tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Anne Dornhorst, Joanna C. Girling
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

Glucose intolerance that is first diagnosed during pregnancy is termed gestational diabetes mellitus. The definition is ambiguous, and the treatment controversial. Most important, the threshold at which glucose intolerance adversely affects the course of pregnancy and increases the risk of future diabetes in the mother and her child is not known.Pregnancy can be viewed as a physiologic beta-cell stress test, with glucose tolerance depending on the presence of adequate maternal beta-cell reserves. In normal pregnancy, fasting plasma glucose concentrations decrease and postprandial glucose concentrations rise. The latter effect continues throughout pregnancy; postprandial insulin release doubles, whereas insulin sensitivity is . . .
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome and Bilateral Subclavian Vein Thrombosis CT and Radionuclide Venography Correlation
Authors: FREDERIC A. CONTE, JOSEPH A. ORZEL
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

Radionuclide venography (RNV) and CT with contrast infusion were performed in a patient wth superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome and upper extremity swelling due to SVC and bilateral subclavian vein thrombosis resulting from infection of a Le Veen peritoneovenous shunt. Although CT was suggestive of thrombosis and excluded extrinsic compression by a mass, obstruction of the SVC and deliniation of collateral venous channels were best demonstrated by RNV.
508 Involvement of trail/trail receptor pathway in the anti-tumor effect of 5-fluorouracil and interferon-alpha therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: T YAMAMOTO, H NAGANO, M SAKON, B DAMDINSUREN, H OTA, M NAKAMURA, H WADA, S MARUBASHI, A MIYAMOTO, K UMESHITA
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known to induce apoptosis, otherwise known as programmed cell death, in many malignant cells without any known detrimental effects to normal cells. These aspects of TRAIL indicate the potential of TRAIL as a therapeutic agent in cancer. Ovarian cancer remains the deadliest gynecologic malignancy and is the fourth leading cause of death due to cancer in women. However, it has been shown in studies that ovarian cancer cells are sensitive to TRAIL-induced cell death when treated with TRAIL alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. TRAIL signals through two death receptors, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, to induce apoptosis. TRAIL also binds to two other cell surface receptors, TRAIL-R3 and TRAIL-R4, which do not have intracellular death domains and therefore do not transmit the apoptotic signal upon ligation with TRAIL. It has been shown that a chemokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8), may play a role in ovarian tumor progression due to its elevated presence in the fluid surrounding ovarian cancer tissues. Possible roles for IL-8 in ovarian tumorigenesis include angiogenesis and metastasis. Because the mechanism of regulation for TRAIL-induced apoptosis needs to be clarified, the role of IL-8 in TRAIL-induced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells was studied. Results showed that the presence of IL-8 regulates cell-surface expression of TRAIL receptors in ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro. There may be a role for the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in TRAIL-induced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cell.
Giant Primary Melanoma With No Apparent Metastases: A Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Tracie Ann Chong, Lauren Strazzula, Mai P. Hoang, Ryan Arakaki, Daniela Kroshinsky
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

Large primary cutaneous melanomas convey an ominous risk of metastases. The finding of large-scale melanomas without regional or distant metastases suggests a less aggressive biology for this type of tumor.
Epstein–Barr Virus — Increasing Evidence of a Link to Carcinoma
Authors: Elliott Kieff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

In this issue of the Journal, Pathmanathan et al.1 add a new dimension to the etiologic link between Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and anaplastic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Genetic and environmental factors have also been implicated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.2 In southern Chinese and some North African and Native American populations, it is a common cancer that causes substantial morbidity and mortality, even among young people. Although the carcinoma usually responds to radiotherapy, recurrences are frequent and difficult to treat.A close association between EBV and nasopharyngeal carcinoma was previously established by the following findings: the presence of EBV DNA, RNA, and proteins . . .
Mapping of the C3b-binding site of CR1 and construction of a (CR1)2-F(ab')2 chimeric complement inhibitor.
Authors: K R Kalli, P H Hsu, T J Bartow, J M Ahearn, A K Matsumoto, L B Klickstein, D T Fearon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

