tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Electrical arrhythmias in the human stomach.
Authors: C J Stoddard, R H Smallwood, H L Duthie
Journal: Gut (1981)

Myoelectrical activity was recorded from the human antrum on 136 occasions using a monopolar mucosal electrode in preoperative and post-vagotomy patients, and bipolar serosal electrodes in post-cholecystectomy patients, and the incidence of antral arrhythmias observed. Arrhythmias of long duration were observed in five out of 62 patients after vagotomy and one out of 10 patients after cholecystectomy, but not in preoperative patients. They were characterised by slow waves with increased frequency, variable period, amplitude, and wave shape and were associated with periods of slow wave inhibition. None of the patients with an arrhythmia had any symptoms of disordered gastric motility. Antral arrhythmias could also be induced in some patients by the administration of insulin, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, glucagon, and pentagastrin. The appearance of antral arrhythmias is probably due to a relative increase of sympathetic over parasympathetic activity. The maximal slow wave frequency observed was 8.3 cycles per minute and it is probable that in vivo human antral smooth muscle has a maximum frequency above which it cannot be driven.
Dharmasena case illustrates what is wrong with complaints procedures
Authors: T. Bourne
Journal: BMJ (2015)

A junior doctor who acted in the best interests of his patient as he saw it has found himself before a criminal court, suspended, and subjected to a trust inquiry and a future General Medical Council hearing.1 Such multiple jeopardy is unreasonable.

Obstetricians condemned these actions,2 and the patient was quoted as saying, “I am concerned about being labelled as the first woman in …
Symmetrization of the Blood Glucose Measurement Scale and Its Applications
Authors: Boris P Kovatchev, Daniel J Cox, Linda A Gonder-Frederick, William Clarke
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE To introduce a data transformation that enhances the power of blood glucose data analyses. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the standard blood glucose scale, hypoglycemia (blood glucose, &amp;lt;3.9 mmol/l) and hyperglycemia (blood glucose, &amp;gt;10 mmol/l) have very different ranges, and euglycemia is not central in the entire blood glucose range (1.1–33.3 mmol/l). Consequently, the scale is not symmetric and its clinical center (blood glucose, 6–7 mmol/l) is distant from its numerical center (blood glucose, 17 mmol/l). As a result, when blood glucose readings are analyzed, the assumptions of many parametric statistics are routinely violated. We propose a logarithmic data transformation that matches the clinical and numerical center of the blood glucose scale, thus making the transformed data symmetric. RESULTS The transformation normalized 203 out of 205 data samples containing 13,584 blood glucose readings of 127 type 1 diabetic individuals. An example illustrates that the mean and standard deviation based on transformed, rather than on raw, data better described subject's blood glucose distribution. Based on transformed data: 1) the low blood glucose index predicted the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia, while the raw blood glucose data (and glycosylated hemoglobin levels) did not; 2) the high blood glucose index correlated with the subjects' glycosylated hemoglobin (r = 0.63, P &amp;lt;0.001); and 3) the low plus high blood glucose index was more sensitive than the raw data to a treatment (blood glucose awareness training) designed to reduce the range of blood glucose fluctuations. CONCLUSIONS Using symmetrized, instead of raw, blood glucose data strengthens the existing data analysis procedures and allows for the development of new statistical techniques. It is proposed that raw blood glucose data should be routinely transformed to a symmetric distribution before using parametric statistics.
Human epidermal Langerhans cells express the ICAM-3 molecule. Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopical demonstration
Authors: G. C. Manara, G. Pasquinelli, L. Badiali-De Giorgi, C. Ferrari, S. A. Garatti, D. Fasano, E. Berti
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

