tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
People missing as a result of armed conflict
Authors: R. Coupland
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Mass graves from past or present conflicts, massacres in the Balkans, disappearances—South American style—and the missing in action are politically sensitive. One reason is that they usually entail violations of international humanitarian law (the wartime rules that protect people who are not in combat or no longer in combat) or human rights law. International criminal tribunals to try individuals believed to be responsible for the violations attract equal attention. Why these events and the reactions to them by the international community are of direct concern to health professionals is not immediately obvious, although it has been widely recognised that they have an important part to play in upholding such laws. 1 2 However, the specific roles, responsibilities, and expertise of the profession either in ascertaining the fate of the missing or in helping affected families have not been as widely recognised.

The story of people unaccounted for as a result of armed conflict or internal violence is told …
Biocompatible Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)‐Responsive Nanoparticles as Superior Drug Delivery Vehicles
Authors: Dinglin Zhang, Yanling Wei, Kai Chen, Xiangjun Zhang, Xiaoqiu Xu, Qing Shi, Songling Han, Xin Chen, Hao Gong, Xiaohui Li, Jianxiang Zhang
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2014)

A novel reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanoplatform can be successfully manufactured from a ROS-triggerable β-cyclodextrin material. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies validate that this nanoscaled system may serve as a new drug delivery vehicle with well-defined ROS-sensitivity and superior biocompatibility. This nanocarrier can be used for ROS-triggered transport of diverse therapeutics and imaging agents. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Spontaneous fractures of pelvis in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: B A Latham
Journal: BMJ (1972)

benefit from this type of arrangement.Certainly there is present need to initiate controlled trials to measure the hospital effect on coronary patients.The only other data available,' on an in-hospital but non- randomized trial, indicate that the early re- duction of mortality in the coronary care unit is not sustained over time.It is for these reasons that we have sought professional criticism directed at the specifics of Dr. Mather's trial and with particular reference to any evidence of bias and selection beyond that clearly stated in the pre- liminary report.We have been unable to find any grounds for invalidation of the technique of this study.-I am, etc.,
One-Year Follow-up in the Coronary Angioplasty Versus Excisional Atherectomy Trial (CAVEAT I)
Authors: John M. Elliott, Lisa G. Berdan, David R. Holmes, Jeffrey M. Isner, Spencer B. King, Gordon P. Keeler, Marianne Kearney, Robert M. Califf, Eric J. Topol
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Directional atherectomy is a frequently used percutaneous revascularization strategy, but its long-term outcomes have not previously been compared with those of balloon angioplasty in a prospective trial. Methods and Results The 1012 patients enrolled in the Coronary Angioplasty Versus Excisional Atherectomy Trial (CAVEAT I) were followed for at least 1 year after randomization. Analyses of predetermined end points were performed, including a detailed analysis of the 14 patients who died. At 1 year, 11 patients had died in the atherectomy group compared with 3 in the angioplasty group (2.2% versus 0.6%, P =.035), with an excess of out-of-hospital deaths (2.2% versus 0.2%, P =.01) and late cardiac deaths (1.6% versus 0%, P =.01). Univariate predictors of death included age, abrupt closure, periprocedural enzyme elevation, and peripheral vascular complications. There was no evidence that the excess of deaths after atherectomy was linked to perforation, ectasia, or deep resection. Cumulative rates of myocardial infarction were higher in those who had been randomized to atherectomy than in those randomized to angioplasty (8.9% versus 4.4%, P =.005) with a trend toward excess Q-wave and non–Q-wave infarctions. By multivariate analysis, atherectomy was the only variable predictive of the combined end point of death or myocardial infarction. No clinical or angiographic characteristics added to this index. Rates of repeat percutaneous intervention at the target site (24.4% after atherectomy versus 25.9% after angioplasty), coronary artery bypass surgery (9.3% versus 9.1%), hospitalization (50% versus 47.1%), and stroke (1% in both groups) were not significantly different. Conclusions Long-term follow-up of the 1012 patients randomized to atherectomy or angioplasty has revealed a statistically significant excess of deaths after directional atherectomy that was not evident at 6 months. This difference could be due to the chance occurrence of a low mortality rate in those randomized to angioplasty. The excess of myocardial infarctions after atherectomy remains statistically significant at 1 year. Further investigation is warranted to improve the safety of atherectomy.
EFFECTS OF AIR IN THE VASCULAR SYSTEM AND THE MECHANISM OF DEATH
Authors: D. T. Barry
Journal: BMJ (1930)

