tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Physician Empathy: Definition, Components, Measurement, and Relationship to Gender and Specialty
Authors: Mohammadreza Hojat, Joseph S. Gonnella, Thomas J. Nasca, Salvatore Mangione, Michael Vergare, Michael Magee
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

There is a dearth of empirical research on physician empathy despite its mediating role in patient-physician relationships and clinical outcomes. This study was designed to investigate the components of physician empathy, its measurement properties, and group differences in empathy scores.A revised version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (with 20 Likert-type items) was mailed to 1,007 physicians affiliated with the Jefferson Health System in the greater Philadelphia region; 704 (70%) responded. Construct validity, reliability of the empathy scale, and the differences on mean empathy scores by physicians' gender and specialty were examined.Three meaningful factors emerged (perspective taking, compassionate care, and standing in the patient's shoes) to provide support for the construct validity of the empathy scale that was also found to be internally consistent with relatively stable scores over time. Women scored higher than men to a degree that was nearly significant. With control for gender, psychiatrists scored a mean empathy rating that was significantly higher than that of physicians specializing in anesthesiology, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, radiology, cardiovascular surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and general surgery. No significant difference was observed on empathy scores among physicians specializing in psychiatry, internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency medicine, and family medicine.Empathy is a multidimensional concept that varies among physicians and can be measured with a psychometrically sound tool. Implications for specialty selection and career counseling are discussed.
A Systematic Review of Adherence With Medications for Diabetes
Authors: Johan Wens, Etienne Vermeire, Paul Van Royen, Hilary Hearnshaw
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

The recent article by Cramer (1) aroused our full interest. The author reports a systematic literature search performed to identify articles with quantitative data on adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin and correlations between adherence rates and glycemic control. Abstracts identified by searching Medline, Current Contents, Health & Psychological Instruments, and Cochrane Collaborative databases were screened. The systematic search resulted in 20 publications, i.e., 15 retrospective and 5 prospective studies, with adequate data for synthesis. We would like to suggest that from our experience, the Embase database would have probably added relevant, high-quality articles that do not appear …
Evidence for the detrimental effect of adrenaline infused to healthy dogs in doses imitating spontaneous secretion after coronary occlusion
Authors: L. CEREMUZYNSKI, K. HERBACZYNSKA-CEDRO, B. BRONISZEWSKA-ARDELT, J. NAUMAN, A. NAUMAN, B. WOZNIEWICZ, J. LAWECKI
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1978)

We have previously shown that acute coronary occlusion in the dog is often accompanied by increased adrenaline release into the blood. In the present study the consequences of this humoral reaction were studied in anaesthetised healthy mongrel dogs subjected to adrenaline infusion administered at a rate relevant to spontaneous release of this amine in coronary occlusion. Adrenaline was infused in a dose of 1.2 microgram.kg-1.min-1 for 4 h. Dogs receiving saline served as the control. Adrenaline administration led to the decrease in insulin/glucose ratio, to a significant fall in serum triiodothyronine and in blood pH. Free fatty acid levels doubled. Histochemically, a diminution in succinic dehydrogenase and ATPase activity in adrenaline-treated hearts was found. A significant fall in the activity of mitochondrial hexokinase in these hearts was detected spectrophotometrically. Electron microscopic study revealed alterations in the mitochondrial structure. These findings indicate that an excess of adrenaline in ammounts similar to that seen in experimental infarction leads to profound metabolic and hormonal disturbances and exerts a detrimental effect upon myocardium.
Combination but not single-agent methotrexate chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumors increases the incidence of second tumors.
Authors: G J Rustin, E S Newlands, J M Lutz, L Holden, K D Bagshawe, J G Hiscox, M Foskett, S Fuller, D Short
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1996)

