tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevention of pulmonary embolism.
Authors: S Rivlin
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Epidemic Keratoconjuctivitis SIR,-We are interested to read the account by Dr. D. L. Barnard and others (21 April, p. 165) of the outbreak in Bristol of keratoconjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 8. Similar outbreaks occurred in the Clyde valley in 1956, 1967, and 1971.1-3Because of the importance of this disease as a cause of disability and occasional reduction in visual acuity, an attempt has been made to accumulate data in the Glasgow area during the interepidemic periods to determine whether the virus smouldered inconspicuously among industrial populations or among patients attending ophthalmic clinics or whether, as in Japan,4 the reservoir of infection was in children in whom the disease was unremarkable.To try and solve this problem virological surveillance of a sample of patients attending ophthalmic clinics with conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis has been continued in Glasgow since the 1967 episode subsided.However, from over 1,000 conjunctival scrapings examined, only five isolations of adenovirus type 8 were found in 1968-they were obtained from members of a typical industrial group5-and no further isolations were made until the latest outbreak in 1971.Thus this continued six-year virus surveil- lance provides no clue as to the whereaibouts of adenovirus type 8 during the inter- epidemic period, but is compatible with the virus being periodically imported from other areas or countries-for example, by seamen, transport drivers, or other travellers.During the 1971 outbreak, in contrast to the findings in Bristol, there was very little family spread in Glasgow.In a survey of 584 family contacts of the 200 patients in- volved secondary spread occurred in only 14 contacts.It is likely that this was due to the strong propaganda measures (for example, to use separate towels, etc.) which were instituted at the start of the outbreak.It may be added that, though it should have been detectable by our methods, we encountered no case of picornaviral acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis.6-Weare, etc.,
Circulating soluble adhesion molecules in patients with giant cell arteritis. Correlation between soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) concentrations and disease activity
Authors: B. Coll-Vinent, C. Vilardell, C. Font, J. Oristrell, J. Hernandez-Rodriguez, J. Yague, A. Urbano-Marquez, J. M Grau, M. C Cid
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1999)

<h3>OBJECTIVE</h3> To evaluate whether changes in concentrations of circulating adhesion molecules are related to disease activity in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA). <h3>METHODS</h3> A sandwich ELISA was used to measure soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), sICAM-3, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), E-selectin (sE-selectin), and L-selectin (sL-selectin) in serum and plasma samples from patients with GCA. A cross sectional study was performed on 64 GCA patients at different activity stages and on 35 age and sex matched healthy donors. Thirteen of these patients were evaluated at the time of diagnosis and serially during follow up. <h3>RESULTS</h3> At the time of diagnosis, sICAM-1 concentrations were significantly higher in active GCA patients than in controls (mean (SD) 360.55 (129.78) ng/ml versus 243.25 (47.43) ng/ml, p&lt;0.001). In contrast, sICAM-3, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin, and sL-selectin values did not differ from those obtained in normal donors. With corticosteroid administration, a decrease in sICAM-1 concentrations was observed, reaching normal values when clinical remission was achieved (263.18 (92.7) ng/ml globally, 293.59 (108.39) ng/ml in the group of patients in recent remission, and 236.83 (70.02) ng/ml in those in long term remission). In the 13 patients followed up longitudinally, sICAM-1 values also normalised with clinical remission (225.87 (64.25) ng/ml in patients in recent remission, and 256.29 (75.15) ng/ml in those in long term remission). <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Circulating sICAM-1 concentrations clearly correlate with clinically apparent disease activity in GCA patients. Differences with results previously found in patients with other vasculitides may indicate that different pathogenic mechanisms contribute to vascular inflammation in different disorders.
Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Ebstein's Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve
Authors: NILS-RUNE LUNDSTRÖM
Journal: Circulation (1973)