r MEIALJURf A 689 lb)coming thickened an(d rigid, will initerfere wvithl the cOllap)se of the chiest wi-all, an(i tlie.tlioracoplastic olperattionl wvill also he a failure.'Tiere is one typo of case for wh-licil I conisi(ler tliaL- thoraeoplItsty shiould alwas be llreferred.I refert) thlese cases of advan-ed clhronic unilateral fibrotic tiberculosiS in wi-hiichl there aie extensive changes, part cavitation, pait gr;eat th.;ckening andl dlilatationt of the bronchi and broncliolesi.For these cases artificial pne-iaiotborax is onilv rarely feasihle; eveni whiere it is, the principal advantagle is tile biulding ulp of tle lPatient's ovueral condition, if neces"ary, as a prelliiinary to, anid conitolo of thle sputumil during,, thle major operationl.
Peripheral Aromatic L-Amino Acids Decarboxylase Inhibitor in Parkinsonism. I. EFFECT ON O-METHYLATED METABOLITES OF L-DOPA-2-14C
Authors: F. S. Messiha, T. H. Hsu, J. R. Bianchine
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The effects of MK-486, an inhibitor of peripheral aromatic L-amino acids decarboxylase, on the urinary metabolites derived from orally administered L-Dopa-2-(14)C were studied in three Parkinsonian patients. Treatment with MK-486 before L-Dopa-2-(14)C markedly reduced radioactivity found in catecholamines fraction by 70-80% during 48 hr, but increased 3-O-methyldopa fraction by threefold, as compared with a nonpretreated base line value. Pretreatment with MK-486 for a period of 1 wk resulted in less inhibition of O-methylated amine and acid metabolite fractions than that measured after a single dose of the inhibitor.
Interleukin 7-induced expression of specific T cell receptor gamma variable region genes in murine fetal liver cultures.
Authors: P M Appasamy, T W Kenniston, Y Weng, E C Holt, J Kost, W H Chambers
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

We previously reported that culture of murine fetal liver (FL) cells with interleukin 7 (IL-7) results in expression of high levels of T cell receptor (TCR) gamma transcripts by a population of cells expressing Thy-1 and Pgp-1, suggesting that IL-7 promotes the growth and/or differentiation of pre-T cells. We demonstrate herein that culture of FL cells for 7 d with IL-7 caused the rearrangement and expression of TCR gamma variable (V) region genes V gamma 4 and V gamma 6, but not V gamma 5 or V gamma 7. Since this effect was not blocked by hydroxyurea, it appeared to represent induction of expression of these genes by IL-7 rather than expansion of a preexisting positive population. We also show that IL-7 induced RAG-1 and RAG-2 mRNA expression by FL cells. These data provide evidence that specific TCR gamma/delta V region genes can be rearranged and expressed by T lineage cells before their migration to the thymus, in response to IL-7.
NHS pay structure to be overhauled
Authors: J. Warden
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Pay systems for staff in the NHS across the United Kingdom are to change radically under reforms initiated by the government last week, though it anticipates a long and difficult process of negotiation.

According to a proposal document, Agenda for Change, hundreds of pay scales and grades coveringone million NHS employees will be merged into three national pay spines: one for doctors and dentists; …
Budget proposes spending cuts in US public health programmes
Authors: Scott Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2005)

President Bush's proposed 2006 budget includes spending cuts for public health programmes, including those of the Centers for the Disease Control and Prevention.

