tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Renal Bicarbonate Wasting during Phosphate Depletion A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF ALTERED ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS IN HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: Lawrence W. Gold, Shaul G. Massry, Allen I. Arieff, Jack W. Coburn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

With hyperparathyroidism, serum bicarbonate (HCO(3) (-)) is low, urinary excretion of HCO(3) (-) is increased and the apparent T(m) for HCO(3) (-) is reduced. These findings have been ascribed to a direct renal action of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Since hypophosphatemia and phosphate depletion may occur in hyperparathyroidism, it is possible that phosphate depletion could account for the abnormal renal HCO(3) (-) handling. To test this possibility, renal reabsorption of HCO(3) (-) was evaluated in dogs before and after phosphate depletion. Serum HCO(3) (-) was significantly lower in phosphate depleted dogs than in normal animals, and serum HCO(3) (-) was directly related to serum phosphorus. Both the threshold at which HCO(3) (-) appeared in the urine and the T(m) for HCO(3) (-) were reduced during phosphate depletion. Intracellular pH of muscle was significantly higher in phosphate depleted dogs than in normals and the pH returned to normal after phosphate repletion. These data show that phosphate depleted dogs, which probably have physiological hypoparathyroidism, display abnormalities in both serum HCO(3) (-) and its renal handling which are similar to those seen in hyperparathyroidism, supporting the concept that the PTH-induced alterations in HCO(3) (-) homeostasis may be due to phosphate depletion. The latter could alter cell metabolism, resulting in reduced intracellular H(+) concentration, which may then impair H(+) secretion by the renal tubules and decrease their ability to reabsorb HCO(3) (-). Consequently, T(m) HCO(3) (-) and serum HCO(3) (-) fall.
A Representative Value for Whole-Day BP Monitoring
Authors: Michael A. Weber
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Shorter-term alternatives to 24-hour monitoring of BP were analyzed in six hypertensive patients. Average BPs during the 24-hour period were lower than averages during a two-hour morning period or those based on either three readings or a single reading taken at 8 AM. The systolic and diastolic BP two-hour averages correlated more strongly with the 24-hour averages than did the three-reading or single-reading alternatives. Thus, the average of serial BP readings obtained during a two-hour morning period is a consistent predictor of the whole-day BP and represents it more closely than the conventionally used single reading.
Expression of non-signaling membrane-anchored death receptors protects murine livers in different models of hepatitis
Authors: Delphyne Descamps, Frédéric Vigant, Stéphanie Esselin, Elisabeth Connault, Paule Opolon, Michel Perricaudet, Karim Benihoud
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) are death receptors involved in various diseases such as hepatitis, sepsis, or graft rejection. Neutralizing antibodies to death ligands or soluble death receptors can inhibit cell death; however, they induce side effects because of their systemic actions. To specifically block death signaling to target cells, we created death domain–deficient (ΔDD) membrane-anchored receptors, delivered to the liver by either recombinant adenovirus or hydrodynamic pressure of nonviral recombinant plasmids. In anti-Fas antibody-induced fulminant hepatitis, mice expressing recombinant Fas-decoy receptors (FasΔDD) in their livers were completely protected against apoptosis and survived fulminant hepatitis. In T-cell–dependent concanavalin A–induced autoimmune hepatitis, FasΔDD antagonist expression prevented hepatocyte damage and mouse death. Finally, TNFR1ΔDD effectively protected mice against LPS-induced septic shock. In conclusion , such ΔDD-decoy receptors act as dominant-negative receptors exerting local inhibition, while avoiding systemic neutralization of apoptosis ligands, and might have therapeutic potential in hepatitis.
Reply to Dr. Krag et al.
Authors: C. Triantos, J. Goulis, D. Patch, G. Papatheodoridis, G. Leandro, D. Samonakis, E. Cholongitas, A. Burroughs
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

