tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF THE KAHN AND WASSERMANN TESTS ON 500 SERUMS
Authors: T. E. Osmond, D. McClean
Journal: BMJ (1924)

IM'JO 6i7 spinal lesion.The conditions which ensue are very analogous to those which occur with increased respiratory resistance.There is an inability of the respiratory muscles to ventilate the alveoli adequately, and thus a pronounced degree of arterial aiioxaemia and carbon dioxide retention occurs.The oxvgeni want can be to some extent overcome by the inhalationi of oxygen, but the increased elimination of carbon dioxide cannot be accomplished.If relief of the spinal lesion can be expected within a reasonable time, properly controlled methods of artificial respiration may be instituted in order to reduce the uncompensated carbon dioxide acidosis which is apt to occur.This may be helped in some degree by the administration of alkalis in large quantities.TREATMENT OF DYSPNOEA.The treatment of dyspnoea in pulmonary diseases is very unsatisfactory unless the cause can be removed.In cases of respiratory obstruction, laryngeal diphtheria, or asthma, the first object to be attained is removal of the obstruction.If this be accomplished the relief is extremely prompt, as when the bronchial spasm is relieved in asthma by the administration of adrenaline.We have at present few drugs which we know from actuaI observation relieve the dyspnoea which occurs in many pulmonary lesions.The evidence upon which respiratory stimu- lants are given is at present very scanty, and there is com- paratively little proof to indicate that they are at all efficacious.On the other hand, the proper use of oxygen and carbon dioxide is of the greatest importance.In all acute cases which slhow any degree of cyanosis oxygen should be adminiistered promptly and in sufficient quantity.This can onily be done if proper methods are employed.The use of the so-called funnel method is to be condemned, as the quantity of oxygen allowed to pass through the funnel is usually ludicrously inadequate, and there is evidence to prove that it does not enrich the inspired air.On the other hand, the use of properly fitting masks and the regulation of the amount of oxygen given, or the use of a nasal catheter with a similar control, gives very good results (Table III).TABLE III.-Show.ringl the Effert of Oxygen Adntinistralion on the Cerebral Spyptomiis int cases of Lobar Pneumonwia wvith Lowered Oxygen Satiuraitiont of the Arterial Blood.0 ~~~~~~~~0
3D Culture of Tonsil‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Poly(ethylene glycol)‐Poly(<scp>l</scp>‐alanine‐<i>co</i>‐<scp>l</scp>‐phenyl alanine) Thermogel
Authors: Min Hee Park, Yeonsil Yu, Hyo Jung Moon, Du Young Ko, Han Su Kim, Hyukjin Lee, Kyung Ha Ryu, Byeongmoon Jeong
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2014)

Poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly( l ‐alanine‐ co ‐ l ‐phenyl alanine) (PEG‐PAF) aqueous solutions undergo sol‐to‐gel transition as the temperature increases. The transition is driven by the micelle aggregation involving the partial dehydration of the PEG block and the partial increase in β‐sheet content of the PAF block. Tonsil‐tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs), a new stem cell resource, are encapsulated through the sol‐to‐gel transition of the TMSC‐suspended PEG‐PAF aqueous solutions. The encapsulated TMSCs are in vitro 3D cultured by using induction media supplemented with adipogenic, osteogenic, or chondrogenic factors, where the TMSCs preferentially undergo chondrogenesis with high expressions of type II collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycan. As a feasibility study of the PEG‐PAF thermogel for injectable tissue engineering, the TMSCs encapsulated in hydrogels are implanted in the subcutaneous layer of mice by injecting the TMSC suspended PEG‐PAF aqueous solution. The in vivo studies also prove that TMSCs undergo chondrogenesis with high expression of the chondrogenic biomarkers. This study suggests that the TMSCs can be an excellent resource of MSCs, and the thermogelling PEG‐PAF is a promising injectable tissue engineering scaffold, particularly for chondrogenic differentiation of the stem cells.
Microalbuminuria prevalence varies with age, sex, and puberty in children with type 1 diabetes followed from diagnosis in a longitudinal study. Oxford Regional Prospective Study Group.
Authors: C J Schultz, T Konopelska-Bahu, R N Dalton, T A Carroll, I Stratton, E A Gale, A Neil, D B Dunger
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

