tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cases of congenital rubella may be the tip of the iceberg
Authors: R. M Thomas
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—We have diagnosed congenital rubella infection in another infant since publication of our two other cases as a lesson of the week.1

The infant was born to a Sri Lankan primiparous woman who had lived in the United Kingdom for six years and had not travelled abroad in the recent past or had contact with rubella. The mother was susceptible to rubella on routine antenatal testing at 12 weeks' gestation. The infant was born at 34 weeks' gestation with …
Aspirin for everyone over 50?: Are we treating a nutritional deficiency?
Authors: Michael McMullen
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Drug combinations and all cause mortality in heart disease No new insights were gainedEditor-Hippisley-Cox and Coupland conclude that the addition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to combinations of drugs conferred no additional benefit in their study of patients in primary care with ischaemic heart disease. 1 However, such a conclusion should be reached with caution.The drugs were given to the patients with the highest risk of death.A higher percentage of patients who died were treated with ACE inhibitors, and the greatest improvement in risk of death after adjustment for risk factors was seen in the patients treated with these drugs.ACE inhibitors might thus have been given to the patients with the most severe disease in each comorbidity group-for example, to diabetic patients with kidney disease and to patients with the most severe heart failure.Therefore the study can give no indication of the crucial question whether the outcome would have been equally good for the group of 463 patients who probably had the most severe disease and received statins, aspirin, blockers, and ACE inhibitors if they had not been given ACE inhibitors.Replacement of yes or no for comorbidity factors with more discriminating variables, such as presence of microalbuminuria and a severity measure for heart disease, would probably have improved the study.However, this cannot replace the quality of a randomised, placebo controlled study comparing the effect of adding ACE inhibitors to the other study drugs.Therefore the study by Hippisley-Cox and Coupland adds no new knowledge to how patients with ischaemic heart disease in primary care should be treated.
LSD and Chromosomes
Authors: Joe-Hin Tjio
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The chromosomes of lymphocytes were studied in 32 patients before and after they took lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as part of double-blind, controlled research of the effects of the drug in psychotherapy and in five black-market LSD users who volunteered to take pure LSD in a research setting. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the before- and after-LSD chromosomal aberration rates. In addition, a post-LSD study of eight normal subjects who had received LSD in previous research experiments was also performed with the same cytogenetic methods. The results of these experiments consistently supported the conclusion that at this time there is no definite evidence that pure LSD damages chromosomes of human lymphocytes in vivo as studied from 72-hour cultures.
Community pharmacies saved from deregulation plans
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The government has refused to fully endorse recommendations from the Office of Fair Trading calling for deregulation of pharmacies, a move that would have threatened the future of small community pharmacies, particularly in rural or poor areas.

At the moment, although a pharmacy can in theory be set up anywhere, primary care trusts are responsible for granting them contracts to dispense NHS prescriptions, which …
Enhanced CT and FDG PET/CT in Malignant Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Lung
Authors: Aisheng Dong, Changjing Zuo, Yang Wang, Yong Cui
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Although some histological features of solitary fibrous tumor are related to its aggressive behavior, tumors with benign features may also follow an aggressive behavior. An 18-year-old male patient was referred after the detection of multiple bilateral pulmonary lesions on a chest x-ray in a health examination 2 months ago. These lesions showed inhomogeneous enhancement on enhanced CT and intense FDG uptake (SUVmax, 21.8) on PET/CT. CT-guided biopsy revealed histologically benign solitary fibrous tumor.
UK drug companies must disclose funding of patients' groups
Authors: Michael Day
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Drug companies must make public their involvement with patients' advocacy groups, under a revised industry code of practice introduced in the United Kingdom this month.

From 1 January firms are expected to name all patients' organisations that receive their financial support. They must also set out details of such relationships and any funding provided, say the new rules of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. The update …
THE MODERN TREATMENT OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
Authors: FRITZ A. FREYHAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

The pharmacological treatment of depressions offers this immense psychological advantage: the patient maintains his experiential continuity. The amnestic syndrome associated with ECT, to which many attributed therapeutic significance, proves to be quite superfluous as is seen in successful pharmacotherapy. The preservation of experiential continuity has vast implications for psychotherapy. Until now, psychotherapy either followed ECT or had to be limited to patients who seemed capable of affective contact and of self-control over suicidal impulses. With ECT, the patient remains physically and emotionally passive. His recovery comes, as it were, from without. Pharmacotherapy makes him a participating partner. This offers psychotherapy entirely new opportunities to involve the patient in the therapeutic process until recovery is seen as coming from within. The treatment of depression is once again in transition. If psychiatric history is not to repeat itself, we must realize that the measure of success will depend on our capacity to abandon static positions, to integrate new knowledge and to create comprehensive therapeutic methods.
The Assessment of Metformin Treatment on Coronary Collateral Development in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Türkan Seda Tan Kürklü, Aydan Ongun, Haci Ali Kürklü, Çiğdem Koca, Ali Timuçin Altın, Çağdaş Özdöl, Çetin Erol
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Adverse Health Consequences of Performance-Enhancing Drugs: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement
Authors: Harrison G. Pope, Ruth I. Wood, Alan Rogol, Fred Nyberg, Larry Bowers, Shalender Bhasin
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2013)

