tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE RORSCHACH TEST AND PERSONALITY DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Samuel J. Beck
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1930)

The Rorschach "Psychodiagnostik" test, consisting of ten symmetrical ink-blots, and its technique are briefly described. The test was administered to 87 feeble-minded children in Randall's Island, New York City. The response patterns of 69 are here reported. The principal results are: "W" responses range slightly higher for this group than for Rorschach's feeble-minded. They vary regularly with certain mental ages, sufficiently so to differentiate for certain mental levels. "F+." The mean and range is again higher than for Rorschach's group, but they are sufficiently close to be generally confirmatory of his findings. The mean of F+ tends to be lower at lower mental levels. "A" responses. These were slightly lower for this group than for Rorschach's, but the range is generally confirmatory of his norms. The per cent A responses seems to vary with appearance of critical faculty on the part of the Randall's Island group. "Do." Only 20 of the 69 cases in this study showed Do responses, and its appearance seems to bear no relationship to mental level. It is therefore found not valid as an indicator of mental deficiency. In absence of Do, the present group's apperception type could not be D-Do, as Rorschach reports for his. But, 72.5 per cent of our cases showed a D-Dr apperception type. The range of O responses for the Randall's Island group is approximately the same as established by Rorschach for his. However no account was taken, in the group here studied of O and O-, owing to the unsatisfactory norms for differentiating these two grades. There is an indication that originality and total productivity vary directly. "M" responses. The mean M response for the 69 children was 0.75, and 38, or 55 per cent of these cases were without M. These results confirm Rorschach, although he reports no M responses at all for his defectives. "C" responses. The C response mean was 3.70, a difference of 2.95 as compared with the mean M, and a D/SD diff. of 6.15. This is fully in accord with the relationship established by Rorschach. The median C response for children found "affectively stable" is less than the median for those "affectively unstable." Thus there is a difference in the direction required according to Rorschach, but the difference is not statistically reliable. While C responses vary with certain mental age levels, there is no correlationship between C response and the total mental age curve of our group, i. e., affectivity is not a regular function of mental age change. Not enough of our cases showed S responses to test this concept. The P response confirms Rorschach and Pfister as an index to sociality, since a D/PE diff. of a high degree of reliability was found between the median P of children helping on wards and all the rest.
T Follicular Helper (T<sub>FH</sub>) Cells in Normal and Dysregulated Immune Responses
Authors: Cecile King, Stuart G. Tangye, Charles R. Mackay
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2008)

T cell help for antibody production is a fundamental aspect of immune responses. Only recently has a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms for T cell help emerged. A subset of T cells, termed T follicular helper cells (T FH cells), provides a helper function to B cells and represents one of the most numerous and important subsets of effector T cells in lymphoid tissues. T FH cells are distinguishable from Th1 and Th2 cells by several criteria, including chemokine receptor expression (CXCR5), location/migration (B cell follicles), and function (B cell help). Central to the function of CD4 + T cells is IL-21, a “helper” cytokine produced by T FH cells that potently stimulates the differentiation of B cells into Ab-forming cells through IL-21R. Consequently, dysregulation of T FH cell function, and over- or under-expression of T FH cell–associated molecules such as ICOS or IL-21, most likely contributes to the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases or immunodeficiencies.
Exceptionally High Density of NUMTs in the Honeybee Genome
Authors: Pekka Pamilo, Lumi Viljakainen, Anu Vihavainen
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

The available genome sequences of 4 insects (the fruit fly, the African malaria mosquito, the flour beetle, and the honeybee) are used to compare the amount of mitochondrial DNA transferred to the nuclear genome (NUMTs). The data from the beetle and the bee show frequent transfer of NUMTs, whereas NUMTs in the 2 other insects are rare. The density of NUMTs in the honeybee (>1.0 bp transferred DNA per 1 kb of the nuclear sequence) is the highest in any animal studied, about ten times higher than in humans and comparable to the densities in plant genomes. The density of NUMTs in the beetle (0.056 bp/kb) is of the same order of magnitude as that in humans. The analysis of the honeybee genome indicates that NUMTs originate from all parts of the mitochondrial genome, that about two-thirds of the nuclear copies result from secondary transpositions within the nuclear genome, that the copies are significantly associated to "mariner" type transposons, and that the NUMTs consist mainly of short and fragmented copies.
Sensitivity of the cough reflex in patients with chronic cough
Authors: N B Choudry, R W Fuller
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1992)

