tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Relation of Family History of Suicide to Suicide Attempts in Alcoholics
Authors: Alec Roy
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

This study was an examination of whether a family history of suicide is associated with attempts at suicide among alcoholics.A consecutive series of 333 alcoholics were interviewed about whether or not they had ever attempted suicide and about their family history of suicide.Compared with alcoholics who had never attempted suicide, significantly more of the alcoholics who had attempted suicide reported that a first- or second-degree relative had committed suicide.A family history of suicide may indicate that an alcoholic has a higher risk of attempting suicide.
Rapid Control of Psychotic Excitement States with Intramuscular Haloperidol
Authors: FRANCINE SANGIOVANNI, MICHAEL A. TAYLOR, RICHARD ABRAMS, PEDRO GAZTANAGA
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

The authors conducted an open clinical trial of high doses of parenteral haloperidol in the treatment of 40 acutely excited psychotic inpatients. Their preliminary results suggest that intramuscular haloperidol in doses up to 60 mg. a day is safe, effective, and well tolerated in the management of such patients. Adverse reactions, which were infrequent, included extrapyramidal symptoms, lethargy, and, in one patient, transient hypotension.
Intrafamily transmission of hepatitis C: a cross-sectional study in Central Italy
Authors: A. Grieco, F. Berloco, M.G. Ficarra, A. Matera, G.L. Rapaccini, A. Pompei, D. Coletta, V. Vozzolo, G.F. Scarlini, G. Gasbarrini Fortuna, G. DeStefano, G. Gasbarrini
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Systemic and Regional Hemodynamic Changes during Food Intake and Digestion in Nonanesthetized Dogs
Authors: K. FRONEK, L. H. STAHLGREN
Journal: Circulation Research (1968)

In nine dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia, electromagnetic flow transducers were implanted around the ascending aorta, brachiocephalic artery, superior mesenteric artery, and iliac artery. A catheter to measure arterial pressure was implanted into the thoracic aorta. After full recovery, hemodynamic variables were measured daily in conscious dogs in five sets of recordings: control, during anticipation of food, during actual food intake, and 1 hour and 3 hours after completion of ingestion. During food intake there was a generalized sympathomimetic stimulation characterized by a significant increase in cardiac output with a peak of 142%, heart rate (176%), arterial blood pressure (147%), while the ratio of flow in the superior mesenteric artery to cardiac output decreased from 8.9% to 7.6% ( P &lt;0.05). Flow in the brachiocephalic artery increased during food intake to 196% and that in the iliac artery dropped to 75.4%. The possibility was discussed that a certain level of sympathomimetic stimulation may signal the diminishing or ending of ingestion. During digestion (at 1 and 3 hours after ingestion), there were no significant changes in cardiac output, heart rate, and mean arterial blood pressure, whereas the flow in the superior mesenteric artery increased to 133% and mesenteric regional resistance decreased to 82%, and flows in the brachiocephalic and iliac arteries decreased to 86.5% and 74.6%, respectively. The ratio of flow in the superior mesenteric artery to cardiac output increased to 8.9% and 12.5% in the third hour. These results indicate that a redistribution of blood flow occurs during digestion with a preference for the vascular bed of the superior mesenteric artery.
Metabolic Syndrome Risk Profiles Among African American Adolescents
Authors: Stephanie L. Fitzpatrick, Betty S. Lai, Frederick L. Brancati, Sherita H. Golden, Felicia Hill-Briggs
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

