tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Smoking, lung function, and mortality
Authors: N R ANTHONISEN
Journal: Thorax (2000)

The Journal Impact Factors for 1999 have recently been released 1 and indicate that Thorax has again increased its impact factor, from 2.861 in 1998 to 3.437 in 1999.Thorax has thus further consolidated its position as the highest ranking specialist respiratory journal after the two American Thoracic Society publications.The position of Thorax in terms of impact factor relative to other selected specialist journals of similar or complementary interest is shown in the table.We are pleased to see this continued improvement in the international status of the journal, and thank all who have helped to achieve it.The ultimate determinant of the impact factor of the journal is the standard of the papers submitted to us.
The 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Helsinki
Authors: Joseph Millum, David Wendler, Ezekiel J. Emanuel
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Since 1964, through 7 revisions, the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki has stood as an important statement regarding the ethical principles guiding medical research with human participants. It is consulted by ethics review committees, funders, researchers, and research participants. It has been incorporated into national legislation and is routinely invoked to ascertain the ethical appropriateness of clinical trials.
Pretreatment serum FGF-23 levels predict the efficacy of calcitriol therapy in dialysis patients
Authors: Junichiro J. Kazama, Fuminori Sato, Kentaro Omori, Hitomi Hama, Suguru Yamamoto, Hiroki Maruyama, Ichiei Narita, Fumitake Gejyo, Takeyoshi Yamashita, Seiji Fukumoto, Masafumi Fukagawa
Journal: Kidney International (2005)
The Medical Clerkship
Authors: S M Mellinkoff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

In the past 40 years, the teaching of clinical medicine has changed greatly, but so gradually that only a dwindling number of medical educators can recall from their own experience the character of the changes.Setting aside as much as possible value judgments based on nostalgia — a serious risk in this process — let us consider how learning clinical medicine has changed since the end of the last world war. Obviously, there is now far more to be learned — so much more that cutting-edge expertise is attainable only through narrower and deeper specialization. Not all cardiologists use coronary . . .
Analysis of Clinical Methods Used to Evaluate Dyspnea in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: TAKASHI HAJIRO, KOICHI NISHIMURA, MITSUHIRO TSUKINO, AKIHIKO IKEDA, HIROSHI KOYAMA, TAKATERU IZUMI
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

When dyspnea must be assessed clinically, there are three methods of assessment: the measurement of dyspnea with activities of daily living using clinical dyspnea ratings such as the modified Medical Research Council (MRC), the Baseline Dyspnea Index (BDI), and the Oxygen Cost Diagram (OCD); the measurement of dyspnea during exercise using the Borg scale; to assess the influence of dyspnea on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using disease-specific questionnaires such as the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ). The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to clarify relationships between dyspnea ratings and HRQoL questionnaires by applying factor analysis. One hundred sixty-one patients with mild to severe COPD completed pulmonary function tests, progressive cycle ergometer testing for exercise capacity, assessment of dyspnea, HRQoL, anxiety, and depression. Factor analysis demonstrated that the MRC, BDI, OCD, and Activity of the SGRQ, and Dyspnea of the CRQ, were grouped into the same factor, and the frequency distribution histograms of these five measures showed virtually the same distribution. The Borg scale at the end of maximum exercise was found to be a different factor. The MRC, BDI, OCD, and Activity in the SGRQ, and Dyspnea in the CRQ demonstrated the same pattern of correlation with physiologic data, and they had significant relationships with FEV1 (correlation coefficients [Rs] = 0.31 to 0.48) and maximal oxygen uptake (Rs = 0.46 to 0.60). Disease-specific HRQoL questionnaires, the SGRQ and the CRQ, which contain a specific dimension for evaluating dyspnea, may be substituted for clinical dyspnea ratings in a cross-sectional assessment. Dyspnea rating at the end of exercise may provide further information regarding dyspnea.
Improving the Psychiatric Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes of Primary Care Physicians, 1950–2000: A Review
Authors: Brian Hodges, Cam Inch, Ivan Silver
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

The authors reviewed the literature on mental health education for primary care physicians and made recommendations for the design of educational programs and research.They searched the MEDLINE and PsycLIT databases from 1950 to 2000 by using a variety of key words and subjects.More than 400 articles were identified, ranging from empirical studies to philosophical articles. Many identified a perceptual gap between primary care and psychiatry as the basis for problems of contextual relevance in psychiatric education for primary care practitioners. There were few empirical studies; most reported only results of satisfaction surveys or simple tests of knowledge. Long-term outcomes were less positive; there were important negative findings.An extensive literature published over five decades identified a strong need for ongoing mental health training for primary care physicians. Helpful recommendations exist related to objectives, methods, and evaluation. However, there are organizational and attitudinal issues that may be equally or more important for educators to consider than the selection of educational methods.
Hatching Method for<i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>
Authors: Hugo Terner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

