tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CFH Y402H Confers Similar Risk of Soft Drusen and Both Forms of Advanced AMD
Authors: Kristinn P Magnusson, Shan Duan, Haraldur Sigurdsson, Hjorvar Petursson, Zhenglin Yang, Yu Zhao, Paul S Bernstein, Jian Ge, Fridbert Jonasson, Einar Stefansson, Gudleif Helgadottir, Norman A Zabriskie, Thorlakur Jonsson, Asgeir Björnsson, Theodora Thorlacius, Palmi V Jonsson, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Augustine Kong, Hreinn Stefansson, Kang Zhang, Kari Stefansson, Jeffrey R Gulcher
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible visual impairment in the developed world. The two forms of advanced AMD, geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD, represent different pathological processes in the macula that lead to loss of central vision. Soft drusen, characterized by deposits in the macula without visual loss, are considered to be a precursor of advanced AMD. Recently, it has been proposed that a common missense variant, Y402H, in the Complement Factor H (CFH) gene increases the risk for advanced AMD. However, its impact on soft drusen, GA, or neovascular AMD—or the relationship between them—is unclear. Methods and Findings We genotyped 581 Icelandic patients with advanced AMD (278 neovascular AMD, 203 GA, and 100 with mixed neovascular AMD/GA), and 435 with early AMD (of whom 220 had soft drusen). A second cohort of 431 US patients from Utah, 322 with advanced AMD (244 neovascular AMD and 78 GA) and 109 early-AMD cases with soft drusen, were analyzed. We confirmed that the CFH Y402H variant shows significant association to advanced AMD, with odds ratio of 2.39 in Icelandic patients (p = 5.9 × 10−12) and odds ratio of 2.14 in US patients from Utah (p = 2.0 × 10−9) with advanced AMD. Furthermore, we show that the Y402H variant confers similar risk of soft drusen and both forms of advanced AMD (GA or neovascular AMD). Conclusion Soft drusen occur prior to progression to advanced AMD and represent a histological feature shared by neovascular AMD and GA. Our results suggest that CFH is a major risk factor of soft drusen, and additional genetic factors and/or environmental factors may be required for progression to advanced AMD.
USE OF THE DRAFTSMAN'S CURVE RULER IN MAKING TRACINGS OF SPINAL CURVATURES
Authors: George W. Wagoner
Journal: JAMA (1927)

Many devices have been used by orthopedists for recording graphically the contours of spinal curvatures. The majority of these instruments are unwieldy and cumbersome; all are more or less unsatisfactory. For many years draftsmen have used for drawing compound curves an instrument known as a "curve ruler." I have found such an instrument to be ideal in making tracings of spinal curvatures. It is flexible and sturdy, retains the shape into which it is molded, and does not bend except in the plane desired. The rulers are made in three types and vary in length from 7 to 31 inches. A ruler 14½ inches in length is satisfactory for children, and one 30 inches long is adequate for adults. Such rulers are sold, at a reasonable price, by dealers in drawing instruments, under the name of the "Davenport patent adjustable curve rulers."
The effectiveness of the controlled release of gentamicin from polyelectrolyte multilayers in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection in a rabbit bone model
Authors: Joshua S. Moskowitz, Michael R. Blaisse, Raymond E. Samuel, Hu-Ping Hsu, Mitchel B. Harris, Scott D. Martin, Jean C. Lee, Myron Spector, Paula T. Hammond
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)
A new polymorphism in the human beta-globin gene useful in antenatal diagnosis.
Authors: M C Driscoll, M Baird, A Bank, E A Rachmilewitz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

