tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Natural Course of Adolescent Major Depressive Disorder in a Community Sample: Predictors of Recurrence in Young Adults
Authors: Peter M. Lewinsohn, Paul Rohde, John R. Seeley, Daniel N. Klein, Ian H. Gotlib
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

The primary purpose was to identify factors related to the recurrence of major depressive disorder during young adulthood (19-23 years of age) in a community sample of formerly depressed adolescents.A total of 274 participants with adolescent-onset major depressive disorder were assessed twice during adolescence and again after their 24th birthday. Lifetime psychiatric information was obtained from their first-degree relatives. Adolescent predictor variables included demographic characteristics, psychosocial variables, characteristics of adolescent major depressive disorder, comorbidity, family history of major depressive disorder and nonmood disorder, and antisocial and borderline personality disorder symptoms.Low levels of excessive emotional reliance, a single episode of major depressive disorder in adolescence, low proportion of family members with recurrent major depressive disorder, low levels of antisocial and borderline personality disorder symptoms, and a positive attributional style (males only) independently predicted which formerly depressed adolescents would remain free of future psychopathology. Female gender, multiple major depressive disorder episodes in adolescence, higher proportion of family members with recurrent major depressive disorder, elevated borderline personality disorder symptoms, and conflict with parents (females only) independently predicted recurrent major depressive disorder. Comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders in adolescence and elevated antisocial personality disorder symptoms independently distinguished adolescents who developed recurrent major depressive disorder comorbid with nonmood disorder from those who developed pure major depressive disorder.Formerly depressed adolescents with the risk factors identified in this study are at elevated risk for recurrence of major depressive disorder during young adulthood and therefore warrant continued monitoring and preventive or prophylactic treatment.
Careers in Translational Clinical Research—Historical Perspectives, Future Challenges
Authors: David G. Nathan
Journal: JAMA (2002)

ARECENT SURVEY REVEALS THAT ONLY ABOUT 11% OF medical school graduates plan careers that are exclusively or significantly devoted to research. This small but vital group of nearly 1600 graduates each year holds the future of medicine in its hands. Some are badly needed to replenish the ranks of patient-oriented translational clinical researchers, who apply findings derived in basic science to the development of new understanding of disease mechanisms, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Herein I propose several improved approaches to the recruitment and retention of patient-oriented translational clinical researchers. The task is not simple because ample evidence indicates that the professional career pathways of all classes of clinical researchers have been uncertain and seriously troubled. In fact, clinical researchers are considered such an “endangered species” that many leaders of training programs across the United States have expressed serious doubts about whether such careers will be viable in the future. Before proposing a new approach to career development for patient-oriented translational clinical investigators, it is important to review the short history of the field and recent efforts to improve the morale of its researchers. Important policy improvements have been made in recent years, and the total impact of these changes is not yet fully apparent. But I believe that more fundamental changes must be made now to encourage this important group of medical scientists to continue their efforts to learn biology from patients and to apply basic medical science for their benefit.
Peer Review-Reply
Authors: L. William Coulter
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> My warm thanks to Ms. Azzi for her approbation and for her thoughtful questioning. As for whether I am angry or not, I would hope that giving vent to emotion might appear in quite different circumstances than in a technical paper. Ms. Azzi "really wanted" me to write something else: a clear explanation of how it is that authority ("superiority derived from a status that carries with it the right to command and give final decisions: DOMINION, JURISDICTION"<sup>1(p146)</sup>) and reason ("the faculty for order, sense, and rationality in thought, inference, and conclusion... UNDERSTANDING... the resultant state of knowledge"<sup>1(p1891)</sup>) differ so and mix so poorly, how it is that dominion contrasts so sharply with understanding. Do not the vicissitudes of critical inquiry from Galileo to Solzhenitsyn and beyond bear appalling witness? Elsewhere I have stated that if medical care is really to improve, an educational process must
Socioeconomic status, severity of disease and level of family members’ care in adult surgical intensive care patients: the prospective ECSSTASI study
Authors: Thomas Bein, Kathrin Hackner, Tianya Zou, Sybille Schultes, Teresa Bösch, Hans Jürgen Schlitt, Bernhard M. Graf, Matthias Olden, Michael Leitzmann
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2012)

Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer and trauma. However, individual-level prospective data on SES in relation to health outcomes among critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) are unavailable.In a cohort of 1,006 patients at a 24-bed surgical ICU of an academic tertiary care facility in Germany, we examined levels of SES in relation to disease severity at admission, time period of mechanical ventilation, length of stay and frequency of phone calls and visits by next-of-kin.Patients with low SES had higher risk for Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score greater or equal to 5 [multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95-2.33; p = 0.029] and a trend for higher risk for Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) greater or equal to 31 (OR 1.28; 95% CI 0.80-2.05; p = 0.086) at admission as compared with patients with high SES. When compared with men with high SES, those with low SES had greater risk for ICU treatment ≥ 5 days (multivariate-adjusted OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.06-3.74; p = 0.036) and showed a trend for a low number of visits from next-of-kin (<0.5 visits per day) (OR 1.85; 95% CI 0.79-4.30; p = 0.054). In women such associations could not be demonstrated.Socioeconomic status is inversely related to severity of disease at admission and to length of stay in ICU, and positively associated with the level of care by next-of-kin. Whether relations differ by gender requires further examination.
Value of symptoms and additional diagnostic tests for colorectal cancer in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: P. Jellema, D. A. W. M. van der Windt, D. J. Bruinvels, C. D. Mallen, S. J. B. van Weyenberg, C. J. Mulder, H. C. W. de Vet
Journal: BMJ (2010)

To summarise available evidence on diagnostic tests that might help primary care physicians to identify patients with an increased risk for colorectal cancer among those consulting for non-acute lower abdominal symptoms.PubMed, Embase, and reference screening. Study eligibility criteria Studies were selected if the design was a diagnostic study; the patients were adults consulting because of non-acute lower abdominal symptoms; tests included signs, symptoms, blood tests, or faecal tests. Study appraisal and synthesis methods Two reviewers independently assessed quality with a modified version of the QUADAS tool and extracted data. We present diagnostic two by two tables and pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity. We refrained from pooling when there was considerable clinical or statistical heterogeneity.47 primary diagnostic studies were included. Sensitivity was consistently high for age >or=50 (range 0.81-0.96, median 0.91), a referral guideline (0.80-0.94, 0.92), and immunochemical faeces tests (0.70-1.00, 0.95). Of these, only specificity of the faeces tests was good. Specificity was consistently high for family history (0.75-0.98, 0.91), weight loss (0.72-0.96, 0.89), and iron deficiency anaemia (0.83-0.95, 0.92), but all tests lacked sensitivity. None of these six tests was (sufficiently) studied in primary care.Although combinations of symptom and results of immunochemical faeces tests showed good diagnostic performance for colorectal cancer, evidence from primary care is lacking. High quality studies on their role in the diagnostic investigation of colorectal cancer in primary care are urgently needed.
Learning to navigate in a three-dimensional world: From bees to primates
Authors: Adrian G. Dyer, Marcello G. P. Rosa
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract We discuss the idea that environmental factors influence the neural mechanisms that evolved to enable navigation, and propose that a capacity to learn different spatial relationship rules through experience may contribute to bicoded processing. Recent experiments show that free-flying bees can learn abstract spatial relationships, and we propose that this could be combined with optic flow processing to enable three-dimensional navigation.
NUCLEAR FLUORESCENCE EMPLOYING ANTINUCLEOSIDE IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: William J. Klein, Sam M. Beiser, Bernard F. Erlanger
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1967)