THE large shifting of population from the South to the North has confronted hospitals with new problems of parasitic infections imported from the tropics, one of which is schistosomiasis.A standard technic for the finding of the characteristic lateral-spined ova of Schistosoma mansoni is the sedimentation technic, as described by Shookhoff.1 About 30 to 100 gm. of feces is emulsified with tepid water, strained through surgical gauze (U.S.P., Type 111–28/24) into a conical glass and left standing for thirty minutes. The supernatant fluid is then poured off, and fresh water is added to the sediment. This process is . . .
Dynamic imaging of dendritic cell extension into the small bowel lumen in response to epithelial cell TLR engagement
Authors: Marcello Chieppa, Maria Rescigno, Alex Y.C. Huang, Ronald N. Germain
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

Cells lining the gastrointestinal tract serve as both a barrier to and a pathway for infectious agent entry. Dendritic cells (DCs) present in the lamina propria under the columnar villus epithelium of the small bowel extend processes across this epithelium and capture bacteria, but previous studies provided limited information on the nature of the stimuli, receptors, and signaling events involved in promoting this phenomenon. Here, we use immunohistochemical as well as dynamic explant and intravital two-photon imaging to investigate this issue. Analysis of CD11c-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or major histocompatibility complex CII-EGFP mice revealed that the number of trans-epithelial DC extensions, many with an unusual "balloon" shape, varies along the length of the small bowel. High numbers of such extensions were found in the proximal jejunum, but only a few were present in the terminal ileum. The extensions in the terminal ileum markedly increased upon the introduction of invasive or noninvasive Salmonella organisms, and chimeric mouse studies revealed the key role of MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling by nonhematopoietic (epithelial) elements in the DC extension response. Collectively, these findings support a model in which epithelial cell TLR signaling upon exposure to microbial stimuli induces active DC sampling of the gut lumen at sites distant from organized lymphoid tissues.
Asthma due to contaminated humidifiers.
Authors: A H van Assendelft
Journal: Thorax (1985)

Asthma due to contminated humidifiersSir,-I read with interest the article by Dr PS Burge and others (April 1985;40:248-54) about occupational asthma in a factory with a contaminated humidifier.Hochli in 1969' described asthmatic attacks provoked by office humidifiers in a 58 year old asthmatic patient, and by domestic humidifiers in a 68 year old merchant and a 10 year old girl, but occupational asthma caused only by humidifiers has not been described previously.Contaminated humidifiers mostly cause humidifier fever without changes in chest radiograph.Cases of extrinsic allergic alveolitis with pulmonary infiltrates have, however, been reported not only from the United States but also from Switzerland23 and Finland4 In these cases the disease was caused by Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Aspergillus fimigatus, amoebae, and possibly mites.
Anaemia of Hypopituitarism
Authors: V. K. Summers
Journal: BMJ (1952)

modifying the response of the organ to the sympathetic transmitter seems to be finally established.It is pleasant to point out that these observations are in full agreement with the evidence and views of Blaschko and his colleagues put forward in 1937 and of Gaddum in the following year.The action of cocaine seems to be similar to that of ephedrine and to consist also in an inhibition of amine oxidase.The effect of thyroid feeding in diminishing the amine oxidase in the liver furnishes an explanation for old observa- tions not only on the physiological but also on the clinical side.In the thyroid-fed animal adrenaline produces a greater hyperglycaemia than in the normal animal, and the work of Marks (1925) brought this fact into relation with the diminished sugar tolerance of hyperthyroid patients.Because of the fall of amine oxidase in the liver, the extent of the glycogenolysis which occurs as a result of a given sympathetic stimulus is supernormal.Perhaps of greater import is the evidence that thyroid feeding causes a fall in the amine oxidase in the blood vessels, and that this fall is accompanied by a raised blood pressure and a raised sensitivity to the pressor action of adrenaline.These observations implicate amine oxidase in the control of blood pressure in the clearest manner, and show that changes in the amount of this enzyme or in the factors which modify its activity must be carefully considered in relation to hypertension. SummaryAt the vagus nerve endings and at motor nerve endings in skeletal muscle the enzyme cholinesterase is present.Evidence is shown that there is a corresponding enzyme, amine oxidase, around the sympathetic nerve endings in the blood vessels, the nictitating mem- brane, and the iris of the cat.This enzyme destroys the sympathetic transmitter, noradrenaline, more rapidly than it destroys adrenaline.The enzyme declines in amount after denervation, and in the nictitating mem- brane during the first ten days the decline is propor- tional to the increase in sensitivity to noradrenaline.Later the amount of enzyme is restored both in nicti- tating membrane and in the blood vessels.The amount of amine oxidase in the liver is reduced by thyroid feeding and increased by thyroidectomy.These changes probably explain the greater hyper- glycaemia which adrenaline produces in the thyroid-fed animal.The amount of amine oxidase in the blood vessels is reduced by thyroid feeding.This is correlated with a rise in the blood pressure and an increase in the pressor effect of adrenaline.
Bacterial Flora of the Vagina During the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: CHARLES B. SMITH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

