tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
BILHARZIA DISEASE.REPORT OF TWO CASES OBSERVED AMONG PORTO RICANS IN SAN FRANCISCO.
Authors: HERBERT GUNN
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Bilharzia disease, called also endemic hematuria and bilharziosis, is caused by a trematode worm or fluke inhabiting principally the portal venous system, where it deposits its eggs, the escape of which into certain organs produces the various symptoms of the disease. Bilharz discovered the parasite in 1851, and later the disease was named after him. The disease is quite prevalent in some parts of the world, but until recently few cases had been observed outside of endemic areas. In many parts of Africa it is quite common. In Egypt over 50 per cent. of the population harbors the parasite. Cases have been observed in Cyprus, Sicily and Mauritius. British soldiers returning from South Africa have probably disseminated the disease to a considerable extent, as recently shown by Douglass<sup>1</sup>and Hardy. In the United States, so far as I am able to find, only six cases have been
Hepatitis C virus core protein triggers expansion and activation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in chronic hepatitis C patients
Authors: Naicui Zhai, Xiumei Chi, Tianyang Li, Hongxiao Song, Haijun Li, Xia Jin, Ian Nicholas Crispe, Lishan Su, Junqi Niu, Zhengkun Tu
Journal: Cellular and Molecular Immunology (2014)
Mucin degradation in human colon ecosystems. Isolation and properties of fecal strains that degrade ABH blood group antigens and oligosaccharides from mucin glycoproteins.
Authors: L C Hoskins, M Agustines, W B McKee, E T Boulding, M Kriaris, G Niedermeyer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

We previously reported that the oligosaccharide chains of hog gastric mucin were degraded by unidentified subpopulations numbering approximately 1% of normal human fecal bacteria. Here we report on the enzyme-producing properties of five strains of mucin oligosaccharide chain-degrading bacteria isolated from feces of four healthy subjects. Four were isolated from the greatest fecal dilutions yielding mucin side chain-degrading activity in culture, and thus were the numerically dominant side chain-degrading bacteria in their respective hosts. Three were Ruminococcus strains and two were Bifidobacterium strains. Two Ruminococcus torques strains, IX-70 and VIII-239, produced blood group A- and H-degrading alpha-glycosidase activities, sialidase, and the requisite beta-glycosidases; these strains released greater than 90% of the anthrone-reacting hexoses from hog gastric mucin during growth in culture. The Bifidobacterium strains lacked A-degrading activity but were otherwise similar; these released 60-80% of the anthrone-reacting hexoses but not the A antigenic structures from hog gastric mucin. Only Ruminococcus AB strain VI-268 produced blood group B-degrading alpha-galactosidase activity, but this strain lacked beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases to complete degradation of B antigenic chains. When this strain was co-cultured with a strain that produced beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases, release of hexoses from blood group B salivary glycoprotein increased from 50 to greater than 90%, and bacterial growth was enhanced. The glycosidases required for side chain degradation were produced by these strains in the absence of mucin substrate, and a substantial fraction of each activity in stationary phase cultures was extracellular. In contrast, none of 16 other fecal Bacteroides, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, and Bifidobacterium strains produced ABH blood group-degrading enzymes; other glycosidases produced by these strains were predominantly cell bound except for extracellular beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases produced by the five S. faecalis strains. We conclude that certain Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus strains are numerically dominant populations degrading mucin oligosaccharides in the human colon due to their constitutive production of the requisite extracellular glycosidases including blood group antigen-specific alpha-glycosidases. These properties characterize them as a functionally distinct subpopulation of normal human enteric microflora comprised of specialized subsets that produce blood group H antigen-degrading glycosidases alone or together with either blood group A- or B-degrading glycosidases.
The insulinotropic potency of fatty acids is influenced profoundly by their chain length and degree of saturation.
