tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Thermal Heterogeneity Within Human Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries Detected In Vivo
Authors: Christodoulos Stefanadis, Leonidas Diamantopoulos, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, Eleftherios Tsiamis, John Dernellis, Konstantinos Toutouzas, Elli Stefanadi, Pavlos Toutouzas
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Activated macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic syndromes. It has been postulated that detection of heat released by activated inflammatory cells of atherosclerotic plaques may predict plaque rupture and thrombosis. Previous ex vivo studies have shown that there is thermal heterogeneity in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Methods and Results —To measure the temperature of human arteries in vivo, we developed a catheter-based technique. Ninety patients (45 with normal coronary arteries, 15 with stable angina [SA], 15 with unstable angina [UA], and 15 with acute myocardial infarction [AMI]) were studied. The thermistor of the thermography catheter has a temperature accuracy of 0.05°C, a time constant of 300 ms, and a spatial resolution of 0.5 mm. Temperature was constant within the arteries of the control subjects, whereas most atherosclerotic plaques showed higher temperature compared with healthy vessel wall. Temperature differences between atherosclerotic plaque and healthy vessel wall increased progressively from SA to AMI patients (difference of plaque temperature from background temperature, 0.106±0.110°C in SA, 0.683±0.347°C in UA, and 1.472±0.691°C in AMI). Heterogeneity within the plaque was shown in 20%, 40%, and 67% of the patients with SA, UA, and AMI, respectively, whereas no heterogeneity was shown in the control subjects. Conclusions —Thermal heterogeneity within human atherosclerotic coronary arteries was shown in vivo by use of a special thermography catheter. This heterogeneity is larger in UA and AMI, suggesting that it may be related to the pathogenesis.
Gefitinib (IRESSA) in Patients of Asian Origin with Refractory Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Subset Analysis from the ISEL Study
Authors: Alex Chang, Purvish Parikh, Sumitra Thongprasert, Eng Huat Tan, Reury-Perng Perng, Domingo Ganzon, Chih-Hsin Yang, Chao-Jung Tsao, Claire Watkins, Nick Botwood, Nick Thatcher
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2006)
Balancing Community and Hospital Care: A Case Study of Reforming Mental Health Services in Georgia
Authors: Nino Makhashvili, Robert van Voren
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Psychiatric services in the former Soviet Union were characterized by high rates of institutionalization and a strong focus on biological treatment. In the post-Soviet states, these features remain—there is strong resistance to the introduction of modern, community-based, and user-oriented services [1]. In many cases, psychiatric reform programs have come to a halt or even been reversed [2]. It is against this backdrop that Georgia began a critical phase of its mental health reform program almost two years ago.

Georgia, which has a population of 4.4 million and ranks 75th on the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Index, is one of the three Caucasian countries that regained independence in 1991. Its recent history has been turbulent. The country was ravaged by a bitter civil war from 1991 to 1993, the economy almost came to a standstill, and the health care  collapsed. It took until the end of the 1990s for basic health care services to be reestablished. Progress continued during the first years of this century, with health systems reforms that included moving away from the “Semashko system (a Soviet  of state-owned health facilities and state-funded health professionals [3]), changes in health care financing and provision, development of private health care insurance, and the privatization of health care providers.

The recent National Health Care Strategy 2011–2015 [4] developed by the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs (MoLHSA) stresses the importance of mental health care and of ensuring a balance between providing community-based and hospital-based mental health services. In this article, we provide an overview of the mental health reform process, including its complexities and challenges. The reform process is still very much in progress, which makes it difficult to assess its impact. Nevertheless, the case of Georgia might provide insights that can help other countries that are embarking on a similar mental health reform program.
ABNORMAL CARDIAC SODIUM CHANNEL MRNA SPLICING IN HEART FAILURE: A POTENTIAL MARKER FOR THE RISK OF SUDDEN DEATH
Authors: Vikram Brahmanandam, Ge Gao, Mihai Raicu, Anish Shah, Srinivasan Kasturirangan, Lianzhi Gu, Alan Schwartz, Smita Negi, Samuel Dudley
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
TAK1 Negatively Regulates NF-κB and p38 MAP Kinase Activation in Gr-1+CD11b+ Neutrophils
Authors: Adebusola Alagbala Ajibade, Qinfu Wang, Jun Cui, Jia Zou, Xiaojun Xia, Mingjun Wang, Yanzheng Tong, Wei Hui, Dou Liu, Bing Su, Helen Y. Wang, Rong-Fu Wang
Journal: Immunity (2012)
Correcting the Code: Inventing the Genetic Cure for the Human Body
Authors: Neil A. Holtzman
Journal: JAMA (1995)

