tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Immersion Hypothermia on Coronary Blood Flow
Authors: ROBERT M. BERNE
Journal: Circulation Research (1954)

In severe hypothermia resistance in the coronary vascular bed is reduced and flow continues despite very low aortic pressure. Moderate artificial acceleration of the hypothermic heart at constant coronary perfusion pressures produces a decrease in coronary blood flow. This decrease in flow is roughly proportional to the increase in heart rate and is due to the longer periods of extravascular compression in each cardiac cycle. Epinephrine produces transient improvement in blood pressure and coronary blood flow but is followed in a matter of minutes by ventricular fibrillation.
Anterior cruciate ligament injury alters preinjury lower extremity biomechanics in the injured and uninjured leg: the JUMP-ACL study
Authors: Benjamin M Goerger, Stephen W Marshall, Anthony I Beutler, J Troy Blackburn, John H Wilckens, Darin A Padua
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Information as to how anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstructive surgery (ACLR) alter lower extremity biomechanics may improve rehabilitation and return to play guidelines, reducing the risk for repeat ACL injury.To compare lower extremity biomechanics before ACL injury and after subsequent ACLR for the injured and uninjured leg.Baseline unilateral lower extremity biomechanics were collected on the dominant leg of participants without ACL injury when they entered the Joint Undertaking to Monitor and Prevent ACL (JUMP-ACL) study. Thirty-one participants with subsequent ACL injury, reconstructive surgery and full return to physical activity completed repeat, follow-up biomechanical testing, as did 39 uninjured, matched controls. Not all injured participants suffered injury to the dominant leg, requiring separation of those with ACL injury into two groups: ACLR-injured leg group (n=12) and ACLR-uninjured leg group (n=19). We compared the landing biomechanics of these three groups (ACLR-injured leg, ACLR-uninjured leg, control) before ACL injury (baseline) with biomechanics after ACL injury, surgery and return to physical activity (follow-up).ACL injury and ACLR altered lower extremity biomechanics, as both ACLR groups demonstrated increases in frontal plane movement (increased hip adduction and knee valgus). The ACLR-injured leg group also exhibited decreased sagittal plane loading (decreased anterior tibial shear force, knee extension moment and hip flexion moment). No high-risk biomechanical changes were observed in control group participants.ACL injury and ACLR caused movement pattern alterations of the injured and uninjured leg that have previously shown to increase the risk for future non-contact ACL injury.
Interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the kidneys in arterial hypertension
Authors: O Grisk
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Elevated sympathetic activity changes renal function and accelerates the development of hypertension. Principles of sympatho-renal interactions in chronic hypertension are reviewed. Alterations in the ontogeny of the sympathetic nervous system and the kidney, inherited abnormalities in sensory receptor function and exaggerated responsiveness to mental stress contribute to inappropriately high sympathetic activity in primary or essential hypertension. Careful characterization of clinical study populations shows that elevated sympathetic activity and "essential" hypertension are not unequivocally associated. Prospective clinical studies which investigate a broader array of physiological functions and experiments in recombinant inbred rodents with less traumatic nerve recording techniques than currently available will help to define under which conditions elevated sympathetic activity is indeed a cause of primary hypertension. Signals arising from the kidney which activate the renin–angiotensin system and afferent renal nerves increase sympathetic activity. These mechanisms importantly contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension secondary to renal artery stenosis and end-stage renal disease.
Risk factors for atopic and non-atopic asthma in a rural area of Ecuador
Authors: A. L. Moncayo, M. Vaca, G. Oviedo, S. Erazo, I. Quinzo, R. L. Fiaccone, M. E. Chico, M. L. Barreto, P. J. Cooper
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> Asthma has emerged as an important public health problem of urban populations in Latin America. Epidemiological data suggest that a minority of asthma cases in Latin America may be associated with allergic sensitisation and that other mechanisms causing asthma have been overlooked. The aim of the present study was to investigate risk factors for atopic and non-atopic asthma in school-age children. <h3>Methods</h3> A cross-sectional study was conducted among 3960 children aged 6–16 years living in Afro-Ecuadorian rural communities in Esmeraldas province in Ecuador. Allergic diseases and risk factors were assessed by questionnaire and allergic sensitisation by allergen skin prick reactivity. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 390 (10.5%) children had wheeze within the previous 12 months, of whom 14.4% had at least one positive skin test. The population-attributable fraction for recent wheeze associated with atopy was 2.4%. Heavy <i>Trichuris trichiura</i> infections were strongly inversely associated with atopic wheeze. Non-atopic wheeze was positively associated with maternal allergic symptoms and sedentarism (watching television (&gt;3 h/day)) but inversely associated with age and birth order. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The present study showed a predominance of non-atopic compared with atopic wheeze among schoolchildren living in a poor rural region of tropical Latin America. Distinct risk factors were associated with the two wheeze phenotypes and may indicate different causal mechanisms. Future preventive strategies in such populations may need to be targeted at the causes of non-atopic wheeze.
MOTHER'S MILK AND CHLORPROMAZINE
Authors: K. H. BLACKER, BELSON J. WEINSTEIN, GEORGE L. ELLMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1962)