Three ligands have been described for the leucocyte integrin LFA-1, namely intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, ICAM-2, and ICAM-3. ICAMs show differences in tissue distribution and inducibility. The recently described ICAM-3 is highly expressed on resting lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils. Here, we demonstrate that the whole human epidermal Langerhans cell (LC) population expresses this molecule. Immunohistochemical staining of skin sections with an anti-ICAM-3 monoclonal antibody displayed reactivity with dendritic epidermal cells regularly distributed along the epidermis. Highly-sensitive immunoelectron microscopy procedures, performed on freshly suspended epidermal cells both at transmission and scanning electron microscopic levels, enabled demonstration that the whole LC population expresses cell surface ICAM-3. In contrast, keratinocytes and melanocytes were consistently negative. The prominent expression of ICAM-3 by resident LC could imply a crucial part for this molecule in leucocyte-intercellular interactions in the skin.
TRYPSIN IN MALIGNANT GROWTHS.
Authors: W. A. PUSEY
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Following the experiments of Beard of Edinburgh with the use of trypsin in Jensen tumors in mice and his suggestion for the use of trypsin in carcinoma, many attempts undoubtedly are being made at present with trypsin in inoperable malignant growths. I have used trypsin in seven cases of inoperable carcinoma in different parts of the body and in one inoperable round-cell sarcoma of the thigh. I began the work ten weeks ago, and in some of the cases continued the injections for six weeks. All except one were hopeless cases from the standpoint of operation or<i>x</i>-rays, but in none of them was cachexia marked. I have used Fair-child's sterilized trypsin solution with the commercial name of<i>injectio trypsi</i>, which, I believe, was the preparation used by Beard. Beard's successful dose of one drop in mice is equivalent to 600 drops in an adult of 150 pounds weight.
Gangrenous Ulcer and Septicemia Due to Citrobacter
Authors: Morton Donald Grant, Herbert Israel Horowitz, Victor Lorian
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

LEUKEMIC patients provide a setting in which organisms of low virulence may flourish and unusual infections become commonplace.1 2 3 4 5 6 This is the first report to incriminate citrobacter as a cause of a necrotizing skin infection with septicemia in such a setting.Case ReportA 55-year-old woman was found to have acute myelomonocytic leukemia in March, 1968. Partial remission was induced and maintained with hydroxyurea and prednisone. The latter was discontinued because of myopathy. Four months later she relapsed. Ten days of therapy with intravenous cytosine arabinoside and oral thioguanine resulted in bone-marrow aplasia and peripheral agranulocytosis. An extremely tender ecchymosis, 8 . . .
Impaired Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Type 1 Diabetic Children
Authors: Bernhard Rosengarten, Axel Dost, Annette Kaufmann, Ludwig Gortner, Manfred Kaps
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

The risk of vascular disease is not distributed equally among type 1 diabetic patients. Subgroups exist with a relatively low risk versus a high risk of vascular disease (1). Screening for diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy is the most widely used parameter to obtain additional information on the vascular state in patients with diabetes. However, in children, both vascular screening parameters have shown certain limitations (2). The Doppler method has been demonstrated to detect diabetic vasculopathy at a very early stage of endothelial dysfunction. We investigated the neurovascular coupling mechanism that adapts cerebral blood flow to cortical activity and performed a functional transcranial Doppler test using a …
A 51-Year-Old Woman With Acute Onset of Facial Pressure, Rhinorrhea, and Tooth Pain
Authors: Peter H. Hwang
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Acute rhinosinusitis is a common ailment accounting for millions of office visits annually, including that of Mrs D, a 51-year-old woman presenting with 5 days of upper respiratory illness and facial pain. Her case is used to review the diagnosis and treatment of acute rhinosinusitis. Acute viral rhinosinusitis can be difficult to distinguish from acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, especially during the first 10 days of symptoms. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines developed to guide diagnosis and treatment of acute viral and bacterial rhinosinusitis recommend that the diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis be based on the presence of “cardinal symptoms” of purulent rhinorrhea and either facial pressure or nasal obstruction of less than 4 weeks' duration. Antibiotic treatment generally can be withheld during the first 10 days of symptoms for mild to moderate cases, given the likelihood of acute viral rhinosinusitis or of spontaneously resolving acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. After 10 days, the likelihood of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis increases, and initiation of antibiotic therapy is supported by practice guidelines. Complications of sinusitis, though rare, can be serious and require early recognition and treatment.
Nitric oxide synthase modulates angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia.
Authors: T Murohara, T Asahara, M Silver, C Bauters, H Masuda, C Kalka, M Kearney, D Chen, J F Symes, M C Fishman, P L Huang, J M Isner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

