tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HYPERTENSION AND HYPERGLYCEMIA
Authors: W. W. HERRICK
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The association of hypertension and hyperglycemia has attracted the attention of a number of clinical observers. In 1910, Neubauer<sup>1</sup>noted this and offered the unproved theory that excessive activity of the suprarenals was the underlying factor. In this country, O'Hare<sup>2</sup>first established the fact of a decline in tolerance for carbohydrate in certain examples of high blood pressure. He offered the theory that sclerosis of the arteries of the pancreas might be the pathologic background of the condition. Pearce and Keith<sup>3</sup>suggested that, because a diseased kidney is unable to utilize the ordinary amount of sugar brought to it by the blood, diminished sugar consumption results, with increased accumulation of this substance in the blood stream. Meyers and Killian<sup>4</sup>noted the increase of the diastatic activity of the blood in examples of nephritis, and expressed the idea that this might account for the hyperglycemia often noted
BMA campaign reports how NHS changes are affecting frontline services
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The BMA has launched a new campaign to capture how the changes in the NHS in England are affecting doctors and patients.

The campaign, called NHS Watch (http://bma.org.uk/working-for-change/nhswatch), aims to reflect the structural changes being made in the NHS as a result of the Health and Social Care Act 2012 and the funding pressures arising from the drive for efficiency savings of 4% a …
Web 3.0 and medicine
Authors: Dean Giustini
Journal: BMJ (2007)

<h3>Background:</h3> The contribution of occupational exposures to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and, in particular, their potential interaction with cigarette smoking remains underappreciated. <h3>Methods:</h3> Data from the FLOW study of 1202 subjects with COPD (of which 742 had disease classified as stage II or above by Global Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria) and 302 referent subjects matched by age, sex and race recruited from a large managed care organisation were analysed. Occupational exposures were assessed using two methods: self-reported exposure to vapours, gas, dust or fumes on the longest held job (VGDF) and a job exposure matrix (JEM) for probability of exposure based on occupation. Multivariate analysis was used to control for age, sex, race and smoking history. The odds ratio (OR) and adjusted population attributable fraction (PAF) associated with occupational exposure were calculated. <h3>Results:</h3> VGDF exposure was associated with an increased risk of COPD (OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.59 to 2.82) and a PAF of 31% (95% CI 22% to 39%). The risk associated with high probability of workplace exposure by JEM was similar (OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.46 to 3.52), although the PAF was lower (13%; 95% CI 8% to 18%). These estimates were not substantively different when the analysis was limited to COPD GOLD stage II or above. Joint exposure to both smoking and occupational factors markedly increased the risk of COPD (OR 14.1; 95% CI 9.33 to 21.2). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Workplace exposures are strongly associated with an increased risk of COPD. On a population level, prevention of both smoking and occupational exposure, and especially both together, is needed to prevent the global burden of disease.
SIMPLIFIED ARM SLING
Authors: George J. Karfiol
Journal: JAMA (1952)

