tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Genetic screening for a single common LRRK2 mutation in familial Parkinson's disease
Authors: William C Nichols, Nathan Pankratz, Dena Hernandez, Coro Paisán-Ruíz, Shushant Jain, Cheryl A Halter, Veronika E Michaels, Terry Reed, Alice Rudolph, Clifford W Shults, Andrew Singleton, Tatiana Foroud
Journal: The Lancet (2005)
Red Blood Cell Potassium
Authors: Mark M. Singer, H. Richard Hoff, Solomon Fisch, Arthur C. DeGraff
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THE INTRACELLULAR CONTENT OF POTASSIUM is one of the determinants of some of the physiologic actions of this important ion. In clinical practice the estimation of cellular potassium is not practical. It is well known that serum potassium (K<sub>S</sub>), despite clinical usage, often does not reflect the intracellular or total body content (K<sub>E</sub>) of this cation.<sup>1</sup>It has been implied that red blood cell potassium concentration (K<sub>RBC</sub>) is superior to serum potassium as an indicator of changes in cellular potassium.<sup>2,3</sup> Since the determination of KRBC is simple, it was deemed important to extend these studies in conditions expected to produce changes in potassium balance. <h3>Method</h3> K<sub>RBC</sub>and K<sub>S</sub>were measured simultaneously for the following subjects: (a) 36 normal, including some on anticoagulant therapy; (b) 29 chronically maintained on diuretics, including a cirrhotic patient with ascites; (c) 18 who were in different stages of
Empirical prescribing for dyspepsia: randomised controlled trial of test and treat versus omeprazole treatment
Authors: G. Manes
Journal: BMJ (2003)

To compare the efficacy of a "Helicobacter pylori test and treat" strategy with that of an empirical trial of omeprazole in the non-endoscopic management by empirical prescribing of young patients with dyspepsia.Randomised controlled trial.Hospital gastroenterology unit.219 patients under 45 years old presenting with dyspepsia without alarm symptoms.Patients received treatment with omeprazole 20 mg (group A) or with a urea breath test followed by an eradication treatment in case of H pylori infection or omeprazole alone in non-infected patients (group B). Lack of improvement or recurrence of symptoms prompted endoscopy.Improvement in symptoms assessed by a dyspepsia severity score every two months; use of medical resources (endoscopic workload and medical consultation); clinical outcome.96/109 (88%) patients in group A and 61/110 (55%) in group B (P < 0.0001) had endoscopy: in 19 patients in group A and 32 in group B (20/67 infected and 12/43 non-infected) because of no improvement; in 77 further patients in group A and 29 in group B (7 infected and 22 non-infected) because of recurrence of symptoms during follow up. Endoscopy showed peptic ulcers only in group A; oesophagitis occurred significantly more often in group B than in group A. About 80% of examinations were normal in both groups, but nine duodenal scars occurred in group A.Eradication treatment allows resolution of symptoms in a large number of patients with dyspepsia and reduces the endoscopic workload. After a trial of omeprazole, symptoms recur in nearly every patient. Such treatment is also likely to mask an appreciable number of peptic ulcers and cases of oesophagitis.
DEAFNESS FROM PRESENCE OF INSECT IN EAR
Authors: Paul A. Higbee
Journal: JAMA (1922)

