tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract of the Croonian Lectures on Antipyretics
Authors: D. Mac Alister
Journal: BMJ (1888)

sarily indicate cow-pox.It is necessary to bear in mind the existence of the following diseases of the teats of cows:- 8 Ceely met with a ease which he describes as follows:--Not long since I saw swife and five children labouriug under a pustular disease of six weeks' standing, and infected by the father, who had caught the dise from the cow, which wan in a terrible condition.It was of the character of ecthyma, but com- municable, affecting the face, trunk, and limbs, and could be propagated by inoculation."from that of a pea to that of a horse-bean, frequently very numer- ous on the teats, where they are found bleedinig and partially detached" (Ceely)."Other eruptions have been observed, but these, like chapped teats and warts, from their description could scarcely be mistaken for cow-pox."Such are " suppuration of the cutaneous follicles at the base of the teats; small hard knots, cutaneous or subcutaneous, in the same locality, about the size of a vetch, a pea, or even larger, which often remain indolent for a time, at length become red, vesicate, enlarge, suppurate, and burst after attaining not infrequently the size of a walnut or more, occasion- ally affecting the hands of the milker and often the other cows milked in the same shed by the same hands; an eczematous erup- tion, with intertrigo on the udder and near the roots of the teats" (Ceely).To this list may be added the condition of the teats which is met with in the cattle-plague.
The Metabolic Syndrome: Time for a Critical Appraisal
Authors: Richard Kahn, John Buse, Ele Ferrannini, Michael Stern
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

The term “metabolic syndrome” refers to a clustering of specific cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors whose underlying pathophysiology is thought to be related to insulin resistance. Since the term is widely used in research and clinical practice, we undertook an extensive review of the literature in relation to the syndrome’s definition, underlying pathogenesis, and association with CVD and to the goals and impact of treatment. While there is no question that certain CVD risk factors are prone to cluster, we found that the metabolic syndrome has been imprecisely defined, there is a lack of certainty regarding its pathogenesis, and there is considerable doubt regarding its value as a CVD risk marker. Our analysis indicates that too much critically important information is missing to warrant its designation as a “syndrome.” Until much needed research is completed, clinicians should evaluate and treat all CVD risk factors without regard to whether a patient meets the criteria for diagnosis of the “metabolic syndrome.”
Mechanisms of Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration
Authors: William A. Muller
Journal: Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease (2011)

Neither the innate nor adaptive immune system “responds” unless leukocytes cross blood vessels. This process occurs through diapedesis, in which the leukocyte moves in an ameboid fashion through tightly apposed endothelial borders and, in some cases, through the endothelial cell itself. This review focuses on the active role of the endothelial cell in diapedesis. Several mechanisms play a critical role in transendothelial migration, including signals derived from clustering of apically disposed intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, disruption or loosening of adherens junctions, and targeted recycling of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule and other molecules from the recently described lateral border recycling compartment. Surprisingly, many of the same molecules and mechanisms that regulate paracellular migration also control transcellular migration. A hypothesis that integrates the various known mechanisms of transmigration is proposed.
HLA class II antigens (DR, DQ loci) and peripheral arthritis in ankylosing spondylitis.
Authors: R Sanmartí, M.G Ercilla, M.A Brancós, M.C Cid, A Collado, J Rotés-Querol
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1987)

