tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The failure of consultant expansion
Authors: S Brearley
Journal: BMJ (1994)

2*57 litres in those with a birth weight greater than 9 5 lb (4.3 kg) and 2-28 litres in those with a birth weight less than 5-5 lb (2-5 kg), a difference of statistical though of doubtful clinical significance.The evidence linking child- hood respiratory infection with adult airflow obstruction (other than asthma) has been criticised,7 though it remains possible that early impairment of lung growth could increase people's susceptibility to cigarette smoke.Treating emphysema with bronchodilators modestly improves lung function.Even severely affected patients should give up smoking as the rate of deterioration can be slowed appreciably.The prognosis is limited in patients who have ventilatory failure, but a trial of nasal intermit- tent positive pressure ventilation showed an improvement in patients' clinical condition and reduced mortality.8Lung transplantation has been carried out in many patients with end stage emphysema, including some with ox1- proteinase inhibitor deficiency.The single lung procedure has good survival rates and is the operation of choice in patients aged over 50.9Several treatments have been devised to deal with al-proteinase inhibitor deficiency.It seems logical to replace the missing plasma fraction, and otl-proteinase inhibitor prepared by fractionation of human plasma or recombinant technology has been given intravenously or by aerosol to patients, with few side effects. 1 Clearly such treatment could not reverse existing damage, though it might be expected to slow the rate of decline in lung function.No controlled trial of such a product has yet been done, though this seems essential as the treatment is expensive and arduous.Gene therapy is much in the news, and replacing the defective genetic material is an attractive goal.The techniques hold great interest for the future," though whether they can fuilly protect people with ao,-proteinase inhibitor deficiency remains to be seen.
Podocyte loss and progressive glomerular injury in type II diabetes.
Authors: M E Pagtalunan, P L Miller, S Jumping-Eagle, R G Nelson, B D Myers, H G Rennke, N S Coplon, L Sun, T W Meyer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Kidney biopsies from Pima Indians with type II diabetes were analyzed. Subjects were classified clinically as having early diabetes (n = 10), microalbuminuria (n = 17), normoalbuminuria, despite a duration of diabetes equal to that of the subjects with microalbuminuria (n = 12), or clinical nephropathy (n = 12). Subjects with microalbuminuria exhibited moderate increases in glomerular and mesangial volume when compared with those with early diabetes, but could not be distinguished from subjects who remained normoalbuminuric after an equal duration of diabetes. Subjects with clinical nephropathy exhibited global glomerular sclerosis and more prominent structural abnormalities in nonsclerosed glomeruli. Marked mesangial expansion was accompanied by a further increase in total glomerular volume. Glomerular capillary surface area remained stable, but the glomerular basement membrane thickness was increased and podocyte foot processes were broadened. Broadening of podocyte foot processes was associated with a reduction in the number of podocytes per glomerulus and an increase in the surface area covered by remaining podocytes. These findings suggest that podocyte loss contributes to the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
A Meta-analysis of Low-Dose Aspirin for the Prevention of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertensive Disease
Authors: Thomas F. Imperiale
Journal: JAMA (1991)

--Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), defined as either isolated hypertension after the 20th week of gestation or hypertension with proteinuria (preeclampsia), occurs in 5% to 15% of pregnancies and is associated with maternal and neonatal morbidity. Previous clinical trials with small numbers of patients have suggested that aspirin in doses of 60 to 150 mg/d during the second and third trimesters reduces the risk of PIH and improves maternal and neonatal outcomes.--We performed a meta-analysis of the six published controlled trials to estimate more precisely (1) the magnitude of protection of aspirin from PIH; (2) the effect of aspirin on severe low-birth-weight infants, cesarean section, and perinatal mortality; and (3) the risk of adverse effects.--We critically and independently evaluated study methods, assigned a quality score to each trial, and abstracted quantitative outcomes data. For each outcome, both relative risk (RR) and the number needed to be treated were calculated.--Among 394 subjects from six trials, the RR of PIH among women who took aspirin was 0.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22 to 0.55) and the number needed to be treated was 4.4, meaning that between four and five high-risk women would need to be treated with aspirin to prevent one case of PIH. Aspirin reduced the risk of severe low birth weight among newborns by 44% (RR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.88) and reduced the risk of cesarean section by 66% overall (RR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.48), although the specific indications for cesarean section were generally not described. There was no effect on fetal and neonatal death (RR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.32 to 2.46), and there were no maternal or neonatal adverse effects associated with taking aspirin.--This meta-analysis suggests that low-dose aspirin reduces the risks of PIH and severe low birth weight, with no observed risk of maternal or neonatal adverse effects.
Inhibitory Effect of KWD 2131, Terbutaline, and DSCG on the Immediate and Late Allergen‐Induced Bronchoconstriction
Authors: B. Hegardt, R. Pauwels, M. Van Der Straeten
Journal: Allergy (1981)

