tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in American Adolescents
Authors: Sarah D. de Ferranti, Kimberlee Gauvreau, David S. Ludwig, Ellis J. Neufeld, Jane W. Newburger, Nader Rifai
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by the Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) using criteria easily applied by clinicians and researchers. There is no standard pediatric definition.We defined pediatric MetS using criteria analogous to ATP III as > or =3 of the following: (1) fasting triglycerides > or =1.1 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); (2) HDL <1.3 mmol/L (50 mg/dL), except in boys aged 15 to 19 years, in whom the cutpoint was <1.2 mmol/L (45 mg/dL); (3) fasting glucose > or =6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dL); (4) waist circumference >75th percentile for age and gender; and (5) systolic blood pressure >90th percentile for gender, age, and height. MetS prevalence in US adolescents was estimated with the Third National Health and Nutritional Survey 1988 to 1994. Among 1960 children aged > or =12 years who fasted > or =8 hours, two thirds had at least 1 metabolic abnormality, and nearly 1 in 10 had MetS. The racial/ethnic distribution was similar to adults: Mexican-Americans, followed by non-Hispanic whites, had a greater prevalence of MetS compared with non-Hispanic blacks (12.9%, [95% CI 10.4% to 15.4%]; 10.9%, [95% CI 8.4% to 13.4%]; and 2.5%, [95% CI 1.3% to 3.7%], respectively). Nearly one third (31.2% [95% CI 28.3% to 34.1%]) of overweight/obese adolescents had MetS.Our definition of pediatric MetS, designed to be closely analogous to ATP III, found MetS is common in adolescents and has a similar racial/ethnic distribution to adults in this representative national sample. Because childhood MetS likely tracks into adulthood, early identification may help target interventions to improve future cardiovascular health.
An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline: Classification, Evaluation, and Management of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease in Infancy
Authors: Geoffrey Kurland, Robin R. Deterding, James S. Hagood, Lisa R. Young, Alan S. Brody, Robert G. Castile, Sharon Dell, Leland L. Fan, Aaron Hamvas, Bettina C. Hilman, Claire Langston, Lawrence M. Nogee, Gregory J. Redding
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<ContentsExecutive SummaryIntroductionMethodsClassificationDefinitionsEpidemiologyDiagnostic EvaluationPrognosisTreatmentResearch PrioritiesReferencesCITING ARTICLES
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF INHALATION OF 9 PER CENT OXYGEN FOR 20 MINUTES IN NON-PSYCHOTIC AND SCHIZOPHRENIC MALE SUBJECTS
Authors: WILLIAM L. HOLT
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1942)

Twelve non-psychotic and 13 schizophrenic subjects were given 9 per cent oxygen in 91 per cent nitrogen for 20 minutes without any rebreathing of expired gasses. Neurologic examinations were made at 5-minute intervals during a preliminary control period, the anoxemic period and during the recovery phase. EEG and EKG tracings were recorded and observations made of the pulse rate, respiratory rate, volume of expired air and psychological state at least once each 5 minutes. 1. In one patient and one control subject unilateral equivocal plantar responses became definitely dorsiflexor under the administration of 9 per cent oxygen. 2. The pupils of the schizophrenic group were smaller than those of control subjects, showed a smaller decrease in size under 9 per cent oxygen, and had a smaller excursion in response to light when tested under anoxemic conditions. 3. Consciousness was only slightly affected in any of the 13 schizophrenic patients, but was markedly altered in 3 of the 12 control subjects.
Responsiveness of Isolated Cerebral and Peripheral Arteries to Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Transmural Electrical Stimulation
Authors: NOBORU TODA, YUZO FUJITA
Journal: Circulation Research (1973)

