tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ventricular Fibrillation During Left Atrial Puncture
Authors: C. Bishop, M. Honey, D. G. Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1960)

POLIOVIRUSESMBRrrLsH 191 still capable of paralysing and killing up to 20 % of monkeys inoculated intracerebrally, and of provoking central-nervous-system changes in the rest.No doubt the d, t, and MS markers do represent useful investigational tools of polioviruses.But it is important to recognize our ignorance concerning the basic mechanisms involved in neurovirulence and the degree to which these various markers reflect this mechanism.The correlation of these markers with neuroactivity is imperfect, indicating that other and unknown factors also play a part in neurovirulence.This is in all probability to be expected, since the growth of a virus within a cell is dependent not only upon the environmental conditions outside the cell, as pH and temperature, but also upon the presence of proper receptors on the cell surface and perhaps an entire battery of as yet unknown enzymes necessary for initiating and carrying out the complex operation of virus synthesis and release.It seems, therefore, that at this stage of our knowledge one is hardly justified in considering as indicators of avirulence unstable secondary characteristics of as yet unproved signifi- cance, when the direct method of assay in monkeys is readily available and accords well with the field behaviour of the strains in the human host.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in chronic hepatitis C: A new classification?
Authors: Norberto C. Chávez-Tapia, Felix I. Tellez-Avila, Misael Uribe
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

In patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), Bedossa et al.,1 show interesting differences among nonalcoholic steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In fact, the authors demonstrate that subjects with CHC and NASH had advanced histological lesions. However, in our opinion one of the most interesting findings from this study was not completely discussed. The nomenclature of NASH includes several conditions that are associated with steatohepatitis but not with alcohol consumption.2 This concept is not new, but it is clear that the definition of NASH, as proposed by Ludwig et al.,3 was based on subjects who had elements of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS). Moreover, the most significant advances in epidemiology and pathophysiology were founded on this paradigm. Considering the different etiological features, natural history, and therapeutic issues, it is clear that a differentiation between alcoholic steatohepatitis and NASH must be made. Characteristics of NASH in subjects with obesity and MS have been described and are well known, but less is known about patients without these diagnoses and specifically with CHC. Results from the current study provided criteria to classify the steatosis (and steatohepatitis) that is associated to CHC in 3 different groups (Fig. 1). Classification for steatohepatitis in chronic hepatitis C. Each group could be combined for clinical purposes, but the distinction could be useful to develop strategies for preventing NASH and to differentiate the natural history of each group. Those subjects with CHC and steatohepatitis related to alcohol consumption had a reduced response to treatment, had advanced histological lesions, and it was found that alcohol abstinence had important beneficial effects for them.4 Similarly, subjects with CHC and metabolic NASH (or genotype 1), had similar deleterious effects, and weight loss would be a useful treatment.5 However, those patients with CHC and nonmetabolic steatohepatitis (genotype 3), are a group with advanced histological lesions, but at present there are no clear preventive or therapeutic measures and their clinical course is unknown. Therefore we can say that, at least in CHC, not all NASH should be called NASH! Finally, an interesting point is evident in the analyses of Bedossa et al. This is made by searching for differences between all genotypes (n = 278), genotype 1 (n = 144), and genotype 3 (n = 50). We still wonder about the genotype 4 (n = 57) group; do they have NASH? And if they do, is it CHC with metabolic NASH or nonmetabolic NASH? Perhaps Bedossa and colleagues have the answer. Norberto C. Chávez-Tapia M.D.*, Felix I. Tellez-Avila M.D.*, Misael Uribe M.D.*, * Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia in Metastatic Carcinoma
Authors: HANS-PETER LOHRMANN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Of eight patients with metastatic carcinoma and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, four presented with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, inducing search for a tumor. The anemia, characterized by schistocytes and "microspherocytes," was of acute onset and rapid progression. Thrombocytopenia and intravascular tumor growth or intravascular fibrin precipitations, or both, were found in seven patients: disseminated intravascular coagulation was clinically detected in two. Heparin did not improve hemolysis or thrombocytopenia. Intravascular coagulation probably is the major cause of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in metastatic carcinoma, inducing red cell fragmentation on fibrin strands. Interaction of red cells with intravascular tumor cells may cause additional fragmentation. The anemia seems to be predominantly extracorpuscular in origin. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia apparently is a common complication of metastatic carcinoma. It may be the presenting sign of carcinoma and may indicate metastases in patients with previously diagnosed tumor.
Sphingomyelin induces cathepsin D-mediated apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and increases inflammation in DSS colitis
Authors: A. Fischbeck, K. Leucht, I. Frey-Wagner, S. Bentz, T. Pesch, S. Kellermeier, M. Krebs, M. Fried, G. Rogler, M. Hausmann, H.-U. Humpf
Journal: Gut (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> The sphingolipid sphingomyelin is a constituent in food derived from animals. Digestive breakdown of sphingomyelin results in ceramide, recently suggested to be involved in activation of cathepsin D as a novel mediator of apoptosis. Damage of the epithelial barrier was detected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to increased rates of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) apoptosis. <h3>Methods</h3> Acute colitis was induced in C57-BL/6 mice with 2.0% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) over 7 days. Spontaneous colitis was developed in B6-IL10tm1Cgn (interleukin 10-negative (IL-10<sup>–/–</sup>)) mice. Mice received 4 or 8 mg sphingomyelin/day by oral gavage. IECs were isolated ex vivo. Apoptosis was determined by propidium iodide (PI) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining. Execution of apoptosis was confirmed by analysis of active cathepsin D, caspase-3 and caspase-9 with western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). <h3>Results</h3> Following DSS-mediated colitis, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis indicated increased apoptosis of IECs under dietary sphingomyelin. The mean sub-G<sub>1</sub> portion increased from 8.7±2.5% under a normal diet to 14.0±3.1% under dietary sphingomyelin. Cathepsin activity was significantly increased in isolated IECs after gavage of 4 mg of sphingomyelin per day. Western blot and IHC revealed execution of the apoptotic cascade via activated caspase-3 and caspase-9. Dietary sphingomyelin in the IL-10<sup>–/–</sup> model confirmed aggravation of mucosal inflammation. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Apoptosis of IEC induced by dietary sphingomyelin is mediated via ceramide and cathepsin D activation. This shortens the physiological life cycle of IECs and impairs crucial functions of the intestinal mucosa: barrier, defence and nutrient absorption. The findings provide evidence that dietary sphingomyelin may increase intestinal inflammation.
Contractile effects of bradykinin on the isolated human small bronchus.
Authors: M Molimard, C A Martin, E Naline, A Hirsch, C Advenier
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Bradykinin (Bk) induced a contraction in all small bronchi samples (diameter, 0.5 to 1 mm) from 20 patients. pD2 was 7.7 +/- 0.1 (pD2 = -log EC50) and maximal effect (Emax) was 36.2 +/- 4.7% of the maximal response to acetylcholine. The B2 agonist [Hyp3TyrMe8]Bk contracted airway smooth muscle with a pD2 of 7.8 +/- 0.2 and an Emax of 39 +/- 9%. The B1 agonist [Sar1dPhe8desArg9]Bk induced only a weak contraction at 10(-6) M. The effect of Bk was abolished by the B2 (Hoe 140) but not by the B1 [Leu8desArg9]Bk receptor antagonist. Indomethacin 10(-6) M abolished Bk-induced contraction, suggesting that cyclooxygenase products are involved in Bk action. Capsaicin 10(-5) M, which selectively depletes C fibers from airway mediators through the ruthenium red pathway, and ruthenium red 10(-5) M significantly inhibited the concentration-response curves to Bk. However, tetrodotoxin (+/-)-CP-96,345, SR 48968, and atropine did not significantly affect Bk concentration-response curves, suggesting that nerve conduction, substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and acetylcholine release are not involved in Bk action. Our data indicate that Bk contracts human distal airway smooth muscle through the Bk B2 receptor and a cyclooxygenase pathway. This effect appears to involve capsaicin and ruthenium red pathways but neither acetylcholine nor NKA and SP release.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A HORSE ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC SERUM
Authors: C. P. Rhoads
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

