tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Adenosine and preconditioning in the rat heart
Authors: C Ganote
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

The report by Cave et al. [21] was a landmark paper which demonstrated that functional recovery protection by ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is not mediated by adenosine in the globally ischemic rat heart. This report raised several issues in the field of preconditioning. (1) It was enigmatic in that recent studies had demonstrated a predominant role of adenosine-receptors in preconditioning in the rabbit and dog so that the inability of adenosine to precondition in the rat implied that species differences might exist in the receptor pathways that lead to initiation of preconditioning. (2) Since rat cardiomyocyte metabolism preferentially relies upon exogenous glucose to support glycolysis, whereas the rabbit, dog, pig and man are more dependent upon endogenous glycogen, this report opened the possibility that species-dependent metabolic differences could also be involved in the mechanisms of IPC. (3) Since adenosine did not appear to precondition the rat, emphasis was placed on multiple G-protein coupled receptors that can induce preconditioning, e.g., α1-adrenergic-receptors in the rat [1], and on focused research on postreceptor, downstream events in the search for the ultimate mediators of protection. (4) Finally, the manuscript focused debate on the relationships between the mechanisms of preconditioning as assessed by functional recovery (stunning), reductions in arrythmias or ischemic cell death (infarction).

Aortic flow during reperfusion is a sensitive end-point commonly used to assess postischemic functional recovery. Postischemic functional recovery is influenced by multiple parameters including: (1) degree of stunning during ischemia; (2) rate of anaerobic glycolysis; (3) ability to recover oxidative respiration, intracellular pH and ionic equilibrium; and (4) degree of diastolic contracture and vascular integrity at onset of reperfusion. Increased diastolic pressures subsequent to ischemic contracture reduce subendocardial perfusion such that zones of no-reflow may occur upon reperfusion. These subendocardial zones of no-reflow are a perfused heart artifact due …
The significance of immunoglobulin M antibody response to hepatitis C virus core protein in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Nobukazu Yuki, Norio Hayashi, Kazuyoshi Ohkawa, Hideki Hagiwara, Masahide Oshita, Kazuhiro Katayama, Yutaka Sasaki, Akinori Kasahara, Hideyuki Fusamoto, Takenobu Kamada
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

The significance of immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibody to hepatitis C virus core protein (IgM anti-HCV core) was studied in 41 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection diagnosed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). IgM anti-HCVcore was tested with a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay. The results were correlated with clinical features, liver histology findings evaluated by the histological activity index, and virological features such as genotypes and viremic levels assessed by a branched DNA assay. IgM anti-HCVcore was found in 29 (71%) patients, and its occurrence was only related to viremic levels. A significant relationship was observed between viremic levels and IgM anti-HCVcore cut-off index (rs = .42, P < .01). Of the eight low viremic (branched DNA-negative) patients, only two (25%) tested positive for IgM anti-HCVcore with a low cut-off index of < 3, whereas 27 (82%) of the 33 highly viremic (branched DNA-positive) patients had IgM anti-HCVcore (P < .01). After a 28-week interferon-alpha course (IFN-alpha), sustained aminotransferase normalization after therapy withdrawal was achieved by only two (13%) of the 16 patients with IgM anti-HCVcore cut-off index > 3 compared with 11 (44%) of the 25 patients with that < 3 (P < .05). IgM anti-HCVcore cut-off index decreased after therapy in patients who cleared the virus in sera but increased again after reappearance of viremia. These findings suggest that IgM anti-HCVcore may serve as a simple serological indicator of active virus replication and have relevance to the outcome of antiviral therapy.
The Doctor as Patient Advocate-Reply
Authors: Condict Moore
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In Reply.—  I share Dr Lind's belief that all physicians should be patient advocates. However, most physicians today have conflicts of interest that can interfere in varying degrees with pure patient advocacy, such as allegiance to a group, hospital, health maintenance organization, or insurance plan. Patients know this. On occasion, some patients want and need a pure type of advocacy that only the senior community physicians who are about to retire, physicians with a wealth of experience and judgment, can provide. Patients need it on those few occasions when death-dealing disease suddenly threatens, when a barrage of strange diagnostic and treatment subspecialists take over, and when the prospect of an outlay of thousands and thousands of dollars presents itself. At this juncture, some patients need an added reassurance that the family physician is not providing. Why deny this simple service to patients in this situation? There is no compelling reason
Effectiveness of Immunization against Paralytic Poliomyelitis in Nigeria
Authors: Helen E. Jenkins, R. Bruce Aylward, Alex Gasasira, Christl A. Donnelly, Emmanuel A. Abanida, Titi Koleosho-Adelekan, Nicholas C. Grassly
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

