tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Endotoxin and Cancer
Authors: Jessica I. Lundin, Harvey Checkoway
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

ObjectiveExposure to endotoxin, a component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls, is widespread in many industrial settings and in the ambient environment. Heavy-exposure environments include livestock farms, cotton textile facilities, and saw mills. Concentrations are highly variable in non-occupational indoor and outdoor environments. Endotoxin is a potent inflammagen with recognized health effects, including fever, shaking chills, septic shock, toxic pneumonitis, and respiratory symptoms. Somewhat paradoxically, given the putative role of inflammation in carcinogenesis, various lines of evidence suggest that endotoxin may prevent cancer initiation or limit tumor growth. The hypothesis that components of bacteria may retard cancer progression dates back to William B. Coley’s therapeutic experiments (“bacterial vaccine”) in the 1890s.Data sourcesIn this article, we review epidemiologic, clinical trial, and experimental studies pertinent to the hypothesis that endotoxin prevents cancer. Since the 1970s, epidemiologic studies of cotton textile and other endotoxin-exposed occupational groups have consistently demonstrated reduced lung cancer risks. Experimental animal toxicology research and some limited therapeutic trials in cancer patients offer additional support for an anticarcinogenic potential. The underlying biological mechanisms of anticarcinogenesis are not entirely understood but are thought to involve the recruitment and activation of immune cells and proinflammatory mediators (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 and -6).ConclusionsIn view of the current state of knowledge, it would be premature to recommend endotoxin as a cancer-chemopreventive agent. Nonetheless, further epidemiologic and experimental investigations that can clarify further dose–effect and exposure–timing relations could have substantial public health and basic biomedical benefits.
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND LONGEVITY
Authors: DAVID RIESMAN
Journal: JAMA (1931)

When the late Dr. William Stanton of Philadelphia invented his mercury blood pressure instrument, I immediately began to use it with the same zeal and curiosity with which, presumably, the contemporaries of Laënnec used the crude wooden stethoscope of his invention. Just as they heard things that must have seemed terribly ominous to them—so well brought out in the poem by Oliver Wendell Holmes—so I often saw things on the manometer that sent a chill into my heart.<sup>1</sup>When I observed a systolic blood pressure of 180 or 200 or higher, I became, not at all in keeping with my innate optimism, depressed as to the patient's future prospects. I was sure that individuals with such blood pressures were doomed. But as my years of practice lengthened I began to realize that there were worse things than high blood pressure. There were patients who survived for an unexpectedly long
Tracheal Stenosis in Infancy
Authors: J. Borrie
Journal: Thorax (1960)

Little has been written on the management of post-tracheostomy tracheal strictures in infants.The long and difficult management recently encountered, therefore, and its ultimate success, prompt this case report. CASE REPORT INTRALARYNGEAL FOREIGN BODY. On the afternoonof Saturday, December 10, 1955, Stephen, a boy aged 14 months, was playing on the kitchen floor when his mother suddenly noticed that his breathing had become wheezy.His medical practitioner diagnosed a foreign body in the airpassages and he was brought to Dunedin Hospital for emergency treatment.Imme- diate bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia showed a small piece of bone (2 cm.x 2 cm.x cm.) wedged firmly between the vocal cords.It was readily removed with peanut grasping forceps.OEDEMA OF GLOTTIS AND TRACHEOSTOMY.--Eighteen hours later, on December 11, he was discharged home.He was apparently well throughout the following day, but on the evening of Tuesday, December 13, he was readmitted seriously ill with acute oedema of the glottis accompanied by deep indrawing of the chest wall with every breath.Under local anaesthesia a tracheostomy was performed with immediate relief.ENDOBRONCHIAL CASTS AND TRACHIAL STRICTURE.-Two days later, on December 15, he again suddenly developed acute respiratory obstruction.Emergency bronchoscopy through the tracheostoma revealed plugs of caked bronchial secretions forming bronchial casts and blocking both the right and left main bronchi up to the level of the carina.They were removed with fine grasping forceps.Thereafter he was nursed in a " croupette " in an atmosphere of nebulized detergent (alevaire) and fine water vapour.Despite this treatment, because of continued caking of endobronchial secretion, he caused the utmost concern, and between December 15 and 29 required 36 life-saving bronchoscopies.Each was a real on July 19,
TUBERCULAR PELVIC PERITONITIS.
Authors: CHARLES C. ALLISON
Journal: JAMA (1899)