Spirally cut strips of cerebral and peripheral arteries from dogs were used for comparing the vasoconstricting effect of serotonin, norepinephrine, K + , and transmural electrical stimulation. Sensitivity of cerebral (basilar, posterior cerebral, and middle cerebral) arterial strips to serotonin was markedly greater than that to norepinephrine with respect to the median effective concentration (ED 50 ) and the maximum response. Contractile responses of isolated human cerebral arteries to serotonin and norepinephrine were similar to those observed in the dog arteries. In contrast, proximal and distal strips from superior mesenteric arteries and strips from renal arteries were more sensitive to norepinephrine than they were to serotonin. Mean values of contractions caused by 5 x 10 -6 M serotonin relative to those caused by 30 mM K + in cerebral, internal carotid, external carotid, common carotid, and superior mesenteric arteries were in a descending order, whereas those for norepinephrine were in an ascending order. These studies demonstrate that a gradual transition occurs from characteristic responses seen in mesenteric arteries (high sensitivity to norepinephrine, low sensitivity to serotonin) to those seen in cerebral arteries (high sensitivity to serotonin, low sensitivity to norepinephrine). Transmural stimulation did not produce contractions of cerebral and internal carotid arteries, but contractions were produced in external carotid, common carotid, and superior mesenteric arteries. It appears that sympathetic nerves cannot play an important role in the regulation of vascular tone in large cerebral arteries.
Relationship Between Cytotoxicity and Site-Specific DNA Recombination After In Vitro Exposure of Leukemia Cells to Etoposide
Authors: C.-L. Chen, J. C. Fuscoe, Q. Liu, C.-H. Pui, H. H. Mahmoud, M. V. Relling
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1996)

BackgroundEtoposide, an inhibitor of the normal religation activity of the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase II, can induce a secondary acute myeloid leukemia characterized by site-specific DNA rearrangements. The schedule of drug administration appears to be a clinical risk factor for this devastating treatment complication.
Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in everyday life with chronic hand eczema: a qualitative study
Authors: A. Mollerup, J.D. Johansen, L.F. Thing
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Chronic hand eczema is a common disease that may impact quality of life and have occupational and social consequences. Self-management is pivotal, both in handling acute eruptions and avoiding relapses. However, little is known about how people with hand eczema self-manage and integrate their disease into everyday life.To explore the knowledge, attitudes and everyday life behaviours of patients with chronic hand eczema in order to generate insights about barriers in self-management.Qualitative, semistructured, focus group interviews were carried out. Twenty-three people with hand eczema participated in the four group sessions. The content of the interviews was analysed according to a template of concepts, categories and codes.Patients felt they lacked knowledge about the causes of eczema and how best to manage it. They perceived it as a complex condition, yet only simple solutions were offered. The patients found it difficult to apply preventive strategies in everyday life. They wanted to take an active role in their course of illness, but experienced barriers such as discomfort from emollient treatment or feelings of stigmatization. The patients stated that the need to focus constantly on prevention was energy-consuming.Self-management support in chronic hand eczema needs to be individualized in order to provide specific knowledge relevant to the patient, so that the patient has realistic expectations concerning the course of disease and can adopt new habits that minimize effort in preventive behaviour.
Platelets, thromboembolism and mitral valve prolapse.
Authors: P N Walsh, T A Kansu, J J Corbett, P J Savion, W P Goldburgh, N J Schatz
Journal: Circulation (1981)

Cerebral and retinal ischemic events have been described in mitral valve prolapse. To determine whether platelets play a part in the pathogenesis of thromboembolism we studied 29 patients with mitral valve prolapse, including nine (group I) with thromboembolism (cerebral, retinal and deep venous), eight (group II) with transient visual obscurations and 12 (group III) with neither thromboembolism nor visual complaints, compared with 18 control patients and 38 normal subjects. Patients in groups I and II had increased platelet coagulant activities concerned with the initiation and early stages of intrinsic coagulation, and group I patients had an increased proportion of circulating platelet aggregates and platelets relatively insensitive top epinephrine in aggregation and secretion. The incidence of platelet coagulation hyperactivity in patients with mitral valve prolapse was 76% (100% in group I, 75% in group II, 58% in group III), compared with 6% in control patients. These results suggest that platelets play a role in the purported association of thromboembolism and mitral valve prolapse.
Letter by Chhabra and Spodick Regarding Article, “Clinical Profile and Influences on Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Pericarditis”
Authors: Lovely Chhabra, David H. Spodick
Journal: Circulation (2015)

