tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Ultrasound: From Acquisition to Visualization and From Algorithms to Systems
Authors: Kerem Karadayi, Ravi Managuli, Yongmin Kim
Journal: IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> One of the key additions to clinical ultrasound (US) systems during the last decade was the incorporation of three-dimensional (3-D) imaging as a native mode. Compared to previous-generation 3-D US imaging systems, today's systems offer easier volume acquisition and deliver superior image quality with various visualization options. This has come as a result of many technological advances and innovations in transducer design, electronics, computer architecture, and algorithms. While freehand 3-D US techniques continue to be used, mechanically scanned and/or two-dimensional (2-D) matrix-array transducers are increasingly adopted, enabling higher volume rates and easier acquisition. More powerful computing engines with instruction-level and data-level parallelism and high-speed memory access support new and improved 3-D visualization capabilities. Many clinical US systems today have a 3-D option that offers interactive acquisition and display. In this paper, we cover the innovations of the last decade that have enabled the current 3-D US systems from acquisition to visualization, with emphasis on transducers, algorithms, and computation. </para>
Relation Between Neutralization of Epstein-Barr Virus and Antibodies to Cell-Membrane Antigens Induced by the Virus&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Gary Pearson, Faye Dewey, George Klein, Gertrude Henle, Werner Henle
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1970)

The neutralization of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infectivity by sera with known antibody activities against EBV-associated antigens was investigated in experimentally infected Raji and RPMI 64-10 cells. Antibodies against EBV-induced cell-membrane antigens were apparently responsible for neutralization of viral infectivity. Antibodies against EBV capsid antigens and EBV-induced early antigens were not involved. The implication of these results on the relationship of the membrane antigens to the infectious virus particle is discussed.
Incidence of pregnancy after expectant, medical, or surgical management of spontaneous first trimester miscarriage: long term follow-up of miscarriage treatment (MIST) randomised controlled trial
Authors: L. F P Smith, P. D Ewings, C. Quinlan
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objectives</b> To compare fertility rates after the three methods of managing early miscarriage in women recruited to the MIST (miscarriage treatment) randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting</b> Early pregnancy clinics of acute hospitals in the south west region of England. <b>Participants</b> 1199 women who had had an early miscarriage (&lt;13 weeks) confirmed by scan. <b>Intervention</b> Expectant, medical, or surgical management. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Self reported pregnancy rates and live birth rates. <b>Results</b> Of 1199 women recruited to the trial, 1128 consented to follow-up. Of these, 762 women replied giving pregnancy details (68% response rate). Respondents were representative of the trial participants. The live birth rate five years after the index miscarriage was similar in the three management groups: 177/224 (79%, 95% confidence interval 73% to 84%) in the expectant management group, 181/230 (79%, 73% to 84%) in the medical group, and 192/235 (82%, 76% to 86%) in the surgical group. There was also no significant difference according to previous birth history. Older women and those with previous miscarriages were significantly less likely to subsequently give birth. <b>Conclusion</b> Method of miscarriage management does not affect subsequent pregnancy rates with around four in five women giving birth within five years of the index miscarriage. Women can be reassured that long term fertility concerns need not affect their choice of miscarriage management. <b>Trial registration</b> National Research Register N0467011677/N0467073587.
Excretion-Reuptake Route of β-Hexosaminidase in Normal and I-Cell Disease Cultured Fibroblasts
Authors: Georgirene D. Vladutiu, Mario C. Rattazzi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

