tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Influence of Various Dietary Fats on Hypercholesterolemia and Atherogenesis in Cockerels
Authors: Gregory B. Clarke, Savitri Jain, Ruth Pick, Louis N. Katz, P. Johnson, C. Kakita
Journal: Circulation Research (1966)

When cockerels were given a cholesterol supplemented, fat-free, semi-synthetic diet as the basic ration, all oils and solid fats were atherogenic and caused elevated serum cholesterol levels. The degree of hypercholesterolemia and atherogenesis was related to fatty acid composition of the fat fed. Margarines were less atherogenic and less hypercholesterolemic than oils. The additives used in the preparation of margarine have some influence on maintaining lower cholesterol levels, but do not appear to have any significant effects on atherogenesis. The structural isomers formed during margarine manufacture may be responsible through an alteration of lipid metabolism.
BIRDSONG AND HUMAN SPEECH: Common Themes and Mechanisms
Authors: Allison J. Doupe, Patricia K. Kuhl
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1999)

▪ Abstract Human speech and birdsong have numerous parallels. Both humans and songbirds learn their complex vocalizations early in life, exhibiting a strong dependence on hearing the adults they will imitate, as well as themselves as they practice, and a waning of this dependence as they mature. Innate predispositions for perceiving and learning the correct sounds exist in both groups, although more evidence of innate descriptions of species-specific signals exists in songbirds, where numerous species of vocal learners have been compared. Humans also share with songbirds an early phase of learning that is primarily perceptual, which then serves to guide later vocal production. Both humans and songbirds have evolved a complex hierarchy of specialized forebrain areas in which motor and auditory centers interact closely, and which control the lower vocal motor areas also found in nonlearners. In both these vocal learners, however, how auditory feedback of self is processed in these brain areas is surprisingly unclear. Finally, humans and songbirds have similar critical periods for vocal learning, with a much greater ability to learn early in life. In both groups, the capacity for late vocal learning may be decreased by the act of learning itself, as well as by biological factors such as the hormones of puberty. Although some features of birdsong and speech are clearly not analogous, such as the capacity of language for meaning, abstraction, and flexible associations, there are striking similarities in how sensory experience is internalized and used to shape vocal outputs, and how learning is enhanced during a critical period of development. Similar neural mechanisms may therefore be involved.
Effects of acute and long-term bronchodilator treatment on regional lung function in asthma assessed with krypton-81m and technetium-99m-labelled macroaggregates.
Authors: A R Sovijarvi, L Poyhonen, L Kellomaki, A Muittari
Journal: Thorax (1982)

We have investigated the effect of acute and long-term bronchodilator treatment on the distribution of ventilation and perfusion in 15 asthmatics using a gamma camera, krypton-81m (for ventilation) and technetium-99m macroaggregate (for perfusion). Individual peak expiratory flow (PEF) values before bronchodilation were slightly or moderately below the predicted values. The simultaneous ventilation images (analysed visually) showed areas of delayed ventilation in all patients (mean distribution score on 3-point scale 2.1). After isoprenaline inhalation (240 micrograms) the mean PEF increased by 24%, but the distribution of ventilation remained virtually unchanged in all patients (mean score 2.0). Simultaneously defects in perfusion could be seen in all patients (mean score 1.5). After intensive treatment, when the mean PEF increased by a further 29%, the distribution scores of ventilation and perfusion fell to 0.8 and 0.9, respectively. The results indicate that, without intensive and long-term treatment, appreciable inequality of ventilation and perfusion are usual consequences of asthma; and suggest that although larger airways are dilated by isoprenaline inhalations residual bronchial obstruction may still remain in some smaller airways, maintaining uneven distribution. Perfusion disturbances seem to be secondary to changes in regional ventilation.
Myocardial Stiffness, Cardiac Remodeling, and Diastolic Dysfunction in Calcification-Prone Fetuin-A–Deficient Mice
Authors: Marc W. Merx, Cora Scha[Combining Diaeresis]fer, Ralf Westenfeld, Vincent Brandenburg, Sylvia Hidajat, Christian Weber, Markus Ketteler, Willi Jahnen-Dechent
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2005)

