tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of a Portable Face Mask in Attenuating Exercise-Induced Asthma
Authors: A. Manon Brenner
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Recent investigations have demonstrated that exercise-induced asthma (EIA) can be prevented by inspiration of warm, fully humidified air during exercise. We evaluated the success of a surgical face mask, used to retain warm, humidified, expired air, in preventing EIA in ten asthmatic children. subjects underwent six minutes of exercise on a treadmill during two sessions, in one session breathing room air and in another wearing a mask covering the nose and mouth. On the control day, average group forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and maximal midexpiratory flow rate (MMEF) decreased from the preexercise baseline value to 66% and 47% of baseline, respectively, at six minutes; on the mask day, FEV1 and MMEF were 91% and 82% of the baseline values (increased in all subjects). A simple face mask may be an inexpensive, nonpharmacologic alternative for alleviation of EIA.
Reduced Progression to Type 2 Diabetes From Impaired Glucose Tolerance After a 2-Day In-Hospital Diabetes Educational Program
Authors: Tetsuya Kawahara, Keiichi Takahashi, Tetsuya Inazu, Tadashi Arao, Chie Kawahara, Takahiro Tabata, Hiroyuki Moriyama, Yosuke Okada, Emiko Morita, Yoshiya Tanaka
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

OBJECTIVE—We assessed the effects of a 2-day in-hospital diabetes educational program in preventing or delaying progression of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 diabetes, including analysis of changes in serum lipids, body weight, and blood pressure after the program. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 426 subjects (51 ± 9 years, BMI 24.6 ± 3.9 kg/m2) with newly diagnosed IGT were randomly assigned to three groups, 143 as the short-term hospitalization with diabetes education and support (STH) group, 141 as the nonhospitalization but diabetes education and support (DES) group, and 142 as the neither hospitalization nor education (control) group. RESULTS—The average follow-up was 3.1 years. The incidence of diabetes was 8.0, 10.7, and 13.2 cases per 100 person-years for STH, DES, and control groups, respectively. The incidence of diabetes was 42% lower (95% CI 33–51%) in the STH group and 27% lower (15–37%) in the DES group than in the control group. The incidence of diabetes was 21% lower (10–31%) in the STH group than in the DES group. CONCLUSIONS—The 2-day in-hospital program with diabetes education and support every 3 months was more effective in preventing or delaying the progression from IGT to diabetes than only diabetes education and support every 3 months.
Non–T Cell Activation Linker (NTAL)
Authors: Tomáš Brdička, Martin Imrich, Pavla Angelisová, Naděžda Brdičková, Ondrej Horváth, Jiří Špička, Ivan Hilgert, Petra Lusková, Petr Dráber, Petr Novák, Niklas Engels, Jürgen Wienands, Luca Simeoni, Jan Österreicher, Enrique Aguado, Marie Malissen, Burkhart Schraven, Václav Hořejší
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

A key molecule necessary for activation of T lymphocytes through their antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) is the transmembrane adaptor protein LAT (linker for activation of T cells). Upon TCR engagement, LAT becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated and then serves as a scaffold organizing a multicomponent complex that is indispensable for induction of further downstream steps of the signaling cascade. Here we describe the identification and preliminary characterization of a novel transmembrane adaptor protein that is structurally and evolutionarily related to LAT and is expressed in B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, and mast cells but not in resting T lymphocytes. This novel transmembrane adaptor protein, termed NTAL (non–T cell activation linker) is the product of a previously identified WBSCR5 gene of so far unknown function. NTAL becomes rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated upon cross-linking of the B cell receptor (BCR) or of high-affinity Fcγ- and Fcε-receptors of myeloid cells and then associates with the cytoplasmic signaling molecules Grb2, Sos1, Gab1, and c-Cbl. NTAL expressed in the LAT-deficient T cell line J.CaM2.5 becomes tyrosine phosphorylated and rescues activation of Erk1/2 and minimal transient elevation of cytoplasmic calcium level upon TCR/CD3 cross-linking. Thus, NTAL appears to be a structural and possibly also functional homologue of LAT in non–T cells.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE RESULTS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN WAR SURGERY, With Special Reference to the Results in Primary Haemorrhage
Authors: L. B. Robertson
Journal: BMJ (1917)

already familiar with.The surgeon's " works" were limited and conclitioned by his "faith."It was because Lister " dreamed dreanms" that he worked away with carbolic putty.And so it will be to-day.We have all been fanmiliar with the slow healing by granulation of these sorely infected wounds and with the resulting extensive scarring.The teaclhing of " modern antiseptics" demands not only -the practice of new technique, it calls perhaps even more for the raising of a-new standard of surgical wo-rk, for new faitlh, for tlhe visualizing of neew possibilities, and success will only comle to those who lhave an enlarged and brighter hope.
