tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
POSTERIOR PROSTATO-CYSTOTOMY.
Authors: WILLIAM T. BELFIELD
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Of the various operations that have been practiced for reaching the bladder and prostate, only the median perineal and supra-pubic continue in general favor; and since the usefulness of the former is for anatomical reasons greatly restricted, the supra-pubic almost monopolizes the field. The operation of Kraske for extirpation of the cancerous rectum has suggested to various surgeons a method for reaching important structures at the posterior surface of the bladder. Ullmann removed a tuberculous seminal vesicle; Dittel proposed and Küster executed the post-urethral excision of lateral masses of the enlarged prostate; Cabot suggested the extraction of ureteral calculi; and the present writer drained a suppurating prostatic utricle. As the result chiefly of anatomical studies, I now venture to call attention to an operation that may be described as<i>posterior prostato-cystotomy</i>. The anesthetized patient is placed upon the left side, thighs flexed to a right angle, hips elevated eight inches
Maharishi Ayur-Veda
Authors: Peter L. Salk
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To the Editor.  —Through the application of modern scientific methods, contemporary medicine has achieved enormous successes in preventing and curing a wide range of illnesses. Nevertheless, much remains to be accomplished before individuals and society as a whole can feel comfortable that the threat of disease has been minimized and that life can be lived in a state that might be characterized as truly healthy. Indeed, there appears to be a growing awareness that health is more than the absence of disease, and that attention needs to be paid to  a state of  or integrity that in itself might serve as an antidote to disease.  In this light, it was refreshing to read the article regarding Maharishi Ayur-Veda. 1 Though creating a state of wholeness is a noble ideal, there seems to be little direction or guidance provided by contemporary medical science, which has focused so successfully on
HBV DNA in peripheral mononuclear cells of acute hepatitis: Comparison between southern blot analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Authors: C. Pasquipelli, P.P. Scaglioni, M. Melegari, P. Mao, C. Barron, N. Mongiardo, B. De Rienzo, F. Manenti, E. Villa
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1989)
HIV evolution: CTL escape mutation and reversion after transmission
Authors: A J Leslie, K J Pfafferott, P Chetty, R Draenert, M M Addo, M Feeney, Y Tang, E C Holmes, T Allen, J G Prado, M Altfeld, C Brander, C Dixon, D Ramduth, P Jeena, S A Thomas, A St John, T A Roach, B Kupfer, G Luzzi, A Edwards, G Taylor, H Lyall, G Tudor-Williams, V Novelli, J Martinez-Picado, P Kiepiela, B D Walker, P J R Goulder
Journal: Nature Medicine (2004)
Molecular Adaptation of Chrysochus Leaf Beetles to Toxic Compounds in Their Food Plants
Authors: E. Labeyrie
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

Herbivores that feed on toxic plants must overcome plant defenses and occasionally may even benefit from them. The current challenge is to understand how herbivores evolve the necessary physiological adaptations and which changes at the molecular level are involved. In this context we studied the leaf beetles genus Chrysochus (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Two species of this genus, C. auratus and C. cobaltinus, feed on plants that contain toxic cardenolides. These beetles not only avoid poisoning by the toxin but also use it for their own defense against predators. All other Chrysochus species feed on plants that are devoid of cardenolides. The most important active principle of cardenolides is their capacity to bind to and thereby block the ubiquitous Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase responsible for maintaining cellular potentials. By analyzing the DNA sequence of the putative ouabain-binding site of the alpha-subunit of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase gene of Chrysochus and its close relatives feeding on plants with or without cardenolides, we here trace the evolution of cardenolide insensitivity in this group of beetles. The most interesting difference among the sequences involves the amino acid at position 122. Whereas all species that do not encounter cardenolides have an asparagine in this position, both Chrysochus species that feed on cardenolide plants have a histidine instead. This single amino acid substitution has already been shown to confer cardenolide insensitivity in the monarch butterfly. A mtDNA-based phylogeny corroborates the hypothesis that the asparagine at position 122 of the alpha-subunit of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase gene as observed in Drosophila and other insects is the plesiomorphic condition in this group of leaf beetles. The later host-plant switch to cardenolide-containing plants in the common ancestor of C. auratus and C. cobaltinus coincides with the exchange of the asparagine for a histidine in the ouabain binding site.
Annals of Improbable Research
Authors: Daniel Gardner
Journal: JAMA (1995)