Accelerated atherosclerosis in dialysis patients is characterized by severe vascular calcification, and the magnitude of vascular calcification is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Calcification-dependent arterial stiffness is considered to be a major determinant of cardiac failure in uremia. Fetuin-A/alpha(2)-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein is an abundant serum protein with powerful calcification inhibitory properties. Fetuin-A deficiency was recently linked to cardiovascular mortality in dialysis patients. Fetuin-A knockout (fetuin-KO) mice spontaneously develop widespread soft tissue calcification, including significant myocardial calcification, whereas larger arteries are spared. Therefore, this investigation offers the unique opportunity to study the functional role of isolated myocardial calcification independent of arterial stiffness by assessing the hemodynamics of fetuin-KO mice. Cardiac output in fetuin-KO mice was lower than in wild-type mice (fetuin-KO 1.81 +/- 0.18 versus WT 2.45 +/- 0.29 ml/min per g; P < 0.005), and fetuin-KO mice were refractory to dobutamine stimulation. Left ventricular relaxation was significantly impaired in fetuin-KO hearts with the relaxation index reduced by 23% (P < 0.005). After ischemia, fetuin-KO hearts displayed a continuous decline in left ventricular developed pressure after the initial phase of reperfusion, resulting in 77 +/- 15% of preischemic left ventricular developed pressure (P < 0.05 versus wild-type). In fetuin-KO mice, dystrophic cardiac calcification, with myocardial calcium contents increased 60-fold, was associated with profound induction of profibrotic TGF-beta and downstream collagen and fibronectin mRNA synthesis. In conclusion, independent of arterial stiffness, calcification-associated "myocardial stiffness" characterized by cardiac fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, impaired tolerance to ischemia, and catecholamine resistance thus may constitute an underestimated cardiovascular risk factor that contributes to cardiac failure in calcification-prone states.
EFFECT OF PREVIOUS CONCUSSION OR INJURY ON SPORT-SPECIFIC SKILLS IN ELITE YOUTH ICE HOCKEY: A PILOT STUDY
Authors: P Eliason, C McKay, W Meeuwisse, CA Emery
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background Concussions can lead to cognitive or neuromotor impairments which may influence skill performance. No published research has investigated the effect of previous concussions on sport-specific skill performance. Skill performance may be an important component of injury prevention strategy development in youth ice hockey. Objective To investigate the effect of previous concussion or injury on sport-specific skill performance in elite youth ice hockey. Design Cross Sectional pilot study. Setting Winsport arena in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Participants: A sample of ten teams (n=131, 84 males and 47 females, ages 13-17) representing the most elite 20% of players by division of play (“AA, AAA”). Risk factor assessment Players completed a preseason baseline questionnaire including history of previous concussion and/or injury in the past year. Main outcome measurements On-ice skills testing was based on the Hockey Canada Skills Test (HCST) battery which included forward agility weave, forward and backward speed skate, forward to backward transition agility, and a 6-repeat endurance test. Results Comparing players with a history of concussion and those without, there were no differences in HCST component scores. There were also no differences in HCST scores between those reporting a previous injury within 1 year and those without. Males were faster than females on all HCST timed skill components, except for forward agility weave without the puck. Midget players were faster than Bantam players for transition agility with and without the puck, forward speed with the puck, and backward speed with and without the puck. Conclusion There were no apparent associations between history of concussion and/or injury and sport-specific skill performance. Our results provide reference values for HCST component scores that can allow assessment of risk and provide a foundation for prevention studies.
True infliximab resistance in rheumatoid arthritis: a role for lymphotoxin ?
Authors: M H Buch
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

The combination of methotrexate and the anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) antibody infliximab is a very effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, a proportion of patients are not responsive to this treatment. Inefficacy may represent a TNFalpha independent disease or insufficient drug at the site of action.A patient with RA resistant to repeated high dose infliximab infusions and intra-articular infliximab into an inflamed knee is described. No beneficial clinical effect was observed. Pre-injection arthroscopic biopsy of the study knee demonstrated TNFalpha staining but also confirmed the presence of lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha or TNFbeta) on immunohistochemistry. Subsequent treatment with etanercept (which blocks LTalpha as well as TNFalpha) resulted in clinical remission of disease.This case suggests that resistance to TNF blockade may occur when TNFalpha is not the dominant inflammatory cytokine and suggests that LTalpha may have a pathogenic role in RA.
Ready‐to‐use introduction schedules for first exposure to allergenic foods in children at home
Authors: B. J. Vlieg‐Boerstra, A. E. J. Dubois, S. Van Der Heide, C. M. A. Bijleveld, S. A. A. Wolt‐Plompen, J. N. G. Oude Elberink, J. Kukler, D. F. Jansen, C. Venter, E. J. Duiverman
Journal: Allergy (2008)