Fluoresceinated antinucleoside globulins were shown to react with the nuclei of L cells. The pattern of nuclear fluorescence was similar to the distribution of nuclear DNA. This reaction was shown to be specific by the following control experiments: 1. Absorption of the specific antibody from an antiadenosine globulin eliminated all fluorescence. 2. Treatment of the cells with nonfluorescent antiadenosine globulin, followed by staining with the fluorescent antiadenosine eliminated almost all of the fluorescence of the nucleus. 3. Treatment of the cells with DNase destroyed the ability of the nucleus to react with antiuridine fluorescent antibodies. 4. Fluoresceinated anti-BSA did not produce nuclear fluorescence. Nuclear fluorescence occurred only in cells harvested during the period of maximum DNA synthesis as measured by the uptake of thymidine. This correlates with the previously demonstrated specificity of the antibodies for denatured DNA.
Living it up with Concorde.
Authors: K. Heymann
Journal: BMJ (1970)

m=> 53vance of potassium to this form of hyper- tension.The patient, a man of 44 with one remaining kidney (right nephrectomy 15 years ago for lithiasis), has been under our care since 1967 with severe hypertension and a raised blood urea.Despite conserva- tive treatment he became semistuporous in November 1968.His blood urea was then 200-300 mg./100 ml., and creatinine clear- ance 2-4 ml./minute.An arteriovenous fistula was established and the patient was put on twice weekly haemodialysis with a R.S.P. Travenol artificial kidney, using Ultra Flo 100 or E X-01 dialysers at a blood flow rate 200-300 ml./minute for six- eight hours.The dialysate concentration consisted of Na 132, acetate 35, Cl 102, Ca 3, Mg 0.8, and K 2.5 mEq/1.His diet contained 50 g.protein, 15-20 mEq of potassium and 70-75 mEq of sodium.He
Over-the-Counter Daytime Sedatives
Authors: Karl Rickels
Journal: JAMA (1973)

A two-week double-blind clinical trial, conducted with 166 general-practice patients displaying mild to moderate symptoms of anxiety and tension, compared the relative safety and efficacy of Compoz, the largest-selling over-the-counter daytime sedative; aspirin, used by many for tension relief; chlordiazepoxide; and placebo. More side effects were reported with Compoz and chlordiazepoxide than with either aspirin or placebo. Neither Compoz nor aspirin could be differentiated from placebo, while chlordiazepoxide produced significantly more symptomatic relief than Compoz, aspirin, or placebo. Further studies of daytime sedatives are considered necessary to protect the public from medications of questionable safety and efficacy.
The Use of Lithium Carbonate to Reduce Infection and Leukopenia during Systemic Chemotherapy
Authors: Gary H. Lyman, Charles C. Williams, Dennis Preston
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

To investigate whether lithium ameliorates the infectious complications that accompany systemic chemotherapy, we studied 45 patients with small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma receiving combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Twenty received lithium carbonate, and 25 received no additional therapy. Control subjects experienced more days with neutropenia than the lithium-treated group (2.17 days per 100 patient-days vs. 0.29), more severe febrile episodes (seven patients vs. one patient), more days hospitalized with fever and neutropenia (1.92 per 100 patient-days vs. 0.18), and more infection-related deaths (five vs. none). Infection-free survival was significantly longer in the lithium-treated group than in controls (P<0.05). Delay in subsequent chemotherapy was longer (P<0.01) and the number of dose reductions greater (P<0.01) in the control group. For both leukocytes and neutrophils, the first cycle nadir, mean of all treatment nadirs, and the lowest nadir observed during treatment were significantly higher in the lithium group. Mean mid-cycle monocyte counts were greater in the lithium group (P<0.05) and correlated with concurrent serum lithium levels (rs = 0.74, P<0.05). We believe that lithium carbonate shows promise as a means of lowering the risk of infection among patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. (N Engl J Med 302:257–260, 1980)
The Meaning of Anxiety
Authors: Marjorie C. Meehan
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Nearly everyone would agree that Auden's phrase "the age of anxiety" aptly describes our era. In 1950, three years after the publication of Auden's poem, Rollo May published<i>The Meaning of Anxiety</i>, a thoughtful discussion of what he called "one of the most urgent problems of our day." Since then numerous studies of anxiety and related subjects have been made by many authors, while May himself has produced several books offering psychological insights on a variety of topics:<i>The Courage to Create, Love and Will, Power and Innocence</i>. Now, in a second edition of<i>The Meaning of Anxiety</i>, May amplifies and refines his ideas. The first part of the book summarizes and analyzes the contributions of other writers: literary portrayals of anxiety by Camus, Kafka, and Hesse as well as philosophic interpretations by Spinoza, Pascal, and Kierkegaard. Long chapters discuss biological and psychological explanations and the theories of Freud, Rank,
Partial smoking ban would worsen health inequalities
Authors: Geraint H Lewis, David C Osborne, Tim J B Crayford, Adrian C Brown
Journal: BMJ (2006)