Novel Mechanism of Lapatinib Resistance in HER2-Positive Breast Tumor Cells: Activation of AXL
Authors: Li Liu, James Greger, Hong Shi, Yuan Liu, Joel Greshock, Roland Annan, Wendy Halsey, Ganesh M. Sathe, Anne-Marie Martin, Tona M. Gilmer
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract HER2-directed therapies, such as trastuzumab and lapatinib, are important treatments for breast cancer. However, some tumors do not respond or develop resistance to these agents. We isolated and characterized multiple lapatinib-resistant, HER2-positive, estrogen receptor (ER)–positive breast cancer clones derived from lapatinib-sensitive BT474 cells by chronic exposure to lapatinib. We show overexpression of AXL as a novel mechanism of acquired resistance to HER2-targeted agents in these models. GSK1363089 (foretinib), a multikinase inhibitor of AXL, MET, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor currently in phase II clinical trials, restores lapatinib and trastuzumab sensitivity in these resistant cells that exhibit increased AXL expression. Furthermore, small interfering RNA to AXL, estrogen deprivation, or fulvestrant, an ER antagonist, decreases AXL expression and restores sensitivity to lapatinib in these cells. Taken together, these data provide scientific evidence to assess the expression of AXL in HER2-positive, ER-positive patients who have progressed on either lapatinib or trastuzumab and to test the combination of HER2-targeted agents and GSK1363089 in the clinic. [Cancer Res 2009;69(17):6871–8]
Tailoring the process of informed consent in genetic and genomic research
Authors: Charles N Rotimi, Patricia A Marshall
Journal: Genome Medicine (2010)

Genomic science and associated technologies are facilitating an unprecedented rate of discovery of novel insights into the relationship between human genetic variation and health. The willingness of large numbers of individuals from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds to donate biological samples is one of the major factors behind the success of the ongoing genomic revolution. Although current informed consent documents and processes demonstrate a commitment to ensuring that study participants are well informed of the risks and benefits of participating in genomic studies, there continues to be a need to develop effective new approaches for adequately informing participants of the changing complexities of the scientific and ethical issues that arise in the conduct of genomics research. Examples of these complexities in genomic research include more widespread use of whole-genome sequencing technologies, broad sharing of individual-level data, evolving information technology, the growing demand for the return of genetic results to participants, and changing attitudes about privacy and the expansion of genomics studies to global populations representing diverse cultural, linguistic and socio-economic backgrounds. We highlight and briefly discuss the importance of ten core scientific, cultural and social factors that are particularly relevant to tailoring informed consent in genomic research, and we draw attention to the need for the informed consent document and process to be responsive to the evolving nature of genomic research.
Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of splanchnic blood flow in coeliac disease.