Necessity as well as many unpleasant experiences led me to design a new type of arm sling, which is adaptable for use by children and adults. This can be changed and adjusted as circumstances warrant, without interfering with the particular condition that originally called for the sling and can be made readily available in hospitals and private offices. This sling consists of a strip of webbing (cloth tape) about 60 in. long. One end forms a fixed loop, and the other end is attached to a sliding buckle that permits individual adjustment of length (fig. 1). The principal advantages of this sling over the type that is commonly used are the ease of application and its adjustability. There are no knots to make, and no safety pins are necessary. In comparing this sling with the old-fashioned cloth type (fig. 2<i>A</i>and 2<i>B</i>), the main idea, its usage, application,
Effects of Dexamethasone or Celecoxib on Biliary Toxicity after Hepatic Arterial Infusion of 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine in a Canine Model
Authors: William Ensminger, James Knol, Susan DeRemer, Erby Wilkinson, Suzette Walker, David Williams, Jonathan Maybaum
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Previous work has shown that in humans the dose-limiting toxicity for fluorodeoxyuridine [2-fluoro-5′-deoxyuridine (FdUrd)] when administered by hepatic arterial infusion is biliary sclerosis. The current study was undertaken to attempt to modify this toxicity in a canine model that has been demonstrated to closely mimic the clinical situation. Unlike previous studies using this model, in which animals were sacrificed after extensive fibrosis had already occurred, the current experiments were designed so that observations of pathology were made at an earlier time, when the initial inflammatory injury underlying the fibrotic process was still taking place. Implantable pumps were used to deliver FdUrd into the hepatic artery of animals at a rate of 0.3 mg/kg/day in the presence or absence of 10 mg/week dexamethasone or 100 mg/day of celecoxib for 35 days, at which time the animals were beginning to show signs of toxicity. After evaluation for radiological evidence of biliary obstruction, the animals were sacrificed and portions of their livers were processed for examination of microscopic pathology and 2-bromo-5′deoxyuridine labeling index. Dexamethasone treatment protected the animals from biliary sclerosis determined radiologically, further validating this model as being representative of the response in humans. Similarly the Cox-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, appeared to provide protection against radiological changes of biliary stricture, although possibly to a lesser degree than the resultant from dexamethasone. In addition, FdUrd treatment caused elevation of the DNA 2-bromo-5′deoxyuridine labeling index above control levels in biliary epithelial cells. Dexamethasone and celecoxib each significantly attenuated the FdUrd-induced elevation of DNA labeling index in biliary epithelium. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of this canine model for studying the mechanisms of drug-induced biliary sclerosis and reinforce the hypothesis that blocking inflammation may retard the progression of injury that eventually leads to fibrosis. This study suggests that clinical testing of celecoxib as a preventive for hepatic arterial-FdUrd induced biliary damage could prove valuable.
Before It's Too Late: A Scientist's Case for Nuclear Energy.
Authors: Bernard L. Cohen, Harold W. Lewis
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

I was not invited to write a foreword for this book. Dr. Cohen, knowing my busy schedule, would have considered such a request to be an imposition. I volunteered to do so in part to acknowledge my gratitude to him for having been a constant source of reference materials as I have turned my attention increasingly to informing both lay and scientific audiences concerning the biologic effects of low-level ionizing radiation. My primary reason for vol unteering, however, is to point to the importance of such a book for public education at a time when the media, in collaboration with a variety of activist groups, have developed among the people an almost phobic fear of radiation at any level. I take issue with the words of another Nobel laureate, George Wald, who states regularly Every dose is an overdose. ' This philosophy has re sulted in women refusing mammography for the detection of breast cancer even though this methodology is the most sensitive for detection of such cancers in the early, curable stage, and even though, at present, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women. It has led a Westchester County, New York legislator to state proudly in the New York Times that he v vi I FOREWORD had introduced legislation that would bar all radioactivity from the county's roads.
India passes strict law to curb crimes against women
Authors: M. Kay
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The multisubunit protein assemblies that play critical roles in biology are the result of evolutionary selection for function of the entire assembly, and hence the subunits in structures such as icosahedral viral capsids often fit together with remarkable shape complementarity<sup>1,2</sup>. In contrast, the large multisubunit assemblies that have been created by <i>de novo</i> protein design, notably the icosahedral nanocages used in a new generation of potent vaccines<sup>3–7</sup>, have been built by first designing symmetric oligomers with cyclic symmetry and then assembling these into nanocages while keeping the internal structure fixed<sup>8–14</sup>, which results in more porous structures with less extensive shape matching between the components. Such hierarchical “bottom-up” design approaches have the advantage that one interface can be designed and validated in the context of the cyclic oligomer building block<sup>15,16</sup>, but the disadvantage that the structural and functional features of the assemblies are limited by the properties of the predesigned building blocks. To overcome this limitation, we set out to develop a “top-down” reinforcement learning based approach to protein nanomaterial design in which both the structures of the subunits and the interactions between them are built up coordinately in the context of the entire assembly. We developed a Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) method<sup>17,18</sup> which assembles protein monomer structures in the context of an overall architecture guided by a loss function which enables specification of any desired overall structural properties such as shape and porosity. We demonstrate the power of the approach by designing hyperstable icosahedral assemblies more compact than any previously observed protein icosahedral structure (designed or naturally occurring), that have very low porosity and are robust to fusion and display of proteins as complex as influenza hemagglutinin. CryoEM structures of two designs are very close to the computational design models. Our top-down reinforcement learning approach should enable the design of a wide variety of complex protein nanomaterials by direct optimization of overall system properties.
The 'Growth Disease' in American Institutional Medicine
Authors: Barry S. Bader
Journal: JAMA (1982)

