tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
TREATMENT IN THE TOXAEMIAS OF PREGNANCY
Authors: G. I. Strachan
Journal: BMJ (1918)

THE exact pathology of thie various toxaemias of pregnancy, althouglh so searchingly investigated of recent years, is still obscure, and for tlhis reason alone treatment can lhardly be expected to be perfect in the present state of knowledge; yet it is esgential that these conditions slhould be tlhorouglhly m-et, as nione in all obstetrics are itmore serious, eitlher immediatelv or remnotely.In this paper I wisih to refer to tlhe treattmlent of onVI the fully developed conditions-hyperemesis, alburminuria, eclampsia, anid thle like-but it must constanitly be kept in mind that this is only second best, no matter how successful the result may be.Best of all is prevention.Thiis view is beoomxiing daily more generally accepted by the profession, and even by thio la.public, and it is reasonable to expect a lesser incidence of thes oonditions in thje future.For various reasons, lhowever, thiese cases are often notpresented for treatment until thie toxaemia Is fully de- veloped, and thien the most active measures are required to successfully combat the disease.'lreatnont must always rest on the basis that the womnan is pregnant, and thlat therefore, if the pregnancy be ended, thle origin of the toxaetnia will be reiboved.If the pregnancy is to be terininated, this must be done sufficiently early, and not put off until the patient be in danger of losing hier life.Anothter point arising out of the previous considerations is that the treatment of tlhese various toxaemias may, and indeed must, run on similar lines, tlle variations beiing minor and according to' special circuugtances.This is especiallytrue because at present it is quite uncertain how far these various conditions are separato entities ormerely manifestations, differentt in degree or character, of the one disease.If we classify mnethodg of treatment as on the onelhand lpalliative anid on tile otlier radical and operative.it will be seen tlht thle individual variations of treattnent will occur imiainly in the palliative dlasses, the radical or opetative umasures practically resolving tlhemnselves into the emptying of mlhe uterus.In echampsia sedatives are urgently indicated on account of the fits.On this all are agreed, but not on the individual sedative or dosage.Morplhine, the nmost potent of these drugs, is probably the best if properlyused, altlhough Bumnm and Jardine are averse to it; but Williamis, '1 weedy, Galabin, Eden, and especially Stroganoff, strongly recommend it.Galabin gave no more than 2 grains twenity-fourlhours, while Tweedy administered it until the respirations oane down to seven per minute.A satisfactory and safe routine in my experienice is to give + gr. or gr. at first, to repeat, if necessary, the smiialler dose in two lhours, and, again if necessary, after anotlher two lours, but not to giveinore than thlree doses unlless somue special indicationbe present.Usually a imiost satisfactory result
An Experiment in Mass Radiography
Authors: J. B. Cochran, W. B. Fletcher, C. Clayson
Journal: BMJ (1959)

AN EXP ~~~~~~~~~grup.6~f fve: wards, owhich' two Wer-ntnivl : ; Rn-v - -isited when x-raying began.The divison of ' these -five wards was planned to maintain a numerical and economic balance.
Effect of Nitrazepam in Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis
Authors: J. Gaddie, J. S. Legge, K. N. V. Palmer, J. C. Petrie, R. A. Wood
Journal: BMJ (1972)

The effect of nitrazepam on ventilatory capacity and arterial blood gas tensions was studied in a double-blind controlled crossover trial in six patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis in ventilatory failure (raised Paco<sub>2</sub>). Nitrazepam produced a fall in ventilatory capacity and worsening of the ventilatory failure. In the sixth patient, while on the active drug, the Pao<sub>2</sub> fell from 48 to 35 mm Hg while the Paco<sub>2</sub> tension rose from 59·5 to 68 mm Hg. It is suggested that nitrazepam is contraindicated in patients with severe chronic obstructive bronchitis.
Salt Intake and Salt Need
Authors: Lewis K. Dahl
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

