tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
GONORRHEAL ARTHRITIS OF WRIST AND KNEEIN A CHILD THREE WEEKS OLD
Authors: G. FRANK LYDSTON
Journal: JAMA (1910)

The following case is reported because of its rarity. It is especially rare because of the relation of the arthritis to gonorrheal conjunctivitis. <h3>History.—</h3> Baby X., aged 3 weeks, was seen in consultation with Dr. Benjamin N. Novy. Through ignorance of the mother's condition the infant's eyes had been permitted to become infected at birth. Subsequent investigation showed that the mother had gonorrhea. Within forty-eight hours after birth the child developed gonorrheal conjunctivitis, which proved to be of moderate severity and was under control at the time of my examination. On the fourteenth day the left wrist became greatly swollen, painful and slightly reddened. Three days later the right knee became involved in extensive swelling of a character similar to that of the swelling of the wrist. The immunity of infants from ordinary rheumatic arthritis, taken in connection with the typical physical characteristics of the involved joints, and the moderate
Collaboration with drug industry won't affect clinical decisions, says new guide
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Doctors are being urged not to be “tempted to accept the negative myths about cooperating with industry” in a new guide to promote collaboration between healthcare organisations and the drug industry to improve care of patients in the United Kingdom.

The guidance is supported by organisations representing the industry and by healthcare bodies including the BMA, the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, and the royal colleges of GPs, physicians, and psychiatrists. The Department of Health for England, the NHS Confederation, and the governments of Scotland and Wales also back the guide, which is aimed at …
Hepatic stellate cells regulate immune response by way of induction of myeloid suppressor cells in mice
Authors: Hong-Shiue Chou, Ching-Chuan Hsieh, Horng-Ren Yang, Lianfu Wang, Yusuke Arakawa, Kathleen Brown, Qingyu Wu, Feng Lin, Marion Peters, John J. Fung, Lina Lu, Shiguang Qian
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Although organ transplants have been applied for decades, outcomes of somatic cell transplants remain disappointing, presumably due to lack of appropriate supporting stromal cells. Thus, cotransplantation with liver stromal cells, hepatic stellate cells (HSC), achieves long-term survival of islet allografts in mice by way of induction of effector T cell apoptosis and generation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. In this study we provide evidence both in vitro and in vivo that HSC can promote generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). HSC-induced MDSC demonstrate potent immune inhibitory activity. Induction of MDSC is dependent on an intact interferon gamma signaling pathway in HSC and is mediated by soluble factors, suggesting that the specific tissue stromal cells, such as HSC, play a crucial role in regulating immune response by way of inflammation-induced generation of MDSC. Large amounts of MDSC can be propagated in vitro from bone marrow-derived myeloid precursor cells under the influence of HSC.Cotransplantation with in vitro generated MDSC can effectively protect islet allografts from host immune attack. Local delivery of potent immune suppressor cells for cell transplants holds great clinical application potential.
Bladder rupture in multiple sclerosis.
Authors: A E Harding, J Scott, M Jefferson
Journal: BMJ (1977)

that lithium carbonate was implicated.Alcohol excess is known to cause an acute muscular syndrome 3 but this is usually painful, asymmetrical, and associated with a recent binge.Secondly, pain is usually the initial symptom of the anterior tibial compartment syndrome and has been thought to be a constant finding.2In this case pain was absent because of the coexistence of a peripheral neuropathy.Again, alcohol abuse was the probable cause of this, as it was reversible with alcohol withdrawal and vitamin supplementation.
The Humble Hut
Authors: Samuel Bigg
Journal: JAMA (1967)

To the Editor:—  Your color covers are clever conundrums. I often try to guess their meaning or relevance to the contents ofThe Journalbefore I consult the accompanying legends. My guessing score—never too high—has been dragged down, however, to a new low by the picture on the May 15, 1967, cover.  On first looking at the thatched roofed hut, my thoughts turned to sunny Hawaii. Could this be the abode of G. G. Liddle, MD, your contributor from Bloomington? A second look, however, disabused me of the notion. Hawaiian shacks are much larger and more picturesque. Although the Hawaiians used a little lava or coral rock, they favored palm fronds. Neither did the hut conform to the familiar Siberian izbah, Navajo hogan, or Eskimo igloo. Could it be a reconstruction of the old AMA headquarters before the white man took over, or its future quarters after the bomb?  The
The Change: Women, Aging and the Menopause
Authors: Mona M. Shangold
Journal: JAMA (1994)