The title of Larry Thompson's book is as misleading as the headlines announcing new genetic discoveries: both promise more than the research portends.<i>Correcting the Code</i>is a fascinating account of the history of gene therapy going back to the classic experiment of Avery, McCarty, and MacCleod. With their demonstration that DNA from one strain of bacteria could transform the polysaccharide capsule of others, these scientists not only showed DNA to be the genetic material but became the first gene therapists.
Cross-over Kidney Transplantation with Simultaneous Laparoscopic Living Donor Nephrectomy: Initial Experience
Authors: Markus Giessing, Serdar Deger, Jan Roigas, Dietmar Schnorr, Florian Fuller, Lutz Liefeldt, Klemens Budde, Hans-Hellmut Neumayer, Stefan A. Loening
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Phase I Study of Weekly 24-hour Infusions of Recombinant Human Interleukin-22
Authors: J. M. Richards, E. Barker, J. Latta, K. Ramming, N. J. Vogelzang
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1988)

Sixteen patients with metastatic melanoma or metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with six weekly 24-hour infusions of recombinant interleukin-2. At least three patients were treated at each dose, beginning at 3.0 mU/m2 for 24 hours each week for 6 weeks. Subsequent patients were treated at 4.5, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 mU/m2 for 24 hours. The incidence of diarrhea, rigors, rash, edema, and symptomatic hypotension was positively correlated with dose level. Symptomatic hypotension was dose limiting at the 10-mU/m2 level. Fever, nau-sea, and vomiting were seen at each dose level and could not be correlated with dose level. Lymphopenia and eosinophilia were observed at the completion of each 24-hour infusion, and an increase in peripheral blood absolute lymphocytes and eosinophils was observed over the 6-week treatment period. No thrombocytopenia was observed. No change in delayed-type hy-persensitivity [type IV) as determined by skin testing could be demostrated at any dose level. Natural killer cell cy-totoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased over the treatment period, but the increase was unrelated to dose level in the range studied. One minor response was documented in a patient with renal cell carcinoma.
More on preventing skin cancer: Author's reply
Authors: J. N Burry
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Editor—Procopio alleges that I wrote that people with black skin have been chosen to live in Australia because they are protected against skin cancer. I wrote that black people were chosen by natural selection to live in Australia but did not say why.

Fifteen months after I had begun my systematic inquiry I read for amusement Malthus's essay on population.1 Being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from the long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, I was struck at once that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved and unfavourable ones to be destroyed.

Aboriginal Australians have succeeded in the struggle for existence for at least 60 000 years because they were able to hunt and gather. Aborigines would not have survived if their skins had not been black in Australia's intense sunlight. Procopio seems to presume that when Australian Aborigines arrived in Australia their skins were black already. It matters little what the colour of their skin was when they arrived, whether their skins were or became black. Australian conditions composed the Darwinian selective forces which ensured that they were fully protected against sunlight by their black skins, which Europeans, who have been chosen by natural selection to live in Europe, are not when they live in Australia.

