tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Turbulent blood flow in the ascending aorta of dogs
Authors: H. L FALSETTI, R. J CARROLL, R. D SWOPE, C J CHEN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1983)

A conical hot film anemometer probe was used to measure instantaneous velocities in the ascending aorta of anaesthetised, open-chest dogs. The probe was mounted on a saddle which allowed traversal of the aorta in 1 mm increments 4 cm above the aortic valve. From these point measurements, the radial distribution of velocity was obtained by averaging ten cardiac cycles. The contractile state of the heart was increased by sequential intravenous infusions of isoprenaline. The absolute peak centreline velocity in the baseline state ranged from 28 to 56 cm·s−1 and, in 20 μg·min−1 isoprenaline infusion, from 39 to 112 cm·s−1. Two major effects of isoprenaline on blood flow were noted: 1) isoprenaline dramatically increased peak centreline velocity, and 2) disturbances resembling turbulence appeared as peak velocity increased. With isoprenaline infusion disturbances existed throughout the deceleration portion of the aortic blood flow. Analysis of the frequency components of the velocity wave was performed, and significantly higher frequency components up to 100 Hertz were found in the turbulent cases compared to the laminar ones. Turbulent flow or disturbed flow is found when the ratio of Reynolds number to Womersley number is above 200. In general the hot film measurements showed that both laminar and disturbed velocity profiles tended to be flat throughout the cardiac cycle, with the sharp velocity gradient confined to the region of the wall. Turbulent normal stress during the deceleration portion of aortic blood flow were found in the orders of 15 to 30 dynes·cm−2 and the wall shear stresses were found to be from 10 dynes·cm−2 at the baseline condition to 50 dynes·cm−2 during the 20 μg·min−1 isoprenaline infusion.
Knee contractures as the presenting manifestation of scleroderma.
Authors: G Kane-Wanger, B E Ostrov, B Freundlich
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

Musculoskeletal disorders may be the primary manifestations of scleroderma. The case is reported of a patient admitted for an evaluation of severe knee flexion contractures who was diagnosed as having scleroderma but lacked the typical presenting features of the disease. Radiographic, serological, and histological support for this diagnosis are presented. Scleroderma should be considered in the diagnostic evaluation of joint contractures.
Acute Coronary Syndrome Caused by Coronary Artery Mycotic Aneurysm Due to Late Stent Infection Localized With Radiolabeled Autologous Leukocyte Imaging
Authors: Nadish Garg, Rajeev Garg, Christensen Gordon, Rachandeep Singh, Amalok Singh
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

Mycotic coronary artery aneurysm presenting as acute coronary syndrome is an uncommon but fatal condition. The diagnosis of mycotic aneurysm can be very challenging and difficult. Therefore, a high index of suspicion along with the use of multimodality imaging may help to diagnose this condition in patients with a prior history of coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention with persistent bacteremia with no identifiable source of infection. This case highlights a possibility of late stent infection and its association to drug eluting stents.
Use of Lithium in the Medically Ill
Authors: Amdi Amdisen, Jytte Hildebrandt
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1988)

For more than one hundred years (about 1845–1950), lithium salts were used to treat disorders belonging to 'the uric acid diathesis' ('gouty diseases'). It was introduced into modern psychiatry as an antimanic agent, but its current use is mostly as a prophylactic in bipolar and unipolar manic-depressive illness. In the present context, however, this psychiatric use may, in some instances, create special nonpsychiatric problems such as lithium poisoning, renal diabetes insipidus, and weight gain. Moreover, most lithium patients are outpatients, so that medical complaints caused by the treatment are in most cases presented to the general practitioner, the neurologist, the nephrologist, the cardiologist, etc. rather than to the psychiatrist. Lithium treatment is frequently accompanied by both short-term and long-term side effects and some of these, e.g. the thyroid-depressing effect and leukocytosis, may be medically exploited. Like manic-depressive illness, some medical disorders such as certain types of headache have a periodic course and appear to respond favorably to long-term lithium treatment. Cooperation between researchers in biological psychiatry and nephrologists has resulted in the suggestion that lithium may be used as an indicator of proximal sodium and water reabsorption, which has later led to the suggestion that the renal lithium clearance is an indicator of proximal renal tubular function.
Persistent Segmental Perfusion Defect in an Intermediate-Probability Lung Scan
Authors: MARTIN GOTTHARDT, HANS-WALTER FRITSCH, ULRICH WELCKE, KLAUS JOSEPH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1999)