It has been proposed that in cultured fibroblasts the final packaging of enzymes in lysosomes requires excretion followed by pinocytosis by neighboring cells via a carbohydrate-specific receptor mechanism. It has also been proposed that the abnormally high activity of lysosomal enzymes in the medium of cultured fibroblasts from patients with I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II) results from an altered carbohydrate recognition residue on the enzymes which prevents reuptake into the cells. With β-hexosaminidase as a marker, and competitive inhibition of uptake by 2 mM mannose-6-phosphate, we have determined that only 12% of the total (intra- and extracellular) β-hexosaminidase in normal fibroblasts is channeled through the excretion-reuptake route. After 9 d of exposure to mannose-6-phosphate, normal fibroblast cultures accumulated in the medium only a fraction of the enzyme excreted by I-cell disease fibroblasts in the same period. Furthermore, this minimal loss of enzyme to the medium did not result in a decrease of intracellular enzyme activity. Finally, if the defect in I-cell disease were only because of an impairment of a reuptake mechanism that involves only 12% of the total enzyme, then 88% of the newly synthesized enzyme should be retained by I-cell fibroblasts, resulting in intracellular activity three to nine times higher than that which is observed. These data are consistent with our previous proposal that excessive lysosomal enzyme activity in the medium of I-cell disease fibroblasts results from preferential exocytosis.
MEDICAL EDUCATION IN ENGLAND: A Note on Sir George Newman's Memorandum to the President of the Board of Education
Authors: T. C. Allbutt
Journal: BMJ (1918)

MEDICINE, as a function of civil society, lhas com-le late into the field.'T'he Churchl, on its sectilar side, and tile Law gained power and influenice whil-e room and gear were yet amiple.Late comers at a feast lhave a cool reception; the seats are occupied, and tlhe best victual has been served.Medicine, depending as it does upon the attaiinment of larlge and exact knowledge, could not make itself felt in the State until not alnly wero the plhysicians tlhus equipped blut the laity also sufficiently educated to lhear its mieessage aind to recoguize its powers.The plhysician and the public inust be ready together to realize the moaning of M.e-dicine in civil society, to claim its services botlh for municipal anid private interests, aid to call for p)hiysicians agrmed wili trained intelligence and exact knowledge to respond to thie needs.As regards tlle itmimediate present, let us compare for a imioment tile lhealtli of tlhe armies n1ow campaigning ill East anid West, I will not say with tlle cond]ition of those of Marlborouglh, but even wit}l those but lately strieke-n by disease in the fields of South.Africa.A Pharmacopoeia of our great grand- fathers ratlher resemnbled the collectionis wlichl clhildren gather on the seaslhore; here and there something curious or useful, for the rest scraps of seawood, dead star-fish, pebbles, and enipty slhells.Again, the late arrival of Medicine as an organ of society waidue in large part also to the custom of regarding it as nao more than a traffic between individuals.'I'lse sick man went to the doctor to buy a remedy, an antidote, natural or magical.The notion was of life as a spirit slhut up in a tabernacle, and of disease as an intrusive m iorbid entity "--a phrase not unheard to-day-to be driveni out of the tabernaele.Tlhe broad relations of man to his circumstances, that life is no inidependent activity but a reaction between two surfaces, inner and outer, body and milieu, anid a funiction of the two, was not conceived.Hippocrates, as we see in his treatise on Airs, Waters, and Places, knew better, but the i(dea was slhortlived.Even yet we have to learn that Medicine is as mucl a condition of a stable society as Law, and deserves no less an hormage.'FlJier is, it is true, a private medicine, as there is a private law, but in botlh cases subsumed under far larger issues.Medicine is awaking to these great issuies, vindicating its auttlority, and claimning its place in thle great councils of thje realm; not witlhout thie jealousies of old placemen, old * Some Notes on?Medical Ed-ucaticn im Euml-1anm.A miemorandum
Multiple-breath inert gas washout test and early cystic fibrosis lung disease
Authors: P. Aurora
Journal: Thorax (2010)

