tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
<i>p53</i> Gene and Protein Status: The Role of <i>p53</i> Alterations in Predicting Outcome in Patients With Bladder Cancer
Authors: Ben George, Ram H. Datar, Lin Wu, Jie Cai, Nancy Patten, Stephen J. Beil, Susan Groshen, John Stein, Donald Skinner, Peter A. Jones, Richard J. Cote
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Purpose The p53 gene status (mutation) and protein alterations (nuclear accumulation detectable by immunohistochemistry; p53 protein status) are associated with bladder cancer progression. Substantial discordance is documented between the p53 protein and gene status, yet no studies have examined the relationship between the gene-protein status and clinical outcome. This study evaluated the clinical relationship of the p53 gene and protein statuses. Materials and Methods The complete coding region of the p53 gene was queried using DNA from paraffin-embedded tissues and employing a p53 gene–sequencing chip. We compared p53 gene status, mutation site, and protein status with time to recurrence. Results The p53 gene and protein statuses show significant concordance, yet 35% of cases showed discordance. Exon 5 mutations demonstrated a wild-type protein status in 18 of 22 samples. Both the p53 gene and protein statuses were significantly associated with stage and clinical outcome. Specific mutation sites were associated with clinical outcome; tumors with exon 5 mutations showed the same outcome as those with the wild-type gene. Combining the p53 gene and protein statuses stratifies patients into three distinct groups, based on recurrence-free intervals: patients showing the best outcome (wild-type gene and unaltered protein), an intermediate outcome (either a mutated gene or an altered protein) and the worst outcome (a mutated gene and an altered protein). Conclusion We show that evaluation of both the p53 gene and protein statuses provides information in assessing the clinical recurrence risk in bladder cancer and that the specific mutation site may be important in assessing recurrence risk. These findings may substantially impact the assessment of p53 alterations and the management of bladder cancer.
Quantifying and monitoring overdiagnosis in cancer screening: a systematic review of methods
Authors: J. L. Carter, R. J. Coletti, R. P. Harris
Journal: BMJ (2015)

<b>Objective</b> To determine the optimal method for quantifying and monitoring overdiagnosis in cancer screening over time. <b>Design</b> Systematic review of primary research studies of any design that quantified overdiagnosis from screening for nine types of cancer. We used explicit criteria to critically appraise individual studies and assess strength of the body of evidence for each study design (double blinded review), and assessed the potential for each study design to accurately quantify and monitor overdiagnosis over time. <b>Data sources</b> PubMed and Embase up to 28 February 2014; hand searching of systematic reviews. <b>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies</b> English language studies of any design that quantified overdiagnosis for any of nine common cancers (prostate, breast, lung, colorectal, melanoma, bladder, renal, thyroid, and uterine); excluded case series, case reports, and reviews that only reported results of other studies. <b>Results</b> 52 studies met the inclusion criteria. We grouped studies into four methodological categories: (1) follow-up of a well designed randomized controlled trial (n=3), which has low risk of bias but may not be generalizable and is not suitable for monitoring; (2) pathological or imaging studies (n=8), drawing conclusions about overdiagnosis by examining biological characteristics of cancers, a simple design limited by the uncertain assumption that the measured characteristics are highly correlated with disease progression; (3) modeling studies (n=21), which can be done in a shorter time frame but require complex mathematical equations simulating the natural course of screen detected cancer, the fundamental unknown question; and (4) ecological and cohort studies (n=20), which are suitable for monitoring over time but are limited by a lack of agreed standards, by variable data quality, by inadequate follow-up time, and by the potential for population level confounders. Some ecological and cohort studies, however, have addressed these potential weaknesses in reasonable ways. <b>Conclusions</b> Well conducted ecological and cohort studies in multiple settings are the most appropriate approach for quantifying and monitoring overdiagnosis in cancer screening programs. To support this work, we need internationally agreed standards for ecological and cohort studies and a multinational team of unbiased researchers to perform ongoing analysis.
Specific loss of the high-molecular-weight form of S -adenosyl-l-methionine synthetase in human liver cirrhosis
Authors: Carmen Cabrero, Antonio Martin Duce, Pablo Ortiz, Susana Alemany, Jose M. Mato
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

