tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
On the Origin and Progression of Ductal Carcinoma in the Human Breast2
Authors: S. R. Wellings, H. M. Jensen
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1973)

When 60 whole human breasts with and without coincident infiltrating ductal carcinoma were analyzed by a quantitative, three-dimensional subgross method correlated with histopathology, the smallest solitary, independent foci of ductal carcinoma in situ were observed in the terminal ductal-lobular units. If these independent foci are early stages of primary carcinoma, then a reasonable hypothesis is that ductal carcinoma in situ usually arises in these units, rather than in larger ducts. This hypothesis suggests that terminal ducts and/or lobules with atypical populations of .epithelial cells may be precancerous to common ductal breast cancer. A process of progressive lobular and ductular distension and unfolding, with concomitant coalescence of ductular lumens, probably explains the conversion of lobular structure (i.e., ductules) into larger ovoid and circular profiles. These profiles are of such magnitude that they sometimes falsely appear to be ducts in conventional, two-dimensional histologic slides.
Proof of concept: enthesitis and new bone formation in spondyloarthritis are driven by mechanical strain and stromal cells
Authors: Peggy Jacques, Stijn Lambrecht, Eveline Verheugen, Elin Pauwels, George Kollias, Maria Armaka, Marleen Verhoye, Annemie Van der Linden, Rik Achten, Rik J Lories, Dirk Elewaut
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2013)

Valvular heart disease affects 1%–2% of young individuals, many of whom aspire to partake in competitive sport or high intensity recreational exercise. There are limited reports on the impact of intensive physical activity on the progression of valvular heart disease; therefore, current recommendations are based on consensus opinion. The management of exercising individuals with valvular heart disease requires a structured approach that incorporates several key factors including symptomatic status, functional capacity, type and nature of the valvular lesion, impact on ventricular structure and function and effect on pulmonary artery pressure. Asymptomatic individuals with minor valvular abnormalities may engage in all forms of competitive sport, whereas those with lesions of moderate severity may exercise intensively if an exercise stress test tailored to the relevant physical activity reveals good functional capacity without myocardial ischaemia, haemodynamic disturbances or arrhythmia. Symptomatic athletes and those with severe valvular heart disease, impaired ventricular function, pulmonary hypertension and arrhythmias should refrain from most competitive sports. Athletes with a bicuspid aortic valve and aortic root diameter &gt;40 mm should avoid sport with a strong isometric component even with minimal valvular dysfunction. There is an association between mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death in the general population; however, there is limited evidence of increased risk with competitive sport. Athletes undergoing corrective surgery may return to exercise after 3 months if ventricular function and exercise capacity are preserved. Individuals anticoagulated for mechanical bioprosthetic valves should avoid contact or collision sport to minimise the risk of bleeding.
Albumin Microbubble Echo-Contrast Material as an Enhancer for Ultrasound Accelerated Thrombolysis
Authors: Katsuro Tachibana, Shunro Tachibana
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Recent findings suggest that acoustic cavitation is responsible for acceleration of thrombolysis by ultrasound (US) energy. It is known that albumin microbubbles lower the threshold of acoustic cavitation production.The present study was designed to determine whether the presence of albumin microbubbles used for echo-contrast material (Albunex) can further accelerate fibrinolysis of US. Artificial thrombus was produced by Chandler's loop method with blood extracted from a healthy subject. Urokinase (UK, 1200 IU/mL) was added to the artificial thrombi placed in test tubes. Each thrombus was exposed to US (170 kHz) at a distance of 1.2 cm for a total of 60 seconds at an intensity of 0.5 W/cm2 at intervals of 2 seconds on and 4 seconds off. Echo-contrast material (0.6 x 10(6) microspheres per mL) or 5% albumin (for control) was circulated near the thrombus at a rate of 1 mL/min during the US exposure. Fibrinolysis was later determined by percentage of weight loss of thrombus after 60 minutes of incubation (n = 15). Fibrinolysis with UK alone was 26.6 +/- 4.8%. Fibrinolysis with UK+US treatment was 33.3 +/- 5.8%. Further increase of fibrinolysis to 51.3 +/- 7.7% occurred in the presence of Albunex (UK+US+Albunex). Statistical differences were obtained between all these groups (ANOVA).The presence of the echo-contrast agent induced further acceleration of thrombolysis by US energy. It is suggested that this diagnostic echo-contrast material can be used as an alternative therapeutic US drug enhancer for thrombolysis.
Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in a Sydney Olympic gold medallist: Table 1
Authors: D Armanini, D Faggian, C Scaroni, M Plebani
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2002)

