tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HENOCH'S PURPURA OR ANGIO-NEUROTIC OEDEMA?
Authors: H. C. Barlow
Journal: BMJ (1910)

Regarding the septic ear as a possible channel2 for the infect- ing micro-organis'm, this was treated with 'instillations of hydrogen peroxide, followed by irrigations of a mild antiseptic lotion.The alimentary canal and the renal secretion were like- wise treated antiseptically; for the former salol and benzo- -naphthol were administered three-hourly, and for the latter 15 grains of urotropine was given night and morning.To main- tain the patient's strength I allowed as much as he could take of -an easily assimilative diet.Stimulants were not resorted to, asince the patient had never taken any.In spite of the above treatment, the rigors still persisted, so that my mind turned to vaccines and antitoxins.Two cases
Myeloperoxidase Delays Neutrophil Apoptosis Through CD11b/CD18 Integrins and Prolongs Inflammation
Authors: Driss El Kebir, Levente József, Wanling Pan, János G. Filep
Journal: Circulation Research (2008)

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes have a central role in innate immunity and their programmed cell death and removal are critical for efficient resolution of acute inflammation. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme protein abundantly expressed in neutrophils, is generally associated with killing of bacteria and oxidative tissue injury. Because MPO also binds to neutrophils, we investigated whether MPO could affect the lifespan of neutrophils. Here, we report that MPO independent of its catalytic activity through signaling via the adhesion molecule CD11b/CD18 rescued human neutrophils from constitutive apoptosis and prolonged their life span. MPO evoked a transient concurrent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt, leading to phosphorylation of Bad at both Ser112 and Ser136, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction, and subsequent activation of caspase-3. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Akt, or caspase-3 reversed the antiapoptosis action of MPO. Acute increases in plasma MPO delayed murine neutrophil apoptosis assayed ex vivo. In a mouse model of self-resolving inflammation, MPO also prolonged the duration of carrageenan-induced acute lung injury, as evidenced by enhanced alveolar permeability and accumulation of neutrophils parallel with suppression of neutrophil apoptosis. Our results indicate that MPO functions as a survival signal for neutrophils and thereby contribute to prolongation of inflammation.
Absence of relationship between tuberculin reactivity and atopy in BCG vaccinated young adults
Authors: E Omenaas
Journal: Thorax (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> An inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopy has been observed in Japanese children, indicating that BCG immunisation, subclinical exposure to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> without clinical disease, or host characteristics may influence the T helper (Th) lymphocyte balance with decreased atopy as a result. This study was undertaken to determine whether tuberculin reactivity is inversely related to atopy in young adults vaccinated with BCG at the age of 14. <h3>METHODS</h3> Men and women aged 20–44 years were tested using the adrenaline-Pirquet test with Norwegian produced synthetic medium tuberculin (n = 891). In addition, their serum total and specific IgE antibodies against mite, cat, timothy grass, mould and birch were measured. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Of the 574 subjects with complete examinations, 64% had a positive adrenaline-Pirquet tuberculin test (⩾4 mm) and 27% exhibited IgE antibodies (⩾0.35 kU/l) to one or more of the five specific allergens. The geometric mean of total serum IgE in the population was 30.2 kU/l. Tuberculin reactivity and log IgE were not correlated (<i>r</i> = 0.043, p = 0.30). The mean tuberculin reactivity was 4.6 mm, 4.9 mm, and 5.0 mm in the lower, middle and upper tertile of IgE distribution (&lt;14 kU/l, 14–61 kU/l, &gt;61 kU/l). The prevalence of atopy, as assessed by either the presence of any of the five specific IgE antibodies or by each specific IgE antibody separately, did not differ between subjects with a positive and those with a negative tuberculin test. These results persisted after adjustment for age, sex, and smoking status in multivariate logistic regression analyses. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> In this young adult population, BCG vaccinated at the age of 14, no significant relationship between a positive tuberculin reaction and atopy was observed. If a true relationship had been found, our study suggests that it may be limited to populations immunised in early childhood when a substantial modulation of the immune system can occur.
