tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Random Patient Consulting a Physician at Random
Authors: Charles D. Aring
Journal: JAMA (1974)

OUR ancient and honorable profession has had its dark ages and its renaissances. At times, we lose sight of the relative newness of the discipline as we know it. A statement by Lawrence J. Henderson 1 opines that, Somewhere between 1910 and 1912 in this country, a random patient, with a random disease, consulting a doctor chosen at random had, for the first time in the history of mankind, a better than fifty-fifty chance of profitting from the encounter. Henderson spoke in the modern vein. It seems likely that the ancient Greeks would have found the 50% profit incompatible with their gentle ministrations that did no harm, but it came as gospel in an era of therapeutic activity, with the patient in danger of meeting primitive human behavior disguised as treatment.  To cast an eye backward at what passed as medical treatment is to become appalled. The misfortunes that befell
THE EFFECT OF TRI-IODOTHYRONINE ON ABNORMALITIES IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS
Authors: GEORGE M. SIMPSON, ALBERT H. HARRIS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1962)

1. In a group of 27 chronic schizophrenics chosen randomly, abnormalities in the cerebrospinal fluid protein and gold curve were noted. 2. A statistically significant normalizing effect on these indices occurred when the patients were placed on tri-iodothyronine. 3. The relationship of the findings to thyroid function has been discussed elsewhere. Decreased metabolism is presumed to be a relating factor. 4. Further work in this area seems indicated.
Duodenal ulcers that will not heal.
Authors: R E Pounder
Journal: Gut (1984)

Leading articleDuodenal ulcers that will not heal Why is it that approximately 20% of duodenal ulcers fail to heal after one month of treatment with an active drug?This failure rate is relatively constant, regardless of whether duodenal ulcers have been treated with cimetidine, ranitidine, antacids, pirenzepine, tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate, sucralfate, or carbenoxolone.There are two likely explanations for treatment failure in acute duodenal ulceration: either the type of treatment is inappropriate, or it is not strong enough.These two possibilities have been explored in three papers in this issue of Gut. 1-3 REFRACTORY DUODENAL ULCER Dr Bardhan provides another report concerning his extensive experience with cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulceration.' 4 Using cimetidine 1 g/d, 78% of 495 episodes of duodenal ulceration had healed after one month; 83% and 93% had healed after two and three months on the same treatment, respectively.During a period of four years, he identified 66 patients with a 'refractory' duodenal ulcer that had not healed after three months of treatment with cimetidine 1 g/d.These patients continued to receive cimetidine with the dose sometimes doubled or trebled.In the end (average 7-4 months) 56% did heal, but the remainder did not, despite an average of 9 4 months of treatment with cimetidine.The reasons why these patients failed to respond to cimetidine are not clear.As a group they tended to have larger duodenal ulcers associated with more severe duodenitis, than those who responded promptly to cimetidine.They tended to be younger, yet had a longer ulcer history.The H2-antagonist was absorbed adequately, but increasing doses of the drug did not cause increasing inhibition of pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion.In nine patients receiving cimetidine 3 g/d, pentagastrin stimulated secretion was decreased by an average of only 28% two to three hours after a 600 mg dose of cimetidine by mouth: these patients appear to be genuinely resistant to cimetidine's antisecretory action.The most obvious conclusion from Dr Bardhan's paper is that most duodenal ulcer patients respond promptly to a short course of treatment with a conventional dose of cimetidine.If two to three months of treatment do not heal an ulcer, however, cimetidine should be stopped and something different given to the patient. TRYING SOMETHING DIFFERENT -BISMUTHThere are few centres with enough clinical experience to collect sufficient cimetidine failures to try something different.Dr Lam and the Combined Gastrointestinal Unit in Hong Kong reviewed 212 duodenal ulcer patients after four weeks of treatment with cimetidine 1 g/d.2Twenty five of these 697 on July 30, 2023 by guest.
PRODUCTION OF TETANUS TOXIN ON PEPTONE-FREE MEDIA 1
Authors: J. Howard Mueller, Emanuel B. Schoenbach, Julius J. Jezukawicz, Pauline A. Miller
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1943)