The number of cases of paralytic poliomyelitis has declined in Nigeria since the introduction of newly licensed monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines and new techniques of vaccine delivery. Understanding the relative contribution of these vaccines and the improved coverage to the decline in incident cases is essential for future planning.We estimated the field efficacies of monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine, using the reported number of doses received by people with poliomyelitis and by matched controls as identified in Nigeria's national surveillance database, in which 27,379 cases of acute flaccid paralysis were recorded between 2001 and 2007. Our estimates of vaccine coverage and vaccine-induced immunity were based on the number of doses received by children listed in the database who had paralysis that was not caused by poliovirus.The estimated efficacies per dose of monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine against type 1 paralytic poliomyelitis were 67% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39 to 82) and 16% (95% CI, 10 to 21), respectively, and the estimated efficacy per dose of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine against type 3 paralytic poliomyelitis was 18% (95% CI, 9 to 26). In the northwestern region of Nigeria, which reported the majority of cases during the study period, coverage with at least one dose of vaccine increased from 59 to 78%. Between 2005 and 2007, vaccine-induced immunity levels among children under the age of 5 years more than doubled, to 56%.The higher efficacy of monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine (four times as effective as trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine) and the moderate gains in coverage dramatically increased vaccine-induced immunity against serotype 1 in northern Nigeria. Further increases in coverage in Nigerian states with infected populations are required to achieve the levels of vaccine-induced immunity associated with the sustained elimination achieved in other parts of the country.
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Performed in Children
Authors: Y. Urakami, H. Seki, S. Kishi
Journal: Endoscopy (1977)

The value of ERCP in children is demonstrated on 3 cases. By using a usual duodenofiberscope (JF-B2), in 2 cases under general anesthesia and in one case after premedication with 1 ml Buscopan® i.m., a similar technique is used as in adults. In congenital choledochal cyst only ERCP allowed the exact judgement of the distal part of the common bile duct and its relation to the pancreatic duct. Therefore, an exact preoperative diagnosis can be established. When duodenofiberscope will be more improved ERCP will also be possible in the newborn infant. Than the differential diagnosis of congenital biliary atresia, other congenital failures in infants causing jaundice and hepatitis in infant will be established endoscopically.
Cells Silenced for<i>SDHB</i>Expression Display Characteristic Features of the Tumor Phenotype
Authors: Ana M. Cervera, Nadezda Apostolova, Francisco Luna Crespo, Manuel Mata, Kenneth J. McCreath
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Recently, enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle have emerged as novel tumor suppressors. In particular, mutations in the nuclear-encoded subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD) cause paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas. Although the mechanism(s) by which disruption of mitochondrial metabolism leads to neoplasia is largely unknown, increasing evidence points to an activation of pseudohypoxia. In this study, we have shown that silencing of SDHB using DNA-based small interfering RNA resulted in major impairments in cellular proliferation, respiration, and a corresponding shift to glycolysis. The levels of reactive oxygen species, however, were unchanged. As expected, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-2α were up-regulated in chronically silenced cells, suggesting that a pseudohypoxic state was attained. In addition, the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase and p38 kinase stress signaling proteins were hyperphosphorylated in SDHB-silenced cells. Microarray analysis showed that &amp;gt;400 genes were influenced (6-fold or more up-regulation or down-regulation) by silencing of SDHB, confirming the importance of the TCA cycle in cellular metabolism. Examples of dysregulated genes included those involved in proliferation, adhesion, and the hypoxia pathway. Of interest, SDHB-silenced cells had a greater capacity to adhere to extracellular matrix components, including fibronectin and laminin, than control cells, thus suggesting a possible mechanism of tumor initiation. Although transient silencing of the HIF-1α transcription factor in SDHB-silenced cells had little effect on the expression of a subset of up-regulated genes, it partially reversed the adhesion phenotype to fibronectin, pointing to a potentially important role for HIF-1 in this process. [Cancer Res 2008;68(11):4058–67]
Effects of propranolol on myocardial infarct size with and without coronary artery reperfusion in the dog
Authors: R. D REYNOLDS, W. E BURMEISTER, R. J GORCZYNSKI, D. D DICKERSON, M. P MATHEWS, R. J LEE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1981)