β‐adrenoceptor stimulants exhibit both bronchodilating and anti‐allergic activities. KWD 2131 is a new β‐agonist with preferably anti allergic property. In an earlier study, nebulized KWD 2131 in a non‐bronchodilating dose (0.25 ‐ 0.50 mg) did not give significant protection against immediate reaction. The present study evaluated whether an increased nebulized dose of the new compound (5 mg) could protect against either immediate and/or late responses. The response was compared with a nebulized dose of terbutaline (5 mg) and with twice the recommended dose DSCG (40 mg). The study included 10 patients with known allergic asthma. It was designed as a single‐blind cross‐over trial with randomized allocation of the drugs. Lung functions were measured spirometrically and by body‐plethysmograph; flow volume curves were drawn. KWD 2131 gave no significant protection against immediate reaction. Both terbutaline and DSCG did so, terbutaline being more efficient. Contrary to the β‐agonists, DSCG also gave protection against late response.
Betacellulin and activin A coordinately convert amylase-secreting pancreatic AR42J cells into insulin-secreting cells.
Authors: H Mashima, H Ohnishi, K Wakabayashi, T Mine, J Miyagawa, T Hanafusa, M Seno, H Yamada, I Kojima
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Rat pancreatic AR42J cells possess exocrine and neuroendocrine properties. Activin A induces morphological changes and converts them into neuron-like cells. In activin-treated cells, mRNA for pancreatic polypeptide (PP) but not that for either insulin or glucagon was detected by reverse transcription-PCR. About 25% of the cells were stained by anti-PP antibody. When AR42J cells were incubated with betacellulin, a small portion of the cells were stained positively with antiinsulin and anti-PP antibodies. The effect of betacellulin was dose dependent, being maximal at 2 nM. Approximately 4% of the cells became insulin positive at this concentration, and mRNAs for insulin and PP were detected. When AR42J cells were incubated with a combination of betacellulin and activin A, approximately 10% of the cells became insulin positive. Morphologically, the insulin-positive cells were composed of two types of cells: neuron-like and round-shaped cells. Immunoreactive PP was found in the latter type of cells. The mRNAs for insulin, PP, glucose transporter 2, and glucokinase, but not glucagon, were detected. Depolarizing concentration of potassium, tolbutamide, carbachol, and glucagon-like peptide-1 stimulated the release of immunoreactive insulin. These results indicate that betacellulin and activin A convert amylase-secreting AR42J cells into cells secreting insulin. AR42J cells provide a model system to study the formation of pancreatic endocrine cells.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning From Indoor Burning of Charcoal Briquets
Authors: Neil B. Hampson
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To describe the case characteristics of a series of patients poisoned with carbon monoxide (CO) resulting from indoor burning of charcoal briquets.Cases of patients with unintentional CO poisoning referred for treatment with hyperbaric oxygen were reviewed. Cases that occurred as the result of indoor burning of charcoal briquets were analyzed.A private, urban, tertiary care center.Seventy-nine patients ranging from 3 months to 87 years of age referred from 10 counties within the state of Washington between October 1982 and October 1993.Of 509 patients treated for acute unintentional CO poisoning, 79 cases occurred in 32 incidents as a result of indoor burning of charcoal briquets, for the purpose of either home heating or cooking. A majority of cases occurred in the months of October through January, commonly during power outages or when electricity was intentionally disconnected. Patients of minority races were disproportionately represented compared with the general population of the region.Carbon monoxide poisoning is a significant hazard from indoor use of charcoal briquets. All cases are avoidable and public awareness of the risk should be enhanced.
Erratum: Corrigendum: Saposin C is required for lipid presentation by human CD1b
Authors: Florian Winau, Vera Schwierzeck, Robert Hurwitz, Natascha Remmel, Peter A Sieling, Robert L Modlin, Steven A Porcelli, Volker Brinkmann, Masahiko Sugita, Konrad Sandhoff, Stefan H E Kaufmann, Ulrich E Schaible
Journal: Nature Immunology (2004)
Tuberculosis in an Elderly Population
Authors: EDMUND H. DUTHIE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