PURPOSE No increase in second tumor incidence was found in a previous analysis of women treated with chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumors (GTT). More patient years at risk enabled a further analysis of the risk of second tumors to be performed in the 1,377 women treated in this until up to 1990. PATIENTS AND METHODS Health questionnaires were returned on 93.3% of patients who successfully completed chemotherapy and were living in the United Kingdom. The remainder were flagged for death or developing further cancers by the Office of Population Census and Surveys and by the Thames Cancer Registry. Incidence density analysis was performed based on 15,279 person-years of observation available. Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of second tumors associated with the treatment. To calculate the expected number, the actual incidence rates observed by the Thames Cancer Registry during the same calendar period of observation were used. RESULTS An overall 50% excess of risk (RR = 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 2.1; P &lt; .011) was observed: there were 37 second tumors, when 24.5 were expected. For specific second tumors, the risk was significantly increased for myeloid leukemia (RR = 16.6; 95% CI, 5.4 to 38.9), colon (RR = 4.6; 95% CI, 1.5 to 10.7), and breast cancer when the survival exceeded 25 years (RR = 5.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 16.9). The risk was not significantly increased among the 554 women receiving single-agent therapy (RR = 1.3; 95% CI, 0.6 to 2.1). Leukemias only developed in patients receiving etoposide plus other cytotoxic drugs. CONCLUSION This study suggests that there is a slight increased risk of second tumors after sequential or combination chemotherapy for GTT. This has become apparent since the introduction of etoposide and longer follow-up.
History of the British Society of Gastroenterology
Authors: T. Hunt
Journal: Gut (1960)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Deep neural networks (DNNs) trained to perform visual tasks learn representations that align with the hierarchy of visual areas in the primate brain. This finding has been taken to imply that the primate visual system forms representations by passing them through a hierarchical sequence of brain areas, just as DNNs form representations by passing them through a hierarchical sequence of layers. To test the validity of this assumption, we optimized DNNs not to perform visual tasks but to directly predict brain activity in human visual areas V1–V4. Using a massive sampling of human brain activity, we constructed brain-optimized networks that predict brain activity even more accurately than task-optimized networks. We show that brain-optimized networks can learn representations that diverge from those formed in a strict hierarchy. Brain-optimized networks do not need to align representations in V1–V4 with layer depth; moreover, they are able to accurately model anterior brain areas (e.g., V4) without computing intermediary representations associated with posterior brain areas (e.g., V1). Our results challenge the view that human visual areas V1–V4 act—like the early layers of a DNN—as a serial pre-processing sequence for higher areas, and suggest they may subserve their own independent functions.
On correspondence, accuracy, and truth
Authors: Ian Maynard Begg
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Koriat &amp; Goldsmith raise important questions about memory, but there is need for caution: first, if we define accuracy by output measures, there is a danger that a perfectly accurate memory can be nearly useless. Second, when we focus on correspondence, there is a danger that syntactic correspondence will be mistaken for historical truth.
Gender‐specific differences in major cardiac events and mortality in lamin A/C mutation carriers
Authors: Ingrid A.W. van Rijsingen, Eline A. Nannenberg, Eloisa Arbustini, Perry M. Elliott, Jens Mogensen, Johanna F. Hermans‐van Ast, Anneke J. van der Kooi, J. Peter van Tintelen, Maarten P. van den Berg, Maurizia Grasso, Alessandra Serio, Sharon Jenkins, Camilla Rowland, Pascale Richard, Arthur A.M. Wilde, Andreas Perrot, Sabine Pankuweit, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Philippe Charron, Imke Christiaans, Yigal M. Pinto
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2012)
C-Terminal Tails of Sulfonylurea Receptors Control ADP-Induced Activation and Diazoxide Modulation of ATP-Sensitive K <sup>+</sup> Channels
Authors: Tetsuro Matsuoka, Kenji Matsushita, Yusuke Katayama, Akikazu Fujita, Kiyoshi Inageda, Masayuki Tanemoto, Atsushi Inanobe, Shizuya Yamashita, Yuji Matsuzawa, Yoshihisa Kurachi
Journal: Circulation Research (2000)