Authors: D T Stein, B E Stevenson, M W Chester, M Basit, M B Daniels, S D Turley, J D McGarry
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Lowering of the elevated plasma FFA concentration in 18- 24-h fasted rats with nicotinic acid (NA) caused complete ablation of subsequent glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Although the effect of NA was reversed when the fasting level of total FFA was maintained by coinfusion of soybean oil or lard oil (plus heparin), the more saturated animal fat proved to be far more potent in enhancing GSIS. We therefore examined the influence of individual fatty acids on insulin secretion in the perfused rat pancreas. When present in the perfusion fluid at 0.5 mM (in the context of 1% albumin), the fold stimulation of insulin release from the fasted pancreas in response to 12.5 mM glucose was as follows: octanoate (C8:0), 3.4; linoleate (C18:2 cis/cis), 5.3; oleate (C18:1 cis), 9.4; palmitate (C16:0), 16. 2; and stearate (C18:0), 21.0. The equivalent value for palmitoleate (C16:1 cis) was 3.1. A cis--> trans switch of the double bond in the C16:1 and C18:1 fatty acids had only a modest, if any, impact on their potency. A similar profile emerged with regard to basal insulin secretion (3 mM glucose). When a subset of these fatty acids was tested in pancreases from fed animals, the same rank order of effectiveness at both basal and stimulatory levels of glucose was seen. The findings reaffirm the essentiality of an elevated plasma FFA concentration for GSIS in the fasted rat. They also show, however, that the insulinotropic effect of individual fatty acids spans a remarkably broad range, increasing and decreasing dramatically with chain length and degree of unsaturation, respectively. Thus, for any given level of glucose, insulin secretion will be influenced greatly not only by the combined concentration of all circulating (unbound) FFA, but also by the makeup of this FFA pool. Both factors will likely be important considerations in understanding the complex interplay between the nature of dietary fat and whole body insulin, glucose, and lipid dynamics.
Revisiting: Involuntary Smoking and Lung Cancer: a Case-Control Study
Authors: P. N. Lee
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1999)

I was pleased to hear that the errors in the 95% confidence limits presented by Garfinkel et al. (1) to which I referred in my previous letter (2) arose from misapplying the program by Rothman and Boice (3) rather than from an error in the program itself, which would have had more alarming consequences. Although I am sorry that I falsely accused the program of being erroneous, it remains a matter of concern that incorrect data have been published. Elsewhere, I propose some tests and procedures to help avoid such errors appearing in published papers, errors that are, unfortunately, not that uncommon in the literature on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (4). I was extremely surprised to hear Rothman and Boice (3) suggest that I rely on statistical significance as a primary indicator of effect, since in my previous letter I had cited a paper of mine (5) that argued at length that the statistically significant but weak association between lung cancer and smoking by the husband does not provide convincing evidence of a true effect of ETS exposure on risk of lung cancer. The reasons for this are precisely those to which Rothman and Boice (3) refer, biases such as those arising from misclassification of exposure to active smoking and from confounding. While it is certainly true that the presence of a statistically significant association does
Methotrexate and Misoprostol vs Misoprostol Alone for Early Abortion
Authors: Mitchell D. Creinin, Eric Vittinghoff
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To compare the safety and efficacy of early abortion by administration of methotrexate and misoprostol vs administration of misoprostol alone. <h3>Design.</h3> —Randomized controlled trial. <h3>Setting.</h3> —San Francisco (Calif) General Hospital. <h3>Patients.</h3> —Pregnant women at 56 days' gestation or less seeking elective abortion. Sixty-three women volunteered for the trial; 61 completed the study and are included in the analysis. <h3>Intervention.</h3> —Intramuscular administration of 50 mg of methotrexate per square meter of body surface area followed 3 days later by vaginal administration of 800 μg of misoprostol (group 1) or the same dose of misoprostol given alone (group 2). The misoprostol dose was repeated 24 hours later if abortion had not occurred. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Successful abortion, duration of vaginal bleeding, side effects, and change in β—human chorionic gonadotropin β-hCG) level. An abortion was considered successful if the pregnancy ended without requiring a surgical procedure. <h3>Results.