CR1/CR2 chimeric receptors in which various short consensus repeats (SCRs) of CR1 were attached to CR2 were transiently expressed on COS cells, and assessed for the binding of polymerized C3b (pC3b) and anti-CR2 by immunofluorescence. Of COS cells expressing chimeras containing SCR 1-4, 1-3, 2-4, 1-2, and 2-3 of the long homologous repeats (LHRs) -B or -C, 96%, 66%, 23%, 0%, and 0%, respectively, bound pC3b. K562 cells were stably transfected with wild-type CR1, deletion mutants of CR1, and the CR1/CR2 chimeras, respectively, and assayed for binding of 125I-pC3b. The dissociation constants (Kd) for pC3b of wild-type CR1 and the LHR-BD and -CD constructs were in the range of 1.0-2.7 nM, and of the CR1/CR2 chimeras containing SCRs 1-4, 1-3, and 2-4 of LHR-B or -C were 1.8-2.4, 6-9, and 22-36 nM, respectively. The factor I-cofactor function of the CR1/CR2 chimeras paralleled the C3b-binding function of the constructs. A CR1/immunoglobulin (Ig) chimeric protein was prepared by fusing SCRs 1-4 of LHR-B to the heavy chains of a murine F(ab')2 anti-nitrophenacetyl (NP) monoclonal antibody. The (CR1)2-F(ab')2 chimera, which retained its specificity for NP, was as effective as soluble, full-length CR1 in binding pC3b, serving as a cofactor for factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b, and inhibiting activation of the alternative pathway, indicating that the bivalent expression of these SCRs reconstitutes the alternative pathway inhibitory function of CR1. The feasibility of creating CR1/Ig chimeras makes possible a new strategy of targeting complement inhibition by the use of Ig fusion partners having particular antigenic specificities.
Points: Traumatic neuropathy of second cervical spinal nerves
Authors: S. Behrman
Journal: BMJ (1983)

