tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with success in medical school: systematic review of the literature
Authors: E. Ferguson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Selection of medical students in the United Kingdom has come under intense scrutiny in recent years.Some authors have claimed that discrimination occurs in favour of white applicants, female applicants, and applicants from independent schools. 1-5,w1,w2 High profile cases, such as that of Laura Spence, have led to a public questioning of the selection, training, and validation of doctors.The process of selecting medical students is unsatisfactory from a logistical point of view (approximately 40 000 applications are allowed from 10 000 students for just 5000 places) and leads to chance playing a big part and to apparent unfairness.The criteria medical schools use to select future doctors are similar across the country. 4They include academic ability, insight into medicine (including work experience), extracurricular activities and interests, personality, motivation, and linguistic and communication skills.But what is the evidence base for using these criteria?The Committee of Deans and Heads of Medical Schools commissioned a systematic review of factors believed to be significant predictors of success in medicine.We report the results of that systematic review, which was carried out from June to August 2000.The review examines data on the predictive validity of the eight criteria that have been studied in relation to the selection of medical students: cognitive factors (previous academic ability), non-cognitive factors (personality, learning styles, interviews, references, personal statements), and demographic factors (sex, ethnicity).Previous academic ability, personal statements, references, and interviews are all traditionally used in selection, but how good are they at predicting future performance?Personality and learning styles are not traditionally used, but should they be?
MIXED MALARIA AND TYPHOID FEVER.
Authors: CHILTON THORINGTON
Journal: JAMA (1906)

The relatively small number of reported cases of mixed infection resulting from the simultaneous occurrence of the<i>Plasmodium malariæ</i>and<i>Bacillus typhosus</i>in the same patient is sufficient pretext for the relation of the following case, which presents many features of unusual interest and which, furthermore, may prove to those skeptical as to the possibility of a double infection, that the same host may, and sometimes does, entertain two guests whose morphologic appearance and biologic habits so widely differ: <h3>Patient.</h3> —On June 2, 1905, I was called to see Mrs. A. C. S., Scotch, aged 35. She complained of frequent micturition, accompanied by vesical tenesmus. The marked irritability of the bladder was most troublesome at night, requiring the patient to leave her bed every few minutes. Heat and opium suppositories afforded some relief by inducing sleep. <h3>Course of Diease.</h3> —The next morning a chill caused me to be sent for.
Mesenchymal stem cells can be easily isolated from bone marrow of patients with various haematological malignancies but the surface antigens expression may be changed after prolonged ex vivo culture
Authors: Shih-Peng Yeh, J. G. Chang, C. L. Lin, W. J. Lo, C. C. Lee, Chen-Yuan Lin, Chang-Fang Chiu
Journal: Leukemia (2005)
Molecular Hybrid Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging of Cardiac Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors
Authors: Kenji Fukushima, Paco E. Bravo, Takahiro Higuchi, Karl H. Schuleri, Xiaoping Lin, M. Roselle Abraham, Jinsong Xia, William B. Mathews, Robert F. Dannals, Albert C. Lardo, Zsolt Szabo, Frank M. Bengel
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
PREGNANCY AND LABOR COMPLICATED BY GRANULOMA INGUINALE
Authors: LESTER A. WILSON
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Granuloma inguinale is a disease found chiefly in the subtropics, but during the last ten years sporadic cases have been reported from many localities in this country, especially in the South. In Charleston, S. C., it is fairly common; the genito-urinary department of Roper Hospital informs me that it treats about twenty-five cases a year. Kenneth M. Lynch<sup>1</sup>of Charleston and Meredith F. Campbell<sup>2</sup>of New York are to be credited with the most comprehensive study of this condition that has been made in this country. The organisms that are supposed to be the cause of this disease were first described by Donovan in 1905 and are called Donovan bodies. The method for demonstrating this organism is as follows: A portion of ulceration is selected where the ulceration appears to be spreading, not healing. Wet dressings of physiologic solution of sodium chloride are applied to this area for
Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Young
Authors: B. Schlesinger
Journal: BMJ (1949)