A man, aged 36, stumbled and fell, Feb. 18, 1922, striking on his chin. He was unconscious for a few seconds and, on recovering, experienced a sharp pain in his right ear. After the chin wound was dressed he was referred to me for examination of the ear. The external canal was blocked. A large amount of débris was removed, disclosing tightly packed cerumen, which was removed with difficulty. Following this came the remains of a dead cockroach, 18 mm. in length and perfectly preserved in every detail. The patient in April, 1908, while preparing for a bath, felt a sudden pain and buzzing in the right ear, which drove him almost frantic. While his wife was telephoning for a physician, he put his head under the water in the tub, and the pain soon ceased. Later, on the advice of his physician, the ear was syringed, but nothing was
Whose data are they anyway?
Authors: T. Delamothe
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The design and updated results of Intersalt may still fail to convince sceptics of a causal relation between salt intake and blood pressure, and some of the difficulties in demonstrating an association should therefore be emphasised.These include the measurement of salt intake, which is notoriously inaccurate for individuals, and the range of variation, which may be too narrow within a population compared with the large variation between individuals.The Intersalt study does not have the perfect design to overcome these difficulties, and on its own it cannot answer the question as to whether high salt intake causes high blood pressure.But until someone sets up a 30 year longitudinal study to monitor sodium chloride intake and blood pressure prospectively in a sufficiently large population, this hybrid cross sectional, within population and cross population, ecological study is likely to be the only feasible epidemiological design.The updated version of Intersalt provides robust results that are in concert with other studies, including experiments on animals and clinical trials.7A recent study on chimpanzees showed that adding 100 mmol of sodium a day to their food increased their systolic blood pressure by 12 mm Hg.Blood pressure rose further with further increases in sodium intake and fell when sodium supplementation was stopped.8The Intersalt results must be viewed in the context of such existing evidence suggesting a causal relation between salt intake and blood pressure.Whether the evidence is strong enough to war- rant the reductions in salt recommended by the authors is, as always, a question of judgment.But useful clinical and public health actions have been undertaken on much weaker evidence.
Hysteresis Effect Implicates Calcium Cycling as a Mechanism of Repolarization Alternans
Authors: Mariah L. Walker, Xiaoping Wan, Glenn E. Kirsch, David S. Rosenbaum
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— T-wave alternans is due to alternation of membrane repolarization at the cellular level and is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death. Recently, a hysteresis effect has been reported in patients whereby T-wave alternans, once induced by rapid heart rate, persists even when heart rate is subsequently slowed. We hypothesized that alternans hysteresis is an intrinsic property of cardiac myocytes, directly related to an underlying mechanism for repolarization alternans that involves intracellular calcium cycling. Methods and Results— Stepwise pacing was used to induce alternans in Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts from which optical action potentials were recorded simultaneously at 256 ventricular sites with voltage-sensitive dyes and in whole-cell patch-clamped cardiac myocytes treated with or without BAPTA-AM (1,2-bis[2-aminophenoxy]ethane- N , N , N ′, N ′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis [acetoxymethyl ester]). Alternans hysteresis was observed in every isolated heart: threshold heart rate for alternans was 280±12 bpm, but during subsequent deceleration of pacing, alternans persisted to significantly slower heart rates (238±5 bpm, P &lt;0.05). Optical mapping showed that this effect also applied to the threshold for spatially discordant alternans (313±2.2 bpm during acceleration versus 250±6.6 bpm during deceleration, P &lt;0.05). Alternans hysteresis was also observed in isolated cardiac myocytes. Moreover, calcium chelation by BAPTA-AM raised the threshold for alternans and inhibited hysteresis in a dose-dependent manner with no effect on baseline action potential duration. Conclusions— Alternans hysteresis is an intrinsic property of cardiac myocytes that can lead to persistence of arrhythmogenic discordant alternans even after heart rate is slowed. These results also support an important underlying role of calcium cycling in the mechanism of alternans.
Ticrynafen and Hydrochlorothiazide
Authors: Sanford A. Miller
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Twenty-eight patients completed a double-blind study of the antihypertensive effects of ticrynafen compared with those of hydrochlorothiazide. The results of blood pressure reduction were comparable in the two groups. After six months, 12 patients were crossed over to ticrynafen therapy from hydrochlorothiazide. They maintained their blood pressure reduction. The most striking difference between the two groups was in the uric acid response. The uric acid level in the patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide therapy rose from a baseline of 5.9 to 7.5 mg/dL (normal range, 3.0 to 8.0 mg/dL). The uric acid level of those patients receiving ticrynafen therapy decreased from a baseline of 6.4 mg/dL to a low of 3.3 mg/dL. In view of ticrynafen's appreciable antihypertensive and uric-acid-lowering effects, it appears to be a useful new antihypertensive drug. (<i>JAMA</i>241:2174-2176, 1979)
A NEW SYMBOL APPROACH TO PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
Authors: THEODORE C. KAHN, PAUL D. MURPHY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1958)

