tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A treatment algorithm for managing Achilles tendinopathy: new treatment options: Figure 1
Authors: Håkan Alfredson, J Cook
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

Achilles tendinopathy affects athletes, recreational exercisers and even inactive people. The pathology is not inflammatory; it is a failed healing response. The source of pain in tendinopathy could be related to the neurovascular ingrowth seen in the tendon’s response to injury. The treatment of Achilles tendinopathy is primarily conservative with an array of effective treatment options now available to the primary care practitioner. If conservative treatment is not successful, then surgery relieves pain in the majority of cases. Directing a patient through the algorithm presented here will maximise positive treatment outcomes.
Natural selection and fear regulation mechanisms
Authors: Randolph M. Nesse, James L. Abelson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Expectations can facilitate rapid fear conditioning and this may explain some phenomena that have been attributed to preparedness. However, preparedness remains the best explanation for some aspects of clinical phobias and the difficulty of creating fears of modern dangers. Rapid fear conditioning based on expectancy is not an alternative to an evolutionary explanation, but has, like preparedness, been shaped by natural selection.
Effect of Everolimus on Survival in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Failure of Sorafenib
Authors: Andrew X. Zhu, Masatoshi Kudo, Eric Assenat, Stéphane Cattan, Yoon-Koo Kang, Ho Yeong Lim, Ronnie T. P. Poon, Jean-Frederic Blanc, Arndt Vogel, Chao-Long Chen, Etienne Dorval, Markus Peck-Radosavljevic, Armando Santoro, Bruno Daniele, Junji Furuse, Annette Jappe, Kevin Perraud, Oezlem Anak, Dalila B. Sellami, Li-Tzong Chen
Journal: JAMA (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> Aside from the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib, there are no effective systemic therapies for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. <h3>Objective</h3> To assess the efficacy of everolimus in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma for whom sorafenib treatment failed. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> EVOLVE-1 was a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study conducted among 546 adults with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B or C hepatocellular carcinoma and Child-Pugh A liver function whose disease progressed during or after sorafenib or who were intolerant of sorafenib. Patients were enrolled from 17 countries between May 2010 and March 2012. Randomization was stratified by region (Asia vs rest of world) and macrovascular invasion (present vs absent). <h3>Interventions</h3> Everolimus, 7.5 mg/d, or matching placebo, both given in combination with best supportive care and continued until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. Per the 2:1 randomization scheme, 362 patients were randomized to the everolimus group and 184 patients to the placebo group. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> The primary end point was overall survival. Secondary end points included time to progression and the disease control rate (the percentage of patients with a best overall response of complete or partial response or stable disease). <h3>Results</h3> No significant difference in overall survival was seen between treatment groups, with 303 deaths (83.7%) in the everolimus group and 151 deaths (82.1%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% CI, 0.86-1.27;<i>P</i> = .68; median overall survival, 7.6 months with everolimus, 7.3 months with placebo). Median time to progression with everolimus and placebo was 3.0 months and 2.6 months, respectively (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.75-1.15), and disease control rate was 56.1% and 45.1%, respectively (<i>P</i> = .01). The most common grade 3/4 adverse events for everolimus vs placebo were anemia (7.8% vs 3.3%, respectively), asthenia (7.8% vs 5.5%, respectively), and decreased appetite (6.1% vs 0.5%, respectively). No patients experienced hepatitis C viral flare. Based on central laboratory results, hepatitis B viral reactivation was experienced by 39 patients (29 everolimus, 10 placebo); all cases were asymptomatic, but 3 everolimus recipients discontinued therapy. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Everolimus did not improve overall survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma whose disease progressed during or after receiving sorafenib or who were intolerant of sorafenib. <h3>Trial Registration</h3> clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01035229
Impact of surgical relief of outflow obstruction on thallium perfusion abnormalities in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Authors: R O Cannon, V Dilsizian, P T O'Gara, J E Udelson, E Tucker, J A Panza, L Fananapazir, C L McIntosh, R B Wallace, R O Bonow
Journal: Circulation (1992)