This book is a work of art that will enlighten all readers. However, it presents a substantial amount of misinformation that is a disservice to serious readers.  The author presents extensive references to menopause, which she has collected from an enormous exploration of medical, historical, anthropological, and multicultural literary sources, and she has added to these her own impressions of women, aging, and menopause in beautiful prose that reflects her extraordinary command of the language. She explores thoroughly views of women, aging, and menopause held by different cultures in different eras and notes that menopause and aging are much less problematic for certain types of women and for women in certain societies. She addresses the heavy emphasis placed by modern societies on physical beauty and youthfulness and identifies this as a significant cause of problems in aging women, who are less valued by our own society than are younger women.
Reduced circulating levels of angiotensin-(1 7) in systemic sclerosis: a new pathway in the dysregulation of endothelial-dependent vascular tone control
Authors: A. Pignone, A. D. Rosso, K B. Brosnihan, F. Perfetto, R. Livi, G. Fiori, S. Guiducci, M. Cinelli, V. Rogai, A. Tempestini, F. Bartoli, S. Generini, C. M Ferrario, M. M. Cerinic
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Among angiotensin I (Ang I)-derived compounds, vasoconstrictor angiotensin II (Ang II) and vasodilator angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), cleaved from ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) 24.11, respectively, play an important role in vascular tone regulation. Ang-(1-7) may act independently or by activating other vasodilating molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO) or prostaglandin I2 (PGI2). Our aim was to assess, in patients with SSc, circulating levels of Ang I, Ang II and Ang-(1-7), with their metabolising enzymes ACE and NEP, and levels of NO and PGI2, and to correlate them to the main characteristics of SSc.Levels of Ang I, Ang II, Ang-(1-7), NEP, ACE, NO and PGI2 were measured in 32 patients with SSc, who were also assessed for humoral and clinical characteristics, and 55 controls.Plasma Ang I, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) levels were lower in patients with SSc than in controls (p<0.001in all cases). When Ang II and Ang-(1-7) levels were expressed as a function of the available Ang I, lower Ang-(1-7) levels in patients with SSc than in controls were confirmed (p<0.001), while no difference was found for Ang II levels. In patients with SSc, the Ang II/Ang-(1-7) ratio indicated a prevalence of Ang II over Ang-(1-7), while in controls Ang-(1-7) was prevalent (p<0.001). Levels of ACE, NEP, NO and PGI2 were lower in patients with SSc than in controls (p<0.05 in all cases).In patients with SSc, prevalence of the vasoconstricting Ang II over the vasodilator Ang-(1-7) suggests a dysfunction of the angiotensin-derived cascade that may contribute to dysregulation of vascular tone.
Chronic inflammation of the skin can be induced in IgE transgenic mice by means of a single challenge of multivalent antigen
Authors: Eiichiro Sato, Kazuki Hirahara, Yoshihiro Wada, Tomomi Yoshitomi, Takachika Azuma, Kunie Matsuoka, Shuichi Kubo, Choji Taya, Hiromichi Yonekawa, Hajime Karasuyama, Akio Shiraishi
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)
Cyclic AMP and prostaglandin E in perfusates of rat hind paws during the development of adjuvant arthritis
Authors: M. J. Parnham, I. L. Bonta, M. J. P. Adolfs
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1978)