The amount of chlorpromazine was measured in the breast milk of a lactating psychotic woman after 1200 mg. Cpz. was given in a single oral dose. The microgram amounts found were probably insignificant physiologically. Our study suggests that babies of mothers receiving large doses of chlorpromazine can be safely breast-fed.
<i>BAALC</i> Expression and <i>FLT3</i> Internal Tandem Duplication Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients With Normal Cytogenetics: Prognostic Implications
Authors: Claudia D. Baldus, Christian Thiede, Silke Soucek, Clara D. Bloomfield, Eckhard Thiel, Gerhard Ehninger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

Purpose Evaluate the impact of BAALC (brain and acute leukemia, cytoplasmic), a gene whose expression has been associated with adverse outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with normal cytogenetics, and FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations as independent prognostic factors in a larger study. Patients and Methods BAALC expression was determined by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in pretreatment blood samples of 307 adults ≤ 60 years of age with AML with normal cytogenetics. Patients were dichotomized at BAALC's median expression into low and high expressers. The FLT3 ITD mutant:wild-type ratio was determined by fragment analysis. Results Compared with low-BAALC patients, high-BAALC patients had a higher rate of primary resistant leukemia (16% v 6%; P = .006). High BAALC expression was associated with a higher cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR; P = .018) and an inferior overall survival (OS; 3-year OS, 36% v 54%; P = .001). On multivariable analysis, high BAALC was independently predictive of resistant disease (P = .019), and high BAALC as well as a high FLT3 mutant:wild-type ratio were confirmed as the only factors predicting a high CIR (BAALC, P = .03; FLT3, P = .01) and inferior OS (BAALC, P = .001; FLT3, P = .012). Conclusion This study strengthens BAALC expression as one of the most important prognostic factors in AML patients with normal cytogenetics. BAALC expression and FLT3 mutation status should assist in tailoring induction and postremission therapies.
T cell receptor-dependent cell death of T cell hybridomas mediated by the CD30 cytoplasmic domain in association with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors.
Authors: S Y Lee, C G Park, Y Choi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