The vast majority of children will undergo their first exposure to common allergenic foods at home. However, the first exposure may lead to clinical reactions. It has been proposed to introduce allergenic foods gradually into the diets of children at risk for food allergy, but no practical dietary advice has been devised.The aim of this study was to devise safe introduction schedules for common allergenic foods for use at home, based on the challenge doses as administered in double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFCs) in children who were never exposed previously to these foods.Seventy-two DBPCFCs were performed in 63 children as a first known exposure. The incrementing challenge doses were converted into equivalent portions of these foods in their usual household form and incorporated in introduction schedules. The feasibility of the introduction scales was tested in parents of the children attending our clinic.Based on the results of the positive challenges (37) in which severe reactions did not occur, detailed introduction schedules and a reference photograph of the required increasing amounts of food were devised for use at home. Feasibility testing showed that, when using these introduction schedules, parents portioned the initial doses significantly lower than without detailed instructions.The introduction schedules and reference photograph provide information for parents to introduce the required amounts of allergenic foods in initial low doses at home. This is expected to improve the safety of this procedure.
A physiological study of Macleod's syndrome
Authors: J. R. Nairn, F. J. Prime
Journal: Thorax (1967)

Seven patients with Macleod9s syndrome of abnormal transradiancy of one lung have been investigated with special reference to regional lung function. The principal abnormality was found to be obstruction of the airways. This was severe in the affected lung but was often present in the other lung as well. Five of the seven patients suffered from chronic bronchitis, as judged by the M.R.C. questionnaire. Although functional impairment of the affected lung was severe, it was by no means uniformly distributed there. There was evidence of defective gas transfer in all the patients who complained of breathlessness on exertion; the blood gases were only slightly abnormal at rest, and hypercapnia, in particular, was not a feature. During exercise arterial oxygen tensions tended to fall. Clinically it was found that the stethoscope gave a rough guide to the extent of regional underventilation and that radiographs were useful for judging the distribution of blood within the lung. We conclude that treatment should be conservative, directed towards avoidance of environments and habits likely to cause or exaggerate airways obstruction or bronchitis.
Improving Men’s Participation in Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV as a Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Health Priority in South Africa
Authors: Wessel van den Berg, Kirsty Brittain, Gareth Mercer, Dean Peacock, Kathryn Stinson, Hanna Janson, Vuyiseka Dubula
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2015)

Points• Involving male partners in programmes to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV may improve programme coverage and infant outcomes.• Rates of male partner involvement remain low worldwide, and detailed guidelines to increase involvement are lacking in South Africa.• We recommend that South African national and provincial guidelines and policies for preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission be adjusted to explicitly include a focus on increasing male partner involvement and that they include concrete descriptions of how to achieve this.• We propose recommendations for improving male partner involvement at a policy, facility, and community level.• Challenges to improving male partner involvement include the nature of relationships and family structures in South Africa and the capacity of health systems to implement recommendations.
Lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins as risk markers of myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case-control study
Authors: Matthew J McQueen, Steven Hawken, Xingyu Wang, Stephanie Ounpuu, Allan Sniderman, Jeffrey Probstfield, Krisela Steyn, John E Sanderson, Mohammad Hasani, Emilia Volkova, Khawar Kazmi, Salim Yusuf
Journal: The Lancet (2008)
SKIN DISEASE IN THE BRITISH ARMY IN S.E. ASIA.*.
Authors: P. H. SANDERSON, J. C. SLOPER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1953)

Journal Article SKIN DISEASE IN THE BRITISH ARMY IN S.E. ASIA.: I: INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON SKIN DISEASE. Get access P. H. SANDERSON, M.B., M.R.C.P., P. H. SANDERSON, M.B., M.R.C.P. Medical Unit, St. Mary's Hospital, London; formerly O.C., Dermatological Research Team, R.A.M.C Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. C. SLOPER, M.D., M.R.C.P. J. C. SLOPER, M.D., M.R.C.P. Bernhard Baron Institute of Pathology, London Hospital, formerly member, Dermatological Research Team, R.A.M.C Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 65, Issue 7-8, 1 July 1953, Pages 252–264, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1953.tb13747.x Published: 01 July 1953
Clinical significance of MCP‐1 levels in BALF and serum in patients with interstitial lung diseases
Authors: M Suga, K Iyonaga, H Ichiyasu, N Saita, H Yamasaki, M Ando
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