Despite the high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, media attention has focused almost entirely on PED use by elite athletes to illicitly gain a competitive advantage in sports, and not on the health risks of PEDs. There is a widespread misperception that PED use is safe or that adverse effects are manageable. In reality, the vast majority of PED users are not athletes but rather nonathlete weightlifters, and the adverse health effects of PED use are greatly underappreciated. This scientific statement synthesizes available information on the medical consequences of PED use, identifies gaps in knowledge, and aims to focus the attention of the medical community and policymakers on PED use as an important public health problem. PED users frequently consume highly supraphysiologic doses of PEDs, combine them with other PEDs and/or other classical drugs of abuse, and display additional associated risk factors. PED use has been linked to an increased risk of death and a wide variety of cardiovascular, psychiatric, metabolic, endocrine, neurologic, infectious, hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal disorders. Because randomized trials cannot ethically duplicate the large doses of PEDs and the many factors associated with PED use, we need observational studies to collect valid outcome data on the health risks associated with PEDs. In addition, we need studies regarding the prevalence of PED use, the mechanisms by which PEDs exert their adverse health effects, and the interactive effects of PEDs with sports injuries and other high-risk behaviors. We also need randomized trials to assess therapeutic interventions for treating the adverse effects of PEDs, such as the anabolic-androgen steroid withdrawal syndrome. Finally, we need to raise public awareness of the serious health consequences of PEDs.
Worsening of hepatic dysfunction as a consequence of repeated hydroxyethylstarch infusions
Authors: Christos Christidis, Frédéric Mal, Jeanne Ramos, Agnès Senejoux, Patrice Callard, Robert Navarro, Jean-Claude Trinchet, Dominique Larrey, Michel Beaugrand, Catherine Guettier
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
Cognitive effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in animals.
Authors: S L Schantz, J J Widholm
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

A large number of chemical pollutants including phthalates, alkylphenolic compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, organochlorine pesticides, bisphenol A, and metals including lead, mercury, and cadmium have the ability to disrupt endocrine function in animals. Some of these same chemicals have been shown to alter cognitive function in animals and humans. Because hormonally mediated events play a central role in central nervous system development and function, a number of researchers have speculated that the changes in cognitive function are mediated by the endocrine-like actions of these chemicals. In this paper we review the evidence that cognitive effects of chemicals classified as environmental endocrine disruptors are mediated by changes in hormonal function. We begin by briefly reviewing the role of gonadal steroids, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids in brain development and brain function. We then review the endocrine changes and cognitive effects that have been reported for selected endocrine-disrupting chemicals, discuss the evidence for causal relationships between endocrine disruption and cognitive effects, and suggest directions for future research.
Aversion Therapy of Homosexuals
Authors: I. Bieber
Journal: BMJ (1967)

MEDICAL JOURN'L grammes started much before 1950, these data cannot yet be available.As mentioned in your leading article, figures from Montreal, where screening was started in a small way in 1945, show a considerable increase in fiveyear survival rates in carcinoma of the cervix, and this is attributed directly to cytology screening.Though many questions concerning cer- vical cytology are so far unanswered, or unanswerable, it is to be hoped that efforts to continue the screening of all adult women should not be prejudiced.-Iam, etc.,
Colon and Rectal Surgery
Authors: R. Dale Liechty
Journal: JAMA (1989)

We learn in the foreword by John Goligher that the fifth edition of his classic<i>Surgery of the Anus, Colon and Rectum</i>(1984) was the final edition. It has met the needs of colorectal surgeons for most of three decades. Now, Goligher has handed the torch to Dr Corman, his assistant for a year at the University of Leeds; Goligher has chosen well. Corman's second edition amply fulfills Goligher's three criteria of a successful text: comprehensiveness, high-quality illustrations, and single authorship. About the last point Goligher writes: "A single authorship has the great merit of presenting a uniform and more agreeable literary style. When writing on a fairly limited theme, such as disease of the colon and rectum, it ought to be possible in my opinion for one experienced and determined writer to circumscribe the whole field with adequate authority entirely by himself, with perhaps a little assistance from one
SOCS3 Is a Critical Physiological Negative Regulator of G-CSF Signaling and Emergency Granulopoiesis
Authors: Ben A Croker, Donald Metcalf, Lorraine Robb, Wei Wei, Sandra Mifsud, Ladina DiRago, Leonie A Cluse, Kate D Sutherland, Lynne Hartley, Emily Williams, Jian-Guo Zhang, Douglas J Hilton, Nicos A Nicola, Warren S Alexander, Andrew W Roberts
Journal: Immunity (2004)
The Ultra Low Frequency Force Ballistocardiograph in Acute Cardiomyopathy
Authors: BRENDAN PHIBBS, CHARLES R. LOWE, ROY W. HOLMES
Journal: Circulation (1967)

