tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Intermediate-Term Clinical Outcome Following Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization in Patients With Refractory Angina Pectoris
Authors: C. K. Landolfo, K. P. Landolfo, G. C. Hughes, E. R. Coleman, R. B. Coleman, J. E. Lowe
Journal: Circulation (1999)

This study was conducted to examine the intermediate-term clinical outcomes in patients with refractory angina pectoris treated with transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) at our institution. TMR is an alternative surgical technique for the treatment of myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris not amenable to conventional percutaneous or surgical revascularization. Limited data exist evaluating the natural history and duration of clinical improvement in angina pectoris following TMR.Thirty-four patients with severe coronary artery disease unsuitable for treatment with standard revascularization techniques underwent TMR in myocardial regions determined to be ischemic by preoperative SPECT (201)Tl perfusion imaging following dipyridamole stress. Patients were assessed postoperatively at 3, 6, and 12 months for clinical outcomes including death, myocardial infarction, functional class of angina pectoris, and hospitalizations for unstable angina. Myocardial perfusion imaging by (201)Tl scintigraphy was also assessed at these temporal end points. Overall mortality at 1 year was 14.7% (n=5). Nonfatal myocardial infarction occurred in 3 patients (8.8%). Among the patients with complete 12-month follow-up (n =27), mean anginal class improved from 3.5+/-0. 5 pre-TMR to 2.8+/-0.7 and 2.5+/-0.7 at 3 and 6 months, respectively, and 2.8+/-0.9 at 12 months. Overall improvement in angina pectoris was sustained at 1 year by at least one functional class in 50% of patients. Mean hospitalizations per year for unstable angina declined from 2.4+/-1.6 pre-TMR to 1.7+/-2.0 post-TMR (P=0.01). There was no significant improvement in perfusion by SPECT (201)Tl imaging at any temporal end point post-TMR.Despite the lack of demonstrable improvement in perfusion by SPECT (201)Tl imaging, TMR improved the functional class of angina pectoris in patients with end stage coronary artery disease to a modest degree. Although the maximal benefit in symptoms occurred at 6 months post-TMR, mild sustained clinical improvement above baseline was evident in 50% of patients at 1 year.
More on group selection and human behavior
Authors: David Sloan Wilson, Elliott Sober
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract The six commentaries raise five issues about multi-level selection theory that we attempt to address: (1) replicators without vehicles, (2) group selection and movement between groups, (3) absolute versus relative fitness, (4) group-level psychological adaptions, and (5) multi-level selection as a predictive theory.
In Silico analysis of Gastric carcinoma Serial Analysis of Gene Expression libraries reveals different profiles associated with ethnicity
Authors: Francisco J Ossandon, Cynthia Villarroel, Francisco Aguayo, Eudocia Santibanez, Naohide Oue, Wataru Yasui, Alejandro H Corvalan
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2008)

Abstract Worldwide gastric carcinoma has marked geographical variations and worse outcome in patients from the West compared to the East. Although these differences has been explained by better diagnostic criteria, improved staging methods and more radical surgery, emerging evidence supports the concept that gene expression differences associated to ethnicity might contribute to this disparate outcome. Here, we collected datasets from 4 normal and 11 gastric carcinoma Serial Gene Expression Analysis (SAGE) libraries from two different ethnicities. All normal SAGE libraries as well as 7 tumor libraries were from the West and 4 tumor libraries were from the East. These datasets we compare by Correspondence Analysis and Support Tree analysis and specific differences in tags expression were identified by Significance Analysis for Microarray. Tags to gene assignments were performed by CGAP-SAGE Genie or TAGmapper. The analysis of global transcriptome shows a clear separation between normal and tumor libraries with 90 tags differentially expressed. A clear separation was also found between the West and the East tumor libraries with 54 tags differentially expressed. Tags to gene assignments identified 15 genes, 5 of them with significant higher expression in the West libraries in comparison to the East libraries. qRT-PCR in cell lines from west and east origin confirmed these differences. Interestingly, two of these genes have been associated to aggressiveness (COL1A1 and KLK10). In conclusion we found that in silico analysis of SAGE libraries from two different ethnicities reveal differences in gene expression profile. These expression differences might contribute to explain the disparate outcome between the West and the East.
BRAIN WORK AND BRAIN IMAGING
Authors: Marcus E. Raichle, Mark A. Mintun
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2006)

Functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging has been used extensively to map regional changes in brain activity. The signal used by both techniques is based on changes in local circulation and metabolism (brain work). Our understanding of the cell biology of these changes has progressed greatly in the past decade. New insights have emerged on the role of astrocytes in signal transduction as has an appreciation of the unique contribution of aerobic glycolysis to brain energy metabolism. Likewise our understanding of the neurophysiologic processes responsible for imaging signals has progressed from an assumption that spiking activity (output) of neurons is most relevant to one focused on their input. Finally, neuroimaging, with its unique metabolic perspective, has alerted us to the ongoing and costly intrinsic activity within brain systems that most likely represents the largest fraction of the brain's functional activity.
Retroviral activation of interleukin 2 gene in a gibbon ape T cell lymphoma line.
Authors: D B Durand, M Kamoun, C A Norris, N J Holbrook, J S Greengard, G R Crabtree, J A Kant
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

The gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLVSF)-infected T cell line, MLA 144, was established from the lymphoma of a gibbon ape. The cell line constitutively expresses IL-2 and its receptor, implying that an autocrine mechanism could be responsible for or contribute toward its growth. To explore the mechanism of constitutive IL-2 expression in MLA 144, we have isolated and characterized cosmid clones representing a normal and a doubly inserted IL-2 allele in this cell line. The map of the normal MLA 144 IL-2 allele closely resembles that of the normal human IL-2 gene. The abnormal allele contains a 3' insertion that is a GaLVSF provirus with two long terminal repeats (LTR) and an internal 3.25 kb deletion. At the 5' end of the abnormal allele is a second insertion that DNA sequencing showed to be an isolated GaLVSF LTR with a transcriptional orientation opposing that of the IL-2 gene. We demonstrate by Northern blotting analysis that the vast majority of transcripts are from the abnormal allele, implying that one or both retroviral insertions are responsible for constitutive expression of the allele.
Regulation of humoral and cellular gut immunity by lamina propria dendritic cells expressing Toll-like receptor 5
Authors: Satoshi Uematsu, Kosuke Fujimoto, Myoung Ho Jang, Bo-Gie Yang, Yun-Jae Jung, Mika Nishiyama, Shintaro Sato, Tohru Tsujimura, Masafumi Yamamoto, Yoshifumi Yokota, Hiroshi Kiyono, Masayuki Miyasaka, Ken J Ishii, Shizuo Akira
Journal: Nature Immunology (2008)
Herbert N. Hultgren, MD
Authors: William H. Barry
Journal: Circulation (1998)

at age 80 of complications of acute myelogenous leukemia.Herb was a native of northern California and graduated from Stanford University in 1939 and from its School of Medicine in 1943.He completed residency training in medicine and pathology at Stanford and served in Europe in World War II with the US Army Medical Corps.He was a research fellow in cardiology at the Thorndike Memorial Laboratory in Boston, Mass, and then returned to Stanford in 1948, where he established the first cardiac catheterization laboratory in northern California and in 1955 became chief of cardiology at Stanford.In 1968, after the Stanford Medical School had relocated from San Francisco to
Guided-bronchoscopy utilizing virtual bronchoscopy for diagnosing peripheral pulmonary lesions: Experience with 132 small (≤30 mm) malignant lesions
Authors: Masafumi Misawa, Ayumu Ohtsuki, Junko Watanabe, Motohisa Takai, Masahiro Katsurada, Kei Nakashima, Naoko Katsurada, Masahiro Aoshima
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background:  Guided-bronchoscopy (GB) has been rapidly evolving due to advances in electronics and miniaturization. Increases in computational processing power allow three-dimensional reconstruction of CT scan data to enable virtual bronchoscopy (VB), providing the bronchoscopiest with its preview prior to the procedure.  Objective:  We aimed to furthermore increase diagnostic yield for small PPLs by multi-guided bronchoscopic approach utilizing VB.  Methods:  VB was all undertaken in 256 patients (263 PPLs) under fluoroscopy between November 2010 and October 2013 at our hospital. This study was analyzed limited to the finally confirmed malignant 132 PPLs with 30 mm or less measured by chest CT scan. VB was made from LungPoint® (Broncus Tech, USA). Two types of bronchoscope (P260F; 4.0 mm outer- , 1T260; 5.9 mm outer- diameter, Olympus, Japan) were selected according to the obtained information such as virtual image and navigation pathway from LungPoint®. A combination use of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) (UM-S-20-17S, 20R; Olympus, Japan) and a guide sheath (GS) (K-201 or K-203; Olympus, Japan) was attempted as first diagnostic approach in almost cases.  Results:  Overall diagnostic yield of malignancy was 68.9 % (91/132 lesions). Diagnostic yield of visible PPLs with g20mm under fluoroscopy was 86.0% (49/57). Diagnostic yield of invisible PPLs with ≤20 mm under fluoroscopy was 22.7% (5/22).  Conclusions:  GB utilizing VB was useful to increase overall diagnostic yield for small malignant PPLs. However, invisible lesion with ≤20 mm under fluoroscopy may be considered to perform transthoracic CT-guided needle biopsy as first approach.
Isoniazid-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: John R. Livengood
Journal: JAMA (1985)

