DNA-binding groups. The relevant sites often have well-documented structural and functional characteristics.
STUDIES ON RABBIT LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Stewart Sell, P. G. H. Gell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1965)

Rabbit lymphocytes may be stimulated in vitro with specific antiallotype sera to transform into "blast" cells and to synthesize DNA. This transformation only occurs when the donor cells are obtained from a rabbit having a given gamma-globulin allotype (As4) and these cells are cultured in the presence of an antiserum prepared against the given allotype (As4). Heterologous (sheep, goat, and guinea pig) anti-rabbit gamma-globulin sera also induce significant blast transformation and DNA synthesis in rabbit lymphocytes. Allotypic transformation and DNA synthesis are due to 7S antiallotype antibodies and do not require complement. The degree of transformation and rate of DNA synthesis is related to the concentration of antibody. Incubation of the appropriate cells with the antiallotype antibody for as short a time as 15 minutes results in a significant degree of "blast" transformation, indicating that the recognition of the antiallotype specificity in the cells and stimulation of the cellular changes leading to eventual transformation is rapid. The activity of the antiallotype sera as measured by transforming or haemagglutinating capacity, may be absorbed by lymphocytes of the appropriate allotype, but is not absorbed by lymphocytes from a donor rabbit not having the allotype to which the antiserum is directed. Transformation does not occur with mixtures of lymphocytes from different rabbits even if 1 donor is immunized against an allotype present in the other donor. Peripheral rabbit lymphocytes can also be induced to undergo "blast transformation" in vitro by phytohaemagglutinin and staphylococcal filtrate. The lack of demonstrable leucoagglutinins in staphylococcal filtrate and antiallotype serum indicates that agglutination is not a necessary prerequisite to the induction of blast transformation.
Poor drug adherence after heart attack puts patients at greater risk of death at one year
Authors: Barbara Kermode-Scott
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Patients who do not order all the drugs prescribed after discharge from hospital after acute myocardial infarction have a greater risk of death at one year, a large population based cohort study in Ontario has shown ( Circulation 2008;117:1028-36 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706820). And only three out of four patients ordered all of the drugs that they had been prescribed.

Researchers at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Toronto reported that primary non-compliance, when a patient receives a first prescription but does not order the drugs, was associated with a greater risk of death at one year after myocardial infarction even after adjusting for …
Sphingosine 1-phosphate dependence in the regulation of lymphocyte trafficking to the gut epithelium
Authors: Jun Kunisawa, Yosuke Kurashima, Morio Higuchi, Masashi Gohda, Izumi Ishikawa, Ikuko Ogahara, Namju Kim, Miki Shimizu, Hiroshi Kiyono
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

It is well established that intraepithelial T lymphocytes (IELs) are derived from conventional single-positive (SP) thymocytes, as well as unconventional double-negative (DN) thymocytes and CD103+CD8αβ recent thymic emigrants (RTEs). We show that IELs can be divided into two groups according to their dependency on sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) for trafficking into the intestines. CD4 or CD8αβ naive lymphocytes originating from SP thymocytes express high levels of type 1 S1P receptor (S1P1), and their preferential migration into the large intestine is regulated by S1P. In contrast, RTEs migrate exclusively into the small intestine, whereas DN thymic IEL precursors expressing either TCRαβ or TCRγδ migrate into both the small and large intestines. S1P does not play a role in the migration pathways of these unconventional thymic IEL precursors. Thus, down-regulation of S1P1 expression or disruption of the S1P gradient halted conventional CD4 or CD8αβ IEL trafficking into the intestines, but did not affect the trafficking of unconventional thymic IEL precursors. These data are the first to demonstrate that a lipid-mediated system discriminates IELs originating from conventional and unconventional thymic precursors.
CIRCUMCISION NOT NECESSARY IN YOUNG CHILDREN.
Authors: W. B. PARKS
Journal: JAMA (1896)

I do not propose to discuss the theory offered by the laity and some doctors that circumcision is necessary from a sanitary standpoint, nor do I propose to criticise a Jewish custom or change a church ordinance, but I desire to show the etiology of a long or abnormal phimosed prepuce in male children. I desire also to show how this abnormal prepuce can be shortened without circumcision. We will first notice these long prepuces found in children. The cause can be found by the following examination: If we retract the prepuce as far as we can without using any violent manipulations, we find at the juncture of the mucous membrane with the true skin a constricted band that has at some time undergone an inflammatory process; this constricted band plays just in front of glans penis, the action of which pulls down and forward resulting in a mechanical action,
High-Altitude Syncope: History Repeats Itself-Reply
Authors: Patrick D. O'Meara
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We are indebted to Dr Perrill for bringing to our attention the article by Henderson et al<sup>1</sup>mentioning syncope at high altitude. The article, a fascinating series of studies regarding "the protection of aviators against the effects of high altitudes, low barometric pressure, and deficiency of oxygen," reports that several subjects had syncope or near syncope during hypobaric chamber studies simulating altitudes up to 10 500 m. An impressive 66% of subjects in their study had a fall in diastolic blood pressure. "In at least half of these the fall was sudden and great. It is always associated with fainting...." The fall in pressure was noted at oxygen levels as low as 14%, simulating an altitude of 3120 m. This was hypothesized to be secondary to "overcoming the vasomotor center by oxygen shortage." The authors note that subjects had varying responses to hypoxic stress and deduce that
F-18 FDG PET/CT Imaging in Recurrent Mantle Cell Lymphoma Presenting With Cauda Equina Syndrome
Authors: Ahmet Bilici, Bala Basak Oven Ustaalioglu, Mesut Seker, Nesrin Canpolat, Mahmut Gumus
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

