tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A role for stem cell factor and c-kit in the murine intestinal tract secretory response to cholera toxin.
Authors: G R Klimpel, A K Chopra, K E Langley, J Wypych, C A Annable, D Kaiserlian, P B Ernst, J W Peterson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

The role of stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor (c-kit) in the intestinal secretory response to cholera toxin (CT) was investigated using a ligated intestinal loop model in mice having mutations in the dominant white spotting (W) locus and the steel (Sl) locus. W/Wv mice, which express an aberrant form of the c-kit protein, failed to give an intestinal secretory response after luminal CT challenge. In contrast, W/Wv mice and their control littermates had equivalent intestinal secretory responses to Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa). Sl/Sld mice, which express only a soluble truncated form of SCF, also gave a significantly reduced intestinal secretory response to CT when compared to the secretory response of their littermate controls. The unresponsiveness of W/Wv mice to CT was restricted to the intestinal tract since these mice had foot pad swelling responses to CT challenge that were equivalent to their littermate controls. Restoration of mast cells in W/Wv mice by bone marrow transplantation of control littermate bone marrow did not reverse the CT-unresponsiveness of the intestinal tract. Histological evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract from W/Wv mice showed a normal distribution of enterochromaffin cells (ECC). CT challenge of either ligated intestinal loops from C57B1/6 mice or a mouse intestinal epithelial cell line (MODE-K) resulted in elevated levels of mRNA for SCF. MODE-K cells exposed to CT also had enhanced expression of c-kit. Finally, fluid obtained from CT-challenged ligated intestinal loops from C57B1/6 mice contained significant levels of SCF. Taken together, the above results suggest that CT-induced intestinal secretory responses are dependent upon SCF-c-kit interactions. These interactions appear to be induced as a consequence of CT stimulation of the intestinal tract and may also play a role in the development or functionality of the enteric nervous system.
Future directions for the melioration model of addiction
Authors: Kris N. Kirby
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract For use in applied settings, the melioration model will need to incorporate changes in the shapes of local value functions over time, treat current value as a continuous function of time since previous choices, and take into account discounting of the effects of current behavior on future value. The policy implications of the model for regulating drugs are limited.
Is the initial feasibility of lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer in severe heterogeneous emphysema justified by long-term survival?
Authors: A. E Martin-Ucar, K. R Fareed, A. Nakas, P. Vaughan, J. G Edwards, D. A Waller
Journal: Thorax (2007)

The feasibility of anatomical lobectomy in patients with bronchial carcinoma in an area of severe heterogeneous emphysema whose respiratory reserve is outside operability guidelines has previously been confirmed. A review was undertaken to determine whether this approach is justified by long-term survival.
American Society of Clinical Oncology/Oncology Nursing Society Chemotherapy Administration Safety Standards
Authors: Joseph O. Jacobson, Martha Polovich, Kristen K. McNiff, Kristine B. LeFebvre, Charmaine Cummings, Michele Galioto, Katherine R. Bonelli, Michele R. McCorkle
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Standardization of care can reduce the risk of errors, increase efficiency, and provide a framework for best practice. In 2008, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) invited a broad range of stakeholders to create a set of standards for the administration of chemotherapy to adult patients in the outpatient setting. At the close of a full-day structured workshop, 64 draft standards were proposed. After a formal process of electronic voting and conference calls, 29 draft standards were eliminated, resulting in a final list of 35 draft measures. The proposed set of standards was posted for 6 weeks of open public comment. Three hundred twenty-two comments were reviewed by the Steering Group and used as the basis for final editing to a final set of standards. The final list includes 31 standards encompassing seven domains, which include the following: review of clinical information and selection of a treatment regimen; treatment planning and informed consent; ordering of treatment; drug preparation; assessment of treatment compliance; administration and monitoring; and assessment of response and toxicity monitoring. Adherence to ASCO and ONS standards for safe chemotherapy administration should be a goal of all providers of adult cancer care.
Additive layer manufacturing of physiologically realistic patient specific airway models for study of flow modifications in asthma and COPD
Authors: B. Timmerman, G. Gibbons, P. Bryanston-Cross
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

As part of the AirPROM project aimed at advancing new individually tailored therapies for asthma and COPD, the work presented here is focused on enabling investigation of typical flow modifications seen in these diseases to improve understanding of the underlying mechanisms.