Authors: V Arienti, C Califano, G Brusco, L Boriani, F Biagi, M Giulia Sama, S Sottili, A Domanico, G R Corazza, G Gasbarrini
Journal: Gut (1996)

Current knowledge on splanchnic haemodynamics in coeliac disease is limited and incomplete.To evaluate splanchnic arterial and venous blood flow in coeliac disease.In 22 coeliac (13 untreated, nine treated) patients and in nine healthy subjects the following variables were assessed: vessel diameter and mean flow velocity in portal vein, splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, and superior mesenteric artery. Peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and pulsatility index were also determined in the superior mesenteric artery. Five patients of the untreated group were re-evaluated after nine months on a gluten free diet.Significant differences in haemodynamic variables between the three groups were shown only in the superior mesenteric artery. An increase in both mean flow velocity and end diastolic velocity and a reduction in pulsatility index occurred in untreated patients compared with treated patients (p < 0.002; p < 0.04; p < 0.035) and with healthy controls (p < 0.001; p < 0.025; p < 0.0003). Similar results were obtained for the five patients evaluated before and after treatment (p < 0.03; p < 0.02; p < 0.03), in whom the mean flow velocity in the superior mesenteric vein also decreased after treatment (p < 0.05). No significant differences were noted between treated coeliac patients and healthy controls.In untreated coeliac disease there is a hyperdynamic mesenteric circulation that decreases after treatment.
One-generation Lamarckism: The role of environment in genetic development
Authors: Bruce Bridgeman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Environment can provide information used in development – information that can appear to be genetically given and that was previously assumed to be so. Examples include growth of the eye until it achieves good focus, and structuring of receptive fields in the visual cortex by environmental information. The process can be called one-generation Lamarckism because information acquired from the environment is used to structure the organism and because the capacity to acquire this information is inherited.
Common Pattern of Cortical Pathology in Childhood-Onset and Adult-Onset Schizophrenia as Identified by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging
Authors: Alessandro Bertolino, Sanjiv Kumra, Joseph H. Callicott, Venkata S. Mattay, Rachel M. Lestz, Leslie Jacobsen, lan S. Barnett, Jeff H. Duyn, Joseph A. Frank, Judith L. Rapoport, Daniel R. Weinberger
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

Multislice proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI) permits simultaneous acquisition and mapping of signal intensities of N-acetyl-containing compounds (mainly N-acetylaspartate, NAA), choline-containing compounds (CHO), and creatine plus phosphocreatine (CRE) from multiple whole-brain slices consisting of small single-volume elements. Previous 1H-MRSI studies of adult patients with schizophrenia showed small NAA relative signals in the hippocampal area and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in comparison with healthy subjects. As part of a program to address the pathophysiological continuity between childhood-onset and adult-onset schizophrenia, the authors performed 1H-MRSI of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia to specifically test whether the hippocampal area and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex show the same abnormalities as seen in adult-onset schizophrenia.A 1.5-T nuclear magnetic resonance machine was used to test 14 patients (mean age, 16.4 years) and 14 comparison subjects. Ratios of areas under the metabolite peaks of the proton spectra were determined (i.e., NAA/CRE, NAA/CHO, CHO/CRE) for multiple cortical and subcortical regions.The patients showed significantly lower NAA/CRE ratios bilaterally in the hippocampal area and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex than the comparison subjects. There were no significant differences in CHO/CRE or in NAA ratios in any other area sampled.The present study shows that patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia have smaller than normal regional NAA relative signals, suggesting neuronal damage or malfunction in the hippocampal area and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These differences were similar in magnitude to those found in patients with adult-onset schizophrenia. The present data extend other evidence of a biological continuum between childhood- and adult-onset schizophrenia.
Systematic comparison of four sources of drug information regarding adjustment of dose for renal function
Authors: Liat Vidal, Maya Shavit, Abigail Fraser, Mical Paul, Leonard Leibovici
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To compare advice on dosage adjustment for renal impairment provided by four commonly used secondary pharmacotherapeutic sources. <b>Design</b> Systematic comparison of the definitions of renal impairment, recommendations for dosage adjustment, and the evidence in support of these recommendations in four information sources. <b>Data sources</b><i>British National Formulary, Martindale: the Complete Drug Reference, American Hospital Formulary System Drug Information</i>, and <i>Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure</i>. <b>Review methods</b> Two reviewers independently extracted data on recommendations for dosage adjustment for impaired renal function of 100 drugs often used in our hospital. <b>Results</b> The four sources differed in their recommendations for adjustments of dosage and dosing interval. They vary in their definitions of renal impairment; some are qualitative and remain unclear. All sources provide only a general description; the methods on which the advice is based and references for original data are rarely presented. <b>Conclusions</b> The remarkable variation in definitions and recommendations, along with scarce details of the methods used to reach this advice, makes the available sources of drug information ill suited for clinical use. The methods used to retrieve information and use data should be described and made available to the reader. Advice on drug prescription, dose and dosing interval, contraindications, and adverse effects should be evidence based.