</h3> —Complete abortion occurred in 28 (90%) of 31 patients in group 1 and 14 (47%) of 30 patients in group 2 (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). Seventeen (61%) of the 28 women in group 1 who aborted did so the same day as misoprostol administration; vaginal bleeding lasted a mean (±SD) of 10 (±4) days, and β-hCG level was less than or equal to 10 IU/L by a mean of 31 (±6) days after methotrexate administration. The 11 other women in group 1 who aborted did so after a mean delay of 29 (±11) days; vaginal bleeding lasted 7 (±4) days, and β-hCG level was less than or equal to 10 IU/L by a mean of 24 (±11) days after the abortion. There were three treatment failures in group 1: two ongoing pregnancies (6%) and one incomplete abortion (3%). For the 14 women with successful abortions in group 2, vaginal bleeding lasted a mean of 10 (±6) days and β-hCG level was less than or equal to 10 IU/L by a mean of 39 (±18) days after the misoprostol. There were 16 treatment failures in group 2: eight ongoing pregnancies (27%), and eight incomplete abortions (27%). Methotrexate side effects were minimal. Misoprostol side effects were diarrhea in 18% and nausea and vomiting in 5%. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Methotrexate and vaginal misoprostol are more effective than misoprostol alone. Both drugs are available throughout the United States, and both drugs are inexpensive. This combination may offer an alternative to the use of antiprogestin and prostaglandin for medical abortion. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;272:1190-1195)
978-120 Exercise Performance in Moderate Mitral Stenosis is Limited by Cardiac Output Reserve Rather than Maximal Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure
Authors: Vera H. Rigolin, Michael B. Higginbotham, Paul A. Robiolio, John S. Wilson, James P. Shaw, Katherine B. Kisslo, J. Kevin Harrison, Thomas M. Bashore
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Different isoforms of the B-cell mutator activation-induced cytidine deaminase are aberrantly expressed in BCR–ABL1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients
Authors: I Iacobucci, A Lonetti, F Messa, A Ferrari, D Cilloni, S Soverini, F Paoloni, F Arruga, E Ottaviani, S Chiaretti, M Messina, M Vignetti, C Papayannidis, A Vitale, F Pane, P P Piccaluga, S Paolini, G Berton, A Baruzzi, G Saglio, M Baccarani, R Foà, G Martinelli
Journal: Leukemia (2009)
Effects of Diurnal Variation of Gut Microbes and High-Fat Feeding on Host Circadian Clock Function and Metabolism
Authors: Vanessa Leone, Sean M. Gibbons, Kristina Martinez, Alan L. Hutchison, Edmond Y. Huang, Candace M. Cham, Joseph F. Pierre, Aaron F. Heneghan, Anuradha Nadimpalli, Nathaniel Hubert, Elizabeth Zale, Yunwei Wang, Yong Huang, Betty Theriault, Aaron R. Dinner, Mark W. Musch, Kenneth A. Kudsk, Brian J. Prendergast, Jack A. Gilbert, Eugene B. Chang
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2015)
Treatment of head lice
Authors: C. Dodd
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The treatment of head lice is now complicated by the emergence of resistance to pediculicides. Most clinical trials were done before resistance emerged and reviews of these trials do not give clear guidelines to the clinician. In these circumstances, the choice of treatment will depend on local patterns of resistance, and where treatment has failed, recourse to testing for resistance is perhaps the best way forward.

Human head lice ( Pediculus capitis ) are ectoparasites with an obligatory blood feeding habit, which requires them to feed on their host's blood several times each day. Juvenile and adult forms both occur on the scalp, and eggs are attached to the hair shafts near the scalp. Infestation with head lice is a widespread condition that is seen most commonly, but not exclusively, in children of school age, although there is no proof of a link with school attendance. Prevalence does not vary significantly with season, and variations are …
Information Technology and Patient Care: Who, When, and Why?
Authors: Elizabeth H. Wood
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To the Editor.  —In the Special Communication by Dr Rootenberg, 1 there is a surprising omission. Despite the fact that teaching computer literacy and technology to medical students is commonplace in numerous academic medical libraries, the article contains no mention of libraries. Libraries are involved in many of the projects mentioned: medical informatics (the Medical Library Association has a section devoted to medical informatics), computer applications in the curriculum, development of interactive courseware on videodisk, and the Integrated Academic Information Management Systems projects sponsored by the National Library of Medicine. 2,3 The National Library of Medicine was in fact the only library mentioned in the piece.  The Norris Medical Library at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, is not atypical: we are involved in the first-year curriculum for teaching students computer literacy and database searching. We offer an extensive range of classes from word processing to database management to
Identification of the human T cell lymphoma virus in B cell lines established from patients with adult T cell leukemia.