To the Editor.—  Dr Albert Miller, writing on  'Growth Disease' in American Institutional Medicine (1982;247:469), pins the blame for hospitals' fiscal chaos on unrestrained, fiscally irresponsible expansion of facilities and services, commandeered by growth-oriented administrators and sanctioned by strikingly passive governing boards.  Dr Miller implies that the growth of medical institutions is responsible for escalating health costs. He ignores other, equally important factors, such as an aging population that demands more services, increased intensity of services, long-overdue increases in nursing salaries, and overall inflation in energy and interest costs.  Dr Miller's concluding argument, for stronger institutional leadership by trustees and greater involvement by physicians, is substantially correct, but not for the reasons he ascribes.  Based on consulting relationships with many hospitals, it is my observation that when it comes to expanding services, members of the medical staff are often leading advocates for new technology, facilities, and services. The much-publicized
Heritability and genomics of gene expression in peripheral blood
Authors: Fred A Wright, Patrick F Sullivan, Andrew I Brooks, Fei Zou, Wei Sun, Kai Xia, Vered Madar, Rick Jansen, Wonil Chung, Yi-Hui Zhou, Abdel Abdellaoui, Sandra Batista, Casey Butler, Guanhua Chen, Ting-Huei Chen, David D'Ambrosio, Paul Gallins, Min Jin Ha, Jouke Jan Hottenga, Shunping Huang, Mathijs Kattenberg, Jaspreet Kochar, Christel M Middeldorp, Ani Qu, Andrey Shabalin, Jay Tischfield, Laura Todd, Jung-Ying Tzeng, Gerard van Grootheest, Jacqueline M Vink, Qi Wang, Wei Wang, Weibo Wang, Gonneke Willemsen, Johannes H Smit, Eco J de Geus, Zhaoyu Yin, Brenda W J H Penninx, Dorret I Boomsma
Journal: Nature Genetics (2014)
712 OBESE DIABETIC KK-AY MICE ARE RESISTANT TO NKT CELL-MEDIATED LIVER INJURY INDUCED BY α-GALACTOSYLCERAMIDE
Authors: K. Ikejima, H. Yamagata, K. Takeda, T. Aoyama, K. Kon, S. Yamashina, S. Suzuki, S. Watanabe
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Ustekinumab Induction and Maintenance Therapy in Refractory Crohn's Disease
Authors: William J. Sandborn, Christopher Gasink, Long-Long Gao, Marion A. Blank, Jewel Johanns, Cynthia Guzzo, Bruce E. Sands, Stephen B. Hanauer, Stephan Targan, Paul Rutgeerts, Subrata Ghosh, Willem J.S. de Villiers, Remo Panaccione, Gordon Greenberg, Stefan Schreiber, Simon Lichtiger, Brian G. Feagan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

In patients with Crohn's disease, the efficacy of ustekinumab, a human monoclonal antibody against interleukin-12 and interleukin-23, is unknown.
Anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction. Relation of therapeutic benefit to patient's age, sex, and severity of infarction
Authors: A. Drapkin
Journal: JAMA (1972)

The value of anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction has been assessed in 1,136 patients admitted to the Bronx Municipal Hospital Center. The treatment reduced the overall mortality in women from 31% to 15%, particularly those 55 years of age or over, with moderately severe infarction.  The low overall mortality in control men (16%) was not reduced with treatment, though there was significant reduction of the mortality in a subgroup of men with moderately severe infarction showing Q-wave evolution.  Age and sex, as well as the severity of the episode of acute myocardial infarction, are important in determining whether anticoagulant therapy is likely to be beneficial.
Musculoskeletal trauma and all-cause mortality in India: a multicentre prospective cohort study
Authors: Clary Jefferson Foote, Raman Mundi, Parag Sancheti, Hitesh Gopalan, Prakash Kotwal, Vijay Shetty, Mandeep Dhillon, Philip Devereaux, Lehana Thabane, Ilyas Aleem, Rebecca Q Ivers, Mohit Bhandari
Journal: The Lancet (2015)
Pyocyaneus Infection in Dogs and its Similarity to Rabies
Authors: W. F. Harvey, R. M. Carter, H. W. Acton
Journal: BMJ (1911)

