tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Body‐Monitoring and Health Supervision by Means of Optical Fiber‐Based Sensing Systems in Medical Textiles
Authors: Brit M. Quandt, Lukas J. Scherer, Luciano F. Boesel, Martin Wolf, Gian‐Luca Bona, René M. Rossi
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2014)

Long-term monitoring with optical fibers has moved into the focus of attention due to the applicability for medical measurements. Within this Review, setups of flexible, unobtrusive body-monitoring systems based on optical fibers and the respective measured vital parameters are in focus. Optical principles are discussed as well as the interaction of light with tissue. Optical fiber-based sensors that are already used in first trials are primarily selected for the section on possible applications. These medical textiles include the supervision of respiration, cardiac output, blood pressure, blood flow and its saturation with hemoglobin as well as oxygen, pressure, shear stress, mobility, gait, temperature, and electrolyte balance. The implementation of these sensor concepts prompts the development of wearable smart textiles. Thus, current sensing techniques and possibilities within photonic textiles are reviewed leading to multiparameter designs. Evaluation of these designs should show the great potential of optical fibers for the introduction into textiles especially due to the benefit of immunity to electromagnetic radiation. Still, further improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio is often necessary to develop a commercial monitoring system.
Regression of Nephropathy Developed in Diabetes by (Pro)renin Receptor Blockade
Authors: Hidena Takahashi, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Yuki Kaneshiro, Kenta Inomata, Mariyo Sakoda, Tomoko Takemitsu, Akira Nishiyama, Hiroshi Itoh
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Activation of prorenin by (pro)renin receptor stimulates the tissue renin-angiotensin system and plays a significant role in the development of nephropathy in diabetic animals. This study examined whether (pro)renin receptor blockade inhibits the progression of nephropathy that has already developed in diabetic rats. Seventeen-week-old heminephrectomized streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with an increased urinary protein excretion and a significant glomerulosclerosis had been treated for 12 wk with the (pro)renin receptor blocker (PRRB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), or vehicle peptide by using subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps. At the end of observation, in diabetic rats that were treated with vehicle, urinary protein excretion was progressively increased and a significant progression of glomerulosclerosis was observed. In diabetic rats that were treated with PRRB, however, no further increase in urinary protein excretion or glomerulosclerosis was observed, but 12-wk treatment with ACEi only attenuated further increases in urinary protein excretion and glomerulosclerosis. The enhanced expression of activated prorenin was observed in the kidneys of diabetic rats that were treated with vehicle, whereas it was markedly suppressed in the kidneys of diabetic rats that were treated with PRRB but not ACEi. These results suggest that (pro)renin receptor blockade does not only inhibit the progression of nephropathy but also reverses the glomerulosclerosis that has already developed in diabetic rats.
Levels and distribution of BCNU in GBM tumors following intratumoral injection of DTI-015 (BCNU-ethanol)
Authors: William J. Bodell, Alexander P. Bodell, Donald D. Giannini
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2006)