An Italian athlete who won a gold medal at the Sydney Olympic Games was studied. She was accused of doping after the finding of high levels of plasma growth hormone (GH) before the Games. She was studied firstly under stressed and then under unstressed conditions. In the first study, GH was measured every 20 minutes for one hour; it was above the normal range in all blood samples, whereas insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was normal. In the second study, GH progressively returned to accepted normal levels; IGF-I was again normal. It was concluded that the normal range for GH in athletes must be reconsidered for doping purposes, because athletes are subject to stress and thus to wide variations in GH levels.
Oesophageal dilatation on high-resolution computed tomography scan of the lungs as a sign of scleroderma
Authors: M C Vonk, C E van Die, M M Snoeren, K J Bhansing, P L C M van Riel, J Fransen, F H J van den Hoogen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalised autoimmune disease that causes morbidity and reduced life expectancy. Recently, evidence has been accumulating that immunosuppressive treatment in an early stage of the disease could improve survival, enhancing the need for early diagnosis and regular evaluation of organ involvement. Among others, a high-resolution computer tomography (HRCT) scan of the chest is performed for the assessment of pulmonary involvement in SSc. The objective of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of oesophageal dilatation on the HRCT scan for the diagnosis of SSc.In total, 105 consecutive patients with scleroderma and 107 consecutive controls were included in this study. The first available scan for each patient and control was evaluated in random order and blinded for the diagnosis, by two independent radiologists, for oesophageal dilatation and interstitial lung disease.The positive predictive value of oesophageal dilatation for the diagnosis of SSc was 83%. No significant correlation of oesophageal dilatation and interstitial lung disease was found in the patients with scleroderma or controls.Oesophageal dilatation as visible on an HRCT scan of the chest may alert doctors to look for other signs or symptoms of SSc in these patients, enabling early diagnosis and specific treatment.
Innate Diversity of Adult Human Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Shaohua Li, Yao-Shan Fan, Lawrence H. Chow, Caroline Van Den Diepstraten, Eric van der Veer, Stephen M. Sims, J. Geoffrey Pickering
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) perform diverse functions and this functional heterogeneity could be based on differential recruitment of distinct SMC subsets. In humans, however, there is little support for such a paradigm, partly because isolation of pure human SMC subsets has proven difficult. We report the cloning of 12 SMC lines from a single fragment of human internal thoracic artery and the elucidation of 2 distinct cellular profiles. Epithelioid clones (n=9) were polygonal at confluence, 105+/-9 micrometer in length, and had a doubling time of 39+/-2 hours. Spindle-shaped clones (n=3) were larger (267+/-18 micrometer long, P<0.01) and grew slower (doubling time 65+/-4 hours, P<0.01). Both types of clones expressed smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin, SM-myosin heavy chains, h-caldesmon, and calponin, but only spindle-shaped clones expressed metavinculin. Epithelioid clones displayed greater proliferation in response to platelet-derived growth factor-BB and fibroblast growth factor-2 and were more responsive to the migratory effect of platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Spindle-shaped clones showed more robust Ca(2+) transients in response to angiotensin II, histamine, and norepinephrine, crawled more quickly, and expressed more type I collagen. On serum withdrawal, spindle-shaped clones differentiated into a contraction-competent cell. A regional basis for diversity among SMCs was suggested by stepwise arterial digestion, which liberated small, SM alpha-actin-positive cells from the abluminal medial layers and larger SMCs from all layers. These results identify inherent SMC diversity in the media of the adult internal thoracic artery and suggest differential participation of SMC subsets in the regulation of human arterial behavior.
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young in Children With Incidental Hyperglycemia:
Authors: Renata Lorini, Catherine Klersy, Giuseppe d'Annunzio, Ornella Massa, Nicola Minuto, Dario Iafusco, Christine Bellannè-Chantelot, Anna Paola Frongia, Sonia Toni, Franco Meschi, Franco Cerutti, Fabrizio Barbetti
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

To investigate the prevalence of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) in Italian children with incidental hyperglycemia.Among 748 subjects age 1-18 years with incidental hyperglycemia, minimal diagnostic criteria for MODY were met by 172 families. Mutational analyses of the glucokinase (GCK) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF1A) genes were performed.We identified 85 GCK gene mutations in 109 probands and 10 HNF1A mutations in 12 probands. In GCK patients, the median neonatal weight and age at the first evaluation were lower than those found in patients with HNF1A mutations. Median fasting plasma glucose and impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance frequency after oral glucose tolerance testing were higher in GCK patients, who also showed a lower frequency of diabetes than HNF1A patients.GCK mutations are the prevailing cause of MODY (63.4%) when the index case is recruited in Italian children with incidental hyperglycemia.
Laparoscopy or Open Surgery for Colorectal Cancer Within an Enhanced Recovery Program?
Authors: Cheng-Le Zhuang, Dong-Dong Huang, Xian Shen, Zhen Yu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