We have measured the activity of S -adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase, the ratio between the high- and low-molecular-weight forms of this enzyme and the concentration of S -adenosyl-L-methionine in liver biopsies from a group of controls (n = 6) and in six cirrhotics (five posthepatitic and one alcoholic). The total activity of S -adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase was markedly reduced in cirrhosis (37.5% of that found in the control group). This was due to a specific reduction in the high-molecular-weight S -adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase in the group of cirrhotics (73.9 pmoles per min per mg protein) when compared with that observed in controls (460.3 pmoles per min per mg protein). Despite this reduction in the rate of synthesis of S -adenosyl-L-methionine (the high-molecular-weight form of the enzyme is 15 times more active than the low-molecular-weight form at physiological concentration of substrates), the concentration of this metabolite was the same in the control group (17.3 ± 2.6 μ M ) and in the group of cirrhotics (17.8 ± 3.1 μ M ). To explain these findings, it is postulated that in human liver, where the concentration of S -adenosyl-L-methionine is lower than the K m values of a variety of enzymes that use this metabolite (around 50 to 100 μ M ), a reduction in the synthesis of S -adenosyl-L-methionine is compensated by a reduction in the rate of utilization of this molecule without affecting the intrahepatic concentration of S -adenosyl-L-methionine. This postulate was tested by decreasing the activity of the high-molecular-weight S -adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase in rat liver by treatment with galac-tosamine. In the rat liver, the concentration of S -adenosyl-L-methionine is about 100 μ M . Galactosamine treatment reduced the high-molecular-weight S -adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase from 66.5 pmoles per min per mg protein in the control group (n = 9) to 31.4 pmoles per min per mg protein (n = 8). This reduction of the activity of the high-molecular weight S -adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase was accompanied by a reduction of the concentration of S -adenosyl-L-methionine from 111.3 ± 5.7 μ M in the control group to 56.9 ± 3.2 μ M in the group of animals treated with galactosamine. Our results support the hypothesis that in human cirrhotic liver there is a marked reduction in the rate of synthesis and utilization of S -adenosyl-L-methionine.
Characterizing Psychiatry With Findings From the 1996 National Survey of Psychiatric Practice
Authors: Deborah A. Zarin, Harold Alan Pincus, Brennan D. Peterson, Joyce C. West, Ana P. Suarez, Steven C. Marcus, John S. McIntyre
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

OBJECTIVE: The authors' goal was to characterize psychiatric practice by reporting findings from the 1996 National Survey of Psychiatric Practice. METHOD: A random sample of 1,481 APA members was selected to participate in the study; 1,375 APA members were determined to be eligible for study participation. The authors report data from 970 respondents (70.5% response rate) and compare them with data from previous surveys of psychiatrists. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of the participating psychiatrists were women, compared with 19% in a 1988–1989 survey. Since 1988–1989, the proportion of psychiatrists 39 years old or younger has decreased and the proportion of those 55 years old or older has increased. In 1996, psychiatrists saw, on average, 35.4 unduplicated patients and worked an average of 46.4 hours in a typical week. Patients with mood disorders as their primary diagnoses accounted for the greatest proportion of psychiatrists' caseloads, followed by patients with anxiety disorders, then those with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Public sources of payment and uncompensated care were the main sources of payment for psychiatrists services for 41.7% of patients. The primary payment mechanism for psychiatrists' patient care services was fee-for-service, accounting for 52.5% of psychiatrists' income from direct patient care. Twenty-nine percent of psychiatric patients received care through some form of managed care system, and 41.6% received treatment through a nonmanaged public or private health plan. CONCLUSIONS: As psychiatry moves into the next century, findings from the National Survey of Psychiatric Practice will form a baseline for monitoring changes and trends in the delivery and financing of mental health services.
Linearity of Pulsatile Pressure-Flow Relations in the Embryonic Chick Vascular System
Authors: Masaaki Yoshigi, Bradley B. Keller
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