In this study, ultra low frequency force ballistocardiograms were recorded throughout the course of various types of acute cardiomyopathy. Conditions studied included rheumatic carditis, lupus myocarditis, sarcoid carditis, viral myocarditis, acute glomerulonephritis, idiopathic myocarditis, and familial fibrous disease of the myocardium. The instrument used was characterized by an unusually light platform and a very high performance accelerometer. In 14 of the 15 cases studied, tracings were abnormal initially; the recorded force pattern subsequently manifested progressive change which appeared to parallel the clinical course of the disease. Changes included appearance of abnormal forces in early ventricular systole, progressive change in amplitude of acceleration and deceleration forces, appearance of abnormal high frequency components in various portions of the complex, and appearance of abnormal footward forces in late systole. The alterations thus recorded appear to offer a useful means of diagnosing and following the course of such disease entities. In some cases, this type of recording appears to provide information not available through any other conventional means.
Splenic Artery Aneurysm
Authors: Israel Steinberg
Journal: JAMA (1960)

In a classic review of the literature on splenic artery aneurysms, Owens and Coffey,<sup>1</sup>in 1953, included the report of a case diagnosed after translumbar aortography by Evans in 1950. Since then, Berger and associates,<sup>2</sup>in 1953, and Downes and others,<sup>3</sup>in 1955, have also reported translumbar aortography for diagnosis of splenic artery aneurysms. The advent of an intravenous method of abdominal aortography makes the diagnosis of splenic artery aneurysms relatively simple.<sup>4</sup>The purpose of this paper is primarily to report the case of a patient whose calcifications in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen were discovered after roentgenography of the lower part of the spine for backache. These suggested a splenic artery aneurysm; the diagnosis was then established by intravenous aortography and confirmed by the operative findings. Excision of the aneurysm was curative. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> A 54-year-old woman was admitted to
Tumour-bearing mice feel the cold
Authors: Kirsty Minton
Journal: Nature reviews. Immunology (2013)

Tumour-bearing mice feel the coldThis study describes marked differences in the antitumour immune response among mice housed at different temperatures.Healthy mice prefer an ambient temperature of 30-31 °C (known as 'thermoneutrality'), but the standard housing temperature for laboratory mice is 20-26 °C (known as 'subthermoneutrality'), which causes chronic metabolic cold stress.In several mouse tumour models (of transplanted and chemically induced tumours), tumour growth and metastasis were increased in wild-type, but not in immunodeficient, mice that were housed at subthermoneutrality compared with those housed at thermoneutrality.Activated, antigen-specific CD8 + T cells were present at a higher frequency in mice housed in thermoneutral environments and were required for the delay in tumour growth.Also, tumour-bearing mice housed at thermoneutrality had fewer immunosuppressive cells -regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells -than mice housed at subthermoneutrality. Furthermore, tumour-bearing mice preferred a temperature of 38 °C; the authors suggest that the metabolic stress of tumour growth may compound the effects of cold stress on the immune system.
Transmission of tuberculosis to close contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Authors: A L Kritski, M J Marques, M F Rabahi, M A Vieira, E Werneck-Barroso, C E Carvalho, G de N Andrade, R Bravo-de-Souza, L M Andrade, P P Gontijo, L W Riley
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) has emerged as a major public health problem worldwide. To determine the incidence and risk factors associated with tuberculosis among contacts of MDRTB index cases, we studied human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative close contacts of 64 culture-confirmed MDRTB patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Between March 1988 and July 1992, tuberculosis developed in 17 (7.8%) of 218 previously healthy close contacts of 64 MDRTB index cases (1.6 cases per 1,000-person-months of contact). Among strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from 13 contacts of 12 index cases, six (46%) had susceptibility patterns identical to those of their index cases, four (31%) had different patterns of resistance, and three (23%) were susceptible to all drugs. Tuberculosis developed more frequently in male contacts (p < 0.05), persons > or = 15 yr of age (p < 0.05), nonwhites (p < 0.001), and persons not previously vaccinated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (p < 0.05). The association of BCG vaccination with decreased risk of disease was significant even when this variable was controlled (by Cox's regression analysis) for age, sex, race, purified protein derivative (PPD) status, and isoniazid prophylaxis. BCG vaccination appears to offer protection against tuberculosis during prolonged exposures to persons with MDRTB, which identifies a novel and specific indication of BCG use.
Focus: London A rebuke from the chief medical officer
Authors: J Smith
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Some doctors in the BMA are getting fed up with being lectured to by Kenneth Calman, the chief medical officer. But he was at it again last week, when he came to address the BMA's council. There was anticipation that he might say something profound. On the face of it he didn't - he suggested a seminar. But his subtext probably was more serious, and there were signs last week that doctors' leaders are begining to take heed.