Nineteen patients aged between 4 days and 40 years with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve have been examined with echocardiography. The diagnosis was verified with angiocardiography in all but one patient. The results at echocardiography are compared with those found in some other patients where an echo from the anterior tricuspid leaflet could be obtained (atrial septal defect, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, pulmonary hypertension, and one patient with congenital tricuspid stenosis). An echo from the anterior tricuspid leaflet could be obtained in all patients with Ebstein's anomaly. This echo had an abnormal pattern of movement with an abnormally anterior position during the entire diastole. A late tricuspid opening was found in most patients. A late tricuspid closure compared with the time of mitral closure was a constant finding. It is suggested that this late tricuspid closure is mainly caused by mechanical factors related to the abnormal, large anterior tricuspid leaflet. The abnormal pattern of movement of the echo from the anterior tricuspid leaflet with a late tricuspid closure has not been found in any other patient examined.
Alcohol dependence: provisional description of a clinical syndrome.
Authors: G Edwards, M M Gross
Journal: BMJ (1976)

BACKGROUND: Oxygen therapy is effective in the prevention and treatment of oedematous exacerbations of cor pulmonale. As renal blood flow is reduced in cor pulmonale a study was designed to investigate whether one of the beneficial effects of oxygen was to increase renal blood flow. The effect of oxygen therapy on renal haemodynamics measured noninvasively was examined in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease and previous episodes of oedema. METHODS: Renal blood flow waveforms were recorded in a single vessel by colour flow Doppler ultrasound in nine hypoxaemic patients (PaO2) (arterial oxygen tension &lt; 8 kPa while they were breathing air) with chronic obstructive airways disease and previous oedema and eight age matched normoxaemic volunteers (arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) 97% or more when breathing air) while they were breathing air and oxygen. SaO2 and transcutaneous PaO2 (TcPO2) and PaCO2 (TcPCO2) were monitored. Five renal velocity profile recordings were made from the same segmental vessel with the patient breathing room air for one hour followed by oxygen titrated to achieve an oxygen saturation of 95% or more without a rise in TcPCO2 for 15 minutes. Control subjects breathed 35% oxygen. RESULTS: No significant change in the pulsatility index (a measure of distal vascular resistance) or mean height of the waveform (Tamx, a measure of renal blood flow) occurred in the control subjects while they were breathing air or oxygen. The pulsatility index of the patients with chronic obstructive airways disease was significantly greater than that in the control subjects breathing air (1.44 (SD 0.28) v 1.03 (0.14). Breathing oxygen was associated with an increase in TcPO2 in the patients (from 6.9 (1.9) to 11.5 (0.7) kPa), a fall in pulsatility index (from 1.44 (0.28) to 1.26 (0.14) and an increase in Tamx (from 0.187 (0.055) to 0.234 (0.087) m/s). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that renal vascular resistance is increased in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease and hypoxaemia and that short term oxygen therapy reduces renal vascular resistance and increases blood flow. Some of the benefits of oxygen therapy in cor pulmonale may be due to improvements in renal haemodynamics.
Chest Tube Insertion in Neonates
Authors: Richard L. Schreiner
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Pneumothorax is a common cause of respiratory distress in newborn infants. Frequency rates as high as 1% to 2% of all newborn infants have been reported.<sup>1</sup>This disorder is frequently encountered in infants with hyaline membrane disease, aspiration pneumonia, and after resuscitation. The use of positive pressure respirators and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may further increase the frequency.<sup>2</sup>The treatment of a pneumothorax depends on the clinical situation and may include close observation, 100% inspired oxygen, needle aspiration, or placement of a chest tube. In moderately or severely symptomatic infants, as well as in infants requiring CPAP or respirator support, insertion of a chest tube is almost always required. Teaching physicians the technique of chest tube placement is difficult because of the urgency of the situation, which requires insertion by a skilled physician. Therefore, we have used the cat as an animal model for
Empyema in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: P A Dieppe
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1975)