OBJECTIVE: The predictive value of microalbuminuria (MA) in children with type 1 diabetes has not been defined. We describe the natural history of MA in a large cohort of children recruited at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Between 1985 and 1996, 514 children (279 male) who developed type 1 diabetes before the age of 16 years (91% of those eligible from a region where ascertainment of new cases is 95%) were recruited for a longitudinal study with central annual assessment of HbAlc and albumin excretion (three urine samples). Dropout rates have been &amp;lt; 1% per year, and 287 children have been followed for &amp;gt; 4.5 years. RESULTS: MA (defined as albumin-to-creatinine ratio &amp;gt; or = 3.5 and &amp;gt; or = 4.0 mg/mmol in boys and girls, respectively) developed in 63 (12.8%) and was persistent in 22 (4.8%) of the subjects. The cumulative probability (based on the Kaplan-Meier method) for developing MA was 40% after 11 years. HbAlc was worse in those who developed MA than in others (mean difference +/- SEM: 1.1% +/- 0.2, P &amp;lt; 0.001). In subjects who had been 5-11 years of age when their diabetes was diagnosed, the appearance of MA was delayed until puberty, whereas of those whose age was &amp;lt; 5 years at diagnosis of diabetes, 5 of 11 (45%) developed MA before puberty. The adjusted proportional probability (Cox model) of MA was greater for female subjects (200%), after pubertal onset (310%), and with greater HbAlc (36% increase for every 1% increase in HbAlc). Despite earlier differences based on age at diagnosis of diabetes (&amp;lt; 5, 5-11, and &amp;gt; 11 years), the overall cumulative risks in these groups were similar (38 vs. 29 vs. 39%, respectively) after 10 years' duration of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Prepubertal duration of diabetes and prepubertal hyperglycemia contribute to the risk of postpubertal MA. The differences in rates of development of MA relating to HbAlc, sex, and age at diagnosis relative to puberty may have long-term consequences for the risk of subsequent nephropathy and for cardiovascular risk.
Nitroglycerin-induced severe hypotension and bradycardia in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Authors: P C Come, B Pitt
Journal: Circulation (1976)

Seven episodes of simultaneous severe systemic arterial hypotension and absolute or relative bradycardia were observed in five patients receiving either sublingual nitroglycerin (two patients) or intravenous nitroglycerin (three patients) within the first 24 hours of onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Left ventricular filling pressure, measured as pulmonary artery diastolic pressure, decreased simultaneously in all four patients in whom pulmonary artery pressures were monitored. No initial increase in heart rate was observed in any of the five patients prior to the development of bradycardia. Possible mechanisms producing simultaneous bradycardia and hypotension during nitroglycerin administration are considered. The patient studies emphasize the importance of careful hemodynamic monitoring during administration of sublingual or intravenous nitroglycerin to patients with acute myocardial infarction.
My Ideal Office Assistant
Authors: Allan J. Rosenberg
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Reliable office assistants are valuable assets in any practice. We look for a combination of qualities—dependability, efficiency, and a pleasant manner—hoping that the nice features outweigh any disadvantages, without too many compromises. As a psychiatrist with a small volume of patients, I haven't had a great deal of work for an assistant to do. Generally I like to take my own telephone calls, and with a decent answering service that task is manageable. Letters and reports are not extensive; I type fairly well and occasionally use a secretarial service. Bookkeeping, insurance forms, and billing require only a few hours of my time every month. So why do I need anyone? Well, mainly to welcome patients and make them as comfortable as possible until their appointment times. That need has been filled admirably. My receptionist comes to work with me in the morning, so he's on time if I am. He
INCIDENCE OF THE SEROLOGICAL TYPES OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS IN LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: J. M. Alston, D. Stewart
Journal: BMJ (1930)