SYNDROMES MEDIBNURNAL 197 infiltrated with an oily anaesthetic solution-such as benzyl salicylate-under pressure, with the same object in view.The fibrous compartments separating the fat lobules should after- wards be disrupted with the cutting edge of the wide-bored needle employed, to prevent recurrence.Surgery.-Surgery has no place in fibrositis in which hernia- tion is not a cause of the pain.Removal of irreducible fat herniae which cannot be disrupted by injection, however, remains the logical procedure, and in well-chosen cases is highly successful.These structures, however, are sometimes sur- prisingly difficult to locate in a well-covered person and local analgesia is essential, as the patient's subjective impressions are often necessary to ensure that it has been rightly localized.It must not be forgotten that herniations are sometimes multiple.In cases of panniculitis with obesity, persistent pain which can- not be remedied by other means can sometimes be cured surgi- cally by undercutting the painful area.Presumably the sensory nerves responsible are cut in the course of this procedure.In two cases of persistent severe pain situated in an enlarged fat-pad on the medial aspect of the knee-joint the whole pad was excised, with permanent relief of pain, to the satisfaction of the sufferers, who had found no relief from less drastic procedures.Several papers have been published in America during the last few years confirming the part played by fat herniae in the causation of pain in the lumbar and gluteal regions.The largest series is that of Hertz, of Cleveland.In a personal communication in 1948 he stated that since 1944 his series of such cases had reached a total of 229, 68 of which he had operated upon.At his last follow-up 62 of these had main- tained complete relief from pain.Hutcherson, in a paper read before the Association for Surgery of Trauma in July, 1948, reported 42 such cases operated upon, with permanent relief of pain in 40.In England I know of no published series.although I have received accounts of isolated operations of this type which have been successful.
227 THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II (IGF2) MRNA BINDING PROTEIN P62 IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: ANTI-APOPTOTIC ACTION IS INDEPENDENT OF IGF2 SIGNALLING
Authors: S.M. Kessler, J. Pokorny, V. Zimmer, E. Tybl, F. Lammert, R.M. Bohle, A.K. Kiemer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Gold binding to red blood cells.
Authors: G.G Graham, G.D Champion, T.M Haavisto, P.J McNaught
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1981)

Gold binding to red blood cells Sir, We noted with interest the recent correspondence on the uptake ofgold by red blood cells during treatment with sodium aurothiomalate and aurothioglucose.1 2 Two distinct groups have been identified, one with low con- centrations of gold in red blood cells and the other with very much higher concentrations.1-4We have also studied the distribution of gold in blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis during treatment with sodium aurothiomalate and confirmed these results on the intersubject differences in distribution of gold.We surveyed the patients to determine factors which might affect the distribution of gold.From this survey we have identified smoking as the major factor affecting the uptake of gold by red blood cells.The ratio of the gold con- centrations in red blood cells to the plasma concentrations was 0 35 ± 0*07, n = 14 (mean ± standard error) in smokers and 0-028 0-003, n = 23 in nonsmokers.5The difference was highly significant (p<0.0001), and there was no overlap between the 2 groups.The concentration of thiocyanate in plasma is markedly elevated by smoking.6Preliminary studies in vitro indicate that thiocyanate significantly increases gold uptake by red blood cells.Whole blood from 5 healthy, nonsmoking volunteers was incubated with sodium aurothiomalate and varying concentrations of thiocyanate.The con- centrations of gold in red blood cells after 24 hours' incubation with 0, 100 FiM, and 500 FM concentrations of thiocyanate were 0-032 + 0.002 ,ug/ml (mean ± SE), 0 * 084 ± 0 * 010 ,Lg/ml and 0*32 + 0 -05 [Lgfml respectively.This may be the explanation for the increased red blood cell gold uptake in smokers.
Plasma Catecholamines in Long-Term Diabetics with and without Neuropathy and in Hypophysectomized Subjects
Authors: Niels Juel Christensen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