We tested the hypothesis that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) modulates angiogenesis in two animal models in which therapeutic angiogenesis has been characterized as a compensatory response to tissue ischemia. We first administered L-arginine, previously shown to augment endogenous production of NO, to normal rabbits with operatively induced hindlimb ischemia. Angiogenesis in the ischemic hindlimb was significantly improved by dietary supplementation with L-arginine, compared to placebo-treated controls; angiographically evident vascularity in the ischemic limb, hemodynamic indices of limb perfusion, capillary density, and vasomotor reactivity in the collateral vessel-dependent ischemic limb were all improved by oral L-arginine supplementation. A murine model of operatively induced hindlimb ischemia was used to investigate the impact of targeted disruption of the gene encoding for ENOS on angiogenesis. Angiogenesis in the ischemic hindlimb was significantly impaired in eNOS-/- mice versus wild-type controls evaluated by either laser Doppler flow analysis or capillary density measurement. Impaired angiogenesis in eNOS-/- mice was not improved by administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), suggesting that eNOS acts downstream from VEGF. Thus, (a) eNOS is a downstream mediator for in vivo angiogenesis, and (b) promoting eNOS activity by L-arginine supplementation accelerates in vivo angiogenesis. These findings suggest that defective endothelial NO synthesis may limit angiogenesis in patients with endothelial dysfunction related to atherosclerosis, and that oral L-arginine supplementation constitutes a potential therapeutic strategy for accelerating angiogenesis in patients with advanced vascular obstruction.
TL1A Is a TNF-like Ligand for DR3 and TR6/DcR3 and Functions as a T Cell Costimulator
Authors: Thi-Sau Migone, Jun Zhang, Xia Luo, Li Zhuang, Cecil Chen, Bugen Hu, June S. Hong, James W. Perry, Su-Fang Chen, Joe X.H. Zhou, Yun Hee Cho, Stephen Ullrich, Palanisamy Kanakaraj, Jeffrey Carrell, Ernest Boyd, Henrik S. Olsen, Gang Hu, Laurie Pukac, Ding Liu, Jian Ni, Sunghee Kim, Reiner Gentz, Ping Feng, Paul A. Moore, Steve M. Ruben, Ping Wei
Journal: Immunity (2002)
Neuroscience research is to lose 4m of government funds a year
Authors: G. Watts
Journal: BMJ (2011)

More than 80 leading neuroscience researchers have written to the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the United Kingdom’s main funding agency for research in the non-clinical life sciences, to protest about its recently announced plans for the future distribution of research grants. 

The researchers say that the plans are “aimed at reducing the strength of an area of research in which the UK excels, simply because it is too successful.”

The council’s announcement on 24 January concerned proposed changes in its grants procedures. The council said, “In the case of neuroscience [it had] reluctantly concluded that demand-led funding is resulting in too great a proportion of funding …
Abstract B55: The regulation of matriptase activation through PDGF D-mediated extracellular acidosis
Authors: Abdo J. Najy, Hyeong-Reh C. Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most diagnosed and sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide. Activation of β-PDGFR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor) has been demonstrated in 50% of PCa cases and it is part of a 5-gene signature predicting PCa recurrence after prostatectomy. Analysis of the β-PDGFR ligands in PCa revealed association between PDGF D expression and Gleason score as well as tumor stage. When we examined the functional consequences of PDGF ligand-specific β-PDGFR signaling in PCa, we discovered a novel PDGF D-specific autocrine pathway, resulting in activation/shedding of the serine protease matriptase leading to PCa cell invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis. The present study showed that PDGF D, not PDGF B, induces extracellular acidification which correlates with increased matriptase activation. Furthermore, exposure of control or PDGF B expressing cells to an acidic buffer resulted in increased matriptase activation, indicating the functional significance of the acidic milieu in matriptase activation. A cDNA microarray analysis showed that PDGF D/β-PDGFR signaling upregulates expression of the acidosis regulator carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), a classic target of the transcriptional factor HIF-1. Interestingly, cellular fractionation displayed a strong HIF-1 nuclear localization in PDGF D expressing cells. Treatment of vector control or PDGF B expressing cells with the HIF-1 activator, CoCl2, specifically led to increased CA IX expression accompanied by extracellular acidosis and matriptase activation. Taken together, these novel findings reveal a new paradigm in matritpase activation involving PDGF D-specific signal transduction leading to extracellular acidosis. Considering the fact that intratumoral acidosis leads to chemo- and radiation resistance, understanding the role PDGF signaling plays in this process will enhance the efficacy of current clinical therapeutics. Citation Format: Abdo J. Najy, Hyeong-Reh C. Kim. The regulation of matriptase activation through PDGF D-mediated extracellular acidosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B55.
Human fibronectin metabolism.
Authors: B A Pussell, P W Peake, M A Brown, J A Charlesworth
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