But the new budget contains increases for some other health programmes and bodies, including Medicare, which provides healthcare insurance to elderly people, and the Food and Drug Administration. President Bush is also requesting money to boost the country's emergency stockpile of vaccines and drugs.

The $555m (£294m; €428m) cut in the 2006 budget for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) would result largely from what officials called a “pause” in new …
Meta-analysis: More intensive statin therapy prevents major vascular events
Authors: Donald A. Smith
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Source Citation Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration, Baigent C, Blackwell L, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1670-81. 21067804
Exercise with Anemia
Authors: FRANK A. OSKI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Two patients with similar degrees of anemia, one with a left-shifted and one with a right-shifted oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve, were exercised on a bicycle ergometer. The patient with the left-shifted curve, at minimal exercise, demonstrated a prompt fall in central venous oxygen tension. Exercise, with its increased needs for oxygen consumption, was accomplished by an increase in cardiac output. The right-shifted individual had a gradual fall in central venous oxygen tension and because of the ability to extract more oxygen did not demonstrate the same degree of cardiac compensation. The position of the oxygen-equilibrium curve, as mediated by red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels, appears to play a significant role in the anemic patient's adaptation to exercise.
Physician-Patient Relationship and the State
Authors: Garland L. Campbell
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  InThe Journal( 215 :969, 1971), King's essay began,  health care of a people is far too important to rest solely in the hands of the doctors, and added that the state must also play a part. This implies that if the state does not play a vital role in the physician-patient relationship, the latter would be unprotected and placed at a disadvantage. To repeat and reiterate a myth does not make it become fact, though it may be generally accepted as such. Should we wish to make something more expensive and less efficient, we have but to invite the state into program control and it will have surely been accomplished. The degree of inefficiency, extravagance, and wastefulness will parallel closely the percentage of state intervention. The state does not mean to do this; it simply is a by-product of its mode of action; witness Medicaire,
Chromium-induced kidney disease.
Authors: R P Wedeen, L F Qian
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Kidney disease is often cited as one of the adverse effects of chromium, yet chronic renal disease due to occupational or environmental exposure to chromium has not yet been reported. Occasional cases of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following massive absorption of chromate have been described. Chromate-induced ATN has been extensively studied in experimental animals following parenteral administration of large doses of potassium chromate (hexavalent) (15 mg/kg body weight). The chromate is selectively accumulated in the convoluted proximal tubule where necrosis occurs. An adverse long-term effect of low-dose chromium exposure on the kidneys is suggested by reports of low molecular weight (LMW) proteinuria in chromium workers. Excessive urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin, a specific proximal tubule brush border protein, and retinol-binding protein has been reported among chrome platers and welders. However, LMW proteinuria occurs after a variety of physiologic stresses, is usually reversible, and cannot by itself be considered evidence of chronic renal disease. Chromate-induced ATN and LMW proteinuria in chromium workers, nevertheless, raise the possibility that low-level, long-term exposure may produce persistent renal injury. The absence of evidence of chromate-induced exposure may produce persistent renal injury. The absence of evidence of chromate-induced chronic renal disease cannot be interpreted as evidence of the absence of such injury. Rather, it must be recognized that no prospective cohort or case-control study of the delayed renal effects of low-level, long-term exposure to chromium has been published.
Interaction between myofibroblasts and stem cells in the fibrotic heart: balancing between deterioration and regeneration
Authors: A. A. Ramkisoensing, A. A. F. de Vries, D. E. Atsma, M. J. Schalij, D. A. Pijnappels