Case notes of the last 67 patients to present at the Brompton Hospital with nontuberculous empyemas, and without malignant disease, have been examined. Three cases of empyema in association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were found, and these cases are reported. Previous literature concerning this association is reviewed. It is concluded that two types of empyema may occur in patients with RA. Some develop in association with nodular pleuropulmonary disease and the formation of pyopneumothoraces; in other cases large, recurrent, primary empyemas build up in the presence of active rheumatoid disease alone. As with rheumatoid pleural effusions, middle-aged men seem to be particularly susceptible.
Booklet on Fractures Disclaimed.
Authors: D. S. Lamb
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Washington, March 7, 1905. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I have been receiving an increasing number of letters asking for copies of a booklet on "New Method of Reduction of Fractures and Dislocations," said to have been printed by the government and to be sent to applicants in any number desired. I know nothing and am unable to learn anything about this booklet. To the first letters I replied, but I can not undertake to continue to do so, and I have notified the postmaster here not to send me any more letters addressed to "Prof. D. K. or G. K. Lamb."
Cholinergic Input Is Required during Embryonic Development to Mediate Proper Assembly of Spinal Locomotor Circuits
Authors: Christopher P. Myers, Joseph W. Lewcock, M. Gartz Hanson, Simon Gosgnach, James B. Aimone, Fred H. Gage, Kuo-Fen Lee, Lynn T. Landmesser, Samuel L. Pfaff
Journal: Neuron (2005)
Operational sensitivity and acute resetting of aortic baroreceptors in dogs.
Authors: H M Coleridge, J C Coleridge, M P Kaufman, A Dangel
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

Stimulus-response curves of aortic baroreceptors constructed by alternately increasing and decreasing pressure from a normal baseline or set-point differ from curves constructed by varying pressure in one direction only from an abnormally high or low pressure. In anesthetized dogs we recorded impulses from aortic baroreceptors with myelinated fibers, using a pressurized reservoir to control mean aortic blood pressure (MABP). After setting MABP to a baseline of 100 mm Hg (normal MABP in unanesthetized dogs), we constructed baroreceptor response curves by alternately decreasing MABP from 100 to 30 mm Hg, and increasing it from 100 to 180 mm Hg, in each case returning MABP to the baseline to obtain hysteresis loops. All baroreceptors were active at 100 mm Hg, their discharge averaging 15-16 impulses/sec. At all pressures above threshold, baroreceptors fired more when pressure was increasing than when pressure was decreasing. This hysteresis caused the steepest part of the response curve constructed in this manner to span the baseline value, demonstrating that, contrary to previous views, aortic baroreceptors signal decreases in pressure below the normal level, as well as increases above it. We also constructed response curves after holding MABP at a "hypertensive" baseline of 125 mm Hg for 20 minutes. "Hypertensive" curves demonstrated reversible resetting, shifting significantly to the right of "normotensive" curves so that baroreceptor threshold increased on average by 7 mm Hg (P less than 0.01). Both hysteresis and short-term resetting probably result from the viscoelastic behavior of wall elements with which baroreceptors are coupled.
It's not just the subjects – there are too many WEIRD researchers
Authors: Michael Meadon, David Spurrett
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

A literature in which most data are outliers is flawed, and the target article sounds a timely alarm call for the behavioural sciences. It also suggests remedies. We mostly concur, except for arguing that the importance of the fact that the researchers themselves are mostly outliers has been underplayed. Improving matters requires non-Western researchers, as well as research subjects.
Oestrogen therapy and endometrial cancer.
Authors: W H Utian
Journal: BMJ (1977)

The most controversial issue related to prolonged estrogen therapy is the possible relationship of this therapy to the etiology and pathogenesis of breast and uterine cancer. The imprecise nature of the relevant data does not allow full definition of the rish. To maintain proper perspective, smoking 20 cigarettes a day increases the risk of death from lung cancer 17 times; the risk from estrogens is less than that. There is no controversy over the use of estrogens for short-term relief of menopausal symptoms. The Mulley and Mitchell paper referred to was opinion based on no direct research and an inadequate knowledge of the literature. The early symptoms of estrogen dificiency, hot flushes and atrophic vaginitis, respond to short-term estrogen therapy, which in addition, provides a "mental tonic" effect. It is not justifiable to withhold such therapy from the normal informed patient requesting it, provided no contraindications exist. The patient should be reevaluated at frequent intervals, and the proper selection of drug, dosage, and therepeutic regimen administered. This can be accomplished, including research, through a menopause clinic.
Excessive anticoagulation in patients with mild renal insufficiency receiving long‐term therapeutic enoxaparin
Authors: Leslie T. Busby, Anne Weyman, George M. Rodgers
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2001)