EDITOR—Several studies have shown that in small areas—such as across a local authority—a partial smoking ban would be likely to increase health inequalities. We present what we believe is the first evidence that this is indeed the case across England as a whole.

We generated a random sample of 500 pubs from a national commercial database of 36 586 English pubs, bars, and …
Smoking as a Factor in Causing Lung Cancer
Authors: Peter B. Bach
Journal: JAMA (2009)

In this case-control study, the investigators compared the smoking histories of individuals with lung cancer and without lung cancer. Participants were matched for age and several dimensions of smoking history were ascertained through a standardized set of questionnaires (including age at initiation and cessation, and average amount smoked per day of cigarettes, cigars, or with a pipe). Each individual's occupational history and history of prior lung disease was captured to control for possible confounders. The investigators found that individuals with lung cancer had a more extensive smoking history than individuals without lung cancer.See PDF for full text of the original JAMA article.
Two school epidemics.
Authors: C. P. McEvedy, A. Griffith, T. Hall
Journal: BMJ (1966)

Overbreathing Among Schoolgirls-Moss and McEvedy B RMS we also wish to make it clear that the opinions expressed in this article are ours alone.The cost of the psychiatric side of the programme was defrayed by a grant from the Research Committee of the Middlesex Hospital.We would like
Leadership in the NHS
Authors: J. Shapiro, S. Rashid
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Professionals respond better to inclusion than to coercion

Leadership and management in the NHS have become the focus of much attention over recent years, and the recently published report by the King’s Fund is an excellent primer.1 The report helpfully tackles the two subjects separately, but their distinction is worth exploring further; management is perhaps the more generic term, and an understanding of how this has changed may offer insights into the role and manner of leadership.

The overarching task of the NHS is not that complicated; it provides healthcare to the population in a fair manner (with perhaps a nod towards health improvement). It only becomes complex when the number of variables that influence this aim are considered: a politically accountable system with a tax based budget that accounts for a 10th of the entire gross domestic product; delivery of care to a diverse population largely by professionals trained to be autonomous and self directed, using interventions whose effectiveness varies enormously; and a workforce of nearly 1.5 million people spread across several hundred separate organisations.

In organisational terms delivering these objectives requires management, leadership, administration, and bureaucracy. Recent reforms have emphasised transactional tasks (for …
Abolishing Myofibroblast Arrhythmogeneicity by Pharmacological Ablation of α-Smooth Muscle Actin Containing Stress Fibers
Authors: Christian Rosker, Nicolò Salvarani, Stephan Schmutz, Teddy Grand, Stephan Rohr
Journal: Circulation Research (2011)