JUNE 24, T9IT,, those of duodenal obstruction.The faot of this obstruction being so high up was probably a factor in the excellent recovery made, as there was little chance of any septic absorption occurring.2. The Chcaracter of the Obstruction.-Thiswas also unusual, as there was no volvulaFs or twist, band or adhesion, but merely a flattened piece of intestine, which was not inflamed or kinked.3. The Causec of the Obstruction -As to this we can give no opinion, and it would be interesting to know from gynaecologists whether the uterus coald be a factor in producing the obstruction.
EFFECT OF HEPATIC DYSFUNCTION ON CIRCULATING LEVELS OF SULFOBROMOPHTHALEIN AND ITS METABOLITES *
Authors: John V. Carbone, Gerold M. Grodsky, Virginia Hjelte
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1959)

Sulfobromophthalein (BSP) clearance hasproved a sensitive index of hepatic function.Al- though dosage, sampling intervals and techniques of measurement have been modified (1-4), the
Immunohistochemical detection of CDK4 and 9 16<sup>INK4</sup>proteins in cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Y-L. WANG, H. UHARA, Y. YAMAZAKI, T. NIKAIDO, T. SAIDA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

p16INK4 gene, which encodes a specific inhibitor of cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). has been recently reported as an important tumour suppressor gene. It is mapped to chromosome 9p21, which is frequently deleted or mutated in many tumour cell lines including malignant melanoma. Since the CDK4/cyciin I) complex propels a cell to go through the G1 check point of the cell cycle, a critical phase of cell division, alteration of the p16INK4 gene could lead a cell to uncontrolled proliferation and malignant transformation. To clarify any role for p16dINK4 and CDK4 proteins in the development of human malignant melanoma, we have examined, immunohistochemically, the expression of these two proteins in melanocytic neoplasms including 19 primary lesions of nonfamilial melanoma. Intense nuclear and/or cytoplasmic expression of the CDK4 protein was observed in 11 of 19 cases (58%) of melanoma. In contrast, virtually no nuclear or cytoplasmic staining for CDK4 protein was detected in 28 benign melanocytic naevi, including six Spitz naevi. Expression of p16INK4 protein was observed in three of 19 melanomas (16%) and in 17 of 28 benign naevi (61%). Inverse expression of CDK4 and p16INK4, at individual cell level, was detected in one case of melanoma. The present study suggests that CDK4 overexpression is characteristic for malignant melanoma, and probably reflects its autonomous accelerated cell proliferation. The expression rate of p16INK4 protein in malignant melanoma was lower than that in benign naevi, although the significance of p16INK4 deletion in melanoma development has not been definitely confirmed.
The Economic Consequences of Medical Injuries
Authors: William G. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Background.</h3> —There has been little research into the actual economic consequences of medical injuries. This inhibits informed discussion of alternatives to malpractice litigation. For example, the cost of no-fault medical accident insurance has been thought to be prohibitive. <h3>Method.</h3> —As part of a comprehensive analysis of medical injury and litigation, we interviewed a random sample of 794 individuals who had suffered medical adverse events in New York hospitals in 1984 and used their responses to calculate the cost of injuries. We then estimated the costs of a simulated no-fault insurance program that would operate as a second payer to direct insurance sources and would compensate for all financial losses attributed to medical injury. <h3>Results.</h3> —The estimated costs that would be paid by a simulated no-fault program were $161 million for medical care, $276 million for lost wages, and $441 million in lost household production, or a total of $878 million in 1989 dollars for the cohort of patients who were injured in 1984. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Although our estimate does not include administrative costs, it nonetheless indicates that a no-fault program would not be notably costlier than the more than $1 billion New York physicians now spend annually on malpractice insurance. (JAMA. 1992;267:2487-2492)
Observation versus antiplatelet therapy as primary prophylaxis for thrombosis in low-risk essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Alberto Alvarez-Larrán, Francisco Cervantes, Arturo Pereira, Eduardo Arellano-Rodrigo, Virginia Pérez-Andreu, Juan-Carlos Hernández-Boluda, Ramón Ayats, Carlos Salvador, Ana Muntañola, Beatriz Bellosillo, Vicente Vicente, Luis Hernández-Nieto, Carmen Burgaleta, Blanca Xicoy, Carlos Besses
Journal: Blood (2010)
CONDENSATION AND PRESERVATION OF MILK BY REFRIGERATION.
Authors: HENRY O. MARCY
Journal: JAMA (1899)