A perfusion defect persisting for 11 years in a 37-year-old woman is described. This area demonstrated a V/Q mismatch but was not caused by pulmonary embolism.
Azygos Vein Enlargement on the Chest Film
Authors: Myung Soo Shin
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>Common</h3> Absence or obstruction of the inferior vena cava (eg, azygos continuation) Congestive heart failure [Enlarged azygos node; mediastinal tumor] Obstruction of the superior vena cava Portal hypertension; splenic or portal vein thrombosis <h3>Uncommon</h3> Arteriovenous fistula Constrictive pericarditis Idiopathic Pericardial effusion Pregnancy Total anomalous pulmonary venous return to the azygos vein Traumatic azygos aneurysm Tricuspid insufficiency (Entities in brackets may be confused roentgenographically with azygos vein enlargement.) <h3>Diagnosis</h3> Azygos vein enlargement caused by thrombosis of the vena cava and portal and splenic veins. <h3>Comment</h3> A 45-year-old man was admitted to the emergency room for evaluation of psychiatric problems. A routine anteroposterior chest roentgenogram (Fig 1) showed marked enlargement of the azygos vein (20 mm in width, white arrows). An azygos lobe and fissure were also found (Fig 1, black arrow). There was no appreciable cardiac enlargement
265 SEQUENCE HETEROGENEITY OF NS5A OF HCV GENOTYPES 2A AND 2B AFFECTS RVR AND SVR TO PEG-IFN/RBV COMBINATION THERAPY
Authors: H. Hotta, A. El-Shamy, S.R. Kim, S. Imoto, C. Aoki, Y. Ide, I. Shoji
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Further studies by immunofluorescence of the monoclonal antibodies associated with experimental non-A, non-B hepatitis in chimpanzees and their relation to D hepatitis
Authors: Yohko K. Shimizu, Robert H. Purcell, John L. Gerin, Stephen M. Feinstone, Yasushi Ono, Toshio Shikata
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

To further investigate the specificity of the monoclonal antibodies (48-1 and S-1) associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis, extensive immunofluorescence studies were performed on liver biopsy specimens from chimpanzees with experimental hepatitis A, B, non-A, non-B or δ, or from normal chimpanzees. Both 48-1 and S-1 antibodies reacted in the same manner with liver biopsy specimens from 47 of 50 (94%) chimpanzees with acute or chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis and 15 of 18 (83%) chimpanzees with type D hepatitis. Examinations of serial liver biopsy specimens revealed that the duration of expression of the antigen reacting with the antibodies in hepatocytes of chimpanzees infected with non-A, non-B viruses appeared to be longer than that of chimpanzees infected with the hepatitis δ-virus. By thin-section electron microscopy, the presence of the microtubular aggregates, identical to those previously described for chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis and shown by immunoelectron microscopy to react with the antibodies, was noted in hepatocytes during the acute phase of hepatitis δ-virus. The antibodies did not react with liver biopsy specimens from chimpanzees acutely or chronically infected with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis A virus, or from normal chimpanzees. The present results confirm our previous observations with the 48-1 and S-1 antibodies. Furthermore, the finding that these two antibodies were also associated with hepatitis D would support the possibility that non-A, non-B agents and the hepatitis δ-virus may have a similar nature or may elicit a similar host response.
Commentary: Controversies in NICE guidance on acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack
Authors: H. Rodgers, M. Sudlow
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) are a thorough and helpful summary of evidence in acute management of stroke and transient ischaemic attack.1 They are a welcome contribution to increasing understanding of stroke as a major cause of death and disability and to improving the structure and funding of services to tackle the problem.

Controversy is likely to centre on:

NICE guidance carries considerable influence over funding for services. It …
Abstract 5338: Metastatic colorectal cancer cells from patients previously treated with chemotherapy are sensitive to T cell killing mediated by CEA/CD3-bispecific T cell-engaging BiTE antibody
Authors: Takuya Osada, David Hsu, Scott Hammond, Amy Hobeika, Gayathri Devi, Timothy M. Clay, H. Kim Lyerly, Michael A. Morse
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA; CD66e, CEACAM5) is a well-characterized tumor-associated antigen that is frequently and uniformly over-expressed in human carcinomas. A novel bispecific single-chain antibody of the bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) class named MEDI-565 (also known as MT111) was generated by genetic engineering. MEDI-565 binds CEA on cancer cells and CD3 present on T cells; such binding mediates T cell killing of cancer cells expressing CEA. However, MEDI-565 effectively mediates the killing of cancer cells only if it binds concurrently to CEA on a cancer cell and to CD3 on a T cell. We hypothesized that metastatic human colorectal cancer (CRC) previously treated with conventional chemotherapy would be sensitive to T cell-mediated killing if T cells of a sufficient magnitude could be activated against the tumor. To test this hypothesis, we selected MEDI-565 to redirect a large number of polyclonal T cells against tumors expressing CEA instead of using a cancer vaccine approach that, in general, is anticipated to elicit few antigen-specific T cells in humans. We analyzed proliferation and lysis of CEA-positive CRC specimens that had survived prior systemic chemotherapy and biologic therapy to determine if they could be killed by patient T cells engaged by MEDI-565 in vitro. The mechanism of redirected T cell killing was also investigated. At low concentrations (0.1 to 1 ng/mL), MEDI-565 plus T cells caused reduced proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of CEA-positive human CRC specimens. High levels of soluble CEA (≤ 1,000 ng/mL) did not affect MEDI-565-induced T cell killing of cells expressing CEA, suggesting that endogenous circulating CEA may not impair the clinical activity of MEDI-565 in patients. Cancer cell lines expressing CEA remained sensitive to T cell mediated killing despite repeated exposure to T cells and MEDI-565. These results suggest that MEDI-565/T-cell treatment may not induce escape mechanisms in cancer cells, and, thus, might be suitable for long-term and repeated treatment. Granzyme B and perforin were implicated as potential mediators of MEDI-565-induced T cell killing. Furthermore, MEDI-565 activated T cells to secrete both Tc1 (Th1) and Tc2 (Th2) type cytokines. This study demonstrates for the first time that metastatic CRC specimens derived from patients previously treated with conventional chemotherapy can be lysed by patient T cells. Clinical testing of cancer immunotherapies such as MEDI-565 that result in exposure of tumors to large numbers of T cells is warranted. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5338.
318. Collaborative Development of an Effective Method To Produce Clinical RNAi Products
Authors: Sriram Ramakrishnan, JeffreyE. Darnell, Gary Gates, HugoL. Gonzales, Justin Miller, Henry Hebel
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

The demand for high purity plasmid DNA for use in the fields of gene therapy and DNA vaccination is escalating rapidly. The new and expanding field of RNAi also relies on plasmids to express short double-stranded RNA molecules that specifically target mRNAs and degrade them in a sequence-dependent manner for therapeutic purposes. Plasmid-based approaches allow the use of multiple siRNAs that target multiple genes of a disease pathway or of viral pathogens. While this represents an advantage for the RNAi technology, it adds challenges to the development of a production process. Only through close collaboration were the teams at ADViSYS, Inc. and Nucleonics, Inc. able to develop a method suitable for clinical production. Based on the previous history and technology available to both groups, a number of hybrid methods were discussed and attempted. After several rounds of meetings and experiments, a final method was selected. The method takes full advantage of ADViSYS's scaleable lysis and membrane chromatography and adds a polishing column specified by Nucleonics to enrich supercoiled plasmid and provide additional contaminant removal. Through the use of this method, three ADViSYS personnel are able to produce for Nucleonics over 10gm of final pure bulk plasmid DNA from a single 100L fermenter within 1 week. The quality of material exceeded the client's expectations, with greater than 99% purity for the two large scale batches produced to date. This method was also able to consistently enrich the total supercoiled content by 11 to 14%. We believe this development work further validates ADViSYS's core processing technologies and the concept that initial flexible process steps are required to produce high quality plasmid-based products for a wide variety of indications and routes of delivery. The collaborative nature of this program also represents a strategic advantage for both organizations as RNAi products will continue to expand and several will enter clinical trials.
Hemodialysis prevents liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus: Role of hepatocyte growth factor
Authors: Teresa Rampino, Eloisa Arbustini, Marilena Gregorini, Paola Guallini, Carmelo Libetta, Milena Maggio, Andrea Ranghino, Enrico Silini, Grazia Soccio, Antonio Dal Canton
Journal: Kidney International (1999)
Some skeptics become oxygen therapy "converts'
Authors: P. Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1981)

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Are part time doctors better doctors?
Authors: H. Gibson
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Working part time brings more humanity and a greater understanding of patients and the real world, argues Helen Gibson 

Part time work has an ambivalent position in medicine. The high drop out rate of doctors has provided a major economic incentive to allow more flexible working1 - one survey found that a quarter of a 10 year cohort of medical graduates in the north west of England had no contact with the NHS.2 Yet the traditional ethos of medicine values single minded commitment, continuity of care, and success linked to age. This has led to part time workers being undervalued.

