tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reducing Children's Television Viewing to Prevent Obesity
Authors: Thomas N. Robinson
Journal: JAMA (1999)

ContextSome observational studies have found an association between television viewing and child and adolescent adiposity.ObjectiveTo assess the effects of reducing television, videotape, and video game use on changes in adiposity, physical activity, and dietary intake.DesignRandomized controlled school-based trial conducted from September 1996 to April 1997.SettingTwo sociodemographically and scholastically matched public elementary schools in San Jose, Calif.ParticipantsOf 198 third- and fourth-grade students, who were given parental consent to participate, 192 students (mean age, 8.9 years) completed the study.InterventionChildren in 1 elementary school received an 18-lesson, 6-month classroom curriculum to reduce television, videotape, and video game use.Main Outcome MeasuresChanges in measures of height, weight, triceps skinfold thickness, waist and hip circumferences, and cardiorespiratory fitness; self-reported media use, physical activity, and dietary behaviors; and parental report of child and family behaviors. The primary outcome measure was body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.ResultsCompared with controls, children in the intervention group had statistically significant relative decreases in body mass index (intervention vs control change: 18.38 to 18.67 kg/m2 vs 18.10 to 18.81 kg/m2, respectively; adjusted difference −0.45 kg/m2 [95% confidence interval {CI}, −0.73 to −0.17]; P=.002), triceps skinfold thickness (intervention vs control change: 14.55 to 15.47 mm vs 13.97 to 16.46 mm, respectively; adjusted difference, −1.47 mm [95% CI, −2.41 to −0.54]; P=.002), waist circumference (intervention vs control change: 60.48 to 63.57 cm vs 59.51 to 64.73 cm, respectively; adjusted difference, −2.30 cm [95% CI, −3.27 to −1.33]; P&lt;.001), and waist-to-hip ratio (intervention vs control change: 0.83 to 0.83 vs 0.82 to 0.84, respectively; adjusted difference, −0.02 [95% CI, −0.03 to −0.01]; P&lt;.001). Relative to controls, intervention group changes were accompanied by statistically significant decreases in children's reported television viewing and meals eaten in front of the television. There were no statistically significant differences between groups for changes in high-fat food intake, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness.ConclusionsReducing television, videotape, and video game use may be a promising, population-based approach to prevent childhood obesity.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of the Chest
Authors: E. Charlton
Journal: BMJ (1867)