Multiple-breath inert gas washout test and early cystic fibrosis lung disease P AuroraAn ideal lung function test should be easy to obtain, and involve no risk to the subject.In order to be of value, it should be able to help diagnosis, assist prognosis, monitor disease progress or measure the effect of therapeutic interventions.
Permanent scalp alopecia related to breast cancer chemotherapy by sequential fluorouracil/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (FEC) and docetaxel: a prospective study of 20 patients
Authors: N. Kluger, W. Jacot, E. Frouin, V. Rigau, S. Poujol, O. Dereure, B. Guillot, G. Romieu, D. Bessis
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2012)
Hepatitis C virus RNA quantitation and degradation studies in whole blood samples in vitro
Authors: J Watson, S Graves, J Ferguson, C D'Este, R Batey
Journal: Gut (2007)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests have evolved from specialist research tools into tests that are widely used in routine clinical practice. Clinical therapeutic decisions are based on HCV RNA titre; hence if the result is inaccurate, patients may be given, or alternatively denied, treatment inappropriately. Little data exist on the effect of environmental conditions on HCV RNA titre after blood has been taken from the patient.1–3

We therefore decided to evaluate the variation in HCV RNA titre after whole blood samples were taken from patients, to determine whether time at room temperature, temperature variation and blood collection systems affect the result obtained by the clinician.

Patients were recruited to the study from the liver clinic at the John Hunter Hospital …
TGF-β Activation and Function in Immunity
Authors: Mark A. Travis, Dean Sheppard
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2013)

The cytokine TGF-β plays an integral role in regulating immune responses. TGF-β has pleiotropic effects on adaptive immunity, especially in the regulation of effector and regulatory CD4(+) T cell responses. Many immune and nonimmune cells can produce TGF-β, but it is always produced as an inactive complex that must be activated to exert functional effects. Thus, activation of latent TGF-β provides a crucial layer of regulation that controls TGF-β function. In this review, we highlight some of the important functional roles for TGF-β in immunity, focusing on its context-specific roles in either dampening or promoting T cell responses. We also describe how activation of TGF-β controls its function in the immune system, with a focus on the key roles for members of the integrin family in this process.
Impetigo: incidence and treatment in Dutch general practice in 1987 and 2001-results from two national surveys
Authors: S. Koning, R.S.A. Mohammedamin, J.C. Van Der Wouden, L.W.A. Van Suijlekom-Smit, F.G. Schellevis, S. Thomas
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Background Impetigo is a common skin infection in children. The epidemiology is relatively unknown, and the choice of treatment is subject to debate. Objective The objective of our study was to determine the incidence and treatment of impetigo in Dutch general practice, and to assess trends between 1987 and 2001. Methods We used data from the first (1987) and second (2001) Dutch national surveys of general practice. All diagnoses, prescriptions and referrals were registered by the participating general practitioners (GPs), 161 and 195, respectively. Results The incidence rate of impetigo increased from 16·5 (1987) to 20·6 (2001) per 1000 person years under 18 years old (P < 0·01). In both years, the incidence was significantly higher in summer, in rural areas and in the southern region of the Netherlands, compared with winter, urban areas and northern region, respectively. Socioeconomic status was not associated with the incidence rate. From 1987 to 2001, there was a trend towards treatment with a topical antibiotic (from 43% to 64%), especially fusidic acid cream and mupirocin cream. Treatment with oral antibiotics (from 31% to 14%) and antiseptics (from 11% to 3%) was prescribed less often. Conclusions We have shown an increased incidence of impetigo in the past decade, which may be the result of an increased tendency to seek help, or increased antibiotic resistance and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Further microbiological research on the marked regional difference in incidence may contribute to understanding the factors that determine the spread of impetigo. Trends in prescribing for impetigo generally follow evidence-based knowledge on the effectiveness of different therapies, rather than the national practice guideline.
Increased CDA Expression/Activity in Males Contributes to Decreased Cytidine Analog Half-Life and Likely Contributes to Worse Outcomes with 5-Azacytidine or Decitabine Therapy
Authors: Reda Z. Mahfouz, Ania Jankowska, Quteba Ebrahem, Xiaorong Gu, Valeria Visconte, Ali Tabarroki, Pramod Terse, Joseph Covey, Kenneth Chan, Yonghua Ling, Kory J. Engelke, Mikkael A. Sekeres, Ramon Tiu, Jaroslaw Maciejewski, Tomas Radivoyevitch, Yogen Saunthararajah
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