Abstract —The ATP-sensitive K + (K ATP ) channels are composed of the pore-forming K + channel Kir6.0 and different sulfonylurea receptors (SURs). SUR1, SUR2A, and SUR2B are sulfonylurea receptors that are characteristic for pancreatic, cardiac, and vascular smooth muscle–type K ATP channels, respectively. The structural elements of SURs that are responsible for their different characteristics have not been entirely determined. Here we report that the 42 amino acid segment at the C-terminal tail of SURs plays a critical role in the differential activation of different SUR-K ATP channels by ADP and diazoxide. In inside-out patches of human embryonic kidney 293T cells coexpressing distinct SURs and Kir6.2, much higher concentrations of ADP were needed to activate channels that contained SUR2A than SUR1 or SUR2B. In all types of K ATP channels, diazoxide increased potency but not efficacy of ADP to evoke channel activation. Replacement of the C-terminal segment of SUR1 with that of SUR2A inhibited ADP-mediated channel activation and reduced diazoxide modulation. Point mutations of the second nucleotide-binding domains (NBD2) of SUR1 and SUR2B, which would prevent ADP binding or ATP hydrolysis, showed similar effects. It is therefore suggested that the C-terminal segment of SUR2A possesses an inhibitory effect on NBD2-mediated ADP-induced channel activation, which underlies the differential effects of ADP and diazoxide on K ATP channels containing different SURs.
Effects of Hepatic Venous Pressure on Transsinusoidal Fluid Transfer in the Liver of the Anesthetized Cat
Authors: CLIVE V. GREENWAY, W. WAYNE LAUTT
Journal: Circulation Research (1970)

Arterial pressure, portal pressure, hepatic venous pressure, and hepatic volume were measured simultaneously in anesthetized cats. When hepatic venous pressure was raised, hepatic volume increased at first rapidly then slowly. After 20 minutes, the volume increased at a steady rate which continued for at least 4 hours. During this period, the hepatic blood volume ( 51 Cr-tagged red blood cells) was constant, and fluid with a high protein content accumulated in the plethysmograph. When the hepatic lymphatics were tied, the rate of filtration (0.060 ± 0.003 ml · min -1 · mm Hg -1 · 100 g -1 ) was directly proportional to the hepatic venous pressure. When hepatic venous pressure was restored to zero, the filtered fluid was not reabsorbed by the liver. The data are discussed in relation to Starling's hypothesis and the formation of ascites. It is concluded that transsinusoidal fluid filtration in the liver is dependent on the sinusoidal hydrostatic pressure and that no protective mechanisms are available to prevent filtration when hepatic venous pressure is raised for long periods.
Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies
Authors: S Darby, D Hill, A Auvinen, J M Barros-Dios, H Baysson, F Bochicchio, H Deo, R Falk, F Forastiere, M Hakama, I Heid, L Kreienbrock, M Kreuzer, F Lagarde, I Mäkeläinen, C Muirhead, W Oberaigner, G Pershagen, A Ruano-Ravina, E Ruosteenoja, A Schaffrath Rosario, M Tirmarche, L Tomáscaron;ek, E Whitley, H-E Wichmann, R Doll
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To determine the risk of lung cancer associated with exposure at home to the radioactive disintegration products of naturally occurring radon gas <b>Design</b> Collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. <b>Setting</b> Nine European countries. <b>Subjects</b> 7148 cases of lung cancer and 14 208 controls. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Relative risks of lung cancer and radon gas concentrations in homes inhabited during the previous 5-34 years measured in becquerels (radon disintegrations per second) per cubic metre (Bq/m<sup>3</sup>) of household air. <b>Results</b> The mean measured radon concentration in homes of people in the control group was 97 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>, with 11% measuring &gt; 200 and 4% measuring &gt; 400 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>. For cases of lung cancer the mean concentration was 104 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>. The risk of lung cancer increased by 8.4% (95% confidence interval 3.0% to 15.8%) per 100 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> increase in measured radon (P = 0.0007). This corresponds to an increase of 16% (5% to 31%) per 100 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> increase in usual radon—that is, after correction for the dilution caused by random uncertainties in measuring radon concentrations. The dose-response relation seemed to be linear with no threshold and remained significant (P = 0.04) in analyses limited to individuals from homes with measured radon &lt; 200 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>. The proportionate excess risk did not differ significantly with study, age, sex, or smoking. In the absence of other causes of death, the absolute risks of lung cancer by age 75 years at usual radon concentrations of 0, 100, and 400 Bq/m<sup>3</sup> would be about 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.7%, respectively, for lifelong non-smokers, and about 25 times greater (10%, 12%, and 16%) for cigarette smokers. <b>Conclusions</b> Collectively, though not separately, these studies show appreciable hazards from residential radon, particularly for smokers and recent ex-smokers, and indicate that it is responsible for about 2% of all deaths from cancer in Europe.
New perspectives in asthma treatment
Authors: G. Pelaia, A. Vatrella, C. Calabrese, G. Mazzarella, S.A. Marsico
Journal: Allergy (2000)