From clowns at Native American sacred dances to satyr plays pricking Greek tragedies, humor can be a counterweight to our most sacred beliefs. Science, near sacred to many because of its underlying search for truths of life, the universe, and everything, is no exception. A new journal attempting scientific humor is the<i>Annals of Improbable Research (AIR)</i>, produced by former editors, staffers, and contributors of the older<i>Journal of Irreproducible Results (JIR)</i>(the new journal, however, is in no way associated with the older title). Unfortunately, although the price is right, the attempt is only partially successful: much of the material of the initial three issues is not very scientific and not very funny. Most of the issues of<i>AIR</i>(readers are referred to as "AIRheads"—get it?) comprise "research" articles and lists of "improbable theories, experiments, and conclusions" gleaned from actual scientific literature. Some articles poke gentle fun at modern
Study of Dyspepsia in a General Practice as Assessed by Endoscopy and Radiology
Authors: R. J. Barnes, M. W. L. Gear, A. Nicol, A. B. Dew
Journal: BMJ (1974)

Fifty consecutive patients presenting in a general practice with dyspepsia were studied. Each patient was referred for a combined barium-meal examination and cholecystogram, followed by fibreoptic endoscopy of the oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Thirty patients had a specific lesion of the upper digestive tract and a further four had gall-bladder disease; of these, 16 required surgical treatment. Endoscopy in the remaining 16 patients showed nine with mucosal abnormalities, leaving only seven patients to be classified as normal.The advantage of having an endoscopy service to supplement radiological investigation of dyspepsia is shown.
Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: summary of NICE guidance
Authors: Roberta Richey, David Wray, Tim Stokes
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Infective endocarditis is a rare condition with a high mortality and morbidity. Accepted clinical practice has been to use antibiotic prophylaxis in those at risk of infective endocarditis who are having dental and certain non-dental interventional procedures, in the belief that this may prevent the development of infective endocarditis. The effectiveness of such antibiotic prophylaxis in humans is, however, not proved1 and recent international guidelines recommend a much more limited role for antibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis. This article summarises the most recent guidance from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on antibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis.2 NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of best available evidence. When minimal evidence is available recommendations are based on the guideline development group's opinion of what constitutes good practice. With a serious rare condition, such as infective endocarditis, research using experimental study designs is difficult and the evidence base consists of observational (predominantly case-control) studies. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets. ### Identifying cardiac risk factors Regard patients with the following cardiac conditions as being at risk of developing infective endocarditis [ based on moderate quality evidence from medium sized observational studies ]:
The Livingston project.
Authors: A. H. Duncan
Journal: BMJ (1969)

MEDIBALJOURNL ConclusionsThis paper has tried to describe some of the complex inter- relationships between general and health service planning, all of which will require further study and definition during the next phase of planning for Milton Keynes.It has been pos- sible to establish a number of guide-lines which are helpful in ensuring a joint approach to planning.Early discussion of objectives and possibilities has been invaluable in establishing a common starting-point; support for necessary change and innovation has been readily forthcoming where those who will later be responsible for the provision of services have been involved in a clearly identified way with the planning; and it has also been fruitful to consider simultaneously the design of administrative and physical systems.So far as health services are concerned, the object must continue to be to secure maxi- mum participation, both by the public and by members of the health professions, in discussions which will result in the evolution of a closely coordinated health service for Milton Keynes.
Angiopoietin-2 Stimulates Breast Cancer Metastasis through the α5β1 Integrin-Mediated Pathway
Authors: Yorihisha Imanishi, Bo Hu, Michael J. Jarzynka, Ping Guo, Esther Elishaev, Ifat Bar-Joseph, Shi-Yuan Cheng
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Acquisition of a metastatic phenotype by breast cancer cells includes alternations of multigenic programs that permit tumor cells to metastasize to distant organs. Here, we report that angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), a known growth factor, is capable of promoting breast cancer cell invasion leading to metastasis. Analysis of 185 primary human breast cancer specimens that include 97 tumors showing lymph node and/or distant metastasis reveals a significant correlation between the expression of Ang2 and E-cadherin, Snail, metastatic potential, tumor grade, and lymph-vascular invasion during breast cancer progression. Using a xenograft model, we show that overexpression of Ang2 in poorly metastatic MCF-7 breast cancer cells suppresses expression of E-cadherin and induces Snail expression and phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) promoting metastasis to the lymph nodes and lung. In cell culture, Ang2 promotes cell migration and invasion in Tie2-deficient breast cancer cells through the α5β1 integrin/integrin-linked kinase (ILK)/Akt, GSK-3β/Snail/E-cadherin signaling pathway. Inhibition of ILK and the α5β1 integrin abrogates Ang2 modulation of Akt, GSK-3β, Snail, and E-cadherin and Ang2-stimulated breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Together, these results underscore the significant contribution of Ang2 in cancer progression, not only by stimulating angiogenesis but also by promoting metastasis, and provide a mechanism by which breast cancer cells acquire an enhanced invasive phenotype contributing to metastasis. [Cancer Res 2007;67(9):4254–63]
Out of the Shadows and the Silence
Authors: Eugene D. Mindel
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Children and adults with severely impaired hearing constitute only about 2 1/2% of all hearing-impaired individuals.<sup>1</sup>The problems of the 10 million or more in the latter group have overshadowed the problems of those in the former group. Those who are born deaf or so severely deafened at some time after birth that using hearing for developing or for language is not possible constitute a distinct subculture in our society. May is designated as Better Hearing Month. It serves to highlight the needs of hearing-impaired children who cannot be helped just by the use of hearing aids and placement in regular schools and who will become part of that subculture. We are interested in focussing on the physician's role in the lives of these deaf children and their families. It is to its physician that a family is most likely to turn for guidance when deafness is suspected. Elsewhere,
Measurement of normal portal venous blood flow by Doppler ultrasound.
Authors: H S Brown, M Halliwell, M Qamar, A E Read, J M Evans, P N Wells
Journal: Gut (1989)