We thank Dr. Krag et al. for their interest in our meta-analysis of the endoscopic therapy of acute variceal bleeding. We were very careful in what evidence we considered to be supported by the pooled data given by meta-analysis interpreted in a reasonable manner. Thus our summary in the abstract states: ”The conclusive evidence for substituting banding ligation or the combination of vasoconstrictors with sclerotherapy as better therapeutic approaches is not present in randomized trials. Sclerotherapy can remain a gold standard in variceal bleeding but there is scope for further studies of ligation and vasoactive drugs.“
Appropriate technology anaesthetics
Authors: M. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (1984)

incidence between first and second trimesters (x2=43 p< 0001) followed by an increased incidence in the third trimester (X2=26 p<0001).In view of these differences one wonders to what extent the association between life events and birthweight can be trusted to reflect causal relation.The differences in the incidence of life events are intriguing.A possible explanation is that a reported incidence reflects discomfort during pregnancy in terms of changing behaviour or changing the perception or reporting of life events.The discomfort of the first and third trimesters being contrasted by the relative well being of the second.To consider Dr Newton and Miss Hunt's data in this way would probably be more productive than in terms of the "stress" hypothesis.Demonstrable behavioural and psychological changes in pregnancy are of much broader interest and implication than the remote possi- bility of stress.
Central nervous system acute lymphoblastic leukemia: role of natural killer cells
Authors: Liron Frishman-Levy, Avishai Shemesh, Allan Bar-Sinai, Chao Ma, Zhenya Ni, Shahar Frenkel, Vera Muench, Hilke Bruckmueller, Christian Vokuhl, Klaus-Michael Debatin, Cornelia Eckert, Martin Stanulla, Martin Schrappe, Kerry S. Campbell, Ron Loewenthal, Denis M. Schewe, Jacob Hochman, Lueder H. Meyer, Dan Kaufman, Gunnar Cario, Angel Porgador, Shai Izraeli
Journal: Blood (2015)
Surface antigen expression on Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes is modified in alpha- and beta-thalassemia.
Authors: G A Luzzi, A H Merry, C I Newbold, K Marsh, G Pasvol, D J Weatherall
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

In an attempt to determine the mechanism whereby thalassemia in its milder forms may protect against malaria, we have examined the expression of neoantigen at the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized thalassemic red cells. Neoantigen expression was estimated by measurement of antibody bound after incubation in serum from adults living in a malaria-endemic area, using a quantitative radiometric antiglobulin assay. We found that P. falciparum-parasitized alpha- and beta-thalassemic red cells bind greater levels of antibody from endemic serum than controls: mean binding ratios (+/- SE), respectively, for alpha- and beta-thalassemia compared with controls were 1.69 +/- 0.12 and 1.23 +/- 0.06 on a cell for cell basis, and 1.97 +/- 0.11 and 1.47 +/- 0.08 after a correction for surface area differences. Binding of antibody increased exponentially during parasite maturation. In addition, we found a small but significant degree of binding of naturally occurring antibody to parasitized red cells, the extent of which was also greater in thalassemia. The apparent protective effect of thalassemia against malaria may be related to enhanced immune recognition and hence clearance of parasitized erythrocytes.
Cost of Coronary Angiography
Authors: Pate D. Thomson
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In his articles of cost and risk of coronary arteriography, Charles E. Hansing, MD (242:731; 242:735, 1979), demonstrated in a study of cardiac catheterization laboratories in the state of Washington that no correlation existed between the total number of cardiac catheterization procedures performed in a laboratory and the cost per procedure. Furthermore, no relationship existed between the risk per procedure and the number performed. Risk was more related to the type of patient undergoing angiography, with higher risk occurring in those with main left coronary stenosis, triple-vessel coronary disease, severe aortic stenosis, and congestive heart failure. These cost data corroborate findings of an impartial study of three hospitals in the San Francisco Bay area by the subcommittee on Cardiac Catheterization and Surgical Services of the Regional Medical Planning Committee (1976). Depreciation, wages and benefits, materials, services, and indirect expenses were taken into account. The three hospitals all
The molecular and genetic base of congenital transport defects
Authors: J-F DESJEUX
Journal: Gut (2000)