Cough may occur in association with excess bronchial secretions and may, therefore, be productive. However, in a proportion of patients the cough is non-productive and a possible association with an enhanced response of the cough reflex has been postulated. Using the irritant capsaicin, the sensitivity of the cough reflex was measured in 363 individuals. A questionnaire was used to divide subjects into three groups: Group A) non-coughing controls; Group B) subjects with non-productive cough; and Group C) subjects with productive cough. The group means (+/- 99% confidence interval (CI)) of the log capsaicin concentration causing two or more coughs (C2) for groups A, B, C were 0.98 (+/- 0.08), 0.64 (+/- 0.09) and 1.04 (+/- 0.23), respectively. The log capsaicin concentration causing five or more coughs (C5) for groups A, B, C were 1.78 (+/- 0.1), 1.16 (+/- 0.12) and 1.54 (+/- 0.25), respectively. Group B was significantly more sensitive to inhaled capsaicin than the other groups (p less than 0.01). No significant difference was observed between groups A and C. Some differences were found when subgroups were examined within groups B and C. In group B, patients with post-nasal drip were found to have a normal sensitivity of the cough reflex and were, therefore, different from the remainder of patients with non-productive cough. In group C, patients with bronchiectasis and current infection showed an increase in the sensitivity of their cough reflex. It is concluded that cough can occur in association with either excess mucus production leading to productive cough or an increase in the sensitivity of the cough reflex, possibly leading to non-productive cough.
The associations between Parkinson’s disease and cancer: the plot thickens
Authors: Danielle D. Feng, Waijiao Cai, Xiqun Chen
Journal: Translational Neurodegeneration (2015)

Epidemiological studies support a general inverse association between the risk of cancer development and Parkinson’s disease (PD). In recent years however, increasing amount of eclectic evidence points to a positive association between PD and cancers through different temporal analyses and ethnic groups. This positive association has been supported by several common genetic mutations in SNCA, PARK2, PARK8, ATM, p53, PTEN, and MC1R resulting in cellular changes such as mitochondrial dysfunction, aberrant protein aggregation, and cell cycle dysregulation. Here, we review the epidemiological and biological advances of the past decade in the association between PD and cancers to offer insight on the recent and sometimes contradictory findings.
Is exercise effective in promoting mental well-being in older age? A systematic review
Authors: Simon Rosenbaum, Catherine Sherrington
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

▶ Windle G, Hughes D, Linck P, et al. Aging Ment Health, 2010;14:652–69.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Mental health benefits of physical exercise in people with conditions such as depression1 and anxiety2 have been established. Ageing can be associated with poor mental well-being, and exercise may play a role in enhancing mental well-being throughout older age. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analyses was to examine the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of exercise and physical activity on the mental well-being of people older than 65 years. The authors define mental well-being as 'positive psychological functioning encompassing life satisfaction, happiness, resilience, self-esteem, being in control and coping with life'. The authors systematically searched 25 databases and 11 websites, including CINAHL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EmBase and PsychInfo, with terms relating to older adults, health … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAging%2B%2526%2Bmental%2Bhealth%26rft.stitle%253DAging%2BMent%2BHealth%26rft.aulast%253DWindle%26rft.auinit1%253DG.%26rft.volume%253D14%26rft.issue%253D6%26rft.spage%253D652%26rft.epage%253D669%26rft.atitle%253DIs%2Bexercise%2Beffective%2Bin%2Bpromoting%2Bmental%2Bwell-being%2Bin%2Bolder%2Bage%253F%2BA%2Bsystematic%2Breview.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1080%252F13607861003713232%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F20686977%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1080/13607861003713232&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=20686977&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbjsports%2F45%2F13%2F1079.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000280635300002&link_type=ISI
Low–molecular-weight hyaluronic acid induces nuclear factor-κB–dependent resistance against tumor necrosis factor α–mediated liver injury in mice
Authors: Dominik Wolf, Jens Schümann, Kerstin Koerber, Alexandra K. Kiemer, Angelika M. Vollmar, Gabriele Sass, Thomas Papadopoulos, Renate Bang, Sabine D. Klein, Bernhard Brüne, Gisa Tiegs
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Liver resident NK1.1+ T cells are supposed to play a pivotal role in the onset of inflammatory liver injury in experimental mouse models such as concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. These cells, expressing the adhesion receptor, CD44, are largely depleted from the liver by a single intravenous injection of low-molecular-weight fragments of hyaluronic acid (LMW-HA). Here, we report that LMW-HA pretreatment protected mice from liver injury in several models of T-cell- and macrophage-dependent, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-mediated inflammatory liver injury, i.e., from liver injury induced by either Con A or Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PEA) or PEA/lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interestingly, apart from inhibition of cellular adhesion, pretreatment of mice with LMW-HA was also capable of preventing hepatocellular apoptosis and activation of caspase-3 induced by direct administration of recombinant murine (rmu) TNF-alpha to D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice. LMW-HA-induced hepatoprotection could be neutralized by pretreatment with the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), demonstrating the involvement of NF-kappaB in the observed protective mechanism. Indeed, injection of LMW-HA rapidly induced the production of TNF-alpha by Kupffer cells and the translocation of NF-kappaB into hepatocellular nuclei. Both LMW-HA-induced TNF-alpha production and NF-kappaB translocation were blocked by pretreatment with PDTC. Our findings provide evidence for an unknown mechanism of LMW-HA-dependent protection from inflammatory liver disease, i.e., induction of TNF-alpha- and NF-kappaB-dependent cytoprotective proteins within the target parenchymal liver cells.
Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancers Detected in Mammography Screening and Outside of Screening
Authors: Harri Sihto, Johan Lundin, Tiina Lehtimäki, Maarit Sarlomo-Rikala, Ralf Bützow, Kaija Holli, Liisa Sailas, Vesa Kataja, Mikael Lundin, Taina Turpeenniemi-Hujanen, Jorma Isola, Päivi Heikkilä, Heikki Joensuu
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: The frequency and significance of gene expression profile-derived molecular subtypes of breast cancers found in mammography screening are unknown. Experimental Design: We identified breast cancers diagnosed in women of any age living in defined geographic regions in Finland in 1991 to 1992 and collected clinical and pathologic data. Surrogates for the molecular subtypes were determined for 247 cancers found in organized mammography screening and 989 cancers detected outside of screening using immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization. Molecular subtypes were defined as luminal A [estrogen receptor (ER) positive and/or progesterone receptor (PR) positive, HER2-], luminal B (ER+ and/or PR+, HER2+), basal-like (ER-, PR-, HER2-, cytokeratin 5+, and/or HER1+), HER2+/ER- (ER-, PR-, and HER2+), and unclassified. The median follow-up time was 9.4 years. Results: The luminal type A was common (73.7%) and the HER2+/ER- type is rare (5.7%) in screen-detected cancer, and only 16% were HER2 positive. Women with cancer diagnosed in screening at ages 50 to 69 years had similar molecular subtype distribution as women whose cancer was found outside of screening at age &amp;gt;69 years. In a multivariate model, cancer detection at screening independently predicted favorable distant disease-free survival when the molecular subtype was included as a covariate in addition to age, histologic grade, and cancer size. Women with small (pT1N0M0) HER2-positive cancer had similar outcome regardless of the method of detection. Conclusions: Molecular subtype distribution of screen-detected breast cancer differs from that of cancers found outside of screening and accounts in part for the better outcome of screen-detected cancer.
The Role of Australia Antigen in Viral Hepatitis and Other Diseases
Authors: Alton I. Sutnick, Irving Millman, W. Thomas London, Baruch S. Blumberg
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1972)