The alkylation products formed by in vitro treatment of DNA with tritium-labeled 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (3H-BCNU) were identified and quantified. Twelve adducts were resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The principal DNA adducts formed by BCNU treatment corresponded to N-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine (N7-HOEtG) (26%), N-7-(2-chloroethyl)guanine (15%), and phosphotriesters (19%). In addition, several minor products were identified as 1,2-(diguan-7-yl)ethane, N-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-deoxyguanosine, 1-(N-1-2-deoxyguanosinyl), 2-(N-3-2-deoxycytidyl)ethane cross-link, and O-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-deoxyguanosine, and individually they represented 1% to 5% of the total alkylation. An HPLC-electrochemical method was applied to quantify the levels of N7-HOEtG in samples treated with BCNU. Treatment of either purified DNA or U87MG cells with various amounts of BCNU produced a linear increase in the amount of N7-HOEtG. These results demonstrated that the levels of N7-HOEtG formed by BCNU treatment could be used as a molecular dosimeter of BCNU treatment dose. We measured the levels of N7-HOEtG in DNA isolated from tumor samples taken from four patients with GBM tumors following stereotactic intratumoral injection with DTI-015 (BCNU-ethanol). The level of N7-HOEtG in these samples ranged from 14.7 to 121.9 μmol N7-HOETG/mol DNA within 1 cm of the site of injection. As the distance from the site of injection increased, the levels of N7-HOEtG in tumor DNA decreased. In two of the samples, the levels of N7-HOEtG were 0.2 to 0.3 μmol N7-HOETG/mol DNA at 3.5 to 3.9 cm from the site of injection, demonstrating significant distribution of BCNU in the tumor. The levels of N7-HOEtG in these tumor samples corresponded to BCNU treatment concentrations of 0.02 to 43.0 mM. These studies demonstrate that stereotactic intratumoral injection of DTI-015 into human GBM tumors produces high concentrations of BCNU up to 2.5 cm from the site of injection in some of the tumors. These observations suggest that intratumoral injection of DTI-015 may be of benefit in the treatment of primary and recurrent GBM tumors.
Gender differences in the knee adduction moment after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery
Authors: Kate E Webster, Jodie A McClelland, Simon E Palazzolo, Luke J Santamaria, Julian A Feller
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background The external knee adduction moment during gait has previously been associated with knee pain and osteoarthritis (OA). Recently, the knee adduction moment has been shown to be increased following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery and has been suggested as a potential mechanism for the progression of early onset knee OA in this population. No study has investigated the gender differences in gait biomechanics following ACL reconstruction. Aim To examine gender differences in gait biomechanics following ACL reconstruction surgery. Methods 36 subjects (18 females, 18 males) who had previously undergone ACL reconstruction surgery (mean time since surgery 20 months) underwent gait analysis at a self-selected walking speed. Males and females were well matched for age, time since surgery and walking speed. Maximum flexion and adduction angles and moments were recorded during the stance phase of level walking and compared between the male and female groups. Results The knee adduction moment was 23% greater in the female compared with the male ACL group. No gender differences were seen in the sagittal plane. No differences were seen between the reconstructed and contralateral limb. Conclusion The higher knee adduction moment seen in females compared with males may suggest an increased risk for the development of OA in ACL-reconstructed females.
USE OF DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF OBESITY
Authors: Richard L. Atkinson
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1997)

Obesity has become an epidemic in the United States and in many other countries of the world. Obesity is a chronic disease, not a failure of willpower. Diet, exercise, and behavioral modification of lifestyle are rarely successful over the long term. Medications have been used sparingly, because of concerns about addiction and ineffectiveness, but used chronically, obesity drugs are effective. The two main categories of obesity drugs are centrally active adrenergic and serotonergic agents. These drugs reduce appetite, enhance satiety, and increase energy expenditure. Use of single agents produces modest weight loss and use of combinations increases loss, but few patients reach their goal weight. Co-morbidities associated with obesity resolve or are reduced in severity with weight loss. Adverse events of major concern are changes in brain biochemistry and primary pulmonary hypertension. Published guidelines for use of obesity medications recommend they be used only for medically significant obesity.
Vertical HIV transmission in South Africa: translating research into policy and practice
Authors: Salim Abdool Karim, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Miriam Adhikari, Sharon Cassol, Matthew Chersich, Peter Cooper, Ashraf Coovadia, Hoosen Coovadia, Mark Cotton, Anna Coutsoudis, Win Hide, Greg Hussey, Gary Maartens, Shabir Madhi, Des Martin, John M Pettifor, Nigel Rollins, Gayle Sherman, Stanley Thula, Michael Urban, Sithembiso Velaphi, Carolyn Williamson
Journal: The Lancet (2002)
Computed Tomography–Based Simulation for Thoracic Radiation Therapy: Technical Advance or Clinical Evidence?
Authors: Antonin Levy, Nicolas Magné, Cyrus Chargari
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