The volume flow rate of blood in the portal vein was measured using a duplex ultrasound system. The many errors inherent in the duplex method were assessed with particular reference to the portal vein and appropriate correction factors were obtained by in vitro calibration. The effect of posture on flow was investigated by examining 45 healthy volunteers in three different positions; standing, supine and tilted head down at 20 degrees from the horizontal. The mean volume blood flow in the supine position was 864 (188)ml/min (mean 1SD). When standing, the mean volume blood flow was significantly reduced by 26% to 662 (169)ml/min. There was, however, no significant difference between flow when supine and when tilted head down at 20 degrees from the horizontal.
The Physician and Posttraumatic States
Authors: Arthur Ecker
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Physicians who treat patients soon after injuries naturally deal with the effects of the traumatic experience on the body; but there is also an opportunity to observe the effects on the personality. At first, the victim undergoes intense anxiety. His role of accident victim develops progressively from the scene of the accident, in the ambulance, to the emergency room and x-ray department, and is assisted by the reactions of physicians and relatives. The physician usually plays a decisive part in determining the seriousness of the injury and, more exactly, the seriousness of the patient's reaction to it. He decides whether or not the person requires admission to a hospital, medication, and limitation of activity. As the physician states the prognosis, his style of presentation is important. He may express the risk of possible complications of a mild head injury in a threatening way, eg, "You never can
TrkB Works at Postsynaptic Sites
Authors: Wen-Biao Gan
Journal: Neuron (1999)

The classical view of neurotrophins as target-derived survival factors in the developing nervous system has changed dramatically in the last few years, perhaps due to the application of improved perturbation techniques and more detailed analyses of cellular phenomena. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its corresponding TrkB receptor have been found to be involved in many aspects of neural plasticity, ranging from regulation of synaptic strength to structural plasticity of neural circuits. For example, BDNF, acting through TrkB receptors, can rapidly modulate synaptic transmission (Berninger and Poo 1996; Black 1999) and is also involved in modifying axonal as well as dendritic morphology (Cohen-Corey and Fraser, 1995; McAllister et al. 1999). Either chelating the endogenous TrkB ligands BDNF or NT-4/5 or infusing excess TrkB ligands prevents the formation of ocular dominance columns in mammalian primary visual cortex, a classical model of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity (Cabelli et al. 1995, Cabelli et al. 1997). Thus, the TrkB-mediated signaling pathway plays diverse roles in synaptic patterning in the developing nervous system. Little is known, however, about the roles of neurotrophins and the Trk receptors in the maintenance of neuronal connections, despite the fact that they are expressed in many parts of the nervous system throughout life.
Set No Limits: A Rebuttal to Daniel Callahan's Proposal to Limit Health Care for the Elderly
Authors: William J. Bicknell
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<i>Set No Limits</i>is a collection of essays critiquing Daniel Callahan's<i>Setting Limits: Medical Goals in an Aging Society</i>(New York, NY, Simon &amp; Schuster, 1987). Intense interest in national health insurance, the influence of older Americans on the political process, and a new administration entering the White House make the issues raised in these essays particularly relevant. Because<i>Set No Limits</i>is a critique, and a serious weakness is the author's often inadequate and incorrect portrayal of Callahan's thesis, it is important for the reader to have direct knowledge of his purpose and thesis. In brief, Callahan seeks "to stimulate a public discussion of the future of health care for the aged [and] to propose... using age as a specific criterion for the allocation and limitation of health care" (p 23). He notes longer life expectancy, growth of health care costs, and vast expenditures on health care for older
T cell subsets and expression of immunological activation markers in the arterial walls of patients with giant cell arteritis.
Authors: R Andersson, R Jonsson, A Tarkowski, B A Bengtsson, B E Malmvall
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1987)

