tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Altered Reward Processing in Adolescents With Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Kathrin U Müller, Eva Mennigen, Stephan Ripke, Tobias Banaschewski, Gareth J Barker, Christian Büchel, Patricia Conrod, Mira Fauth-Bühler, Herta Flor, Hugh Garavan, Andreas Heinz, Claire Lawrence, Eva Loth, Karl Mann, Jean-Luc Martinot, Zdenka Pausova, Marcella Rietschel, Andreas Ströhle, Maren Struve, Bernadeta Walaszek, Gunter Schumann, Tomáš Paus, Michael N Smolka
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2013)

Higher rates of substance use and dependence have been observed in the offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy. Animal studies indicate that prenatal exposure to nicotine alters the development of brain areas related to reward processing, which might be a risk factor for substance use and addiction later in life. However, no study has examined the effect of maternal smoking on the offspring's brain response during reward processing.To determine whether adolescents with prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking differ from their nonexposed peers in the response of the ventral striatum to the anticipation or the receipt of a reward.An observational case-control study.Data were obtained from the IMAGEN Study, a European multicenter study of impulsivity, reinforcement sensitivity, and emotional reactivity in adolescents. The IMAGEN sample consists of 2078 healthy adolescents (age range, 13-15 years) recruited from March 1, 2008, through December 31, 2011, in local schools.We assessed an IMAGEN subsample of 177 adolescents with prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and 177 nonexposed peers (age range, 13-15 years) matched by sex, maternal educational level, and imaging site.Response to reward in the ventral striatum measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging.In prenatally exposed adolescents, we observed a weaker response in the ventral striatum during reward anticipation (left side, F = 14.98 [P < .001]; right side, F = 15.95 [P < .001]) compared with their nonexposed peers. No differences were found regarding the responsivity of the ventral striatum to the receipt of a reward (left side, F = 0.21 [P = .65]; right side, F = 0.47 [P = .49]).The weaker responsivity of the ventral striatum to reward anticipation in prenatally exposed adolescents may represent a risk factor for substance use and development of addiction later in life. This result highlights the need for education and preventive measures to reduce smoking during pregnancy. Future analyses should assess whether prenatally exposed adolescents develop an increased risk for substance use and addiction and which role the reported neuronal differences during reward anticipation plays in this development.
Muting the Voice: A Case of Arterial Spin Labeling-Monitored Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Treatment of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations
Authors: Philipp Homan, Jochen Kindler, Andrea Federspiel, Richard Flury, Daniela Hubl, Martinus Hauf, Thomas Dierks
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2011)
Humoral immune system in inflammatory bowel disease: I. Complement levels.
Authors: H J Hodgson, B J Potter, D P Jewell
Journal: Gut (1977)

Serum levels of complement components Clq, C4, C3, and Properdin factor B, from the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, have been estimated in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn9s disease. C3, factor B, and to some extent C4 concentrations all increased when the disease was active. In remission the levels of these components did not differ from hospital control patients. There was no evidence for the preferential consumption of the proteins of either pathway of activation, even in those patients with evidence of circulating immune complexes.
Fibrates Suppress Fibrinogen Gene Expression in Rodents Via Activation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-
Authors: Maaike Kockx, Philippe P. Gervois, Philippe Poulain, Bruno Derudas, Jeffrey M. Peters, Frank J. Gonzalez, Hans M.G. Princen, Teake Kooistra, Bart Staels
Journal: Blood (1999)
Distribution of 11q23 breakpoints within the MLL breakpoint cluster region in de novo acute leukemia and in treatment-related acute myeloid leukemia: correlation with scaffold attachment regions and topoisomerase II consensus binding sites
Authors: PL Broeker, HG Super, MJ Thirman, H Pomykala, Y Yonebayashi, S Tanabe, N Zeleznik-Le, JD Rowley
Journal: Blood (1996)
Upstream Clopidogrel Use and the Efficacy and Safety of Early Eptifibatide Treatment in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Tracy Y. Wang, Jennifer A. White, Pierluigi Tricoci, Robert P. Giugliano, Uwe Zeymer, Robert A. Harrington, Gilles Montalescot, Stefan K. James, Frans Van de Werf, Paul W. Armstrong, Eugene Braunwald, Robert M. Califf, L. Kristin Newby
Journal: Circulation (2011)