The recent association of menstruation, tampon use, and staphylococcal infection with toxic shock syndrome led us to study the association of menstruation and catamenial product use with changes in vaginal flora. Cultures of the cervical os were obtained in midcycle and during menstruation from 12 women who used napkins and 40 women who used tampons. Staphylococcus aureus was found during midcycle and menstruation in three women, during menstruation alone in six, and during midcycle alone in none, indicating a significant association of S. aureus with menstruation (p = 0.04). No difference was found in the rate of S. aureus colonization during menstruation in tampon users (18%) and napkin users (17%). In a similar study, cultures were taken for S. aureus and other aerobic bacteria from 58 tampon users and 25 users of sea sponges. Staphylococcal colonization was found to be increased during menstruation in both groups. Among the cultures done during menstruation, those from users of sea sponges were found to have significantly higher colonization rates with S. aureus, Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. The association of sea sponges with a high rate of S. aureus colonization suggests that they are not an alternative to tampons for women seeking to decrease the risk of toxic shock syndrome.
Will the increasing prevalence of atopy have a favourable impact on rheumatoid arthritis?
Authors: J S H GASTON
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1998)

See article on page 275 

Changes in the prevalence or incidence of certain diseases over time are likely to provide clues to pathogenesis. While we rheumatologists worry from time to time about the possible disappearance of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), one of our major reasons for getting up in the morning,1 2 our colleagues in the chest and allergy clinics have no such anxieties, presiding as they do over a substantial increase in the prevalence of asthma and other atopic disorders.3 Particularly striking have been the changes, over comparatively short periods of time, in the prevalence of atopic disorders in countries of the former Eastern bloc, particularly East Germany, where relative genetic homogeneity of the populations in the former East Germany and West Germany makes comparisons particularly telling. Thus despite heavy levels of atmospheric pollution in the east, which would have been thought likely to exacerbate respiratory diseases, the prevalence of asthma was found to be considerably higher in the less polluted west.4 A more recent study shows that only four years after the fall of communism, the prevalence of hay fever and atopy were measurably increased in Leipzig schoolchildren.5 The slogan that has emerged from such observations is that, with respect to atopic disorders, “civilisation is bad for you”, civilisation being a synonym for western lifestyle.6 What are the likely reasons for this, and why would they be of interest to rheumatologists?

To explain the rheumatology interest requires a little immunological background. One of the main advances in immunology in the past decade has been the realisation that recognition of antigen by T lymphocyte can lead to quite different outcomes, depending on the set of cytokines made by the responding T cell.7 Two such sets have been defined, and the cells making them termed …
S-adenosylmethionine and betaine correct hepatitis C virus induced inhibition of interferon signaling<i>in vitro</i>
Authors: Francois H. T. Duong, Verena Christen, Magdalena Filipowicz, Markus H. Heim
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of chronic liver disease. Standard therapy, pegylated interferon α (pegIFNα) combined with ribavirin, results in a sustained response rate in approximately half of patients. The cause of treatment failure in the other half of the patients is unknown, but viral interference with IFNα signal transduction through the Jak-STAT pathway might be an important factor. We have shown previously that the expression of HCV proteins leads to an impairment of Jak-STAT signaling because of an inhibition of STAT1 methylation. Unmethylated STAT1 is less active because it can be bound and inactivated by its inhibitor, protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1). We show that treating cells with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) and betaine could restore STAT1 methylation and improve IFNα signaling. Furthermore, the antiviral effect of IFNα in cell culture could be significantly enhanced by the addition of AdoMet and betaine. In conclusion, we propose that the addition of these drugs to the standard therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis C could overcome treatment resistance. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;43:796–806.)
Sulphathiazole Insufflations as Treatment of Gonococcal Vaginitis
Authors: O. Browne
Journal: BMJ (1943)

