tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of gastric carcinoembryonic antigen analysis as an aid during screening for gastric neoplasia in atrophic gastritis.
Authors: K Borch, H Renvall, C Lundin, B Wahren
Journal: Gut (1987)

The value of gastric juice and tissue carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) analysis as an adjunct to endoscopic screening for gastric neoplasia was investigated in 61 patients with atrophic gastritis of whom 41 had other (superimposed) gastric lesions: six adenocarcinoma, four carcinoid, 23 regenerative polyps with or without dysplasia and eight fundic, or antral mucosal dysplasia. The gastric concentration of CEA did not differ between patient groups with different superimposed lesions. In these patients the gastric juice CEA concentrations were significantly increased in comparison with those in patients without superimposed lesions (p = 0.002). Gastric juice CEA concentrations above the upper range (+2SD) of those observed in normal controls were found in 40 (98%) of 41 patients with superimposed lesions and in 13 (65%) of 20 patients without such lesions (p = 0.001). At re-examination of 26 patients without neoplasia initially, after a mean interval of 32 months two (without polyps initially), had developed regenerative polyps, one an adenoma, and one an adenocarcinoma. These four had raised gastric juice CEA concentrations at the initial examination.
Fruits, Vegetables, and Cancer Prevention: Turmoil in the Produce Section
Authors: Walter C. Willett
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2010)

During the 1990s, enthusiasm swelled for increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables with the expectation that this would substantially reduce the risk of many cancers (1). Potential reductions as large as 50% were suggested. The National Cancer Institute’s 5-A-Day program was developed in 1991 (http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/5ad_3 _origins.html) (2) to promote increasing the average consumption of fruits and vegetables to five or more servings per day, and a major line of investigation was launched to identify and isolate the phytochemicals responsible for the apparent benefits. However, the evidence for a large preventive effect of fruits and vegetables came primarily from case–control studies, which can be readily biased by differences in recall of past diet by patients with cancer and healthy control subjects. Even more problematic, participation rates in surveys have fallen sharply over the past 50 years so that those who agree to be interviewed as control subjects are likely to overrepresent health conscious persons who smoke less, exercise more, and eat more fruits and vegetables compared with those who do not participate. Because participation rates of patients with cancer, who are already in a medical system, remain high, the result is an exaggerated apparent benefit of fruits and vegetables, even if both groups report their past diets perfectly.
Age and disease related changes in intestinal bacterial populations assessed by cell culture, 16S rRNA abundance, and community cellular fatty acid profiles
Authors: M J Hopkins
Journal: Gut (2001)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> The normal intestinal microflora plays an important role in host metabolism and provides a natural defence mechanism against invading pathogens. Although the microbiota in adults has been extensively studied, little is known of the changes that occur in the microflora with aging. These may have important consequences in elderly people, many of whom are receiving antibiotic therapy and who are most susceptible to intestinal dysbiosis. <h3>AIMS</h3> To characterise the major groups of faecal bacteria in subjects of different ages using a combination of cultural, molecular, and chemotaxonomic approaches. <h3>METHODS</h3> Comparative microbiological studies were made on four different subject groups: children (16 months to seven years, n=10), adults (21–34 years, n=7), healthy elderly subjects (67–88 years, n=5), and geriatric patients (68–73 years, n=4) diagnosed with <i>Clostridium difficile</i> diarrhoea. Selected faecal bacteria were investigated using viable counting procedures, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) abundance measurements, and the occurrence of specific signature fatty acids in whole community fatty acid methyl ester profiles. <h3>RESULTS</h3> The principal microbiological difference between adults and children was the occurrence of higher numbers of enterobacteria in the latter group, as determined by viable counts (p&lt;0.05) and 16S rRNA (p&lt;0.01) measurements. Moreover, a greater proportion of children9s faecal rRNA was hybridised by the three probes (bifidobacteria, enterobacteria, bacteroides-porphyromonas-prevotella) used in the study, indicating a less developed gut microbiota. Species diversity was also markedly lower in the <i>Clostridium difficile</i>associated diarrhoea group, which was characterised by high numbers of facultative anaerobes and low levels of bifidobacteria and bacteroides. Although it was a considerably less sensitive diagnostic tool, cellular fatty acid analysis correlated with viable bacterial counts and 16S rRNA measurements in a number of bacteria, including bacteroides. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Polyphasic analysis of faecal bacteria showed that significant structural changes occur in the microbiota with aging, and this was especially evident with respect to putatively protective bifidobacteria. Reductions in these organisms in the large bowel may be related to increased disease risk in elderly people.
