tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Eight-year experience with 3392 endoscopically proven duodenal ulcers in Durban, 1972-79. Rise and fall of duodenal ulcers and a theory of changing dietary and social factors.
Authors: M G Moshal, J M Spitaels, J V Robbs, I N MacLeod, C J Good
Journal: Gut (1981)

From 1972 to 1979, a total of 3392 patients with endoscopically proven ulcers were seen, in six ethnic groups. The distribution was as follows: Africans 456 males, 182 females; Muslim Gujerati Indians 206 males, 60 females; Hindu Hindi 433 males; total North Indians 639 males, 195 females; Hindu Tamils 593 males, 184 females; Hindu Telegu 179 males, 46 females; total South Indians 872 males, 230 females, and Whites 465 males, 303 females. In the continent of India, it is predominantly the South Indians who suffer from duodenal ulcer. In Durban, the number of North Indians with duodenal ulcers approximates that of those from the South (North: South ratio 0.83). The first question raised by this study is that the protective factors in North Indians in India are not genetic, and are lost when they emigrate to Natal. This may be due to changes in diet. A seasonal analysis indicates that, for females, there is a striking Autumn and Winter predominance in all Indian groups, reaching 80% in Muslims and Telegus but not in African females (52.7%). The second question raised by this study is that protective factors must be sought which operate in Indian females in the Spring and Summer months. The third question emanating from this study is that duodenal ulcers (and ischaemic heart disease) appear to increase in times of dietary and social change. This occurred in the West from 1890 to 1960, and is still occurring in the Third World. The restoration of dietary fibre and unsaturated fat, and the possible adjustment to stress in the West since 1960, has been accompanied by a fall in the incidence of these diseases. A 'changing factors' theory of duodenal ulcers and ischaemic heart disease is proposed. These conditions fall when a 'plateau situation' is reached.
How does the dreaming brain explain the dreaming mind?
Authors: John S. Antrobus
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Recent work on functional brain architecture during dreaming provides invaluable clues for an understanding of dreaming, but identifying active brain regions during dreaming, together with their waking cognitive and cognitive functions, informs a model that accounts for only the grossest characteristics of dreaming. Improved dreaming models require cross discipline apprehension of what it is we want dreaming models to “explain.” [Hobson et al.; Neilsen; Revonsuo; Solms]
The esophageal obturator airway. A critique
Authors: T. A. Michael
Journal: JAMA (1981)

The esophageal obturator airway (EOA) has been used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation since 1973. The device is inserted into the esophagus and isolates the stomach from the airways by an occlusive balloon located below the tracheal bifurcation. It aims to prevent gastrointestinal inflation and regurgitation and to provide ventilation. A critique and literature review point out the speed and ease of insertion (5 s), short training period, and efficacy as it relates to blood gases and tidal volumes, which are comparable with those obtained with endotracheal intubation. Complications, including esophageal trauma and tracheal entry, are discussed, indicating their low incidence. As optimal endoscopic facilities are often unavailable at the site of cardiopulmonary arrest, the use of the EOA by trained personnel as an alternative or preceding technique is advocated. (<i>JAMA</i>1981;246:1098-1101)
Endoglin Regulates Cancer–Stromal Cell Interactions in Prostate Tumors
Authors: Diana Romero, Christine O'Neill, Aleksandra Terzic, Liangru Contois, Kira Young, Barbara A. Conley, Raymond C. Bergan, Peter C. Brooks, Calvin P.H. Vary
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Endoglin is an accessory receptor for TGF-β that has been implicated in prostate cancer cell detachment, migration, and invasiveness. However, the pathophysiologic significance of endoglin with respect to prostate tumorigenesis has yet to be fully established. In this study, we addressed this question by investigation of endoglin-dependent prostate cancer progression in a TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate) mouse model where endoglin was genetically deleted. In this model, endoglin was haploinsufficient such that its allelic deletion slightly increased the frequency of tumorigenesis, yet produced smaller, less vascularized, and less metastatic tumors than TRAMP control tumors. Most strikingly, TRAMP:eng(+/-)-derived tumors lacked the pronounced infiltration of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) that characterize TRAMP prostate tumors. Studies in human primary prostate-derived stromal cells (PrSC) confirmed that suppressing endoglin expression decreased cell proliferation, the ability to recruit endothelial cells, and the ability to migrate in response to tumor cell-conditioned medium. We found increased levels of secreted insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBP) in the conditioned medium from endoglin-deficient PrSCs and that endoglin-dependent regulation of IGFBP-4 secretion was crucial for stromal cell-conditioned media to stimulate prostate tumor cell growth. Together, our results firmly establish the pathophysiologic involvement of endoglin in prostate cancer progression; furthermore, they show how endoglin acts to support the viability of tumor-infiltrating CAFs in the tumor microenvironment to promote neovascularization and growth.
Mesoporous Magnetic Gold “Nanoclusters” as Theranostic Carrier for Chemo-Photothermal Co-therapy of Breast Cancer
Authors: JinRong Peng, TingTing Qi, JinFeng Liao, BingYang Chu, Qian Yang, Ying Qu, WenTing Li, He Li, Feng Luo, ZhiYong Qian
Journal: Theranostics (2014)