CD30 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily and a surface marker for Hodgkin's disease. Normal activated T cells and several virally transformed T or B cell lines also show CD30 expression. The interaction of CD30 with its ligand induces cell death or proliferation, depending on the cell type. In this report we characterize the signals mediated by the intracellular domain of CD30 and show that, in combination with signal(s) transduced by the T cell receptor, the multimerization of CD30 cytoplasmic domain induces Fas(CD95)-independent cell death in T cell hybridomas. Deletion analysis shows that the COOH-terminal 66 amino acids of CD30 are required to induce cell death. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified that the same region of CD30 interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)1 and TRAF2. These results indicate that TRAF1 and/or TRAF2 play an important role in cell death in addition to their previously identified roles in cell proliferation.
Effect of Calorie Restriction With or Without Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity, β-Cell Function, Fat Cell Size, and Ectopic Lipid in Overweight Subjects
Authors: D. Enette Larson-Meyer, Leonie K. Heilbronn, Leanne M. Redman, Bradley R. Newcomer, Madlyn I. Frisard, Steve Anton, Steven R. Smith, Anthony Alfonso, Eric Ravussin
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this article was to determine the relationships among total body fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), fat cell size (FCS), ectopic fat deposition in liver (intrahepatic lipid [IHL]) and muscle (intramyocellular lipid [IMCL]), and insulin sensitivity index (Si) in healthy overweight, glucose-tolerant subjects and the effects of calorie restriction by diet alone or in conjunction with exercise on these variables. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Forty-eight overweight volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups: control (100% of energy requirements), 25% calorie restriction (CR), 12.5% calorie restriction +12.5% energy expenditure through structured exercise (CREX), or 15% weight loss by a low-calorie diet followed by weight maintenance for 6 months (LCD). Weight, percent body fat, VAT, IMCL, IHL, FCS, and Si were assessed at baseline and month 6. RESULTS—At baseline, FCS was related to VAT and IHL (P &amp;lt; 0.05) but not to IMCL. FCS was also the strongest determinant of Si (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Weight loss at month 6 was 1 ± 1% (control, mean ± SE), 10 ± 1% (CR), 10 ± 1% (CREX), and 14 ± 1% (LCD). VAT, FCS, percent body fat, and IHL were reduced in the three intervention groups (P &amp;lt; 0.01), but IMCL was unchanged. Si was increased at month 6 (P = 0.05) in the CREX (37 ± 18%) and LCD (70 ± 34%) groups (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and tended to increase in the CR group (40 ± 20%, P = 0.08). Together the improvements in Si were related to loss in weight, fat mass, and VAT, but not IHL, IMCL, or FCS. CONCLUSIONS—Large adipocytes lead to lipid deposition in visceral and hepatic tissues, promoting insulin resistance. Calorie restriction by diet alone or with exercise reverses this trend.
Platelet interaction with rabbit subendothelium in von Willebrand's disease: altered thrombus formation distinct from defective platelet adhesion.
Authors: V T Turitto, H J Weiss, H R Baumgartner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Blood interaction with the subendothelium of rabbit aorta was investigated in an annular perfusion chamber using patients with von Willebrand's disease, hemophilia, and afibrinogenemia. The vessels were exposed to nonanticoagulated blood for a range of flow conditions (wall shear rates of 650-3,300 s-1) and exposure times (1.5-10 min). The resultant platelet and fibrin interaction was quantified by the use of several morphometric techniques, one of which was developed to measure more precisely the dimensions (height and volume) of platelet thrombi attached to the subendothelium. A major finding was that under flow conditions in which little or no defect in platelet adhesion was observed in von Willebrand's disease, platelet thrombus height and volume in this disorder were significantly reduced as compared with normal controls or patients with hemophilia. Thus, Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (VIII/VWF) may mediate not only the adhesion of platelets to subendothelium but also platelet-platelet attachments necessary for normal thrombus development. The level of Factor VIII:coagulant activity (VIII: C) was also observed to influence the resultant thrombus height and volume deposited on subendothelium, presumably through the generation of thrombin or some other procoagulant factor preceding fibrin formation, since normal values of thrombus dimensions were always observed in a patient with a fibrinogen deficiency. The influence of VIII:C became greater as shear rate was reduced, whereas as shear rate was increased, VIII/VWF was more dominant in determining the resultant platelet deposition on subendothelium. Thus, the deficiencies of VIII:C and VIII/VWF in hemophilia and von Willebrand's disease can lead to various abnormalities in platelet and fibrin association with subendothelium. The importance of a particular deficiency will depend strongly on the local blood flow conditions.
Short dose of antibiotics helps against Lyme disease
Authors: Scott Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2001)

For the first time, doctors have shown that a quick dose of the antibiotic doxycycline can ward off Lyme disease after a tick bite.

Results of a second study published by the same journal suggest that long term antibiotic treatment may not help people who are seriously debilitated by symptoms of Lyme disease after initial treatment.

Because of the importance of these findings, the New England Journal of Medicine published the reports on its website ahead of their scheduled publication in the 12 July issue.

Some physicians already give antibiotics to …
Tobacco smoke: old foe more important for asthma than commonly appreciated?
Authors: T. Sandström, B. Lundbäck
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

<h3>Background</h3> Safety-netting advice is information shared with a patient or their carer designed to help them identify the need to seek further medical help if their condition fails to improve, changes, or if they have concerns about their health. <h3>Aim</h3> To assess when and how safety-netting advice is delivered in routine GP consultations. <h3>Design and setting</h3> This was an observational study using 318 recorded GP consultations with adult patients in the UK. <h3>Method</h3> A safety-netting coding tool was applied to all consultations. Logistic regression for the presence or absence of safety-netting advice was compared between patient, clinician, and problem variables. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 390 episodes of safety-netting advice were observed in 205/318 (64.5%) consultations for 257/555 (46.3%) problems. Most advice was initiated by the GP (94.9%) and delivered in the treatment planning (52.1%) or closing (31.5%) consultation phases. Specific advice was delivered in almost half (47.2%) of episodes. Safety-netting advice was more likely to be present for problems that were acute (odds ratio [OR] 2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30 to 3.64), assessed first in the consultation (OR 2.94, 95% CI = 1.85 to 4.68) or assessed by GPs aged ≤49 years (OR 2.56, 95% CI = 1.45 to 4.51). Safety-netting advice was documented for only 109/242 (45.0%) problems. <h3>Conclusion</h3> GPs appear to commonly give safety-netting advice, but the contingencies or actions required on the patient’s part may not always be specific or documented. The likelihood of safety-netting advice being delivered may vary according to characteristics of the problem or the GP. How to assess safety-netting outcomes in terms of patient benefits and harms does warrant further exploration.
Intrinsic PEEP and cardiopulmonary interaction in patients with COPD and acute ventilatory failure
Authors: VM Ranieri, M Dambrosio, N Brienza
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