It seems to be generally held that the lymphatic system affords the main avenue for tubercular invasion. Thus in children, whose exposed facial integument, with repeated abrasions, invites a tubercular cervical adenolymphangitis, (1) in the adult the nasopharyngeal space, directly exposed to multiple bacterial irritations, favors this predisposition an entrance into the lymphchannels and, with suitable soil, general dissemination through the larger ducts to the bronchial and mediastinal glands. Through the same system a tubercular invasion may develop from the genital lymphatics, with easy access to the histologically allied tissue—the serous peritoneum. These neighboring glands in the process of caseation may directly infect the peritoneum, or a hematogenic deposit in this region of recurrent congestions may follow as a secondary expression of a distant tuberculosis. From the intestinal canal also an ulceration may allow the tubercle bacilli to reach the peritoneum, and thus start the destructive process on this organ.
Regression of oral Kaposi's sarcoma in a case of AIDS on Zidovudine (AZT)
Authors: A. LANGFORD, B. RUF, R. KUNZE, H-D. POHLE, P. REICHART
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1989)

A case with oral Kaposi's sarcom (KS) is reported that regressed during therapy with Zidovudine (AZT) which was started 5 months after the first dermal and oral tumours were noted. After 6 months of treatment the absolute number of T-helper cells had increased from 54/μl to 232/μl and the ratio of T-helper to T-suppressor cells from 0.15 to 0.3. During the same time the lesions of KS on the gingiva, uvula and the body as well as the face disappeared. The lesion of KS on the hard palate regressed.
FDG PET/CT in a Patient With Spontaneous Remission of Methotrexate-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders After Interruption of Methotrexate
Authors: Rinnosuke Kuramoto, Kenji Hirata, Toshiki Takei, Nobuhiko Oridate, Seigo Suzuki, Yosuke Yamada, Masahiro Imamura, Nagara Tamaki
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

We report a case that fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET)/computed tomography (CT) depicted systemically multiple lesions of methotrexate (MTX)-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. A 70-year-old man receiving MTX for rheumatoid arthritis complained of neck swelling. FDG PET/CT revealed multiple FDG-avid lesions in lymph nodes, lungs, bones, and muscles. Lesions in bones and muscles were not detected on X-CT. Final diagnosis of cervical node was confirmed as MTX-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. FDG PET/CT performed 148 days after discontinuing MTX demonstrated complete remission.
Evaluating cancer statistics
Authors: L. Garfinkel
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1994)

Since 1967, the January/February issue of CA has contained a cancer statistics article with data prepared by the American Cancer Society's Department of Epidemiology and Statistics. Mr. Garfinkel, the former Vice President for Epidemiology and Statistics and Director of Cancer Prevention for the American Cancer Society, provides his insight to evaluate the trends that illustrate how much has already been accomplished in cancer control.
Ascites in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: A Mier, W Weir
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1985)