The ability of propranolol to limit myocardial infarct size (IS) following coronary artery occlusion with and without reperfusion into a critical stenosis was assessed in the dog. IS was determined by the nitrobluetetrazolium staining method and expressed as percent of the left ventricle (free wall plus septum). In Series 1 dogs the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) was ligated at its origin. IS at 6 h was similar in groups pretreated with saline (36.0 +/- 1.3%) or propranolol (0.2 mg . kg-1, 34.7 +/- 1.7%; 1.0 mg . kg-1, 36.7 +/- 1.5%; 4.4 mg . kg-1, 34.8 +/- 0.3%). In Series 2 dogs a relatively small infarction was produced by ligating the largest branch of the LCX between the left anterior descending and posterior descending arteries. IS at 6 h was not significantly different in dogs pretreated with saline (8.1 +/- 1.7%) or propranolol (0.2 mg . kg-1, 7.1 +/- 2.5%; 1.0 mg . kg-1, 4.6 +/- 1.2%). In Series 3 dogs the LCX was ligated approximately 10 mm from its origin for 60 min followed by reperfusion into a critical stenosis. IS determined at 24 h was significantly less in dogs treated with propranolol (1.0 mg . kg-1) before LCX occlusion (4.6 +/- 0.6%) or 5 min after LCX reperfusion (9.5 +/- 1.8%) than in dogs treated with saline (22.6 +/- 2.8%). In Series 4 dogs treatment was exactly as in Series 3 except that reperfusion was not instituted. IS was similar in dogs pretreated with saline (29.0 +/- 1.5%) or propranolol (31.1 +/- 3.0%). Thus, in the present study, propranolol limited IS in the presence but not in the absence of reperfusion. In the reperfusion model propranolol was effective when administered before coronary occlusion or after initiation of reperfusion.
Ankle taping: support given by different materials.
Authors: G Capasso, N Maffulli, V Testa
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1989)

Three different adhesive and two non-adhesive tapes were used by three operators to assess the compressive action exerted on the ankle at the moment of strapping, during different phases of gait, and after some days of treatment in ten volunteers. Only the adhesive tapes were still able to prevent swelling after five days. They should be used if a prolonged compressive action is required.
Biomaterial-Centered Sepsis and the Total Artificial Heart
Authors: Anthony G. Gristina
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The principal barrier to the extended use of the total artificial heart is infection that is centered on the biomaterial constituting the prosthetic device and exacerbated by the surrounding damaged tissue. Ultrastructural studies of total artificial hearts removed from two patients indicate a failure of true tissue integration and diffuse, adhesive bacterial colonization of biomaterial surfaces. Biomaterials are, in part, susceptible to infection because, at the present state of the art, they are usually not well integrated with host tissue or, if hemodynamic, not optimally biocompatible or antiadhesive.
Parental Absence From Clinic Predicts Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment Failure in Adolescents
Authors: Elizabeth D. Lowenthal, Tafireyi Marukutira, Ontibile Tshume, Jennifer Chapman, Jean B. Nachega, Gabriel Anabwani, Robert Gross
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2015)