Fifty one patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were typed for HLA-A, B, C, DR, and DQ antigens. The antigen frequencies were compared with those of a normal population and with a B27 positive control group. All but one of the patients with AS were HLA-B27 positive. A positive linkage disequilibrium between Cw1, Cw2, DR1, and the B27 antigen was observed. Patients with AS showed a significant increase in DQw2 antigen compared with the B27 positive control group. No differences in antigenic frequencies were observed in patients having peripheral arthritis and patients with only axial involvement. Seven out of nine patients (78%) with an erosive peripheral arthritis were DR7 positive, suggesting that DR7 or genes closely linked could be related with a more aggressive peripheral joint involvement in patients with AS.
Endothelin-1 and Angiotensin II Receptors in Cells From Rat Hypertrophied Heart
Authors: Jeannette Fareh, Rhian M. Touyz, Ernesto L. Schiffrin, Gaetan Thibault
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Abstract This study investigates the cellular localization and regulation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors and the effects of ET-1 and Ang II on [Ca 2+ ] i in cardiac hypertrophy due to volume overload in the rat. Radioligand binding assays and [Ca 2+ ] i measurements by fura 2 methodology were performed on isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts from the heart of rats with a 4-week aortocaval shunt. In the hypertrophied myocardium, ET-1 and Ang II concentrations were unchanged in ventricles. Ventricular ET-1 receptors had a cell-specific distribution: &gt;90% of ET receptors in cardiomyocytes are of the ET A subtype, whereas fibroblasts had a nearly equal proportion of the ET A and ET B subtypes. ET-1 receptor densities, affinities, and ET-1–induced [Ca 2+ ] i were not significantly different from control in both ventricular cell types from hypertrophied myocardium. Ang II specific binding was very low on isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes, suggesting few receptors in control conditions. However, [Ca 2+ ] i responses induced by Ang II at concentrations &gt;10 −8 mol/L were detectable and were significantly higher in hypertrophied cardiomyocytes. Ang II receptor density (exclusively AT 1 ) on fibroblasts was significantly reduced (42 970±3330 versus 73 870±7940 sites per cell for control cells, P &lt;.01), but AT 1 receptor affinity was unchanged after volume overload. The maximum increase in [Ca 2+ ] i evoked by 10 −6 to 10 −4 mol/L Ang II was significantly lower in fibroblasts from overloaded hearts. In conclusion, ET-1 receptor proportion is cell specific, with cardiomyocytes possessing predominantly the ET A subtype and fibroblasts possessing both ET A and ET B receptors. Plasma and cardiac ET-1 concentrations and ET-1 receptor regulation on both ventricular cell types are not altered in cardiac volume overload, suggesting that cardiac ET-1 may not play a significant role in this model. Cardiac hypertrophy induced a significant downregulation of AT 1 receptors on fibroblasts, whereas total binding and [Ca 2+ ] i sensitivity to Ang II were significantly enhanced in hypertrophied cardiomyocytes. This suggests that cardiac Ang II may be involved in the pathophysiology of the cardiac hypertrophy of volume overload.
Engrafted human stem cell–derived hepatocytes establish an infectious HCV murine model
Authors: Arnaud Carpentier, Abeba Tesfaye, Virginia Chu, Ila Nimgaonkar, Fang Zhang, Seung Bum Lee, Snorri S. Thorgeirsson, Stephen M. Feinstone, T. Jake Liang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

The demonstrated ability to differentiate both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) holds great promise for both regenerative medicine and liver disease research. Here, we determined that, despite an immature phenotype, differentiated HLCs are permissive to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and mount an interferon response to HCV infection in vitro. HLCs differentiated from hESCs and hiPSCs could be engrafted in the liver parenchyma of immune-deficient transgenic mice carrying the urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene driven by the major urinary protein promoter. The HLCs were maintained for more than 3 months in the livers of chimeric mice, in which they underwent further maturation and proliferation. These engrafted and expanded human HLCs were permissive to in vivo infection with HCV-positive sera and supported long-term infection of multiple HCV genotypes. Our study demonstrates efficient engraftment and in vivo HCV infection of human stem cell-derived hepatocytes and provides a model to study chronic HCV infection in patient-derived hepatocytes, action of antiviral therapies, and the biology of HCV infection.
Discontinuing venom immunotherapy: Extended observations
Authors: David B.K. Golden, Kathleen A. Kwiterovich, Anne Kagey-Sobotka, Lawrence M. Lichtenstein
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1998)