A new polymorphism in the beta-globin is described, using the restriction enzyme Asu I. A radioactive probe specifically representing the large intervening sequence (IVS 2) of the beta-globin gene has been used to detect this polymorphism. Normally, a 0.8-kilobase fragment containing beta-IVS 2 is generated by Asu I; however, a 1.0-kilobase fragment is seen in association with 18% of beta A-genes, and 38% of beta-thalassemia genes in an Israeli population studied. By contrast, the Asu I polymorphism has rarely been seen in blacks examined to date. An additional Asu I change is seen the the delta-globin gene with a delta-IVS probe. The beta-Asu I polymorphism is shown to be useful in the antenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia.
Ruth Gilly Arthur
Authors: A. H. N. S. P. Greany
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Although Ruth Gilly Arthur came from a distinguished line of doctors, she was determined to find her own path in the medical profession. Excelling at Nottingham University medical school, she made the most of the intercalated BMed Sci to undertake research in Zimbabwe into iodine deficiency disorders. This ignited a lifelong enthusiasm for working in Africa and worldwide travel.

Gilly graduated with a first, and, after house jobs in Nottingham and Manchester, she worked in Wellington, New Zealand, for a year. She then went …
Enteral stenting in 21 patients with malignant gastroduodenal obstruction
Authors: T. Tang, M. Allison, I. Dunkley, P. Roberts, R. Dickinson
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2003)

Placement of an enteral stent is emerging as an effective alternative to surgery for symptomatic relief in patients with malignant gastric outflow and duodenal obstruction. We report experience in a series of patients who had the Wallstent enteral prosthesis inserted. 21 consecutive patients with inoperable obstruction, median age 75 years, had twenty-three procedures for insertion of the Wallstent under fluoroscopic guidance. Stent implantation was successful in 18 patients (86%), all of whom gained relief from nausea and vomiting. There were no short-term complications. Median survival after the procedure was four months (longest ten months), and no deaths were related to insertion. The efficacy and lack of complications in this series support use of the endoscopically placed stent for palliative management of malignant upper gastrointestinal obstruction.
Physiological Role of the Adrenal Cortex in the Maintenance of Plasma Volume During Clinical Stress.
Authors: Leon J. Marks
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 February 1964Physiological Role of the Adrenal Cortex in the Maintenance of Plasma Volume During Clinical Stress.Leon J. Marks, M.D. (Associate), Denis W. King, M.D., Paul F. Kingsbury, M.D.Leon J. Marks, M.D. (Associate)Search for more papers by this author, Denis W. King, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Paul F. Kingsbury, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-2-332_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIt is well-known that the cortisone requirement of an Addisonian patient increases during an acute illness. The physiological function of increased circulating levels of hydrocortisone during a stressful situation has been the subject of considerable controversy. In an endeavor to explain the clinical usefulness of increased adrenocortical hormone during a major illness, adrenalectomized dogs were studied following surgical trauma or hemorrhage. Plasma volume, arterial blood pressure, and hematocrit reading were measured before and at varying intervals after the experimental stress. Water and food were withheld for the entire period of observation. Within 18 hours following minor operative trauma or a... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Leon J. Marks, M.D. (Associate); Denis W. King, M.D.; Paul F. Kingsbury, M.D.Affiliations: Boston, Massachusetts PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 February 1964Volume 60, Issue 2_Part_1Page: 332-333KeywordsAdrenal cortexBlood pressureFoodHematocritHemorrhageHormonesPlasma volume ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...
ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary
Authors: Sharon A Hunt, David W Baker, Marshall H Chin, Michael P Cinquegrani, Arthur M Feldman, Gary S Francis, Theodore G Ganiats, Sidney Goldstein, Gabriel Gregoratos, Mariell L Jessup, R.Joseph Noble, Milton Packer, Marc A Silver, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Raymond J Gibbons, Elliott M Antman, Joseph S Alpert, David P Faxon, Valentin Fuster, Gabriel Gregoratos, Alice K Jacobs, Loren F Hiratzka, Richard O Russell, Sidney C Smith
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Basic life support. Revised recommendations of the Resuscitation Council (UK)
Authors: A. K. Marsden
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Most cardiac arrests in the community are the result of ischaemic heart disease.Forty per cent of sudden deaths from ischaemic heart disease occur within one hour after the onset of In 1982 the Resuscitation Council (UK) published guidelines for basic life 60%s-among middle aged and younger men.support.The reconvened basic life support working group now includes Over 90% of the deaths which occur outside senior medical advisers to the voluntary aid societies, and it has consulted hospital are due to ventricular fibrillation, a representatives ofthe nursing profession and the National Health Service potentially reversible condition.Training Authority (which is responsible for the training syllabus ofthe Survival from cardiac arrest is optimal when: ambulance service.)Having reviewed published research, the working * the event is witnessed group believes that certain key changes in the guidelines are necessary, particularly in respect ofexpired air respiration.* a bystander starts resuscitationThe Resuscitation Council has also produced revised guidelines for * the rhythm is ventricular fibrillation advanced life support, described in the accompanying paper (p 446).* defibrillation is carried out at an early stage.The emphasis should be on early defibrillation and, irrespective of other considerations, defibrillators should be made available more widely for the use of suitably trained staff. Levels of knowledgeCardiac arrests, particularly in younger people, may be due to "Basic life support" refers to maintaining an airway causes other than ischaemic heart disease-for example, acute asthma, drug and supporting breathing and circulation without any overdose, electrocution, immersion, hypothermia, etc.In some * The procedure should minimise the movement of the casualty * The casualty's head, neck, and trunk should be kept in a straight line * The position should permit gravity drainage of liquid from the casualty's mouth * The position should be stable-that is, the casualty should not be able to fall over or topple into any other position.The position should be suitable for a casualty being carried on a stretcher.
Facundo Batista: watching B cells spread and grab antigens
Authors: Hema Bashyam
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