Europeans in Europe depended on food in their struggle for existence. Vitamin D was essential if they were to survive, and it is reasonable to postulate that that accounts for the colour of their skin. However, again we cannot be certain what the colour of their skin was when they arrived in Europe.
Symptomless Acute Renal Transplant Rejections
Authors: Edwina A. Brown
Journal: JAMA (1978)

A total of 22 cases of acute rejection episodes occurring six months to five years after renal transplantation were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of fever, graft tenderness, increase in blood pressure, declining urine output, falling urine sodium level, change in WBC count, and patient's response to antirejection therapy. A total of 13 episodes were not associated with any of these symptoms or signs of an acute rejection episode; seven episodes were associated with an increase in blood pressure alone and only two episodes were associated with fever. Nineteen rejection episodes were confirmed by biopsy. In 16 of these late-rejection episodes, the patient had complete or partial response to therapy. Acute rejection episodes can occur months to years after transplantation; patients are typically asymptomatic; many patients do respond to therapy; and biopsy is often helpful in establishing the diagnosis.
The nursing profession's coming of age: Not as successful as it looks
Authors: Trefor J Roscoe
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The nursing profession's coming of age The end of medicine as a professionEditor-Young describes the coming of age of the nursing profession. 1 All professions and occupations are human creations and therefore are subject to change.With the widening of roles of many professions, it becomes harder to define what a doctor can do that can't be done by an appropriately trained member of another profession.Perhaps major surgery and certifying cause of death are all that remains.With the increasing difficulty of getting junior doctors to do anything that may be regarded as work (rather than education) we doctors may be engineering the abolition of our profession, and we may move from distinct professions to practitioners from varied backgrounds being trained for a particular function.
Facial Urination due to Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Lawrence Gould
Journal: JAMA (1986)

To the Editor.—  We recently saw a patient in congestive heart failure whose main complaint was wetting his face every time he urinated. This case report describes this unusual presentation.  Report of a Case.—  An 87-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of swelling of his legs and his urine hitting him in the face. The patient was aware of dyspnea on exertion for one month before his hospitalization. Four days before admission, he noted edema of his legs, scrotum, and penis. In fact, his penis had bent backward and was pointed toward his head. He denied any history of chest pains, hypertension, or diabetes and was not receiving any cardiac medications. His neck veins were distended and there were rales at the lung bases. Auscultation of the heart did not reveal any thrills, rubs, murmurs, or gallops. There was a moderate degree of ascites. The scrotum was edematous
Use of Endoscopy to Diagnose Symptomatic Duodenal Duplication Cyst in an Adult
Authors: M. Bulajić, M. Savić-Perišić, V. Korneti, R. Čolović, M. Milićević
Journal: Endoscopy (1991)