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is proved to be an efficient manner for superficial tumor therapy in preclinical studying.The tumor suppression of chemotherapy can be enhanced by combining with PTT.In this study, we reported a mesoporous magnetic gold "nanoclusters" (MMGNCs) structure as theranostic carrier for chemo-photothermal co-therapy.MMGNCs were successfully prepared and they exhibited efficient photo-thermal effect for PTT.The mesoporous structure provided MMGNCs with high drug loading capacity.By in vitro cytotoxicity testing, we revealed that the combination of PTT and chemotherapy could cause more damage than chemotherapy or PTT did alone.By topically targeting mediated by the extra-magnetic field (MF), MMGNCs can be targeted to the tumor site efficiently.In vivo chemo-photothermal co-therapy of 4T1 breast cancer, under the combinational treatments of chemo-photothermal co-therapy and extra-MF targeting, the tumor growth has been efficiently inhibited, and the pulmonary and mediastinal metastasis have also been prevented.The survival of the cancer bearing mice was prolonged.The bio-imaging applications of this system and the mechanism of the metastasis prevention are ongoing.
The Ghost of Christmas Past: health effects of poverty in London in 1896 and 1991
Authors: D. Dorling, R. Mitchell, M. Shaw, S. Orford, G. Davey Smith
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To compare the extent to which late 20th century patterns of mortality in London are predicted by contemporary patterns of poverty and by late 19th century patterns of poverty. To test the hypothesis that the pattern of mortality from causes known to be related to deprivation in early life can be better predicted by the distribution of poverty in the late 19th century than by that in the late 20th century. <b>Design:</b> Data from Charles Booth9s survey of inner London in 1896 were digitised and matched to contemporary local government wards. Ward level indices of relative poverty were derived from Booth9s survey and the 1991 UK census of population. All deaths which took place within the surveyed area between 1991 and 1995 were identified and assigned to contemporary local government wards. Standardised mortality ratios for various causes of death were calculated for each ward for all ages, under age 65, and over age 65. Simple correlation and partial correlation analysis were used to estimate the contribution of the indices of poverty from 1896 and 1991 in predicting ward level mortality ratios in the early 1990s. <b>Setting:</b> Inner London. <b>Results:</b> For many causes of death in London, measures of deprivation made around 1896 and 1991 both contributed strongly to predicting the current spatial distribution. Contemporary mortality from diseases which are known to be related to deprivation in early life (stomach cancer, stroke, lung cancer) is predicted more strongly by the distribution of poverty in 1896 than that in 1991. In addition, all cause mortality among people aged over 65 was slightly more strongly related to the geography of poverty in the late 19th century than to its contemporary distribution. <b>Conclusions:</b> Contemporary patterns of some diseases have their roots in the past. The fundamental relation between spatial patterns of social deprivation and spatial patterns of mortality is so robust that a century of change in inner London has failed to disrupt it.
Long-Term Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid for the Prevention of Skeletal Complications in Patients With Metastatic Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer
Authors: F. Saad, D. M. Gleason, R. Murray, S. Tchekmedyian, P. Venner, L. Lacombe, J. L. Chin, J. J. Vinholes, J. A. Goas, M. Zheng
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2004)