The contralateral uninjected hind paws of rats which had been injected with Freund's complete (FCA) or incomplete (FIA) adjuvant 10,14, 18, or 22 days previously were perfused under urethane anaesthesia using a stainless steel coaxial catheter. In one series of experiments cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels were determined after a 2-hour perfusion. cAMP levels were also determined in rats treated on days 16-22 with either prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) (500 mug/kg per day subcutaneously) or saline. When compared with control rats injected with FIA, after 22 days, cAMP levels in FCA-injected rats fell between days 10 and 18 and then rose between days 18 and 22. After PGE(1) treatment, paw volume on day 22 increased in rats injected with FCA, but cAMP levels were not significantly altered when compared with day 22 FCA-injected controls treated with saline. In a second series of experiments, using a slightly modified perfusion method, PG levels in extracts of 30-minute perfusates were determined after chromatography and bioassay. Protein levels and paw volume were also measured. No PGF was detectable in any perfusate. Changes in PGE levels in FCA-injected animals paralleled changes in paw volume, increasing from day 14 and reaching a maximum on day 22. Both parameters remained unchanged in FIA-injected rats. Protein levels in perfusates from FCA-injected animals were significantly greater than FIA-injected controls only on day 22. We suggest that the early changes in cAMP reflect the infiltration of activated leucocytes into the inflamed joint and that the increase in PGE is attributable to lysosomal enzyme activity. Later increases in cAMP are attributable both to the increasing PGE levels and to other changes in cellular activation. We suggest that high levels of PGE contribute to tissue damage which is reflected in raised protein levels.
Dietary Intake and Its Contribution to Longitudinal Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure in Urban/Suburban Children
Authors: Chensheng Lu, Dana B. Barr, Melanie A. Pearson, Lance A. Waller
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

The widespread use of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides has led to frequent exposure in adults and children. Because such exposure may cause adverse health effects, particularly in children, the sources and patterns of exposure need to be studied further.We assessed young urban/suburban children's longitudinal exposure to OP pesticides in the Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (CPES) conducted in the greater Seattle, Washington, area, and used a novel study design that allowed us to determine the contribution of dietary intake to the overall OP pesticide exposure.Twenty-three children 3-11 years of age who consumed only conventional diets were recruited for this 1-year study conducted in 2003-2004. Children switched to organic diets for 5 consecutive days in the summer and fall sampling seasons. We measured specific urinary metabolites for malathion, chlorpyrifos, and other OP pesticides in urine samples collected twice daily for a period of 7, 12, or 15 consecutive days during each of the four seasons.By substituting organic fresh fruits and vegetables for corresponding conventional food items, the median urinary metabolite concentrations were reduced to nondetected or close to non-detected levels for malathion and chlorpyrifos at the end of the 5-day organic diet intervention period in both summer and fall seasons. We also observed a seasonal effect on the OP urinary metabolite concentrations, and this seasonality corresponds to the consumption of fresh produce throughout the year.The findings from this study demonstrate that dietary intake of OP pesticides represents the major source of exposure in young children.
Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Potential Markers and Bioprocesses Altered in Bladder Cancer Progression
Authors: Nagireddy Putluri, Ali Shojaie, Vihas T. Vasu, Shaiju K. Vareed, Srilatha Nalluri, Vasanta Putluri, Gagan Singh Thangjam, Katrin Panzitt, Christopher T. Tallman, Charles Butler, Theodore R. Sana, Steven M. Fischer, Gabriel Sica, Daniel J. Brat, Huidong Shi, Ganesh S. Palapattu, Yair Lotan, Alon Z. Weizer, Martha K. Terris, Shahrokh F. Shariat, George Michailidis, Arun Sreekumar
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Although alterations in xenobiotic metabolism are considered causal in the development of bladder cancer, the precise mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this study, we used high-throughput mass spectrometry to measure over 2,000 compounds in 58 clinical specimens, identifying 35 metabolites which exhibited significant changes in bladder cancer. This metabolic signature distinguished both normal and benign bladder from bladder cancer. Exploratory analyses of this metabolomic signature in urine showed promise in distinguishing bladder cancer from controls and also nonmuscle from muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Subsequent enrichment-based bioprocess mapping revealed alterations in phase I/II metabolism and suggested a possible role for DNA methylation in perturbing xenobiotic metabolism in bladder cancer. In particular, we validated tumor-associated hypermethylation in the cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) promoters of bladder cancer tissues by bisulfite sequence analysis and methylation-specific PCR and also by in vitro treatment of T-24 bladder cancer cell line with the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Furthermore, we showed that expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 was reduced significantly in an independent cohort of bladder cancer specimens compared with matched benign adjacent tissues. In summary, our findings identified candidate diagnostic and prognostic markers and highlighted mechanisms associated with the silencing of xenobiotic metabolism. The metabolomic signature we describe offers potential as a urinary biomarker for early detection and staging of bladder cancer, highlighting the utility of evaluating metabolomic profiles of cancer to gain insights into bioprocesses perturbed during tumor development and progression. Cancer Res; 71(24); 7376–86. ©2011 AACR.
Does Delivery by Section Matter to the Infant?
Authors: Mary Ellen Avery
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