Employing a precise and sensitive double-isotope derivative technique, plasma catecholamine concentration (PCA) was measured in four groups of subjects: (a) long-term diabetics with neuropathy, (b) long-term diabetics without neuropathy, (c) hypophysectomized long-term diabetics with neuropathy, and (d) nondiabetic control subjects. Blood samples were obtained from subjects in the supine and in the standing position. In nondiabetic control subjects, PCA (mainly noradrenaline) increased from 0.26 ng/ml in the supine positon to 0.69 and 0.72 ng/ml 5 and 10 min after assuming the standing position. By plotting this increase in PCA on the y axis in a coordinate system vs. increase in pulse rate, PCA was divided into two components: one of these depended on the rise in pulse rate on standing (called CAH) and the other corresponded to the intercept on the y axis where rise in pulse rate equals zero (CAP).Long-term diabetics with neuropathy showed a significant reduction in PCA in both the supine and the standing position. Further analysis demonstrated that CAP was considerably reduced whereas CAH was normal. Long-term diabetics without neuropahty showed normal PCA values.Surprisingly, hypophysectomized diabetics with neuropathy exhibited mean PCA values in both the supine and the standing position which were similar to those found in the nondiabetic subjects and considerably elevated compared with the findings in the nonoperated, long-term diabetics with neuropathy. Further analysis in terms of CAP and CAH demonstrated, however, that CAP was just as abnormally reduced in the hypophysectomized as it was in the nonoperated patients whereas CAH was considerably increased. In contrast to the findings in the nonoperated diabetics with neuropathy, the hypophysectomized diabetic patients with neuropathy demonstrated a negative correlation between rise in PCA and blood pressure on standing indicating that the increase in PCA was at least partially a compensatory phenomenon in the interest of the maintenance of a normal level of blood pressure. An increased sympathetic tone (vasoconstriction) is believed to be at least partially responsible for the increased capillary resistance and decreased capillary permeability occuring after hypophysectomy.
MILK SENSITIVITY IN DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS
Authors: O. CH. POCK-STEEN, A.-M. NIORDSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1970)

Journal Article MILK SENSITIVITY IN DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS Get access O. CH. POCK‐STEEN, O. CH. POCK‐STEEN Department of Radiology, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Copenhagen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A.‐M. NIORDSON A.‐M. NIORDSON Department of Radiology, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Copenhagen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 83, Issue 6, 1 December 1970, Pages 614–619, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1970.tb15755.x Published: 01 December 1970 Article history Accepted: 11 August 1970 Published: 01 December 1970
Breast Conservation Surgery and the Definition of Adequate Margins
Authors: Julie A. Margenthaler, Aislinn Vaughan
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