The cytidine analogs 5-azacytidine and decitabine, used to treat myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), produce a molecular epigenetic effect, depletion of DNA-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). This action is S-phase dependent. Hence, genetic factors that decrease the half-lives of these drugs could impact efficacy. Documentation of such impact, and elucidation of underlying mechanisms, could lead to improved clinical application.
Comparison of two different S-1 plus cisplatin dosing schedules as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic and/or recurrent gastric cancer: a multicenter, randomized phase III trial (SOS)
Authors: M.-H. Ryu, E. Baba, K.H. Lee, Y.I. Park, N. Boku, I. Hyodo, B.-H. Nam, T. Esaki, C. Yoo, B.-Y. Ryoo, E.-K. Song, S.-H. Cho, W.K. Kang, S.H. Yang, D.Y. Zang, D.B. Shin, S.R. Park, K. Shinozaki, T. Takano, Y.-K. Kang
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)
Defective p53 antiangiogenic signaling in glioblastoma
Authors: B. Berger, D. Capper, D. Lemke, P.-N. Pfenning, M. Platten, M. Weller, A. von Deimling, W. Wick, M. Weiler
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2010)

Previous findings suggest an angiogenesis-regulating function of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in various malignancies. With several antiangiogenic agents entering the clinic, we assessed the value of the TP53 status in predicting angiogenesis in glioblastoma in vivo and examined underlying angiogenic-signaling pathways in vitro. We identified 26 TP53 wild-type and 9 TP53 mutated treatment-naïve, primary, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) wild-type glioblastoma specimens by sequence analysis and quantified vascularization. P53 responsiveness of the angiogenesis-related target genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), and collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylase alpha 2 (P4HA2), was evaluated by (i) overexpression of wild-type p53 in homozygously TP53-deleted LN-308 cells; (ii) shRNA-mediated p53 knockdown in the TP53 wild-type LNT-229 cells; and (iii) chemical induction of wild-type p53 expression in LNT-229 cells by camptothecin. Irrespective of the TP53 status, vascularization did not differ significantly between the two groups of glioblastoma specimens. Of all target genes, only P4HA2 mRNA was upregulated through wild-type p53. As opposed to several nonglial tumors, in glioblastoma cells, p53-mediated transcriptional induction of P4HA2 mRNA neither resulted in increased levels of P4HA2 protein or antiangiogenic endostatin nor did it influence endothelial cell sprouting, viability, or transmigration in vitro. Moreover, p53-uncoupled stable overexpression of P4HA2 in LN-308 cells did not affect endothelial cell viability. These data challenge the view of p53 as an angiogenesis-regulator in glioblastoma in that relevant signaling pathways are silenced, potentially contributing to the angiogenic switch during malignant progression.
Does theophylline really improve acute mountain sickness?
Authors: G. Röggla, W. Domej, M. Röggla
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