Immunohistochemical features of infiltrating mononuclear cells (MNC) and resident cells were studied in the temporal artery biopsy specimens of 13 patients with histological verified giant cell arteritis (GCA) and in six biopsy specimens from patients with GCA with negative histological findings. Eight temporal artery biopsy specimens from seven patients with unrelated diseases served as controls. In all patients with GCA proved by biopsy an infiltration of T lymphocytes in the arterial wall was observed, most being of the helper/inducer subset. No B lymphocytes, or very few, were seen. Lymphocytes in 10 out of the 13 positive biopsy specimens displayed staining for the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen HLA-DR, whereas this was found in only two of eight controls. A minor number of the infiltrating T lymphocytes from seven out of 13 patients with GCA proved by biopsy stained for transferrin receptors, and in six out of the 13 cases they reacted with anti-interleukin 2 receptor antibody. In the arterial wall from all patients with histologically verified GCA we also found an increased number of macrophages, many of them expressing HLA-DR antigens and transferrin receptors. The immunohistochemical pattern of cell phenotypes found in the arterial wall of patients with GCA suggests that the infiltrating T cells are immunologically activated. This finding supports the hypothesis of a predominantly cellular immunological pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis.
OxLDL enhances L-type Ca2+ currents via lysophosphatidylcholine-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
Authors: I FEARON
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2006)

Objective: To examine the mechanisms underlying oxidised LDL- (oxLDL)-induced alterations in Ca2+ currents, an effect which underlies altered vascular contractility and cardiac myocyte function.
Clindamycin for Staphylococcal Skin Infections in AIDS-Reply
Authors: Mark S. Klempner
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In Reply. —  It is convenient to think of patients with unusually frequent Staphylococcus aureus infections in three categories: patients with recurrent superficial skin infections, which occur in apparently normal hosts and almost never disseminate; patients who experience visceral infections because their skin or mucous membrane barriers are somehow circumvented and staphylococci temporarily overwhelm an otherwise intact phagocyte host defense system; and patients who usually have intact barriers but in whom even minor superficial staphylococcal infections cannot be contained because of gross abnormalities in neutrophil function. Patients in the first group were the subject of our recent article. Despite an enormous number of recurrent S aureus skin abscesses (18.6 ± 3.3 abscesses per patient prior to entry into the study), no patient had a history of a visceral or disseminated staphylococcal infection and neutrophil function was normal in all patients tested. As we reported in our study, prophylactic antibiotics given
Supporting patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in the community: developing a home enteral feed programme to avoid hospital readmissions
Authors: S. White, M. Kurien, G. Simpson, J. Grant, D. S. Sanders, M. McAlindon
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Although patients who have a PEG inserted are often discharged to a complex network of medical and social support on discharge, PEG-related complications are a common cause of hospital readmission.1 <h3>Methods</h3> In Sheffield, PEG aftercare within the community is provided by two home enteral feed (HEF) dietitians and a dietetic assistant. They provide support and training to patients, carers and other healthcare professionals. Data regarding their activity is prospectively entered into an Infoflex database. We aimed to determine the benefits of a dedicated PEG aftercare service and also the impact that this service can have on reducing hospital readmission rates following PEG insertion. <h3>Results</h3> 280 patients in Sheffield were receiving enteral feeding at home between April 2009 and April 2010. 85 (30%) were new patients, with 79 (93%) being reviewed within 5 days of hospital discharge. 2237 referrals were received by the HEF team regarding these 280 patients. Services provided by the HEF team included: home visits (n=1019), nursing and residential home reviews (n=525), telephone advice (n=683) to patients, carers or healthcare professionals and ten hospital assessments. There were 343 PEG-related complications seen be the HEF team during this period. The commonest problems were over-granulated stoma sites (30%), broken Y adaptors (21%), tube blockages (14%), and bumper related problems (14%). 103 patients required new balloon gastrostomies, of which 56 (43%) were performed as an emergency procedure. 228 hospital admissions were definitely avoided due to direct actions taken by the HEF team. While sixty home enterally fed patients were admitted to hospital during this period, only 8 (13%) of these were admitted due to PEG related problems. These admissions occurred during periods when the HEF team were unavailable or when local community PEG protocols were not followed. <h3>Conclusion</h3> While patients with PEGs may need attention to a variety of complex medical problems, the vast majority encounter problems specifically related to their PEGs after discharge. HEF Dietitians trained in PEG care reduce unnecessary hospital readmissions. This is achieved by repairing and replacing PEGs in the community, but also by underpinning the service with a training programme designed to allow patients, carers and other professionals to do the same.