MILK ALLERGY IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: D. A. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1936)

Milk is recognized as one of the commonest foods responsible for allergic manifestations, and it has been suggested in a recent paper' that " the widespread drinking of milk by school children and others may yet have to be con- sidered -in the light of food allergy."Its ingestion by susceptible people may be followed by nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache of the migrainous type, asthma, eczema, urticaria, or nasal catarrh.The degree of sensitivity, however, varies considerably.Some people are unable to tolerate the smallest quantity-even the taking of butter may induce a severe reaction.In
Isolation and characterization of human tonsil dendritic cells.
Authors: D N Hart, J L McKenzie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Human dendritic cells were isolated from tonsils by density gradient separation followed by FACS IV sorting with mAbs to remove contaminating cell populations. The resulting dendritic cell population consisted of large cells with plentiful basophilic cytoplasm, lacking in granules but containing a prominent Golgi apparatus and numerous mitochondria. The cell membrane was irregular, and marked cell protrusions were obvious when stained with anti-HLA class II reagents. Their nuclei were irregular and often indented with a visible nucleolus. These cells were not phagocytic and stimulated autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes more effectively than other tonsil cell types in MLR. Phenotypic analysis of these cells confirmed that they expressed the leucocyte common antigen and stained strongly for HLA-class II antigens. Tonsil dendritic cells also coexpressed the LFA-1 alpha and LFA-1 beta chains but did not stain with a wide variety of anti-monocyte or anti-macrophage antibodies. The cells also lacked Fc and complement receptors and failed to stain with CD1 antibodies. Extensive testing with mAbs revealed only a few positive reactions, and these were consistent with reports of these antibodies staining interdigitating cells in tissue sections. This established that tonsil dendritic cells belong to the unique haemopoietic cell lineage of dendritic cells. No cytoplasmic staining of IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta was demonstrated, although these lymphokines were readily detected in activated monocytes.
Exogenous surfactant improves survival and surfactant function in ischaemia–reperfusion injury in minipigs
Authors: J.m Hohlfeld, M. Strüber, K Ahlf, M.m Hoeper, S. Fraund, N Krug, G. Warnecke, W. Harringer, A. Haverich, H Fabel
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

Reperfusion injury is the major cause of early morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. This complication has been experimentally linked to dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant. Therefore, the hypothesis that reperfusion injury might be preventable by exogenous surfactant treatment was tested. Left lungs of minipigs were exposed to 120 min of ischaemia, and the lungs were then reperfused for up to 7 h. Animals were divided into a control group and a surfactant group (n=5 each). The surfactant group received 50 mg x kg(-1) Alveofact intrabronchially via a bronchoscope at the beginning of the ischaemic period. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed at baseline before ischaemia and 90 min after reperfusion. Surfactant treatment significantly improved short-term survival. Pulmonary vascular resistance increased markedly in control animals leading to right heart failure and death within 3 h after reperfusion whereas the surfactant-treated animals survived the 7 h observation period. After reperfusion, alveolar accumulation of neutrophils and exuded proteins was present in both groups to the same extent. Surfactant activity after reperfusion deteriorated markedly in the control group but was preserved in the surfactant group. In conclusion, early surfactant treatment alleviates the deterioration of surfactant function and improves survival in this minipig model of ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