Early in an immune response, B cells latch on to antigens embedded in the surface membranes of follicular dendritic cells and macrophages. Engagement with antigen spurs a flurry of activity at the point of contact on the B cell surface—a phenomenon that Facundo Batista is documenting in molecular detail.




Figure 1





Facundo Batista




During his post-doctoral research, Batista discovered that B cell receptors (BCRs) must exceed an affinity threshold to trigger B cell activation (1). He also found that B cells form an organized molecular structure, known as an immunological synapse, when they encounter membrane-tethered antigen. BCRs accumulate antigens at the synapse, then extract and internalize them for subsequent presentation to T cells (2).

After Batista set up his own laboratory at the London Research Institute, he began to follow these events in real time. His studies revealed that antigen-bound B cells reorganize their actin cytoskeleton to first spread across the surface of the antigen presenting cell and then to contract their membranes, concentrating the antigen at the synapse within a ring of adhesion molecules (3). High affinity antigens induce more spreading than low affinity antigens, leading to increased antigen capture.

Using a mathematical model based on this data, Batista's group hypothesized that deactivating the spreading mechanism would prevent cells from distinguishing between high and low affinity antigens—a prediction confirmed by their later experiments with spreading-defective B cells. The group has since identified the signaling molecules and pathways that enhance B cell adhesion at the synapse and contribute to activation (4–6). They have now begun to use multi-photon microscopy techniques to image B cell behavior in real time in living tissue.
Role of aortic input impedance in the decreased cardiovascular response to exercise with aging in dogs.
Authors: F C Yin, M L Weisfeldt, W R Milnor
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