In the Early Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition in Patients with Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (EARLY ACS) trial, routine preangiography eptifibatide use was not superior to delayed provisional use but led to more bleeding. This analysis examines efficacy and safety of early eptifibatide in the setting of concurrent upstream clopidogrel use.In EARLY-ACS, clopidogrel use and timing were determined by treating physicians, but randomization to early eptifibatide versus placebo was stratified by the intent to use upstream clopidogrel. Among 9166 non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome patients who underwent coronary angiography, intent to use upstream clopidogrel was declared in 6895 (75%), and 7068 (77%) received upstream clopidogrel. After multivariable adjustment, intended upstream clopidogrel use did not differentially influence the effect of early eptifibatide on the primary end point of 96-hour death/myocardial infarction/recurrent ischemia requiring urgent revascularization/thrombotic bailout (interaction P=0.988). Early eptifibatide use reduced 30-day death/myocardial infarction among patients with intended upstream clopidogrel (adjusted odds ratio 0.85; 95% confidence interval 0.73 to 0.99) but not among those without intended upstream clopidogrel use (adjusted odds ratio 1.02; 95% confidence interval 0.80 to 1.30). However, the clopidogrel by randomized treatment interaction term was not significant (P=0.23). Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction major bleeding risk was increased with early eptifibatide in the setting of upstream clopidogrel use. Results were similar using actual clopidogrel treatment strata.Routine early eptifibatide use, compared with delayed provisional use, may be associated with lower 30-day ischemic risk in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome patients also treated with clopidogrel before angiography. The benefit-risk ratio of intensive platelet inhibition with combined early use of antiplatelet agents needs further evaluation in prospective randomized trials.
New anti‐HIV agents and targets
Authors: Erik De Clercq
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2002)

Abstract Virtually all the compounds that are currently used or are subject of advanced clinical trials for the treatment of HIV infections, belong to one of the following classes: (i) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): i.e., zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir, emtricitabine and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs) (i.e., tenofovir disoproxil fumarate); (ii) non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): i.e., nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, emivirine; and (iii) protease inhibitors (PIs): i.e., saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, and lopinavir. In addition to the reverse transcriptase and protease reaction, various other events in the HIV replicative cycle can be considered as potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention: (i) viral adsorption, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 (polysulfates, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, polyoxometalates, polynucleotides, and negatively charged albumins); (ii) viral entry, through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 (i.e., bicyclam (AMD3100) derivatives) and CCR5 (i.e., TAK‐779 derivatives); (iii) virus–cell fusion, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp41 (T‐20, T‐1249); (iv) viral assembly and disassembly, through NCp7 zinc finger‐targeted agents [2,2′‐dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs), azadicarbonamide (ADA)]; (v) proviral DNA integration, through integrase inhibitors such as 4‐aryl‐2,4‐dioxobutanoic acid derivatives; (vi) viral mRNA transcription, through inhibitors of the transcription (transactivation) process (flavopiridol, fluoroquinolones). Also, various new NRTIs, NNRTIs, and PIs have been developed that possess, respectively: (i) improved metabolic characteristics (i.e., phosphoramidate and cyclo saligenyl pronucleotides by‐passing the first phosphorylation step of the NRTIs), (ii) increased activity [“second” or “third” generation NNRTIs ( i.e., TMC‐125, DPC‐083)] against those HIV strains that are resistant to the “first” generation NNRTIs, or (iii), as in the case of PIs, a different, modified peptidic (i.e., azapeptidic (atazanavir)) or non‐peptidic scaffold (i.e., cyclic urea (mozenavir), 4‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrone (tipranavir)). Non‐peptidic PIs may be expected to inhibit HIV mutant strains that have become resistant to peptidomimetic PIs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 6, 531–565, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/med.10021
Carotid sinus baroreceptors modulate tracheal smooth muscle tension in dogs.
Authors: H D Schultz, T E Pisarri, H M Coleridge, J C Coleridge
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

Arterial baroreceptors are known to influence airway smooth muscle tone. Thus, increasing carotid sinus pressure from 20 to 200 mm Hg causes reflex tracheal dilation. However, the effects of changing sinus pressure around a normal arterial pressure set-point of 100 mm Hg have not been examined. In anesthetized, artificially ventilated dogs, we distended the vascularly isolated carotid sinuses with a pulsatile pressure and recorded isometric tension in an upper tracheal segment. The aortic nerves were cut. Increasing mean carotid sinus pressure in steps between 100 and 200 mm Hg decreased tracheal tension, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure; decreasing sinus pressure between 100 and 25 mm Hg had the opposite effect. Changing carotid sinus pressure still evoked tracheal responses when systemic arterial pressure was held constant. Increasing and decreasing carotid sinus pulse pressure around a constant mean pressure evoked similar changes in tracheal tension. All reflex effects were abolished by cutting or cooling (0 degree C) the carotid sinus nerves; tracheal responses were abolished by the carotid baroreflex were of comparable magnitude to those triggered by stimulating pulmonary stretch receptors, laryngeal receptors, and pulmonary C-fibers. Our results indicate that carotid sinus baroreceptors exert a tonic influence on the upper airways by a vagal cholinergic pathway, increasing and decreasing tracheal smooth muscle tension as blood pressure varies around the normal set-point.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Cancer Prevention
Authors: John A. Baron, Robert S. Sandler
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2000)

