tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal T-Cell Responses Aid in the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus– and Tuberculosis-Endemic Population
Authors: Vinod B. Patel, Ravesh Singh, Cathy Connolly, Yacoob Coovadia, Abdool K. C. Peer, Priyashini Parag, Victoria Kasprowicz, Alimuddin Zumla, Thumbi Ndung'u, Keertan Dheda
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

Current tools for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) are suboptimal. We evaluated the clinical utility of a quantitative RD-1 IFN-gamma T-cell enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay (T-SPOT.TB), using cerebrospinal fluid cells for the rapid immunodiagnosis of TBM.To evaluate the diagnostic utility of the RD1 antigen- specific ELISPOT assay for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis.The ELISPOT assay was evaluated in 150 patients with suspected TBM who were categorized as definite-TBM, probable-TBM, and non-TBM. Culture or polymerase chain reaction positivity for Mycobacerium tuberculosis served as the reference standard. To determine the diagnostic value of the ELISPOT assay, a clinical prediction rule was derived from baseline clinical and laboratory parameters using a multivariable regression model.A total of 140 patients (81% HIV-infected; median CD4 count, 160 cells/mm(3)) were included in the final analysis. When comparing the definite-TBM (n = 38) and non-TBM groups (n = 48), the ELISPOT assay (cut point of > or =228 spot-forming cells per 1 million mononuclear cells) was a useful rule-in test: sensitivity 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41-74); specificity 94% (95% CI, 83-99). However, ELISPOT outcomes improved when other rapid tests were concurrently used to exclude bacterial (Gram stain) and cryptococcal meningitis (latex-agglutination test) within the non-TBM group. Using this approach, the ELISPOT assay (cut point of > or =46 spot-forming cells) was an excellent rule-in test: sensitivity 82% (95% CI, 66-92); specificity 100% (95% CI, 78-100); positive predictive value, 100% (95% CI, 89-100); negative predictive value, 68% (95% CI, 45-86); area under the curve, 0.90. The ELISPOT assay had incremental diagnostic value compared with the clinical prediction rule.The RD-1 ELISPOT assay, using cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells and in conjunction with other rapid confirmatory tests (Gram stain and cryptococcal latex-agglutination test), is an accurate rapid rule-in test for TBM in a TB and HIV endemic setting.
On the Mechanism of Lithium-Induced Diabetes Insipidus in Man and the Rat
Authors: John N. Forrest, Alan D. Cohen, Jorge Torretti, Jonathan M. Himmelhoch, Franklin H. Epstein
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

The mechanism of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus was investigated in 96 patients and in a rat model. Polydipsia was reported by 40% and polyuria (more than 3 liter/day) by 12% of patients receiving lithium. Maximum concentrating ability after dehydration and vasopressin was markedly impaired in 10 polyuric patients and was reduced in 7 of 10 nonpolyuric patients studied before and during lithium therapy. Severe polyuria (more than 6 liter/day) was unresponsive to trials of vasopressin and chlorpropamide, but improved on chlorothiazide. Rats receiving lithium (3-4 meq/kg/day) developed massive polyuria that was resistant to vasopressin, in comparison to rats with comparable polyuria induced by drinking glucose. Analysis of renal tissue in rats with lithium polyuria showed progressive increase in the concentration of lithium from cortex to papilla with a 2.9-fold corticopapillary gradient for lithium. The normal corticopapillary gradient for sodium was not reduced by lithium treatment. The polyuria was not interrupted by brief intravenous doses of vasopressin (5-10 mU/kg) or dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10-15 mg/kg) capable of reversing water diuresis in normal and hypothalamic diabetes insipidus rats (Brattleboro strain). The present studies suggest that nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a common finding after lithium treatment and results in part from interference with the mediation of vasopressin at a step distal to the formation of 3',5' cyclic AMP.
Renin-expressing cells are associated with branching of the developing kidney vasculature.
Authors: V Reddi, A Zaglul, E S Pentz, R A Gomez
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1998)