IN medieval England, salt was so precious that to be placed "above the salt" at table was a mark of favor and rank.1 By contrast, in modern society a household must be wretched indeed in which the low-liest individual cannot add salt to every mouthful of food. This widespread use of salt has received surprisingly little attention from nutritionists: indeed, in most nutritional surveys salt is not mentioned or is noted only in passing.2 Because of the increasing evidence that salt ingestion is related to the development of hypertension in human beings3 4 5 6 7 there is need for a general assessment of . . .
Infection Management and Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Nursing Home Residents With Advanced Dementia
Authors: Susan L. Mitchell, Michele L. Shaffer, Mark B. Loeb, Jane L. Givens, Daniel Habtemariam, Dan K. Kiely, Erika D’Agata
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

Infection management in advanced dementia has important implications for (1) providing high-quality care to patients near the end of life and (2) minimizing the public health threat posed by the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs).Prospective cohort study of 362 residents with advanced dementia and their health care proxies in 35 Boston area nursing homes for up to 12 months.Data were collected to characterize suspected infections, use of antimicrobial agents (antimicrobials), clinician counseling of proxies about antimicrobials, proxy preference for the goals of care, and colonization with MDROs (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria). Main outcomes were (1) proportion of suspected infections treated with antimicrobials that met minimum clinical criteria to initiate antimicrobial treatment based on consensus guidelines and (2) cumulative incidence of MDRO acquisition among noncolonized residents at baseline.The cohort experienced 496 suspected infections; 72.4% were treated with antimicrobials, most commonly quinolones (39.8%) and third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins (20.6%). At baseline, 94.8% of proxies stated that comfort was the primary goal of care, and 37.8% received counseling from clinicians about antimicrobial use. Minimum clinical criteria supporting antimicrobial treatment initiation were present for 44.0% of treated episodes and were more likely when proxies were counseled about antimicrobial use (adjusted odds ratio, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08-1.86) and when the infection source was not the urinary tract (referent). Among noncolonized residents at baseline, the cumulative incidence of MDRO acquisition at 1 year was 48%. Acquisition was associated with exposure (>1 day) to quinolones (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.89; 95% CI, 1.28-2.81) and third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins (AHR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.04-2.40).Antimicrobials are prescribed for most suspected infections in advanced dementia but often in the absence of minimum clinical criteria to support their use. Colonization with MDROs is extensive in nursing homes and is associated with exposure to quinolones and third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. A more judicious approach to infection management may reduce unnecessary treatment in these frail patients, who most often have comfort as their primary goal of care, and the public health threat of MDRO emergence.
Racial Perceptions in the Army: An Approach
Authors: JONATHAN F. BORUS, M. DUNCAN STANTON, BYRON G. FIMAN, ALBERT F. DOWD
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1972)

In order to assess racial attitudes and perceptions of Army life, the authors developed and administered the Racial Perceptions Inventory (RPI) to two widely different military populations (N = 471). The findings demonstrate a significant difference in the racial perceptions of black and white soldiers at different positions in the Army chain of command, with black soldiers perceiving substantially more discrimination in the military. The authors discuss possible causes of this differential perception and the potential uses of the RPI to stimulate change in major social institutions.
The 'Older' Doctor
Authors: James A. Cowan
Journal: JAMA (1988)