In an article contributed to the American Medical Association last year<sup>1</sup>, entitled "The Milk-Supply of Cities; Can It Be Improved?" I described somewhat at length a process devised by Mr. B. F. Mclntyre of New York by which 80 per cent. of the water is abstracted from milk by freezing it, when in moderate agitation. The water, as ice, is taken from the milk in comparatively stainless crystals, almost without loss of solid product. It has been shown that the expense of condensation is very much less than by evaporation in vauco, and that the resultant product is of much greater value. A considerable series of experiments was undertaken during the summer, under the supervision of Prof. W. T. Sedgewick of the Institute of Technology, in order to ascertain the effect of refrigeration on the bacteria ever present in milk. It was found, although the resultant was not
Decimal Point — Osteoporosis Therapy at the 10-Year Mark
Authors: Gordon J. Strewler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Osteoporosis takes an enormous toll among postmenopausal women. A 50-year-old woman in the United States has a 40 percent lifetime risk of an osteoporotic fracture. One woman in three and one man in nine older than 80 years of age will sustain a hip fracture at some point, and 15 to 20 percent of these patients will die from attendant complications. Osteoporosis is, to a remarkable degree, a disease of Western civilization, and we are now seeing the beginnings of a worldwide osteoporosis pandemic, as the population of the developing world ages and assumes a more Western lifestyle.The past . . .
P3-251: Adjuvant bi-weekly schedule of gemcitabine plus carboplatin in resected stage IA (&gt;2cm) to IIIA non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II study from Kanazawa Postoperative Adjuvant Chemotherapy Study Group
Authors: Makoto Oda, Yoshio Tsunezuka, Isao Matsumoto, Masaki Fujimura, Go Watanabe, Kazuo Kasahara
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Incidence, risk factors and outcome of barotrauma in mechanically ventilated patients
Authors: Antonio Anzueto, Fernando Frutos–Vivar, Andres Esteban, Inmaculada Alía, Laurent Brochard, Thomas Stewart, Salvador Benito, Martin J. Tobin, Jose Elizalde, Fernando Palizas, Cide M. David, Jorge Pimentel, Marco González, Luis Soto, Gabriel D’Empaire, Paolo Pelosi
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2004)
Correlation between serum ionised calcium and serum albumin concentrations in two hospital populations.
Authors: S J Butler, R B Payne, I R Gunn, J Burns, C R Paterson
Journal: BMJ (1984)

<h3>Objective</h3> Every year in the US, thousands of young children are injured by passenger vehicles in driveways or parking areas. Little is known about risk factors, and incidence rates are difficult to estimate because ascertainment using police collision reports or media sources is incomplete. This study used surveillance at trauma centres to identify incidents and parent interviews to obtain detailed information on incidents, vehicles and children. <h3>Methods</h3> Eight California trauma centres conducted surveillance of non-traffic pedestrian collision injury to children aged 14 years or younger from January 2005 to July 2007. Three of these centres conducted follow up interviews with family members. <h3>Results</h3> Ninety-four injured children were identified. Nine children (10%) suffered fatal injury. Seventy children (74%) were 4 years old or younger. Family members of 21 victims from this study (23%) completed an interview. Of these 21 interviewed victims, 17 (81%) were male and 13 (62%) were 1 or 2 years old. In 13 cases (62%), the child was backed over, and the driver was the mother or father in 11 cases (52%). Fifteen cases (71%) involved a sport utility vehicle, pick-up truck or van. Most collisions occurred in a residential driveway. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Trauma centre surveillance can be used for case ascertainment and for collecting information on circumstances of non-traffic pedestrian injuries. Adoption of a specific external cause of injury code would allow passive surveillance of these injuries. Case–control studies are needed to understand the contributions of family, vehicular and environmental characteristics and injury risk to inform prevention efforts.