To define the relationship between renal vascular development and renin distribution during kidney ontogeny, the complete renal arterial tree of Sprague Dawley rats during fetal (20 d) and postnatal (1 to 90 d) life was microdissected and immunostained for renin. A shift in renin distribution from interlobar and arcuate arteries in the fetus to the afferent arterioles in the adult was observed. In addition, seven types of renin distribution along the afferent arterioles were identified. In type I, renin was distributed continuously along the whole length of the afferent vessel. This pattern was most frequently observed in the fetus. In type II, renin extended upstream from the glomerulus but did not occupy the whole length of the arteriole. This type was relatively constant throughout postnatal life. In type III, renin was present as bands along the afferent vessel; it was most frequently observed in the fetal and early perinatal periods. In type IV, renin was restricted to the "classical" juxtaglomerular localization. It was the most frequent type observed in the adult rat. In type V, no renin was found in the arteriole. It was the second most frequent type observed in the adult rat. In addition, two "mixed" patterns, type III/IV and type III/II, were occasionally observed. The distribution of renin-expressing cells was spatially and temporally associated with the development of blood vessels. Development of a new arterial branch was preceded by the appearance of renin-expressing cells at the point of branching. This was followed by an outpouching of the arterial wall that progressively elongated to form a new arteriole. During this process, renin-expressing cells were distributed along the whole of the newly formed vessel. As the vessel matured, renin-expressing cells became restricted to the juxtaglomerular portion of the afferent arteriole. It is concluded that throughout life and within each individual arterial tree, expression of renin is heterogeneous, following patterns that are unique for each developmental stage. Furthermore, the association of renin-expressing cells with branching of renal arterioles suggests a role for these cells in the development of the kidney vasculature.
Proteinase 3-ANCA Vasculitis versus Myeloperoxidase-ANCA Vasculitis
Authors: Marc Hilhorst, Pieter van Paassen, Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2015)

In patients with GN or vasculitis, ANCAs are directed against proteinase 3 (PR3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO). The differences between PR3-ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and MPO-AAV described in the past have been supplemented during the last decade. In this review, we discuss the differences between these two small-vessel vasculitides, focusing especially on possible etiologic and pathophysiologic differences. PR3-AAV is more common in northern parts of the world, whereas MPO-AAV is more common in southern regions of Europe, Asia, and the Pacific, with the exception of New Zealand and Australia. A genetic contribution has been extensively studied, and there is a high prevalence of the HLA-DPB1*04:01 allele in patients with PR3-AAV as opposed to patients with MPO-AAV and/or healthy controls. Histologically, MPO-AAV and PR3-AAV are similar but show qualitative differences when analyzed carefully. Clinically, both serotypes are difficult to distinguish, but quantitative differences are present. More organs are affected in PR3-AAV, whereas renal limited vasculitis occurs more often in patients with MPO-AAV. For future clinical trials, we advocate classifying patients by ANCA serotype as opposed to the traditional disease type classification.
CALCINOSIS CIRCUMSCRIPTA OF THE SOROTAL WALL: THE ETIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS
Authors: S. G. BROWNE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1962)

Journal Article CALCINOSIS CIRCUMSCRIPTA OF THE SOROTAL WALL: THE ETIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS Get access S. G. BROWNE, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S., D.T.M. S. G. BROWNE, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S., D.T.M. Leprosy Service Research Unit, Uzuakoli, Eastern Nigeria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 74, Issue 4, 1 April 1962, Pages 136–140, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1962.tb13476.x Published: 01 April 1962
IL-4 and IL-13 activate the JAK2 tyrosine kinase and Stat6 in cultured human vascular endothelial cells through a common pathway that does not involve the gamma c chain.
Authors: R L Palmer-Crocker, C C Hughes, J S Pober
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