For this experiments concentrate on creating models that are anatomically and mechanically realistic through development of novel multi-material additive layer manufacturing (ALM) techniques. Thus different compliances (e.g. muscle or soft tissue) can be mimicked in one model, enabling e.g. breathing cycle airway movement and corresponding flow dynamics to be investigated. In preliminary studies both low (2nd) and high (7th, Fig) order patient-specific hollow models of normal and asthmatic airways were created based on segmented lung CT scans (Timmerman, B et al, 16th Symp Appl Las Tech Fluid Mech 2012). Furthermore, ALM models of upper airways have been created to generate realistic inflow conditions. Using time-resolved stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) flow characteristics are measured at different sections through the models identifying e.g. recirculation zones or uneven flow distribution (e.g. from trachea to bronchi, Fig). The data has been used for validation and development of CFD models and in vivo MRI velocimetry.

![Figure][1] 



CT-based airways model and velocity maps (exit-branch, trachea-bronchi) .

 [1]: pending:yes
Alternaria alternata Fungal Exposure Associated with Increased Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide Among Children in New York City
Authors: Nitzan Soffer, Brett J. Green, Luis M. Acosta, Adnan Divjan, Edward Sobek, Merissa McGraw-Boitnotte, Angela R. Lemons, Rachel Miller, Andrew Rundle, Judith Jacobson, Inge Goldstein, Matthew S. Perzanowski
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
Cystic Fibrosis Pigs Develop Lung Disease and Exhibit Defective Bacterial Eradication at Birth
Authors: David A. Stoltz, David K. Meyerholz, Alejandro A. Pezzulo, Shyam Ramachandran, Mark P. Rogan, Greg J. Davis, Robert A. Hanfland, Chris Wohlford-Lenane, Cassie L. Dohrn, Jennifer A. Bartlett, George A. Nelson, Eugene H. Chang, Peter J. Taft, Paula S. Ludwig, Mira Estin, Emma E. Hornick, Janice L. Launspach, Melissa Samuel, Tatiana Rokhlina, Philip H. Karp, Lynda S. Ostedgaard, Aliye Uc, Timothy D. Starner, Alexander R. Horswill, Kim A. Brogden, Randall S. Prather, Sandra S. Richter, Joel Shilyansky, Paul B. McCray, Joseph Zabner, Michael J. Welsh
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2010)