August 4, I6, for we ca appeal to the interpretation of the passage by the various trnslators o Johnde Vigo's works, and who were necessarily familiar with his style.His works were translated into English in 5SSo, by Bar- tholome Tlraheron, and published as "The most excellent Works of Chirurgeie made and set fovrthe by Mtaister John Vigow, Head Chi.rurgeon of our tyme in Italie"; and this translation was published in 1571 and 1586.In the "CConsiderations in Emorasagia", the translator ren.ders into old English the Latin passage we have been discussin' , in the following words." Sometimes also it is necessarie to tye the veine, and chiefely the arterie.For when it is tied, the place is soone incarncd.The manner to tye it is as followeth.You muist put a nedle under the veine with a ceml thred, and draw it (fiiunt] together softly; or else ye shal bynd the veinc above, and tye the mouth with a threde." (Folio '35-) In his well-known Apologie, Ambrose Pare& cites various surgeons and authors wwho hadl described.the tying of arteries wi*th ligatures before his use of them in amputations.Amongst others, he states, in allu(ding to the preceding passage of John cle Vigo, that John dle Vigo, in treating of a hemoragie in bleeding wounds, " commnands to tyc the veine anid the artery." (See his Workes, p. 1134.)
Gastric rupture and laryngeal mask airway: Laryngeal mask airway was not likely cause of gastric rupture
Authors: Jerry P Nolan, Mick Colquhoun, Charles D Deakin
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Electronic data protection: procedures need drastic improvementEditor-Gulena et al are correct to challenge overzealous interpretation of data protection law in their questionnaire survey of patients' and visitors' views about having their names displayed in hospital. 1Measures taken by doctors to safeguard patient confidentiality, especially electronic records, are, however, severely deficient and fuel the concerns of those entrusted to police data security.We invited 32 surgical trainees to complete a questionnaire regarding their Data Protection Act registration and electronic data confidentiality practices.Of 29 responders, 26 trainees regularly computerised and stored patients' data.One person was registered with the Data Protection Act.Only three of 14 desktops, eight of 19 laptops, and three of 14 handheld computers forced a password logon.Sixteen of 29 trainees used the same password for all machines, and 25 of 27 passwords were less than eight characters long.All desktops, 16 of 19 laptops, and five of 14 handhelds were routinely connected to the internet, and half of these had not had their online security settings adjusted.Of 29 trainees, 28 did not encrypt their sensitive data files.Ten trainees had sent patients' data unencrypted over the internet, using a non-secure server.Electronic data confidentiality practices among surgical trainees are unsafe, and this is unlikely to be confined to our study population.A breach in confidentiality would have widespread implications for public trust.][4] Existing passwords should be improved, and biometric logon systems (fingerprint scanning) considered.Files containing sensitive data should be routinely encrypted.Magnetic and solid state computer storage devices (including hard disks, floppy disks, CD Roms, DVD Roms, and memory sticks) should undergo routine physical or electronic data shredding after their final use. 5 We are implementing medical information technology security training for this particu-lar group of doctors and would urge others to initiate similar programmes before a serious breach occurs.
Comorbidity and Performance Indices as Predictors of Cancer-Independent Mortality But Not of Cancer-Specific Mortality After Radical Cystectomy for Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: Roman Mayr, Mattias May, Thomas Martini, Michele Lodde, Evi Comploj, Armin Pycha, Jenny Strobel, Stefan Denzinger, Wolfgang Otto, Wolfgang Wieland, Maximilian Burger, Hans-Martin Fritsche
Journal: European Urology (2012)
The Re-Legalization of Abortion in Soviet Russia
Authors: Mark G. Field
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

ON November 23, 1955, the Praesidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. passed a decree repealing the prohibition on abortion that had been in force for almost two decades. This marked the third time that the Soviet Union changed its stand on the question of permitting or prohibiting abortion on other than "therapeutic" grounds in the thirty-nine years of its existence. In the light of this, it appears worth while briefly to review the policies of the Soviet government on this very important social and medical problem.Soviet legislation on abortion falls into four distinct periods: 1917–1920, in which . . .
Psychological Intervention for Premenstrual Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Jason W. Busse, Victor M. Montori, Catherine Krasnik, Irene Patelis-Siotis, Gordon H. Guyatt
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2008)

Background: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of psychological interventions for premenstrual syndrome. Methods: We systematically searched and selected studies that enrolled women with premenstrual syndrome in which investigators randomly assigned them to a psychological intervention or to a control intervention. Trials were included irrespective of their outcomes and, when possible, we conducted meta-analyses. Results: Nine randomized trials, of which 5 tested cognitive behavioural therapy, contributed data to the meta-analyses. Low quality evidence (design and implementation weaknesses of the studies, possible reporting bias) suggests that cognitive behavioural therapy significantly reduces both anxiety (effect size [ES] = –0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] = –1.15 to –0.01; number needed to treat [NNT] = 5), and depression (ES = –0.55; 95% CI = –1.05 to –0.05; NNT = 5), and also suggests a possible beneficial effect on behavioural changes (ES = –0.70; 95% CI = –1.29 to –0.10; NNT = 4) and interference of symptoms on daily living (ES = –0.78; 95% CI = –1.53 to –0.03; NNT = 4). Results provide much more limited support for monitoring as a form of therapy and suggest the ineffectiveness of education. Conclusions: Low quality evidence from randomized trials suggests that cognitive behavioural therapy may have important beneficial effects in managing symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome.
Alkaline phosphatase: changes in serum levels after a fracture.
Authors: D E Sharland, P W Overstall
Journal: BMJ (1978)

liver function values in patients with SLE, and rarely it may also be hepatotoxic.These patients may develop hypersensitivity to ibuprofen more often than patients with other diseases.More experience with this drug is essential to assess whether it mnay safely be given to patients with SLE without the addition of steroids.
Shall The Journal be Removed to Washington?-Reply
Authors: A. M. Miller
Journal: JAMA (1891)