Deviation of end-expiratory lung volume from the elastic equilibrium volume of the respiratory system is recognized as a cardinal feature in mechanically-ventilated patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute ventilatory failure (AVF). The presence of dynamic hyperinflation implies that alveolar pressure remains positive throughout expiration. At the end of the expiration, this positive pressure is named intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi). Recent studies have suggested that, in COPD patients with expiratory flow limitation, the application of external PEEP during assisted mechanical ventilation, or the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in spontaneously breathing patients, can counterbalance and reduce the inspiratory threshold load imposed by PEEPi, without causing further increase in lung volume and alveolar and intrathoracic pressures until a critical value of PEEP (Pcrit) is reached. Above this critical limit further hyperinflation is observed. A specific and characteristic role of PEEPi in compromising the heart function in COPD patients during AVF may be identified based on: 1) an increase in right ventricular impedance due to lung hyperinflation; 2) an increase in the venous return to the right ventricle and, consequently, a leftward shift of the septum caused by the large negative deflections in intrathoracic pressure due to the inspiratory threshold load; 3) a further increase in venous return to the right ventricle, with the eventual collapse of the vena cava caused by the expiratory recruitment of abdominal muscles; and 4) hypoxia and hypercapnia consequent to acute ventilatory failure, which may further increase right ventricular impedance and venous return to the right ventricle. All these phenomenon are directly correlated to the large negative intrathoracic pressure developed by the respiratory muscles to overcome the inspiratory threshold caused by intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (preload effect), and to the increase in lung volume (afterload effect). Application of positive end-expiratory pressure/continuous positive airway pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients during acute ventilatory failure may, hence, unload the respiratory muscles as well as the heart.
Diabetic Nephropathy Is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Decreased Renal Nitric Oxide Production
Authors: Sharma Prabhakar, Joel Starnes, Shuping Shi, Betty Lonis, Ruc Tran
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy remains far from clear, partly due to the lack of a suitable animal model that mimics human renal disease in type 2 diabetes. In this study, the natural history of renal manifestations in ZSF1 rats, a recently developed rodent model of type 2 diabetes, is described. Male ZSF1 rats developed obesity and hyperglycemia by 20 weeks of age on a high-carbohydrate diet. They also developed systolic and diastolic hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, profound hypertriglyceridemia, proteinuria, and renal failure. Renal histology demonstrated changes consistent with early diabetic nephropathy, including arteriolar thickening, tubular dilation and atrophy, glomerular basement membrane thickening, and mesangial expansion. Furthermore, renal nitric oxide production was decreased, and homogenates from renal cortices demonstrated reduced expression of renal endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases. These changes were associated with increased urinary levels and renal expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, an indicator of mitochondrial oxidative stress, as well as with increased renal peroxynitrite formation. Administration of either insulin or the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid decreased proteinuria and oxidative stress, but only the former slowed progression of renal failure. We conclude that ZSF1 rats represent the best available rat model to study nephropathy from type 2 diabetes and that the renal lesions are associated with increased oxidative stress and decreased renal nitric oxide availability.
Serum and liver HCV RNA levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C: correlation with clinical and histological features
Authors: L De Moliner, P Pontisso, G L De Salvo, L Cavalletto, L Chemello, A Alberti
Journal: Gut (1998)

Liver disease in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection ranges from minimal lesions to liver cirrhosis, eventually evolving to hepatocellular carcinoma. Whether and how HCV determines the different clinical and histological manifestations of the disease is not fully understood.To verify whether the amount of virus in individual patients could be related to the severity of liver injury.Levels of HCV RNA were measured in serum in 96 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis type C using a signal amplification assay. The relation between viraemic values and the corresponding viral load in the liver was assessed in a subgroup of 21 patients in whom HCV RNA was measured in serum samples and liver specimens obtained at the same time.A positive correlation was observed between the amount of viral nucleic acid in the two compartments, indicating that levels of viraemia reflect the amount of virus present in the liver. Viral load did not correlate with aminotransferase activities nor with histological diagnosis, and serum and liver levels of HCV RNA were not significantly different in patients infected by the various HCV genotypes.Measurement of HCV replication in serum is a mirror of viral replication in the liver. The extent of replicative activity of HCV does not seem to play a role in the modulation of the associated hepatic disease.