Infants delivered by cesarean section have an intracellular water content that is 20 per cent greater than that of infants of comparable weight and gestational age delivered vaginally. Furthermore, the normal postnatal decline in cell water is delayed in the operatively delivered infants.These differences in body composition are one more finding in the growing list of observations on the effects of mode of delivery or associated events on the infant. Other well documented differences include an increased risk of hyaline-membrane disease,1 lower blood volumes among nonasphyxiated infants2 and lower plasma levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids3 in infants delivered operatively. Although morbidity . . .
Confounding in randomised controlled trials
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A randomised controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of specialised care for early psychosis in one London borough.1 Participants were 144 people aged between 16 and 40 years presenting to mental health services for the first or second time with non-organic, non-affective psychosis. Using simple random allocation, individuals were allocated to specialised or control care. Specialised care consisted of assertive outreach with evidence based biopsychosocial interventions, whereas control care comprised standard care. Both treatments were delivered by community health teams. Primary outcome measures included the occurrence of relapse within 18 months of follow-up. The unadjusted odds ratio for relapse for patients in the specialised care group compared with those receiving standard care was 0.46 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.97). When adjusted for sex, previous psychotic episode, and ethnicity, the odds ratio was 0.55 (95% CI 0.24 to 1.26). Which of the following statements, if any, are true?
Bad medicine: private practice
Authors: D. Spence
Journal: BMJ (2012)

In private practice, financial incentives can lead to unnecessary treatments; in socialised state healthcare, advice and interventions are not tainted by temptation. The poison of profit spawned the inefficient and chaotic system that is US healthcare. The US Fortune 500 includes 11 healthcare providers and insurers that have enormous financial interest in blocking reform.1 Private practice sees patients as a raw material churned at the mill for profit; it has vested interest in making us all patients. In the developing world, private practice diverts scarce resources from the needy to the wealthy—who in turn …
Viagra for blue babies likely to be trialled
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The efficacy and safety of sildenafil (Viagra) as a treatment for pulmonary hypertension is likely to be tested in at least one controlled trial, after controversy was stirred by reports that the drug is being given to newborns with “blue baby” syndrome (27 July,181).

The drug has been used on babies at the Royal Brompton Children's Hospital in London and several other centres around the world. The science magazine New Scientist reported that children as young as 8 hours old have also been given the drug …
Metformin Therapy During Pregnancy
Authors: Denice S. Feig, Robert G. Moses
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

Type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are closely related disorders characterized by increased insulin resistance. Metformin, a biguanide compound, exerts its clinical effect by both reducing hepatic glucose output and by increasing insulin sensitivity. This results in a decreased glucose level without an associated high risk of either hypoglycemia or weight gain. These characteristics have established metformin as an ideal first-line treatment for people with type 2 diabetes and, hypothetically, a particularly attractive drug for use in pregnancy. However, metformin is known to cross the placenta (1,2), and its use in pregnancy has been limited by concerns regarding potential adverse effects on both the mother and the fetus.

Historically, some of the earliest reports of the use of metformin during pregnancy have come from South Africa, where it has been used since the late 1970s for women with both type 2 diabetes and GDM (3–6). While perinatal mortality for these women was still higher than that seen in the general obstetric population, it was nonetheless lower than in women who had gone untreated and similar to those who were changed to insulin. No “headline” adverse events or side effects were reported.