Background: Our studies of discontinuing venom immunotherapy after at least 5 years have led to the conclusion that the residual risk of a systemic reaction to a sting was in the range of 5% to 10% in adults, and no severe or life-threatening reaction occurred with 270 challenge stings in 74 patients after 1 to 5 years without venom immunotherapy. Objective: The objective of this study was to extend our observation of patients who discontinue venom immunotherapy over 5 to 10 years and to determine which patients are at higher risk for a reaction. Methods: Patients who discontinued venom immunotherapy were surveyed for 3 consecutive years to determine the frequency of systemic reactions to field stings and the fate of venom sensitivity. The evaluation included the 74 patients previously studied (group 1) and 51 additional patients followed after stopping therapy in our clinical center (group 2). Results: Of the original 74 patients, 11 had field stings again after 3 to 7 years without venom immunotherapy, with one systemic reaction (dyspnea). Of the 51 patients in the other group, 15 were stung, of whom four (26%) had systemic reactions, including respiratory symptoms requiring epinephrine. Review of group 1 and group 2 revealed that half of the patients who had systemic reactions to a sting after stopping venom immunotherapy had a history of a systemic reaction occurring during venom immunotherapy (to an injection or a sting). Systemic reactions occurred in three patients who had negative skin test reactions; all three had very low but detectable venom-specific serum IgE antibody levels as determined by RAST and had a history of systemic reactions during venom immunotherapy. Greater severity of the pretreatment reaction was not associated with higher frequency of reaction to stings after stopping therapy but was associated with greater severity if a reaction did occur. Conclusions: Venom immunotherapy (yellow jacket/mixed vespid) in adults can be discontinued after 5 to 6 years with a 5% to 10% residual risk of a systemic reaction. Risk factors may include history of a systemic reaction during venom immunotherapy, persistent strongly positive skin test sensitivity, and the severity of the pretreatment reaction. ( J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;101:298-305.)
Meta-analysis: Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction and the Risk for Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality
Authors: Nicolas Ochs, Reto Auer, Douglas C. Bauer, David Nanchen, Jacobijn Gussekloo, Jacques Cornuz, Nicolas Rodondi
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Background: Data on the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and coronary heart disease (CHD) and mortality are conflicting. Purpose: To summarize prospective evidence about the relationship between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and CHD and mortality. Data Sources: MEDLINE (1950 to January 2008) without language restrictions and reference lists of retrieved articles were searched. Study Selection: Two reviewers screened and selected cohort studies that measured thyroid function and then followed persons prospectively to assess CHD or mortality. Data Extraction: By using a standardized protocol and forms, 2 reviewers independently abstracted and assessed studies. Data Synthesis: Ten of 12 identified studies involved population-based cohorts that included 14 449 participants. All 10 population-based cohort studies examined risks associated with subclinical hypothyroidism (2134 CHD events and 2822 deaths), whereas only 5 examined risks associated with subclinical hyperthyroidism (1392 CHD events and 1993 deaths). In a random-effects model, the relative risk (RR) for subclinical hypothyroidism for CHD was 1.20 (95% CI, 0.97 to 1.49; P for heterogeneity = 0.14; I 2 = 33.4%). Risk estimates were lower when higher-quality studies were pooled (RR, 1.02 to 1.08) and were higher among participants younger than 65 years (RR, 1.51 [CI, 1.09 to 2.09] for studies with mean participant age <65 years and 1.05 [CI, 0.90 to 1.22] for studies with mean participant age ≥65 years). The RR was 1.18 (CI, 0.98 to 1.42) for cardiovascular mortality and 1.12 (CI, 0.99 to 1.26) for total mortality. For subclinical hyperthyroidism, the RR was 1.21 (CI, 0.88 to 1.68) for CHD, 1.19 (CI, 0.81 to 1.76) for cardiovascular mortality, and 1.12 (CI, 0.89 to 1.42) for total mortality (P for heterogeneity >0.50; I 2 = 0% for all studies). Limitations: Individual studies adjusted for different potential confounders, and 1 study provided only unadjusted data. Publication bias or selective reporting of outcomes could not be excluded. Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism may be associated with a modest increased risk for CHD and mortality, with lower risk estimates when pooling higher-quality studies and larger CIs for subclinical hyperthyroidism.
THE BLOOD CHEMISTRY OF AN ACUTE TRYPANOSOME INFECTION
Authors: Richard W. Linton
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1930)

The CO2 capacity of the serum is markedly lowered early in infection with Trypanosoma equiperdum. The non-protein nitrogen and uric acid constituents of the blood are increased in the terminal stages. The kidneys also show terminal degenerative changes. The cholesterol remains unchanged throughout. Lecithin is markedly increased, most of the observations showing a 20 per cent to 50 per cent rise in this substance. Liver glycogen is lower than normal in the early stages and could not be demonstrated in the later stages of the infection. The blood sugar remains normal until a very late period in the disease.
Whole-exome sequencing identifies tetratricopeptide repeat domain 7A ( TTC7A ) mutations for combined immunodeficiency with intestinal atresias
Authors: Rui Chen, Silvia Giliani, Gaetana Lanzi, George I Mias, Silvia Lonardi, Kerry Dobbs, John Manis, Hogune Im, Jennifer E Gallagher, Douglas H Phanstiel, Ghia Euskirchen, Philippe Lacroute, Keith Bettinger, Daniele Moratto, Katja Weinacht, Davide Montin, Eleonora Gallo, Giovanna Mangili, Fulvio Porta, Lucia D Notarangelo, Stefania Pedretti, Waleed Al-Herz, Wasmi Alfahdli, Anne Marie Comeau, Russell S Traister, Sung-Yun Pai, Graziella Carella, Fabio Facchetti, Kari C Nadeau, Michael Snyder, Luigi D Notarangelo
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
An absence of human leukocyte antigen-DR and a decreased expression of β2-microglobulin on tumor cells of basal cell carcinoma: No influence on the peritumoral immune infiltrate
Authors: J.M. Werner Habets, Bhupendra Tank, Voijslav D. Vuzevski, Ernst Stolz, Theodoor van Joost
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1989)
Middle and Inferior Temporal Gyrus Gray Matter Volume Abnormalities in Chronic Schizophrenia: An MRI Study
Authors: Toshiaki Onitsuka, Martha E. Shenton, Dean F. Salisbury, Chandlee C. Dickey, Kiyoto Kasai, Sarah K. Toner, Melissa Frumin, Ron Kikinis, Ferenc A. Jolesz, Robert W. McCarley
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)