In a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, zoledronic acid (4 mg via a 15-minute infusion every 3 weeks for 15 months) reduced the incidence of skeletal-related events (SREs) in men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Among 122 patients who completed a total of 24 months on study, fewer patients in the 4-mg zoledronic acid group than in the placebo group had at least one SRE (38% versus 49%, difference = –11.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = –20.2% to –1.3%; P = .028), and the annual incidence of SREs was 0.77 for the 4-mg zoledronic acid group versus 1.47 for the placebo group (P= .005). The median time to the first SRE was 488 days for the 4-mg zoledronic acid group versus 321 days for the placebo group (P = .009). Compared with placebo, 4 mg of zoledronic acid reduced the ongoing risk of SREs by 36% (risk ratio = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.485 to 0.845; P = .002). Patients in the 4-mg zoledronic acid group had a lower incidence of SREs than did patients in the placebo group, regardless of whether they had an SRE prior to entry in the study. Long-term treatment with 4 mg of zoledronic acid is safe and provides sustained clinical benefits for men with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
Survival among Patients with Kidney Failure in Jalisco, Mexico
Authors: Guillermo Garcia-Garcia, Gregorio Brisen[Combining Tilde]o-Rentería, Victor H. Luquín-Arellan, Zhiwei Gao, John Gill, Marcello Tonelli
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

ESRD is a serious public health problem in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. This study evaluated mortality in poor patients who initiated dialysis at the Jalisco Health Secretariat, compared with Hispanic patients without medical insurance who initiated dialysis in the United States. All patients who received a diagnosis with ESRD between February 1 and December 31, 2003, were studied prospectively at a single institution that provides care to the poor of Jalisco. Data from an American national dialysis registry and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the adjusted survival among Jalisco patients with that of a contemporaneous group of incident Hispanic patients who did not have Medicare or private insurance cover and who initiated peritoneal dialysis in the United States. Of 274 consecutive patients who presented with a clinical diagnosis of ESRD in Jalisco, mean estimated GFR at dialysis initiation was very low (3.9 +/- 2.4 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), and <10% were previously known to a nephrologist. Of the 274 patients, 102 (37.2%) did not initiate dialysis therapy, 71 (69.6%) of whom died during follow-up. The majority (n = 49) of such deaths occurred in-hospital before dialysis initiation. Of 172 patients who initiated dialysis, 36 (20.9%) died within the first 90 d of renal replacement therapy. An additional 31 (18.0%) patients died during a median follow-up of 186 d. When all 274 Jalisco patients who presented with ESRD were considered, survival was 49.6% at the end of follow-up. Unadjusted mortality rates among those who survived at least 90 d after dialysis initiation were 19.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.5 to 27.3) and 5.9 (95% CI 4.6 to 7.7) per 100 patient-years in Jalisco and American patients, respectively. After adjustment, the risk for death remained nearly three-fold higher in Jalisco patients (hazard ratio 2.7; 95% CI 1.5 to 4.7). Poor patients with kidney failure in Jalisco have very advanced disease at the time of first nephrologic contact and have exceedingly high rates of mortality after dialysis initiation. Our findings demonstrate a tremendous opportunity to reduce morbidity and mortality from kidney disease in Jalisco and perhaps other regions of Mexico.
Relationship of ventricular and atrial dilatation to valvular function in endurance athletes
Authors: N H Prakken, B K Velthuis, A C Bosker, A Mosterd, A J Teske, W P Mali, M J Cramer
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