Psychologists have overlooked the possibility of first going to the culture and then to the individual in obtaining ideas for the construction of psychological instruments. A test of symbol arrangement has been developed in which this procedure has been reversed. Objects with established cultural validity were used to study and to classify human behavior. A number of studies were cited to show the wide applicability of this cross-disciplinary approach to psychological testing.
Prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Japanese adults
Authors: T. Muto, S.D. Hsieh, Y. Sakurai, H. Yoshinaga, H. Suto, K. Okumura, H. Ogawa
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Adult atopic dermatitis (AD) in Japan has become a significant social problem, with as many as one-third of adult patients with severe AD absenting themselves from work or classes due to aggravation of the disease. Reports of such patients have become increasingly common in recent years. Despite the pressing need for epidemiological studies to clarify the prevalence and distribution of AD and to determine its aetiology, no previous research has been carried out on the prevalence of AD within the adult population in Japan.To clarify the prevalence of adult AD in Japan, using the U.K. Working Party's diagnostic criteria.The subjects of this study were mostly government officials or their family members visiting the Medical Center of Health Science, Toranomon Hospital in Tokyo for annual health check-ups in the period from September 1997 to August 1998. Questionnaires completed by 10 762 persons (8076 men and 2686 women) aged 30 years or above were analysed. The questionnaire consisted of 14 questions on allergic disease. The U.K. Working Party's diagnostic criteria were used after translation into Japanese. Three types of prevalence were used as indicators of prevalence: point, 1-year and lifetime prevalence.The point prevalence, 1-year prevalence and lifetime prevalence of AD in Japanese adults were 2.9%, 3.0% and 3.3%, respectively. No significant statistical differences were observed between the sexes or among age groups within each sex. The survey indicated that 88.6% of those who had ever had AD were currently affected by active AD, while 93.4% of those who had had at least one episode of AD in the past had experienced an episode over the previous year.This study gives the first indication of the prevalence of adult AD among the Japanese, based on the U.K. criteria. Both the internal and external validity of this study are believed to be high; it would be safe to conclude that the 1-year prevalence of AD in Japanese adult populations living in urban areas is 3.0%.
CHANGES IN PLASMA GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 LEVELS DURING ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST REFLECT IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN NON-DIABETIC SUBJECTS
Authors: Fumiyuki Otsuka, Masami Kosuge, Kiyoshi Hibi, Naohiro Komura, Nobuhiko Maejima, Tatsuya Nakachi, Katsutaka Hashiba, Naoki Nakayama, Masayoshi Kiyokuni, Noriaki Iwahashi, Jun Okuda, Kengo Tsukahara, Toshiaki Ebina, Satoshi Umemura, Kazuo Kimura
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Outdoor activities in childhood: a protective factor for cutaneous melanoma? Results of a case-control study in 271 matched pairs
Authors: P. Kaskel, S. Sander, M. Kron, P. Kind, R.U. Peter, G. Krahn
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2001)

Background A matched case–control study was performed in Munich, Germany, in 1996–97 to evaluate the risk of cutaneous melanoma due to ultraviolet (UV) exposure behaviour in Southern Bavaria, Germany. Objectives Patients with cutaneous melanoma and controls were investigated by two physicians using a standardized questionnaire to identify risk factors for the development of melanoma, such as professional and leisure sun exposure behaviour. In each person, a total body examination was performed to detect benign skin alterations, phenotypic characteristics and precursor lesions for skin cancer. Patients/methods A total of 271 melanoma patients and 271 controls were individually matched for residence, age and gender. A multiple conditional logistic regression analysis was performed. Results Of 56 factors, those risk factors with a strong effect on the development of melanoma were: the existence of melanoma in first degree relatives, solar lentigo, actinic keratosis, actinic cheilitis, skin phototype, immediate skin reaction to UV light at the start of the outdoor season, sunburn in childhood and sun exposure during holidays in sunny areas 20 years before melanoma was diagnosed; outdoor activities in childhood were found to be protective. Conclusions Sunburn in childhood and increased sun exposure during annual holidays in sunny areas should be avoided. In contrast, outdoor activities in childhood, including soccer and gardening, should be encouraged because they are associated with a lower risk of melanoma formation.
Transgene Persistence and Cell Turnover in the Diarthrodial Joint: Implications for Gene Therapy of Chronic Joint Diseases
Authors: Elvire Gouze, Jean-Noel Gouze, Glyn D Palmer, Carmencita Pilapil, Christopher H Evans, Steven C Ghivizzani
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