leftover opioid doses after day 3 to treat their acute pain for more than 2 to 3 additional weeks.Discussion | Our findings showed the potential mismatch between the amounts of opioids prescribed/dispensed and the amounts used following minor pediatric ambulatory procedures associated with acute pain.Most children received less than 50% of their prescribed opioid doses because parents quickly tapered opioids, switched to nonopioids, or discontinued analgesics during the first few postprocedure days.This left a considerable amount of unused prescribed opioids in the homes of children who were prescribed these agents for acute pain.This suggested mismatch between dispensed and used prescription opioids can inadvertently contribute to risky behavior and, therefore, begs for broad intervention.The recommendation by the American College of Physicians that physicians develop guidelines to limit the amount of opioids prescribed is a step in the right direction.Furthermore, because it was unclear whether parents in our setting were informed about the risks of how to dispose of unused opioids, such education is clearly needed.The Drug Enforcement Agency recently expanded their drug take-back program and legally authorized pharmacies to accept and dispose of patients' unused prescription medications.In accordance with recommendations from the US Food and Drug Administration, pediatric prescribers and pharmacists should educate parents and adolescents of the importance of proper use, storage, and disposal of these medications.Better alignment of opioid prescriptions with the pain needs of patients and disposal education is warranted to appropriately manage pain while limiting the amounts of unused opioids available for accidental overdose, diversion, and misuse.
Activation of the ATF6, XBP1 and grp78 genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma: a possible involvement of the ER stress pathway in hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Masahiro Shuda, Nobuo Kondoh, Nobuo Imazeki, Kenji Tanaka, Tetsuya Okada, Kazutoshi Mori, Akiyuki Hada, Masaaki Arai, Toru Wakatsuki, Osamu Matsubara, Naoki Yamamoto, Mikio Yamamoto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Biliary cirrhosis induces type IIx/b fiber atrophy in rat diaphragm and skeletal muscle, and decreases IGF-I mRNA in the liver but not in muscle
Authors: Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez, Marc van de Casteele, Hélène Rollier, Johan Fevery, Frank Vanderhoydonc, Guido Verhoeven, Marc Decramer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Vascular endothelial cell growth factor is an autocrine promoter of abnormal localized immature myeloid precursors and leukemia progenitor formation in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: William T. Bellamy, Lynne Richter, Davuud Sirjani, Concepcion Roxas, Betty Glinsmann-Gibson, Yvette Frutiger, Thomas M. Grogan, Alan F. List
Journal: Blood (2001)
Back Pain: The History and Physical Examination
Authors: Michael Kelleher
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Deyo et al<sup>1</sup>report on the importance of history and physical examination findings in the assessment of patients with back pain. They are to be commended for emphasizing the limitations of expensive imaging studies in these patients and for identifying those historical and examination features that should be most helpful to the clinician. Their efforts to define a new pair of operating characteristics for test performance deserve scrutiny, however. The authors define "SpPin" as an acronym to remind the clinician that "when specificity is extremely high, a positive test result rules in the target disorder." But the authors' own data demonstrate that one can have a very high test specificity without a high positive predictive value. Consider, for example, the authors' data regarding use of fever as a test for spinal infection. Prevalence is defined as 0.01%, sensitivity is 0.83 for spinal epidural abscess, and specificity
Parents worried about their newborn's sleep need professionals to support, not patronise, them
Authors: N. A. Mir
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Ball’s editorial falls short of supporting parents by suggesting that parents need to learn coping strategies.1 The paper also implies that parents of breastfeeding infants are more likely to struggle with interrupted sleep.1