Thedefinitionofasufficientmarginafterattemptedbreastconservation surgery for breast cancer has been a hotly debated topic for decades.Although therehasbeenwidespreadacceptancethatbreastconservation surgeryconfers anequivalent survival outcome to mastectomy inprospective randomized trials,1,2 there is aparadoxical reluctance to agreeonwhat constitutes anegativemarginandsuccessful surgical excision. ThestudybyWilkeet al3 illustrates this finding; 23.6%ofall patients in a largenationaldatabaseundergoingbreast conservation surgery subsequentlyunderwent lumpectomyormastectomy. Furthermore, the percentage of reexcisions decreased only slightly fromJanuary 1, 2004, throughDecember31, 2010. The authors were unable to obtain exact pathologic margin width,butmore than92%of thepatientshadnegativemargins, indicating thata significantpercentageof thoseundergoingadditional operations hadmargins that were “negative at ink.” The Society of Surgical Oncology and the American Society forRadiationOncologydevelopedaconsensus statement,4 supported by systematic review data, encouraging adoption of “no tumor on ink” as the standard definition of a negative margin for invasive stage I and II breast cancer. It is time toput our biases aside.We have robust evidence that additional operations for close, but negative, margins do not result in better outcomes.However, additional operations increasehealth care costs, misuse of resources, patient anxiety, and delay in adjuvant therapy. With more than 200 000 new invasive breast cancers diagnosed each year, a staggering number of women are undergoing procedures that are unnecessary and simply wasteful. Our hope is that the Society of Surgical Oncology and the American Society for Radiation Oncology guidelines will be rapidly adopted by surgeons. Data from the study by Wilke et al3 will provide an excellent historical reference for future investigation of the success of this paradigm shift.
Antitumor Efficacy of a Monoclonal Antibody That Inhibits the Activity of Cancer-Associated Carbonic Anhydrase XII
Authors: Gabor Gondi, Josef Mysliwietz, Alzbeta Hulikova, Jian Ping Jen, Pawel Swietach, Elisabeth Kremmer, Reinhard Zeidler
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) is a membrane-tethered cell surface enzyme that is highly expressed on many human tumor cells. Carbonic anhydrase members in this class of exofacial molecules facilitate tumor metabolism by facilitating CO2 venting and intracellular pH regulation. Accordingly, inhibition of exofacial CAs has been proposed as a general therapeutic strategy to target cancer. The recent characterization of 6A10, the first CA XII-specific inhibitory monoclonal antibody, offered an opportunity to evaluate this strategy with regard to CA XII-mediated catalysis. Using functional assays, we showed that 6A10 inhibited exofacial CA activity in CA XII-expressing cancer cells. 6A10 reduced spheroid growth in vitro under culture conditions where CA XII was active (i.e., alkaline pH) and where its catalytic activity was likely rate-limiting (i.e., restricted extracellular HCO3-supply). These in vitro results argued that the antibody exerted its growth-retarding effect by acting on the catalytic process, rather than on antigen binding per se. Notably, when administered in a mouse xenograft model of human cancer, 6A10 exerted a significant delay on tumor outgrowth. These results corroborate the notion that exofacial CA is critical for cancer cell physiology and they establish the immunotherapeutic efficacy of targeting CA XII using an inhibitory antibody.
Snoring: Carve the Snorer? Deafen the Snoree?— The Dutch Cheese Wax Solution
Authors: Gertrude B. Gregory
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To the Editor. —  The December 9 issue ofThe Journalcontained a question 1 as to how to solve the problem of a woman who is losing sleep because of the loud snoring by her husband. I was unhappy to see that the reply by Dr Curtis 1 dealt only with treating the husband, who had no problem. Several solutions were surgical. Since it is the wife who has the problem, I would propose that the simplest solution is to have her wear earplugs to bed. Soft foam earplugs that can be worn comfortably while sleeping are available.  We do not know how long this couple has been married, but since the husband is 58 years old, I would presume they have been married for a while. Since this complaint only arose recently, I wonder if there is not another cause for the wife's sleeplessness. In my experience, one
A Controlled Challenge Study on Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in House Dust and the Immune Response in Human Nasal Mucosa of Allergic Subjects
Authors: Tom Deutschle, Rudolf Reiter, Werner Butte, Birger Heinzow, Tilman Keck, Herbert Riechelmann
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Few studies have yet addressed the effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in house dust on human nasal mucosa.We investigated the effects of house dust containing DEHP on nasal mucosa of healthy and house dust mite (HDM)-allergic subjects in a short-term exposure setting.We challenged 16 healthy and 16 HDM-allergic subjects for 3 hr with house dust at a concentration of 300 microg/m(3) containing either low (0.41 mg/g) or high (2.09 mg/g) levels of DEHP. Exposure to filtered air served as control. After exposure, we measured proteins and performed a DNA microarray analysis.Nasal exposure to house dust with low or high DEHP had no effect on symptom scores. Healthy subjects had almost no response to inhaled dust, but HDM-allergic subjects showed varied responses: DEHP(low) house dust increased eosinophil cationic protein, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin (IL)-5, and IL-6, whereas DEHP(high) house dust decreased G-CSF and IL-6. Furthermore, in healthy subjects, DEHP concentration resulted in 10 differentially expressed genes, whereas 16 genes were differentially expressed in HDM-allergic subjects, among them anti-Müllerian hormone, which was significantly up-regulated after exposure to DEHP(high) house dust compared with exposure to DEHP(low) house dust, and fibroblast growth factor 9, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-beta1, which were down-regulated.Short-term exposure to house dust with high concentrations of DEHP has attenuating effects on human nasal immune response in HDM-allergic subjects, concerning both gene expression and cytokines.
Tooth Fragments Lodged in Unexpected Areas
Authors: Kenneth D. Snawder
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Broken, lost, swallowed, or aspirated teeth can be a hazard in dental and medical practice. Because of the magnitude of soft-tissue trauma associated with minor tooth fracture, the physician may be the first to see the child. Every attempt should be made to locate the missing tooth structure before the wound is closed. This can be accomplished through a detailed history of the accident, careful examination, and roentgenograms, if necessary. Three cases are reported in which tooth fragments were imbedded in wounds.
Insurance industry mustn't blame price rises on reforms, says US government
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The US health and human services secretary, Kathleen Sebelius, has warned health insurance companies that there will be “zero tolerance” for “misinformation and unjustified rate increases.” She said, “Several health insurer carriers are sending letters to their enrollees falsely blaming premium increases for 2011 on the patient protections in the Affordable Care Act [health reform act].”