Although African American adolescents have the highest prevalence of obesity, they have the lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome across all definitions used in previous research. To address this paradox, we sought to develop a model of the metabolic syndrome specific to African American adolescents.Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2010) of 822 nonpregnant, nondiabetic, African American adolescents (45% girls; aged 12 to 17 years) who underwent physical examinations and fasted at least 8 h were analyzed. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to model metabolic syndrome and then used latent profile analysis to identify metabolic syndrome risk groups among African American adolescents. We compared the risk groups on probability of prediabetes.The best-fitting metabolic syndrome model consisted of waist circumference, fasting insulin, HDL, and systolic blood pressure. We identified three metabolic syndrome risk groups: low, moderate, and high risk (19% boys; 16% girls). Thirty-five percent of both boys and girls in the high-risk groups had prediabetes, a significantly higher prevalence compared with boys and girls in the low-risk groups. Among adolescents with BMI higher than the 85th percentile, 48 and 36% of boys and girls, respectively, were in the high-risk group.Our findings provide a plausible model of the metabolic syndrome specific to African American adolescents. Based on this model, approximately 19 and 16% of African American boys and girls, respectively, are at high risk for having the metabolic syndrome.
The evolutionary point of view: Rationality is elsewhere
Authors: Michel Cabanac
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Baron has provided some examples of nonconsequentialism in decision making and describes them as biases; these may be the remnants of the biological origin of decision making. One may argue that decisions are made on the basis not of rationality but affective processes. Behavior follows the trend toward maximizing pleasure. This mechanism might explain apparent nonconsequentialism.
Antagonistic effects of theophylline and adenosine on adrenergic neuroeffector transmission in the rabbit kidney.
Authors: P Hedqvist, B B Fredholm, S Olundh
Journal: Circulation Research (1978)

The actions of adenosine and theophylline on adrenergic neuroeffector transmission were studied in the rabbit kidney perfused with Tyrode's solution in which the norepinephrine stores had been labeled with (-)-norepinephrine[3H] ((-)-NE[3H]). We found that adenosine inhibited (-)-NE[3H] release induced by nerve stimulation, increased basal perfusion pressure, and enhanced the vasoconstrictor response to nerve stimulation and norepinephrine in a dose-dependent manner. Theophylline per se had effects on neuroeffector transmission opposite to those of adenosine. All effects of adenosine were antagonized effectively or annulled by theophylline in concentrations having little or no effect on rabbit kidney phosphodiesterase activities. Two other compounds, Ro 20-1724 and ZK 62.711, being equally potent or more potent than theophylline as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, failed to antagonize adenosine-mediated inhibition of (-)-NE[3H] release by nerve stimulation. Ro 20-1724 in high concentration (10(-4) M) inhibited the vasoconstrictor response to nerve stimulation, but it had little additional effect on the enhancement by adenosine. These findings suggest that theophylline specifically antagonizes the effects of adenosine on pre- and postjunctional transmission in the kidney. The results also are consistent with the view that endogenous adenosine may play a role as modulator of adrenergic neuroeffector transmission.
Integrin α6β4 identifies an adult distal lung epithelial population with regenerative potential in mice
Authors: Harold A. Chapman, Xiaopeng Li, Jonathan P. Alexander, Alexis Brumwell, Walter Lorizio, Kevin Tan, Arnoud Sonnenberg, Ying Wei, Thiennu H. Vu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Laminins and their integrin receptors are implicated in epithelial cell differentiation and progenitor cell maintenance. We report here that a previously unrecognized subpopulation of mouse alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) expressing the laminin receptor α6β4, but little or no pro-surfactant C (pro-SPC), is endowed with regenerative potential. Ex vivo, this subpopulation expanded clonally as progenitors but also differentiated toward mature cell types. Integrin β4 itself was not required for AEC proliferation or differentiation. An in vivo embryonic lung organoid assay, which we believe to be novel, was used to show that purified β4+ adult AECs admixed with E14.5 lung single-cell suspensions and implanted under kidney capsules self-organized into distinct Clara cell 10-kDa secretory protein (CC10+) airway-like and SPC+ saccular structures within 6 days. Using a bleomycin model of lung injury and an SPC-driven inducible cre to fate-map AECs, we found the majority of type II AECs in fibrotic areas were not derived from preexisting type II AECs, demonstrating that SPC- progenitor cells replenished type II AECs during repair. Our findings support the idea that there is a stable AEC progenitor population in the adult lung, provide in vivo evidence of AEC progenitor cell differentiation after parenchymal injury, and identify a strong candidate progenitor cell for maintenance of type II AECs during lung repair.
A role for endothelin receptor blockade in improving the endothelial function of coronary artery grafts?
Authors: N Hoogerwerf
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

See article by Verma et al. [4] (pages 146–151) in this issue. 