<h3>To the Editor</h3> :—I have been a member of the American Medical Association for a number of years, and have takenThe Journalever since its first publication, and live 900 miles from Chicago, and always receive it on the day of its issue, and find it increasing in value and interest; therefore, cannot see what advantage could be derived from changing the place of its publication from Chicago to Washington. Under such circumstances I say, let it remain in Chicago.
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Acute Renal Failure from Rhabdomyolysis
Authors: JACOB D. BITRAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Comments1 November 1976Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Acute Renal Failure from RhabdomyolysisJACOB D. BITRAN, M.D.JACOB D. BITRAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-85-5-679_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The recent paper by Koffler, Friedler, and Massry (Ann Intern Med 85:23-28, 1976) attributes hypercalcemia in the diuretic phase of acute renal failure to either secondary hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, or remobilization of previously deposited calcium in damaged muscle.A patient we have recently seen who presented with acute renal failure from alcoholic rhabdomyolysis had clearly elevated plasma parathyroid hormone levels throughout his course and well into the diuretic phase without the development of hypercalcemia (Table 1). The parathyroid hormone level was inappropriately elevated in relation to the serum calcium or magnesium level and suggests loss of normal feedback...Reference1. MASSRYARIEFFCOBURN SAJ: Divalent ion metabolism in patients with acute renal failure: studies on the mechanism of hypocalcemia. Kidney Int 5:437-445, 1974 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: JACOB D. BITRAN, M.D.Affiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byCalciphylaxis following acute renal injury: a case and literature reviewTemporary Loss of Limb Function Secondary to Soft Tissue Calcification in a Patient With Rhabdomyolysis-Induced Acute Renal FailureDrug- and toxin-induced rhabdomyolysis 1 November 1976Volume 85, Issue 5Page: 679-679KeywordsAcute renal failureBlood plasmaCalciumDiureticsHypercalcemiaHyperparathyroidismMagnesiumMusclesParathyroid hormoneRhabdomyolysis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 November 1976 PDF downloadLoading ...
Sinhalese Family with Haemoglobin S
Authors: C. C. De Silva, D. T. D. Bulugahapitiya, J. De Silva, R. L. Wickremasinghe, J. H. P. Jonxis
Journal: BMJ (1962)

Wickremasinghe, lkin, Mourant, and Lehmann (1962) have reported haemoglobin S in three unrelated families in a village in the Eastern Province approxi mately 30 miles (48 km.) from the village in which the family investigated here lives. Three of us have been investigating all cases of thalassaemia and other haemoglobinopathies (Hb E thalassaemia) and their families since 1955 by electro phoresis, column chromatography, sickling, and alkali denaturatioa tests. No instance of the occurrence of the sickle-cell gene had been discovered by us until the present case (de Silva et al., 1959). One of us (J. de S.) had done the sodium metabisulphite test for sickling in over 150 specimens of blood from a random selection of cases of all types of anaemia seen in patients under the care of another of us (C. C. de S.) with no positive findings. Wickremasinghe and Ponnuswamy (1962) investigated over 2,000 specimens of blood from Sinhalese for haemoglobin S without any positive findings. In India, haemoglobin S was first recorded by Lehmann and Cutbush (1952) among the aborigine tribes of the Nilgiri Hills. Subsequently haemoglobin S has been reported from Orissa and Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, and Western India (Chatterjea, 1959). It is very unlikely that our families showing haemoglobin S are related to any of these in India, but it is a historical fact that Kaffir regiments had been imported into Ceylon from the sixteenth century onwards by the Portuguese, Dutch, and British rulers. It is difficult to ascertain from which part of Africa the constituents of these regiments originated. Quite tentatively we would suggest that the Portuguese and the Dutch probably obtained their recruits from the west and the British from the east side of Africa.
Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Other Risk Factors for Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
Authors: BRIAN L. STROM
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