The calculation and modeling of vascular input impedance are based on the assumption that pressure and flow are linearly related in the frequency domain. However, this assumption has not been proven for the embryonic circulation. Therefore, we investigated the linearity of pulsatile pressure-flow relations in vivo with acute alterations in cycle length. We simultaneously measured dorsal aortic pressure with a servonull system and flow velocity with a 20-MHz pulsed-Doppler system in stage 24 chick embryos (n=38). Cycle length was acutely altered using thermal probe(s) applied to the sinus venosus. We determined the impedance spectra at several cycle lengths for each embryo and a reference curve from a three-element Windkessel model with the use of nonlinear curve fitting. We then assessed the scatter of experimental impedance along the reference curve as a measure of linearity in the frequency domain. We found that mean vascular resistance did not change after thermal probe applications ( P &gt;.20 for each), indicating that acute alterations in cycle length did not alter peripheral vascular properties. Superpositioned impedance spectra showed minimal scatter along the model impedance from 0 to 6 Hz. Goodness of fit values ( R 2 ) were near unity (.94 to .97) and were similar for all interventions ( P &gt;.07 for Fisher's z , by F test). Above 6 Hz, both modulus and phase spectra exhibited significant scatter ( P &lt;.05, by F test). Experimental impedance spectra tended to have a fluctuation and a phase-zero crossover, indicating significant wave reflection in the embryonic circulation. Thus, the embryonic vascular system can be approximated as a linear system from 0 to 6 Hz, the range in which the majority (96.0±0.18%) of hydraulic energy is dissipated.
Identification of Serum Markers of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma by Global and Targeted Metabolic Profiling
Authors: Beatriz Sanchez-Espiridion, Dong Liang, Jaffer A. Ajani, Su Liang, Yuanqing Ye, Michelle A.T. Hildebrandt, Jian Gu, Xifeng Wu
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2015)
The Reliability of Intraoperative Electrocorticography in Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Negative Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Mark Quigg
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Neurology HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Neurology journal
UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: Robert Elman, Philip D. McMaster
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

Further evidence is presented, in addition to that of our previous papers, that the intestinal tract is, under ordinary circumstances, the sole place of origin of urobilin. So long as the biliary tract remains sterile the presence of the pigment in bile and urine is entirely dependent upon the passage of bile to the intestine. Animals rendered urobilin-free by the collection of all the bile from the intubated, uninfected common duct, remain urobilin-free during and after extensive blood destruction caused by intravenous injections of distilled water, as also after reinjections of the animal's own blood, hemolyzed in vitro. No urobilin appears in the bile, urine, or feces of animals so intubated when blood destruction has been caused by sodium oleate, or by an agent, toluylenediamine, which damages the liver as well as the blood. On the other hand, when bile flow into the intestine is uninterrupted, urobilinuria occurs during blood destruction caused in any of the ways mentioned and it parallels, both in severity and duration, the destructive process. Merely increasing the amount of bilirubin within the intestines of healthy dogs by feeding urobilin-free bile, will lead to marked urobilinuria. The extravasation of blood into the tissues, resulting from the trauma of an operation for intubation of a bile duct, does not lead to urobilinuria in animals losing all of the bile after this operation, but may do so when only a small fraction of the bile is drained, while the remainder reaches the intestine as usual. The production of artificial hematomas, without operation, is not followed by urobilinuria, under the circumstances last mentioned, but merely by an increase in the bilirubin of the bile. The effect on the liver of the anesthetic employed during the intubation may be responsible for the difference in the two cases. During the course of certain intercurrent infections affecting some of the intubated animals, notably distemper, there was a drop in the hemoglobin percentage of the circulating blood, accompanied by an increased output of bile pigment or further by urobilinuria, when the conditions were such that bile still reached the intestine. The findings pointed to increased blood destruction as a factor in the urobilinuria. The evidence presented, taken with that of our previous papers, suffices to demonstrate, that urobilinuria, occurring during blood destruction, is primarily the result of an increased excretion of bilirubin from which, in turn, an unusually large quantity of urobilin is formed within the intestine. The liver fails to remove from the portal blood all of the latter pigment which is resorbed and consequently some of it reaches the kidneys and urine. Our work has been carried out on animals with uninfected biliary tracts and livers, save for one case which has special mention. The influence of infection of the biliary tract on the place of formation of urobilin and the development of urobilinuria will be discussed in a succeeding communication.
The logic of natural sampling
Authors: David E. Over
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Barbey &amp; Sloman (B&amp;S) relegate the logical rule of the excluded middle to a footnote. But this logical rule is necessary for natural sampling. Making the rule explicit in a logical tree can make a problem easier to solve. Examples are given of uses of the rule that are non-constructive and not reducible to a domain-specific module.
Physical examination tests for hip dysfunction and injury
Authors: Michael P Reiman, Richard C Mather, Chad E Cook
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2015)

Background Physical examination tests for hip dysfunction and injury of the strongest diagnostic accuracy were identified in a recent systematic review with meta-analysis in BJSM . These tests are described in this article. Discussion A detailed description of the various different tests is given, with photographs for each test procedure. Diagnostic interpretation of each test requires careful consideration, with special attention to specific variables such as test performance and patient population.
Ultrasound guided pericardial drainage and intrapericardial instillation of mitomycin C for malignant pericardial effusion.
Authors: L N Lee, P C Yang, D B Chang, C J Yu, J C Ko, Y S Liaw, R G Wu, K T Luh
Journal: Thorax (1994)