Outcome in Renal AL Amyloidosis After Chemotherapy
Authors: Jennifer H. Pinney, Helen J. Lachmann, Loveleen Bansi, Ashutosh D. Wechalekar, Janet A. Gilbertson, Dorota Rowczenio, Prayman T. Sattianayagam, Simon D.J. Gibbs, Emanuela Orlandi, Nancy L. Wassef, Arthur R. Bradwell, Philip N. Hawkins, Julian D. Gillmore
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Chemotherapy in AL (primary or light chain) amyloidosis is associated with improved survival, but its effect on renal outcome has not been examined systematically. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemotherapy on clinical outcome among patients with renal AL amyloidosis.We evaluated factors influencing survival among 923 patients with renal AL amyloidosis observed during a 21-year period, including 221 patients who became dialysis dependent. Factors associated with renal outcome were analyzed, including serum free light chain (FLC) response to chemotherapy using a simple subtraction formula applicable to all stages of chronic kidney disease. Patient survival and graft survival were analyzed in 21 renal transplantation recipients.Median survival from diagnosis for the whole cohort was 35.2 months. Magnitude of FLC response with chemotherapy was strongly and independently associated with overall survival (P < .001) and renal outcome. Evaluable patients achieving more than 90% FLC response had a significantly higher rate of renal responses and lower rate of renal progression compared with patients achieving a 50% to 90% response, whose renal outcomes were, in turn, better than patients achieving less than 50% FLC response (P < .001). Median survival from dialysis dependence was 39.0 months, and median survival from renal transplantation was 89.0 months.Renal outcome and overall outcome in AL amyloidosis are strongly associated with FLC response to chemotherapy and are best among patients achieving more than 90% suppression of the amyloidogenic monoclonal component. Survival on dialysis was substantially superior to that previously reported, and renal transplantation should be considered in selected patients with AL amyloidosis with end-stage renal disease.
Effects of Nonlinear Aerobic Training on Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Function Following Radical Prostatectomy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Lee W. Jones, Whitney E. Hornsby, Stephen J. Freedland, Amy Lane, Miranda J. West, Judd W. Moul, Michael N. Ferrandino, Jason D. Allen, Aarti A. Kenjale, Samantha M. Thomas, James E. Herndon, Bridget F. Koontz, June M. Chan, Michel G. Khouri, Pamela S. Douglas, Neil D. Eves
Journal: European Urology (2013)
Lung Cancer Risk Among Smokers of Menthol Cigarettes
Authors: W. J. Blot, S. S. Cohen, M. Aldrich, J. K. McLaughlin, M. K. Hargreaves, L. B. Signorello
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

Menthol cigarettes, preferred by African American smokers, have been conjectured to be harder to quit and to contribute to the excess lung cancer burden among black men in the Unites States. However, data showing an association between smoking menthol cigarettes and increased lung cancer risk compared with smoking nonmenthol cigarettes are limited. The Food and Drug Administration is currently considering whether to ban the sale of menthol cigarettes in the United States. We conducted a prospective study among 85 806 racially diverse adults enrolled in the Southern Community Cohort Study during March 2002 to September 2009 according to cigarette smoking status, with smokers classified by preference for menthol vs nonmenthol cigarettes. Among 12 373 smokers who responded to a follow-up questionnaire, we compared rates of quitting between menthol and nonmenthol smokers. In a nested case–control analysis of 440 incident lung cancer case patients and 2213 matched control subjects, using logistic regression modeling we computed odds ratios (ORs) and accompanying 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of lung cancer incidence, and applied Cox proportional hazards modeling to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of lung cancer mortality, according to menthol preference. Among both blacks and whites, menthol smokers reported smoking fewer cigarettes per day; an average of 1.6 (95% CI = 1.3 to 2.0) fewer for blacks and 1.8 (95% CI = 1.3 to 2.3) fewer for whites, compared with nonmenthol smokers. During an average of 4.3 years of follow-up, 21% of participants smoking at baseline had quit, with menthol and nonmenthol smokers having equal odds of quitting (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.16). A lower lung cancer incidence was noted in menthol vs nonmenthol smokers (for smokers of <10, 10–19, and ≥20 cigarettes per day, compared with never smokers, OR = 5.0 vs 10.3, 8.7 vs 12.9, and 12.2 vs 21.1, respectively). These trends were mirrored for lung cancer mortality. In multivariable analyses adjusted for pack-years of smoking, menthol cigarettes were associated with a lower lung cancer incidence (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.90) and mortality (hazard ratio of mortality = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.95) than nonmenthol cigarettes. The findings suggest that menthol cigarettes are no more, and perhaps less, harmful than nonmenthol cigarettes.