TO THE EDITOR: Kennedy et al recently published an article examining the postoperative outcomes of laparoscopic surgery versus open resection of colorectal cancer within an enhanced recovery program (ERP). The main finding of their trial, called EnROL (Enhanced Recovery Open Versus Laparoscopic), was that laparoscopic surgery reduced the total postoperative hospital stay by 2 days. We congratulate the authors for their efforts because we know the difficulties of conducting such a trial. However, we think that some limitations of the study should be addressed. First, we noticed that compliance with the ERP components was low, especially with respect to early oral feeding, early mobilization, and optimized analgesia. Early oral feeding has been proven to reduce the length of hospital stay and the total postoperative complications. Failure to mobilize has been associated with prolonged length of hospital stay. In addition, Vlug et al found that hospital stay was reduced by 28% when early oral feeding and early mobilization were achieved. Optimized pain relief, allowing early mobilization and early return of gut function, is a prerequisite for enhanced recovery. Strict adherence to the ERP was associated with reduced length of hospital stay and improved outcome in colonic surgery for malignancy. Thus, the low compliance with the ERP components may have introduced a high risk of bias to the EnROL trial. Second, it was reported that the greater the number of evidencebased components included in the ERP, the better the outcome. However, some key ERP items were not included in the EnROL trial, such as prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Postoperative nausea and vomiting lead to intolerance to oral feeding and is a leading cause of patient dissatisfaction and delayed hospital discharge. The absence of this ERP item probably explains the low compliance with early oral feeding. Above all, the low compliance and the absence of some key ERP components might make the EnROL trial underpowered, despite the substantial work of the authors. Therefore, the question regarding the benefits of laparoscopy within an ERP was not adequately answered by the EnROL trial. Additional large-scale randomized clinical trials are needed to examine the benefits of laparoscopic colorectal resection in the context of an even more optimized ERP than that applied in the EnROL trial.
Oesophageal and gastric motor activity in patients with bulimia nervosa.
Authors: A Kiss, H Bergmann, T A Abatzi, C Schneider, S Wiesnagrotzki, J Hobart, G Steiner-Mittelbach, G Gaupmann, A Kugi, G Stacher-Janotta
Journal: Gut (1990)

Previous studies showed that symptoms of oesophageal motor disorders can be misinterpreted as indicating anorexia nervosa and that in primary anorexia nervosa gastric motility is frequently impaired. We investigated in 32 women with bulimia nervosa whether symptoms of oesophageal motor disorders could be obscured by or be mistaken as forming part of bulimic behaviour, and whether impaired gastric motility was frequent as well. Oesophageal motility was normal in 18 of 26 patients studied, another four had incomplete lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation. Two patients had vigorous achalasia and each one achalasia and diffuse oesophageal spasm, all of whom experienced two types of vomiting: one self-induced and one involuntary, in which the vomit was non-acidic and tasted as the preceding meal. Gastric emptying of a semisolid meal was studied in all patients except of the eight with oesophageal motor abnormalities. Emptying was significantly slower than in healthy controls and grossly delayed in nine of 24 patients. Antral contraction amplitudes were lower and increased less postcibally than in controls. In conclusion (i) bulimic behaviour can obscure symptoms of oesophageal motor disorders and (ii) gastric emptying is frequently delayed in bulimia nervosa.
Pulmonary eosinophilia with and without allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
Authors: B J Chapman, S Capewell, R Gibson, A P Greening, G K Crompton
Journal: Thorax (1989)