Myofibroblasts typically appear in the myocardium after insults to the heart like mechanical overload and infarction. Apart from contributing to fibrotic remodeling, myofibroblasts induce arrhythmogenic slow conduction and ectopic activity in cardiomyocytes after establishment of heterocellular electrotonic coupling in vitro. So far, it is not known whether α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) containing stress fibers, the cytoskeletal components that set myofibroblasts apart from resident fibroblasts, are essential for myofibroblasts to develop arrhythmogenic interactions with cardiomyocytes.We investigated whether pharmacological ablation of α-SMA containing stress fibers by actin-targeting drugs affects arrhythmogenic myofibroblast-cardiomyocyte cross-talk.Experiments were performed with patterned growth cell cultures of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes coated with cardiac myofibroblasts. The preparations exhibited slow conduction and ectopic activity under control conditions. Exposure to actin-targeting drugs (Cytochalasin D, Latrunculin B, Jasplakinolide) for 24 hours led to disruption of α-SMA containing stress fibers. In parallel, conduction velocities increased dose-dependently to values indistinguishable from cardiomyocyte-only preparations and ectopic activity measured continuously over 24 hours was completely suppressed. Mechanistically, antiarrhythmic effects were due to myofibroblast hyperpolarization (Cytochalasin D, Latrunculin B) and disruption of heterocellular gap junctional coupling (Jasplakinolide), which caused normalization of membrane polarization of adjacent cardiomyocytes.The results suggest that α-SMA containing stress fibers importantly contribute to myofibroblast arrhythmogeneicity. After ablation of this cytoskeletal component, cells lose their arrhythmic effects on cardiomyocytes, even if heterocellular electrotonic coupling is sustained. The findings identify α-SMA containing stress fibers as a potential future target of antiarrhythmic therapy in hearts undergoing structural remodeling.
Translocated intenstinal bacteria cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic rats: molecular epidemiologic evidence
Authors: Josep M. Llovet, Ramon Bartolí, Francesca March, Ramon Planas, Belén Viñado, Eduard Cabré, Joan Arnal, Pere Coll, Vicen§ Ausina, Miquel Angel Gassull
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Measurement of sensory intensity
Authors: Richard M. Warren
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1981)

Abstract The measurement of sensory intensity has had a long history, attracting the attention of investigators from many disciplines including physiology, psychology, physics, mathematics, philosophy, and even chemistry. While there has been a continuing doubt by some that sensation has the properties necessary for measurement, experiments designed to obtain estimates of sensory intensity have found that a general rule applies: Equal stimulus ratios produce equal sensory ratios. Theories concerning the basis for this simple psychophysical rule are discussed, with emphasis given to the physical correlate theory, which considers judgments of subjective magnitudes to be based upon estimates of physical dimensions that vary regularly with changes in degree of stimulation. For the most thoroughly investigated sensory scales, brightness and loudness, the physical correlate is considered to be distance. Our “tacit knowledge” of the sensory effects of changing distance plays an essential role in matching motor activities to environmental conditions and in ensuring accurate perceptual evaluations through brightness and loudness constancies. In psychophysical experiments, subjects apparently use this same tacit knowledge when required to estimate relative subjective magnitudes. The evidence related to the physical correlate theory is summarized, and it is concluded that, while under appropriate conditions we demonstrate considerable skill in evaluating environmental relationships, we are quite unable to estimate the neurophysiological nature or quantity of sensory response. A psychophysics devoted to studying conditions required for accuracy and conditions producing errors in the perception of environmental relationships would seem to be more valuable than one devoted to subjective magnitudes.
Pigmentary anomalies in ataxia-telangiectasia: a clue to diagnosis and an example of twin spotting
Authors: N.P. Khumalo, D.V. Joss, S.M. Huson, S. Burge
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2001)

Journal Article Pigmentary anomalies in ataxia–telangiectasia: a clue to diagnosis and an example of twin spotting Get access N.P. Khumalo, N.P. Khumalo Departments of Dermatology and N.P.Khumalo. E‐mail: n_khumalo@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D.V. Joss, D.V. Joss Department of Paediatrics, Milton Keynes General Hospital, Bucks, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S.M. Huson, S.M. Huson Clinical Genetics, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. Burge S. Burge Departments of Dermatology and Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 144, Issue 2, 1 February 2001, Pages 369–371, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04029.x Published: 01 February 2001
Right-handedness may have come first: Evidence from studies in human infants and nonhuman primates
Authors: Daniela Corbetta
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Recent studies with human infants and nonhuman primates reveal that posture interacts with the expression and stability of handedness. Converging results demonstrate that quadrupedal locomotion hinders the expression of handedness, whereas bipedal posture enhances preferred hand use. From an evolutionary perspective, these findings suggest that right-handedness may have emerged first, following the adoption of bipedal locomotion, with speech emerging later.