In the past 10 years, several monogenetic abnormalities have been identified in families with congenital intestinal transport defects. Wright and colleagues1 2 described the first, which concerns congenital glucose and galactose malabsorption. Subsequently, altered genes were identified in partial or total loss of nutrient absorption, including cystinuria, lysinuric protein intolerance, Menkes' disease (copper malabsorption), bile salt malabsorption, certain forms of lipid malabsorption, and congenital chloride diarrhoea. Altered genes may also result in decreased secretion (for chloride in cystic fibrosis) or increased absorption (for sodium in Liddle's syndrome or copper in Wilson's disease)—for general review see Scriver and colleagues,3Desjeux,4 and Krawczak and Cooper5(http://www.uwcm.ac.uk/uwcm/mg/hgmd0.html). When considering the rarity of these diseases, we may ask why gastroenterologists should be concerned with these discoveries? My personal answer is that we may gain information in three main areas: (1) the pathophysiology and treatment of these diseases; (2) the use of genetics in gastroenterology; and (3) the genetic control of nutrient absorption. Thus by recognising the entry of genetics into the field of gastroenterology, we may have to adapt to a new way of thinking to fully participate in restoring or maintaining the good health of mankind. In this paper, for the sake of simplicity, only monogenic diseases will be considered.

In some diseases the relationship between phenotype and genotype is quite convincing. Glucose and galactose malabsorption (GGM) is a rare congenital disease resulting from a selective defect in the intestinal glucose and galactose/Na+ cotransport system. It is characterised by neonatal onset of severe watery acidic diarrhoea. Children recover if glucose and galactose are withdrawn from the diet. Interestingly, GGM was described by French and Swedish paediatricians when the American biochemist R K Crane was presenting his hypothesis on the glucose-Na+ cotransporter at the luminal membrane of the …
Bone Marrow Necrosis Caused by Metastatic Colon Cancer
Authors: Yung-Chih Wang, Ping-Ying Chang, Nai-Shun Yao
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

A 37-year-old man presented to our clinic complaining of bloody stool passage over the previous week. Colonoscopy found a mass over the sigmoid colon, and a biopsy disclosed adenocarcinoma. A hemogram revealed anemia and thrombocytopenia. Low anterior resection and transverse loop colostomy were performed after aggressive platelet transfusion. Blood clots passed from the colostomy persistently after the surgery. Laboratory data revealed elevated concentration of D-dimer (6562 ng/mL), progressive anemia, and profound thrombocytopenia (19,000/ L) 6 days after the operation. The patient complained of regional soreness and pain over the long bone area. A whole-body bone scan revealed inconclusive bony metastasis. The histological findings of a bone marrow biopsy revealed extensive marrow necrosis with few surviving cancer cells (Fig 1A). The cancer cells stained positively for p53 (Fig 1B, arrows). The patient was treated with cetuximab plus oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin. During the first month after the start of treatment, the passage of blood clots decreased gradually and the platelet count returned to normal. Despite treatment, the patient died of disease progression 3 months later. Bone marrow necrosis is a syndrome first reported by Wade and Stevenson in 1941. The typical findings are necrosis of myeloid tissue and medullary stroma leaving an amorphous eosinophilic background, ill-defined necrotic cells, and preserved cortical bone. The pathophysiology of bone marrow necrosis is still unclear. Failure of the microcirculation accompanied by hypoxemia causes damage to the cells. The toxicity and the release of toxins, cytokines, or vasoactive substances from the injured cells play an important role in the pathophysiology of bone marrow necrosis. The incidence of bone marrow necrosis is low. It has been reported in association with infection, sickle-cell anemia, hematological malignancy, and solid tumors. Hematological malignancy is the most common cause of the bone marrow necrosis. The prognosis in patients with bone marrow necrosis is poor. Most patients presented with symptoms of bone pain, fever, and fatigue. Laboratory tests usually disclose anemia and thrombocytopenia. Both bone x-rays and bone scans are usually normal, except in patients with metastatic disease. Colon cancer with bone marrow necrosis had rarely been reported before. Here we reported a case of colon cancer presenting with bone marrow necrosis. The patient died despite aggressive chemotherapy. To conclude, bone marrow necrosis is a rare entity and has a poor prognosis.
Gardnerʼs Syndrome
Authors: SCOTT C. WILLIAMS, PATRICK J. PELLER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Extracolonic manifestations of Gardner's syndrome are common and may precede the detection of colonic polyps. Tc-MDP bone scintigraphy performed on a patient with Gardner's syndrome demonstrated intense uptake of radiotracer within the maxilla and mandible as a result of the dental anomalies associated with this disorder. Nuclear scintigraphy has a role in the imaging of these patients for skeletal anomalies, the detection of thyroid carcinoma, and for skeletal metastases when colon carcinoma is detected.
Severe hypoglycaemia and cognitive impairment in diabetes
Authors: I. J Deary, B. M Frier
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Two events within the past year have highlighted the question of the possible lasting cerebral effects of repeated severe hypoglycaemia in people with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Firstly, in August 1995, the British Diabetic Association specifically requested research proposals on the cognitive effects of diabetes after their working party on cognitive impairment identified repeated severe hypoglycaemia as one possible cause of (mostly) mild cognitive decrements in some people with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (unpublished data). Secondly, the diabetes control and complications trial has reported no untoward neuropsychological effects of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with insulin dependent diabetes.1