The lungs of just-born piglets with cystic fibrosis fail to efficiently eliminate bacteria, suggesting that lung problems in cystic fibrosis patients may be secondary to impaired antibacterial defense mechanisms.
Lymphocyte Crawling and Transendothelial Migration Require Chemokine Triggering of High-Affinity LFA-1 Integrin
Authors: Ziv Shulman, Vera Shinder, Eugenia Klein, Valentin Grabovsky, Orna Yeger, Erez Geron, Alessio Montresor, Matteo Bolomini-Vittori, Sara W. Feigelson, Tomas Kirchhausen, Carlo Laudanna, Guy Shakhar, Ronen Alon
Journal: Immunity (2009)
Improved Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Use of Automated External Defibrillators
Authors: Marieke T. Blom, Stefanie G. Beesems, Petronella C.M. Homma, Jolande A. Zijlstra, Michiel Hulleman, Daniel A. van Hoeijen, Abdennasser Bardai, Jan G.P. Tijssen, Hanno L. Tan, Rudolph W. Koster
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Background— In recent years, a wider use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) to treat out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was advocated in The Netherlands. We aimed to establish whether survival with favorable neurologic outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest has significantly increased, and, if so, whether this is attributable to AED use. Methods and Results— We performed a population-based cohort study, including patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from cardiac causes between 2006 and 2012, excluding emergency medical service–witnessed arrests. We determined survival status at each stage (to emergency department, to admission, and to discharge) and examined temporal trends using logistic regression analysis with year of resuscitation as an independent variable. By adding each covariable subsequently to the regression model, we investigated their impact on the odds ratio of year of resuscitation. Analyses were performed according to initial rhythm (shockable versus nonshockable) and AED use. Rates of survival with favorable neurologic outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest increased significantly (N=6133, 16.2% to 19.7%; P for trend=0.021), although solely in patients presenting with a shockable initial rhythm (N=2823; 29.1% to 41.4%; P for trend&lt;0.001). In this group, survival increased at each stage but was strongest in the prehospital phase (odds ratio, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.06–1.16]). Rates of AED use almost tripled during the study period (21.4% to 59.3%; P for trend &lt;0.001), thereby decreasing time from emergency call to defibrillation-device connection (median, 9.9 to 8.0 minutes; P &lt;0.001). AED use statistically explained increased survival with favorable neurologic outcome by decreasing the odds ratio of year of resuscitation to a nonsignificant 1.04. Conclusions— Increased AED use is associated with increased survival in patients with a shockable initial rhythm. We recommend continuous efforts to introduce or extend AED programs.
Cisplatin and fluorouracil with or without panitumumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SPECTRUM): an open-label phase 3 randomised trial
Authors: Jan B Vermorken, Jan Stöhlmacher-Williams, Irina Davidenko, Lisa Licitra, Eric Winquist, Cristian Villanueva, Paolo Foa, Sylvie Rottey, Krzysztof Skladowski, Makoto Tahara, Vasant R Pai, Sandrine Faivre, Cesar R Blajman, Arlene A Forastiere, Brian N Stein, Kelly S Oliner, Zhiying Pan, Bruce A Bach
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2013)
Production of Gastrointestinal Tumors in Mice by Modulating Latent TGF-β1 Activation
Authors: Kotaro Shibahara, Mitsuhiko Ota, Masahito Horiguchi, Keiji Yoshinaga, Jonathan Melamed, Daniel B. Rifkin
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

TGF-β and its signaling pathways are important mediators in the suppression of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. TGF-β is released from cells in a latent complex consisting of TGF-β, the TGF-β propeptide [latency associated protein (LAP)], and a latent TGF-β binding protein (LTBP). We previously generated mice in which the LTBP-binding cysteine residues in LAP TGF-β1 were mutated to serine precluding covalent interactions with LTBP. These Tgfb1(C33S/C33S) mice develop multiorgan inflammation and tumors consistent with reduced TGF-β1 activity. To test whether further reduction in active TGF-β levels would yield additional tumors and a phenotype more similar to Tgfb1(-/-) mice, we generated mice that express TGF-β1(C33S) and are deficient in either integrin β8 or TSP-1, known activators of latent TGF-β1. In addition, we generated mice that have one mutant allele and one null allele at the Tgfb1 locus, reasoning that these mice should synthesize half the total amount of TGF-β1 as Tgfb1(C33S/C33S) mice, and the amount of active TGF-β1 would be correspondingly decreased compared with Tgfb1(C33S/C33S) mice. These compound-mutant mice displayed more severe inflammation and higher tumor numbers than the parental Tgfb1(C33S/C33S) animals. The level of active TGF-β1 in compound mutant mice seemed to be decreased compared with Tgfb1(C33S/C33S) mice as determined from analyses of surrogate markers of active TGF-β, such as P-Smad2, C-Myc, KI-67, and markers of cell-cycle traverse. We conclude that these mutant mice provide a useful system for modulating TGF-β levels in a manner that determines tumor number and inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract.
Glucocorticoids are ineffective in alcoholic hepatitis: a meta-analysis adjusting for confounding variables.
Authors: E Christensen, C Gluud
Journal: Gut (1995)