TO THE EDITOR: In a recent issue of the Journal, Chen et al 1 examined the benefit of computed tomography (CT) – based simulation for thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) among Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with stage III non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between 2000 and 2005. By using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare linked data, the authors concluded that CTbased simulation was associated with higher survival among patients with stage III NSCLC receiving TRT. 1 This high-quality study provides meaningful information and encourages continued innovation in the setting of TRT. However, more information regarding diseasefree progression would be useful to ensure that this benefit is attributable to TRT improvements through CT simulation. Because patients with CT were treated over a more recent time period than their counterparts treated with 2D techniques (74.5% treated between 2004 and 2005v 25.5%, respectively), a benefit in overall survival only could be attributed to confusing factors.
Obesity and the role of gut and adipose hormones in female reproduction
Authors: Gabriella G. Gosman, Heather I. Katcher, Richard S. Legro
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2006)

Reproductive function declines at both extremes of human energy balance. The relationship between obesity and reproductive function is complex and incompletely understood. The literature has established the negative impact of excess energy stores on ovulatory function and investigated the mechanisms whereby this occurs. Furthermore, weight loss in obese anovulatory women increases ovulation and conception. Obesity and anti-obesity therapy effects on the endometrium, implantation and early fetal development have received less attention. The discovery of adipokines and enterokines greatly expands the ability to investigate the relationship between obesity, therapies to produce weight loss and reproductive function. In this review, we discuss select adipose and enteric signals. We focus on in vitro, animal and human data that lend biological plausibility to adipokines and enterokines as mediators of obesity and reproduction. Very little published work exists that directly addresses adipocyte and enteric signals in this specific role; therefore, much of this review is on the basis of a synthesis of the literature in three areas: (i) in vitro and in vivo evidence regarding the reproductive effects of these signals; (ii) adipokine and enterokine changes that occur with weight-loss therapies, focusing on hypocaloric diets, bariatric surgery and drugs that target adipocyte or enteric signals and (iii) reproductive changes produced by these weight-loss therapies.
Early vs Late Tracheotomy for Prevention of Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated Adult ICU Patients
Authors: Pier Paolo Terragni, Massimo Antonelli, Roberto Fumagalli, Chiara Faggiano, Maurizio Berardino, Franco Bobbio Pallavicini, Antonio Miletto, Salvatore Mangione, Angelo U. Sinardi, Mauro Pastorelli, Nicoletta Vivaldi, Alberto Pasetto, Giorgio Della Rocca, Rosario Urbino, Claudia Filippini, Eva Pagano, Andrea Evangelista, Gianni Ciccone, Luciana Mascia, V. Marco Ranieri
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Tracheotomy is used to replace endotracheal intubation in patients requiring prolonged ventilation; however, there is considerable variability in the time considered optimal for performing tracheotomy. This is of clinical importance because timing is a key criterion for performing a tracheotomy and patients who receive one require a large amount of health care resources.To determine the effectiveness of early tracheotomy (after 6-8 days of laryngeal intubation) compared with late tracheotomy (after 13-15 days of laryngeal intubation) in reducing the incidence of pneumonia and increasing the number of ventilator-free and intensive care unit (ICU)-free days.Randomized controlled trial performed in 12 Italian ICUs from June 2004 to June 2008 of 600 adult patients enrolled without lung infection, who had been ventilated for 24 hours, had a Simplified Acute Physiology Score II between 35 and 65, and had a sequential organ failure assessment score of 5 or greater.Patients who had worsening of respiratory conditions, unchanged or worse sequential organ failure assessment score, and no pneumonia 48 hours after inclusion were randomized to early tracheotomy (n = 209; 145 received tracheotomy) or late tracheotomy (n = 210; 119 received tracheotomy).The primary endpoint was incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia; secondary endpoints during the 28 days immediately following randomization were number of ventilator-free days, number of ICU-free days, and number of patients in each group who were still alive.Ventilator-associated pneumonia was observed in 30 patients in the early tracheotomy group (14%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10%-19%) and in 44 patients in the late tracheotomy group (21%; 95% CI, 15%-26%) (P = .07). During the 28 days immediately following randomization, the hazard ratio of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.42-1.04), remaining connected to the ventilator was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.56-0.87), remaining in the ICU was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.55-0.97), and dying was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.56-1.15).Among mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients, early tracheotomy compared with late tracheotomy did not result in statistically significant improvement in incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00262431.
Role of 4-1BB ligand in costimulation of T lymphocyte growth and its upregulation on M12 B lymphomas by cAMP.
Authors: M A DeBenedette, N R Chu, K E Pollok, J Hurtado, W F Wade, B S Kwon, T H Watts
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