The recent advances in the knowledge of the basic mechanisms underlying asthmatic inflammation have significantly contributed to the delineation of new therapeutic perspectives for asthma. There are currently three main approaches to the development of novel antiasthma treatments: 1) improvement in existing classes of drugs 2) identification of new compounds able to interfere with the complex network of proinflammatory mediators, cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules involved in the pathogenesis of asthma 3) utilization of new forms of immunotherapy aimed at blocking the unbalanced Th2 response which characterizes the pathophysiology of asthma. Such a remarkable expansion in available therapeutic options will probably allow us, over the next decade, to treat asthma by more selectively targeting the pathogenetic events responsible for this widespread airway disease.
Epidermal growth factor receptor and Ink4a/Arf
Authors: Robert M Bachoo, Elizabeth A Maher, Keith L Ligon, Norman E Sharpless, Suzanne S Chan, Mingjian James You, Yi Tang, Jessica DeFrances, Elizabeth Stover, Ralph Weissleder, David H Rowitch, David N Louis, Ronald A DePinho
Journal: Cancer Cell (2002)
Survivin gene therapy attenuates left ventricular systolic dysfunction in doxorubicin cardiomyopathy by reducing apoptosis and fibrosis
Authors: Paul J.H. Lee, Dmitriy Rudenko, Michael A. Kuliszewski, Christine Liao, M. Golam Kabir, Kim A. Connelly, Howard Leong-Poi
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

The aim of this study was to investigate anti-apoptotic gene therapy using ultrasound-mediated plasmid delivery of survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein, to prevent apoptosis and to attenuate left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in a model of heart failure induced by doxorubicin. Effect of survivin transduction was investigated in vitro in rat cardiomyoblasts. After survivin transduction, survivin protein was detected in cell culture supernate confirming secretion of extracellular survivin. Under doxorubicin stimulation, survivin-transduced cells had significantly reduced apoptosis; however, incubation with survivin-conditioned media also showed reduced apoptosis that was absent with null-conditioned media. Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy was established in Fischer rats. Subsets of animals underwent ultrasound-mediated survivin gene delivery or empty vector gene delivery at Week 3. Control rats received doxorubicin alone. Animals were studied using PCR, immunohistochemistry, echocardiography, and invasive haemodynamic studies out to Week 6. By Week 6, LV % fractional shortening by echocardiography and systolic function by pressure–volume loops were greater in survivin treated when compared with control- and empty-treated animals. There was reduced apoptosis by TUNEL and caspase activity in survivin-treated animals compared with control and empty treated at Week 4, with reduced interstitial fibrosis at Week 6. Survivin gene therapy can attenuate the progression of LV systolic dysfunction in doxorubicin cardiomyopathy. This effect can be attributed to decreased myocyte apoptosis and prevention of maladaptive LV remodelling, by both direct myocyte transfection and potentially by paracrine mechanisms.
Massive haematemesis in an African male
Authors: N Mourra, C Marceau, J Pacanowski, E Tiret, J-F Flejou
Journal: Gut (2007)

A 31-year-old man of African origin presented with haematemesis and melena. He previously was healthy, without a history of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use.