What the CMO seemed to be saying was: you may not like it but you will have to live with change, and you should act like leaders - come up with solutions and not moan about the problems or expect others to solve them for you. It's not a new …
Flexible training under the new deal
Authors: M. Davies
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Increasing numbers of women are qualifying in medicine—50% of house officers and more than half of medical school entrants are female. 1 2 Most of these doctors will marry and have children, and up to 70% would like to work part time at some stage of their careers.3–5

Opportunities for part time training have improved vastly since the first scheme was launched in 1969, and the changing regulations have allowed the number of flexible trainees to increase to 1200 in 2001, which represents 7% of all specialist registrars. 1 6 7

Part time training is not restricted to women with children—anyone with well founded reasons can apply—but they form by far the largest group.7 Forty three per cent of women doctors marry doctors.3 Even more than in other families where both partners have careers, doctors face particular problems of shift work, on-call commitments, and geographical mobility.

If part time work were unavailable, the alternative for many of these women doctors would be to …
HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Nelfinavir and Atazanavir Induce Malignant Glioma Death by Triggering Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Peter Pyrko, Adel Kardosh, Weijun Wang, Wenyong Xiong, Axel H. Schönthal, Thomas C. Chen
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract HIV type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors (PI) have been shown to have anticancer activity in non–HIV-associated human cancer cells. The underlying mechanism of this effect is unclear. Here, we show that the PIs nelfinavir and atazanavir cause cell death in various malignant glioma cell lines in vitro. The underlying mechanism of this antitumor effect involves the potent stimulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (ESR), as indicated by increased expression of two ESR markers, GRP78 and CHOP, and activation of ESR-associated caspase-4. Induction of ESR seems to play a central role in PI-induced cell death because small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of the protective ER chaperone GRP78 sensitizes cells; whereas knockdown of proapoptotic caspase-4 protects cells from PI-induced cell death. Furthermore, the treatment of cells with PIs leads to aggresome formation and accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins, implying proteasome inhibition. Thus, our results support a model whereby PIs cause tumor cell death via triggering of the ESR, inhibition of proteasome activity, and subsequent accumulation of misfolded proteins. Inhibition of glioma growth via ESR takes place in the in vivo setting as well, as nelfinavir inhibits the growth of xenografted human malignant glioma, with concomitant induction of the proapoptotic ER stress marker CHOP. Because ER stress has also been reported as the mechanism for insulin resistance and diabetes, our ER stress model of PI function may also explain why these drugs may induce insulin resistance as one of their most common side effects. [Cancer Res 2007;67(22):10920–8]
Anatomic Variations of the Orifice of the Human Coronary Sinus
Authors: HERMAN K. HELLERSTEIN, J. LOWELL ORBISON
Journal: Circulation (1951)

Anatomic variations of the orifice of the human coronary sinus now have practical significance since the advent of catheterization of the coronary sinus. Six main types of variation of the valve of the coronary sinus of 150 hearts are described. The difficulties encountered in catheterization of the human coronary sinus are probably due to obstruction offered by large membranes, bars and networks, and less frequently due to the presence of a large eustachian ridge. On the basis of this study, catheterization of the human coronary sinus should be possible in a maximum of 75 per cent of the cases.
Hyperprolactinemia, Amenorrhea, and Galactorrhea
Authors: MICHELE C. S. KOPPELMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

The syndrome of hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea, and amenorrhea is frequently caused by a pituitary tumor. Transsphenoidal surgical removal is often advocated for microadenomas, tumors smaller than 10 mm, to prevent the progression of these small adenomas into large tumors. Because no strong evidence indicates that microadenomas naturally progress to macroadenomas, we studied 25 women who had had hyperprolactinemia, amenorrhea, or galactorrhea for a mean duration of 11.3 years. Their mean initial prolactin level was 225 ng/mL (normal, < 36 ng/mL). Of 22 patients presenting with amenorrhea, 7 resumed menses spontaneously. Galactorrhea resolved completely in 6 of the 19 patients with this disorder. Only 1 patient had progression of a sellar abnormality, and this was slight. Visual fields remained full in all patients, and basal adrenal and thyroid functions remained normal. The mean prolactin level was 155 ng/mL at the reevaluation (p < 0.01, initial versus reevaluation levels). Hyperprolactinemia apparently has a benign clinical course in most women, and we advocate a conservative approach to management of this disorder.