The choice of effective preventive treatment for persons exposed to<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>resistant to isoniazid is uncertain. Although no data document the efficacy of any drug other than isoniazid for preventive treatment of tuberculosis, rifampin, with or without ethambutol, has been used for prophylaxis in contacts of cases with known isoniazid-resistant organisms. This report describes a community outbreak of isoniazidresistant tuberculosis infection and a case of rifampin prophylaxis failure with acquired rifampin resistance. This raises concern about the efficacy of rifampin for the preventive treatment of contacts exposed to isoniazidresistant tuberculosis. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;253:2847-2849)
CHANGES IN THE CUTANEOUS LYMPHATICS OF HUMAN BEINGS AND IN THE LYMPH FLOW UNDER NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Philip D. McMaster
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937)

Vital dyes injected intradermally enter lymphatic capillaries directly, rendering them visible, and appear later in the draining lymphatic trunks as colored streamers. The method enables one to perceive the state of the lymphatic channels and the rate of lymph flow within them. It yields consistent results when tested under physiological conditions known to increase or decrease lymph flow. In the horizontally placed normal limb at rest there is slight lymph flow. In a normal leg or arm hanging downward lymph flow ceases although fluid in the limb increases. When a previously dependent arm is raised above the head, or when the foot of a seated subject is propped on a table, lymph flow in the raised limb becomes active. It ceases in the skin of an arm subjected to partial obstruction of the veins by pressure from without, but very active lymph flow appears during the reactive hyperemia which follows upon the release of venous obstruction. It is still greater following release of total circulatory obstruction, and seems to be the same whether or not the limb has previously been engorged with blood. In the ischemic patches which appear in the skin of a limb during total circulatory obstruction (Bier's spots) the lymphatic capillaries are definitely and considerably constricted, whereas they are slightly dilated in the purple, congested regions of the skin round about. On release of obstruction there occurs a strikingly rapid, equal lymphatic drainage from both regions. The significance of all the findings is discussed. When dye is injected intradermally and the skin sucked, much of the foreign material is driven into the lymphatics draining the injected area.
Cancer Incidence Trends Among Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders in the United States, 1990-2008
Authors: L. Liu, A.-M. Noone, S. L. Gomez, S. Scoppa, J. T. Gibson, D. Lichtensztajn, K. Fish, L. R. Wilkens, M. T. Goodman, C. Morris, S. Kwong, D. Deapen, B. A. Miller
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2013)