To assess the impact of surgical relief of left ventricular outflow obstruction on myocardial perfusion abnormalities in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 20 symptomatic patients who underwent a septal myectomy or mitral valve replacement were studied with assessment of myocardial perfusion during exercise by 201Tl emission computed tomography before and 6 months after surgery.Before surgery, 15 patients had myocardial perfusion defects during exercise that completely normalized at rest, one patient had both reversible and fixed perfusion defects, two patients had fixed defects only, and two patients had normal exercise and rest thallium scans. After surgical relief of left ventricular outflow obstruction (basal gradient reduced from 62 +/- 40 to 7 +/- 12 mm Hg, p less than 0.001; peak provokable gradient reduced from 131 +/- 27 to 49 +/- 36 mm Hg, p less than 0.001), repeat exercise thallium studies showed complete normalization of perfusion defects in 11 patients, including the two patients with fixed defects alone before surgery, and improvement in the magnitude and distribution of perfusion defects in five additional patients. This was associated with a significant reduction in the number of patients with reversible regional defects (five patients compared with 13 patients before surgery, p = 0.026) and of patients with endocardial hypoperfusion (four patients compared with 12 patients before surgery, p = 0.024). Furthermore, increased lung uptake of thallium was noted in five patients after surgery, compared with 12 patients before surgery (p = 0.055). Only two patients with reversible perfusion defects before surgery had unchanged postoperative studies. However, four patients acquired new fixed defects as a consequence of surgery, and two of these four had the greatest severity and distribution of left ventricular hypertrophy by echocardiography. These four patients experienced a substantially greater decrease in ejection fraction (-26 +/- 15%) after surgery than the remaining patients (-3 +/- 14%, p less than 0.01).Surgical relief of left ventricular outflow obstruction results in normalization or improvement of myocardial perfusion in the majority of patients with reversible and fixed perfusion defects by 201Tl scintigraphy. However, surgery may result in myocardial injury and scarring, with consequent decreased left ventricular ejection fraction in some patients.
CRITICAL PERIOD REGULATION
Authors: Takao K. Hensch
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2004)

Neuronal circuits are shaped by experience during critical periods of early postnatal life. The ability to control the timing, duration, and closure of these heightened levels of brain plasticity has recently become experimentally accessible, especially in the developing visual system. This review summarizes our current understanding of known critical periods across several systems and species. It delineates a number of emerging principles: functional competition between inputs, role for electrical activity, structural consolidation, regulation by experience (not simply age), special role for inhibition in the CNS, potent influence of attention and motivation, unique timing and duration, as well as use of distinct molecular mechanisms across brain regions and the potential for reactivation in adulthood. A deeper understanding of critical periods will open new avenues to "nurture the brain"-from international efforts to link brain science and education to improving recovery from injury and devising new strategies for therapy and lifelong learning.
The chronicity of inflammation and its significance in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: L E Glynn
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1968)

DISEASES(Fig. 1), implants of foreign fibrin resisted such altered material was still easily recognizable even invasion and organization so that the scarcely after 16 weeks (Fig. 2).Moreover, a chronic AP.~,q V~~~~~~~-+ "'.. C..
Complementary and alternative medicine use among long‐term lymphoma survivors: A pilot study
Authors: Thomas M. Habermann, Carrie A. Thompson, Betsy R. LaPlant, Brent A. Bauer, Carol A. Janney, Matthew M. Clark, Teresa A. Rummans, Matthew J. Maurer, Jeff A. Sloan, Susan M. Geyer, James R. Cerhan
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2009)