The diminished cardiac output response to exercise with advancing age may be attributable to intrinsic inability of the old ventricle to respond appropriately and/or to an additional loading imposed upon the ventricle by the aged vascular system. The steady (resistance) and pulsatile (characteristic impedance) load components together comprise the vascular load faced by the ejecting ventricle. To study the effect of exercise on both vascular components of load, the aortic input impedance was measured in chronically instrumented young and old beagle dogs during graded treadmill exercise before and after beta blockade. Ascending aortic flow was measured by a cuff electromagnetic flow probe, and pressure was measured by a high-fidelity semiconductor transducer. At low levels of exercise the old animals demonstrated a striking 20% increase in characteristic impedance and a 28% decrease in peripheral resistance with no increase in stroke volume. This vascular loading and limitation in stroke volume persisted across the higher exercise levels. In contrast, the young group demonstrated no increase in characteristic impedence, a progressive decrease in peripheral resistance, and a progressive increase in stroke volume across the same exercise levels. These age differences in vascular response and ventricular output were abolished by beta blockade. The groups did not demonstrate a difference in heart rate response, but the young had a greater increase in external left ventricular power than the old across exercise. These data demonstrated a profound difference in the response of young and old vasculature to exercise. At low and intermediate exercise levels the pulsatile vascular load appeared to be a major factor in the limitation of stroke volume in old dogs. At high levels of exercise, the limited exercise response in the old dog may be caused in part by a diminished inotropic responsiveness as well as by the vascular loading.
Pulsatile Flow Patterns in Distensible Tubes
Authors: E. O. Attinger, H. Sugawara, A. Navarro, A. Anné
Journal: Circulation Research (1966)

Pulsatile flow patterns in polyvinyl tubes were visualized by means of streaming birefringence and compared with those obtained using an electromagnetic flowmeter. At low flow rates the frequency spectrum of the birefringence pattern is similar to that of volume flow. As the flow rates are progressively increased, irregular eddies appear, particularly during deceleration of flow, first in the central core and later spreading into the peripheral sleeve. They are characterized by a wide frequency spectrum. The concepts of laminar and turbulent flow are reviewed and evidence is presented which indicates that the power losses associated with the observed eddies are negligible with respect to the losses due to the average flow and its pulsatile components of low frequency. Flow disturbances observed in the arterial tree appear to be similar in character to those found in the present study. It is unlikely that they can account for significant discrepancies between experimental and theoretically predicted pressure-flow relations.
Milk and bones
Authors: R Lindsay, J Nieves
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>BACKGROUND:</h3> Standard indications for endotracheal suctioning are often based on clinical judgment on the deterioration of the patient9s condition, and/or routine suctioning. TBA Care is a secretion detector that analyses airway sounds and indicates the need for suctioning. <h3>OBJECTIVE:</h3> To determine the efficacy of TBA Care in detecting retained secretions, compared to standard indications. <h3>METHODS:</h3> We conducted a prospective randomized trial with 72 general intensive care unit patients randomized at intubation into 2 groups, differing only in suctioning indications. The control group indications were at least 3 scheduled suctionings per day or were clinically driven. The secretion-detector group indications were device signal or clinically driven. At each suctioning session we recorded the indication for suctioning and the amount of secretions removed. Patients were followed until intensive care unit discharge or extubation. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia was confirmed via microbiological analysis of suctioned secretions. <h3>RESULTS:</h3> We analyzed 1,705 suctionings in the control group and 1,354 in the secretion-detector group. The secretion-detector group had fewer suctionings per day (3.9 ± 2.3 vs 4.8 ± 1.2, <i>P</i> = .002) and a lower rate of unnecessary suctionings (4% vs 12%, <i>P</i> &lt; .001). In the secretion-detector group, 97% of the suctionings were performed following the signal from the TBA Care device. In the control group, clinical deterioration (65%) was the most frequent indication for suctioning. The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was similar in the groups. <h3>CONCLUSIONS:</h3> TBA Care seems to give valid and timely indications for suctioning, anticipating clinical deterioration due to secretion retention and reducing unnecessary suctionings. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT00932776.)
Impact of presumed consent for organ donation on donation rates: a systematic review
Authors: A. Rithalia, C. McDaid, S. Suekarran, L. Myers, A. Sowden
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objectives</b> To examine the impact of a system of presumed consent for organ donation on donation rates and to review data on attitudes towards presumed consent. <b>Design</b> Systematic review. <b>Data sources</b> Studies retrieved by online searches to January 2008 of Medline, Medline In-Process, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, HMIC, PAIS International, and OpenSIGLE. <b>Studies reviewed</b> Five studies comparing donation rates before and after the introduction of legislation for presumed consent (before and after studies); eight studies comparing donation rates in countries with and without presumed consent systems (between country comparisons); 13 surveys of public and professional attitudes to presumed consent. <b>Results</b> The five before and after studies represented three countries: all reported an increase in donation rates after the introduction of presumed consent, but there was little investigation of any other changes taking place concurrently with the change in legislation. In the four best quality between country comparisons, presumed consent law or practice was associated with increased organ donation—increases of 25-30%, 21-26%, 2.7 more donors per million population, and 6.14 more donors per million population in the four studies. Other factors found to be important in at least one study were mortality from road traffic accidents and cerebrovascular causes, transplant capacity, gross domestic product per capita, health expenditure per capita, religion (Catholicism), education, public access to information, and a common law legal system. Eight surveys of attitudes to presumed consent were of the UK public. These surveys varied in the level of support for presumed consent, with surveys conducted before 2000 reporting the lowest levels of support (28-57%). The most recent survey, in 2007, reported that 64% of respondents supported a change to presumed consent. <b>Conclusion</b> Presumed consent alone is unlikely to explain the variation in organ donation rates between countries. Legislation, availability of donors, organisation and infrastructure of the transplantation service, wealth and investment in health care, and public attitudes to and awareness of organ donation may all play a part, but their relative importance is unclear. Recent UK surveys show support for presumed consent, though with variation in results that may reflect differences in survey methods.
Sacroiliitis as a Sole Manifestation of Brucella Melitensis Infection in a Child
Authors: DAN MIRON, ITZHAK GARTY, ITAMAR TAL, YOSEF HOROVITZ, AMOS KEDAR
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