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Signalling between the various cell types in the heart has been investigated for decades. However, relatively little is known about the interplay between the cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which help to maintain myocardial tissue structure and function, and resident cardiac or extracardiac stem cells involved in tissue homeostasis and repair. Much of our knowledge about these interactions is derived from experimental animal models, especially those of myocardial infarction and stem cell transplantation. However, it still remains incompletely understood how stem cell therapy could modulate cardiac fibrosis in a beneficial manner and, how on the other hand, fibrotic processes in the heart may affect the therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy. A detailed and mechanistic insight into these matters would expedite the therapeutic optimization of cardiac cell therapy for the fibrotic heart and may even provide a basis for future biological therapies aiming for a reversal of cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, the main focus of this review is to discuss interactions between myofibroblasts and stem cells, especially in the adult and diseased, fibrotic myocardium, and emphasize those aspects that require more investigation using dedicated models and tools.
1173 IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PPI-383, A NEXT GENERATION HCV NS5B NON-NUCLEOSIDE INHIBITOR WITH POTENT ACTIVITY AGAINST ALL MAJOR HCV GENOTYPES
Authors: R. Colonno, N. Huang, M. Lau, Q. Huang, A. Huq, E. Peng, M. Bencsik, M. Zhong, L. Li
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Alpha-lipoic acid decreases hepatic lipogenesis through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent pathways
Authors: Keun-Gyu Park, Ae-Kyung Min, Eun Hee Koh, Hyoun Sik Kim, Mi-Ok Kim, Hye-Sun Park, Yong-Deuk Kim, Tae-Seung Yoon, Byoung Kuk Jang, Jae Seok Hwang, Jae Bum Kim, Hueng-Sik Choi, Joong-Yeol Park, In-Kyu Lee, Ki-Up Lee
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Abstract Fatty liver is common in obese subjects with insulin resistance. Hepatic expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), which plays a major role in hepatic steatosis, is regulated by multiple factors, including insulin, adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK), liver X receptors (LXRs), and specificity protein 1. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a naturally occurring antioxidant, has been shown to decrease lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle by activating AMPK. Here we show that ALA decreases hepatic steatosis and SREBP-1c expression in rats on a high fat diet or given an LXR agonist. ALA increased AMPK phosphorylation in the liver and in cultured liver cells, and dominant-negative AMPK partially prevented ALA-induced suppression of insulin-stimulated SREBP-1c expression. ALA also inhibited DNA-binding activity and transcriptional activity of both specificity protein 1 and LXR. Conclusion: These results show that ALA prevents fatty liver disease through multiple mechanisms, and suggest that ALA can be used to prevent the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with insulin resistance. (Hepatology 2008.)
Acute Cardiac Allograft Rejection in Nitric Oxide Synthase-2 <sup>−/−</sup> and Nitric Oxide Synthase-2 <sup>+/+</sup> Mice
Authors: Matthias J. Szabolcs, Ninsheng Ma, Eleni Athan, Jing Zhong, Ming Ming, Robert R. Sciacca, Jens Husemann, Arline Albala, Paul J. Cannon
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —The contribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2 to myocardial inflammation and cardiomyocyte necrosis and apoptosis during allograft rejection was investigated through heterotopic cardiac transplantation in mice. Methods and Results —In the first experiments, hearts from C3H donor mice were transplanted into NOS-2 −/− and NOS-2 +/+ C57BL/6J.129J recipients. A second series of experiments included NOS-2 −/− donor hearts transplanted into NOS-2 −/− recipients and wild-type NOS-2 +/+ donor hearts transplanted into wild-type NOS-2 +/+ recipients. (All donors were C57BL/6J and recipients were C57BL/6J.129J.) In the first series of experiments, no significant differences were observed in allograft survival, rejection score, total number of apoptotic nuclei (TUNEL), total number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes, or graft NOS-2 mRNA and protein. Positive NOS-2 immunostaining occurred in endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes in the allografts; the inflammatory infiltrate was NOS-2 positive only when recipients were NOS-2 +/+ . In the second series of experiments, cardiac allograft survival was significantly increased in the NOS-2 −/− mice (26±13 versus 17±8 days, P &lt;0.05), along with significant reductions in inflammatory infiltrate, rejection score, and total number of apoptotic nuclei (23.5±9.5 versus 56.4±15.3, P &lt;0.01) and of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (2.9±1.6 versus 6.9±2.7, P &lt;0.05). No NOS-2 or nitrotyrosine, a marker of peroxynitrite exposure, was detected in NOS-2 −/− allografts transplanted into NOS-2 −/− recipients. Conclusions —The data suggest that NO derived from NOS-2 contributes to the inflammatory response and to cardiomyocyte damage and apoptosis during acute cardiac allograft rejection.
Combined Internships Between Community Hospitals
Authors: Gerald L. Haidak
Journal: JAMA (1968)