Postpartum depression (PPD) is common, disabling, and treatable. The strongest risk factor is a history of mood or anxiety disorder, especially having active symptoms during pregnancy. As PPD is one of the most common complications of childbirth, it is ...Read More
Etanercept conferred the protection effects from apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke in pulmonary arterial vascular endothelial cell
Authors: Hong Xue, Weiping Xie, Mao Huang, Shijiang Zhang, Hong Wang, Gang Hu
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Rationale:Tobacco smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a prolonged lung inflammatory condition due to a number of pathologic mechanisms, including pulmonary vascular remodeling. Endothelia cell apoptosis involved in this progress are unknown.  Objectives: To determine whether TNF-α expression contribute to the pulmonary arterial vascular endothelial cell (HPAEC) apoptosis associated with tobacco smoke and assess the protective effect of TNF-α inhibitor Etanercept.  Methods:Lung specimens from smokers with moderate COPD and without airflow obstruction were investigated by histology and immunohistochemistry.HPAEC was pre-incubated with Etanercept before exposed to cigarette smoke extract and the apoptosis molecular was investigated.  Results:Compared with the non-smokers,lung of smokers with or without COPD showed a significant increase in TNF-α expression and apoptotic HPAEC,correlative to the smoke exposure.Furthermore, pre-treating with Etanercept reduced cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptosis in HPAEC through the activation of caspase cascades.Moreover, Etanercept inhibited cigarette smoke extract-induced Fas increase and regulated the balance between Bcl-2 and Bax.  Conclusions:Our study showed a significant increase in TNF-α expression and apoptotic endothelia in smokers9 lungs.Etanercept conferred the protection effects from apoptosis induced by CSE in HPAEC largely depend on inhibiting activation of caspase cascades via the FAS-related and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways.Etanercept inhibited increase of Fas and activation of caspase-8.In the mitochondrial pathway,Etanercept regulated the Bcl-2/Bax balance.
Proteases and the Diabetic Foot Syndrome: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Ralf Lobmann, Gregory Schultz, Hendrik Lehnert
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

The diabetic foot syndrome represents a major problem in the health care of diabetic patients. Understanding the molecular basis of this disease is an important step toward a rational treatment. Due to the systemic character of diabetes, disturbances in several basic cell functions appear to contribute to impaired wound healing. Many essential processes of normal wound healing are regulated in large part by growth factors and proteases, and changes of their expression and activity are relevant for the pathogenesis of the chronic wound. This review summarizes the current status of research on diabetic foot syndrome and describes new implications for the treatment of this syndrome.