Since the experiments of Furchgott and Zawadzki [1] at the end-seventies, there is an increased number of research projects on the endothelium and the endothelial function in vascular regulation. The experimental data produced then has reached tremendous quantities. Now we know that the endothelium plays a role as an autocrine and paracrine producer of vascular active substances [2], either with a constricting or a dilating effect of blood vessels, either directly or indirectly acting. Irregularities in this balance could be responsible for increased tone in vascular smooth muscle cells, altered reactivity and vasomotion, and over a longer period to changes in structure and geometry and to enhanced platelet aggregation.

One of the most potent vasoactive agents found to be produced in the vascular endothelium, are the so-called endothelins (ET). This group of vasoactive polypeptides contains different subgroups with subsequent different receptor subtypes. Two receptor subtypes have been cloned in blood vessels, namely, the ETA receptor, which preferentially binds … 

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +31-20-566-3325; fax: +31-20-697-9441 n.hoogerwerf{at}amc.uva.nl
Behavioral Counseling to Promote a Healthy Lifestyle in Persons With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Authors: Jennifer S. Lin, Elizabeth O'Connor, Corinne V. Evans, Caitlyn A. Senger, Maya G. Rowland, Holly C. Groom
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Most Americans do not meet diet and physical activity recommendations despite known health benefits.To systematically review the benefits and harms of lifestyle counseling interventions in persons with cardiovascular risk factors for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.MEDLINE, PsycINFO, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (January 2001 to October 2013); experts; and existing systematic reviews.Two investigators independently reviewed 7218 abstracts and 553 articles against a set of inclusion and quality criteria.Data from 74 trials were abstracted by one reviewer and checked by a second.At 12 to 24 months, intensive lifestyle counseling in persons selected for risk factors reduced total cholesterol levels by an average of 0.12 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.16 to 0.07 mmol/L) (4.48 mg/dL [CI, 6.36 to 2.59 mg/dL]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 0.09 mmol/L (CI, 0.14 to 0.04 mmol/L) (3.43 mg/dL [CI, 5.37 to 1.49 mg/dL]), systolic blood pressure by 2.03 mm Hg (CI, 2.91 to 1.15 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure by 1.38 mm Hg (CI, 1.92 to 0.83 mm Hg), fasting glucose levels by 0.12 mmol/L (CI, 0.18 to 0.05 mmol/L) (2.08 mg/dL [CI, 3.29 to 0.88 mg/dL]), diabetes incidence by a relative risk of 0.58 (CI, 0.37 to 0.89), and weight outcomes by a standardized mean difference of 0.25 (CI, 0.35 to 0.16). Behavioral changes in dietary intake and physical activity were generally concordant with changes in physiologic outcomes.Sparse reporting of patient health outcomes, longer-term follow-up of outcomes, and harms.Intensive diet and physical activity behavioral counseling in persons with risk factors for cardiovascular disease resulted in consistent improvements across various important intermediate health outcomes up to 2 years.Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
The effect of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance
Authors: Amin A Algafly, Keith P George
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