<h3>Aim</h3> To synthesise a selection of UK medical students’ and doctors’ views surrounding nutrition in medical education and practice. <h3>Methods</h3> Information was gathered from surveys of medical students and doctors identified between 2015 and 2018 and an evaluation of nutrition teaching in a single UK medical school. Comparative analysis of the findings was undertaken to answer three questions: the perceived importance of nutrition in medical education and practice, adequacy of nutrition training, and confidence in current nutrition knowledge and skills. <h3>Results</h3> We pooled five heterogeneous sources of information, representing 853 participants. Most agreed on the importance of nutrition in health (&gt;90%) and in a doctor’s role in nutritional care (&gt;95%). However, there was less desire for more nutrition education in doctors (85%) and in medical students (68%). Most felt their nutrition training was inadequate, with &gt;70% reporting less than 2 hours. There was a preference for face-to-face rather than online training. At one medical school, nutrition was included in only one module, but this increased to eight modules following an increased nutrition focus. When medical students were asked about confidence in their nutrition knowledge and on advising patients, there was an even split between agree and disagree (p=0.869 and p=0.167, respectively), yet few were confident in the UK dietary guidelines. Only 26% of doctors were confident in their nutrition knowledge and 74% gave nutritional advice less than once a month, citing lack of knowledge (75%), time (64%) and confidence (62%) as the main barriers. There was some recognition of the importance of a collaborative approach, yet 28% of doctors preferred to get specialist advice rather than address nutrition themselves. <h3>Conclusion</h3> There is a desire and a need for more nutrition within medical education, as well as a need for greater clarity of a doctor’s role in nutritional care and when to refer for specialist advice. Despite potential selection bias and limitations in the sampling frame, this synthesis provides a multifaceted snapshot via a large number of insights from different levels of training through medical students to doctors from which further research can be developed.
Inherited Liver Disease: Clinical Teaching Project. Unit 8, American Gastroenterological Association. by C.A. Riely, S.R. Vera, M.I. Burrell and R.S. Koff. Timonium, Md: Milner–Fenwick, 1993. $125
Authors: Charles M. Noyer, Howard J. Worman
Journal: Hepatology (1994)
Abstract 1397: Simultaneous down-regulation of WWOX and DOK1 genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients
Authors: Onur Baykara, Seda Ekizoglu, Esin Tuna, Ahmet Demirkaya, Kamil Kaynak, Hikmet Kose, Nur Buyru
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer-related death worldwide and genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors affect the outcome of the disease. The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene is a putative tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 16q23.3-24.1. It is composed of 9 exons and codes for a 414 amino acid protein. The WWOX gene has been previously reported to lose its tumor suppressor effect in several types of cancer including lung, ovarian, breast, stomach, uroepithelial and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Docking Protein 1 (DOK1) is another putative tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 2p13 and is known to be down-regulated and hypermethylated in various types of cancer including lung, breast or head and neck cancers and Burkitt lymphoma. WWOX activates MEK2 (MAP2K2-mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 2) which plays a crucial role in mitogen growth factor signal transduction. This activation increases ERK signaling in the MAPK/ERK pathway leading to transcription. The WWOX protein has two WW (tryptophan) domains which recognize the proline-rich region of other proteins. The DOK1 protein has a proline-rich region on its COOH terminal which may interact with the WWOX protein. DOK1 activates the RAS-GAP (GTPase activating proteins) signaling pathway leading to transcription when it is phosphorylated. Both WWOX and DOK1 also play important roles in the wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between WWOX and DOK genes by analyzing the expression levels of WWOX and DOK1 using RT-PCR in tumor tissue samples obtained from patients with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). When we analyzed expression levels by Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient Test, we observed down-regulation of the WWOX and DOK1 expression by 92.3% and 69.4% of the patients, respectively. Expression levels of WWOX and DOK both decreased simultaneously in 66.7% of the patients. We found a significant positive correlation between the expression levels of the WWOX and DOK1 genes when analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test (p=0.033). Citation Format: Onur Baykara, Seda Ekizoglu, Esin Tuna, Ahmet Demirkaya, Kamil Kaynak, Hikmet Kose, Nur Buyru. Simultaneous down-regulation of WWOX and DOK1 genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1397. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1397
Therapeutic Effect of Recombinant Adenovirus Encoding Interferon-γ in a Murine Model of Progressive Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Dulce A Mata-Espinosa, Valentin Mendoza-Rodríguez, Diana Aguilar-León, Ricardo Rosales, Fernando López-Casillas, Rogelio Hernández-Pando
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2008)

We constructed recombinant adenoviruses encoding murine interferon-γ (AdIFNγ) and tested its therapeutic efficiency in a well characterized model of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Balb/c mice, infected through the trachea with the laboratory drug-susceptible H37Rv strain or multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolate. When the disease was in a late phase, 2 months after infection, we administered by intratracheal cannulation a single dose [1.7 × 109 plaque forming units (pfu)] of AdIFNγ or the control adenovirus. Groups of mice were killed at different time-points and the lungs were examined to determine bacilli colony forming units (CFU), cytokine/chemokine gene expression, and CD4/CD8 subpopulations, and also subjected to automated histomorphometry. In comparison with the control group, after 2 weeks of treatment and during the next 6 months, AdIFNγ-treated animals infected with either the H37Rv strain or the MDR strain showed significantly lower bacilli loads and tissue damage (pneumonia), higher expressions of IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and bigger granulomas. When compared with the results from conventional chemotherapy or AdIFNγ treatment alone, the combined treatment with AdIFNγ plus conventional chemotherapy shortened the time taken for reduction of bacillary load. This shows that gene therapy with AdIFNγ efficiently reconstituted the protective immune response and controlled the progress of pulmonary TB produced by MDR or non-MDR strains.
Focusing PSA Testing on Detection of High-Risk Prostate Cancers by Incorporating Patient Preferences Into Decision Making
Authors: Ian M. Thompson, Robin J. Leach, Donna P. Ankerst
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The novel receptor tyrosine kinase Axl is constitutively active in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acts as a docking site of nonreceptor kinases: implications for therapy
Authors: Asish K. Ghosh, Charla Secreto, Justin Boysen, Traci Sassoon, Tait D. Shanafelt, Debabrata Mukhopadhyay, Neil E. Kay
Journal: Blood (2010)
Ovariectomy and Coronary Disease
Authors: V. B. Green-Armytage
Journal: BMJ (1955)