Local gene therapy for chronic joint diseases requires prolonged transgenic expression, but this has not been reliably achieved in animal models. Using normal and immunocompromised animals, we examined the capacity of various cell types in joint tissues to maintain and express exogenous transgenes after direct intra-articular gene delivery. We found that transgenic expression could persist for the lifetime of the animal but required precise immunological compatibility between the vector, transgene product, and host. It was not dependent on vector integration or promoter origin. We identified two phenotypically distinct sub-populations of genetically modified cells within the joint: (i) transient cells, with a half-life of a few weeks, and (ii) stable cells that reside in the joint tissues indefinitely. Contrary to the prevailing assumption, the transient sub-population was composed almost exclusively of synovial fibroblasts, indicating that the synovium is not an appropriate tissue upon which to base a long-term therapy. Instead, fibroblasts in the ligaments, tendons, and capsule emerged as the primary cell types capable of sustained therapeutic transgene expression. This study sheds new light on the cellular dynamics of articular tissues and suggests that cell turnover and immune reactivity are the key determinants in achieving sustained transgenic expression intra-articularly. Local gene therapy for chronic joint diseases requires prolonged transgenic expression, but this has not been reliably achieved in animal models. Using normal and immunocompromised animals, we examined the capacity of various cell types in joint tissues to maintain and express exogenous transgenes after direct intra-articular gene delivery. We found that transgenic expression could persist for the lifetime of the animal but required precise immunological compatibility between the vector, transgene product, and host. It was not dependent on vector integration or promoter origin. We identified two phenotypically distinct sub-populations of genetically modified cells within the joint: (i) transient cells, with a half-life of a few weeks, and (ii) stable cells that reside in the joint tissues indefinitely. Contrary to the prevailing assumption, the transient sub-population was composed almost exclusively of synovial fibroblasts, indicating that the synovium is not an appropriate tissue upon which to base a long-term therapy. Instead, fibroblasts in the ligaments, tendons, and capsule emerged as the primary cell types capable of sustained therapeutic transgene expression. This study sheds new light on the cellular dynamics of articular tissues and suggests that cell turnover and immune reactivity are the key determinants in achieving sustained transgenic expression intra-articularly.
Clinical Problems, Injuries and Complications of Gynecologic Surgery
Authors: T. Keith Edwards
Journal: JAMA (1988)

I know you have heard the joke about the medical student who told his professor, "I certainly am glad I was on your service because I learned a lot about complications." Aside from the fact that the joke reflects on the attending professor's surgical ability, it is funny because no medical student or resident sees a lot of serious surgical complications. The estimated incidence of injury to the urinary tract or bowel in gynecologic surgery is one in every 1000 to 2000 cases. If one is to gain experience in how to care for these complications, some method of focusing on these rare occurrences must be made. Dr David Nichols, who is the chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Brown University, formulated a curriculum of postgraduate courses aimed at focusing attention on complications of gynecologic surgery. This book arose out of his recognition that the knowledge needed
DIVERTICULUM OF BLADDER IN THE INGUINAL CANAL
Authors: Herbert E. Stein
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Diverticula may take their origin from any part of the urinary bladder, although by far the majority spring from the lateral walls, not far from the ureters. Their pathogenesis is still unknown. That some are congenital is evidenced by an analogous condition in fetal bladders, as shown by Watson.<sup>1</sup>However, it is generally believed that they are acquired secondary to some congenital defect in the bladder wall. The possibility of encountering bladder tissue in the performance of inguinal hernia has been frequently stressed. In a fairly exhaustive review of the literature, I have failed to find a case report of a bladder diverticulum in the inguinal canal. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> Mrs. S., aged 30, a sextipara, whose father was alive, and whose mother died of cancer at 37, had been suffering from so-called bilious attacks every six to eight weeks since childhood. The general habits were good; she urinated about seven times
Subversion of host defense mechanisms by murine tumors. I. A circulating factor that suppresses macrophage-mediated resistance to infection.
Authors: R J North, D P Kirstein, R L Tuttle
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