Peritoneal serositis is not a widely recognised aspect of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Indeed, ascites in SLE is said to occur only when complicated by the nephrotic syndrome, congestive cardiac failure, or hepatic cirrhosis. We describe two patients who developed ascites that could be attributed to none of these complications.
Abstract 1200: Molecular subtypes of gastric cancer show systematic differences in response to PI3K inhibitors and fluorouracil.
Authors: Zengdeng Lei, Nian Tao Deng, Hermioni Zouridis, Iain Beehaut Tan, Chia Huey Ooi, Tatiana Ivanova, Shenli Zhang, Minghui Lee, Jeanie Wu, Anna Ngo, Sravanthy Manesh, Alex Boussioutas, Bin Tean Teh, Liang Kee Goh, Horst Flotow, Patrick Tan, Steven G. Rozen
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background &amp; Aims: Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, killing &amp;gt;730,000 people every year. Almost all gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas, which exhibit considerable heterogeneity between patients. We sought to identify subtypes of gastric adenocarcinomas that have particular biological properties and responses to cytotoxic drugs. Methods: Robust unsupervised clustering of 248 gastric tumors based on global gene expression revealed three major subtypes. We developed a classifier, GC-Class ("Gastric Cancer Classifier") for the three subtypes and validated it in a second set of 70 tumors. We then determined the distinct genomic and epigenomic properties and drug sensitivities of the subtypes. We determined drug sensitivities of primary tumors by multivariate Cox proportional hazard modeling using clinical survival data. We determined drug sensitivities in cell lines using previously reported data and high-throughput screening of 158 compounds in 23 gastric cancer cell lines. Results: There are three major subtypes of gastric adenocarcinoma: “invasive," “proliferative," and “metabolic”. The subtypes show systematic differences in genomic and epigenetic characteristics and in drug response. Proliferative-subtype tumors show high genomic instability and DNA hypomethylation. Metabolic-subtype cancer cell lines are preferentially sensitive to fluorouracil, and, in two independent groups, patients with the metabolic-subtype tumors benefited significantly from fluorouracil treatment. Invasive-subtype tumors have characteristics in common with cancer stem cells, and cell lines in this subtype are particularly sensitive to PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors. Conclusions: The molecular classification of gastric cancers reported here is reproducible and biologically and therapeutically meaningful, and it holds promise as a basis for selecting and developing therapies tailored to particular subtypes. Citation Format: Zengdeng Lei, Nian Tao Deng, Hermioni Zouridis, Iain Beehaut Tan, Chia Huey Ooi, Tatiana Ivanova, Shenli Zhang, Minghui Lee, Jeanie Wu, Anna Ngo, Sravanthy Manesh, Alex Boussioutas, Bin Tean Teh, Liang Kee Goh, Horst Flotow, Patrick Tan, Steven G. Rozen. Molecular subtypes of gastric cancer show systematic differences in response to PI3K inhibitors and fluorouracil. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1200. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1200
Transfusion-Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Immunocompromised Persons
Authors: KENNETH C. ANDERSON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

Transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was studied in a group of patients with cancer who received transfusion of blood components harvested from a single, asymptomatic, seropositive donor. Of ten living recipients, nine had antibodies to the virus in fresh or cryopreserved sera at a median of 384 days (range, 237 to 686) after transfusion. In three patients, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was negative at the same time that Western blot and radioimmunoprecipitation techniques showed seropositivity. Cultures for HIV obtained at a median of 615 days (range, 322 to 714) after transfusion were positive in seven of nine seropositive recipients. Six seropositive recipients have developed immunologic and clinical sequelae of HIV infection at a median of 286 days (range, 56 to 745) after transfusion. The sera of the two patients without clinical sequelae neutralized HIV in an in-vitro assay, whereas the seven other seropositive patients lacked such neutralizing antibodies. Our study characterizes the clinical, serologic, virologic, and immunologic manifestations of HIV infection in immunocompromised persons.
Corrosive Gastritis Due to Ingestion of Formaldehyde
Authors: Noel F. Bartone
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Formaldehyde poisoning caused marked, diffuse ulceration, fibrosis, and contracture of almost the entire stomach, resembling linitis plastica. There was no involvement of the esophagus, and the lesion culminated in almost complete, high gastric obstruction, requiring total gastrectomy.
The Cost of Health — Vaccination against Poliomyelitis — The Battle of Diet
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