On examination, the patient was pale and tachycardic. …
Six-Minute-Walk Test in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Roland M. du Bois, Derek Weycker, Carlo Albera, Williamson Z. Bradford, Ulrich Costabel, Alex Kartashov, Lisa Lancaster, Paul W. Noble, Steven A. Sahn, Javier Szwarcberg, Michiel Thomeer, Dominique Valeyre, Talmadge E. King
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

The 6-minute-walk test (6MWT) is a practical and clinically meaningful measure of exercise tolerance with favorable performance characteristics in various cardiac and pulmonary diseases. Performance characteristics in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have not been systematically evaluated.To assess the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the 6MWT and estimate the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in patients with IPF.The study population included all subjects completing a 6MWT in a clinical trial evaluating interferon gamma-1b (n = 822). Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) and other parameters were measured at baseline and at 24-week intervals using a standardized protocol. Parametric and distribution-independent correlation coefficients were used to assess the strength of the relationships between 6MWD and measures of pulmonary function, dyspnea, and health-related quality of life. Both distribution-based and anchor-based methods were used to estimate the MCID.Comparison of two proximal measures of 6MWD (mean interval, 24 d) demonstrated good reliability (coefficient = 0.83; P < 0.001). 6MWD was weakly correlated with measures of physiologic function and health-related quality of life; however, values were consistently and significantly lower for patients with the poorest functional status, suggesting good construct validity. Importantly, change in 6MWD was highly predictive of mortality; a 24-week decline of greater than 50 m was associated with a fourfold increase in risk of death at 1 year (hazard ratio, 4.27; 95% confidence interval, 2.57- 7.10; P < 0.001). The estimated MCID was 24-45 m.The 6MWT is a reliable, valid, and responsive measure of disease status and a valid endpoint for clinical trials in IPF.
Modelling the decline in coronary heart disease deaths in England and Wales, 1981-2000: comparing contributions from primary prevention and secondary prevention
Authors: Belgin Unal, Julia Alison Critchley, Simon Capewell
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To investigate whether population based primary prevention (risk factor reduction in apparently healthy people) might be more powerful than current government initiatives favouring risk factor reduction in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) (secondary prevention). <b>Design, setting, and participants</b> The IMPACT model was used to synthesise data for England and Wales describing CHD patient numbers, uptake of specific treatments, trends in major cardiovascular risk factors, and the mortality benefits of these specific risk factor changes in healthy people and in CHD patients. <b>Results</b> Between 1981 and 2000, CHD mortality rates fell by 54%, resulting in 68 230 fewer deaths in 2000. Overall smoking prevalence declined by 35% between 1981 and 2000, resulting in approximately 29 715 (minimum estimate 20 035, maximum estimate 44 675) fewer deaths attributable to smoking cessation: approximately 5035 in known CHD patients and approximately 24 680 in healthy people. Population total cholesterol concentrations fell by 4.2%, resulting in approximately 5770 fewer deaths attributable to dietary changes (1205 in CHD patients and 4565 in healthy people) plus 2135 fewer deaths attributable to statin treatment (1990 in CHD patients, 145 in people without CHD). Mean population blood pressure fell by 7.7%, resulting in approximately 5870 fewer deaths attributable to secular falls in blood pressure (520 in CHD patients and 5345 in healthy people) plus approximately 1890 fewer deaths attributable to antihypertensive treatments in people without CHD. Approximately 45 370 fewer deaths were thus attributable to reductions in the three major risk factors in the population: some 36 625 (81%) in people without recognised CHD and 8745 (19%) in CHD patients. <b>Conclusions</b> Compared with secondary prevention, primary prevention achieved a fourfold larger reduction in deaths. Future CHD policies should prioritise population-wide tobacco control and healthier diets.