Of course, before any portal substances cani penetrate the systemiic stream, they have to p.Ass nlor'imal cells in the centre of the lobule, but tlese cells represent only a small fractfOil o. tbe whole, as it is ob-iously matlhematically c-orrect that the c6hel,n-ttiL periphery formn -the majority of the cells in the lobule.
Moderate stress by cardiac pacing may induce both short term and long term cardioprotection
Authors: L. Szekeres, J. G. Papp, Z. Szilvassy, E. Udvary, A. Vegh
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Objective: The aim was to investigate whether moderate ischaemic stress induced by brief periods of cardiac pacing to twice the normal heart rate protects the heart from the electrophysiological and haemodynamic consequences of subsequent periods of rapid pacing. Methods: Conscious rabbits with implanted right ventricular electrodes and a permanent catheter in the left ventricular cavity were studied. Hearts were paced at a rate of 500·min−1 for 5 min. The resulting transient ST segment elevation in the intracavital electrogram, the ventricular effective refractory period, and the left ventricular end diastolic pressure were measured. Results: After discontinuation of pacing, a shortlasting ST segment elevation appeared in the endocardial electrogram, together with a transient rise in left ventricular end diastolic pressure. These changes were significantly reduced after a second pacing, provided that this was applied not later than 30 min after the first pacing; maximum protection occurred when there was a 5 min interval between these pacing periods. Serial stimulation (10 pacing periods with a 5 min interval between each) gave a similar protection to that resulting from a single pacing period. The protection was lost after 1 h; however, 24 h and 48 h (but not 72 h) after the end of serial stimulation there was again a reduction in postpacing ST segment and left ventricular end diastolic pressure elevation. At these times the ventricular effective refractory period was prolonged. The cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor sodium meclofenamate (1-2 mg·kg−1) prevented the early protection. Conclusions: The results suggest that brief periods of rapid pacing induce both short term and long term cardioprotection, as shown by reduced electrophysiological and haemodynamic consequences of subsequent pacing periods. Endogenous prostanoids might play a role in the short term cardioprotection. Cardiovascular Research 1993;27:593-596
Discovery and Pharmacologic Characterization of CP-724,714, a Selective ErbB2 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: Jitesh P. Jani, Richard S. Finn, Mary Campbell, Kevin G. Coleman, Richard D. Connell, Nicolas Currier, Erling O. Emerson, Eugenia Floyd, Shawn Harriman, John C. Kath, Joel Morris, James D. Moyer, Leslie R. Pustilnik, Kristina Rafidi, Sherry Ralston, Ann Marie K. Rossi, Stefanus J. Steyn, Larry Wagner, Steven M. Winter, Samit K. Bhattacharya
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Amplification and overexpression of erbB2 (Her-2/neu) proto-oncogene has been linked to human malignancies including tumors of the breast, ovary, and stomach. It has been implicated in tumor growth, sensitivity to standard chemotherapy, prognosis of patients, and disease-free survival. Although the clinical use of trastuzumab (Herceptin) has prolonged the survival of breast cancer patients with erbB2-overexpressing tumors, there is an urgent need for more potent and orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitors. CP-724,714 is a potent inhibitor of erbB2 receptor autophosphorylation in intact cells and is currently undergoing phase I clinical trials. Here, we describe the effects of CP-724,714 in vitro and in vivo in human breast cancer models. CP-724,714 is selective for inhibiting growth of HER2-driven cell lines. In addition, we show that it induces G1 cell cycle block in erbB2-overexpressing BT-474 human breast carcinoma cells and inhibits erbB2 autophosphorylation in xenografts when administered p.o. to athymic mice. It induces a marked reduction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt phosphorylation, tumor cell apoptosis, and release of caspase-3. P.o. administration (q.d. or b.i.d.) of CP-724,714 inhibits the growth of erbB2-overexpressing tumors in athymic mice without overt adverse effects.
Origin and significance of double potentials near the atrioventricular node. Correlation of extracellular potentials, intracellular potentials, and histology.
Authors: M A McGuire, J M de Bakker, J T Vermeulen, T Opthof, A E Becker, M J Janse
Journal: Circulation (1994)