The human brain accounts for about 20% of the body's metabolic consumption and is obliged to use glucose exclusively as its fuel. Therefore, when it is temporarily starved of glucose, brain functions suffer: thinking processes are impaired and a tense, tired mood state ensues. If profound neuroglycopenia continues untreated the result may be coma, seizure, and (rarely) severe brain damage. Hypoglycaemia is associated with significant morbidity and accounts for about 1-2% of deaths among diabetic patients,2 although this is still much lower than the mortality from diabetic ketoacidosis (6%). The severity of hypoglycaemia is defined by individuals' ability to treat themselves: severe episodes are those that require help from a third party to effect recovery. For people with insulin dependent diabetes, hypoglycaemia is the most feared side effect of treatment. Because episodes of severe hypoglycaemia can involve relatively prolonged neuroglycopenia, concern has arisen about their long term effects on brain function. …
Substance Use and Abuse
Authors: Belinda Ireland
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I agree with Dr Westermeyer<sup>1</sup>that Hughes et al<sup>2</sup>and Baldwin et al<sup>3</sup>"have provided a valuable service" through their research on substance use among medical students and residents, but I am very disturbed by the focus of his editorial. It appears that Westermeyer has joined other Americans in ascribing the cause of impaired physicians (and pilots, ship captains, etc) to their use of illicit or improperly obtained drugs. The results of the studies he reviewed suggest otherwise. In both studies, alcohol is the most frequently used substance, with over 80% of all respondents reporting alcohol use. The survey of residents included questions on daily use and found that, except for marijuana and amphetamine use, where only 0.3% and 0.1% of respondents reported daily use, none of the other categories of illicit or prescribed drugs included daily users. In contrast, 5.0% of alcohol users
ACUTE CATARRHAL INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.
Authors: HENRY M. LYMAN
Journal: JAMA (1897)

The patient whom I place before you this morning is, you see, confined to his bed. He was brought to the hospital three days ago, in a state of alarming prostration, vomiting and purging, and unable to retain anything in his stomach. This condition had been induced by a prolonged debauch, in which the usual accessories—wine and women—had been combined with almost fatal effect. Being only 22 years of age, and of a delicate organization, his stock of vital energy was insufficient for the occasion. Though considerably relieved, he can not yet tolerate the sight or smell of food; and ever since his admission to the hospital, he has been fed with nutritious enemata, and his stomach has been given perfect rest. His tongue is thickly coated; his breath is offensive; there is a small patch of herpes on his lower lip; his bowels, which were quite loose, on admission,
780 LIVER TOXICITY INDUCED BY AMIODARONE IS DEPENDENT ON MITOCHONDRIA COMPLEX I IMPAIRMENT, OXPHOS UNCOUPLING AND CARDIOLIPIN PEROXIDATION
Authors: F. Bellanti, R. Villani, R. Tamborra, T. Rollo, M. Blonda, A.D. Romano, A.M. Giudetti, G.V. Gnoni, N. Capitanio, G. Serviddio
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Screening examination for superficial carcinoma of the head and neck following endoscopic resection for esophageal carcinoma
Authors: Y. Shimizu, T. Yoshida, M. Kato, S. Ono, A. Homma, N. Oridate, M. Asaka
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