Parental expectations of babies’ sleep patterns have changed little in the past few decades. Many parents are pleasantly surprised and sometimes worried if the infant doesn’t wake …
Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lester B. Salans
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>Advances in Diabetes Research</h3> In recent years, there has been an enormous amount of progress in understanding and treating diabetes. Just a few years ago everyone thought of diabetes as a single disease. It is clear now that diabetes is a heterogeneous group of disorders, almost all of which have a genetic basis, but in which the genetic types vary. Not only does the insulin-dependent (juvenile onset) form of diabetes differ from non-insulin-dependent (maturity onset) diabetes, but even within each of these two types there appears to be heterogeneity. <h3>Genetics and Environment</h3> We know that insulin-dependent diabetes, for example, is associated with certain genetically determined histocompatibility antigens. The environment appears to determine whether this form of diabetes will be expressed clinically in the genetically susceptible individual. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes so far has not been associated with particular HLA antigens. Nevertheless, genetic factors clearly cause or contribute to this form of diabetes.
One-year follow-up results of the 1985-1986 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Registry.
Authors: K Detre, R Holubkov, S Kelsey, M Bourassa, D Williams, D Holmes, G Dorros, D Faxon, R Myler, K Kent
Journal: Circulation (1989)

In 1,801 patients in the 1985-1986 Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Registry, overall 1-year mortality was 3.2%, the 1-year myocardial infarction rate was 7.2%, and the 1-year coronary artery bypass surgery rate was 13.2%. In the 78% of the cohort with all lesions successfully dilated and without major procedural complications (successful patients), the corresponding rates were 1.9%, 2.6%, and 6.4%. Nearly 20% of all deaths, 40% of all infarctions, and 25% of all bypass operations occurred in the small subset of patients (6.8%) who sustained periprocedural occlusion. Event rates were higher in patients with multivessel disease than in those with one-vessel disease. At 1 year, angina-free status was reported by approximately three fourths of all surviving patients, regardless of initial success. However, compared with successful patients, unsuccessful patients underwent intervening bypass surgery (42% vs. 6%) to achieve asymptomatic status more frequently. Comparison of the 1-year event rates in the 1985-1986 registry with those in the 1977-1981 registry indicated reductions in all major untoward events. These reductions became apparent after controlling for the more extensive disease of the 1985-1986 registry patients. In contrast, use of repeat angioplasty has increased by 50%. We conclude that the improved initial results reported in the 1985-1986 registry cohort were maintained at 1-year follow-up.
Specific and nonspecific obstructive lung disease in childhood: causes of changes in the prevalence of asthma.
Authors: T A Platts-Mills, M C Carter, P W Heymann
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

Reversible airway obstruction in childhood includes two major groups of patients: those with recurrent wheezing following bronchiolitis in early childhood, and those with allergic asthma, which represents an increasingly large proportion of cases through the school years. Over the last 40 years of the 20th century, allergic asthma has increased in many countries and in relation to several different allergens. Although this increase has differed in magnitude in different countries and also in the social groups most affected, it has had several features in common. The increase generally started between 1960 and 1970, has been progressive since then, and has continued into the 1990s without a defined peak. Among children 5-18 years of age, the increase has predominantly been among allergic individuals. Theories about the causes of the increase in asthma have focused on two scenarios: a) that changes in houses combined with increased time spent indoors have increased exposure to relevant allergens, or b) that changes in diet, antibiotic use, immunizations, and the pattern of infections in childhood have led to a change in immune responsiveness such that a larger section of the population makes T(H)2, rather than T(H)1 responses including IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens. There are, however, problems with each of these theories and, in particular, none of the proposed changes can explain the progressive nature of the increase over 40 years. The fact that the change in asthma has much in common with epidemic increase in diseases such as Type II diabetes or obesity suggests that similar factors could be involved. Several lines of evidence are reviewed that suggest that the decline in physical activity of children, particularly those living in poverty in the United States, could have contributed to the rise in asthma. The hypothesis would be that the progressive loss of a lung-specific protective effect against wheezing has allowed allergic children to develop symptomatic asthma. What is clear is that current theories do not provide either an adequate explanation of the increase or a practical approach to reversing the current trend.