Letters and Corrections1 October 1981Tuberculosis in an Elderly PopulationEDMUND H. DUTHIE JR., M.D.EDMUND H. DUTHIE JR., M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-95-4-519 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In the May issue there appeared an interesting description of an outbreak of primary tuberculosis in an extended-care facility (1). That such work is being done in an extended-care facility by a well-respected investigator shows nicely that within the extended-care facility and the geriatric patient population there are research questions that need attention and lend themselves to investigation. Dr. Stead's paper shows what National Institute on Aging Director Robert Butler means when he refers to research in the nursing home (2).I wish to raise a question about the data presented. The typical U.S. nursing home patient...References1. STEAD W. Tuberculosis among elderly persons: an outbreak in a nursing home. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94:606-10. LinkGoogle Scholar2. BUTLER R. The teaching nursing home. JAMA. 1981;245:1435-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. SHANNASMADDOX EG. Aging, health and the organization of health resources. In: BINSTOCK RH, SHANNAS E, eds. Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.; 1976:608-9. Google Scholar4. . The Need for Long Term Care: Information and Issues. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1981:42. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53193 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByUrban Tuberculosis: Some Modern ProblemsSurvey of pulmonary tuberculosis in south and west Wales.Is early antenatal attendance so important?A giant ovarian cyst in a Javanese woman.Mitral valve prolapse and a Marfanoid habitus. 1 October 1981Volume 95, Issue 4Page: 519-520KeywordsAgingElderlyGeriatricsNursing homes Issue Published: 1 October 1981 PDF DownloadLoading ...
OVA OBTAINED BY DUODENAL LAVAGE
Authors: John L. Kantor
Journal: JAMA (1925)

To the Editor:  —There has just come to my attention a letter written by Dr. R. S. Preston, Richmond, Va., published inThe Journal, April 4, and requesting references on the subject of ova obtained by duodenal lavage. You replied that you were unable to find such a report in the literature.  While working on hookworm infected soldiers I found that the ova could occasionally be aspirated through the duodenal tube. These observations were published in the Military Surgeon  46 :507-513 (May) 1920. Perhaps I might also mention that the tube treatment of uncinariasis previously described inThe Journal, Oct. 18, 1919, p. 1181, and in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences ( 159 :497 [April] 1920) has continued to give superior results—in the way of complete parasite removal—in the hands of all those who have employed it, whether in military or in civilian practice.
The Story between the Pinstripes: Interviewing for Internal Medicine Residencies
Authors: Thalia Margalit
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2007)

On Being a Doctor2 October 2007The Story between the Pinstripes: Interviewing for Internal Medicine ResidenciesThalia Margalit, MDThalia Margalit, MDFrom Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00011 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail On the cusp of my most intense medical training, I am taking some time off from medical school to work in sales. After almost 2 months of interviewing for internal medicine residency programs, I have my pitch down to a science that is far more formulaic than any medicine I have yet to learn. I button up my perfectly conservative black suit accented by deliberate, but barely noticeable, red pinstripes to represent my originality in a field founded on structure and tradition. I slide a few extra resumes in my business bag. I gloss my lips, only to highlight my ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.Corresponding Author: Thalia Margalit, MD, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115; e-mail, thalia.[email protected]com. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 2 October 2007Volume 147, Issue 7Page: 518KeywordsEmergency departmentEmotionsHospital medicineMemoryMorphineMotivationPostural controlResidencyShouldersTaste ePublished: 2 October 2007 Issue Published: 2 October 2007 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2007 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Penetrance of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Morten K. Jensen, Ole Havndrup, Michael Christiansen, Paal S. Andersen, Birgitte Diness, Anna Axelsson, Flemming Skovby, Lars Køber, Henning Bundgaard
Journal: Circulation (2012)

The penetrance of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) during childhood and adolescence has been only sparsely described. We studied the penetrance of HCM and the short- and long-term outcomes of clinical screening and predictive genetic testing of child relatives of patients with HCM.Ninety probands and 361 relatives were included in a family screening program for HCM (1994-2001). Eleven sarcomere genes, CRYAB, α-GAL, and titin were screened. Sixty-six relatives and 4 probands were <18 years of age at inclusion. Twelve child relatives were mutation carriers (age, 12 ± 5 years), and 26 had unknown genetic status, ie, relatives from families without identified mutations (n = 21) or not tested (n = 5) (age, 11 ± 5 years). Twenty-eight noncarriers (42%; age, 10 ± 4 years) served as control subjects. Two of 38 child relatives (5%) at risk of developing HCM fulfilled diagnostic criteria for HCM at inclusion. After 12 ± 1 years of follow-up, 2 of the 36 (6%; 95% confidence interval, 2-18) at-risk child relatives who were phenotype negative at inclusion had developed the HCM phenotype at 26 and 28 years of age. During follow-up, none of the child relatives experienced serious cardiac events. Participation in the screening program had no long-term negative psychological impact.The penetrance of HCM in phenotype-negative child relatives at risk of developing HCM was 6% after 12 years of follow-up. The finding of phenotype conversion in the mid-20s warrants continued screening into adulthood. Forty-two percent of the child relatives were noncarriers, and repeat clinical follow-up could be safely limited to the remaining children.
Redox cycling of radical anion metabolites of toxic chemicals and drugs and the Marcus theory of electron transfer.
Authors: R P Mason
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