Through the kindness of Dr. W. H. Park we have been enabled to study a horse antipoliomyelitic serum. This preparation has been supplied us in three forms: citrated blood plasma, serum, and globulin concentrate. We have tested these preparations in vitro and in vivo for inactivating or neutralizing or, to use perhaps a better term, antiviral effects against a constant, potent, filtrate virus of poliomyelitis. The preparations exhibited these effects when combined in vitro. Their action in this respect appears to be greater and more constant than that found by Stewart and Haselbauer for the Pettit antipoliomyelitic horse serum. On the other hand, in vivo tests carried out by us were less successful. In comparison with the constancy of action, under given conditions, of convalescent monkey and human sera, the antipoliomyelitic horse serum displayed striking irregularity, and certain preparations were devoid of protective power. The precise nature of the inactivating substances in the horse antiserum and their relation to the corresponding substances in convalescent sera have still, to be determined. As far as one absorption test carried out by us indicates, precipitin does not play a major rôle in the inactivating process. When an active globulin concentrate was filtered through Berkefeld candles, it lost its in vitro inactivating power. This is not true of convalescent sera in the native state. No tests have, however, been made with globulin concentrates from such sera. The experiments described in this paper raise the question whether, therapeutically considered, the antipoliomyelitic horse serum should be regarded as an exact equivalent of, and hence employed as a perfect substitute for, convalescent serum. This question can only be answered by further experiment and observation.
Expression of ABCC-Type Nucleotide Exporters in Blasts of Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Relation to Long-term Survival
Authors: Yanping Guo, Kathleen Köck, Christoph A. Ritter, Zhe-Sheng Chen, Markus Grube, Gabriele Jedlitschky, Thomas Illmer, Mary Ayres, James F. Beck, Werner Siegmund, Gerhard Ehninger, Varsha Gandhi, Heyo K. Kroemer, Gary D. Kruh, Markus Schaich
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: Successful treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a therapeutic challenge, with a high percentage of patients suffering from persistent or relapsed disease. Resistance to drug therapy can develop from increased drug export and/or altered intracellular signaling. Both mechanisms are mediated by the efflux transporters ABCC4 (MRP4), ABCC5 (MRP5), and ABCC11 (MRP8), which are involved in cellular efflux of endogenous signaling molecules (e.g., cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate and cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate) and nucleoside analogues. The nucleoside analogue cytosine arabinoside (AraC) is administered to all patients with AML. Experimental Design: Expression of ABCC transporters MRP4, MRP5, and MRP8 in blast samples from 50 AML patients was investigated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis and correlated with clinical outcome measures. Accumulation of radiolabeled AraC, transport of AraC metabolites, and AraC cytotoxicity were analyzed in MRP8-transfected LLC-PK1 cells. Results: Regression analysis revealed that high expression of MRP8 is associated with a low probability of overall survival assessed over 4 years (P &amp;lt; 0.03). MRP8-transfected LLC-PK1 cells accumulated reduced intracellular levels of AraC (63% of the parental vector-transfected LLC-PK1 control cells) as well as AraC metabolites. Furthermore, AraC monophosphate was transported by MRP8-enriched membrane vesicles (116 ± 6 versus 65 ± 13 pmol/mg/10 minutes by control vesicles), and MRP8-transfected cells were resistant to AraC. Conclusion: These data suggest that MRP8 is differentially expressed in AML blasts, that expression of MRP8 serves as a predictive marker for treatment outcome in AML, and that efflux of AraC metabolites by MRP8 is a mechanism that contributes to resistance of AML blasts.
Lung Scintigraphy in Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis
Authors: CHRIS RUSH, DAVID LANGLEBEN, ROBERT D. SCHLESINGER, JERRY STERN, NAI-SAN WANG, ESTHER LAMOUREUX
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1991)