On the role of abnormal DL<sub>CO</sub>in ex-smokers without airflow limitation: symptoms, exercise capacity and hyperpolarised helium-3 MRI
Authors: Miranda Kirby, Amir Owrangi, Sarah Svenningsen, Andrew Wheatley, Harvey O Coxson, Nigel A M Paterson, David G McCormack, Grace Parraga
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Background</h3> The functional effects of abnormal diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL<sub>CO</sub>) in ex-smokers without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are not well understood. <h3>Objective</h3> We aimed to evaluate and compare well established clinical, physiological and emerging imaging measurements in ex-smokers with normal spirometry and abnormal DL<sub>CO</sub> with a group of ex-smokers with normal spirometry and DL<sub>CO</sub> and ex-smokers with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage I COPD. <h3>Methods</h3> We enrolled 38 ex-smokers and 15 subjects with stage I COPD who underwent spirometry, plethysmography, St George9s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), 6 min Walk Test (6MWT), x-ray CT and hyperpolarised helium-3 (<sup>3</sup>He) MRI. The 6MWT distance (6MWD), SGRQ scores, <sup>3</sup>He MRI apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) and CT attenuation values below −950 HU (RA<sub>950</sub>) were evaluated. <h3>Results</h3> Of 38 ex-smokers without COPD, 19 subjects had abnormal DL<sub>CO</sub> with significantly worse ADC (p=0.01), 6MWD (p=0.008) and SGRQ (p=0.01) but not RA<sub>950</sub> (p=0.53) compared with 19 ex-smokers with normal DL<sub>CO</sub>. Stage I COPD subjects showed significantly worse ADC (p=0.02), RA<sub>950</sub> (p=0.0008) and 6MWD (p=0.005), but not SGRQ (p=0.59) compared with subjects with abnormal DL<sub>CO</sub>. There was a significant correlation for <sup>3</sup>He ADC with SGRQ (r=0.34, p=0.02) and 6MWD (r=−0.51, p=0.0002). <h3>Conclusions</h3> In ex-smokers with normal spirometry and CT but abnormal DL<sub>CO</sub>, there were significantly worse symptoms, 6MWD and <sup>3</sup>He ADC compared with ex-smokers with normal DL<sub>CO,</sub> providing evidence of the impact of mild or early stage emphysema and a better understanding of abnormal DL<sub>CO</sub> and hyperpolarised <sup>3</sup>He MRI in ex-smokers without COPD.
SARCOIDOSIS OR LEPROSY?
Authors: R. KOOIJ
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1964)

Journal Article SARCOIDOSIS OR LEPROSY? Get access R. KOOIJ, M.D. R. KOOIJ, M.D. Department of Dermatology, Gemeente Ziekenhuizen, The Hague, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 76, Issue 5, 1 May 1964, Pages 203–210, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1964.tb14511.x Published: 01 May 1964
Risk Factors for Severe Outcomes following 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Infection: A Global Pooled Analysis
Authors: Maria D. Van Kerkhove, Katelijn A. H. Vandemaele, Vivek Shinde, Giovanna Jaramillo-Gutierrez, Artemis Koukounari, Christl A. Donnelly, Luis O. Carlino, Rhonda Owen, Beverly Paterson, Louise Pelletier, Julie Vachon, Claudia Gonzalez, Yu Hongjie, Feng Zijian, Shuk Kwan Chuang, Albert Au, Silke Buda, Gerard Krause, Walter Haas, Isabelle Bonmarin, Kiyosu Taniguichi, Kensuke Nakajima, Tokuaki Shobayashi, Yoshihiro Takayama, Tomi Sunagawa, Jean Michel Heraud, Arnaud Orelle, Ethel Palacios, Marianne A. B. van der Sande, C. C. H. Lieke Wielders, Darren Hunt, Jeffrey Cutter, Vernon J. Lee, Juno Thomas, Patricia Santa-Olalla, Maria J. Sierra-Moros, Wanna Hanshaoworakul, Kumnuan Ungchusak, Richard Pebody, Seema Jain, Anthony W. Mounts
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

This study analyzes data from 19 countries (from April 2009 to Jan 2010), comprising some 70,000 hospitalized patients with severe H1N1 infection, to reveal risk factors for severe pandemic influenza, which include chronic illness, cardiac disease, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes.