▪ Abstract Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, appear to have clinically significant anticarcinogenic effects in the gastrointestinal tract. Epidemiological data indicate that use of these drugs is inversely associated with the risk of sporadic colorectal cancer, and clinical trials among patients with familial polyposis coli show that NSAIDs can lead to the regression of large bowel adenomas. Animal studies have reported a similar efficacy of NSAIDs against experimental carcinogenesis. A consistent pattern in this research is that continued long-term use of NSAIDs is required for an anticancer effect—up to 15 or 20 years before a reduced risk of colorectal cancer appears. Epidemiological data also suggest possible protective effects in the stomach and esophagus. The mechanisms underlying any chemopreventive effect of NSAIDs are not clear. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase is one possibility, but pathways independent of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandins are also possible.
The Nasal Junction Scotoma in Giant Aneurysms
Authors: Bradley K. Farris, J. Lawton Smith, Noble J. David
Journal: Ophthalmology (1986)

Thirteen giant aneurysms in ten patients were retrospectively reviewed. Careful visual field testing of both peripheral and central fields revealed an ipsilateral nasal scotoma in 7 of the 13 aneurysms (54%), or six of the ten patients. A review of 47 giant carotid aneurysms reported in the literature revealed 16 ipsilateral nasal scotomas (34%). The more common intraocular causes of ipsilateral nasal field defects were excluded by careful funduscopic examination. In the absence of intraocular pathologic characteristics, an ipsilateral nasal junction scotoma should alert the clinician to suspect the presence of an otherwise silent internal carotid artery aneurysm.
First-line gemcitabine versus epirubicin in postmenopausal women aged 60 or older with metastatic breast cancer: a multicenter, randomized, phase III study
Authors: O. Feher, P. Vodvarka, J. Jassem, G. Morack, S.H. Advani, K.S. Khoo, D.C. Doval, S. Ermisch, D. Roychowdhury, M.A. Miller, G. von Minckwitz
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2005)
Cognitive impairment in non-cirrhotic chronic liver disease is unrelated to liver disease severity but associated with ineffective baroreflex function
Authors: James Frith, Gulnar Fattakhova, David E J Jones, Elsbeth Henderson, Katharine Wilton, Christopher P Day, Julia L Newton
Journal: Gut (2011)

We read with interest the commentary by Bercik1 emphasising the influence that gut intestinal microflora may have on cognitive function—a model with clear therapeutic implications. We would like to propose, however, that a third party—the presence of autonomic nervous system dysfunction—complicates the relationship between cognitive impairment and gut microflora.

In a number of diseases, autonomic dysfunction has been associated with cognitive impairment,2 3 and its presence is associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility, a risk factor for changes in bacterial colonisation. Autonomic dysfunction is a common problem in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD)4—the group of patients highlighted in the commentary as having obvious cognitive problems, as benefiting from treatment aimed at modifying the …
On the specificity of assays to detect circulating immunoglobulin A-fibronectin complexes
Authors: F Eitner, M Schulze, R Brunkhorst, K M Koch, J Floege
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1994)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)-fibronectin complexes have been proposed as specific serologic markers of IgA nephropathy. They have been detected by the use of ELISA composed of an immobilized antifibronectin antibody (or albumin as a negative control) and an enzyme-conjugated anti-IgA antibody (antifibronectin capture assay). By the use of this type of assay, plasma samples from 32 normal controls, 38 IgA nephropathy patients, and 81 patients with other types of glomerulonephritis were analyzed. Extinction values in IgA nephropathy patients were higher (P = 0.06) than in patients with other glomerulonephritis types and significantly higher than in normals. Markedly lower values were obtained when the plates were coated with albumin. However, when the antifibronectin antibody was replaced by normal IgG or F(ab')2 fragments, almost identical extinctions were measured. The use of different antifibronectin antibodies, IgG, ELISA plates, or blocking regimens did not modify these results. Extinction values could not be suppressed by the addition of exogenous fibronectin. Similar extinctions were observed when plasma samples were replaced by physiologic concentrations of fibronectin-free IgA. Extinction values measured in the plasma samples correlated significantly with IgA concentrations in plasma as analyzed by nephelometry. A collagen binding assay, a second type of assay used to measure IgA-fibronectin complexes, also allowed the detection of fibronectin-free IgA, and again, extinctions measured in plasma could not be suppressed by exogenous fibronectin. In conclusion, both antifibronectin capture ELISA and collagen binding assays do not specifically detect only IgA-fibronectin complexes, but also total plasma IgA, which is frequently, but nonspecifically, elevated in IgA nephropathy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Interaction of Coagulation Defects and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Carine J. M. Doggen, Volkert Manger Cats, Rogier M. Bertina, Frits R. Rosendaal
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —A genetic variation located in the 3′-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene (prothrombin 20210 G→A) was recently described as a risk factor for venous thrombosis. We examined how the presence of this mutation affected the risk of myocardial infarction in a population-based case-control study. Furthermore, we studied the risk of myocardial infarction associated with the simultaneous presence of a coagulation defect (ie, the 20210 AG genotype of prothrombin or the factor V Leiden mutation) and major cardiovascular risk factors. Methods and Results —Among 560 men with a first myocardial infarction before the age of 70 years, 1.8% were heterozygous carriers of the 20210 variant of the prothrombin gene. The control group consisted of 646 men who were frequency matched by age. In the latter group, the frequency of the 20210 AG genotype was 1.2%. The risk of myocardial infarction in the presence of the AG genotype was increased by 50% (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.6 to 3.8). The risk of myocardial infarction for carriership of factor V Leiden mutation was increased by 40% (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.8 to 2.2). When a coagulation defect was present (ie, the 20210 AG prothrombin genotype or the factor V Leiden mutation), the risk of myocardial infarction for carriers versus noncarriers was 1.4 (95% CI, 0.9 to 2.2). This risk was substantially increased when one of the major cardiovascular risk factors of smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or obesity also was present, with odds ratios varying between 3 and 6. These risks exceeded those of the single effects of the cardiovascular risk factors (ie, in the absence of the coagulation defect). Conclusions —We conclude that in men the 20210 G→A variant of prothrombin is associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. The combined presence of major cardiovascular risk factors and carriership of a coagulation defect increases the risk considerably.
Changing Profiles of Service Sectors Used for Mental Health Care in the United States
Authors: Philip Wang
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2006)