Sixty five patients with pulmonary eosinophilia attending one respiratory unit were reviewed. All had fleeting radiographic abnormalities and peripheral blood eosinophil counts greater than 500 x 10(6)/l. Eighteen had a single episode and 47 recurrent episodes during a median follow up period of 14 years. Thirty three patients had allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis on the basis of a positive skin test response to Aspergillus fumigatus, serum precipitins, or culture of A fumigatus from sputum, or a combination of these. All but seven patients had asthma, six of the seven being in the group who did not have allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis were more often male and had a greater incidence of asthma and an earlier age of onset of asthma than those without aspergillosis. The patients with aspergillosis had lower mean blood eosinophil counts and more episodes of pulmonary eosinophilia and more commonly had radiographic shadowing that suggested fibrosis or bronchiectasis (20 v 7). Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis appears to be a distinct clinical syndrome resulting in greater permanent radiographic abnormality despite lower peripheral blood eosinophil counts.
Claims about the Misuse of Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets: Are These Evidence-Based?
Authors: Thomas P. Eisele, Julie Thwing, Joseph Keating
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Thomas Eisele and colleagues dispute reports in the media and elsewhere that insecticide-treated nets are not widely used, or are misused, and say that such misconceptions are not evidence-based and are damaging to malaria control efforts.
Corrigendum to “Antibody-targeted myofibroblast apoptosis reduces fibrosis during sustained liver injury” [J Hepatol 49 (2008) 88–98]
Authors: Angela Douglass, Karen Wallace, Rebecca Parr, Jennifer Park, Elaine Durward, Ian Broadbent, Caroline Barelle, Andrew J. Porter, Matthew C. Wright
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Effects of gonadal steroids on gender-related differences in transmural dispersion of L-type calcium current
Authors: T Pham
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Objectives: Repolarization-prolonging drugs induce torsades de pointes (TdP) in females more than males. The action potential plateau and the early afterdepolarizations that induce TdP are determined, in part, by L-type calcium current (ICa,L). Therefore, we studied gender- and hormone-related differences in ICa,L in age-, and weight-matched normal male, female and hormonally-treated, castrated rabbits. Methods: Oophorectomized (OVX) or orchiectomized (ORCH) 50- to 60-day-old rabbits were subcutaneously implanted with pellets impregnated with placebo (PLA), 5α-dihydroxytestosterone (DHT), or 17β-estradiol (EST). Four to five weeks later, epicardial and endocardial myocytes were isolated from the left ventricle. Patch clamp technique was performed to assess ICa,L. Results:ICa,L density (measured as peak current density [pA/pF] at +15 mV, Vh=−40 mV), was greater in female epicardium (−7.4±0.9) than endocardium (−5.6±0.7, P<0.05), while male epicardial ICa,L density (−6.5±0.7) did not differ from endocardial (−5.9±1.0, P>0.05). OVX-female, DHT and EST-treated groups had epicardial ICa,L density (−5.6±0.6, and −5.9±0.7, respectively) greater than endocardial (−4.3±0.3, and −3.6±0.4, P<0.05). However, OVX-females had hormone levels not significantly different from female controls and EST-treated females had non-physiological levels of estradiol. There were no differences between endocardial and epicardial ICa,L activation and inactivation. In contrast, epicardial–endocardial differences in ICa,L density in EST-treated OVX-females were associated with epicardial–endocardial differences in ICa,L activation and conductance; in DHT-treated OVX-females only epicardial–endocardial activation differed. The other groups, showed no ICa,L transmural gradient, or differences in activation, inactivation or conductance. Conclusions: The greater dispersion in ICa,L density of OVX–DHT and OVX–EST than OVX–PLA suggests both hormones can modulate ICa,L density in females. That gonadal steroids had no effect on ICa,L dispersion in males suggests gender differences in mechanism of action of both hormones. The greater ICa,L dispersion in females may contribute to gender differences in repolarization.
Rheumatoid arthritis in Lesotho.
Authors: J D Moolenburgh, S Moore, H A Valkenburg, M G Erasmus
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1984)

Thirty-nine black African patients were seen with probable, definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA); 32 of these were seen in a prospective study out of a total of 15 834 new patients 15 years and older at presentation seen in a 12-month period. The diagnosis was based on the American Rheumatism Association criteria for RA or the Rome criteria for inactive RA. The high incidence of severe disease as well as the occurrence of advanced disease in young patients is notable. 80% of the patients came from rural areas. Radiological lesions were found in 74% and serological abnormalities in 92%. Rheumatoid factor (RF) was found to be positive in 12% of an age and sex matched control group and in 19% of a group of patients suffering from tuberculosis.
β2-microglobulin–deficient Mice Are Resistant to Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: Zhi Liu, Derry C. Roopenian, Xiaoye Zhou, Greg J. Christianson, Luis A. Diaz, Daniel D. Sedmak, Clark L. Anderson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

Recent understanding of the mechanism of immunoglobulin G (IgG) catabolism has yielded new insight into antibody-mediated diseases. We proposed that β2-microglobulin (β2m)–deficient mice have been protected from systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)–like syndromes because they lack the β2m-associated IgG protection receptor (FcRn) and therefore catabolize IgG, including pathogenic IgG autoantibodies, considerably more rapidly than normal mice. Such an hypothesis would predict that β2m-deficient mice would also be resistant to experimental bullous pemphigoid, a disease with a pathogenesis thought to be much simpler than SLE, being the result of antibody directed toward a pathogenic epitope on the epidermal hemidesmosome that anchors basal keratinocytes to the basement membrane. To test this hypothesis, we administered pathogenic rabbit antibody directed toward the hemidesmosome to β2m-deficient mice and to normal control mice, both intraperitoneally and intradermally, and assessed the mice clinically, histologically, and immunologically for manifestations of skin disease. We found that the β2m-deficient mice were protected when the antibody was given intraperitoneally whereas intradermal administration resulted in blisters only slightly less severe than those seen in normal mice. These data would indicate that autoantibody-mediated inflammation might be prevented or controlled by appropriate modulation of FcRn function.