The metabolic behavior of fibronectin (Fn), a highly adhesive glycoprotein (440,000 mol wt), was studied in eight healthy control subjects and in 11 patients, six of whom were critically ill. Fn was purified from fresh human plasma, radiolabeled, and shown to retain function both in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that, in normal controls, Fn is a rapidly catabolized protein with a fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of 4.81%/h (range, 4.00-6.27), a half-life (t1/2) of 25 h (20-30), extravascular/intravascular diffusion ratio (EV/IV) of 2.04 (1.52-3.30), and a synthesis rate (SR) of 0.71 mg/kg body weight per h (0.61-0.87). There was evidence for extravascular catabolism in each subject. Plasma levels correlated with SR but not with t1/2 or FCR. Patients had a lower EV/IV ratio, and in two critically ill patients with low plasma Fn concentration the SR was markedly depressed. These findings suggest that reduced synthesis of Fn, rather than increased FCR or increased extravascular distribution, is responsible for Fn deficiency in critically ill patients.
Lispro or regular insulin for multiple injection therapy in adolescence. Differences in free insulin and glucose levels overnight.
Authors: A Mohn, K A Matyka, D A Harris, K M Ross, J A Edge, D B Dunger
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

Regular insulin given with the evening meal could contribute to the risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes using a multiple injection regimen. To test this hypothesis, we compared glucodynamics and free insulin levels on two separate study nights.A total of 14 adolescents were recruited. On both nights, identical doses of regular insulin or insulin lispro were administered 30 min or 10 min, respectively, before the evening meal, using a double-blind randomized crossover study design. Doses of NPH insulin and carbohydrate content of the evening meal and snack were kept identical. Blood samples were taken every 15 min for blood glucose and every 60 min for free insulin and ketones.After insulin lispro administration, glucose levels were significantly lower between the evening meal and the bedtime snack (analysis of variance [ANOVA] P = 0.02), and four hypoglycemic episodes were recorded. This corresponded to a higher (458 +/- 48 vs. 305 +/- 33 pmol/l, P = 0.02), earlier (64 +/- 4.6 vs. 103 +/- 12 min, P = 0.01), and shorter-lasting (245 +/- 21 vs. 365 +/- 39 min, P = 0.01) insulin peak in contrast to regular insulin. After the bedtime snack, glucose levels increased dramatically during the lispro night and stayed higher, up to 0300 in the morning (ANOVA P = 0.01), corresponding to lower mean insulin levels (146 +/- 20 vs. 184 +/- 27 pmol/l, P = 0.04). No differences were seen in glucose and insulin levels between 0300 and 0800. Four episodes of nocturnal hypoglycemia were documented after the bedtime snack during the regular insulin night, in contrast to one episode after insulin lispro. No differences in ketone levels were observed.The replacement of regular insulin with insulin lispro may reduce the risk of late hypoglycemia, but redistribution of the evening carbohydrate may be needed to ensure good metabolic control and prevent early postprandial hypoglycemia.
1035-224 Do onset mechanisms of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation influenced the arrhythmia episode duration in patients with dual chamber pacing? Relevance for preventive pacing algorithms
Authors: Alexander Yang, Marc Hochhausler, Alexander Bitzen, Jan Schrickel, Osman Balta, Berndt Luderitz, Thorsten Lewalter
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Diabetic neuropathy. Structural analysis of nerve hydration by magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Richard H. Griffey, R. Philip Eaton, Randy R. Sibbitt, Wilmer L. Sibbitt, Joseph M. Bicknell
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The water content of the sural nerve of diabetic patients was quantitatively defined by magnetic resonance proton imaging as a putative reflection of activity of the aldose-reductase pathway. Thirty-nine patients were evaluated, comparing group A, symptomatic diabetic men with sensory neuropathy; group B, similarly symptomatic diabetic men treated with aldose-reductase inhibition; group C, neurologically asymptomatic diabetic men; and group D, control nondiabetic men. Marked increase in hydration of the sural nerve was seen in more than half of the symptomatic diabetic patients. Two of 11 neurologically asymptomatic diabetics had increased nerve hydration, suggesting a presymptomatic alteration of the nerve. Symptomatic diabetics treated with aldose-reductase inhibitors had normal nerve water levels. Increased level of peripheral nerve water represents a new finding in diabetes mellitus. It seems to be related to aldose-reductase activity, involved in the development of neuropathy, and similar to events that occur in other target tissue in human diabetes. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:2872-2878)
Prevalence of non-cancer-related abnormalities on low-dose spiral computer tomography versus chest radiograph in a screening population
Authors: P. Pinsky, M. Freedman, M. Oken, P. Kvale, N. Caporaso, J. Gohagan
Journal: Thorax (2007)