We read with interest the commendable work by Kytö et al 1 in which they studied the age-and sex-based association of clinical characteristics and outcomes in hospitalized patients with acute pericarditis.The study reports a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation in female patients with acute pericarditis, which appears to be a strikingly notable finding.However, the authors have not discussed their reasoning for this observed finding.It is worth emphasizing that pericarditis by itself is not strongly arrhythmogenic. 2-4Arrhythmias in acute pericarditis are often related to other associated comorbidities and inciting triggers such as aging, ventricular dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, or factors predisposing to left atrial abnormality. 2-4Even in the present study, the higher incidence of atrial fibrillation in female patients may be explained by the higher prevalence of aging, hypertension, and connective tissue disease in women.A higher incidence of previous pericarditis in female patients may also be related to connective tissue disease.The actual incidence of connective tissue disease may in fact be higher than reported because of the associated challenges with the diagnostic testing involved; thus, many such patients may be incorrectly labeled as having idiopathic pericarditis.The study results have not accounted for the type of therapies used in the treatment of both patient groups (ie, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, or corticosteroids).The temporal trends of the treatment modalities used would be of great value, especially to see whether the patients in recent years are being treated more frequently with colchicine as a firstline therapy for acute pericarditis and how this has influenced the disease course in both sexes. 5In addition, it would be of great value to see whether there were any sex-based disparities in the treatment therapies.The data on the clinical characteristics and patient outcomes would thus be further strengthened if the authors can share data on these temporal trends.
Points: Toxicity of bone marrow in dentists exposed to nitrous oxide
Authors: M A Gillman
Journal: BMJ (1985)

SIR,-YOU may be one of those who plan your Christmas shopping well in advance, or one who leaves it until the very last minute.But however you set about this annual task I am asking you to spare a thought for those for whom Christmas brings little joy and probably some anxiety.I am referring to those beneficiaries of the Royal Medi- cal Benevolent Fund; some are doctors, some are widows with children, all are in need of our help and may be faced with prospect of having little with which to celebrate Christmas.The object of the Christmas appeal of the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund is to enable us to send financial gifts to our 780 beneficiaries this Christ- mas and also in Christmases to come.These are a special addition to the awards that we make throughout the year.The fund knows through the many letters received how much this little extra means, enabling those less fortunate than our- selves to have at least some joy and warmth at Christmas.
Pathologic Complete Response Predicts Recurrence-Free Survival More Effectively by Cancer Subset: Results From the I-SPY 1 TRIAL—CALGB 150007/150012, ACRIN 6657
Authors: Laura J. Esserman, Donald A. Berry, Angela DeMichele, Lisa Carey, Sarah E. Davis, Meredith Buxton, Cliff Hudis, Joe W. Gray, Charles Perou, Christina Yau, Chad Livasy, Helen Krontiras, Leslie Montgomery, Debasish Tripathy, Constance Lehman, Minetta C. Liu, Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, Hope S. Rugo, John T. Carpenter, Lynn Dressler, David Chhieng, Baljit Singh, Carolyn Mies, Joseph Rabban, Yunn-Yi Chen, Dilip Giri, Laura van 't Veer, Nola Hylton
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer provides critical information about tumor response; how best to leverage this for predicting recurrence-free survival (RFS) is not established. The I-SPY 1 TRIAL (Investigation of Serial Studies to Predict Your Therapeutic Response With Imaging and Molecular Analysis) was a multicenter breast cancer study integrating clinical, imaging, and genomic data to evaluate pathologic response, RFS, and their relationship and predictability based on tumor biomarkers.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TO EXPERIMENTAL ALTERATIONS
Authors: Emile Holman, Claude S. Beck
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