An investigation of the growth requirements of Cl. tetani was undertaken in 1939, with the hope that through a knowledge of them, it might be possible to produce a uniformly potent toxin on a medium free from peptone, or any other material possessing antigenic effect of its own.Several reports in the literature had described acute ana- phylactic-like symptoms following a second or third injection of tetanus toxoid for human pro- phylaxis, and in a few instances (1 to 3), analysis of the case showed that Witte's peptone, used in the original medium, was responsible.Considerable progress has been made in the studies on nutritional factors (4).Parallel with these, work was commenced on toxin production, and it soon became evident that with this organ- ism, as with C. diphtheriae (5), peptone was not essential and could be replaced by complete acid hydrolysates of protein, and presumably by suitable pure amino acids.Unexpectedly, it de- veloped that the concentration of iron in the medium seemed to play the same crucial part as in diphtheria toxin production (6, 7).With suit- able control of this factor, and in media containing the appropriate materials, all of relatively small molecular size and therefore not of themselves antigenic, toxin was obtained with regularity.Preliminary reports of this work have already been made (8, 9).It is the purpose of the pres- ent communication to present, in somewhat greater detail, certain of the experimental aspects of these studies which will serve as a basis for attempts to place tetanus toxin production with simplified media on a practical basis.
Pharmacogenomics and Drug Toxicity
Authors: Yusuke Nakamura
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

In the United States alone, it is estimated that adverse drug reactions affect nearly 2 million patients and kill about 100,000 people each year.1 Adverse drug reactions are often classified into two groups. The first group can be explained by the mode of action of the therapeutic drug. Examples of adverse drug reactions in this group include hypoglycemia induced by diabetic drugs, leukopenia induced by cytotoxic anticancer drugs, and bleeding induced by warfarin, an oral anticoagulant. The phenotypes of the second group are not explained by the mode of action of the drug. Examples in this group are toxic epidermal . . .
From Diagnosis and Classification to Complications and Therapy: DCCT Part II?
Authors: Trevor J Orchard
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

I have long been concerned about our approach to diagnosing diabetes. While one can readily agree that an elevated blood glucose level is a key component of diabetes, I strenuously argue that the cause of that blood glucose elevation is also of critical importance, i.e., a deficiency in insulin action. Diabetes is, after all, an endocrine disease, and it has always disturbed me as to how little diagnostic attention is paid to the concentration of the hormone involved. This is, I believe, unlike virtually all other endocrine diseases. Instead of measuring insulin (along with glucose), we have become obsessed with the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which I view as a highly variable test of an unnatural gastronomic excess.
Inflammatory cytokines in chronic heart failure: interleukin‐8 is associated with adverse outcome. Results from CORONA
Authors: Ståle H. Nymo, Johannes Hulthe, Thor Ueland, John McMurray, John Wikstrand, Erik T. Askevold, Arne Yndestad, Lars Gullestad, Pål Aukrust
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2013)
Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer—keep your top on?
Authors: A.M.M. Strong
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

Journal Article Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer—keep your top on? Get access A.M.M. Strong A.M.M. Strong Department of Dermatology, Monklands Hospital, Monkscourt Avenue, Airdrie ML6 OJS, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 131, Issue 5, 1 November 1994, Pages 739–740, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb05001.x Published: 01 November 1994
Anti-Ro(SSA) autoantibodies are associated with T cell receptor beta genes in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.
Authors: M B Frank, R McArthur, J B Harley, A Fujisaku
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Several of the heterogeneous clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus have been associated with specific autoantibodies. Associations between HLA class II antigens and autoantibodies to the ribonucleoproteins Ro(SSA) and La(SSB) have been reported in these patients. Because HLA class II molecules present antigen to T cell receptors (TCRs), we have searched for a TCR gene associated with the production of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies. A pair of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), one of which hybridizes to the TCR constant region C beta 1 and the other to the C beta 2 gene, has been identified, suggesting these may be genotypic markers for an extended region of the TCR beta locus. This RFLP pair occurs in 76% of patients with Ro(SSA) precipitins, 84% of anti-Ro(SSA)-positive patients lacking La(SSB) precipitins, but only 41% of the patients lacking both precipitins (P = 0.0004). This disproportionate occurrence in a subset of lupus patients indicates that these RFLPs are not disease susceptibility markers, but rather are important markers for TCR genes whose products are involved in the production of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies. The majority of patients who have these RFLPs and HLA class II antigens previously associated with the anti-Ro(SSA) response make this antibody, suggesting that interactions between products of these loci occur in response to Ro(SSA).
Abstract 4411: Farletuzumab (mAb003), a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to folate receptor alpha, enhances paclitaxel efficacy in an ovarian cancer model
Authors: Christopher Maddage, Katherine Rybinski, Yuhong Zhou, Luigi Grasso, Nicholas C. Nicolaides, JianMin Lin
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Farletuzumab, MORAb-003 is a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes the folate receptor alpha (FRα) which is over-expressed in various malignancies including ovarian and lung cancers. This presents a unique approach to an unmet medical need in ovarian cancer therapy by targeting this receptor. Farletuzumab is currently in clinical trials in combination with paclitaxel for metastatic ovarian and lung cancer. In this study we evaluated potential benefit that farletuzumab offers when added to a traditional chemotherapy in a pre-clinical murine model. In a human ovarian cancer model, female athymic nude mice were implanted intraperitoneally with IGROV cells which express FRα. One week post tumor establishment, these mice were treated with Paclitaxel, MORAb-003, or the combination of the two, respectively. A group of the tumor-bearing mice received PBS as control. Tumors found in peritoneal cavity were harvested and weighed, then recorded as tumor burden. In animals treated with MORAb-003 at 25mg/kg twice weekly for 4 weeks, tumor growth was reduced near 30%. With treatment of paclitaxel at 0.5 mg/kg weekly for 4 weeks, the tumor burden in these mice was reduced ∼65%. An enhancement of therapeutic effect on tumor burden was clearly observed when MORAb-003 was added to the chemo treatment and resulted in a growth inhibition of greater than 80%. Our results demonstrate the ability of MORAb003, as a mono-agent, in inhibiting the growth of ovarian cancer in a murine model. When added to the chemotherapeutic regimen, it enhances the therapeutic efficacy of traditional chemotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4411. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4411
The Components of General Anesthesia
Authors: Philip D. Woodbridge
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THE MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES of the anesthetist in the operating room are to protect the patient from the undesirable effects of surgical trauma and to bring about conditions in the operative field that facilitate the surgeon's work. The recent increase in the variety and number of drugs and methods to accomplish these purposes has been so great and so rapid that important differences of opinion and misunderstandings exist concerning the choice of drugs and methods, the optimal depth of effect of each drug, and the results to be expected. For example, in earlier years, when a patient started to strain during exploration of the common duct under general anesthesia, there was little choice other than to increase the concentration of ether and perhaps to hyperventilate the lungs. But now one has the choice of giving more of a relaxant drug, or more cyclopropane or halothane, or more of a narcotic-analgesic
Dependence of instantaneous transfer function on regional ischemic myocardial volume.
Authors: R Hashiguchi, Y Koiwa, T Ohyama, T Takagi, J Kikuchi, J P Butler, T Takishima
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