We report a case of recurrent mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) with cauda equina involvement imaged with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT). A 75-years-old man presented with bilateral lower extremity muscle weakness who had received treatment for MCL. The involvement of L3–S1 nerve roots with disease were diagnosed based on the findings on electromyography. An FDG PET/CT scan was performed to rule out lymphoma recurrence. PET revealed intense focal uptake in the cauda equina in the midline and at the level of the right neuroforamen on the L2–L5 vertebrae, which showed lymphoma involvement. He was treated with radiotherapy and his neurologic symptoms improved. We conclude that it is useful to use FDG PET/CT in the work-up of possible cauda equina involvement of recurrent MCL.
Regulation of rat liver<i>S</i>-adenosylmethionine synthetase during septic shock: Role of nitric oxide
Authors: M A Avila, J Mingorance, M L Martínez-Chantar, M Casado, P Martín-Sanz, L Boscá, J M Mato
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

ABSTRACT We investigated the modulation of rat liver S–adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase in a model of acute sepsis. Our results show that animals treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide experience a marked decrease in liver SAM synthetase activity. No changes were detected in the hepatic levels of SAM synthetase protein, suggesting that inactivation of the existing enzyme was the cause of the observed activity loss. Lipopolysaccharide treatment resulted in the expression of calcium–independent/cytokine–inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase in liver and the accumulation in plasma of the NO–derived species nitrite and nitrate. NO implication in the in vivo regulation of SAM synthetase was evaluated in animals treated with the NO donor molecule 3–morpholinosydnonimine. The analysis of liver enzymatic activity, along with protein and messenger RNA levels yielded results similar to those obtained with lipopolysaccharide treatment. To assess directly the sensitivity of SAM synthetase to NO, the rat liver–purified high– and low–molecular weight forms of the enzyme were exposed to various doses of 3–morpholinosydnonimine and other NO donors such as S –nitroso– N –acetylpenicillamine, resulting in a dose–dependent inhibition of enzymatic activity. This effect was reversed by addition of the reducing agents beta–mercaptoethanol and glutathione. Finally, cysteine 121 was identified as the site of molecular interaction between NO and rat liver SAM synthetase that is responsible for the inhibition of the enzyme. To reach this conclusion, the 10 cysteine residues of the enzyme were changed to serine by site–directed mutagenesis, and the effect of NO on the various recombinant enzymes was measured.
Risk of Cancer in Children With AIDS
Authors: Robert J. Biggar
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextPopulation-based data on cancers associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in children are lacking.ObjectiveTo determine risk of pediatric AIDS-associated cancers.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsUsing records from 11 locations in the United States for varying periods between 1978 and 1996, we linked data for children aged 14 years and younger at AIDS diagnosis to local cancer registry data.Main Outcome MeasuresCancer frequency and, in the 2-year post–AIDS onset period, cancer incidence and relative risk (RR; measured as standardized incidence ratio), by cancer type.ResultsAmong 4954 children with AIDS, 124 (2.5%) were identified as having cancer before, at, or after AIDS onset, including 100 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 8 of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), 4 of leiomyosarcoma, and 2 of Hodgkin disease; there were 10 other or unspecified cancers. Expected numbers for all cancers identified in the study sample, based on population rates (using area-specific registry data), were less than 1. In the first 2 years after AIDS diagnosis (5485 person-years), NHL incidence was 510 per 100,000 person-years (RR, 651; 95% confidence interval [CI], 432-941). Median time for developing NHL after AIDS diagnosis was 14 months (range, 3-107 months). The most common type of NHL was Burkitt lymphoma. However, the risk of primary brain lymphoma (91 per 100,000 person-years) was especially high (RR, 7143; 95% CI, 2321-16,692), and 4 cases were diagnosed more than 2 years (range, 37-98 months) after AIDS onset. Leiomyosarcomas also tended to occur several years after AIDS onset, with 3 of the 4 cases occurring 33 to 76 months after AIDS diagnosis, whereas KS was reported only at or within 2 years of AIDS diagnosis. Hodgkin disease risk was also significantly increased (RR, 62; 95% CI, 2-342).ConclusionsThe spectrum of AIDS-associated pediatric cancers resembled that seen in adults, with the addition of leiomyosarcoma. Both primary brain lymphomas and leiomyosarcomas tended to occur in children surviving several years after AIDS onset. Because the expected numbers of these cancers in this population were less than 1 and because of the small numbers of some types of observed cancers, the RR estimates are imprecise and caution is warranted in their interpretation.