Objective: Redesigning the fragmented U.S. mental health care system requires knowing how service sectors share responsibility for individuals’ mental health needs. Method: Twelve-month DSM-IV mental disorders and their severity were assessed in respondents ages 15–54 from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) in 1990–1992 (N=5,388) and the NCS Replication in 2001–2003 (N=4,319). Six profiles involving potentially multiple service sectors were defined, including those in which pharmacotherapy plus psychotherapy (psychiatry profile, general medical with other mental health specialty profile), single modalities (general medical only profile, other mental health specialty only profile), or neither modality (human services only profile, complementary/alternative medicine only profile) could potentially have been received. The use of profiles was compared between surveys. Results: The general medical only profile experienced the largest proportional increase (153%) between surveys and is now the most common profile. The psychiatry profile also increased (29%), as did the general medical with other mental health specialty profile (72%). The other mental health specialty only (–73%), the complementary/alternative medicine only (–132%), and the human services only (–137%) profiles all decreased in use. The elderly, women, minorities, the less educated, and rural dwellers were less likely to use profiles capable of delivering pharmacotherapies and/or psychotherapies. Conclusions: How service sectors share responsibility for peoples’ mental health care is changing, with more care falling to general medical providers rather than specialists. Efforts are required to ensure that people who would benefit have access to the necessary treatment modalities.
Effects of Radiotherapy on Cognitive Function in Patients With Low-Grade Glioma Measured by the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination
Authors: Paul D. Brown, Jan C. Buckner, Judith R. O’Fallon, Nancy L. Iturria, Cerise A. Brown, Brian P. O’Neill, Bernd W. Scheithauer, Robert P. Dinapoli, Robert M. Arusell, Walter J. Curran, Ross Abrams, Edward G. Shaw
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

To assess the neurocognitive effects of cranial radiotherapy on patients with low-grade gliomas, we analyzed cognitive performance data collected in a prospective, intergroup clinical trial.Patients included 203 adults with supratentorial low-grade gliomas randomly assigned to a lower dose (50.4 Gy in 28 fractions) or a higher dose (64.8 Gy in 36 fractions) of localized radiotherapy. Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and neurologic function scores (NFS) at baseline and key evaluations were analyzed. Median follow-up was 7.4 years in 101 patients still alive. A change of more than three MMSE points was considered clinically significant.In patients without tumor progression, significant deterioration from baseline occurred at years 1, 2, and 5 in 8.2%, 4.6%, and 5.3% of patients, respectively. Most patients with an abnormal baseline MMSE score (< 27) experienced significant increases. Baseline variables such as radiation dose, conformal versus conventional radiotherapy, number of radiation fields, age, sex, tumor size, NFS, seizures, and seizure medications did not predict cognitive function changes.In this population, most low-grade glioma patients maintained a stable neurocognitive status after focal radiotherapy as measured by the MMSE. Patients with an abnormal baseline MMSE were more likely to have an improvement in cognitive abilities than deterioration after receiving radiotherapy. Only a small percentage of patients had cognitive deterioration after radiotherapy. However, more discriminating neurocognitive assessment tools may identify cognitive decline not apparent with the use of the MMSE.