The case of a female patient with a symptomatic duodenal duplication cyst diagnosed on endoscopy is reported. It is very important to discriminate between this rare anomaly and choledochocele as the treatment differs. Ultrasonography and ERCP are useful for the differential diagnosis. This rare anomaly is more often diagnosed in children. In adults duodenal duplication cysts may cause obstructive jaundice. The endoscopic finding of a cystic lesion in the medial wall of the second duodenal section at the papilla Vateri should be interpreted as a sign of the disease.
Cage allocation designs for rodent carcinogenicity experiments
Authors: Agnes M. Herzberg, Stephen W. Lagakos
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Cage allocation designs for rodent carcinogenicity experiments are discussed and presented with the goal of avoiding dosage group biases related to cage location. Considerations in selecting a cage design are first discussed in general terms. Specific designs are presented for use in experiments involving three, four, and five dose groups and with one, four, and five rodents per cage. Priorities for balancing treatment groups include horizontal position on shelf and shelf of rack, nearest neighbor balance, and male-female balance. It is proposed that these balance criteria be considered together with practical issues, such as the ability to accurately conform to a design and to determine a sensible and efficient design for each experiment.
Metabolomics: Available Results, Current Research Projects in Breast Cancer, and Future Applications
Authors: Wederson Marcos Claudino, Alessandro Quattrone, Laura Biganzoli, Marta Pestrin, Ivano Bertini, Angelo Di Leo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Metabolomics is the newest "omics" science. It is a dynamic portrait of the metabolic status of living systems. Metabolomics has brought new insights on metabolic fluxes and a more comprehensive and holistic understanding of a cell's environment. This burgeoning field promises to be a potential tool to fill the gap between genotype and phenotype. As its preceding "omics" sciences (ie, genomics and proteomics), metabolomics' aim is to dredge information hidden in a sea of data. This technology permits simultaneous monitoring of many hundreds, or thousands, of macro- and small molecules, as well as functional monitoring of multiple pivotal cellular pathways. In addition, elucidation of cellular responses to molecular damage, including evolutionarily conserved inducible molecular defense systems, could be achieved with metabolomics and could lead to the discovery of new biomarkers of molecular responses to functional perturbations. If metabolomic information could be translated into diagnostic tests, it might have the potential to impact on clinical practice, and it might lead to the supplementation of traditional biomarkers of cellular integrity, cell and tissue homeostasis, and morphological alterations that result from cell damage or death. In this review the concept and characteristics of metabolomics are introduced. Main current applications of metabolomics in cancer research are reviewed, including its potential in the drug discovery field, and, last but not least, its potential impact in the field of monitoring response and toxicity to anticancer agents. In the last section, research projects ongoing at our institution and future challenges for metabolomics will be presented and briefly discussed.
ULTRASOUND-GUIDED PERCUTANEOUS ASPIRATION IN CALCIFYING TENDINITIS OF THE SHOULDER
Authors: J S S López, F B Pazos, A R Valero, D M Silván, T F F Jaén
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Introduction Tendinopathy is a common pathology; calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder is less frequent and there are controversies regarding its treatment. The aim was to study the short-term efficiency of ultrasound-guided percutaneous aspiration in patients with calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder, and compare the results with other treatment techniques. The second aim was to study the shape of the acromion in calcifying tendinitis and correlate this with the shape of the acromion in the general population. Method 13 patients diagnosed with calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder were treated using an ultrasound and radiology study. They underwent the Constant and Oxford questionnaire to assess shoulder pain and function. The technique employed was ultrasound-guided percutaneous aspiration. Two groups were formed: group 1 with the aspirated patients; group 2 with patients in which calcification was fragmented. The patients were monitored after 1 month and 3 months from commencement of treatment. Results The treated patients consisted of seven men and six women, aged between 40 and 57. In the functional assessment of the shoulder prior to treatment and 3 months following treatment, the difference in the Constant score was 58.69 points and 17.38 points in the Oxford score. The differences were statistically significant (p=0.001) for both scores. In the clinical assessment and in the decrease of calcification, better results are obtained in the group that had the calcium deposits aspirated, compared to the other group where calcification was fragmented. Discussion Patients that had calcification removed had better clinical results than patients that did not. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous aspiration is a good treatment.
Falsely convicted Sally Clark dies suddenly
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2007)

A mother convicted and later cleared of murdering her two baby sons, whose case led to a fundamental rethink of the system of expert witnesses in UK courts, died suddenly last week at the age of 42.

A coroner was told this week that preliminary results of a postmortem examination of Sally Clark indicated death from natural causes, but more tests will be done to try to establish definitively why she died four years after she was cleared on appeal of killing …
A stable definition of chronic kidney disease improves knowledge and patient care
Authors: J. Coresh, A. S. Levey, A. Levin, P. Stevens
Journal: BMJ (2013)

As co-chairs of the 2002 and 2012 guidelines on the definition and staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD) we wanted to clarify several areas of disagreement with the authors of the recent BMJ article.1

Firstly, the 2012 definition is the same as the 2002 one.2

Secondly, new data assembled through a global consortium including 50 cohorts and more than two million people overwhelmingly support an increased risk associated with the definition thresholds (estimated glomerular filtration rate  30 mg/g (>3 mg/mmol)) regardless of age, hypertension, and diabetes.3

Thirdly, CKD is associated not just with progression to end stage renal disease but with risk of concurrent complications (anaemia, hyperparathyroidism, hyperphosphataemia) and future events (acute kidney injury, cardiovascular disease, …
Factors associated with variability in the assessment of UK doctors' professionalism: analysis of survey results
Authors: J. L. Campbell, M. Roberts, C. Wright, J. Hill, M. Greco, M. Taylor, S. Richards
Journal: BMJ (2011)