Comparison of the effects of ispaghula and wheat bran on rat caecal and colonic fermentation.
Authors: C A Edwards, M A Eastwood
Journal: Gut (1992)

The effects of ispaghula and wheat bran on the contents of the caecum and proximal and distal colon of the rat were investigated to identify any differences that might account for their effects on colonic motility. Rats fed diets supplemented with 5% ispaghula and 10% wheat bran for 28 days were killed and the contents of the gut collected. Caecal and colonic content wet and dry weight and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) content were measured. In additional in vitro fermentations in batch cultures of mixed rat caecal bacteria with ispaghula and bran, SCFA production was monitored over 24 hours. Both ispaghula and wheat bran increased faecal weight but ispaghula was more effective. Ispaghula resulted in greater and more liquid contents, with a characteristic pattern of SCFA production (higher propionic acid) maintained throughout the colon. In contrast, wheat bran affected only the caecum and faeces. SCFA content and wet and dry weight in the proximal and distal colon were unaffected by wheat bran. Caecal butyrate was characteristically higher in wheat bran fed rats but ispaghula produced higher butyrate in the distal colon. In contrast, ispaghula seemed to be fermented more quickly in vitro than wheat bran. Thus, wheat bran has a portion that is rapidly fermented and an inert residue that may stimulate motility. Ispaghula seems to be fermented throughout the colon but maintains a high water content which dilutes the luminal contents.
PTU-112 Presentation, treatment and clinical outcome of collagenous and lymphocytic colitis over a 6-year period in a single UK centre: Abstract PTU-112 Table 1
Authors: M Naghibi, T Akbar, J N Gordon
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC) are referred to collectively as microscopic colitis (MC). CC and LC represent an increasingly common cause of chronic diarrhoea. However, clinical and epidemiological data on these diseases are scare and diagnosis is often delayed. Optimal treatment, especially of resistant cases, remains to be defined. We therefore aimed to investigate the incidence, presentation, treatment and outcome of patients from a single UK centre. <h3>Methods</h3> Clinical data were retrospectively collected from electronic and paper records for all patients diagnosed with CC and LC at this institution from April 2004 to November 2011. <h3>Results</h3> 104 patients were identified of which 68 (65%) had CC and 36 (35%) LC. The median age at diagnosis for MC was 70 years (range 36–90 years), with 18% being under the age of 55 years. The overall MC female to male sex ratio was 2.8:1. The incidence of MC rose tenfold during the study from 0.67 to 6.67 per 100 000 population/year. Presentation was similar between CC and LC with diarrhoea present in all cases and nocturnal diarrhoea in 41%, abdominal pain in 36%, weight loss in 34% and nausea in 12%. 58 (56%) were referred through the surgical pathway, often via 2-week-wait pathway. Diagnosis could be made from left sided biopsies in 96/102 (94%). The median number of days between histological diagnosis and commencement of treatment was 54 days with no significant difference between medical and surgical referral pathways. 46 (48%) patients were treated with budesonide with an immediate response in 42 (92%), though 54% of responders subsequently relapsed. The vast majority of budesonide sensitive patients responded to a further course of budesonide with continuing disease activity rare after a third treatment course. Budesonide was more likely to be started as first line treatment in the medical pathway compare to surgical. Of all cases, drug withdrawal was part of the treatment in 12 cases resulting in complete clinical remission in eight patients with a further two patients reporting a modest improvement. Six (6%) patients required long-term maintenance therapy, four with budesonide and two with azathioprine. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The incidence of both CC and LC increased over the period of the study in keeping with other European studies. A significant proportion of patients presented below the age of 55. Lansoprazole and NSAID use are both more common in CC than LC. Left-sided biopsies were sufficient for diagnosis in the vast majority of cases. Budesonide therapy is an effective strategy but long term maintenance therapy requires further investigation. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