To evaluate tumor immunotherapies, we used transgenic mice that harbor a progressive liver tumor associated with the expression of the SV40 large tumor T oncoprotein (SV40-T). To induce “self” tumor Ag-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, mice were injected with an immunodominant SV40-T CTL epitope mixed with a heterologous helper peptide. Despite repeated injections, this vaccine failed to raise a tumor-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell response that was efficient enough to counteract tumors. Although coimmunization with SV40-T CTL epitope and heterologous helper peptide efficiently recruited the respective Th cells, only low-avidity SV40-T-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were activated. Furthermore, major alterations in SV40-T-specific B and Th cell responses were characterized. In contrast, transfers of higher-avidity CTLs specific for the same SV40-T epitope were effective in counteracting tumors. These results suggest that passive therapies targeted to self tumor Ag may be more suitable than active immunization in the treatment of spontaneous tumors.
Amebic Abscess of Liver Following Metronidazole Therapy
Authors: David M. Weber
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Five patients developed amebic abscess from one to three months after apparent successful treatment of amebic colitis with metronidazole. This observation suggests that metronidazole, although a highly effective amebicide, should not be used as the single agent in therapy of amebic colitis.
Pattern and quality of recording pre-admission drug treatment in paediatric patients.
Authors: J Whyte, E Greenan
Journal: BMJ (1976)

The pattern and quality of recording drug use before admission was examined in children admitted to a paediatric unit over eight months. The preadmission drug intake (1-7 drugs/patient) was lower than that of adults. Antibiotics were the most frequently prescribed drugs, but mild analgesics and antihistamine preparations were commonly used, often without medical advice. The simultaneous administration of prescribed and non-prescribed drugs appeared to be as common in children as in adults. The number of drugs taken was related to the number of domicilary consultation received and the number of doctors seen as as to confirm that most doctors' visits result in the prescription of medicine. The transfer and recording of drug information was poor, owing principally to lack of communication between doctors and failure to detect self-medication, but the modern practices of self-referral to hospital and use of multiple prescribers have further reduced the information available. The use of a "current treatment card" is required if the full significance of iatrogenic disease in childhood is to be investigated.
A PIPETTE ATTACHMENT.
Authors: A. E. HUTCHINSON
Journal: JAMA (1907)

For years I have been making blood examinations, and it has been my lot to fail many times to secure a drop of blood for examination, especially from very old and anemic patients; failures mean repeated attempts, which add to the pain and annoyance of the patient. Practically all my failures were due to the manner of drawing up the blood into the pipette. Because of this I looked about for an apparatus to replace the rubber tubes and the sucking process and, finding none, attempted to have carried out some of my own ideas. After many failures I succeeded in having made the present apparatus, and that with undreamed of simplicity of mechanism. The attachment is slipped over the end of the blood pipette and clamped into place; the roller is moved up, but preferably not all the way, to the clamp end. This makes it possible, as the
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS AND CHOLANGITIS AS A COMPLICATION OF GALLSTONES.
Authors: DANIEL N. EISENDRATH
Journal: JAMA (1901)