Abstract Low‐molecular‐weight heparins, such as enoxaparin, are increasingly being used for treatment of venous thromboembolism. We describe two patients who received therapeutic enoxaparin for several months. Although their serum creatinine values were normal, both had mild renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance 60–70 ml/min), and both accumulated the drug abnormally and experienced clinical bleeding. These results suggest that patients receiving enoxaparin (or other low‐molecular‐weight heparins) in therapeutic doses for periods of more than 4 weeks should be considered for laboratory monitoring to avoid bleeding. Am. J. Hematol. 67:54–56, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
S112 HDAC activity in macrophages in experimental rhinovirus infection in COPD
Authors: J Footitt, P Mallia, A Durham, MB Trujillo-Torralbo, A Telcian, T Kebadze, J Aniscenko, S Essilfie-Quaye, K Ito, PJ Barnes, S Elkin, OM Kon, I Adcock, SL Johnston
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Introduction and Objectives</h3> Acute exacerbations are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in COPD and current treatments are not very effective. Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is deficient in stable COPD and is likely to be a mechanism of corticosteroid resistance. It is not known whether impaired HDAC2 activity is an important mechanism in COPD exacerbations. <h3>Methods</h3> 9 subjects with GOLD stage II COPD, 10 smokers and 11 non-smokers were infected with rhinovirus 16. Macropahges from induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were collected before and following rhinovirus infection and HDAC2 activity measured. Virus load and inflammatory markers were measured in sputum supernantants. <h3>Results</h3> At baseline there were no differences in HDAC2 activity in sputum or BAL macrophages between the groups. Following infection HDAC2 activity in the smoking controls and non-smoking controls did not change significantly from baseline (Figure 1). In the COPD subjects there was a trend towards reduced HDAC2 activity in both sputum (ANOVA P = 0.064) and BAL macrophages (Paired t test P = 0.098). Sputum HDAC activity was significantly lower in the COPD subjects compared to non-smokers on days 5 and 42 (P &lt; 0.05), and there was a trend towards lower levels of HDAC in BAL macrophages at infection compared to the non-smokers (P = 0.095) and smokers (P = 0.059) (Figure 1). Lower sputum macrophage HDAC2 activity at baseline was associated with greater sputum virus load (r = -0.82, P = 0.022) and higher sputum levels of neutrophil elastase (r = -0.81, P = 0.022) and TNF-α (r = -0.79, P = 0.028).HDAC2 activity in BAL macrophages at infection correlated inversely with peak NL virus load (r = -0.8, P = 0.0096), peak sputum GM-CSF (r = -0.67, P = 0.0499), TNF-α (r = -0.72, P = 0.03), neutrophil elastase (r = -0.67, P = 0.0499) and sputum nitrite levels (r = -0.78, P = 0.0125). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Following rhinovirus infection HDAC2 activity in airway macrophages is reduced and relates to airway inflammatory markers. Restoring HDAC activity is a potential therapeutic option for COPD exacerbations.
A stable murine-based RD114 retroviral packaging line efficiently transduces human hematopoietic cells
Authors: Maureen Ward, Rose Sattler, I.Robert Grossman, Anthony J Bell, Donna Skerrett, Laxmi Baxi, Arthur Bank
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