THE committee set up by the Minister of Health in 1953 under the chairmanship of the Cambridge economist, Mr. C. W. Guillebaud, to inquire into the present and prospective cost and general structure of the National Health Service has just published its report. The report has been generally welcomed by the British Medical Association because it has paid a tribute to the part played by the doctors of the country in making the service a success and has found that in general the service is being efficiently run.For its analysis of the present and prospective cost of the health . . .
Deepening our understanding of immune sentinels in the skin
Authors: Frank O. Nestle, Brian J. Nickoloff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Advances in our understanding of the skin immune system have a major impact on studies of skin autoimmunity, graft-versus-host disease, inflammation, and cancer as well as on the development of novel vaccines and immunotherapy approaches. In this issue of the JCI, Zaba et al. carefully dissected the complex network of DCs and macrophages residing in normal human skin and defined novel phenotypic markers for these immunocytes (see the related article beginning on page 2517). These studies provide the basis for better insight into the role of important immune sentinels contributing to the maintenance of skin tissue homeostasis and lay the foundation for future studies of the skin immune system.
Sunitinib Plus Paclitaxel in Patients with Advanced Esophageal Cancer: A Phase II Study from the Hoosier Oncology Groupe
Authors: Jordan M. Schmitt, Scott R. Sommers, William Fisher, Rafat Ansari, Erwin Robin, Karuna Koneru, John McClean, Ziyue Liu, Yan Tong, Nasser Hanna
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
Impairment of glucose metabolism in hearts from rats treated with endotoxin
Authors: J Tessier
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Objective: In patients and animals with sepsis or critical illness, the mechanical function of the heart is often impaired. Although these conditions are accompanied by dramatic metabolic and hormonal changes, little is known about alterations of cardiac metabolism. In this study, we assessed the impact of an endotoxin-induced inflammation on cardiac glucose utilization. Methods: Bacterial endotoxin (1 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhimurium, LPS) was injected intravenously to rats. Six hours after LPS application, hearts were isolated and perfused in the Langendorff mode. Results: Left ventricular pressure was reduced by 50% in hearts from LPS-treated rats, compared to those from saline-injected control animals. With glucose as the sole fuel, there was no difference in glycolysis between the groups. However, on addition of β-hydroxybutyrate (an alternative fuel which inhibits phosphofructokinase via an increased citrate level), the glycolytic rate in the LPS group was 44 and 48% lower (in basal, and insulin-stimulated conditions, respectively; P<0.01) than in control hearts. At the end of perfusions with β-hydroxybutyrate and insulin, the cardiac citrate content was 40% higher in LPS vs. controls (P<0.001). In addition to the reduced glycolysis, the insulin-dependent increase of cardiac glycogen was 77% smaller in LPS hearts. The difference between LPS and control glycolysis was abolished if the hearts were perfused with the ceramidase inhibitor N-oleyl-ethanolamine (5 μM), and also with the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 (10 μM), or the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist SQ-29548 (1 μM). Conclusion: The inflammatory reaction caused by endotoxin impairs cardiac glucose metabolism (and in particular, the action of insulin) in at least two ways: through the exacerbation of the counterregulatory effect of alternative fuels on glycolysis, and through a reduction in net glycogen synthesis. Impairment of glycolysis may be mediated by a sphingomyelin derivative, and COX-2-derived thromboxane A2.
Effect of atrioventricular interval during pacing or reciprocating tachycardia on atrial size, pressure, and refractory period. Contraction-excitation feedback in human atrium.
Authors: L S Klein, W M Miles, D P Zipes
Journal: Circulation (1990)