Authors: D L Mann, J Clark, M Clarke, M Reitz, M Popovic, G Franchini, C D Trainor, D M Strong, W A Blattner, R C Gallo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Cell lines were established from the peripheral blood of two patients with adult T cell leukemia. In contrast to our previous experience, where all such lines expressed T cell markers, these two cell lines expressed B cell antigens and Ig light chains (kappa on CF-2, lambda on HS). Human T cell lymphoma proviral (HTLV) sequences were demonstrated in both cell lines. Since only a portion of the cells in culture expressed Ig light chains, experiments were carried out to exclude the possibility that the cultures were not a mixture of B and T or non-B cells. Cells that expressed kappa- or lambda-light chains were separated by cell sorting from kappa- or lambda-negative cells and replaced in culture. Light chain negative cells reexpressed light chains after time in culture. After 5-azacytidine treatment of the cell lines, all cells expressed Ig light chains. These studies show that the human retrovirus HTLV, which has been demonstrated to be associated with certain T cell malignancies, can infect B cells or B cell precursors.
Letter by Chaix et al Regarding Article, “Impact of Incident Venous Thromboembolism on Risk of Arterial Thrombotic Diseases”
Authors: Marie Chaix, Jean-Luc Bosson, Gilles Pernod
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Lind et al 1 recently published a very interesting article regarding the impact of incident venous thromboembolism on the risk of arterial thrombotic diseases.Their study population had no medical history of arterial thrombotic disease (ATD; myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke) or venous thromboembolism disease (VTE), and was aged ≥25 years for Tromso Cohort or between 50 and 60 years for Diet, Cancer and Health (DCH Study) cohort.After a median follow-up of 12 years, the authors reported a higher risk of ATD in women and young man with a VTE than those without a VTE.In our mind, this interesting result should be considered with caution.Based on a global comparative analysis, the 4 groups of this study, (1) people with any event, (2) people with VTE only, (3) people with ATD only, and (4) people with ATD after VTE, do not have any difference regarding risk factors for atherosclerosis.However, the risk factors for atherosclerosis have been collected at the inclusion of each people.After a median follow-up of 12 years in a population with a middle age between 53 and 62 years, the prevalence of the risk factors like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypercholestolemia could be different, and updated data on time are not available.Furthermore, comparing individually the group with ATD only and the group with ATD and VTE, there is not any difference except more hypertension in the group with ATD and VTE (P=0.04 by χ 2 ).However, compared with the VTE group only, the group ATD and VTE have more hypertension (P<0.01 by χ 2 ), more hypercholesterolemia (P=0.049 by χ 2 ), and practice less physical activity (P=0.014 by χ 2 ).In conclusion, the group VTE and ATD share more characteristics regarding risk factors for atherosclerosis with the group ATD than with the group VTE.This should explain the higher incidence of atherosclerotic complications in the group ATD and VTE.A link has been already reported between ATD and VTE, specially unprovoked VTE and the ATD. 2,3espite this link, we interrogate as if, in this present article, the more important prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerosis in the reported VTE and ATD group compared with the VTE group only could be partially responsible for the ATD.
Traitement endoscopique par prothèse des perforations digestives iatrogènes d'origine endoscopique et chirurgicale
Authors: L Amrani, C Menard, V Vitton, M Gasmi, A Desjeux, JC Grimaud, M Barthet
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Introduction: La chirurgie est à ce jour le traitement de référence des perforations digestives iatrogènes. Ces dernières années des méthodes moins invasives ont commencé à faire la preuve de leur efficacité.