There has been a great interest in flexible working among doctors with supply outstripping demand.3 Looking at this more closely, however, a paradox becomes apparent. The lower status applies almost exclusively to women, particularly those with domestic responsibilities, doctors in training grades, and those in non-training career posts. Part time NHS contracts for consultants, especially those who work elsewhere in medicine for remuneration, are not thought of in the same way. The difference is that consultants are regarded as showing self determination, whereas flexible working in others is considered an option to allow those who cannot cope with the existing system to do less. This rather paternalistic view does not consider that part timers may bring badly needed qualities to a profession that is beset with low morale, stress, and communication problems.

Although most doctors continue to work long hours, it is not because they want to. Most feel that although medicine is a major commitment they also deserve a decent family life and leisure time. Many younger doctors and women doctors feel more strongly that medicine should be organised to balance careers with family and other interests.4 This is in keeping with current trends elsewhere in the job …
PITFALLS IN THE INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTS ON SKIN DISINFECTION
Authors: Veader Leonard
Journal: JAMA (1930)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —One hundred per cent favorable experimental results involving the use of biologic material, such as living tissue or bacteria, always invite close inspection on the part of those who have been unable to duplicate such results by their own experimental methods. The technic of one or the other investigator may be shown to be at fault, but an explanation of the discrepancy is frequently to be found in the adequacy or inadequacy of the control. In general, the more rigid the control tests the more guarded are the conclusions expressed. This generalization appears to be particularly applicable to two recent publications on skin disinfection in which the efficiency of various antiseptics has been compared. In 1926, Tinker and Sutton (The Journal, Oct. 23, 1926, p. 1347) claimed complete disinfection of the skin, including the deeper layers, in 100 per cent of thirty-nine cases in which the operative
With Fetal Tissue Moratorium Lifted, Applications Begin Reaching National Institutes of Health
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1993)

AS EXPECTED following lifting of the moratorium (in federally funded research) on transplantation of fetal tissue from induced abortions, National Institutes of Health (NIH) officials are receiving grant applications.  D. Eugene Redmond, Jr, MD, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn, a leading investigator of fetal tissue transplants, says: Several grants would have been funded if not for the moratorium, so there's pent-up demand and all these groups are heading for NIH at the same time.  On the other hand, Redmond says: It's no longer the moratorium that's keeping us from being funded, it's that NIH only has so much money to disburse and there's not enough to go around.  Not Overwhelming?  Carl Leventhal, MD, of NIH's National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, has a prediction of his own: We're not going to be swamped.  Still, with Parkinson's disease research leading the field, the neurologic institute is likely
Selection-Driven Evolution of Emergent Dengue Virus
Authors: S. N. Bennett
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

In the last four decades the incidence of dengue fever has increased 30-fold worldwide, and over half the world's population is now threatened with infection from one or more of four co-circulating viral serotypes (DEN-1 through DEN-4). To determine the role of viral molecular evolution in emergent disease dynamics, we sequenced 40% of the genome of 82 DEN-4 isolates collected from Puerto Rico over the 20 years since the onset of endemic dengue on the island. Isolates were derived from years with varying levels of DEN-4 prevalence. Over our sampling period there were marked evolutionary shifts in DEN-4 viral populations circulating in Puerto Rico; viral lineages were temporally clustered and the most common genotype at a particular sampling time often arose from a previously rare lineage. Expressed changes in structural genes did not appear to drive this lineage turnover, even though these regions include primary determinants of viral antigenic properties. Instead, recent dengue evolution can be attributed in part to positive selection on the nonstructural gene 2A (NS2A), whose functions may include replication efficiency and antigenicity. During the latest and most severe DEN-4 epidemic in Puerto Rico, in 1998, viruses were distinguished by three amino acid changes in NS2A that were fixed far faster than expected by drift alone. Our study therefore demonstrates viral genetic turnover within a focal population and the potential importance of adaptive evolution in viral epidemic expansion.
Gastrointestinal Hormones and Insulin Secretion
Authors: Werner Creutzfeldt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

When the subject was reviewed in this journal three years ago1 the conclusion was reached that the enhanced insulin release after ingestion of glucose, as compared with an intravenous application, is caused by hormones released from the intestinal tract. However, the available data did not indicate whether this insulin release after oral food intake was due to one of the known hormones (gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, serotonin or enteroglucagon) or to the combined action of more than one of these hormones or to a still unidentified insulin-releasing factor, hypothetically called "incretin." More work has been done in this field, and the . . .