To obtain the instantaneous left ventricular transfer function curve (instantaneous TFC) under conditions of regional ischemia, sinusoidal accelerations ranging from 30 to 150 Hz were applied to a small area of the epicardium of cross-circulated isovolumic canine left ventricle, and the contralateral acceleration was measured under control and during regional coronary occlusion (n = 11). The TFC is the ratio of the output to input acceleration amplitudes. The instantaneous TFC was characterized as a single-peaked configuration under control coronary perfusion. However, TFCs progressively changed from a single-peaked to a double-peaked configuration during regional ischemia. To quantify this change in instantaneous TFC, we defined an index D as the mean squared difference of TFC during ischemia from TFC during control. Index D was linearly related to the percent mass of the ischemic region at 40 minutes after onset of ischemia. We conclude that 1) transfer function curves are sensitive measures of myocardial heterogeneity and 2) the fractional ischemic weight of the ventricle is a major factor in determination of the deformation in instantaneous TFC at the later stages of regional ischemia.
Effect of Eliminating Compensation for Pain and Suffering on the Outcome of Insurance Claims for Whiplash Injury
Authors: J D Cassidy, L J Carroll, P Côté, M Lemstra, A Berglund, A Nygren
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

The incidence and prognosis of whiplash injury from motor vehicle collisions may be related to eligibility for compensation for pain and suffering. On January 1, 1995, the tort-compensation system for traffic injuries, which included payments for pain and suffering, in Saskatchewan, Canada, was changed to a no-fault system, which did not include such payments. To determine whether this change was associated with a decrease in claims and improved recovery after whiplash injury, we studied a population-based cohort of persons who filed insurance claims for traffic injuries between July 1, 1994, and December 31, 1995.
ACCURACY AND DIFFERENTIAL IMPLICATION OF QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MITRAL REGURGITATION USING 3D REAL-TIME FULL-VOLUME VOLOR DOPPLER: SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MITRAL REGURGITATION
Authors: Jangwon Son, Hyuk-Jae Chang, Young Jin Kim, Saurabh Datta, Jin-Kyung Lee, Hee-Jung Jung, Ran-Young Song, Ran Heo, Sanghoon Shin, In-Jung Cho, Chi Young Shim, Geu-Ru Hong, Jong-Won Ha, Namsik Chung
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Glycemic Characteristics in Continuously Monitored Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bruce W. Bode, Sherwyn Schwartz, Harrison A. Stubbs, Jon E. Block
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to generate normative values for periods of euglycemia as well as for daily patterns of glycemic excursions in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes monitored continuously for a maximum period of 21 days and blinded to glucose levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was a multicenter, prospective observational study in which 101 consecutive patients with type 1 (n = 60) or type 2 (n = 41) diabetes underwent blinded continuous glucose monitoring. Serial glucose measurements were divided into periods of euglycemia (70–180 mg/dl), hyperglycemia (&amp;gt;180 mg/dl), and hypoglycemia (&amp;lt;70 mg/dl). The proportions of time patients were hypoglycemic, euglycemic, and hyperglycemic and the total areas under the curves (AUCs) were determined. RESULTS—During the observation period the 101 subjects contributed an average 287 ± 132 h of continuous glucose values. Subjects remained in the euglycemic range for ∼63% of the total day, were hypoglycemic 8%, and were hyperglycemic 29%. Hypoglycemia was more prevalent nocturnally (11 vs. 7%) and hyperglycemia diurnally (31 vs. 25%). Compared with subjects with type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetic subjects had more frequent hypoglycemic episodes per day (2.1 vs. 1.0; P &amp;lt; 0.001) that were of longer duration (1.1 vs. 0.7 h; P &amp;lt; 0.0001), reflecting a greater number of hours per day in the hypoglycemic range (2.3 vs. 1.0 h; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). The mean hypoglycemic AUC values were &amp;gt;150% higher for type 1 compared with type 2 diabetic subjects (41 vs. 16, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS—These normative data will assist in study and sample size planning for future investigations of continuous glucose monitoring and allow for qualitative comparisons with trials of therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing the occurrence of glycemic excursions.
Hospitals from another time
Authors: T. Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2011)