In his treatise on gallstones Hans Kehr, whose experience in this special field has been such a rich and varied one, says: "Almost every case of cholelithiasis brings surprises of a remarkable sort. The pathological anatomy of this disease forms the foundation for its special diagnosis and treatment. Without an exact comprehension of the pathology, we can neither make a good diagnosis nor initiate a rational treatment." Stimulated by these words, it will be my purpose to add a contribution rather to the surgical pathology of this subject than to its treatment. The case which I desire to report, and which I will discuss in detail later, was one of the surprises of which Kehr speaks. It is, in brief, that of a girl 17 years of age, who was operated upon for gallstones, and purulent cholecystitis, in which the colon bacilli were found in pure culture, and who died
Immune response to a thymus-dependent form of B512 dextran requires the presence of Lyb-5+ lymphocytes.
Authors: K E Stein, D A Zopf, C B Miller, B M Johnson, P K Mongini, A Ahmed, W E Paul
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

Studies of the ontogeny of the immune response to B512 dextran (Dex) show that antibody responses equal to those of adult mice are not attained until 12 wk of age. We have examined the anti-Dex response after immunization with a thymus-dependent antigen isomaltohexaosyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (IM6-KLH) and have shown that the development of the cross-reacting anti-Dex response parallels the development of Lyb-5+ B cells. Adult levels of anti-Dex antibody after immunization with IM6-KLH are achieved in mice between 3 and 12 wk of age, a time when Lyb-5+ cells have reached adult levels. Neonatal mice, immunized at 1 d or 1 wk after birth, failed to produce a significant amount of anti-Dex antibodies, although they did produce IM6-specific antibodies after immunization with IM6-KLH. Data, which support the conclusion from these experiments that Lyb-5+ cells are required for an anti-polysaccharide response even when the immunizing antigen is thymus-dependent, include the failure of IM6-KLH to stimulate a normal anti-Dex response in mice with the xid defect and the direct demonstration in normal adult mice that elimination of Lyb-5+ cells from spleens of mice primed with IM6-KLH abolishes the ability of these cells to transfer an anti-Dex response. The data imply that the expressed B cell repertoire in adult animals is skewed such that the vast majority of B cells capable of responding to polysaccharide determinants are in the Lyb-5+ subset.
Tropism of avian influenza A (H5N1) in the upper and lower respiratory tract
Authors: J M Nicholls, M C W Chan, W Y Chan, H K Wong, C Y Cheung, D L W Kwong, M P Wong, W H Chui, L L M Poon, S W Tsao, Y Guan, J S M Peiris
Journal: Nature Medicine (2007)
Diagnosing Cervical Cancer and High-Grade Precursors by HPV16 Transcription Patterns
Authors: Markus Schmitt, Véronique Dalstein, Tim Waterboer, Christine Clavel, Lutz Gissmann, Michael Pawlita
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), mainly HPV type 16, can cause malignant transformation of the human cervical epithelium and the development of cervical cancer (CxCa). A rapid and precise diagnosis of the precancerous lesions by conventional cytology or HPV DNA tests remains difficult and often leads to overtreatment. We quantitatively analyzed the HPV16 transcriptome of 80 HPV16 DNA-positive cervical scrapes classified as mild cytologic grade, including no intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NIL/M; normal, n=25) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL; n=24), and severe cytologic grade, including high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL; n=24) and CxCa (n=7), with novel nucleic acid sequence-based amplification-Luminex assays. In severe lesions, HPV16 E6*II and E1C encoding transcripts were strongly upregulated, whereas spliced E1[SYMBOL: SEE TEXT]E4 and L1 encoding transcripts were markedly downregulated. Using a combination of the four marker transcripts, 100% of CxCa and 67% of HSIL cases were correctly identified as severe, and 74% of LSIL and 92% of NIL/M samples as mild cytologic grade. Compared with a commercially available HPV E6/E7 mRNA assay, the specificity of the marker combination for discriminating severe and mild cytologic lesions increased from 23% to 83%. In conclusion, we identified a novel HPV16 RNA pattern for grading of cervical lesions with a potentially high diagnostic value for the primary screening of CxCa precursors and the triage of cervical lesions.