Ms Sebelius complained about the increases in a letter to Karen Ignagni, head of America’s Health Insurance Plans, the organisation that represents nearly 1300 plans that insure 200 million Americans. She reminded Ms Ignagni that the insurance organisation had “fully supported” provisions in the health reform law to increase access to health coverage.

The Wall Street Journal reported last week that some insurance plans …
Evolution of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Christos V. Bourantas, Patrick W. Serruys
Journal: Circulation Research (2014)

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement emerged ≈20 years ago and changed the landscape of structural interventional cardiology. The first experiments in animal models provided proofs of the concept and the substrate for the first percutaneous valve implantation in patients. The initial promising results in a clinical setting drew the attention of the industry and of the scientific community, and an effort was made for the past 12 years to address the limitations of the technology, facilitate the procedure, minimize the risk of complications, and broaden the applications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement. This article reviews the evolution of transcatheter aortic valve replacement, presents the first steps in this field, cites the evidence from registries and clinical trials, highlights the limitations of this treatment, and discusses the future perspectives and the developments proposed to address the current pitfalls.
Cost effectiveness of interferon ?2b combined with ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Zobair M. Younossi, Mendel E. Singer, John G. McHutchison, Kenneth M. Shermock
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with Interferon (IFN) alpha2b monotherapy results in 10% to 15% sustained virological response (SVR). Combining IFN with ribavirin increases this response. In this analysis, using the Markov model, 6 treatment strategies for chronic hepatitis C (previously untreated) were compared on the basis of incremental cost per additional quality-adjusted life years ($/QALY). Our results showed that the no treatment strategy was associated with a cost of $38,747 and 13.10 QALYs. The strategy using IFN alone for 48 weeks was associated with a cost of $35,642 and 14.05 QALYs. The strategy using IFN monotherapy followed by combination therapy for nonresponders and relapsers was associated with a cost of $34, 561 and 15.53 QALYs. A similar strategy, but limiting combination to relapsers only, was associated with a cost of $34,758 and 14.40 QALYs. The strategy using IFN with ribavirin as the initial therapy for all patients was associated with a cost of $34,792 and 15.31 QALYs. Finally, the strategy using viral genotyping first and then adjusting the duration of combination therapy based on genotype was associated with a cost of $37,263 and 15.89 QALYs. The strategy using genotyping to guide duration of combination therapy was the most cost-effective approach with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $7,500 per QALY. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results. We conclude that combination of IFN and ribavirin with duration of therapy based on the viral genotype, is a cost-effective approach in treating patients with chronic hepatitis C.