K46J B lymphomas express a T cell costimulatory activity that is not inhibited by CTLA-4Ig, anti-B7-1, anti-B7-2, anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1 or antibodies to heat stable antigen. In this paper we report that this costimulatory activity is mediated at least in part by 4-1BB ligand, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene family that binds to 4-1BB, a T cell activation antigen with homology to the TNF/nerve growth factor receptor family. A fusion protein between 4-1BB and alkaline phosphatase (4-1BB-AP) blocks T cell activation by K46J lymphomas in both an antigen-specific system and with polyclonally (anti-CD3) activated T cells. 4-1BB-AP also blocks antigen presentation by normal spleen cells. When the antigen-presenting cells express B7 molecules as well as 4-1BB ligand, we find that B7 molecules and 4-1BB-AP both contribute to T cell activation. These data suggest that 4-1BB ligand plays an important role in costimulation of IL-2 production and proliferation by T cells. The B lymphoma M12 expresses low levels of 4-1BB-L but can be induced to express higher levels by treatment of the B cells with cAMP, which also induces B7-1 and B7-2 in these cells. Thus cAMP appears to coordinately induce several costimulatory molecules on B cells.
Neuropsychological Dysfunction in Depressed Suicide Attempters
Authors: John G. Keilp, Harold A. Sackeim, Beth S. Brodsky, Maria A. Oquendo, Kevin M. Malone, J. John Mann
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychological deficits in the context of psychiatric disease may be associated with suicide risk. In this study, neuropsychological performance was compared among depressed patients with at least one prior suicide attempt of high lethality, depressed patients with low-lethality prior attempts, depressed patients with no prior suicide attempts, and nonpatients. METHOD: Fifty unmedicated patients in a major depressive episode (21 with no history of suicide attempts and 14 and 15 patients with previous attempts of low and high lethality, respectively) and 22 nonpatients were assessed. Groups were comparable in age, education, occupational level, and estimated premorbid intelligence. The neuropsychological battery produced scores within five composite domains: general intellectual functioning (current), motor functioning, attention, memory, and executive functioning. RESULTS: Patients whose prior suicide attempts were of high lethality performed significantly worse than all groups on tests of executive functioning and were the only group to perform significantly worse than nonpatients on tests of general intellectual functioning, attention, and memory. A discriminant function analysis revealed two prominent dimensions in the data: one that discriminated high-lethality suicide attempters from all other groups (primarily associated with performance on tests of executive functioning) and another that discriminated all depressed patient groups from nonpatients (associated with performance on measures of attention and memory). For the patients with high-lethality prior suicide attempts, deficits did not appear to reflect diffuse brain damage from past attempts, since the results of tests commonly affected by diffuse injury were not selectively impaired. CONCLUSIONS: Neuropsychological deficits in depressed patients with high-lethality prior suicide attempts suggest impairment of executive functioning beyond that typically found in major depression. This more extensive neuropsychological impairment in the context of depression may be a risk factor for severe suicide attempts.
ON CERTAIN PROBLEMS PRESENTED BY CASES OF GENERAL PARALYSIS WITH FOCAL SYMPTOMS
Authors: C. MACFIE CAMPBELL
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1912)