Atrioventricular junctional (AV nodal) reentrant tachycardia can be cured by catheter ablation of the slow pathway, which is part of the reentrant circuit. Previous work has suggested that extracellular double potentials may help identify the site of the slow pathway, but the origin and significance of these potentials are controversial. The aim of this study was to identify the source of these potentials.Studies were performed in isolated, blood-perfused porcine (n = 8) and canine (n = 4) hearts. Several methods were used to identify the origin of potentials: microelectrode recording, extracellular mapping, pacing from multiple sites, and light microscopy. Two types of double potentials, similar to those found in humans, were found in all hearts. LH potentials consisted of a low-frequency deflection followed by a high-frequency deflection during sinus rhythm or anterior septal pacing. HL potentials consisted of a high-frequency deflection followed by a low-frequency deflection. LH potentials were found close to the coronary sinus orifice. They were caused by asynchronous activation of the sinus septum and the region between the coronary sinus orifice and tricuspid annulus. HL double potentials were found along the tricuspid annulus. They were caused by asynchronous activation of two cell layers. The high-frequency component was caused by depolarization of atrial-type cells in the deep subendocardial layer. The low-frequency component was caused by depolarization of cells with nodal characteristics close to the endocardium. These cells were present around the entire tricuspid annulus, were not part of the compact AV node, and could be dissociated from the bulk of the atria by rapid atrial pacing.LH potentials are caused by asynchronous activation of muscle bundles above and below the coronary sinus orifice. Their proximity to the site of the slow pathway is probably serendipity. HL double potentials are caused by asynchronous activation of atrial cells and a band of nodal-type cells close to the tricuspid annulus. The band of nodal-type cells is not part of the compact AV node and may represent the substrate of the slow AV nodal pathway.
Using Alu Elements as Polyadenylation Sites: A Case of Retroposon Exaptation
Authors: C. Chen, T. Ara, D. Gautheret
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2008)