In 1968, the year in which I became a medical student, a rather beautiful anthology of poetry titled Poems from Hospital was published. It was edited by a husband and wife who were teachers, Jean and Howard Sergeant; the latter was also a critic and poet. It contains poems by such famous poets as Dylan Thomas, W H Auden, T S Eliot, John Betjeman, Elizabeth Jennings, and Philip Larkin, but also many by poets of whom I, at any rate, had not heard.

The subject matter is, naturally enough, illness, death, pain, distress, compassion, indifference to suffering, and alleviation. Strangely enough the overall effect is not dispiriting, but one of consolation, even though “The ambulance will always call again,” to quote the opening line of …
Preventing the spread of HIV infection.
Authors: D G Daniels, K Sweeney, P D Kell, N Hulme, S E Barton
Journal: BMJ (1991)

patients are to be tested then surgeons must also be tested.We presume therefore that the Royal College of Surgeons will also support the compulsory testing of the surgeon in order to "secure the safety" of the patient.If surgeons will not accept this they will request HIV serology on their patients in vain, for many microbiologists will refuse to perform the test.
James Joyce and Medicine
Authors: N.J.C. Andreasen
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  I can appreciate Dr. Lyons' irritation with my paper. Joyceans are a devoted and militant group. As a former Joycean myself, I am well aware of the apostolic fervor that possesses some of Joyce's admirers and the defensive anger triggered by attacks on him or his work. Surprisingly, however, his closest friends and admirers—Stuart Gilbert and Harriet Weaver, for example—were able to look at him more objectively and pass critical judgments on his works. Harriet Weaver, a major source of financial support for him, had serious reservations about Finnegans Wake , too. I doubt that either of us is a snapper after the heels of genius.  Lyons makes several points that should be answered directly. The errors cited are really differences in definition or point of view—which works should be listed in a selective bibliography designed to suggest further readings to a general audience, which piece of writing
Green Tea Catechin Polyphenols Attenuate Behavioral and Oxidative Responses to Intermittent Hypoxia
Authors: Isabel C. Burckhardt, David Gozal, Ehab Dayyat, Yu Cheng, Richard C. Li, Aviv D. Goldbart, Barry W. Row
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2008)

The intermittent hypoxia (IH) that characterizes sleep-disordered breathing impairs spatial learning and increases NADPH oxidase activity and oxidative stress in rodents. We hypothesized that green tea catechin polyphenols (GTPs) may attenuate IH-induced neurobehavioral deficits by reducing IH-induced NADPH oxidase expression, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation.To assess the effects of GTP administered in drinking water on the cognitive, inflammatory, and oxidative responses to long-term (>14 d) IH during sleep in male Sprague-Dawley rats.Cognitive assessments were conducted in the Morris water maze. We measured levels and expression of malondialdehyde (MDA), prostaglandin E(2), p47(phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in rodent brain tissue.GTP treatment prevented IH-induced decreases in spatial bias for the hidden platform during the Morris water maze probe trails as well as IH-induced increases in p47phox expression within the hippocampal CA1 region. In untreated animals, IH exposure was associated with doubling of cortical MDA levels in comparison to room air control animals, and GTP-treated animals exposed to IH showed a 40% reduction in MDA levels. Increases in brain RAGE and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression were observed in IH-exposed animals, and these increases were attenuated in animals treated with GTP.Oral GTP attenuates IH-induced spatial learning deficits and mitigates IH-induced oxidative stress through multiple beneficial effects on oxidant pathways. Because oxidative processes underlie neurocognitive deficits associated with IH, the potential therapeutic role of GTP in sleep-disordered breathing deserves further exploration.