Objective To establish cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reference values for atrial adaptation to training in endurance athletes in comparison with matched non-athletes. In addition, to study the relationship of atrial size to ventricular and annular size and valvular function. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants 180 healthy individuals aged 18–39 years (41% women): 60 elite endurance athletes (exercising &gt; 18 h/week), 60 regular endurance athletes (9–18 h/ week), and 60 age and gender matched non-athletes (exercising ≤3 h/week) underwent cardiac MRI. Quantitative atrial dimensions and volumes, indexed for body surface area (BSA), were compared with ventricular and annular dimensions. Regurgitant fractions of all four valves and peak velocities of mitral and tricuspid valves were also assessed. Results BSA-corrected right and left atrial volumes and diameters were significantly larger for athletes compared with non-athletes (p&lt;0.05–p&lt;0.0005). Ventricular, annular and atrial ratios remained constant for all groups, suggesting balanced adaptation to exercise training. E/A ratios remained statistically unchanged in all groups. Regurgitant fractions of the four cardiac valves were all mild (≤15%) and not significantly different in athletes compared with non-athletes. Conclusions Atrial remodelling in endurance athletes may be regarded as a balanced physiological adaptation to exercise training with preservation of valvular function.
Noninvasive Quantification of Regional Myocardial Metabolic Rate for Oxygen by Use of <sup>15</sup> O <sub>2</sub> Inhalation and Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Hidehiro Iida, Christopher G. Rhodes, Luis I. Araujo, Yusuke Yamamoto, Ranil de Silva, Attilio Maseri, Terry Jones
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background A method has been developed to measure the regional myocardial metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (rMMR o 2 ) and oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF) quantitatively and noninvasively in humans by use of 15 O 2 inhalation and positron emission tomography. This article describes the theory, an error analysis of the technique, and procedures of the method used in a human feasibility study. Methods and Results Inhaled 15 O 2 is transported to peripheral tissues, where it is converted to 15 O-labeled water of metabolism, which exchanges with the relatively large extravascular tissue space. Quantification of this buildup of radioactivity allows the calculation of rMMR o 2 and rOEF. However, a correction for the spillover of the pulmonary gas radioactivity signal into myocardial regions is required and has been made by use of a gas volume distribution estimated from the transmission scan. This was validated by comparative measurements using the inert gas [ 11 C]CH 4 in four greyhounds. Spillover of the cardiac chamber radioactivity has been corrected for with an inhaled [ 15 O]CO (blood volume) scan. The underestimation of myocardial radioactivity due to wall motion and thickness has been corrected for by use of values of tissue fraction obtained from the flow measurement [ 15 O](CO 2 scan). Values of rOEF were similar (within 4%) whether obtained from gas volume measurements determined from the transmission or [ 11 C]CH 4 scan data. 15 O 2 scan information from six healthy volunteers showed a clear distribution of myocardial radioactivity after the vascular and pulmonary gas 15 O background was subtracted. Subsequent compartmental analysis resulted in values for rOEF and rMMR o 2 of 0.60±0.11 and 0.10±0.03 mL·min −1 ·g −1 in the human myocardium at rest. Conclusions The results of this study are in good agreement with established values. This is the first known approach to allow the direct quantitative determination of rOEF and oxygen metabolism to be made noninvasively on a regional basis.
Abstract 4493: Medi-573 alone or in combination with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, targets the insulin-like growth factor pathway in sarcomas
Authors: Haihong Zhong, Christine Fazenbaker, Shannon Breen, Cui Chen, Jiaqi Huang, Morehouse Chris, Yihong Yao, Robert Hollingsworth
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract MEDI-573 is a human antibody that neutralizes the insulin-like growth factors, IGF-1 and IGF-2. IGFs are over-expressed in multiple types of cancer; their over-expression is a potential mechanism for resistance to IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R)-targeting therapy. Effects of IGFs on cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival are mediated through their binding to and activation of IGF-1R or insulin receptor A (IR-A). In this study, we studied the anti-tumor activity and mechanism of action of MEDI-573 in models of sarcoma. MEDI-573 potently inhibited in vitro proliferation of several sarcoma cell lines, with Ewing's sarcoma cell lines being the most sensitive. This inhibition also occurred after growth stimulation with added IGF-1- and IGF-2. The effect of MEDI-573 on IGF signaling was also examined. Treatment with MEDI-573 markedly reduced levels of pIGF-1R, pIR, and pAKT, and significantly blocked IGF-1- and IGF-2-induced activation of the IGF-1R and AKT pathways. MEDI-573 inhibited the growth of sarcoma xenografts in vivo, and inhibition correlated with neutralization of IGF-1 and IGF-2. Combination of MEDI-573 with either rapamycin or another mTOR inhibitor, AZD2014, significantly enhanced the anti-tumor activity of MEDI-573, and this response correlated with modulation of AKT and mTOR signaling. In summary, sarcoma cells respond to autocrine or paracrine growth stimulation by secreted IGF-1 and IGF-2, and inhibition of IGF-1 and IGF-2 by MEDI-573 results in potent anti-tumor activity in several sarcoma models. Our data provide evidence for evaluation of MEDI-573 and mTORi combinations in clinical studies of sarcoma patients. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Haihong Zhong, Christine Fazenbaker, Shannon Breen, Cui Chen, Jiaqi Huang, Morehouse Chris, Yihong Yao, Robert Hollingsworth. Medi-573 alone or in combination with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, targets the insulin-like growth factor pathway in sarcomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4493. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4493
No strong evidence that the addition of joint mobilisation to an exercise programme improves outcomes for shoulder dysfunction
Authors: Brent D Leininger, Steven J Kamper
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint affecting approximately 18–31%1 of the population each month. Only 50–60% of those with shoulder pain completely recover in the year after onset.2 ,3 Shoulder disorders are responsible for substantial disability, healthcare costs and work absenteeism.4 ,5 Societal costs due to shoulder pain are large with work loss accounting for 50–80% of total costs.6 ,7 Thus, identifying effective interventions for shoulder pain is an important priority.