My first practice was with an older doctor. It took me only a few weeks to realize that the man was a buffoon at best, perhaps even incompetent. I had recently completed my training at an academic medical center, and I saw quickly that my older partner wasted valuable time listening to silly things his patients told him, that he failed to order all the tests that were needed to nail down a diagnosis, that he used treatments I knew were years out-of-date. Amazingly, his patients seemed to thrive on his mismanagement. His success was undeniable: after all, he needed me, his new associate, to help out. Nevertheless, I was determined to show him how medicine should be practiced. I settled down to apply all I had learned during my seven years of training. I ordered lots of tests, enough to confirm diagnoses beyond any shadow of a doubt. I
Epidemiology and risk factors for hepatitis C in Alaska Natives
Authors: Brian J. McMahon, Thomas W. Hennessy, Carol Christensen, Dana Bruden, Daniel G. Sullivan, Chriss Homan, Heike Deubner, Michael G. Bruce, Stephen Livingston, James Williams, David R. Gretch
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Large cohorts of persons infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) that include patients with multiple risk exposures and behaviors have been rarely reported. We herein describe a population-based cohort of 759 Alaska Natives (AN) with HCV who were recruited into a long-term follow-up study. History of injection drug use (IDU) was reported by 60.1% and blood transfusion by 14.0%. The most common genotype was 1a (42.0%), followed by 1b (20.3%), 2b (14.7%), 3a (14.3%), and 2a (7.8%). By multivariable analysis, risk exposures (blood transfusion vs. other; P &lt; 0.01; odds ratio [OR], 2.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-5.45) and year of infection ( P &lt; 0.01; OR, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.34-8.96) were significantly associated with HCV RNA-positivity. Having an RNA concentration ≥2 million copies/mL was associated with male gender (OR, 1.94) and genotype ( P &lt; 0.01 overall; 1a vs. 3a: OR, 1.92; 2b vs. 3a: OR, 3.17) by multivariable analysis. In conclusion, the two principal risk exposures for AN infected with HCV (IDU and blood transfusion) are the same as the overall U.S. population. Persons with a history of blood transfusion were more likely to be HCV RNA positive than those without such history. Higher RNA levels found in males may explain the more severe disease previously reported in this group. (Hepatology 2004;39:325-332.)
Screening for sickle cell disease and thalassaemia saving lives
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The NHS programme for screening newborn babies for sickle cell disease and thalassaemia now covers more than half of England and is on target to reach all newborn babies by March 2005.

   ![][1] 

A mother watches as a sample of blood is taken from her baby's heel 

Credit: RUTH JENKINSON/MOTHER AND BABY

The programme, which was included in the NHS Plan in 2000 after years of lobbying from doctors and patient groups, was …

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Beclomethasone Dipropionate: A New Steroid Aerosol for the Treatment of Allergic Asthma
Authors: H. M. Brown, G. Storey, W. H. S. George
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Beclomethasone dipropionate was used in pressurized aerosols for the treatment of 60 cases of chronic allergic asthma for up to 15 months. Twenty-eight out of 37 cases were transferred to this treatment after being dependent on oral steroids for up to 16 years. Nineteen out of 23 other asthmatics not dependent on steroids were also completely controlled. No biochemical evidence of adrenal suppression was found. Steroid withdrawal symptoms were often a problem, suggesting absence of systemic absorption. The precise mode of action and metabolic fate of this corticosteroid are not yet known.
Not by thoughts alone: How language supersizes the cognitive toolkit
Authors: Hans IJzerman, Francesco Foroni
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Abstract We propose that Vaesen's target article (a) underestimates the role of language in humans' cognitive toolkit and thereby (b) overestimates the proposed cognitive discontinuity between chimps and humans. We provide examples of labeling, numerical computation, executive control, and the relation between language and body, concluding that language plays a crucial role in “supersizing humans' cognitive toolkit.”
Induction of a cationic shift in IgG anti-DNA autoantibodies. Role of T helper cells with classical and novel phenotypes in three murine models of lupus nephritis.
Authors: S K Datta, H Patel, D Berry
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