The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials of glucocorticoid treatment in clinical alcoholic hepatitis, adjusting for prognostic variables and their possible interaction with therapy, because these trials have given appreciably different results. Weighted logistic regression analysis was applied using the summarised descriptive data (for example, % with encephalopathy, mean bilirubin value) of the treatment and control groups of 12 controlled trials that gave this information. Despite evidence of publication bias favouring glucocorticoid treatment, its overall effect on mortality was not statistically significant (p = 0.20)--the relative risk (steroid/control) was 0.78 (95% confidence intervals 0.51, 1.18). There was indication of interaction between glucocorticoid therapy and gender, but not encephalopathy. Thus, the effect of glucocorticoid treatment may be different (beneficial or harmful) in special patient subgroups. These results do not support the routine use of glucocorticoids in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, including those with encephalopathy. Whether other subgroups may benefit needs further investigation using the individual patient data from the published trials and testing in new randomised trials.
Metformin Addition Attenuates Olanzapine-Induced Weight Gain in Drug-Naive First-Episode Schizophrenia Patients: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Ren-Rong Wu, Jing-Ping Zhao, Xiao-Feng Guo, Yi-Qun He, Mao-Sheng Fang, Wen-Bin Guo, Jin-Dong Chen, Le-Hua Li
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2008)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of metformin in preventing olanzapine-induced weight gain. Method: Forty patients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to treatment for 12 weeks with olanzapine, 15 mg/day, plus metformin, 750 mg/day (N=20), or olanzapine, 15 mg/day, plus placebo (N=20). This investigation was conducted in a double-blind fashion. Planned assessments included body weight, body mass index, proportion of patients who gained more than 7% of their baseline weight at the end of the 12-week treatment, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting glucose and insulin, insulin resistance index, and scores on the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Results: Of the 40 patients who were randomly assigned, 37 (92.5%) completed treatments. The weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio levels increased less in the olanzapine plus metformin group relative to the olanzapine plus placebo group during the 12-week follow-up period. The insulin and insulin resistance index values of the olanzapine plus placebo group increased significantly at weeks 8 and 12. In contrast, the insulin and insulin resistance index levels of the olanzapine plus metformin group remained unchanged. Significantly fewer patients in the olanzapine plus metformin group relative to patients in the olanzapine plus placebo group increased their baseline weight by more than 7%, which was the cutoff for clinically meaningful weight gain. There was a significant decrease in SAPS and SANS scores within each group from baseline to week 12, with no between-group differences. Metformin was tolerated well by all patients. Conclusions: Metformin was effective and safe in attenuating olanzapine-induced weight gain and insulin resistance in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients. Patients displayed good adherence to this type of preventive intervention.
Breathing patterns in children with craniofacial dysostosis and hindbrain herniation
Authors: SL Gonsalez, D Thompson, R Hayward, R Lane
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1998)

In the past few years, hindbrain herniation has become recognized as a frequent feature of the child with syndromic craniofacial dysostosis. The clinical significance of hindbrain herniation in these disorders is unclear. Abnormalities of respiratory control have frequently been reported. The aim of the present study was to document the incidence of obstructive and central respiratory abnormalities during sleep in craniofacial syndromes with hindbrain herniation. We performed cardiorespiratory sleep studies during unsedated night-time sleep in a group of 13 children. Hindbrain herniation was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ranged 1.5-26.9 mm below the cranial base. Sleep studies revealed central respiratory pauses associated with important reduction of the arterial oxygen saturation (Sa,O2) in only two of 13 cases (minimum Sa,O2 86% and 87%). In contrast 10 of 13 children had some degree of upper airway obstruction (four mild, three moderate and three severe). Of the remaining three children, two had previous long-term tracheostomies. Changes in the breathing pattern were proportional to the severity of the obstruction and comprised increased respiratory efforts and arterial oxygen desaturation. Infrequent mixed apnoeas were observed in five patients, and their severity reflected the severity of the obstructive component. In conclusion, obstruction of the upper airways was the predominant sleep-related respiratory problem in this group of patients. Hindbrain herniation was not associated with a high incidence of central sleep apnoea.
Small-Bowel Endoscopy
Authors: J. D. Waye
Journal: Endoscopy (1998)