Obesity-Mediated Autophagy Insufficiency Exacerbates Proteinuria-induced Tubulointerstitial Lesions
Authors: Kosuke Yamahara, Shinji Kume, Daisuke Koya, Yuki Tanaka, Yoshikata Morita, Masami Chin-Kanasaki, Hisazumi Araki, Keiji Isshiki, Shin-ichi Araki, Masakazu Haneda, Taiji Matsusaka, Atsunori Kashiwagi, Hiroshi Maegawa, Takashi Uzu
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2013)

Obesity is an independent risk factor for renal dysfunction in patients with CKDs, including diabetic nephropathy, but the mechanism underlying this connection remains unclear. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that maintains intracellular homeostasis by removing damaged proteins and organelles, and autophagy insufficiency is associated with the pathogenesis of obesity-related diseases. We therefore examined the role of autophagy in obesity-mediated exacerbation of proteinuria-induced proximal tubular epithelial cell damage in mice and in human renal biopsy specimens. In nonobese mice, overt proteinuria, induced by intraperitoneal free fatty acid-albumin overload, led to mild tubular damage and apoptosis, and activated autophagy in proximal tubules reabsorbing urinary albumin. In contrast, diet-induced obesity suppressed proteinuria-induced autophagy and exacerbated proteinuria-induced tubular cell damage. Proximal tubule-specific autophagy-deficient mice, resulting from an Atg5 gene deletion, subjected to intraperitoneal free fatty acid-albumin overload developed severe proteinuria-induced tubular damage, suggesting that proteinuria-induced autophagy is renoprotective. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a potent suppressor of autophagy, was activated in proximal tubules of obese mice, and treatment with an mTOR inhibitor ameliorated obesity-mediated autophagy insufficiency. Furthermore, both mTOR hyperactivation and autophagy suppression were observed in tubular cells of specimens obtained from obese patients with proteinuria. Thus, in addition to enhancing the understanding of obesity-related cell vulnerability in the kidneys, these results suggest that restoring the renoprotective action of autophagy in proximal tubules may improve renal outcomes in obese patients.
Either a Th17 or a Th1 effector response can drive autoimmunity: conditions of disease induction affect dominant effector category
Authors: Dror Luger, Phyllis B. Silver, Jun Tang, Daniel Cua, Zoe Chen, Yoichiro Iwakura, Edward P. Bowman, Nicole M. Sgambellone, Chi-Chao Chan, Rachel R. Caspi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) represents autoimmune uveitis in humans. We examined the role of the interleukin (IL)-23–IL-17 and IL-12–T helper cell (Th)1 pathways in the pathogenesis of EAU. IL–23 but not IL-12 was necessary to elicit disease by immunization with the retinal antigen (Ag) interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) in complete Freund's adjuvant. IL-17 played a dominant role in this model; its neutralization prevented or reversed disease, and Th17 effector cells induced EAU in the absence of interferon (IFN)-γ. In a transfer model, however, a polarized Th1 line could induce severe EAU independently of host IL-17. Furthermore, induction of EAU with IRBP-pulsed mature dendritic cells required generation of an IFN-γ–producing effector response, and an IL-17 response by itself was insufficient to elicit pathology. Finally, genetic deficiency of IL-17 did not abrogate EAU susceptibility. Thus, autoimmune pathology can develop in the context of either a Th17 or a Th1 effector response depending on the model. The data suggest that the dominant effector phenotype may be determined at least in part by conditions present during initial exposure to Ag, including the quality/quantity of Toll-like receptor stimulation and/or type of Ag-presenting cells. These data also raise the possibility that the nonredundant requirement for IL-23 in EAU may extend beyond its role in promoting the Th17 effector response and help provide a balance in the current Th1 versus Th17 paradigm.