Mitral-Valve Echocardiography in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: A. M. NOMEIR
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Comments and Corrections1 June 1976Mitral-Valve Echocardiography in Rheumatoid ArthritisA. M. NOMEIR, M.D., L. E. WATTS, M.D., R. TURNER, M.D.A. M. NOMEIR, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, L. E. WATTS, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, R. TURNER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-84-6-756 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The paper, "Absence of Echocardiographic Abnormalities of the Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet in Rheumatoid Arthritis," (Ann Intern Med 83:500-502, 1975) by Davia and colleagues is an interesting one. Because our findings (1) were quoted in their article, certain comments should be made.Our study was an attempt to identify potential cardiac abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis by using echocardiographic techniques as part of the overall prospective survey. We found mild slowing of the EF slope in several patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as compared with large groups of normal persons and as reported from other studies. This finding does...References1. NOMEIRTURNERWATTS ARE: Cardiac involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 79:800-806, 1973 LinkGoogle Scholar2. LEBOWITZ W: The heart in rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid disease). A clinical and pathological study of sixty-two cases. Ann Intern Med 58:102-123, 1963 LinkGoogle Scholar3. BACONGIBSON PD: Cardiac involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. An echocardiographic study. Ann Rheum Dis 33:20-24, 1974 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. PRAKASHATASSIROSEN RAK: Prevalence of pericardial effusion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis without cardiac symptoms. N Engl J Med 289:597-600, 1973 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Department of Neurology The Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, NC 27103 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1976Volume 84, Issue 6Page: 756-757KeywordsEchocardiographyRheumatoid arthritis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 June 1976 PDF downloadLoading ...
A novel view of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria pathogenesis: more motile PNH hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells displace normal HSPCs from their niches in bone marrow due to defective adhesion, enhanced migration and mobilization in response to erythrocyte-released sphingosine-1 phosphate gradient
Authors: J Ratajczak, M Kucia, K Mierzejewska, R Liu, C H Kim, N Natarajan, V Sharma, D M Miller, J Maciejewski, M Z Ratajczak
Journal: Leukemia (2012)
PWE-230 An iron-responsive probiotic to treat inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: J Bailey, C Probert, T Cogan
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Iron is an essential cofactor in most biological systems. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), frequently employed as probiotics, are unusual in having little or no requirement for iron. In the intestine of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients increased availability of iron following oral iron supplementation or intestinal bleeding enhances growth and virulence of many pathogens against which LAB cannot compete. We have previously identified an iron-responsive LAB, <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> NCIMB 41856, with probiotic potential based on functionality in in vitro models which could be competitive during active disease. In order for this strain to be used as a probiotic treatment in IBD patients it must be safe, able to survive gastrointestinal transit and preferentially adhere to epithelial cells and colonise. <h3>Methods</h3> Adhesion to the human epithelial cell lines, T84 and Caco-2, was investigated and the ability of <i>S thermophilus</i> NCIMB 41856 to abrogate binding of potential pathogens, in particular adherent-invasive <i>Escherichia coli</i> examined in vitro. The strain was also was subjected to in vitro safety tests which included the production of ammonia, indole, phenols, amines, hydrogen peroxide and D-lactate. Antibiotic resistance was examined, including detection of transmissible antibiotic resistance. Ability to survive within a low pH environment was determined, as was enzyme activity and metabolism of carbohydrates. <h3>Results</h3> The strain was found to be capable of binding to epithelial cells and reduce the binding of potential pathogens, while not causing cellular damage itself. It produced no harmful metabolites and no transmissible antibiotic resistance was detected. It has inherent acid resistance and is able to tolerate pH2 with a survival rate of 20%, increasing to 76% at pH3. It is able to metabolise a range of carbohydrates, including lactose, glucose, sucrose, fructose, mannose, ribose, raffinose and N acetyl glucosamine. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our candidate probiotic, <i>S thermophilus</i> NCIMB 41856 has properties that would enable it to survive in and colonise the human intestine. It can survive gastric levels of acidity, utilise a range of carbohydrates present in the intestine, and is able to bind to epithelial cells. It is also able to prevent the binding of potential pathogens. Furthermore, it does not possess undesirable antibiotic resistance or produce harmful metabolic products. These features indicate that it would be safe and potentially effective in use as a probiotic. We propose to test this in vivo in future work. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.