The subcutaneous injection of cells of any one of five unselected murine tumors resulted very rapidly in the liberation into the circulation of a small molecular weight factor that severely impaired the capacity of the host to resist experimental infection with Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. It was found that the factor appeared in blood within 8 h of injecting tumor cells subcutaneously. That it possessed potent physiological activity was evidenced by the demonstration that an infusion of as little as 0.015 ml of tumor-bearer serum strikingly suppressed the capacity of normal recipients to resist bacterial infection. It was reasoned on the basis of the knowledge that the only cells in mice with the capacity to destroy Listeria are macrophages, that suppression of antibacterial resistance was caused by the ability of the tumor-suppressor factor to interfere, either directly or indirectly, with the antibacterial functions of these mononuclear phagocytic cells. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that at least some malignant neoplastic cells are naturally selected to avoid destruction by native and acquired antitumor mechanisms of mononuclear phagocytes.
Evaluation of teriparatide treatment in adults with osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Eric S. Orwoll, Jay Shapiro, Sandra Veith, Ying Wang, Jodi Lapidus, Chaim Vanek, Jan L. Reeder, Tony M. Keaveny, David C. Lee, Mary A. Mullins, Sandesh C.S. Nagamani, Brendan Lee
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

Adults with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) have a high risk of fracture. Currently, few treatment options are available, and bone anabolic therapies have not been tested in clinical trials for OI treatment.
Concomitant Hepatitis B and Meningococcal Infection
Authors: George Crawford
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Tri recently reported a case of concomitant hepatitis B and meningococcal meningitis (234:851, 1975). He suggested that there may be a relationship between the two diseases. We would like to report a similar case. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> An 18-year-old woman shared a syringe with a jaundiced friend six months before admission. She denied drug use after that episode but on Aug 23, 1975, noted the onset of malaise, anorexia, dark urine, and light stools. Two weeks later she had only icterus and a slightly enlarged tender liver. No rash or arthralgias were present. The patient returned two days later with a temperature of 39.5 C and was admitted. On the third hospital day, multiple purpuric lesions developed on her fingers, ankles and feet, with central necrosis. Complete blood cell count showed a hematocrit reading of 40% and white blood cells, 8,200/cu mm, with 50% polymorphonuclear
Disruption of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain molecule (TIM)–1/TIM4 interaction as a therapeutic strategy in a dendritic cell–induced peanut allergy model
Authors: Bai-Sui Feng, Xiao Chen, Shao-Heng He, Peng-Yuan Zheng, Jane Foster, Zhou Xing, John Bienenstock, Ping-Chang Yang
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)
Tl-201 and Tc-99m HMDP Scintigraphic Findings in Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma
Authors: Makoto Kajihara, Yoshifumi Sugawara, Hitoshi Miki, Teruhito Mochizuki, Teruki Kidani, Kenshi Sakayama
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is an extremely rare high-grade malignant soft tissue tumor, which accounts for approximately 4% of osteosarcomas and less than 1% of all soft tissue sarcomas. There have been reports describing the scintigraphic findings of this tumor, especially with Tl-201. We report a biopsy-proven case of extraskeletal osteosarcoma in which the bone and thallium scans were found to be useful in monitoring chemotherapy response. The Tc-99m HMDP bone scan revealed increased extraskeletal uptake in the tumor.
England's First State Hospitals and the Metropolitan Asylums Board 1867-1930
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1971)

The parish workhouse, which originally had the function of taking care of the able-bodied poor, became as well the refuge for the aged, the orphaned, and the sick, who had no other place to go. Various workhouses were under local regulations. Since the costs came out of local "rates," a major determinant in administration was the need to keep down expenses. In this atmosphere of parsimony the simultaneous attempts to care for the able-bodied poor and the destitute sick in a single institution led to unconscionable abuses. By the third quarter of the 19th century the growing humanitarian movement mounted vigorous propaganda for reform. A great many interests were involved, apart from the humanitarian aspect. Reform involved great expense, too great for local parishes, and only a central organization could pay the vastly increased costs that reform would entail. This, in turn, would require central administration to the detriment of