Ret is the common signaling receptor for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and other ligands of the GDNF family that have potent effects on brain dopaminergic neurons. The Met918Thr mutation leads to constitutive activity of Ret receptor tyrosine kinase, causing the cancer syndrome called multiple endocrine neoplasia type B (MEN2B). We used knock-in MEN2B mice with the Ret-MEN2B mutation to study the effects of constitutive Ret activity on the brain dopaminergic system and found robustly increased concentrations of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in the striatum, cortex, and hypothalamus. The concentrations of brain serotonin were not affected and those of noradrenaline were slightly increased only in the lower brainstem. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels were increased in the striatum and substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), and TH mRNA levels were increased in SN/VTA of MEN2B mice, suggesting that constitutive Ret activity increases DA levels by increasing its synthesis. Also, the striatal DA transporter protein levels in the MEN2B mice were increased, which agrees with increased sensitivity of these mice to the stimulatory effects of cocaine. In the SN pars compacta of homozygous MEN2B mice, we found a 26% increase in the number of TH-positive cells, but no differences were found in the VTA. Thus, we show here that the constitutive Ret activity in mice is sufficient to increase the number of dopaminergic neurons and leads to profound elevation of brain DA concentration. These data clearly suggest that Ret activity per se can have a direct biological function that actively changes and shapes the brain dopaminergic system.
Onychocytic Matricoma: A New, Important Nail-Unit Tumor Mistaken for a Foreign Body
Authors: Karolyn A. Wanat, Erika Reid, Adam I. Rubin
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

Onychocytic matricoma (OCM) is a benign acanthoma of the nail unit that presents with localized thickening of the nail plate and melanonychia.1 This newly described entity has suggestive clinical features and distinctive histopathologic changes.
THE SERUM TREATMENT OF DIPHTHERIA.
Authors: CHAS. T. McCLINTOCK
Journal: JAMA (1895)

There can be no reasonable doubt that the larger part of the ill-effects of diphtheria, are due to the soluble poisons (toxins) formed by, or during the growth of the germs of the disease. The paralysis, the albuminuria, the necrosis in the various organs can all be produced at will with these poisons. Here is a diphtheria toxin. This was made by inoculating a flask of alkalin beef tea with a virulent culture of the diphtheria germ. This germ was obtained in December last from a child in Harper Hospital, Detroit. After the flask had been in the incubator, at the body temperature, for several weeks, the germs were killed by the addition of carbolic acid. The beef tea, or as we now call it, toxin, was filtered, first through paper, and then through porcelain. The latter removes all the germs. On testing this, we find that one-tenth c.c., or
Medical Care in the Nursing Home
Authors: Harold F. Moessner
Journal: JAMA (1990)

To  Editor.—  We were interested in  review entitled Medical Care in  Nursing Home by Dr Ouslander.1He did a superb job in describing  problems and recommending solutions for  care of patients in our nursing homes. But we would like to take exception to his statement that the majority of primary care physicians do not participate in  care of nursing home residents.2  Our recent survey of all  graduates of  family practice residency at  University of Alabama in Huntsville/ Huntsville Hospital since 1976 showed that 75% made monthly visits to nursing homes, with an average of 16 patients seen per month. We believe that all students and residents who are interested in primary care should be exposed to nursing home patients during their educational process and that this approach should be added to Dr Ouslander's lists of strategies to improve medical