NT-40 * Interim Analysis of the EF-14 Trial: A Prospective, Multi-center Trial of NovoTTF-100A Together With Temozolomide Compared to Temozolomide Alone in Patients with Newly Diagnosed GBM
Authors: R. Stupp, E. Wong, C. Scott, S. Taillibert, A. Kanner, S. Kesari, Z. Ram
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

BACKGROUND: Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are an anti-mitotic, physical treatment modality that acts in metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The NovoTTF-100A System (NovoTTF), a home-use medical device that delivers TTFields to the brain, is an established monotherapy for recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS: We conducted an international, multicenter, prospective, randomized phase III trial in newly diagnosed GBM patients. After completion of radiotherapy (RT) with concomitant temozolomide (TMZ), patients were randomized (2:1) to adjuvant TMZ with NovoTTF or adjuvant TMZ alone. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), with overall survival (OS) an important secondary endpoint. Here we report on a pre-specified interim analysis of the first 315 patients randomized, after a minimum follow-up of 18 months (range 18-60 months). RESULTS: (intent-to-treat): 210 pts were randomized to NovoTTF/TMZ and 105 to TMZ alone. Patient characteristics were balanced: median age 57 and 58 years, tumor resection in 89 and 90%, KPS 90%, for the NovoTTF and the control arms, respectively. MGMT promoter methylation status was assessable centrally in 60% of patients; of these 39% and 41% were methylated. Adverse events (AE) were comparable between treatment arms. The most common device-related AE was skin irritation in 45% of patients (all grades, severe 2%). Severe seizures were observed at a frequency of 7% in both arms. Median PFS was 7.1 months [mo] (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.9-8.2) and 4.0 mo (CI 3.0-4.3; Hazard ratio 0.63, p = 0.001), OS was 19.6 mo (CI 16.5.-24.1) and 16.6 mo (CI 13.5-19.1) (HR 0.75, p = 0.034), both favoring NovoTTF. This translates into a 24-mo survival rate of 43% (CI 36-50%) and 29% (CI 21-39%) for the NovoTFF/TMZ and the TMZ alone arm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The trial met its primary and main secondary endpoints, and was closed to accrual after this interim analysis. Adjuvant TMZ chemotherapy and NovoTTF provides a clinically and statistically significant improvement in progression-free and overall survival, and should become the new standard of care against GBM.