In a study to determine the risk factors for urinary tract infection in college-aged women, women who presented with acute urinary tract infection to the student health service were compared to women without bacteriuria who presented with complaints of other acute illnesses. Among women who were sexually active, the following multivariate adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were found; intercourse in the previous 48 hours, 58.1 (11.9 to 284.1); intercourse only in the previous 3 to 7 days, 9.1 (1.9 to 44.1); diaphragm use in the previous 48 hours, 8.4 (3.4 to 21.1); urination after intercourse, 0.5 (0.3 to 0.9); and past history of urinary tract infection, 2.7 (1.5 to 5.0). Several other factors previously postulated to be related to urinary tract infection were found not to be associated, including oral contraceptive use, tampon use, and direction of wiping after a bowel movement. When the women with symptomatic bacteriuria were compared to women with asymptomatic bacteriuria, the results were similar, except diaphragm use and urination after intercourse were no longer associated with urinary tract infection. When the women with asymptomatic bacteriuria were compared to women without symptoms and without bacteriuria, diaphragm use remained the only statistically significant risk factor. These findings should be taken into account in attempts to prevent urinary tract infection, as well as in subsequent studies of this disease.
Comparison of a novel rectilinear biphasic waveform with a damped sine wave monophasic waveform for transthoracic ventricular defibrillation
Authors: Suneet Mittal, Shervin Ayati, Kenneth M. Stein, Bradley P. Knight, Fred Morady, David Schwartzman, Doris Cavlovich, Edward V. Platia, Hugh Calkins, Patrick J. Tchou, John M. Miller, J.Marcus Wharton, Ruey J. Sung, David J. Slotwiner, Steven M. Markowitz, Bruce B. Lerman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1999)

OBJECTIVES We compared the efficacy of a novel rectilinear biphasic waveform, consisting of a constant current first phase, with a damped sine wave monophasic waveform during transthoracic defibrillation. BACKGROUND Multiple studies have shown that for endocardial defibrillation, biphasic waveforms have a greater efficacy than monophasic waveforms. More recently, a 130-J truncated exponential biphasic waveform was shown to have equivalent efficacy to a 200-J damped sine wave monophasic waveform for transthoracic ventricular defibrillation. However, the optimal type of biphasic waveform is unknown. METHODS In this prospective, randomized, multicenter trial, 184 patients who underwent ventricular defibrillation were randomized to receive a 200-J damped sine wave monophasic or 120-J rectilinear biphasic shock. RESULTS First-shock efficacy of the biphasic waveform was significantly greater than that of the monophasic waveform (99% vs. 93%, p = 0.05) and was achieved with nearly 60% less delivered current (14 ± 1 vs. 33 ± 7 A, p < 0.0001). Although the efficacy of the biphasic and monophasic waveforms was comparable in patients with an impedance <70 Ω (100% [biphasic] vs. 95% [monophasic], p = NS), the biphasic waveform was significantly more effective in patients with an impedance ≥70 Ω (99% [biphasic] vs. 86% [monophasic], p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a superior efficacy of rectilinear biphasic shocks as compared with monophasic shocks for transthoracic ventricular defibrillation, particularly in patients with a high transthoracic impedance. More important, biphasic shocks defibrillated with nearly 60% less current. The combination of increased efficacy and decreased current requirements suggests that biphasic shocks as compared with monophasic shocks are advantageous for transthoracic ventricular defibrillation.
Clinical Research — Cleaner Food — In Quest of Health
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

THE crucial word in medicine today seems to be research. Any aspirant to a senior clinical post is expected to give an account of his research experience and to have a list of published papers to his credit; any doctor whose activities seem mysterious to his colleagues is surely engaged on a research project, and indeed many a medical husband who habitually returns home late protests that he has been detained in the research laboratory. Facetious though these remarks may be, it is worth while to consider the trends of medical research in recent years.One of the side effects . . .
Acid sphingomyelinase-ceramide system in steatohepatitis: A novel target regulating multiple pathways
Authors: Carmen Garcia-Ruiz, Jose M. Mato, Dennis Vance, Neil Kaplowitz, José C. Fernández-Checa
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)