Confidence regarding the use of metformin in pregnancy has been reinforced by the results of several observational studies and randomized trials over the past decade. Two meta-analyses of observational studies—one of women using metformin and/or sulphonylureas and one of women using metformin alone during the first trimester—did not show an increase in congenital malformations or neonatal deaths (7,8). While increased perinatal mortality and pre-eclampsia was noted in …
Sphingosine kinase-1 enhances endothelial cell survival through a PECAM-1–dependent activation of PI-3K/Akt and regulation of Bcl-2 family members
Authors: Vidya Limaye, Xiaochun Li, Chris Hahn, Pu Xia, Michael C. Berndt, Mathew A. Vadas, Jennifer R. Gamble
Journal: Blood (2005)
Myeloid lineage specificity and high sensitivity of monoclonal antibody GM 58/8 proves its usefulness as a diagnostic reagent in acute leukemia
Authors: Amar Das Gupta, Subodh R. Dhond, Shakuntala A. Barbhaya, Suresh H. Advani
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Abstract Monclonal antibody (MoAb) GM 58/8 was earlier reported to be directed against an antigen expressed by myeloid progenitors (CFU‐GM), myeloid precursors, granulocytes, and monocytes [5]. Immunophenotyping of 216 cases of acute leukemia [acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) = 147 and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) = 69] and 18 cases of chronic granulocytic leukemia in blast crisis (CGLBC) with this antibody showed that GM 58/8 reacted with 92% of AML cases (M1‐M5) and 100% of myeloblastic crisis in CGL cases. All cases of ALL, lymphoblastic crisis in CGL, erythroleukemia, and erythroblastic crisis in CGL were unreactive with GM 58/8. The antibody revealed the myeloid phenotype in an additional 15 cases of otherwise unclassifiable acute leukemia and six cases of CGLBC. Eleven cases of acute “mixed lineage” leukemia were also diagnosed with the help of GM 58/8. The high specificity (100%) and sensitivity (92%) of MoAb GM 58/8 for myeloblastic leukemia is unmatched by almost all previously described myeloid MoAb and proves its usefulness as a single diagnostic reagent for AML and myeloblastic crisis in CGL.
The agony of choice
Authors: Oliver Ellis
Journal: BMJ (2013)

I was 18 when I had to undergo an emergency laparotomy. I was half delirious with pain and painkillers when a cheery anaesthetist bounded in.⇑

“Would you like an epidural or a morphine pump when you wake up?” she asked with a big smile. “The morphine might make you feel sick, but the epidural carries a risk of nerve damage!”

Fortunately, I ended up having two emergency laparotomies that year so I got to try both. But many people aren’t that lucky, and get stuck with the ill informed choices they …
Interleukin-5 Facilitates Lung Metastasis by Modulating the Immune Microenvironment
Authors: Rinat Zaynagetdinov, Taylor P. Sherrill, Linda A. Gleaves, Allyson G. McLoed, Jamie A. Saxon, Arun C. Habermann, Linda Connelly, Daniel Dulek, R. Stokes Peebles, Barbara Fingleton, Fiona E. Yull, Georgios T. Stathopoulos, Timothy S. Blackwell
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Although the lung is the most common metastatic site for cancer cells, biologic mechanisms regulating lung metastasis are not fully understood. Using heterotopic and intravenous injection models of lung metastasis in mice, we found that IL5, a cytokine involved in allergic and infectious diseases, facilitates metastatic colonization through recruitment of sentinel eosinophils and regulation of other inflammatory/immune cells in the microenvironment of the distal lung. Genetic IL5 deficiency offered marked protection of the lungs from metastasis of different types of tumor cells, including lung cancer, melanoma, and colon cancer. IL5 neutralization protected subjects from metastasis, whereas IL5 reconstitution or adoptive transfer of eosinophils into IL5-deficient mice exerted prometastatic effects. However, IL5 deficiency did not affect the growth of the primary tumor or the size of metastatic lesions. Mechanistic investigations revealed that eosinophils produce CCL22, which recruits regulatory T cells to the lungs. During early stages of metastasis, Treg created a protumorigenic microenvironment, potentially by suppressing IFNγ-producing natural killer cells and M1-polarized macrophages. Together, our results establish a network of allergic inflammatory circuitry that can be co-opted by metastatic cancer cells to facilitate lung colonization, suggesting interventions to target this pathway may offer therapeutic benefits to prevent or treat lung metastasis.