OBJECTIVE: The middle temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus subserve language and semantic memory processing, visual perception, and multimodal sensory integration. Functional deficits in these cognitive processes have been well documented in patients with schizophrenia. However, there have been few in vivo structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the middle temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia. METHOD: Middle temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus gray matter volumes were measured in 23 male patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia and 28 healthy male subjects by using high-spatial-resolution MRI. For comparison, superior temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus gray matter volumes were also measured. Correlations between these four regions and clinical symptoms were also investigated. RESULTS: Relative to healthy subjects, the patients with chronic schizophrenia showed gray matter volume reductions in the left middle temporal gyrus (13% difference) and bilateral inferior temporal gyrus (10% difference in both hemispheres). In addition, the patients showed gray matter volume reductions in the left superior temporal gyrus (13% difference) and bilateral fusiform gyrus (10% difference in both hemispheres). More severe hallucinations were significantly correlated with smaller left hemisphere volumes in the superior temporal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia evince reduced gray matter volume in the left middle temporal gyrus and bilateral reductions in the inferior temporal gyrus. In conjunction with findings of left superior temporal gyrus reduction and bilateral fusiform gyrus reductions, these data suggest that schizophrenia may be characterized by left hemisphere-selective dorsal pathophysiology and bilateral ventral pathophysiology in temporal lobe gray matter.
Perceptions of asthma among physicians: an exploratory study with the ISAAC video
Authors: D. Van Sickle
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

The current study examined the perception and interpretation of asthma symptoms among practitioners using standardised audiovisual presentations of asthma. Two groups of practitioners (n = 70) in Chennai, India, were shown the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) video questionnaire and asked to describe the symptoms and signs they observed and to identify possible diagnoses for each presentation. The number of practitioners who correctly described the principal symptom(s) of asthma depicted in the five video sequences ranged from 26.1% for scene 5 (wheezing and dyspnoea), to 94.2% for scene 4 (nocturnal cough). The number who identified asthma as a possible cause of the presentations ranged from 17.4% for scene 4, to 67.1% for scene 2 (wheeze after exercise). Practitioners with postgraduate medical education were significantly more likely to identify asthma as a possible cause of the presentations, as were practitioners with postgraduate training in respiratory diseases. In conclusion, the perceptions of asthma and asthma symptoms among many physicians in Chennai, India, do not match the presentations of asthma depicted in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) video. These differences may be limiting the diagnosis and apparent prevalence of asthma, and suggest the need for additional attention to asthma in the education and training of practitioners in India.
What, if Anything, is a Tilapia?—Mitochondrial ND2 Phylogeny of Tilapiines and the Evolution of Parental Care Systems in the African Cichlid Fishes
Authors: Vera Klett, Axel Meyer
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2002)

We estimated a novel phylogeny of tilapiine cichlid fish (an assemblage endemic to Africa and the Near East) within the African cichlid fishes on the basis of complete mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene sequences. The ND2 (1,047 bp) gene was sequenced in 39 tilapiine cichlids (38 species and 1 subspecies) and in an additional 14 nontilapiine cichlid species in order to evaluate the traditional morphologically based hypothesis of the respective monophyly of the tilapiine and haplochromine cichlid fish assemblages. The analyses included many additional cichlid lineages, not only the so-called tilapiines, but also lineages from Lake Tanganyika, east Africa, the Neotropics and an out-group from Madagascar with a wide range of parental care and mating systems. Our results suggest, in contrast to the historical morphology-based hypotheses from Regan (1920 , 1922 ), Trewavas (1983) , and Stiassny (1991) , that the tilapiines do not form a monophyletic group because there is strong evidence that the genus Tilapia is not monophyletic but divided into at least five distinct groups. In contrast to this finding, an allozyme analysis of Pouyaud and Agnèse (1995) , largely based on the same samples as used here, found a clustering of the Tilapia species into only two groups. This discrepancy is likely caused by the difference in resolution power of the two marker systems used. Our data suggest that only type species Tilapia sparrmanii Smith (1840) should retain the genus name Tilapia. One particular group of tilapiines (composed of genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis, Iranocichla, and Tristramella) is more closely related to an evolutionarily highly successful lineage, the haplochromine cichlids that compose the adaptive radiations of cichlid species flocks of east Africa. It appears that the highly adaptable biology of tilapiines is the ancestral state for all African cichlids and that the more stenotypic lifestyle of the haplochromine cichlids is derived from this condition. We reconstructed the evolution of the highly variable parental care systems on the basis of the most inclusive composite phylogeny to date of the African, Neotropical, and Madagascan cichlids with special emphasis on a group of tilapiines comprising the substrate-spawning genus Tilapia, and the mouthbrooding genera Sarotherodon and Oreochromis. We demonstrate several independent origins of derived mouthbrooding behaviors in the family Cichlidae.