It has previously been reported that the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the lung tissues of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was different from that in the tissues of patients with other interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). The aim of this study was to determine whether this difference reflects the amount of MCP-1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or serum of patients with ILD, and whether such a correlation, if it exists, is clinically useful. MCP-1 concentrations in the BALF and sera were evaluated in 86 patients with ILDs including IPF, acute interstitial pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia with collagen vascular disease (IP-CVD), chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP), bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia, sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and in 10 normal healthy volunteers who were controls (NC). BALF MCP-1 levels were significantly elevated in the IPF, IP-CVD, CIP and sarcoidosis groups compared with the NC group. The level in the IPF group was significantly higher than that in any other patient group. Serum MCP-1 levels in the IPF, IP-CVD, CIP and sarcoidosis groups were significantly higher than the NC group. No statistical difference was found in serum MCP-1 levels between the IPF, IP-CVD and CIP groups. BALF MCP-1 levels were significantly higher than serum MCP-1 levels in the IPF group and lower than in the IP-CVD and CIP groups. Serum MCP-1 levels correlated with the clinical course of ILD treated with corticosteroid therapy. These results show that measurement of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum may be helpful in discriminating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from other types of interstitial lung disease and that monitoring of serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 may be useful for predicting the clinical course of interstitial lung diseases.
Interleukin-10 Suppresses Tissue Factor Expression in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages via Inhibition of Egr-1 and a Serum Response Element/MEK-ERK1/2 Pathway
Authors: Motohiro Kamimura, Christiane Viedt, Alexander Dalpke, Michael E. Rosenfeld, Nigel Mackman, David M. Cohen, Erwin Blessing, Michael Preusch, Christian M. Weber, Jörg Kreuzer, Hugo A. Katus, Florian Bea
Journal: Circulation Research (2005)

Atherosclerosis is considered to be an inflammatory disease. Tissue factor (TF), a prothrombotic molecule expressed by various cell types within atherosclerotic plaques, is thought to play an essential role in thrombus formation after atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Recent studies suggest that the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) has many antiatherosclerotic properties. Therefore, the effects of IL-10 on TF expression in response to inflammation were investigated. Mouse macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of IL-10. Pretreatment with IL-10 resulted in a 50% decrease in TF mRNA expression and TF promoter activity. Binding of early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) to the consensus DNA sequence, a key transcriptional activator of TF expression in response to inflammation, and the expression of Egr-1 mRNA were also inhibited by IL-10. This inhibition was independent of the induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling protein-3 by IL-10. Macrophages that had been transfected with luciferase reporter constructs containing the murine Egr-1 5'-flanking sequence exhibited reduced reporter gene activity in response to LPS stimulation with IL-10 pretreatment. Studies with deletion constructs of the Egr-1 promoter identified the proximal serum response element SRE3 as a potential regulatory site for the IL-10 mediated suppression of Egr-1 expression. Furthermore, activation of the upstream signal-transduction elements, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and Elk-1 were also inhibited by IL-10 pretreatment. Taken together, these results demonstrate a pathway for the IL-10 mediated inhibition of TF expression during inflammation and may explain the antiatherosclerotic effects of IL-10.
Statins are not bad medicine but their misuse is
Authors: L. S. Lewis
Journal: BMJ (2013)

As is his wont, Spence is provocative in arguing that statins are bad medicine.1 Heart attacks are multifactorial, due to risk factors (not disease) such as cholesterol and sloth. But in the UK they have been declining dramatically in incidence and mortality for over 40 years.2 Survival, and thus prevalence of ischaemic heart disease, is increasing, partly thanks to statins. …
Prostate Cancer–Specific Mortality After Radical Prostatectomy for Patients Treated in the Prostate-Specific Antigen Era
Authors: Andrew J. Stephenson, Michael W. Kattan, James A. Eastham, Fernando J. Bianco, Ofer Yossepowitch, Andrew J. Vickers, Eric A. Klein, David P. Wood, Peter T. Scardino
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

The long-term risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) after radical prostatectomy is poorly defined for patients treated in the era of widespread prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. Models that predict the risk of PCSM are needed for patient counseling and clinical trial design.A multi-institutional cohort of 12,677 patients treated with radical prostatectomy between 1987 and 2005 was analyzed for the risk of PCSM. Patient clinical information and treatment outcome was modeled using Fine and Gray competing risk regression analysis to predict PCSM.Fifteen-year PCSM and all-cause mortality were 12% and 38%, respectively. The estimated PCSM ranged from 5% to 38% for patients in the lowest and highest quartiles of predicted risk of PSA-defined recurrence, based on a popular nomogram. Biopsy Gleason grade, PSA, and year of surgery were associated with PCSM. A nomogram predicting the 15-year risk of PCSM was developed, and the externally validated concordance index was 0.82. Neither preoperative PSA velocity nor body mass index improved the model's accuracy. Only 4% of contemporary patients had a predicted 15-year PCSM of greater than 5%.Few patients will die from prostate cancer within 15 years of radical prostatectomy, despite the presence of adverse clinical features. This favorable prognosis may be related to the effectiveness of radical prostatectomy (with or without secondary therapy) or the low lethality of screen-detected cancers. Given the limited ability to identify contemporary patients at substantially elevated risk of PCSM on the basis of clinical features alone, the need for novel markers specifically associated with the biology of lethal prostate cancer is evident.