Uncorrected and Albumin-Corrected Calcium, Phosphorus, and Mortality in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Dialysis
Authors: Matthew B. Rivara, Vanessa Ravel, Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, Elani Streja, Wei Ling Lau, Allen R. Nissenson, Bryan Kestenbaum, Ian H. de Boer, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Rajnish Mehrotra
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2015)

Uncorrected serum calcium concentration is the first mineral metabolism metric planned for use as a quality measure in the United States ESRD population. Few studies in patients undergoing either peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD) have assessed the association of uncorrected serum calcium concentration with clinical outcomes. We obtained data from 129,076 patients on dialysis (PD, 10,066; HD, 119,010) treated in DaVita, Inc. facilities between July 1, 2001, and June 30, 2006. After adjustment for potential confounders, uncorrected serum calcium <8.5 and ≥10.2 mg/dl were associated with excess mortality in patients on PD or HD (comparison group uncorrected calcium 9.0 to <9.5 mg/dl). Additional adjustment for serum albumin concentration substantially attenuated the all-cause mortality hazard ratios (HRs) associated with uncorrected calcium <8.5 mg/dl (HR, 1.29; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.16 to 1.44 for PD; HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.20 for HD) and amplified the HRs associated with calcium ≥10.2 mg/dl (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.42 to 1.91 for PD; HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.53 to 1.65 for HD). Albumin-corrected calcium ≥10.2 mg/dl and serum phosphorus ≥6.4 mg/dl were also associated with increased risk for death, irrespective of dialysis modality. In summary, in a large nationally representative cohort of patients on dialysis, abnormalities in markers of mineral metabolism, particularly high concentrations of serum calcium and phosphorus, were associated with increased mortality risk. Additional studies are needed to investigate whether control of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in patients undergoing dialysis results in improved clinical outcomes.
Differential DNA Hypermethylation of Critical Genes Mediates the Stage-Specific Tobacco Smoke-Induced Neoplastic Progression of Lung Cancer
Authors: Andrea L. Russo, Arunthathi Thiagalingam, Hongjie Pan, Joseph Califano, Kuang-hung Cheng, Jose F. Ponte, Dharmaraj Chinnappan, Pratima Nemani, David Sidransky, Sam Thiagalingam
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Promoter DNA methylation status of six genes in samples derived from 27 bronchial epithelial cells and matching blood samples from 22 former/current smokers and five nonsmokers as well as 49 primary non–small cell lung cancer samples with corresponding blood controls was determined using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Lung tumor tissues showed a significantly higher frequency of promoter DNA methylation in p16, MGMT, and DAPK (P &amp;lt; 0.05; Fisher's exact test). p16 promoter DNA methylation in tumors was observed at consistently higher levels when compared with all the other samples analyzed (P = 0.001; Fisher's exact test). ECAD and DAPK exhibited statistically insignificant differences in their levels of DNA methylation among the tumors and bronchial epithelial cells from the smokers. Interestingly, similar levels of methylation were observed in bronchial epithelial cells and corresponding blood from smokers for all four genes (ECAD, p16, MGMT, and DAPK) that showed smoking/lung cancer–associated methylation changes. In summary, our data suggest that targeted DNA methylation silencing of ECAD and DAPK occurs in the early stages and that of p16 and MGMT in the later stages of lung cancer progression. We also provide preliminary evidence that peripheral lymphocytes could potentially be used as a surrogate for bronchial epithelial cells to detect altered DNA methylation in smokers.