We read with great interest the article by Katada et al. on the use of narrow-band imaging combined with magnifying endoscopy (NBI-ME) for detecting superficial squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck in patients with esophageal SCC [1]. They enrolled 112 patients with a current or previous diagnosis of esophageal SCC in a prospective screening study conducted over a period of 2 years. All patients underwent endoscopic screening of the head and neck by NBI-ME, and 15 patients (13 %) were found to have superficial SCC of the head and neck (three lesions in the oral cavity, four lesions in the oropharynx, and nine lesions in the hypopharynx).
Stroke care continues to show "unacceptable variation," audit finds
Authors: A. Sayburn
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Less than a sixth of patients in England and Wales receive the mandated assessment six months after having a stroke, the latest national audit has revealed. It found that stroke care across the two countries continued to be subject to “unacceptable variation.”1

The audit, run by the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP), records results from all hospitals treating stroke patients in England and Wales, as well as two hospitals in Northern Ireland. The latest results covered the inpatient and discharge experiences of patients admitted from 1 January to …
Microrobotics: Electroforming of Implantable Tubular Magnetic Microrobots for Wireless Ophthalmologic Applications (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2/2015)
Authors: George Chatzipirpiridis, Olgaç Ergeneman, Juho Pokki, Franziska Ullrich, Stefano Fusco, José A. Ortega, Kartik M. Sivaraman, Bradley J. Nelson, Salvador Pané
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2015)

The fabrication of implantable magnetic tubular microrobots for use in targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive surgery for ophthalmologic applications is reported by S. Pané and co-workers on page 209. The microrobots can fit into a 23-gauge needle, thus enabling sutureless injections into the eye, and they are maneuvered in biological environments. The microrobots are also coated with biocompatible films and can be successfully filled with drugs.
The British Narcotic "Register" in 1970
Authors: Frederick B. Glaser
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Beliefs about the nature and efficacy of the "British system" for dealing with narcotic addicts, and particularly the "registration" of addicts, are carefully examined and found to be largely mythological. Until recently, the British were able to deal with their narcotic problem by means of a "simple collection of administrative practices" because it was a small problem. With an increase in their drug problem in recent years, the British have formalized their approach to addiction and have moved in a direction similar to that of the United States. The major lesson to be learned from the British experience is that the compilation of reliable, accurate, and continuing information on the drug problem is essential to the development of a reasonable, intelligent, and timely response to it. Such information is not available in the United States.
Lasers in dermatology
Authors: R.A. SHEEHAN-DARE, J.A. COTTERILL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1993)

Lasers have many applications in dermatology. Recent developments in laser technology have produced significant therapeutic advances in several areas. The introduction of pulsed tunable dye lasers has considerably improved the treatment of vascular lesions, particularly port wine stain malformations in children. A wider range of continuous‐wave and quasi‐continuous‐wave lasers have also become available for treating vascular lesions, and their use in conjunction with automated delivery systems has improved results whilst reducing adverse effects. Increasing interest in treatment of pigmented lesions and tattoos has led to investigation of a range of high‐power short‐pulse lasers, and early results look very promising. However, further work is needed in all these areas to determine which lesions respond best to each laser system, and which treatment techniques are optimal.
PATHOLOGY OF THE DERMATITIS CAUSED BY MEGALOPYGE OPERCULARIS, A TEXAN CATERPILLAR
Authors: Nathan Chandler Foot
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1922)

1. The dermatitis caused by contact with the larva of Megalopyge opercularis is produced by a poison introduced by the hollow, specialized setæ of its cuticular tubercles. It is not produced by the ornamental hairs, or by the tissue juices of the animal. 2. The poison appears to be of the nature of a venom, combined with protein vehicles, and may be itself a protein. 3. It is rendered inert by boiling, or by heating to 55°C. for a considerable period of time. 4. It is apparently stored in sacs at the base of the setæ, but whether secreted there, or by hypodermal glands, remains to be determined. 5. It diminishes in virulence after the larva has spun its cocoon, and is no longer active after the caterpillar is dead. 6. The poisonous spines cause localized necrosis of the human epidermis, followed by the formation of small vesicles. The cellular reaction to the poison is chiefly lymphocytic.