An overview of the scientific literature on small-bowel enteroscopy demonstrates that sonde enteroscopy is becoming more and more limited in its indications. Push enteroscopy is now a well-accepted modality for evaluation of the patient with small-bowel disease, including those with undiagnosed causes for gastrointestinal bleeding, various types of malabsorption, and radiological abnormalities. Intraoperative enteroscopy has very specific indications, and there is a high rate of positive findings. It appears that an enterotomy with passage of a shorter, more maneuverable enteroscope is an acceptable way to evaluate the small bowel, although use of a sonde enteroscope may be an innovative method for intraoperative enteroscopy. In the evaluation of patients with iron-deficiency anemia or occult gastrointestinal bleeding in whom colonoscopy is negative, it is evidently more cost-effective to use a dedicated push enteroscope early on. The use of two different instruments--a gastroscope followed by a dedicated push enteroscope--is more expensive, and probably does not increase the yield for pathology. Many lesions that are responsible for obscure bleeding are actually located within reach of an upper intestinal endoscope, but are not recognized. This is probably due to inexperience on the part of the original endoscopist, who may see the pathology, but does not invoke it as the cause for bleeding. Outcome studies are now being performed, and there are some interesting considerations for combination hormonal therapy in patients with recurrent obscure bleeding, which most likely emanates from small-bowel arteriovenous malformations.
Arteriolar wall thickening, capillary rarefaction and interstitial fibrosis in the heart of rats with renal failure
Authors: J Törnig, K Amann, E Ritz, C Nichols, M Zeier, G Mall
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1996)

In experimental renal failure, increased intramyocardial arteriolar wall thickness, reduced myocardial capillary density, and increased cardiac interstitium are found. The extent to which such alterations can be modified by therapeutic interventions has not been investigated to date. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Ramipril, Nifedipine and Moxonidine on these structural changes. Sham-operated and subtotally nephrectomized (SNX) 300-g male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 7 to 11) were left untreated (N = 9) or treated with Ramipril (0.5 mg/kg body wt per day; N = 7), Nifedipine (30 mg/kg body wt per day; N = 9), or Moxonidine (10 mg/kg body wt per day; N = 8) for 8 wk. After perfusion fixation, heart and aorta were examined by stereological techniques. Aortic wall thickness was significantly higher in SNX than in sham-operated control rats and was similarly lowered by all three interventions. In contrast, the wall thickness of intramyocardial arterioles was significantly higher in SNX; this was prevented by Ramipril and Nifedipine, but not by Moxonidine. Intramyocardial capillary length density (Lv) was significantly lower and interstitial volume density (Vv) significantly higher in untreated SNX. Reduction of capillary length density was completely prevented by Moxonidine and in part by Ramipril. The increase in cardiac interstitial volume density was completely prevented by Ramipril and was partially prevented by Moxonidine or Nifedipine treatment. The following conclusions can be drawn from the results: (1) all agents normalize aortic wall thickness, but only calcium channel blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent intramyocardial arteriolar wall thickening: (2) intramyocardial arteriolar wall thickening, capillary rarefaction, and expansion of the cardiac interstitium are seen in SNX even after lowering the blood pressure to subnormal levels; i.e., changes in systemic blood pressure cannot completely explain the altered vascular structure in renal failure; (3) the effects of Ramipril, Nifedipine, and Moxonidine on cardiovascular structures in experimental renal failure are not completely accounted for by their hemodynamic actions.
TCTAP A-179 Impact of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Left Anterior Descending Artery Chronic Total Occlusion
Authors: Seung-Woon Rha, Byoung Geol Choi, Se Yeon Choi, Yoonjee Park, Akkala Raghavender Goud, Hu Li, Sunki Lee, Ji Bak Kim, Sung Il Im, Jin Oh Na, Cheol Ung Choi, Hong Euy Lim, Jin Won Kim, Eung Ju Kim, Chang Gyu Park, Hong Seog Seo, Dong Joo Oh
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)