Objectives: To determine the impact of the application of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity (NCV), pain threshold (PTH) and pain tolerance (PTO). Design: A within-subject experimental design; treatment ankle (cryotherapy) and control ankle (no cryotherapy). Setting: Hospital-based physiotherapy laboratory. Participants: A convenience sample of adult male sports players (n = 23). Main outcome measures: NCV of the tibial nerve via electromyogram as well as PTH and PTO via pressure algometer. All outcome measures were assessed at two sites served by the tibial nerve: one receiving cryotherapy and one not receiving cryotherapy. Results: In the control ankle, NCV, PTH and PTO did not alter when reassessed. In the ankle receiving cryotherapy, NCV was significantly and progressively reduced as ankle skin temperature was reduced to 10°C by a cumulative total of 32.8% (p&lt;0.05). Cryotherapy led to an increased PTH and PTO at both assessment sites (p&lt;0.05). The changes in PTH (89% and 71%) and PTO (76% and 56%) were not different between the iced and non-iced sites. Conclusions: The data suggest that cryotherapy can increase PTH and PTO at the ankle and this was associated with a significant decrease in NCV. Reduced NCV at the ankle may be a mechanism by which cryotherapy achieves its clinical goals.
* Predicting outcomes in patients deferred for gastrostomy insertion using either the Sheffield gastrostomy score or the levine score
Authors: M. Kurien, J. S. Leeds, H. E. Robson, J. Grant, M. E. McAlindon, D. S. Sanders
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Gastrostomy insertion is widely accepted as the best means of providing medium and long term enteral nutrition. There is limited data on outcomes in patients referred for gastrostomy insertion that are either refused or do not survive until PEG insertion. Scoring systems such as the Levine score have been created to try and predict survival rates over 1 year for patients admitted acutely. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients in whom gastrostomy insertion was not felt to be appropriate on clinical grounds and the Levine score and the Sheffield gastrostomy score (SGS) applied. <h3>Methods</h3> All patients referred for gastrostomy insertion in our institute are reviewed by the gastrostomy nurse specialist and prospectively included in a database. Demographics, referral indication, biochemical profile and outcome data are also included in the database. Gastrostomy referrals from October 2003 to September 2010 were analysed and actual mortality rate was compared to the expected mortality rate predicted by the SGS and Levine score. <h3>Results</h3> 304 patients were included in the study (median age 77 years, 175 males) all of whom were referred for consideration of gastrostomy insertion but were ultimately not inserted. The 3 top reasons for non-placement were patient too ill (29.3%), oral intake restarted (18.1%) and patient died (13.5%). Overall mortality at 30 days and 1 year was 122/304 (40.1%) and 226/304 (74.3%) respectively. The highest 30 day mortality was seen in patients with cognitive impairment 12/17 (70.6%) and followed by dysphagic stroke 53/105 (50.5%). The main predictors of 30 day mortality were age &gt;60 (OR 7.2, 3.3 – 15.8, p&lt;0.001) and albumin &lt;25 (OR 2.5, 1.5 – 5.3, p=0.01). 1 year mortality as predicted by Levine score or Sheffield score is shown in table 1. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The Sheffield gastrostomy score is more accurate at predicting 1 year mortality in patients deferred for gastrostomy insertion than the Levine score. This may suggest that the Sheffield PEG score could be used in the pre-assessment of patients who are being referred for PEG as a means of estimating/predicting mortality for those involved in the decision making process.
P174 Emergence of pneumococcal serotype 19A as a cause of severe complicated pneumonia with empyema in children in England
Authors: D. A. Spencer, M. F. Thomas, C. L. Sheppard, M. Guiver, R. C. George, R. Gorton, J. Y. Paton, C. Simmister, D. Cliff, M. A. Elemraid, J. E. Clark, S. P. Rushton
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The severity of pneumococcal empyema varies according to serotype. Invasive disease due to serotype 19A has become a major concern, particularly in the USA and Asia with an increasing incidence of virulent often antibiotic resistant variants. This has not been a significant problem in the UK until now. We describe changes in the incidence of this problem in England and the characteristics of serotype 19A disease. <h3>Methods</h3> Data on paediatric empyema patients requiring pleural drainage between September 2006 and March 2011 were collected from 19 collaborating UK-ESPE centres. Pneumococcal serotypes were identified by non-culture multiplex polysaccharide antigen detection assay on culture negative pleural fluid. Kruskal–Wallis and Fisher9s exact test were used for continuous and categorical variables. Multivariate models were used for length of stay data. <h3>Results</h3> The incidence of empyema due to <i>S pneumoniae</i> serotype 19A more than quadrupled from 0.48 in 2006/2007 to 2.41 cases per million children in 2010/2011 (p=0.03). Of cases where full clinical details were available (n=12), 25% had a positive blood culture but all had culture negative pleural fluid. No evidence of antibiotic resistance was reported. Cases of 19A were significantly younger compared to other pneumococcal cases (median 2.0 years vs 4.3 (p=0.004)), had more reported complications (33% vs 11% (p=0.047)), were more likely to have been admitted to intensive care (50% vs 12% (p=0.008)) and to have required assisted ventilation (50% vs 9% (p=0.003)). Duration of hospital admission at the centre managing the empyema was increased by &gt;50% in patients with 19A disease compared to all other serotypes (adjusting for age/sex—HR: 0.47, 95 % CI 0.24 to 0.91, p=0.024). One 19A case died, no further deaths were reported. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Empyema due to <i>S pneumoniae</i> serotype 19A infection is a particularly serious disease. The incidence of this problem has increased dramatically. Prevenar 7<sup>©</sup>, the first version of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine introduced into the UK vaccination programme did not offer protection against this serotype, the second generation vaccine Prevenar 13<sup>©</sup> introduced in 2010 contains antigen for 19A, but continued surveillance will be required to determine whether this is effective in our population.
Relationship of Diet to Risk of Colorectal Adenoma in Men
Authors: E. Giovannucci, M. J. Stampfer, G. Colditz, E. B. Rimm, W. C. Willett
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1992)