For the past seven years the physicians of Pittsfield, Mass, have been engaged in an experiment in graduate medical education. This report states the purpose of the project, describes the initial phases, preliminary results, and discusses the interrelationships between a community hospital and a university medical center. Medical educators agree that the highest quality of education, with few exceptions, is found in the university environment. In 1966, university hospitals accommodated only one half the total number of house officers; the other half were located in nonuniversity hospitals. Since university hospitals cannot soon cope with this problem, an urgent challenge emerges: Community hospital programs, of comparable caliber to the university medical center, must be developed.<sup>1</sup> The Pittsfield Affiliated Hospitals Education Program was devised to produce an educational environment by simulating the university medical center. The Council on Medical Education has been continuously consulted about the objectives and the progress of
Mechanisms of remodeling of gap junction distributions and the development of anatomic substrates of arrhythmias
Authors: J Saffitz
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Time for primary review 28 days. 

Alteration of structure (remodeling) is a fundamental response of the heart to injury or disease. It originates in changes in gene expression which, in turn, alter the types and amounts of regulatory and structural proteins in myocytes, the form and distribution of subcellular organelles (including the contractile apparatus and other specialized subcellular structures responsible for cardiac function), and changes in the structure of whole cells, the extracellular matrix and, ultimately, the tissue and whole organ. A change in cardiac structure inevitably leads to a change in cardiac function, but the complex relationships between altered structure and function are only beginning to be revealed. Although structural remodeling serves important adaptive purposes, maladaptive consequences of remodeling are likely to contribute to morbidity and mortality in patients with heart disease.

An important clinical setting in which altered structure begets altered function and in which responses to injury may serve adaptive purposes, but also lead to maladaptive changes, is the development of anatomic substrates of ventricular arrhythmias. These ‘substrates’ arise as a consequence of structural alterations in response to common forms of heart disease such as myocardial infarction or systemic hypertension. Clearly, replacement of a transmural myocardial infarct by fibrous scar tissue limits the likelihood of fatal ventricular rupture and helps preserve optimal ventricular geometry. Similarly, development of myocyte hypertrophy allows the heart to function better in the face of chronic pressure overload. However, although these adaptations are beneficial, the structural alterations that result from these myocardial responses to injury can also change patterns of electrical activation of the heart that may enhance the risk of developing a serious ventricular arrhythmia. For example, sudden death in patients who have survived myocardial infarction often occurs by a reentrant mechanism in which derangements in conduction play a critical pathogenic role …
Is the postphlebitic leg always postphlebitic?
Authors: A D Clayden, J Siegerstetter, N. Simpson
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Personally, I should feel happier if MIND could take a leaf out of the books of other lay organisations associated with medicine, and give up this present policy of criticising doctors and nurses.The lay organisations concerned with cancer, heart disease, and kidney disease devote much of their efforts to sponsoring research.If one compares the enormous sums of money that are available for research into cancer, heart disease, and kidney disease with the minute amounts that are available for research into mental disorder, one appreciates that there is a great deal still to be done.This is the challenge that Mr Gostin and his colleagues should be facing, rather than this pointless campaign of criticism.