Several barriers exist to high-efficiency transfer of therapeutic genes into human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) using complex oncoretroviral vectors. Human clinical trials to date have used Moloney leukemia virus-based amphotropic and gibbon ape leukemia virus-based envelopes in stable retroviral packaging lines. However, retroviruses pseudotyped with these envelopes have low titers due to the inability to concentrate viral supernatants efficiently by centrifugation without damaging the virus and low transduction efficiencies because of low-level expression of viral target receptors on human HSC. The RD114 envelope from the feline endogenous virus has been shown to transduce human CD34+ cells using transient packaging systems and to be concentrated to high titers by centrifugation. Stable packaging systems have potential advantages over transient systems because greater and more reproducible viral productions can be attained. We have, therefore, constructed and tested a stable RD114-expressing packaging line capable of high-level transduction of human CD34+ cells. Viral particles from this cell line were concentrated up to 100-fold (up to 10(7) viral particles/ml) by ultracentrifugation. Human hematopoietic progenitors from cord blood and sickle cell CD34+ cells were efficiently transduced with a Neo(R)-containing vector after a single exposure to concentrated RD114-pseudotyped virus produced from this cell line. Up to 78% of progenitors from transduced cord blood CD34+ cells and 51% of progenitors from sickle cell CD34+ cells expressed the NeoR gene. We also show transfer of a human beta-globin gene into progenitor cells from CD34+ cells from sickle cell patients with this new RD114 stable packaging system. The results indicate that this packaging line may eventually be useful in human clinical trials of globin gene therapy.
Adaptive Upregulation of EGFR Limits Attenuation of Tumor Growth by Neutralizing IL6 Antibodies, with Implications for Combined Therapy in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Carla S. Milagre, Ganga Gopinathan, Gemma Everitt, Richard G. Thompson, Hagen Kulbe, Haihong Zhong, Robert E. Hollingsworth, Richard Grose, David D.L. Bowtell, Daniel Hochhauser, Frances R. Balkwill
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Excess production of the proinflammatory IL6 has both local and systemic tumor-promoting activity in many cancers, including ovarian cancer. However, treatment of advanced ovarian cancer patients with a neutralizing IL6 antibody yielded little efficacy in a previous phase II clinical trial. Here, we report results that may explain this outcome, based on the finding that neutralizing antibodies to IL6 and STAT3 inhibition are sufficient to upregulate the EGFR pathway in high-grade serous and other ovarian cancer cells. Cell treatment with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib abolished upregulation of the EGFR pathway. Combining neutralizing IL6 antibodies and gefitinib inhibited malignant cell growth in 2D and 3D culture. We found that ErbB-1 was localized predominantly in the nucleus of ovarian cancer cells examined, contrasting with plasma membrane localization in lung cancer cells. Treatment with anti-IL6, gefitinib, or their combination all led to partial restoration of ErbB-1 on the plasma membrane. In vivo experiments confirmed the effects of IL6 inhibition on the EGFR pathway and the enhanced activity of a combination of anti-IL6 antibodies and gefitinib on malignant cell growth. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical rationale to combine anti-IL6 and gefitinib to treat patients with advanced stage ovarian cancer.
Composite effects of gene determinants on the translation speed and density of ribosomes
Authors: Tamir Tuller, Isana Veksler-Lublinsky, Nir Gazit, Martin Kupiec, Eytan Ruppin, Michal Ziv-Ukelson
Journal: Genome biology (2011)

Abstract Background Translation is a central process of life, and its regulation is crucial for cell growth. In this article, focusing on two model organisms, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , we study how three major local features of a gene's coding sequence (its adaptation to the tRNA pool, its amino acid charge, and its mRNA folding energy) affect its translation elongation. Results We find that each of these three different features has a non-negligible distinct correlation with the speed of translation elongation. In addition, each of these features might contribute independently to slowing down ribosomal speed at the beginning of genes, which was suggested in previous studies to improve ribosomal allocation and the cost of translation, and to decrease ribosomal jamming. Remarkably, a model of ribosomal translation based on these three basic features highly correlated with the genomic profile of ribosomal density. The robustness to transcription errors in terms of the values of these features is higher at the beginnings of genes, suggesting that this region is important for translation. Conclusions The reported results support the conjecture that translation elongation speed is affected by the three coding sequence determinants mentioned above, and not only by adaptation to the tRNA pool; thus, evolution shapes all these determinants along the coding sequences and across genes to improve the organism's translation efficiency.