The authors’ primary aim was to determine the effectiveness of the addition of joint mobilisation to a therapeutic exercise programme in individuals with shoulder dysfunction.

The authors included all randomised clinical trials evaluating joint mobilisation and therapeutic exercise for adults with shoulder dysfunction. Trials including individuals with complete rotator cuff tears, shoulder pain of cervical or neurological origin or a history of shoulder surgery were excluded. Methodological quality was assessed using a 24-item checklist covering …
Cardiovascular Effects of Tamoxifen in Women With and Without Heart Disease: Breast Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: S. E. Reis, J. P. Costantino, D. L. Wickerham, E. Tan-Chiu, J. Wang, M. Kavanah
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2001)

Background: The overall effect of prophylactic tamoxifen in women depends on the balance between the effects of the drug, which include preventing breast cancer and altering cardiovascular risk. In a recent clinical trial, postmenopausal estrogen–progestin therapy was shown to increase the risk of early cardiovascular events among women with a history of coronary heart disease (CHD). The cardiovascular effects of tamoxifen in women with and without CHD are not known. The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT) is the only clinical trial that provides data to assess the cardiovascular effects of tamoxifen in women with and without CHD. Methods: A total of 13 388 women at increased risk for breast cancer were randomly assigned in the BCPT to receive either tamoxifen (20 mg/day) or placebo. Cardiovascular follow-up was available for 13 194 women, 1048 of whom had prior clinical CHD. Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and severe angina were tabulated (mean follow-up: 49 months). All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Cardiovascular event rates were not statistically significantly different between women assigned to receive tamoxifen and those assigned to receive placebo, independent of pre-existing CHD. Among women without CHD (6074 on tamoxifen versus 6072 on placebo), risk ratios (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for tamoxifen users were 1.75 (0.44 to 8.13) for fatal myocardial infarction, 1.11 (0.55 to 2.28) for nonfatal myocardial infarction, 0.69 (0.29 to 1.57) for unstable angina, and 0.83 (0.32 to 2.10) for severe angina. In women with CHD (516 on tamoxifen versus 532 on placebo), risk ratios (95% CIs) for tamoxifen users were 0.00 (0 to 1.58) for fatal myocardial infarction, 1.25 (0.32 to 5.18) for nonfatal myocardial infarction, 2.26 (0.87 to 6.55) for unstable angina, and 1.39 (0.23 to 9.47) for severe angina. There was no evidence that the lack of association between tamoxifen and cardiovascular events was related to an early increase in risk that may have been offset by a late decrease in risk. Conclusion: When used for breast cancer prevention in women with or without heart disease, tamoxifen is not associated with beneficial or adverse cardiovascular effects.