An abnormal communication, experimentally produced between the right and left ventricles, causes a deflection of part of the blood stream into the shorter pulmonary circuit. Proceeding pari passu with the increase in volume flow of blood through this shorter circuit, there occurs a gradual enlargement of the heart limited to that part of the circulatory system through which the deflected blood passes; namely, the left ventricle, the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery, and the left auricle. There is also a demonstrable hypertrophy of the right and left ventricles, which presumably is the result of the increased effort necessary to propel forward an increased volume flow of blood, since it cannot be attributed to an increased peripheral resistance. Immediately after the production of the defect, the right auricle and aorta become smaller than usual, conforming in size to the decreased volume flow of blood through them. As full compensation for the deflected flow occurs by an increase in total blood volume, they return to their normal size. If full compensation has not occurred they remain smaller than normal (Dog X 11). The changes incident to the establishment of an opening in the septum are entirely dependent upon the size of the defect, and hence, upon the extent of the volume of blood deflected into the shorter circuit. Commensurate with the volume of blood deflected, there is a fall in general blood pressure. If the animal survives the immediate fall in blood pressure, certain compensatory adjustments occur which reestablish a more normal blood pressure: (a) an immediate increase in pulse rate; (b) a gradual increase in total blood mass. The increase in blood volume is directly commensurate with the size of the defect. The pulse returns to a normal rate when complete compensation through an increase in blood volume has been attained. It is suggested that the enlargement of the heart seen clinically in so called "idiopathic hypertrophy," "essential hypertension," and also in certain cases of cardiorenal disease, may be due to an increase in total blood mass following some interference with the mechanism for its control. The seat of this impairment in blood volume control may be: (a) in a chemical alteration in the blood; (b) in a diseased function of the kidneys which may be responsible for a decreased elimination, or for a change in the chemical composition of the blood; or (c) in an abnormal stimulation of the organs producing the cellular elements of the blood.
Cell Therapy for Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Kevin F. Kwaku
Journal: Circulation (2006)

hysicians and patients alike have long sought ways by which to tame the rapid and irregular heartbeats that typically accompany atrial fibrillation (AF).In addition to offering symptomatic relief from palpitations, this goal has gained further importance since the recognition that sustained rapid, and perhaps also irregular, ventricular rates can lead to adverse structural cardiac remodeling and the development of a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. 1 In many instances, maintenance of sinus rhythm is either impractical or unachievable, and in addition to therapeutic anticoagulation, most patients will require some strategy to control their ventricular rate during AF.
Small-Molecule Drugs Mimicking DNA Damage: A New Strategy for Sensitizing Tumors to Radiotherapy
Authors: Maria Quanz, Nathalie Berthault, Christophe Roulin, Maryline Roy, Aurélie Herbette, Céline Agrario, Christophe Alberti, Véronique Josserand, Jean-Luc Coll, Xavier Sastre-Garau, Jean-Marc Cosset, Lionel Larue, Jian-Sheng Sun, Marie Dutreix
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Enhanced DNA repair activity is often associated with tumor resistance to radiotherapy. We hypothesized that inhibiting DNA damage repair would sensitize tumors to radiation-induced DNA damage.A novel strategy for inhibiting DNA repair was tested. We designed small DNA molecules that mimic DNA double-strand breaks (called Dbait) and act by disorganizing damage signaling and DNA repair. We analyzed the effects of Dbait in cultured cells and on xenografted tumors growth and performed preliminary studies of their mechanism(s) of action.The selected Dbait molecules activate H2AX phosphorylation in cell culture and in xenografted tumors. In vitro, this activation correlates with the reduction of Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 and p53-binding protein 1 repair foci formation after irradiation. Cells are sensitized to irradiation and do not efficiently repair DNA damage. In vivo, Dbait induces regression of radioresistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (Hep2) and melanoma (SK28 and LU1205) tumors. The combination of Dbait32Hc treatment and fractionated radiotherapy significantly enhanced the therapeutic effect. Tumor growth control by Dbait molecules depended directly on the dose and was observed with various irradiation protocols. The induction of H2AX phosphorylation in tumors treated with Dbait suggests that it acts in vivo through the induction of "false" DNA damage signaling and repair inhibition.These data validate the concept of introducing small DNA molecules, which mimic DNA damage, to trigger "false" signaling of DNA damage and impair DNA repair of damaged chromosomes. This new strategy could provide a new method for enhancing radiotherapy efficiency in radioresistant tumors.
Sleep-disordered breathing prolongs the resolution of average ST-deviation after acute myocardial infarction - An observational study
Authors: Ulrich Sterz, Stefan Buchner, Andrea Hetzenecker, Kurt Debl, Andreas Luchner, Oliver Husser, Florian Zeman, Günter A. Riegger, Michael Pfeifer, Michael Arzt
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: Patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have a smaller reduction of infarction size within the first 12 weeks after the event compared to those without SDB. The effects of SDB on myocardial ischemia early after primary percutaneous intervention (PCI) are unknown.