IL-4 and IL-13 each act on human endothelial cells (ECs) to induce expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. On hematopoietic cells. IL-4 responses may be mediated either through a pathway involving gc, the common signaling subunit of the IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 receptors, or through a gc-independent pathway that may be alternatively activated by IL-13. We find that human ECs do not express gc, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence and FACS analysis or by a reverse transcription-PCR method. Like IL-4, IL-13 activates a protein tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates the IL-4R binding protein. In addition, we find that IL-4 and IL-13 each induce tyrosine phosphorylation of the JAK2 tyrosine kinase. Furthermore, both IL-4 and IL-13 induce binding of the Stat6 transcription factor to a consensus sequence oligonucleotide. We conclude that the IL-4 response of human ECs involves the IL-13 shared pathway that is independent of gc, and uses JAK2-Stat6 signaling.
Landmark perspective: An 'extrinsic factor' and pernicious anemia
Authors: V. Herbert
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This classic of lucid exposition brought together the elegant series of prior studies published by Castle and his collaborators beginning in 1929 and demolished the recently expressed opposing view by Greenspon<sup>1</sup>that gastric juice worked alone as a hematopoietic factor. A half century later, this 1936 article remains a model of clear presentation of a series of straightforward observations to draw almost inescapable conclusions. <h3>Elucidation of Pernicious Anemia</h3> In 1822, Coombe had first described what was almost certainly pernicious anemia in a 47-year-old male patient with a "deadly pale color" who suffered from "a species of dyspepsia... probably owing to some disorder of the digestive and assimilative organs."<sup>2</sup> In 1860, Austin Flint, Sr, "that remarkable American physician and teacher,"<sup>3</sup>aware of the atrophy of the secretory glands of the stomach recently reported by Handfield Jones after microscopic examination of 14 human stomachs, remarked with respect to pernicious
A phase 1/2 trial of high-dose yttrium-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan in combination with high-dose etoposide and cyclophosphamide followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with poor-risk or relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Auayporn Nademanee, Stephen Forman, Arturo Molina, Henry Fung, David Smith, Andy Dagis, Cheuk Kwok, Dave Yamauchi, Anne-Line Anderson, Peter Falk, Amrita Krishnan, Mark Kirschbaum, Neil Kogut, Ryotaro Nakamura, Margaret O'Donnell, Pablo Parker, Leslie Popplewell, Vinod Pullarkat, Roberto Rodriguez, Firoozeh Sahebi, Eileen Smith, David Snyder, Anthony Stein, Ricardo Spielberger, Jasmine Zain, Christine White, Andrew Raubitschek
Journal: Blood (2005)
An Epidemiological and Ecological Study of Risk Factors for Narcotics Overdose. I. Retrospective Study of Addict Attitudes Concerning Narcotics Overdose: Motivation for Behavioral Precaution.
Authors: Elizabeth E. Force
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1973An Epidemiological and Ecological Study of Risk Factors for Narcotics Overdose. I. Retrospective Study of Addict Attitudes Concerning Narcotics Overdose: Motivation for Behavioral Precaution.Elizabeth E. Force, Ph.D., Jack VV. Millar, M.D.Elizabeth E. Force, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this author, Jack VV. Millar, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-5-814_4 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAn epidemiological-sociopsychological survey of 50 addicts at D.C. General Hospital's Narcotics Treatment Center tested two general hypotheses: there is a relationship between such social variables as attitudes, motives, and behavior, and narcotics overdose; and there is a relationship between previous overdose experience and precautionary behavior.Most addicts in the study were aware of the potential fatality of narcotics overdose, yet none were motivated to abstain from narcotics for that reason. Narcotics-craving was the principal motivating force for risk-taking behavior. Failure to exercise precautionary behavior—such as checking heroin purity and adjusting dose taken—was identified as a significant risk factor for overdose.... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Elizabeth E. Force, Ph.D.; Jack VV. Millar, M.D.Affiliations: Washington, D.C. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1973Volume 78, Issue 5Page: 814-814KeywordsAddictsBehaviorEpidemiologyExerciseHeroinMedical risk factorsMotivationRetrospective studies ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1973 PDF downloadLoading ...
Neutrophil Depletion Inhibits Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation
Authors: Jonathan L. Eliason, Kevin K. Hannawa, Gorav Ailawadi, Indranil Sinha, John W. Ford, Michael P. Deogracias, Karen J. Roelofs, Derek T. Woodrum, Terri L. Ennis, Peter K. Henke, James C. Stanley, Robert W. Thompson, Gilbert R. Upchurch
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Neutrophils may be an important source of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), two matrix-degrading enzymes thought to be critical in the formation of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that neutrophil depletion would limit experimental AAA formation by altering one or both of these enzymes.Control, rabbit serum-treated (RS; n=27) or anti-neutrophil-antibody-treated (anti-PMN; n=25) C57BL/6 mice underwent aortic elastase perfusion to induce experimental aneurysms. Anti-PMN-treated mice became neutropenic (mean, 349 cells/microL), experiencing an 84% decrease in the circulating absolute neutrophil count (P<0.001) before elastase perfusion. Fourteen days after elastase perfusion, control mice exhibited a mean aortic diameter (AD) increase of 104+/-14% (P<0.0001), and 67% developed AAAs, whereas anti-PMN-treated mice exhibited a mean AD increase of 42+/-33%, with 8% developing AAAs. The control group also had increased tissue neutrophils (20.3 versus 8.6 cells per 5 high-powered fields [HPFs]; P=0.02) and macrophages (6.1 versus 2.1 cells per 5 HPFs, P=0.005) as compared with anti-PMN-treated mice. There were no differences in monocyte chemotactic protein-1 or macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha chemokine levels between groups by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutrophil collagenase (MMP-8) expression was detected only in the 14-day control mice, with increased MMP-8 protein levels by Western blotting (P=0.017), and MMP-8-positive neutrophils were seen almost exclusively in this group. Conversely, there were no statistical differences in MMP-2 or MMP-9 mRNA expression, protein levels, enzyme activity, or immunostaining patterns between groups. When C57BL/6 wild-type (n=15) and MMP-8-deficient mice (n=17) were subjected to elastase perfusion, however, ADs at 14 days were no different in size (134+/-7.9% versus 154+/-9.9%; P=0.603), which suggests that MMP-8 serves only as a marker for the presence of neutrophils and is not critical for AAA formation.Circulating neutrophils are an important initial component of experimental AAA formation. Neutrophil depletion inhibits AAA development through a non-MMP-2/9-mediated mechanism associated with attenuated inflammatory cell recruitment.
Test-retest reliability of disease activity core set measures and indices in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: T Uhlig, T K Kvien, T Pincus
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