Adding cetuximab to capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase II trial of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research SAKK
Authors: M. Borner, D. Koeberle, R. Von Moos, P. Saletti, D. Rauch, V. Hess, A. Trojan, D. Helbling, B. Pestalozzi, C. Caspar, T. Ruhstaller, A. Roth, A. Kappeler, D. Dietrich, D. Lanz, W. Mingrone
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2008)
<b> <i>MYC</i> </b> Is Amplified in <b> <i>BRCA1</i> </b>-Associated Breast Cancers
Authors: Tatyana A. Grushko, James J. Dignam, Soma Das, Anne M. Blackwood, Charles M. Perou, Karin K. Ridderstråle, Kristin N. Anderson, Min-Jie Wei, April J. Adams, Fitsum G. Hagos, Lise Sveen, Henry T. Lynch, Barbara L. Weber, Olufunmilayo I. Olopade
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Purpose: Germ-line mutations in the BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene predispose to early onset breast cancers with a distinct phenotype characterized by high tumor grade, aneuploidy, high proliferation rate, and estrogen receptor-negativity. The molecular mechanisms and cooperative oncogenes contributing to multistep tumor progression in cells lacking BRCA1 are not well defined. To examine whether C-MYC (MYC), a transforming oncogene associated with genetic instability, contributes to multistep tumor progression in BRCA1-associated breast cancer, we have analyzed tumors from women with hereditary BRCA1-mutated and sporadic breast cancers. Experimental Design: We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization using a MYC:CEP8 assay on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues from 40 women with known deleterious germ-line BRCA1 mutations and 62 sporadic cases, including 20 cases with hypermethylation of the BRCA1 gene promoter. Results: We observed a MYC:CEP8 amplification ratio ≥2 in 21 of 40 (53%) BRCA1-mutated tumors compared with 14 of 62 (23%) sporadic tumors (P = 0.003). Of the 14 sporadic cases with MYC amplification, 8 (57%) were BRCA1-methylated. In total, MYC amplification was found in a significantly higher proportion of tumors with BRCA1 dysfunction (29 of 60, 48% versus 6 of 42, 14%; P = 0.0003). In a multivariable regression model controlling for age, tumor size, and estrogen receptor status, BRCA1-mutated tumors demonstrated significantly greater mean MYC:CEP8 ratio than sporadic tumors (P = 0.02). Conclusions: Our data indicate that MYC oncogene amplification contributes to tumor progression in BRCA1-associated breast cancers. Thus, we conclude that the aggressive histopathological features of BRCA1-associated tumors are in part due to dysregulated MYC activity.
Parvovirus B19 Infection Mimicking Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Uwe Kühl, Matthias Pauschinger, Thomas Bock, Karin Klingel, C. Peter Lothar Schwimmbeck, Bettina Seeberg, Lars Krautwurm, Wolfgang Poller, Heinz-Peter Schultheiss, Reinhard Kandolf
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— Enteroviruses (EVs) and adenoviruses (ADVs) have been considered common causes of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. In the present study, we report on the association of parvovirus B19 (PVB19) genomes in the clinical setting of acute myocarditis. Methods and Results— This study included 24 consecutive patients admitted to our hospital within 24 hours after onset of chest pain. Acute myocardial infarction had been excluded in all patients by coronary angiography. Endomyocardial biopsies were analyzed by nested polymerase chain reaction/reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for EV, ADV, PVB19, human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Chlamydia pneumoniae , influenza virus A and B, and Borrelia burgdorferi genomes, respectively, followed by direct sequencing of the amplification products. All patients presented with acute onset of angina pectoris and ST-segment elevations or T-wave inversion mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Mean baseline peak creatinine kinase and creatine kinase-isoenzyme fraction were 342±241 U/L and 32±20 U/L, respectively. Mean troponin T was increased to 7.5±15.0 ng/mL and C-reactive protein to 91±98 mg/mL. Eighteen patients had global or regional wall motion abnormalities (ejection fraction 62.5±15.5%). Histological analysis excluded the presence of active or borderline myocarditis in all but one patient. PVB19, EV, and ADV genomes were detected in the myocardium of 12, 3, and 2 patients, respectively (71%). Follow-up biopsies of virus-positive patients (11 of 17) demonstrated persistence of PVB19 genomes in 6 of 6 patients, EV genomes in 2 of 3 patients, and ADV genomes in 1 of 2 patients, respectively. Conclusions— Virus genomes can be demonstrated in 71% of patients with normal coronary anatomy, clinically mimicking acute myocardial infarction. In addition to EVs and ADVs, PVB19 was the most frequent pathogen.