No published survey has specifically addressed the beliefs, knowledge, and usage of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in long-term (5-20 years) lymphoma survivors alone. In this pilot project, 95 subjects were randomly selected from a population of 2,475 long-term lymphoma survivors and mailed a questionnaire. The median time from lymphoma diagnosis to completion of the questionnaire was 11 years (range 6-20). Overall, 68% (95% CI: 54-80%) of the long-term lymphoma survivors reported that they have used CAM, a rate higher than the estimated usage rate reported for the general population The most commonly used modalities were chiropractic (39%, 95% CI: 27-53%) and massage therapy (21%, 95% CI: 12-34%). Less than 10% used meditation (5%, 95% CI: 1-15%) and relaxation (7%, 95% CI: 2-17%). In terms of common herbal usage, 5% (95% CI: 1-15%) had used St. John's Wort and 7% (95% CI: 2-17%) had used shark cartilage. Although none of the patients reported that CAM usage was directed specifically towards treating their lymphoma, 4% (95% CI: 0-12%) of patients reported that CAM could cure cancer, and 14% (95% CI: 6-26%) reported that CAM could increase their feeling of control over their health. This pilot study suggests that long-term lymphoma survivors appear to use CAM at a rate higher than the general population. The use of potential agents of risk by the survivors and the lack of access to potentially beneficial modalities highlights the need for further study of CAM in this population.
Issues in Using Progression-Free Survival When Evaluating Oncology Products
Authors: Thomas R. Fleming, Mark D. Rothmann, Hong Laura Lu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Several challenging and often controversial issues arise in oncology trials with the use of the end point progression-free survival (PFS), defined to be the time to detection of progressive disease or death. While this end point does not directly measure how a patient feels, functions, or survives, it does provide insights about whether an intervention affects the tumor burden process, the intended mechanism through which it is hoped that most anticancer agents will provide benefit. However, simply achieving statistically significant effects on PFS is insufficient to obtaining reliable evidence of important clinical benefit, and even is insufficient to justifying the conclusion that the experimental intervention is "reasonably likely to provide clinical benefit." The magnitude of the effect on PFS in addition to the statistical strength of evidence is of great importance in interpreting the reliability of the evidence regarding clinical efficacy. PFS has several important properties, including being a direct measure of the effect of treatment on the tumor burden process, being sensitive to cytostatic as well as cytotoxic mechanisms of interventions, and incorporating the clinically relevant event of death, increasing its sensitivity to influential harmful mechanisms and avoiding substantial bias that arises when deaths are censored. To obtain reliable evidence about the effect of an intervention on PFS and patient survival, randomized trials should be conducted where all patients are followed to progression and death, and where patients in a control arm do not cross-in at progression unless the experimental regimen has already been established to be effective rescue treatment.
Serum soluble interleukin 2 receptor in systemic lupus erythematosus: effects of disease activity and infection.
Authors: K L Wong, R P Wong
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1991)

Serum soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL2R) was measured in patients with active and inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The concentration of sIL2R was higher in inactive SLE than in normal controls and was significantly increased in active compared with inactive SLE. When patients with active SLE were followed up serially it was found that the sIL2R concentration fell when the disease became inactive. There was no statistically significant association between sIL2R and the grades of disease activity, however. In patients with either active or inactive SLE and infection the sIL2R concentration was much higher than in those without infection. Chronic infection (tuberculosis or candida) was associated with a much higher concentration of sIL2R than pyogenic or herpes zoster infection. The sIL2R concentration helps to distinguish infection in patients with SLE.
Thrombin activates a Y box–binding protein (DNA-binding protein B) in endothelial cells
Authors: Olga I. Stenina, Earl J. Poptic, Paul E. DiCorleto
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

Thrombin stimulates the expression of multiple genes in endothelial cells (ECs), but the trans-acting factors responsible for this induction remain undefined. We have previously described a thrombin-inducible nuclear factor (TINF), which binds to an element in the PDGF B promoter and is responsible for the thrombin inducibility of this gene. Inactive cytoplasmic TINF is rapidly activated and translocated to nuclei of ECs upon stimulation with thrombin. We have now purified TINF from thrombin-treated ECs. Amino acid sequencing revealed it to be a member of the Y-box protein family, and the sole Y-box protein–encoding cDNA we detected in human or bovine ECs corresponded to DNA-binding protein B (dbpB). DbpB translocated to the nucleus after thrombin stimulation of ECs as shown by FACS analysis of nuclei from ECs expressing GFP-dbpB fusion proteins. During thrombin activation, dbpB was found to be cleaved, yielding a 30-kDa NH2-terminal fragment that recognized the thrombin-response element sequence, but not the Y-box consensus sequence. Preincubation of ECs with protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors completely blocked dbpB activation by thrombin and blocked induction of endogenous PDGF B–chain mRNA and promoter activation by thrombin. Y-box proteins are known to act constitutively to regulate the expression of several genes. Activation of this class of transcription factors in response to thrombin or any other agonist represents a novel signaling pathway.
HCV-associated cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis: triple/dual antiviral treatment and/or rituximab?
Authors: Tatiana Ignatova, Olga Chernova, Pavel Novikov, Sergey Moiseev
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

Mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) vasculitis is a relatively uncommon systemic vasculitis that may be primary or associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV). We have found MC and cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis in 420 (31%) and 65 (5%) of 1351 patients with HCV infection, respectively. Two recent randomised controlled trials have established the superiority of rituximab over conventional immunosuppressive treatment in patients with MC vasculitis1 ,2 while Saadoun et al 3 have previously shown that dual antiviral treatment with interferon α and ribavirin had induced remission of HCV-associated MC vasculitis in 63% of 72 consecutive patients and sustained virological response in 58% of cases. In a study recently published in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ,4 the same authors suggested that triple antiviral treatment with peginterferon-α–ribavirin–protease inhibitor was highly …
Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), EGF and TGFβ Interact Synergistically to Increase The Accumulation of the Extracellular Matrix Component, Hyaluronan, in Cultured Human Lung Fibroblast Cultures (HLF)
Authors: P JOHNSON, S PERIGO, K BRAUN, C CHAN, L ALTMAN, T WIGHT
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)
A reactive oxygen species-mediated component in neurogenic vasodilatation
Authors: A. Starr, R. Graepel, J. Keeble, S. Schmidhuber, N. Clark, A. Grant, A. M. Shah, S. D. Brain
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2008)

AimsActivation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) leads to release of potent microvascular vasodilator neuropeptides. This study was designed to investigate in vivo mechanisms involved in TRPV1-mediated peripheral vasodilatation.
Comparative Proteome Analysis Revealing an 11-Protein Signature for Aggressive Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Ning Qing Liu, Christoph Stingl, Maxime P. Look, Marcel Smid, René B.H. Braakman, Tommaso De Marchi, Anieta M. Sieuwerts, Paul N. Span, Fred C.G.J. Sweep, Barbro K. Linderholm, Anita Mangia, Angelo Paradiso, Luc Y. Dirix, Steven J. Van Laere, Theo M. Luider, John W.M. Martens, John A. Foekens, Arzu Umar
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2014)

Clinical outcome of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly variable. This study aims to identify and validate a prognostic protein signature for TNBC patients to reduce unnecessary adjuvant systemic therapy. Frozen primary tumors were collected from 126 lymph node–negative and adjuvant therapy–naive TNBC patients. These samples were used for global proteome profiling in two series: an in-house training (n = 63) and a multicenter test (n = 63) set. Patients who remained free of distant metastasis for a minimum of 5 years after surgery were defined as having good prognosis. Cox regression analysis was performed to develop a prognostic signature, which was independently validated. All statistical tests were two-sided. An 11-protein signature was developed in the training set (median follow-up for good-prognosis patients = 117 months) and subsequently validated in the test set (median follow-up for good-prognosis patients = 108 months) showing 89.5% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] = 69.2% to 98.1%), 70.5% specificity (95% CI = 61.7% to 74.2%), 56.7% positive predictive value (95% CI = 43.8% to 62.1%), and 93.9% negative predictive value (95% CI = 82.3% to 98.9%) for poor-prognosis patients. The predicted poor-prognosis patients had higher risk to develop distant metastasis than the predicted good-prognosis patients in univariate (hazard ratio [HR] = 13.15; 95% CI = 3.03 to 57.07; P = .001) and multivariable (HR = 12.45; 95% CI = 2.67 to 58.11; P = .001) analysis. Furthermore, the predicted poor-prognosis group had statistically significantly more breast cancer–specific mortality. Using our signature as guidance, more than 60% of patients would have been exempted from unnecessary adjuvant chemotherapy compared with conventional prognostic guidelines. We report the first validated proteomic signature to assess the natural course of clinical TNBC.
Bilateral Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Authors: A. M. Ross
Journal: BMJ (1947)