To examine the test-retest reliability of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) core disease activity measures and derived composite indices.A total of 28 stable patients with RA had 2 complete assessments within 1 week, which included the 7 RA core disease activity measures and derived disease activity indices (28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28), Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), RA Disease Activity Index (RADAI) and Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data (RAPID3)). The intraclass correlations (ICC), the smallest detectable difference (SDD) and minimal detectable change as percentage of the maximum score (MDC%) were estimated as measures of test-retest reliability.Correlations for the disease activity indices were high. SDDs (MDC%) to detect a true improvement or deterioration with 95% confidence were: DAS28 1.32 (14.4%), SDAI 8.26 (9.6%), CDAI 8.05 (10.6%), RAPID3 1.48 (14.8%) and RADAI 1.49 (14.9%). Thus, SDDs were rather high, and the MDC% values were of a similar magnitude of 10% to 15% for all seven core data set measures.SDDs of the DAS28, SDAI and CDAI were close to limits to detect important improvement. Clinicians should be aware of measurement error. Nonetheless, RA core data set measures and indices obtained from a health professional, laboratory and patient self-report had similar reliability.
Multidrug Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: M. R. Baer, C. D. Bloomfield
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1991)

lymphoma versus 189/mm 3 in those with systemic lymphoma, and there was a history of AIDS prior to the lymphoma in 73% versus 37% (7).As patients with HIV infection live longer without an increase in CD4 cells, they may be expected to develop disproportionate numbers of primary CNS lymphomas.It is this group, specifically, that may be most underreported, as physicians choose not to pursue additional diagnostic procedures and as neurosurgeons fail to perform those invasive procedures required for appropriate diagnosis.It is important to note, as well, that the incidence of primary CNS lymphoma has recently increased among all population groups in the United States, independent of the presence of underlying HIV infection (8).The reasons for this increase are unknown, but it is certainly possible that various cofactors in addition to HIV may be operative, which may serve to further increase the risk of this complication among patients with AIDS.Whether one assumes the lowest or highest estimates of antiviral efficacy, it is apparent from the data presented by Gail and associates and others that ever-increasing numbers of lymphomas will be seen as the epidemic proceeds.These patients will require increasing resources in terms of both individual patient care and research into optimal therapeutic strategies and mechanisms of pathogenesis and etiology of disease.Once again, the epidemic has shifted, with longer patient survival serving not to solve the problem, but rather to challenge us once again.
Quantification of Intermediate Steps in the Renin-Anglotensin-Vasoconstrictor Feedback Loop in the Dog
Authors: ALLEN W. COWLEY, ARTHUR C. GUYTON
Journal: Circulation Research (1972)

The major intermediate steps in the renin-angiotensin-vasoconstrictor feedback loop have been experimentally determined. The quantitative relationships between renal perfusion pressure, renin secretion, arterial renin activity, and systemic arterial blood pressure were determined in dogs in which the cardiovascular control loops of the central nervous system were eliminated by spinal cord destruction and decapitation. Step-decreases in renal perfusion pressure to a single kidney were introduced and maintained constant to open the feedback loop of arterial pressure. Renin activity was measured by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I. Each decrease of 15 mm Hg in renal perfusion pressure between pressures of 100 and 50 mm Hg elevated the net secretion of renin nearly 20 ng min -1 g -1 kidney an d the arterial renin activity nearly 7.0 ng ml -1 hour -1 . Renin secretion and arterial renin activity decreased at perfusion pressures below 50 mm Hg. A bioassay procedure for estimating the rate of angiotensin II formation at various increments of arterial renin activity showed that an increase in renin activity of 10 ng ml -1 hour -1 resulted in an increase in the net production of angiotensin II of 5.0 ng kg -1 min -1 . The results of these experiments are useful in predicting alterations in the system that follow a decrease in renal artery pressure, and they clarify interactions of the renin-angiotensin system with other homeostatic pressure-regulating systems.
Difficulties in producing antibodies to purified Propionibacterium acnes exocellular enzymes
Authors: EILEEN INGHAM, K. T. HOLLAND, G. GOWLAND, W. J. CUNLIFFE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Attempts were made to produce antisera to purified preparations of Propionibacterium acnes lipase, hyaluronate lyase and acid phosphatase in rabbits. Antiserum to lipase (neutralizing titre 1:32) was produced using conventional methods. Lipase (30 μg) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) was injected into multiple sites thrice at weekly intervals. Antibody levels were boosted by i.v. injections of 30 μg in saline at 2‐weekly intervals for 2 months. Such regimes failed to raise antibodies to hyaluronate lyase and acid phosphatase. In order to produce antiserum to hyaluronate lyase, rabbit mononuclear cells were incubated with 45 μg of hyaluronate lyase in vitro (1 h at 37·C) prior to injection subcutaneously above the rabbit ankle joint. Simultaneous injections of hyaluronate lyase in FCA (45 μg) were administered into the footpad and thigh. Three treatments at weekly intervals produced an antiserum with a neutralizing titre of 1:256. A similar regime failed to raise antibodies to acid phosphatase. Antibodies to P. acnes lipase and hyaluronate lyase also neutralize the enzymes produced by P. granulosum. The neutralization curves suggest that the enzymes produced by both species are related antigenically but not identical.