A wide variety of aromatic compounds are enzymatically reduced to form anion free radicals that generally contain one more electron than their parent compounds. In general, the electron donor is any of a wide variety of flavoenzymes. Once formed, these anion free radicals reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and regenerate the parent compound unchanged. The net reaction is the oxidation of the flavoenzyme's coenzymes and the reduction of molecular oxygen. This catalytic behavior has been described as futile metabolism or redox cycling. Electron transfer theory is being applied to these reactions and, in some cases, has successfully correlated Vmax and Km with the reduction potentials of the aromatic compounds.
A Trial of Discharge and Aftercare of Long-stay Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: J. C. N. Tibbits, W. B. Harbert
Journal: BMJ (1960)

Bthe findings of Citron and Scadding (1957) in sarcoidosis, where 50% of the patients who were insensitive to tuberculin alone gave a positive reaction with tuberculin plus cortisone.This suggests that the mechanism of suppression of the tuberculin reaction in sarcoidosis is different from that in the reticuloses.The implications of these results are discussed.In a patient who is insensitive to tuberculin the development of sensitivity when cortisone is added suggests, but is not diagnostic of, sarcoidosis rather than one of the reticuloses.We thank Dr. R. Bodley Scott for all his help, encourage- ment, and advice, and for permission to study his patients; Mr. M. P. Curwen for statistical assistance;
OXIDATION-REDUCTION EQUILIBRIA IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Calvin B. Coulter, Moses L. Isaacs
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

1. The reduction potentials of B. typhosus in culture in bouillon which is given access to atmospheric oxygen show a negative drift that attains the values found in sterile bouillon when deaerated with nitrogen: Eh -0.085 to -0.095 volt at pH 7.6. The potential reaches this level after 6 to 8 hours incubation, and is maintained at this point for several hours. A slow decline to more negative values is then observed and continues for at least 48 hours, when a potential of -0.145 volt may be attained. 2. The bacteria influence the potentials in the first period of their growth by exhaustion of oxygen from the culture, thus permitting the characteristic potential of the culture medium to become manifest, and do not contribute the substances responsible for the observed potentials. The decline in potential to values more negative than those of the culture medium occurs during the time that the rate of dying of the bacteria approaches and exceeds the rate of multiplication; it is suggested that dissolution of bacteria liberates reductive substances. 3. Cultures in 0.5 per cent dextrose medium show a somewhat more , negative potential after 18 hours growth than cultures in medium without dextrose. This may be due to the more rapid "turn-over" of the bacteria and the liberation of larger amounts of reductive material from dissolution of larger numbers of bacteria. 4. The potential of cultures through which oxygen is passed continuously does not show a negative drift at any time. This indicates that reductive substances of bacterial origin in the case at least of the typhoid bacillus do not influence the electrode potentials in the presence of oxygen and confirms the importance of bacterial respiration as the means for the removal of oxygen and the consequent establishment of characteristic reduction potentials in cultures.
A homozygous mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) mutation in a family with combined immunodeficiency
Authors: Haifa H. Jabara, Toshiro Ohsumi, Janet Chou, Michel J. Massaad, Halli Benson, Andre Megarbane, Eliane Chouery, Raymond Mikhael, Oliver Gorka, Andreas Gewies, Pierre Portales, Toshinori Nakayama, Hiroyuki Hosokawa, Patrick Revy, Henry Herrod, Francoise Le Deist, Gerard Lefranc, Jürgen Ruland, Raif S. Geha
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
The Significance of Streptococcal Components as Antigens in Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis.
Authors: Kurt Lange
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1970The Significance of Streptococcal Components as Antigens in Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis.Kurt Lange, M.D., F.A.C.P., Martin Semar, Inge Sagel, M.D., Antonia Ty, M.D., Gerhard Tresser, M.D.Kurt Lange, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Martin SemarSearch for more papers by this author, Inge Sagel, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Antonia Ty, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Gerhard Tresser, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-72-5-801_4 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptParts of the glomerular basement membranes and the mesangium of kidney biopsies from patients with early acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis stain with the patient's own fluorescein-labeled gamma globulin (IgC). This staining occurs only on biopsies obtained during the first week of the disease, and the same sera do not stain kidney biopsies obtained from patients with any other renal disease or normal kidney tissue. Such sera stain the biopsies of kidney biopsies of other patients with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis interchangeably. Preabsorption of such staining sera with disrupted group A streptococci from patients with this disease abolishes the staining capacity. Other disrupted bacteria... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: New York, N.Y. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1970Volume 72, Issue 5Page: 801-802KeywordsAntigensBacteriaBasement membraneBiopsyGlobulinsGlomerulonephritisGroup A streptococciKidneysRenal diseasesStaining Issue Published: 1 May 1970 PDF DownloadLoading ...