The authors report the results of lung scintigraphy in two patients with primary pulmonary hypertension caused by pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, a rare disorder resulting from the proliferation of histologically normal capillaries in the lung. Perfusion studies revealed a nonhomogeneous pattern with some focal defects, similar to that seen with some other histologic types of primary pulmonary hypertension. The mechanisms underlying this perfusion pattern are unknown.
Improved surgical mesh integration into the rat abdominal wall with arginine administration
Authors: M.A. Arbos, J.M. Ferrando, M.T. Quiles, J. Vidal, M. López-Cano, J. Gil, J.M. Manero, J. Peña, P. Huguet, S. Schwartz-Riera, J. Reventós, M. Armengol
Journal: Biomaterials (2005)
Under-Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea in Patients After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Tomas Konecny, Fatima H. Sert Kuniyoshi, Marek Orban, Gregg S. Pressman, Tomas Kara, Apoor Gami, Sean M. Caples, Francisco Lopez-Jimenez, Virend K. Somers
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Scleromyxoedema with features of systemic sclerosis.
Authors: U N Verma, R R Singh, R Misra, S Naik, S S Agarwal
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

The case is described of a patient with scleromyxoedema with features typical of systemic sclerosis. The features were so characteristic that the disease was misdiagnosed as systemic sclerosis. A brief review of the association of the two diseases is given.
End points for biomonitoring: assay sensitivity/selectivity.
Authors: C S Aaron, D M Zimmer, P R Harbach, R L Yu
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