1. Cases of general paralysis may present focal symptoms which are more or less irrelevant to the general paralysis, e. g., focal symptoms of traumatic origin. 2. Cases of general paralysis may present focal symptoms, which are based on a process which has a common origin with the general paralysis, e. g., symptoms due to softening on the basis of a syphilitic endarteritis. 3. The evolution of a case, which at an early stage presents evidence of syphilitic vascular disease, into a case of general paralysis may be more or less rapid and the clinical picture may represent a combination of more than one process. 4. The exact stage at which the onset of the general paralysis has begun is extremely difficult to determine, even with the help of modern serological methods. 5. The clinical picture alone is sometimes insufficient to enable a positive diagnosis to be made, the autopsy itself may not be decisive, the microscopical examination of the cortex is essential for a decision. 6. The pathological criterion of certain histopathological changes is invaluable, but the relation of these changes to the disease process is quite obscure. 7. Focal symptoms in general paralysis may arise on the basis of localized severity of the paralytic process. 8. In one case reported, of ten years' duration, there was remarkably little mental reduction, but the paralytic process especially involved the right hemisphere. 9. The relation of dementia to the right and left hemispheres respectively is a problem of interest, the study of which may further clinico-anatomical correlation. 10. In many cases of focal symptoms in general paralysis the examination of the brain reveals no adequate cause for the focal symptoms; this should warn one against being satisfied with the crude correlation of the lesions, which we do find in other cases, with the clinical symptoms, seeing that the latter may sometimes be found in the absence of such lesions.
THE EFFECTS OF CHOLESTEROL DOSAGE, CORTISONE, AND DCA ON TOTAL SERUM CHOLESTEROL, LIPOPROTEINS, AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Donald L. Cook, Roger Ray, Edwin Davisson, Lois M. Feldstein, Lyle D. Calvin, D. M. Green
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1952)

The effects of cholesterol dosage, cortisone, and desoxycorticosterone acetate on total serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis were studied over a period of 112 days in thirty-two rabbits. Cholesterol was administered by feeding the rabbits diets containing 0.063, 0.25, and 1.0 per cent cholesterol At intervals measurements were made of total serum cholesterol and of low density lipid and lipoprotein components of three classes, S(f), 5-9, S(f) 10-15, and S(f) 16-30. All three classes of lipoproteins increased with cholesterol feeding. The total serum cholesterol concentration was linearly related to both the quantity of cholesterol consumed and its concentration in the diet. Lipoprotein and total serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly and equally well correlated with the severity of atherosclerosis. Cortisone administration in the normal rabbit increased the concentrations of total cholesterol and of lipoprotein components of the S(f) 10-15 and S(f) 16-30 classes, but did not produce atherosclerosis. Cortisone treatment in cholesterol-fed rabbits did not significantly affect the levels of serum lipoproteins, cholesterol concentration, or atherosclerosis produced by a 1.0 per cent cholesterol diet alone. Values for total cholesterol and S(f) 5-9 class of lipoproteins in DCA-treated animals were lower than those in controls but the degree of atherosclerosis was not significantly less.
Particulate Matter in Cigarette Smoke Alters Iron Homeostasis to Produce a Biological Effect
Authors: Andrew J. Ghio, Elizabeth D. Hilborn, Jacqueline G. Stonehuerner, Lisa A. Dailey, Jacqueline D. Carter, Judy H. Richards, Kay M. Crissman, Robert F. Foronjy, Dale L. Uyeminami, Kent E. Pinkerton
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2008)

Lung injury after cigarette smoking is related to particle retention. Iron accumulates with the deposition of these particles.We tested the postulate that (1) injury after smoking correlates with exposure to the particulate fraction of cigarette smoke, (2) these particles alter iron homeostasis, triggering metal accumulation, and (3) this alteration in iron homeostasis affects oxidative stress and inflammation.Rats and human respiratory epithelial cells were exposed to cigarette smoke, filtered cigarette smoke, and cigarette smoke condensate (the particulate fraction of smoke), and indices of iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory injury were determined. Comparable measures were also evaluated in nonsmokers and smokers.After exposure of rats to cigarette smoke, increased lavage concentrations of iron and ferritin, serum ferritin levels, and nonheme iron concentrations in the lung and liver tissue all increased. Lavage ascorbate concentrations were decreased, supporting an oxidative stress. After filtering of the cigarette smoke to remove particles, most of these changes were reversed. Exposure of cultured respiratory epithelial cells to cigarette smoke condensate caused a similar accumulation of iron, metal-dependent oxidative stress, and increased IL-8 release. Lavage samples in healthy smokers and smoking patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease revealed elevated concentrations of both iron and ferritin relative to healthy nonsmokers. Lavage ascorbate decreased with cigarette smoking. Serum iron and ferritin levels among smokers were increased, supporting systemic accumulation of this metal after cigarette smoke exposure.We conclude that cigarette smoke particles alter iron homeostasis, both in the lung and systemically.