as early as 1937 by K. Burger.Only intact amnion obtained in the first stage of labour should be used for this purpose.Histological examination has shown that there is a close rela- tion between human peritoneum and amnion.To investigate the question of how long sterile amnion can be preserved, pieces of sterile amnion were put in Ringer's solution at 20 C. and then removed severally at six-hour periods and histologi- cally examined.No change occurred in the peritoneum or in the amnion at the end of the first six hours.Nevertheless we performed our laparotomies simultaneously with the caesarean sections in the same operating theatre; thus the amnion re- mained in the physiological solution only for a few minutes.We treated four cases with amnion transplantation.The first patient attempted suicide by shooting himself in the belly.In two cases eventration due to a war injury has caused adhesions.The fourth patient had a stomach perforation followed by hernia of the abdominal wall.
Evolution of the treatment options of ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the elbow
Authors: P Langer, P Fadale, M Hulstyn
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) insufficiency is potentially a career threatening, or even a career ending, injury, particularly in overhead throwing athletes. The evolution of treating modalities provides afflicted athletes with the opportunity to avoid premature retirement. There have been several clinical and basic science research efforts which have investigated the pathophysiology of UCL disruption, the biomechanics specific to overhead throwing, and the various types of treatment modalities. UCL reconstruction is currently the most commonly performed surgical treatment option. An in depth analysis of the present treatment options, both non-operative and operative, as well as their respective results and biomechanical evaluation, is lacking in the literature to date. This article provides a comprehensive current review and comparative analysis of these modalities. Over the last 30 years there has been an evolution of the original UCL reconstruction. Yet, despite the variability in modifications, such as the docking technique, interference screw fixation, and use of suture anchors, the unifying concepts of UCL reconstruction are that decreased dissection of the flexor-pronator mass and decreased handling of the ulnar nerve leads to improved outcomes.
NECROSIS OF THE SKIN, ASSOCIATED WITH DISORDER OF THE CIRCULATION
Authors: JAMES GALLOWAY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1902)

Journal Article NECROSIS OF THE SKIN, ASSOCIATED WITH DISORDER OF THE CIRCULATION Get access JAMES GALLOWAY JAMES GALLOWAY Dermatological Department, Charing Cross Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 14, Issue 6, 1 June 1902, Pages 199–213, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1902.tb16450.x Published: 01 June 1902
Infliximab treatment reduces complement activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: A Familian, A E Voskuyl, G J van Mierlo, H A Heijst, J W R Twisk, B A C Dijkmans, C E Hack
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blocking agents decrease C reactive protein (CRP) levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It has been shown that CRP may contribute to complement activation in RA.To assess the effect of intravenous infliximab treatment on complement activation, especially that mediated by CRP, in RA.35 patients with active RA (28 joint count Disease Activity Score (DAS28) >4.4) were treated with intravenous injections of infliximab (3 mg/kg, at weeks 0, 2, 6, 14, and 22). Clinical response and plasma levels of complement activation products, of CRP and of CRP-complement complexes, which are specific markers for CRP mediated complement activation, were assessed at the indicated time points up to 22 weeks. The relationship between CRP and CRP-complement complexes was analysed by paired t test between two time points and by generalised estimated equation, to test differences of variables over time.At 2 weeks after the first dose, infliximab significantly reduced overall C3 and C4 activation and plasma levels of CRP and CRP-complement complexes were also significantly reduced at this time point. The effects of infliximab on CRP and complement continued throughout the observation period and were more pronounced in patients with a good response to infliximab treatment.Treatment with infliximab decreases plasma levels of CRP and CRP dependent complement activation products and concomitantly may reduce complement activation in RA. Complement activation may be among the effector mechanisms of TNF in RA.