Estimation of population exposure and biological impact of potential hazards are central reasons for performing biomonitoring. The sensitivity of the biomonitoring methods and the linkage of the measured phenomenon to human disease are also important, but often overlooked, considerations. We are conducting experiments to evaluate the sensitivity of hprt mutation measurement in the nonhuman primate, the cynomolgus monkey. Our findings demonstrate in the monkey that hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) mutations produced in vivo can be detected using technique originally worked out using human cells; cynomolgus monkeys were chosen to avoid many of the complications encountered in studying humans. Sequencing of mutants from the monkey using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods has led us to conclude that there is similarity of the spectra observed between the spontaneous mutations detected in the two species. However, more recent data suggest that due to low sensitivity, the method is probably not appropriate for routine biomonitoring of randomly selected populations. For example, the inability of the hprt mutation assay to detect some very potent mutagens in the monkey and the effects of the time-dependent pattern of mutant occurrence serve to urge caution in interpretation of elevation or lack of elevation in mutant frequency. Mechanisms for splitting and archiving samples of human tissues/blood from populations at risk may prove valuable as methods improve.
Impact of a medically supervised safer injection facility on community drug use patterns: a before and after study
Authors: Thomas Kerr, Jo-Anne Stoltz, Mark Tyndall, Kathy Li, Ruth Zhang, Julio Montaner, Evan Wood
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Illicit use of injected drugs is linked with high rates of HIV infection and fatal overdose, as well as community concerns about public drug use. Supervised injecting facilities have been proposed as a potential solution, but fears have been raised that they might encourage drug use.A before and after study. Participants and setting 871 injecting drug users recruited from the community in Vancouver, Canada.Rates of relapse into injected drug use among former users and of stopping drug use among current users.Local health authorities established the Vancouver supervised injecting facility to provide injecting drug users with sterile injecting equipment, intervention in the event of overdose, primary health care, and referral to external health and social services.Analysis of periods before and after the facility's opening showed no substantial increase in the rate of relapse into injected drug use (17% v 20%) and no substantial decrease in the rate of stopping injected drug use (17% v 15%).Recently reported benefits of supervised injecting facilities on drug users' high risk behaviours and on public order do not seem to have been offset by negative community impacts.
Lead Intoxication in an Adult Caused By Chinese Herbal Medication
Authors: Johnson Lightfoote
Journal: JAMA (1977)

WE HAVE recently encountered a patient with severe lead intoxication caused by ingestion of prescribed herbal medication. We believe that this should be reported to alert physicians about other possible patients at risk. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 59-year-old woman was admitted to Stanford University Hospital with diffuse pain and anemia. In September 1976, four months prior to admission, the patient consulted an herbalist-acupuncturist for posttraumatic arthralgias. She was treated with two types of herbal pills, one orange and one red, and was instructed to take ten of the red pills three times daily. At that time her hemoglobin level was 14 gm/dl. The patient took her pills faithfully and, in October, was treated with acupuncture for pains in her shoulder, neck, and low back. In November, knee and hip arthralgias developed; in December, pains in her breasts and abdomen as well as insomnia, irritability, and paranoia developed. She reported
Prevention of recurrent acute cystitis by methenamine hippurate
Authors: W Brumfitt, J M T Hamilton-Miller
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Eighteen patients had a body mass index.greaterthan 40, and in three of these it was over 50.Clearly, in this type of patient the medical risks of obesity are considerable.When simply dietary restriction has failed, and as an alternative to surgical approaches, very low calorie diets can provide an effective method of producing con- siderable weight loss.Even during prolonged use, when administered under medical supervision with appropriate monitoring, they seem to be safe.
Authors' reply to Neal and colleagues
Authors: G. Landoni
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Surgical technique is indeed important in radical prostatectomy.1 The aim is to cure patients from cancer while minimising postoperative urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction, and we have shown that carefully performed anatomical dissection of the prostate obtains satisfactory results.2 3 Seventy per cent of patients underwent a bilateral nerve sparing procedure without cautery, …
THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF SOME MEDICINAL AGENTS IN PHYSICAL DISEASES AND SOME PSYCHICAL TROUBLES.
Authors: T. B. GREENLEY
Journal: JAMA (1898)

It has occurred to me that a short sketch of the value of a few remedies I have used with good results in certain cases, might be appropriate. First, I will speak of spirits of turpentine. I have found it to be one of the best antihemorrhagics I have used. I regard it almost as a specific in hematuria. Within the last year I have had some ten cases of this trouble. I give small doses frequently repeated, say fifteen drops at intervals of three or four hours. As a matter of convenience I give on sugar in a teaspoon, instead of preparing an emulsion. Of course, in order to aid the action of the remedy I freely employ dry cupping over the kidneys. Usually in twenty-four to thirty-six hours the bleeding is arrested. In hemoptysis, either from the stomach or lungs, it is an admirable remedy, especially so when
Deathbed Shock
Authors: Katy Butler, Sunita Puri
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

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THE SKULL OF LORD DARNLEY
Authors: A. Keith
Journal: BMJ (1928)

ENGLAND.-THE-historian in search,of light on.themost poignant, hot- -blooded, and human. of all-tragedies recorded -in hiistorvy is niot likely to consult the pages of the leading biometrical journal of-our tihe,and yet-I am convineed that in those pages Pr-ofessor Karl Pearson records facts which give us a clue to the behaviour of that embodiment of tragedy Mary Queen of Scots, in the very crisis of her drama.The secret lie has to reveal is of a medical nature, for medical secrets have often a more important bearinig on the events national life than orthodox historians have realized.Incidentally, too, Professor Pearson illustrates the part which craniology may play as the handmaid of biography.