Conservative treatment of malignant pericardial effusion by intrapericardial instillation of a sclerosing agent may be an alternative to surgery.Twenty patients with malignant pericardial effusion were treated by ultrasound guided pericardiocentesis and the intrapericardial instillation of mitomycin C.Mitomycin C was effective in controlling the pericardial effusion in 70% of patients without causing side effects, except for pericardial constriction seven months later in one subject.Ultrasound guided intrapericardial instillation of mitomycin C is a suitable alternative in the management of malignant pericardial effusion.
NERVOUS COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING TREATMENT BY GOLD SALTS
Authors: F. G. Lescher
Journal: BMJ (1936)

Complications affecting the nervous system following treatment by gold salts are very uncommon.I can find no reference to their occurrence in the British or American literature, with the exception of a warning by Findlay' and Copeman2 that neuritis may occur, but no further details are given.Hartfall and Garland,3 I in a recent analysis of 400 cases treated by gold salts, have found various complications in 37 per cent. of their cases, but none affecting the nervous system.French authors, however, have reported a few such cases.Nervous com- plications can occur soon after the first injection of the salt, or more commonly near the end of the first or even of subsequent courses.They are often preceded by other signs of susceptibility, especially of the skin, such as erythematous rashes, or even, though rarely, exfoliative dermatitis. Survey of the Reported CasesChavany and Chaignot5 have described a syndrome the main signs of which are: (a) a burning, stabbing pain of great severity, which is generalized and not confined to any particular nerve tract, with cutaneous hyperaesthesia, and often accompanied by fever (grippe aurique), with a minimum of objective physical signs; (b) great mental agitation, depression, and fear, with a constant desire to walk about, especially at night and in the early houtrs of the morning; (c) insomnia, which is very resistant to treatment; (d) excessive sweating; (e) great fatigue;(f) marked loss of flesh ; (g) occasionally irregular fibril- lary twitchings of the muscles of the trunk and limbs.These authors have described two cases.One was that of a man suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis, who after having received a total amount of 3.5 grams of gold salt, suddenly complained of violent pains in the legs, together with intractable insomnia.So great was the mental agitation and restlessness that he had to be sent to an asylum.Generalized fibrillary twitching affected the whole body, with the exception of the tongue and facial muscles.After three months improvement commenced, and he made a good recovery.Similar cases have been reported by Gernez,6 Gougerot,7 Jacob,' de Cires,' Lebeuf,"°Alajouanine," and Bernard and Morin."All
Elevation of whole-blood glutathione in peritoneal dialysis patients by L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate, a cysteine prodrug (Procysteine).
Authors: J B Moberly, J Logan, P R Borum, K O Story, L E Webb, S V Jassal, L Mupas, H Rodela, G A Alghamdi, J E Moran, M Wolfson, L Martis, D G Oreopoulos
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1998)

Glutathione is a major cellular antioxidant that protects protein thiols and inhibits cellular damage due to oxygen free radicals. It has been reported previously that patients undergoing dialysis have low levels of blood glutathione, which may lead to increased susceptibility to oxidant stress. L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTZ) is a cysteine prodrug that raises cellular glutathione levels by increasing delivery of cysteine, the rate-limiting substrate for glutathione synthesis. This study investigates the effect of OTZ on blood glutathione in a blinded, placebo-controlled study of patients with chronic renal failure treated by peritoneal dialysis. Twenty patients were randomly selected to receive OTZ (0.5 g three times a day orally with meals) or placebo for 14 d. Patients visited the clinic for predose blood collection and safety evaluation at baseline (days 3, 7, and 14 and again at 14 d from the last dose [follow-up]). Glutathione concentrations were determined in whole blood by HPLC. OTZ resulted in a significant rise in whole-blood glutathione at days 7 (594 +/- 129 mumol/L) and 14 (620 +/- 108 mumol/L) compared with baseline (544 +/- 139 mumol/L) (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Glutathione was also significantly increased at days 7 and 14 when normalized by hematocrit (Hct) or hemoglobin to correct for anemic status (e.g., 20.7 +/- 5.7 mumol/L per % Hct [day 7] and 20.9 +/- 4.0 mumol/L per % Hct [day 14] versus 18.0 +/- 4.2 mumol/L per % Hct [baseline]; P < 0.05). Glutathione levels did not change in the placebo group at any patient visit, and levels in the OTZ-treated group returned to baseline at follow-up. There were no serious adverse events attributable to OTZ, and the drug appeared to be well tolerated by patients with renal failure treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Our results show that OTZ increases blood glutathione levels, which may improve antioxidant status in dialysis patients.