We investigated the underlying mechanisms of systemic autoimmune disease in MRL-+/+, (NZB X NZW)F1, and (NZB X SWR)F1 mice, since these strains develop glomerulonephritis without the superimposition of any secondary lupus-accelerating genes. All three strains manifested a common immunoregulatory defect specific for the production of pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibodies that are of IgG class and cationic in charge. At or just before the age they began to develop lupus nephritis, spleen cells of the mice contained a subpopulation of Th cells that selectively induced their B cells in vitro to produce highly cationic IgG autoantibodies to both single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). By contrast, T cells from younger preautoimmune mice were incapable of providing this help. Moreover, only B cells of the older lupus mice could be induced to secrete cationic anti-DNA antibodies of IgG class. B cells of young lupus mice could not produce the cationic autoantibodies even with the help of T cells from the older mice, nor upon stimulation with mitogens. In the older lupus mice we found two sets of Th cells that spontaneously induced the cationic shift in autoantibodies; one set belonged to the classical Th category with L3T4+,Lyt-2- phenotype, whereas the other surprisingly belonged to a double-negative (L3T4-,Lyt-2-), Lyt-1+ subpopulation. The latter set of unusual Th cells were unexpected in these lupus mice since they lacked the lpr (lympho-proliferation) gene. Thus three apparently different murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus possess a common underlying mechanism specific for the spontaneous production of pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibodies.
Attitudes about Guidelines
Authors: Tonya Hongsermeier
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Letters1 November 1994Attitudes about GuidelinesTonya Hongsermeier, MDTonya Hongsermeier, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-121-9-199411010-00026 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:The study by Tunis and colleagues [1] and the accompanying editorial [2] shed much light on the increasing popularity of clinical guidelines (particularly in managed care) and on the ambivalent attitudes of physicians who have access to them.Our profession must prepare for the “Brave New World” of medical practice that is rapidly encroaching on us. In the near future, physicians may conduct all encounters with patients carrying a pocket-sized computer clipboard. The computerized patient records may all be housed in the servers of the payers. When the patient's record is entered into the clipboard, the physician ...References1. Tunis SR, Hayward RS, Wilson MC, Rubin HR, Bass EB, Johnston M, et al. Internists' attitudes about clinical practice guidelines. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120:956-63. Google Scholar2. Dans PE. Credibility, cookbook medicine, and common sense: guidelines and the College (Editorial). Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120:966-8. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1994Volume 121, Issue 9Page: 725-726KeywordsAlgorithmsComputersComputing systemsDrug interactionsForecasting Issue Published: 1 November 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Air pollution is worse in London than in north of England, Public Health England says
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Traditional patterns of air pollution seem to have been turned on their head. In the north of England, the cradle of industrialisation and the home of William Blake’s dark satanic mills, air is now healthier than in London. 

For example, of 724 deaths in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, in 2010, 28 (3.9%) were attributable to particulate air pollution, whereas in London’s borough of Kensington and Chelsea 68 of 824 deaths (8.3%) were attributed to this cause. In greater London as a whole 7.1% of deaths in 2010 (3389 of 47 998) were attributable to particulate air pollution, while in Yorkshire and Humber the proportion was 5.3% (2567 of 48 534 deaths).

The figures come from an …
Do Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Reduce the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease?
Authors: John C.S. Breitner, Peter P. Zandi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

In this issue of the Journal, in 't Veld and colleagues1 report the results of a long-term prospective study of the relation between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the onset of Alzheimer's disease. This important article appears to resolve puzzling conflicts among the results of prior studies of the possible neuroprotective effects of NSAIDs.The dementia of Alzheimer's disease has an insidious onset and a gradually progressive course. Although the pathogenesis of the disease remains controversial, the process is widely thought to begin in midlife or earlier, decades before the appearance of symptoms. At that point, largely . . .
Stimulation of colorectal cancer cell line growth by ET-1 and its inhibition by ETA antagonists
Authors: H Ali
Journal: Gut (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> The vasoactive peptide endothelin 1 (ET-1) acts via two receptors, endothelin receptors A (ET<sub>A</sub>) and B (ET<sub>B</sub>). ET-1 is overexpressed by human cancers in vivo and in vitro and may be mitogenic for cancer cells. <h3>METHOD</h3> To elucidate if ET-1 is a growth regulator the following were investigated in human colorectal cancer cell lines (LIM1215 and HT29): ET-1 production by ELISA; ET receptor expression using radioligand autoradiographic techniques; and responsiveness to ET-1, and to ET<sub>A</sub> and ET<sub>B</sub> antagonism by growth measurements. <h3>RESULTS</h3> ET-1 was produced by LIM1215 and HT29 cells (21.3 and 41.7 fmol/ml/10<sup>6</sup> cells (24 hours); 22.6 and 71.7 fmol/ml/10<sup>6</sup> cells (48 hours), respectively). ET<sub>A</sub> and ET<sub>B</sub> receptors were expressed by both cell lines. Addition of ET-1 resulted in a dose dependent increase in cell numbers which was significant at 10<sup>−8</sup>–10<sup>−9</sup> M for LIM1215, with the greatest increase at 10<sup>−8</sup> M (32.7% and 28.4% increase above controls at 48 hours and 72 hours; p&lt;0.05) and at 10<sup>−8</sup>–10<sup>−9</sup> M for HT29, with the greatest increase at 10<sup>−9</sup> M (13.4% and 15.7% increase above controls at 48 hours and 72 hours; p&lt;0.05). ET<sub>A</sub>antagonists BQ123 and BQ610, but not the ET<sub>B</sub> antagonist BQ788, inhibited ET-1 induced proliferation of both LIM1215 and HT29 (p&lt;0.05). <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> ET-1 can stimulate the proliferation of colorectal cancer cell lines via the ET<sub>A</sub>, but not the ET<sub>B</sub>, receptor.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in the blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia: An indicator of response to vincristine and prednisone therapy
Authors: Masao Tanaka, Tsuguhiro Kaneda, Yutaka Hirota, Shonen Yoshida, Koichi Kitajima
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1980)