Objective: Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the hypothesis, that AMI patients with SDB have less resolution of ST-segment deviation early after PCI than those without SDB.

Methods: In a prospective ongoing observational study 23 consecutive patients with AMI (13 with SDB, SDB group; 10 without SDB, no SDB group) who were treated with PCI were analyzed. Patients were stratified in a SDB group (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI≥15/h) and a no SDB group (AHI 24h after PCI). The average ST-deviation over all affected leads were measured and calculated (e.g. for anterior infarction ST-elevation in leads I, aVL, V1-V6 and ST-depression in II, III and aVF).

Findings: ST-deviations in the SDB and no SDB groups were similar before PCI (1.01 vs. 1.11mV, p=0.582) and significantly higher in the first 24h after PCI (0.52 vs. 0.18mV, p=0.047) which corresponds to a significantly smaller relative reduction (0-24h) of ST-deviation in the SDB group (49% vs. 84%, p=0.035). After 24h ST-deviation was similar in both groups.

Conclusion: SDB is associated with stronger ST- deviations and less resolution of ST-deviations within the first 24 hours after AMI treated with PCI. Data suggest that SDB may contribute to prolonged myocardial ischemia early after AMI.
Muscle Amino Acid Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis
Authors: N B Ruderman
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1975)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. ...Read More
Summary and Recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Boyd E. Metzger, Thomas A. Buchanan, Donald R. Coustan, Alberto de Leiva, David B. Dunger, David R. Hadden, Moshe Hod, John L. Kitzmiller, Siri L. Kjos, Jeremy N. Oats, David J. Pettitt, David A. Sacks, Christos Zoupas
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

The Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) was held in Chicago, IL, 11–13 November 2005 under the sponsorship of the American Diabetes Association. The meeting provided a forum for review of new information concerning GDM in the areas of pathophysiology, epidemiology, perinatal outcome, long-range implications for mother and her offspring, and management strategies. New information and recommendations related to each of these major topics are summarized in the report that follows.

The issues regarding strategies and criteria for the detection and diagnosis of GDM were not reviewed or discussed in detail, since it is anticipated that the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study will provide data in mid-2007 that will foster the development of criteria for the diagnosis of GDM that are based on perinatal outcomes. Thus, for the interim, the participants of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on GDM endorsed a motion to continue use of the definition, classification criteria, and strategies for detection and diagnosis of GDM that were recommended at the Fourth Workshop-Conference. Those guidelines are reproduced (with minor modifications) in this article in appendix Tables 1 and 2.

The invited lectures, topical discussions, and posters presented at the conference and the invited manuscripts that appear in this issue of Diabetes Care served as the basis for the following summary and recommendations.

### Pathophysiology

#### General considerations.

Current diagnostic criteria assign the diagnosis of GDM to women with glucose levels in the upper ∼5–10% of the population distribution. The hyperglycemia varies in severity from glucose concentrations that would be diagnostic of diabetes outside of pregnancy to concentrations that are asymptomatic and only slightly above normal, but associated with some increased risk of fetal morbidity.

Like all forms of hyperglycemia, GDM is characterized by insulin levels that are insufficient to meet insulin demands. The causes of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction that …