Lack of annual population estimates for disaggregated Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI) populations limits the ability to examine cancer incidence rates and trends to understand the cancer burdens among NHOPIs.Utilizing 1990 and 2000 population census data, we estimated the annual populations by age and sex for Native Hawaiians, Samoans, and Guamanians/Chamorros for 1990-2008 in regions covered by 13 of the National Cancer Institute's SEER registries. Cancer diagnoses during 1990-2008 from these registries were used to calculate the age-adjusted (2000 US Standard) incidence rates by sex, calendar year/period, and cancer type for each population. The annual percentage change (APC) in incidence rates was estimated with the 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) calculated for both the rate and APC estimates.Statistically significant declining trends were found in Native Hawaiians, in men for lung and stomach cancers (APC = -2.3%; 95% CI = -3.3 to -1.3; and APC = -3.8%; 95% CI = -6.0 to -1.6, respectively), and in women for breast cancer (APC = -4.1%; 95% CI = -5.7 to -2.5) since 1998 and lung cancer (APC = -6.4%; 95% CI = -10.7 to -1.8) since 2001. Rising incidence trends were experienced by Samoans, especially by Samoan women for breast (APC = 2.7%; 95% CI = 0.9 to 4.5) and uterus (APC = 7.3%; 95% CI = 6.2 to 8.4) cancers. With limited data, Guamanians/Chamorros demonstrated lower, but increasing, incidence rates than other NHOPIs.Population-based cancer incidence rates for disaggregated NHOPI populations help identify disparities in cancer burden and provide valuable information to improve cancer control efforts among NHOPIs.
Smoking Habits, Current Symptoms, and Premorbid Characteristics of Schizophrenic Patients in Nithsdale, Scotland
Authors: Ciara Kelly, Robin G. McCreadie
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1999)

Previous studies of smoking habits of schizophrenic patients have found rates as high as 88%. The authors report the smoking habits of all known schizophrenic patients within a discrete geographical area and compare them with the smoking habits of a general population sample.All known schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale in South-West Scotland (N = 168) were invited to complete a questionnaire on smoking habits. Also assessed were mental state, drug-related side effects, and premorbid childhood personality and social adjustment.One hundred thirty-five of the 168 patients returned the questionnaires. The rate of smoking among the patients was 58% (N = 78), compared with 28% in the general population. Sixty-eight percent of the patients who smoked (N = 53) had 25 or more cigarettes per day. The mean age at starting smoking was 17 years in both patients and normal subjects. Ninety percent of the patients who smoked (N = 70) started smoking before the onset of schizophrenia. Patients who smoked were younger than nonsmokers, and more of them were male. They had had more hospitalizations, and more were in contact with psychiatric services. More were receiving intramuscular antipsychotic medication. Smokers had poorer childhood social adjustment. Among the female patients, there was a positive correlation between age at starting smoking and age at onset of schizophrenia.The rate of smoking and level of nicotine addiction are greater in schizophrenic patients than in the general population. Smoking may be a marker for the neurodevelopmental form of the illness and may be another environmental risk factor for schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals.
Do you get value for money when you buy an expensive pair of running shoes?
Authors: R Clinghan, G P Arnold, T S Drew, L A Cochrane, R J Abboud
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

This investigation aims to determine if more expensive running shoes provide better cushioning of plantar pressure and are more comfortable than low-cost alternatives from the same brand.Three pairs of running shoes were purchased from three different manufacturers at three different price ranges: low (40-45 pounds), medium (60-65 pounds) and high (70-75 pounds). Plantar pressure was recorded with the Pedar in-shoe pressure measurement system. Comfort was assessed with a 100 mm visual analogue scale. A follow-on study was conducted to ascertain if shoe cushioning and comfort were comparable to walking while running on a treadmill. Forty-three and 9 male subjects participated in the main and follow-on studies, respectively. The main outcome measure was the evaluation of plantar pressure and comfort.Plantar pressure measurements were recorded from under the heel, across the forefoot and under the great toe. Differences in plantar pressure were recorded between models and between brands in relation to cost. Shoe performance was comparable between walking and running trials on a treadmill. No significant difference was observed between shoes and test occasions in terms of comfort.Low- and medium-cost running shoes in each of the three brands tested provided the same (if not better) cushioning of plantar pressure as high-cost running shoes. Cushioning was comparable when walking and running on a treadmill. Comfort is a subjective sensation based on individual preferences and was not related to either the distribution of plantar pressure or cost.
Effects of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine on Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression and Pancreatic Cancer Cell Invasiveness
Authors: N. Sato, N. Maehara, G. H. Su, M. Goggins
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2003)