Women's need for information before attending genetic counselling for familial breast or ovarian cancer: a questionnaire, interview, and observational study
Authors: N Hallowell, F Murton, H Statham, J M Green, M P M Richards
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To describe women9s information needs prior to genetic counselling for familial breast or ovarian cancer. <b>Design:</b> Prospective study including semistructured telephone interviews before genetic counselling, observations of consultations, completion of postal questionnaires, and face-to face interviews within two months of counselling. <b>Subjects:</b> 46 women attending genetic counselling for familial breast or ovarian cancer. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Subjects9 understanding of process and content of genetic counselling before attending and attitudes about their preparation for the counselling session. <b>Results:</b> Although all women interviewed before the clinic expected to discuss their risk of developing cancer and risk management options, there was evidence of a lack of knowledge about the process and content of genetic counselling; 17 (37%) women said they did not know what else would happen. Most women interviewed after counselling viewed it positively, but 26 (65%) felt they had been inadequately prepared and 11 (28%) felt that their lack of preparation meant that they could not be given an accurate estimation of their risk of cancer. <b>Conclusions:</b> Some women felt that they did not obtain optimum benefit from genetic counselling because they were inadequately prepared for it. We suggest that cancer family history clinics should provide women with written information about the process and content of genetic counselling before their clinic attendance. <h3>Key messages</h3> ▪Genetic services are coming under increasing pressure as more women are referred for genetic counselling because of a family history of breast or ovarian cancer ▪We interviewed women before and after they attended genetic counselling to find their views of the process ▪All women interviewed before the clinic expected to discuss their risk of developing cancer and options for risk management, but many said they did not know what else would happen ▪Women interviewed after counselling generally viewed it positively, but most felt they had been inadequately prepared and some felt that their lack of preparation meant that they could not get an accurate estimation of their risk of cancer ▪Women need information about genetic counselling before they attend the clinic so that they are adequately prepared, and a written leaflet describing the process and explaining some basic genetic facts could be a cost effective means of providing this
Current Views on Collapsing Glomerulopathy
Authors: Mamdouh Albaqumi, Laura Barisoni
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2008)

Collapsing glomerulopathy is a proliferative disease defined by segmental or global wrinkling of the glomerular basement membranes associated with podocyte proliferation. These lesions are particularly poor responders to standard therapies. First described as an idiopathic disorder or following HIV infection, it is now associated with a broad group of diseases and different pathogenetic mechanisms, which participate in podocyte injury and mitogenic stimulation. Because of this etiologic heterogeneity, there is clear need for new therapeutic approaches to target each variant of this entity. Historical background, terminology, morphologic and phenotypic features, and suggested mechanisms are reviewed in this manuscript.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression in High-Grade Osteosarcomas Is Associated with a Good Clinical Outcome
Authors: Christian Kersting, Carsten Gebert, Konstantin Agelopoulos, Hartmut Schmidt, Paul J. van Diest, Heribert Juergens, Winfried Winkelmann, Matthias Kevric, Georg Gosheger, Burkhard Brandt, Stefan Bielack, Horst Buerger
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: The expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in osteosarcomas has repeatedly been described. With the introduction of anti-EGFR–targeted therapies in clinical practice, these findings regain increased attention. Experience with anti-EGFR–targeted therapies in other cancers has made clear that besides the expression status of EGFR, a detailed knowledge about gene mutations is of major predictive power. We therefore aimed to explore the EGFR expression and gene mutation status in high-grade osteosarcomas. Experimental Design: We investigated tumor samples of osteosarcoma patients of all age groups by means of immunohistochemistry (n = 111) and egfr fluorescence in situ hybridization (n = 39). Sixty-three patients were treated according to the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group protocols and complete clinical follow-up was available in these cases. Results: Ninety-one of 111 (81%) of osteosarcomas revealed an expression of EGFR. EGFR expression showed a dose-response relation with improved event-free and overall survival. This was independent of the degree of tumor regression due to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Nine of 39 (23%) osteosarcomas showed egfr amplifications by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization. All these cases expressed EGFR. When comparing EGFR expression between primary biopsy and resection specimen (n = 19), viable residual tumor cells in resection specimens revealed a lower EGFR expression and a tendency toward membranous staining compared with the initial biopsy. Conclusions: In conclusion, expression and amplification of EGFR are frequently observed in high-grade osteosarcomas and are associated with improved prognosis in a dose-responsive way. This implies that low EGFR expression possibly predicts lack of response to conventional treatment in high-grade osteosarcomas and may warrant a more intensive therapeutic approach, although not based on EGFR targeting.