Steatohepatitis (SH) is an intermediate stage of fatty liver disease and is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide that may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. SH encompasses alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, the latter being of particular concern as it is associated with obesity and insulin resistance and has become a major cause of liver transplantation. The molecular mechanisms governing the transition from steatosis to SH are not fully understood. Here we discuss emerging data indicating that the acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), a specific mechanism of ceramide generation, is required for the activation of key pathways that regulate steatosis, fibrosis and lipotoxicity, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Moreover, ASMase modulates alterations of the methionine cycle and phosphatidylcholine homeostasis, two crucial events involved in SH that regulate methylation reactions, antioxidant defence and membrane integrity. These new findings suggest that targeting ASMase in combination with restoring methionine metabolism and phosphatidylcholine levels may be of utility in the treatment of SH.
Kinematic theory: From numerical fitting to data interpretation
Authors: Michel Desmurget, Claude Prablanc, Yves Rossetti
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

Plamondon's kinematic theory is very powerful from a descriptive point of view. Unfortunately, the fact that it neglects some fundamental features of the motor system, such as nonlinear inertial torque interactions or joint redundancies, limits its explanatory power and biological validity. As a consequence, the data presented by Plamondon &amp; Alimi should be analyzed and interpreted with caution. There appears to be a gap between the observations reported by the authors and some of the conclusions they draw.
Properties of single outwardly rectifying Cl- channels in heart.
Authors: D Duan, S Nattel
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

A variety of potentially important macroscopic Cl- currents have been described in the heart. Although the single-channel properties of the cAMP-dependent current (ICl.cAMP) have been well described, the single-channel equivalents of the other forms of cardiac Cl- current remain unknown. Unlike ICl.cAMP, many of these currents show prominent outward rectification in the presence of symmetrical transmembrane Cl- gradients and sensitivity to disulfonic stilbene Cl- transport blockers. We used the patch-clamp technique to search for single Cl- channels in inside-out patches from rabbit atrial cell membranes, under conditions minimizing the chances of observing channels carrying Na+, Ca2+, or K+. Under symmetrical Cl- conditions, single-channel activity was seen in 14 (9%) of 155 patches. Channels showed strong outward rectification and a unitary conductance of 60 +/- 3 picosiemens (mean +/- SEM) at positive voltages. The current-voltage relation was not altered by replacement of cations by the impermeant cation N'-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) and shifted as expected for a Cl(-)-selective channel when methanesulfonate was substituted for Cl-. The Cl- transport blockers DIDS (diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, 100 mumol/L) and SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, 1 mmol/L) strongly and reversibly inhibited channel activity when added to the bath and caused channel flickering suggesting open-channel block. Ensemble-average currents showed no time dependence, and the form of the ensemble-average current-voltage relation was similar to that of macroscopic background Cl- current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Drug Distribution Following Intravenous Regional Anesthesia
Authors: Richard B. Knapp
Journal: JAMA (1967)

THE technique of intravenous regional anesthesia, similar to that produced by Bier in 1908,<sup>1</sup>has achieved considerable interest and popularity since its description by Holmes in 1963 and 1964.<sup>2,3</sup> The sudden release of 150 to 200 mg of lidocaine into the systemic circulation is a danger that was the subject of an editorial inThe Journalin 1965.<sup>4</sup>A warning was raised against the clinical use of this technique until basic studies have given answers to the following questions: (1) What is the rate of degradation (if any) of the anesthetic per unit of mass within the limb? (2) How much of the anesthetic is present intravascularly within the limb at the time of tourniquet release? This investigation has attempted to clarify some of these unknowns with lidocaine tagged with carbon 14, particularly the fate of lidocaine administered intravenously to an exsanguinated limb fitted with a tourniquet.