A case of a 12-year-old boy with sacroiliitis documented by positive Tc-99m MDP and Ga-67 scans is described. Isolation of brucella melitensis from the blood and bone marrow established the diagnosis. He responded promptly to docycycline therapy. Throughout the course of his disease this boy had neither fever nor other signs of brucellosis, and x-ray was normal.
Factors associated with intellectual ability of children born to mothers with high risk pregnancies
Authors: J. R Meara, J. H Williams
Journal: BMJ (1984)

there was no evidence of mental illness or mental handicap, and I thought that he had a severe personality disorder.The interesting feature about this patient is that he presented me with a newspaper clipping of his court hearing where the judge was quoted as saying, "This man clearly needs psychiatric treatment for his violence."The prisoner then said, "I've come to have my violence cured doctor."This example augments Dr Smith's com- ments that the courts have great expectations about what psychiatry can offer these people.The concepts of "medicalisation" and "cure" for violent behaviour are still common and, as psychiatrists, we should try to increase the understanding of the courts as to what we can and cannot offer.
STAPHYLOCOCCI AND BACTERIOPHAGY
Authors: Earl B. McKinley
Journal: JAMA (1933)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, April 1, page 1014, appears an article by Felix d'Herelle and M. L. Rakieten relative to the susceptibility of hemolytic staphylococci to bacteriophage in which the authors come to the general conclusion that, "hemolytic staphylococci are particularly susceptible to bacteriophagy." The authors in their paper present evidence in the work of Epstein and Fejgin, Mckinley and Cámara and their own which shows that at least thirty-nine strains of hemolytic staphylococci have been studied which are resistant to bacteriophagy. While there may be a "tendency" for the hemolytic type of the staphylococcus to be susceptible to the action of bacteriophage, it is somewhat misleading to generalize on this point. This is particularly so because of the clinical implications involved and because of the fact that several of the biological houses are now placing preparations of bacteriophage on the market. Certainly the physician will wish to