<h3>Abstract</h3> A major goal in synthetic development is to design and construct gene regulatory circuits that control the patterning and morphogenesis of synthetic multicellular structures. In natural development, an interplay between mechanical and chemical communication shapes the dynamics of gene regulatory circuits that underlie patterning and morphogenesis. However, for synthetic gene circuits, how the non-genetic properties of the growth environment impact circuit behavior remains poorly understood. Here, we describe an occurrence of mechano-chemical coupling in synthetic contact-dependent synNotch patterning circuits demonstrating that cell density modulates the transduction of signal between a sender and receiver cell. By exploiting density-dependent signaling, we construct multicellular signal propagation circuits with synNotch and control the patterning outcome both temporally and spatially via cell density gradients established in vitro via plating or small-molecule mediated modulation of proliferation. Our work demonstrates that synthetic gene circuits can be critically impacted by their context, providing an alternate means for programming multi-cellular circuit patterning outcomes.
Plasma Cholesterol Concentration
Authors: Meyer Friedman
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Today, a plasma cholesterol determination is considered necessary in any general examination of an adult. The exact clinical significance, however, of even a normal plasma cholesterol level is almost as much a mystery today as it was four decades ago. Indeed we still do not know of any absolutely necessary function that cholesterol in plasma performs. Even its demonstrated conversion into bile acid or into steroidal hormones does not appear to be an exclusive, or even necessary, mode for the production of these substances. Like urate, plasma cholesterol also may represent a biologically superfluous waste product, discharged by myriads of intracellular steroid reactions throughout the body. We also have no proof that an abnormal plasma cholesterol level necessarily results from some disorder in either the anabolic or catabolic phases of cholesterol metabolism itself. Actually, the aqueous solubility of cholesterol itself is so minute in the absence of its triglyceride-phosphatide-protein congeners
Absence of a Primary Division of the Pulmonary Trunk
Authors: CESARE E. CUCCI, EUGENIE F. DOYLE, ELMORE W. LEWIS
Journal: Circulation (1964)

An ontogenetic theory is proposed to explain the absence of a primary division of the pulmonary trunk on the basis of an error in the septation of the truncus arteriosus, and the two common varieties of the syndrome are discussed in detail. It is suggested that: Both lateral pulmonary arteries are present in this syndrome, but one of them arises anomalously from the systemic circulation. The aberrant origin of one lateral pulmonary artery derives from the dorsal shifting of one of the two ridges responsible for the septation of the truncus arteriosus. The sixth arch on the side of the dorsorotated truncal ridge then becomes incorporated into the newly formed ascending aorta. The combination of tetralogy of Fallot, right aortic arch, and absent left primary pulmonary division results from a single primordial error: a dorsorotation of the left ridge extending throughout the truncoconus. The initial portion of the aberrant (systemic) pulmonary artery may obliterate postnatally, thus impairing maturation of the terminal portion. This would explain the frequent failure to demonstrate the artery by angiography and, occasionally, at dissection.
Truthfulness and Personal Disclosure in the Physician–Patient Relationship
Authors: David Lewis
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Letters21 October 2008Truthfulness and Personal Disclosure in the Physician–Patient RelationshipDavid Lewis, BMedSc(Hon), MBBSDavid Lewis, BMedSc(Hon), MBBSFrom Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-149-8-200810210-00014 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I enjoyed the recent essay by Agrawal (1) but remain concerned about half-truths and outright lying to patients. What we do in our personal lives really should have no part in the consultation.I was away from my practice for 8 months due to critical illness after bypass surgery in September 2007. My patients had missed me. Now I am returning, and many consultations begin with “How are you, doctor?” It is difficult for me to reply honestly because my role is to be “the doctor.” Most of my patients are not really interested to learn of ...Reference1. Agrawal A. Lies to a patient. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:707. [PMID: 18458285] LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoLies to a Patient Abha Agrawal Truthfulness and Personal Disclosure in the Physician–Patient Relationship Dean Blakeley Truthfulness and Personal Disclosure in the Physician–Patient Relationship David R. Fulp Truthfulness and Personal Disclosure in the Physician–Patient Relationship Abha Agrawal Metrics Cited bySolid-State and Solution Structure of a Hypervalent AX5 Compound: Sb(C6F5)5Solid-State and Solution Structure of a Hypervalent AX5 Compound: Sb(C6F5)5 21 October 2008Volume 149, Issue 8Page: 593KeywordsCholesterolConflicts of interestDeceptionDisclosureFrailtyLungsPainPosttraumatic stress disorderSleepSurgery ePublished: 21 October 2008 Issue Published: 21 October 2008 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2008 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...