To investigate whether DNA methylation and the invasive phenotype of pancreatic adenocarcinoma are associated, we studied the role of methylation in the transcriptional regulation of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5Aza-dC), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, on the invasive behavior of pancreatic cancer cells. Using the Boyden chamber in vitro invasion assay, we found a statistically significant increase in invasive potential in four of five pancreatic cancer cell lines after treatment with 5Aza-dC. This enhanced invasiveness was associated with the induction of mRNAs for one or more MMPs critical for tumor invasion, including MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, and -14. Addition of an MMP inhibitor (GM6001, GM1489, doxycycline, or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2) blocked the 5Aza-dC-induced increase in the number of invading cells. As shown by a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, 5' CpG sites in MMP-2, -7, and -9 genes were partially or completely methylated in cell lines that expressed little or no corresponding mRNAs. Thus, DNA methylation influences the expression of MMP genes, and use of methylation inhibitors may stimulate the invasion of pancreatic cancer by reactivating invasion-promoting genes.
Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Osteoporosis
Authors: L G Raisz, J A Smith
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1989)

Many risk factors that predispose to osteoporosis have been identified, but the fundamental pathogenesis remains unknown. Abnormalities in systemic calcium regulating hormones are probably less important than changes in local factors. Risk factor analysis, particularly using bone mass measurements, can provide the basis for effective prevention programs with calcium, exercise, and hormone replacement therapy. Treatment of established osteoporosis is limited. In addition to a preventive regimen, further bone loss may be prevented by fluoride therapy, which stimulates bone formation, or calcitonin, which inhibits bone resorption.
New Strategies in Pediatric Gliomas: Molecular Advances in Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas as a Model
Authors: Eric Raabe, Mark W. Kieran, Kenneth J. Cohen
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGG) account for more brain tumors in children than any other histologic subtype. While surgery, chemotherapy and radiation remain the mainstay of upfront treatment, recent advances in molecular interrogation of pLGG have shown a small number of recurring genetic mutations in these tumors that might be exploited therapeutically. Notable findings include abnormalities in the RAS/MAP kinase pathway such as NF-1 loss or BRAF activation and mTOR activation. Recent identification of activating re-arrangements in c-MYB and MYBL1 in pediatric diffuse astrocytoma also provide candidates for therapeutic intervention. Targeting these molecularly identified pathways may allow for improved outcomes for patients as pediatric oncology moves into the era of biology-driven medicine.
The Effect of Exposure to Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide on the Airway Response of Atopic Asthmatics to Inhaled Allergen
Authors: HUW S. JENKINS, JAGDISH L. DEVALIA, REBECCA L. MISTER, ANDREW M. BEVAN, CSABA RUSZNAK, ROBERT J. DAVIES
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Eleven mild atopic asthmatic patients were exposed for 6 h, in randomized order, to air, 100 ppb O3, 200 ppb NO2, and 100 ppb O3 + 200 ppb NO2, followed immediately by bronchial allergen challenge. Subsequently 10 of these patients were exposed for 3 h to air, 200 ppb O3, 400 ppb NO2, and 200 ppb O3 + 400 ppb NO2, followed immediately by bronchial allergen challenge. All exposures were carried out in an environmental chamber, with intermittent moderate exercise, and a minimal interval of 2 wk. Exposure for 6 h to 100 ppb O3, 200 ppb NO2, and 100 ppb O3 + 200 ppb NO2 did not lead to any significant increase in the airway response of these individuals to inhaled allergen, when compared with exposure for 6 h to air. In contrast, exposure for 3 h to 200 ppb O3, 400 ppb NO2, and 200 ppb O3 + 400 ppb NO2 significantly decreased the dose of allergen (in log cumulative breath units [CBU]) required to decrease FEV1 by 20% (allergen PD20FEV1), compared with exposure to air (geometric mean CBU: 3.0 for air versus 2.66 for O3 [p = 0.002]; 2.78 for NO2 [p = 0.018]; 2.65 for O3 + NO2 [p = 0.002]). These results suggest that the pollutant-induced changes in airway response of mild atopic asthmatics to allergen may be dependent on a threshold concentration rather than the total amount of pollutant inhaled over a period of time.