Which lap is the slowest? An analysis of 32 world mile record performances
Authors: T D Noakes, M I Lambert, R Hauman
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

Objectives: The pacing strategies adopted by world-record breakers during the 1-mile footrace in order to evaluate different models for the biological basis of pacing was determined in this study. Methods: Lap times in 32 world record performances were analysed. Average times for each of the four laps and as percentages of total race time were calculated. Results: The slowest laps in 90% of races were either the second (34%) or the third (56%) laps. In only two (6%) records was the final lap the slowest, whereas in 24 (76%), it was either the fastest (38%) or the second fastest (38%) lap. Mean times for the second and third laps were both significantly slower than were times for the first or final laps, but there was no significant difference in times for the first and final lap. Conclusion: The finding that world record beaters run the final lap in their quickest mile races faster than the second and third laps matches findings for races at longer distances. The presence of this “end spurt” suggests that the pacing strategy is regulated “in anticipation” and is not purely the result of a developing “peripheral fatigue”.
Assessment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma by Absolute Lymphocyte Counts in 2,126 Patients: 20 Years of Experience at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Authors: Apostolia M. Tsimberidou, Sijin Wen, Susan O'Brien, Peter McLaughlin, William G. Wierda, Alessandra Ferrajoli, Stefan Faderl, John Manning, Susan Lerner, Chinh V. Mai, Alma M. Rodriguez, Mark Hess, Kim-Anh Do, Emil J. Freireich, Hagop M. Kantarjian, L. Jeffrey Medeiros, Michael J. Keating
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) are currently considered the same entity, but controversy remains over whether CLL and SLL should be treated similarly. We assessed whether characteristics of patients with CLL and SLL differ in ways other than the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and evaluated treatment outcomes and prognostic factors.We searched the electronic database for patients with CLL or SLL who presented to The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) between 1985 and 2005. We reviewed patient records to determine presenting characteristics, treatment, and clinical outcomes. Cox models using training and validation sets of patients and resampling methods were used to develop a model predicting survival.Among 2,126 consecutive CLL/SLL patients, 312 (15%) had ALC less than 5 x 10(9)/L. Patients with ALC less than 5 x 10(9)/L had lower rates of cytogenetic abnormalities (P = .0002) and higher rates of CD38-positive results (P = .0002) and had mutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region gene status (P = .034). Rates of response, survival, and failure-free survival (FFS) were not different among ALC groups. Regimens that included rituximab and a nucleoside analog were associated with superior rates of response and FFS compared with other therapies, irrespective of ALC. Deletion 17p or 6q with or without other cytogenetic abnormalities, age at least 60 years, beta2-microglobulin at least 2 mg/L, albumin less than 3.5 g/dL, and creatinine at least 1.6 mg/dL were each found to independently predict shorter survival and formed the basis of a scoring system.Patients with CLL or SLL can be treated similarly. A new prognostic score is proposed.
The Photocopy Conundrum
Authors: G. A. Lillington
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The EDITORIAL, "Photocopying and Communication in the Health Sciences" (220:1357, 1972) comments on the litigation filed in 1968 by the Williams and Wilkins Company, publishers of 37 medical and scientific journals, against the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), alleging that photocopying of articles in these journals is an infringement of copyright. As noted in the EDITORIAL, the Commissioner of the United States Court of Claims, in February 1972, "ruled that Williams and Wilkins clearly had grounds for complaint, that photocopying diminishes its potential market, and that the company is entitled to compensation." The EDITORIAL conjures up several specters. Implicit in the EDITORIAL, and explicit in the arguments advanced by the defendants, is the fear that this decision will restrict photocopying and impede the free flow and dissemination of scientific information. The Chairman of the Board of Williams and Wilkins has
EAU Guidelines on Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Authors: Manfred Stöhrer, Bertil Blok, David Castro-Diaz, Emanuel Chartier-Kastler, Giulio Del Popolo, Guus Kramer, Jürgen Pannek, Piotr Radziszewski, Jean-Jacques Wyndaele
Journal: European Urology (2009)