To investigate potential sources of systematic bias arising in the assessment of doctors' professionalism.Linear regression modelling of cross sectional questionnaire survey data.11 clinical practices in England and Wales.1065 non-training grade doctors from various clinical specialties and settings, 17,031 of their colleagues, and 30,333 of their patients.Two measures of a doctor's professional performance using patient and colleague questionnaires from the United Kingdom's General Medical Council (GMC). We selected potential predictor variables from the characteristics of the doctors and of their patient and colleague assessors.After we adjusted for characteristics of the doctor as well as characteristics of the patient sample, less favourable scores from patient feedback were independently predicted by doctors having obtained their primary medical degree from any non-European country; doctors practising as a psychiatrist; lower proportions of white patients providing feedback; lower proportions of patients rating their consultation as being very important; and lower proportions of patients reporting that they were seeing their usual doctor. Lower scores from colleague feedback were independently predicted by doctors having obtained their primary medical degree from countries outside the UK and South Asia; currently employed in a locum capacity; working as a general practitioner or psychiatrist; being employed in a staff grade, associate specialist, or other equivalent role; and with a lower proportion of colleagues reporting they had daily or weekly professional contact with the doctor. In fully adjusted models, the doctor's age, sex, and ethnic group were not independent predictors of patient or colleague feedback. Neither the age or sex profiles of the patient or colleague samples were independent predictors of doctors' feedback scores, and nor was the ethnic group of colleague samples.Caution is necessary when considering patient and colleague feedback regarding doctors' professionalism. Multisource feedback undertaken for revalidation using the GMC patient and colleague questionnaires should, at least initially, be principally formative in nature.
Superficial and Juxtamedullary Nephron Function during Saline Loading in the Dog
Authors: Frank J. Bruns, Edward A. Alexander, Arthur L. Riley, Norman G. Levinsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

A modification of the microdissection technique of Hanssen was utilized in dogs to measure superficial (SNGFR) and juxtamedullary nephron filtration rate (JMGFR) in control and saline-expanded dogs. During control studies SNGFR was 60+/-4 and JMGFR was 72+/-5 nl/min. During saline loading SNGFR was 74+/-8 and JMGFR was 65+/-6 nl/min. The ratio SNGFR: JMGFR significantly increased from 0.84+/-0.03 to 1.15+/-0.08. Glomerular perfusion rate (GPR) was measured with the microsphere method during control and saline loading. Superficial GPR did not change significantly but juxtamedullary GPR increased from 225+/-42 to 323+/-39 nl/min. Calculated superficial nephron filtration fraction was unchanged after saline expansion but juxtamedullary filtration fraction decreased from 0.34+/-0.07 to 0.24+/-0.07. The data demonstrate a tendency for filtration to shift toward the superficial part and plasma flow toward the deep part of the kidney cortex. GFR in juxtamedullary nephrons appears to be less plasma flow-dependent than in superficial nephrons. The fall in filtration fraction in the deep cortex may affect sodium excretion by juxtamedullary nephrons.
Enzymatic release of microspheroids containing hydroxyapatite crystals from synovium and of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals from cartilage.
Authors: P B Halverson, H S Cheung, D J McCarty
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1982)

Incubation of minced, focally calcified, chondromatosis tissue obtained at operation from a patient with Milwaukee shoulder (rotator cuff defect and glenohumeral osteoarthritis associated with synovial fluid, hydroxyapatite crystals in microspheroidal masses, collagenase, and neutral protease) with partially purified mammalian synovial cell collagenase released masses of hydroxyapatite crystals of the same size as those originally found in the patient9s synovial fluid. Incubation of mineral articular cartilage obtained from a shoulder joint at arthroplasty for a destructive arthropathy in a patient with generalised calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition with partially purified synovial cell collagenase freed CPPD crystals from their matrix. These data are compatible with a previously postulated mechanism linking microcrystals to destructive arthropathies, that is, crystal endocytosis by synovial cells stimulating collagenase secretion with subsequent enzymatic crystal "strip-mining9, releasing additional crystals into the synovial fluid in a self-perpetuating cycle.