Of the 1.1 million Alu retroposons in the human genome, about 10,000 are inserted in the 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of protein-coding genes and 1% of these (107 events) are active as polyadenylation sites (PASs). Strikingly, although Alu's in 3' UTR are indifferently inserted in the forward or reverse direction, 99% of polyadenylation-active Alu sequences are forward oriented. Consensus Alu+ sequences contain sites that can give rise to polyadenylation signals and enhancers through a few point mutations. We found that the strand bias of polyadenylation-active Alu's reflects a radical difference in the fitness of sense and antisense Alu's toward cleavage/polyadenylation activity. In contrast to previous beliefs, Alu inserts do not necessarily represent weak or cryptic PASs; instead, they often constitute the major or the unique PAS in a gene, adding to the growing list of Alu exaptations. Finally, some Alu-borne PASs are intronic and produce truncated transcripts that may impact gene function and/or contribute to gene remodeling.
Measuring peak expiratory flow in general practice: comparison of mini Wright peak flow meter and turbine spirometer.
Authors: K P Jones, M A Mullee
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To compare measurements of the peak expiratory flow rate taken by the mini Wright peak flow meter and the turbine spirometer. DESIGN--Pragmatic study with randomised order of use of recording instruments. Phase 1 compared a peak expiratory flow type expiration recorded by the mini Wright peak flow meter with an expiration to forced vital capacity recorded by the turbine spirometer. Phase 2 compared peak expiratory flow type expirations recorded by both meters. Reproducibility was assessed separately. SETTING--Routine surgeries at Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton. SUBJECTS--212 Patients aged 4 to 78 presenting with asthma or obstructive airways disease. Each patient contributed only once to each phase (105 in phase 1, 107 in phase 2), but some entered both phases on separate occasions. Reproducibility was tested on a further 31 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--95% Limits of agreement between measurements on the two meters. RESULTS--208 (98%) Of the readings taken by the mini Wright meter were higher than the corresponding readings taken by the turbine spirometer, but the 95% limits of agreement (mean difference (2 SD] were wide (1 to 173 l/min). Differences due to errors in reproducibility were not sufficient to predict this level of disagreement. Analysis by age, sex, order of use, and the type of expiration did not detect any significant differences. CONCLUSIONS--The two methods of measuring peak expiratory flow rate were not comparable. The mini Wright meter is likely to remain the preferred instrument in general practice.
Mucous Plug in the Bronchus Causing Lung Collapse
Authors: Suresh R Nair, Stanley B Pearson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Figure 1. A 71-year-old woman with bronchiectasis was admitted with a two-week history of increasing shortness of breath and a cough productive of small amounts of yellow sputum. She had received antibiotics from her primary physician without clinically significant improvement. Her breathing had become suddenly worse on the day before admission. Chest radiography showed opacification of and volume loss in the right lung (Panel A). A chest radiograph obtained two weeks earlier had been normal except for changes indicative of bronchiectasis. Chest physiotherapy did not result in marked expectoration. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed a large mucous plug completely occluding the right . . .
Investigation of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Authors: A. N. Nicolaides
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Abstract —This consensus document provides an up-to-date account of the various methods available for the investigation of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs (CVI), with an outline of their history, usefulness, and limitations. CVI is characterized by symptoms or signs produced by venous hypertension as a result of structural or functional abnormalities of veins. The most frequent causes of CVI are primary abnormalities of the venous wall and the valves and secondary changes due to previous venous thrombosis that can lead to reflux, obstruction, or both. Because the history and clinical examination will not always indicate the nature and extent of the underlying abnormality (anatomic extent, pathology, and cause), a number of diagnostic investigations have been developed that can elucidate whether there is calf muscle pump dysfunction and determine the anatomic extent and severity of obstruction or reflux. The difficulty in deciding which investigations to use and how to interpret the results has stimulated the development of this consensus document. The aim of this document was to provide an account of these tests, with an outline of their usefulness and limitations and indications of which patients should be subjected to the tests and when and of what clinical decisions can be made. This document was written primarily for the clinician who would like to learn the latest approaches to the investigation of patients with CVI and the new applications that have emerged from recent research, as well as for the novice who is embarking on venous research. Care has been taken to indicate which methods have entered the clinical arena and which are mainly used for research. The foundation for this consensus document was laid by the faculty at a meeting held under the auspices of the American Venous Forum, the Cardiovascular Disease Educational and Research Trust, the European Society of Vascular Surgery, the International Angiology Scientific Activity Congress Organization, the International Union of Angiology, and the Union Internationale de Phlebologie at the Abbaye des Vaux de Cernay, France, on March 5 to 9, 1997. Subsequent input by co-opted faculty members and revisions in 1998 and 1999 have ensured a document that provides an up-to-date account of the various methods available for the investigation of CVI.
Intermittent Bolus or Continuous Infusion of Proton Pump Inhibitors for Ulcer Bleeding?
Authors: Yao-Chun Hsu, Hwai-Jeng Lin
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2015)

To the Editor We read with great interest the article by Sachar et al.1 The authors are to be commended for their thorough literature review and careful analysis. However, several issues may need clarification before jumping to conclusions.
The Epidemiology of Murine Typhus in Texas, 1969
Authors: J. Justin Older
Journal: JAMA (1970)

During 1969, 28 cases of murine typhus were reported in Texas. This number was consistent with the number of cases reported in previous years. The majority occurred in south Texas in the spring of the year. Patients presented with an illness resembling influenza, but the correct diagnosis was established by the complement-fixation test. Epidemiologic investigations implicated fleas from cats as vectors in the transmission of this illness to several patients.
CARDIAC STEATOSIS AND LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY: A 3-TESLA CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING STUDY
Authors: Michael D. Nelson, Troy LaBounty, Lidia Szczepaniak, Edward Szczepaniak, Laura Smith, Lawrence St. John, Jillian Gottlieb, Jason Park, Gregg Sannes, Debiao Li, Rohan Dharmakumar, Roya Yumul, David Hardy, Antonio Hernandez Conte
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)