To determine whether a contraction-excitation feedback mechanism exists in human atrium, we investigated the effects of varying the atrioventricular (AV) interval from 0 to 360 msec during AV pacing at a cycle length of 400 msec on atrial pressure, size, and refractoriness in 10 patients (group 1, without supraventricular tachycardia). The same parameters were determined in another 10 patients (group 2, with different spontaneous AV relations) during AV reciprocating tachycardia or AV nodal reciprocating tachycardia and during high right atrial (RA) pacing at the tachycardia cycle length. In group 1 patients, peak and mean RA pressure, RA effective refractory period (RA-ERP), and left atrial (LA) size all decreased to minimal values at an AV interval of 120 msec and remained low as the AV interval was increased and approached 400 msec. The increase in each of the variables from its lowest to greatest value was as follows: Mean systemic blood pressure, 20.9 +/- 3.1 mm Hg; LA size, 0.55 +/- 0.05 cm; RA peak pressure, 10.4 +/- 1.8 mm Hg; RA mean pressure, 3.5 +/- 0.6 mm Hg; and RA-ERP, 22.5 +/- 3.0 msec, p less than 0.001 for each. The weighted mean correlation coefficient with RA-ERP was significant for RA peak pressure and LA size (p less than 0.001 for each). These same relations were investigated in five patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and AV reciprocating tachycardia and five patients with AV nodal reciprocating tachycardia (group 2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Soluble TNF receptors (TNF-sR55 and TNF-sR75) in lung allograft recipients displaying cytomegalovirus pneumonitis.
Authors: M Humbert, P Roux-Lombard, J Cerrina, A Magnan, G Simonneau, P Dartevelle, P Galanaud, J M Dayer, D Emilie
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Two distinct types of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNF-R) have been identified (TNF-R55 and TNF-R75). Both TNF-R also exist in soluble forms (TNF-sR), resulting from the release of the extracellular domains (TNF-sR55 and TNF-sR75). TNF-sR may play an important role in vivo as they can bind to TNF alpha and prevent ligand binding to the cellular TNF-R, thus acting as naturally occurring inhibitors of TNF alpha. Sera from lung allograft recipients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis (12 patients) were assayed for TNF-sR55 and TNF-sR75. The concentrations were compared with those from either control lung recipients displaying neither rejection nor infection (12 patients), or lung recipients with allograft rejection (12 patients). Serum TNF-sR55 and TNF-sR75 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunologic binding assay. Serum TNF-sR55 and TNF-sR75 concentrations were significantly higher during CMV pneumonitis (mean +/- SEM: 13.7 +/- 4.7 ng/ml, and 11.7 +/- 2.7 ng/ml, respectively) than during allograft rejection (3.7 +/- 0.3 ng/ml, p < 0.001, and 2.6 +/- 0.6 ng/ml, p < 0.001, respectively). They were also higher than in control subjects (3.6 +/- 0.3 ng/ml, p < 0.001, and 1.9 +/- 0.5 ng/ml, p < 0.001, respectively). Serum TNF alpha concentration was low in case of rejection or in control subjects (< 20 pg/ml). Conversely increased levels of TNF alpha were detected in the serum of six out of the 12 patients with CMV pneumonitis (p < 0.03 versus rejection and control subjects). Ganciclovir treatment of CMV pneumonitis led to a dramatic decrease of TNF alpha, TNF-sR55, and TNF-sR75 serum levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Substitution rate variation at human CpG sites correlates with non-CpG divergence, methylation level and GC content
Authors: Carina F Mugal, Hans Ellegren
Journal: Genome biology (2011)

A major goal in the study of molecular evolution is to unravel the mechanisms that induce variation in the germ line mutation rate and in the genome-wide mutation profile. The rate of germ line mutation is considerably higher for cytosines at CpG sites than for any other nucleotide in the human genome, an increase commonly attributed to cytosine methylation at CpG sites. The CpG mutation rate, however, is not uniform across the genome and, as methylation levels have recently been shown to vary throughout the genome, it has been hypothesized that methylation status may govern variation in the rate of CpG mutation. Here, we use genome-wide methylation data from human sperm cells to investigate the impact of DNA methylation on the CpG substitution rate in introns of human genes. We find that there is a significant correlation between the extent of methylation and the substitution rate at CpG sites. Further, we show that the CpG substitution rate is positively correlated with non-CpG divergence, suggesting susceptibility to factors responsible for the general mutation rate in the genome, and negatively correlated with GC content. We only observe a minor contribution of gene expression level, while recombination rate appears to have no significant effect. Our study provides the first direct empirical support for the hypothesis that variation in the level of germ line methylation contributes to substitution rate variation at CpG sites. Moreover, we show that other genomic features also impact on CpG substitution rate variation.