Rates of colorectal cancer in various countries are strongly correlated with per-capita consumption of red meat and animal fat and inversely associated with fiber consumption. There have been few studies, however, of dietary risk factors for colorectal adenomas, which are precursors of cancer.Our purpose was to determine prospectively the relationship between dietary factors and risk of colorectal adenomas.Using data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we documented 170 cases of adenomas of the left colon or rectum in 7284 male health professionals who completed a food-frequency questionnaire in 1986 and who had a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy between 1986 and 1988. Relative risk (RR) of adenoma was determined according to quintiles of nutrient intakes.After adjustment for total energy intake, saturated fat was positively associated with risk of colorectal adenoma (P for trend = .006); RR for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake was 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-3.2). Dietary fiber was inversely associated with risk of adenoma (P for trend less than .0001); RR for men in the highest versus the lowest quintile was 0.36 (95% CI = 0.22-0.60). All sources of fiber (vegetables, fruits, and grains) were associated with decreased risk of adenoma. For subjects on a high-saturated fat, low-fiber diet, the RR was 3.7 (95% CI = 1.5-8.8) compared with those on a low-saturated fat, high-fiber diet. The ratio of the intake of red meat to the intake of chicken and fish was positively associated with risk of adenoma (P for trend = .02).These prospective data provide evidence for the hypothesis that a diet high in saturated fat and low in fiber increases the risk of colorectal adenoma. They also support existing recommendations to substitute chicken and fish for red meat in the diet and to increase intake of vegetables, fruits, and grains to reduce risk of colorectal cancer.
Beneficial effects of viscous dietary fiber from Konjac-mannan in subjects with the insulin resistance syndrome: results of a controlled metabolic trial.
Authors: V Vuksan, J L Sievenpiper, R Owen, J A Swilley, P Spadafora, D J Jenkins, E Vidgen, F Brighenti, R G Josse, L A Leiter, Z Xu, R Novokmet
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

Dietary fiber has recently received recognition for reducing the risk of developing diabetes and heart disease. The implication is that it may have therapeutic benefit in prediabetic metabolic conditions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of supplementing a high-carbohydrate diet with fiber from Konjac-mannan (KJM) on metabolic control in subjects with the insulin resistance syndrome.We screened 278 free-living subjects between the ages of 45 and 65 years from the Canadian-Maltese Diabetes Study. A total of 11 (age 55+/-4 years, BMI 28+/-1.5 kg/m2) were recruited who satisfied the inclusion criteria: impaired glucose tolerance, reduced HDL cholesterol, elevated serum triglycerides, and moderate hypertension. After an 8-week baseline, they were randomly assigned to take either KJM fiber-enriched test biscuits (0.5 g of glucomannan per 100 kcal of dietary intake or 8-13 g/day) or wheat bran fiber (WB) control biscuits for two 3-week treatment periods separated by a 2-week washout. The diets were isoenergetic, metabolically controlled, and conformed to National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 guidelines. Serum lipids, glycemic control, and blood pressure were the outcome measures.Decreases in serum cholesterol (total, 12.4+/-3.1%, P<0.004; LDL, 22+/-3.9%, P<0.002; total/HDL ratio, 15.2+/-3.4%, P<0.003; and LDL/HDL ratio, 22.2+/-4.1%, P< 0.002), apolipoprotein (apo) B (15.1+/-4.3%, P<0.0004), apo B/A-1 ratio (13.1+/-3.4%, P< 0.0003), and serum fructosamine (5.2+/-1.4%, P<0.002) were observed during KJM treatment compared with WB-control. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and body weight remained unchanged.A diet rich in high-viscosity KJM improves glycemic control and lipid profile, suggesting a therapeutic potential in the treatment of the insulin resistance syndrome.