Does theophylline really improve acute mountain sickness?To the Editor:Fischer et al. [1] report that theophylline improves acute mountain sickness (AMS).This is of high interest, as there may be an adenosine-sensitive mechanism of hypoxic respiratory control and therapy, with a specific adenosine antagonist like theophylline, which may potentially influence respiratory adaptation to hypoxia.However, recent studies in human and animal experiments, which sought to evaluate the influence of theophylline on hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) to normobaric hypoxia in laboratory conditions, gave no evidence for an influence of theophylline on chemoreceptor responsiveness [2].To verify the authors9 conclusions, we evaluated the effect of 300 mg theophylline on respiration in hypobaric hypoxia at moderate altitude.We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, crossover trial in eight healthy nonacclimatized men aged 24 -42.Participants were randomized to 300 mg oral nonretardised theophylline or placebo immediately after transport to 2,600 m altitude by cable car.Pa,O 2 and Pa,CO 2 were analysed before and after 2 h rest after medication [3].The procedure was repeated after 1 week in the other test condition.Differences in blood gas concentrations before and after medication were analysed by paired t-tests.Results are shown in table 1. Mean (95% confidence interval) difference in Pa,O 2 between test conditions was 0.88 mmHg (0.57 -2.32 mmHg, p~0.195), and 0.55 mmHg (0.91 -1.91 mmHg, p~0.430) for Pa,CO 2 .Pa,O 2 did not change in either test condition during the observation period and Pa,CO 2 decreased due to HVR, but theophylline did not enhance this decrease.Although we did not measure respiration directly, our data indicate that theophylline does not influence acute ventilatory adaptation at moderate altitude.We cannot comment on a further potential beneficial effect of theophylline on AMS from our own data, because we, like the authors, did not evaluate the effect of theophylline in AMS-patients, but in a small group of healthy volunteers.AMS incidence at 3,500 m altitude is about 30% (and only 8% at our investigation altitude), so we can reckon on very few AMS patients in this trial [4,5].The subjects in the reported field experiment had only low AMS scores and therefore suffered very mild to moderate signs and symptoms of AMS.Although these scores may be improved by theophylline, we do not think that the authors conclusions are based on very convincing evidence.
Trabectedin Plus Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Bradley J. Monk, Thomas J. Herzog, Stanley B. Kaye, Carolyn N. Krasner, Jan B. Vermorken, Franco M. Muggia, Eric Pujade-Lauraine, Alla S. Lisyanskaya, Anatoly N. Makhson, Janusz Rolski, Vera A. Gorbounova, Prafull Ghatage, Mariusz Bidzinski, Keng Shen, Hextan Yuen-Sheung Ngan, Ignace B. Vergote, Joo-Hyun Nam, Youn Choi Park, Claudia A. Lebedinsky, Andrés M. Poveda
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of trabectedin plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) with that of PLD alone in women with recurrent ovarian cancer after failure of first-line, platinum-based chemotherapy.Women > or = 18 years, stratified by performance status (0 to 1 v 2) and platinum sensitivity, were randomly assigned to receive an intravenous infusion of PLD 30 mg/m(2) followed by a 3-hour infusion of trabectedin 1.1 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks or PLD 50 mg/m(2) every 4 weeks. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) by independent radiology assessment.Patients (N = 672) were randomly assigned to trabectedin/PLD (n = 337) or PLD (n = 335). Median PFS was 7.3 months with trabectedin/PLD v 5.8 months with PLD (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.96; P = .0190). For platinum-sensitive patients, median PFS was 9.2 months v 7.5 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.95; P = .0170). Overall response rate (ORR) was 27.6% for trabectedin/PLD v 18.8% for PLD (P = .0080); for platinum-sensitive patients, it was 35.3% v 22.6% (P = .0042), respectively. ORR, PFS, and overall survival among platinum-resistant patients were not statistically different. Neutropenia was more common with trabectedin/PLD. Grade 3 to 4 transaminase elevations were also more common with the combination but were transient and noncumulative. Hand-foot syndrome and mucositis were less frequent with trabectedin/PLD than with PLD alone.When combined with PLD, trabectedin improves PFS and ORR over PLD alone with acceptable tolerance in the second-line treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.
What Is a “Nonprofit” Hospital?—Reply
Authors: Karen E. Joynt, Ashish K. Jha
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

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The difficulty in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
Authors: T M A Wilkinson
Journal: Thorax (2003)

▴ Chagnon I, Bounameaux H, Aujesky D, et al . Comparison of two clinical prediction rules and implicit assessment among patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Am J Med2002;113:337–8 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Two methods of assessing the pre-test probability of pulmonary embolism (PE) are compared in this paper. The Well's score is an established "prediction rule" based on six clinical parameters while the "Geneva … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BAmerican%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Bmedicine%26rft.stitle%253DAm%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.aulast%253DFerreira%26rft.auinit1%253DG.%26rft.volume%253D113%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D337%26rft.epage%253D338%26rft.atitle%253DClinical%2Bprediction%2Brules%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bdiagnosis%2Bof%2Bpulmonary%2Bembolism.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0002-9343%252802%252901255-X%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12361822%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01255-X&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12361822&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F58%2F1%2F29.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000178319500012&link_type=ISI