The diabetic foot syndrome is clearly one of the most important complications of diabetes. It not only occurs as a typical complication in the late stages of diabetes but also in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes (1). Despite the postulations of the St. Vincent Declaration that within 5 years the amputation rate has to be reduced by 50%, there are ∼30,000 amputations reported each year in Germany due to the diabetic foot syndrome (2–6). Greater success in reducing the diabetic foot syndrome can be achieved using structured diagnosis, classification, and therapy of diabetes (7–12). For example, chronically elevated blood glucose levels result in reduced leukocyte function and cell malnutrition, which contribute to a high rate of wound infection and associated healing problems (13,14). Due to the systemic effects of diabetes, not only do cellular abnormalities exist but interactions of growth factors and other mediators of wound healing are also impaired (15,16). Thus, understanding the cellular and molecular abnormalities that contribute to the diabetic foot syndrome will enable the rational development of treatments that will reduce the incidence and severity of this major complication of diabetes.

The physiological …
Bilateral diaphragm paralysis after cardiac surgery with topical hypothermia.
Authors: J Efthimiou, J Butler, M K Benson, S Westaby
Journal: Thorax (1991)

Bilateral diaphragm paralysis is a rare but important complication of open heart surgery. Two cases were found among 360 prospectively studied patients undergoing open heart surgery during one year. Both patients had insulin dependent diabetes with peripheral neuropathy and this may have contributed to their diaphragm paralysis. The patients were studied postoperatively for one year with measurements of lung function, nocturnal oximetry, diaphragmatic function, and phrenic nerve conduction. Treatment with intermittent positive airway pressure ventilation by nasal mask was effective in both patients. After nine months one patient had recovered completely with normal phrenic nerve conduction and diaphragmatic function; the other continues most of his normal daytime activities, but still requires nasal positive airway pressure ventilation for six hours at night.
Phylogenetic Evidence for Deleterious Mutation Load in RNA Viruses and Its Contribution to Viral Evolution
Authors: Oliver G. Pybus, Andrew Rambaut, Robert Belshaw, Robert P. Freckleton, Alexei J. Drummond, Edward C. Holmes
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Populations of RNA viruses are often characterized by abundant genetic variation. However, the relative fitness of these mutations is largely unknown, although this information is central to our understanding of viral emergence, immune evasion, and drug resistance. Here we develop a phylogenetic method, based on the distribution of nonsynonymous and synonymous changes, to assess the relative fitness of polymorphisms in the structural genes of 143 RNA viruses. This reveals that a substantial proportion of the amino acid variation observed in natural populations of RNA viruses comprises transient deleterious mutations that are later purged by purifying selection, potentially limiting virus adaptability. We also demonstrate, for the first time, the existence of a relationship between amino acid variability and the phylogenetic distribution of polymorphisms. From this relationship, we propose an empirical threshold for the maximum viable deleterious mutation load in RNA viruses.
Differences in content and organisational aspects of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes
Authors: Martijn A. Spruit, Fabio Pitta, Chris Garvey, Richard L. ZuWallack, C. Michael Roberts, Eileen G. Collins, Roger Goldstein, Renae McNamara, Pascale Surpas, Kawagoshi Atsuyoshi, José-Luis López-Campos, Ioannis Vogiatzis, Johanna E.A. Williams, Suzanne Lareau, Dina Brooks, Thierry Troosters, Sally J. Singh, Sylvia Hartl, Enrico M. Clini, Emiel F.M. Wouters
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

The aim was to study the overall content and organisational aspects of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes from a global perspective in order to get an initial appraisal on the degree of heterogeneity worldwide. A 12-question survey on content and organisational aspects was completed by representatives of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes that had previously participated in the European Respiratory Society (ERS) COPD Audit. Moreover, all ERS members affiliated with the ERS Rehabilitation and Chronic Care and/or Physiotherapists Scientific Groups, all members of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, and all American Thoracic Society Pulmonary Rehabilitation Assembly members were asked to complete the survey via multiple e-mailings. The survey has been completed by representatives of 430 centres from 40 countries. The findings demonstrate large differences among pulmonary rehabilitation programmes across continents for all aspects that were surveyed, including the setting, the case mix of individuals with a chronic respiratory disease, composition of the pulmonary rehabilitation team, completion rates, methods of referral and types of reimbursement. The current findings stress the importance of future development of processes and performance metrics to monitor pulmonary rehabilitation programmes, to be able to start international benchmarking, and to provide recommendations for international standards based on evidence and best practice.