Abstract Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity was assayed in leukemic cells of 34 patients in blastic phase of Philadelphia‐positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The TdT levels were correlated with the response to vincristine and prednisone therapy. None of 20 TdT‐negative patients, but 10 of 14 TdT‐positive patients responded to vincristine and prednisone. There was poor correlation between blast cell morphology and response to this therapy. This study confirms that TdT levels in the majority of patients predict effectiveness of vincristine and prednisone therapy in blastic phase of CML.
FluNet as a Tool for Global Monitoring of Influenza on the Web
Authors: Antoine Flahault
Journal: JAMA (1998)

In collaboration with the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed an Internet application linking the global WHO network of influenza centers (FluNet; http://oms.b3e.jussieu.fr/flunet/). During 1997, 22 pilot centers entered data on influenza activity and viral laboratory results directly into FluNet via secured access. In addition, 54 centers sent data to WHO for entry. Four countries (the Russian Federation, Romania, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) reported widespread outbreaks of at least 4 weeks' duration. The FluNet server ran 24 hours a day without interruption. To improve management and enhance standardization of reporting, this early-alert system for the global monitoring of influenza provides international and national authorities, the public, and the media with full access to real-time epidemiological and virological information.
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis induced by Z alpha-1 antitrypsin via inhibition of bad
Authors: Stanley D.W. Miller, Catherine M. Greene, Caitriona McLean, Matthew W. Lawless, Clifford C. Taggart, Shane J. O'Neill, Noel G. McElvaney
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Z alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a genetic disease associated with accumulation of misfolded AAT in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes. ZAAT-expressing cells display ER stress responses including nuclear factor kappaB activation and apoptosis. Using an in vitro model of ZAAT ER accumulation, we investigated the mechanism of ZAAT-mediated ER-induced apoptosis and evaluated methods to inhibit this process. Here we demonstrate that expression of ZAAT, but not normal MAAT, in HEK293 cells leads to cleavage and activation of caspase-4 and induces apoptosis that is characterized by activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7 and DNA fragmentation. Similar effects are also induced using the ER agonist thapsigargin. A caspase-4–specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) does not impair ZAAT-induced caspase-3/7 activation or cell death in these cells. However, inhibition studies performed using tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) demonstrate its ability to inhibit caspase-4 and caspase-3/7 activation, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 cleavage induced by ZAAT and to promote cell survival. The mechanism by which TUDCA (tauroursodeoxycholic acid) promotes cell survival in ZAAT-expressing cells involves phosphorylation and inactivation of the proapoptotic factor Bad. TUDCA is unable to rescue cells from apoptosis or phosphorylate Bad in the presence of LY294002, a selective P-I-3-kinase inhibitor. Conclusion: These data show that caspase-4 is not essential for ZAAT-induced apoptosis in HEK293 cells and implicates P-I-3-kinase and Bad as potential therapeutic targets for the liver disease associated with ZAAT deficiency. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)