tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cancer Prevalence and Survivorship Issues: Analyses of the 1992 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: M. Hewitt, N. Breen, S. Devesa
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1999)

Relatively little is known about the size and makeup of the growing population of cancer survivors or about the social implications of a diagnosis of cancer. To explore these issues, we analyzed cancer survivorship information from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), and resulting cancer prevalence estimates were compared with those derived from cancer registry data.According to the NHIS, there were an estimated 7.2 million adult survivors of cancer-excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer-in 1992, representing 3.9% of the U.S. adult population. Comparisons with prevalence estimates from cancer registry data suggest that cancer is underreported in the NHIS. Nearly three fifths (58.0%) of cancer survivors self-identified on the NHIS reported that their cancer was first detected when they noticed something wrong and went to a doctor. The majority (55.7%) of cancer survivors had obtained a second opinion or multiple opinions regarding their treatment. Most (58.0%) had received patient educational materials from a health care provider. However, relatively few had received counseling or participated in support groups (14.2%), contacted cancer organizations after their diagnosis (10.9%), or participated in a research study or clinical trial as part of their cancer treatment (4.7%). One ninth (10.7%) of the survivors had been denied health or life insurance coverage because of their cancer. Nearly one fifth (18.2%) of the cancer survivors who worked before or after their cancer was diagnosed experienced employment problems because of their cancer.While cancer appears to be underreported on the 1992 NHIS, the survey provides valuable information about the medical, insurance, and employment experience of cancer survivors selected from a nationally representative sample of U.S. households.
Alveolar gas concentrations of fluorocarbons-11 and -12 in man after use of pressurized aerosols
Authors: G. H. Draffan, C. T. Dollery, F. M. Williams, R. A. Clare
Journal: Thorax (1974)

<b>Draffan, G. H., Dollery, C. T., Williams, Faith M., and Clare, R. A. (1974).</b><i>Thorax</i>, <b>29</b>, 95-98. <b>Alveolar gas concentrations of fluorocarbons-11 and -12 in man after use of pressurized aerosols.</b> In dogs, inhalation of fluorocarbon aerosol propellants sensitizes the heart to arrhythmias provoked by intravenous injection of adrenaline. In this research, the concentrations of fluorocarbons-11 and -12, CCl<sub>3</sub>F and CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>, have been measured in alveolar gas in man after using pressurized aerosol inhalers. Fluorocarbons were measured breath by breath using an AEI MS12 mass-spectrometer modified to allow sampling from a respiratory mouthpiece. After a single inhalation from an inhaler by six normal volunteers the mean concentration of fluorocarbon-12 in alveolar gas had reached 5·5 μg/ml, giving a mean apparent volume of distribution of 7·94 litres compared with the mean predicted total lung capacity of 6·61 litres. These results suggest that most of the fluorocarbon expelled from the inhaler entered the alveolar gas. The mean alveolar concentration of F-11 was 2·7 μg/ml and the mean apparent volume of distribution was 12·46 litres. The higher volume of distribution with the less volatile F-11 probably reflects the amount dissolved in lung tissue and pulmonary capillary blood. Similar results were obtained in two patients with obstructive airways disease. One volunteer took an inhalation on every breath up to two minutes and reached an alveolar concentration of F-11 of 29·6 μg/ml and of F-12 of 66·9 μg/ml. The concentration of F-11 required to sensitize the dog heart to arrhythmias was 68 μg/ml. Thus there should be no hazards from the amount entering alveolar gas in normal use after a single inhalation. Inhalation upon every breath over a period raises the alveolar concentration to one approaching that which, in the dog, might be hazardous.
The role of gp130-mediated signals in osteoclast development: regulation of interleukin 11 production by osteoblasts and distribution of its receptor in bone marrow cultures.
Authors: E Romas, N Udagawa, H Zhou, T Tamura, M Saito, T Taga, D J Hilton, T Suda, K W Ng, T J Martin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

Interleukin (IL)-11 is a multifunctional cytokine whose role in osteoclast development has not been fully elucidated. We examined IL-11 production by primary osteoblasts and the effects of rat monoclonal anti-mouse glycoprotein 130 (gp130) antibody on osteoclast formation, using a coculture of mouse osteoblasts and bone marrow cells. IL-1, TNF alpha, PGE2, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25(OH)2D3) similarly induced production of IL-11 by osteoblasts, but IL-6, IL-4, and TGF beta did not. Primary osteoblasts constitutively expressed mRNAs for both IL-11 receptor (IL-11R alpha) and gp130. Osteotropic factors did not modulate IL-11R alpha mRNA at 24 h, but steady-state gp130 mRNA expression in osteoblasts was upregulated by 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3, PTH, or IL-1. In cocultures, the formation of multinucleated osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) in response to IL-11, or IL-6 together with its soluble IL-6 receptor was dose-dependently inhibited by rat monoclonal anti-mouse gp130 antibody. Furthermore, adding anti-gp130 antibody abolished OCL formation induced by IL-1, and partially inhibited OCL formation induced by PGE2, PTH, or 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3. During osteoclast formation in marrow cultures, a sequential relationship existed between the expression of calcitonin receptor mRNA and IL-11R alpha mRNA. Osteoblasts as well as OCLs expressed transcripts for IL-11R alpha, as indicated by RT-PCR analysis and in situ hybridization. These results suggest a central role of gp130-coupled cytokines, especially IL-11, in osteoclast development. Since osteoblasts and mature osteoclasts expressed IL-11R alpha mRNA, both bone-forming and bone-resorbing cells are potential targets of IL-11.
Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 2 Is Expressed by Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of Childhood and Can Be Targeted for Somatostatin Receptor Imaging
Authors: Michael C. Frühwald, Christian H. Rickert, M. Sue O’Dorisio, Mark Madsen, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Geetika Khanna, Werner Paulus, Joachim Kühl, Heribert Jürgens, Peter Schneider, Hermann L. Müller
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Purpose: Although gliomas predominate among central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms in adulthood, embryonal tumors are the most common malignant brain tumors in children. Despite novel treatment approaches, including improved radiotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy, survival rates remain unsatisfactory. The timely diagnosis of residual or recurrent embryonal CNS tumors and thus the earliest possible time point for intervention is often hampered by inaccuracies of conventional imaging techniques. Novel and refined imaging methodologies are urgently needed. Experimental Design: We have previously demonstrated the use of somatostatin receptor imaging (SRI) in the diagnosis of recurrent and residual medulloblastomas. Here, we evaluated somatostatin receptor type 2 (sst2) expression using an antibody in an array of CNS tumors of childhood. Eight high-grade gliomas, 4 atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors, 7 supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (stPNET), 1 medulloepithelioma (ME), and 8 ependymomas were screened. Tumors positive in vitro were additionally analyzed in vivo using SRI. Results: Abundant expression of somatostatin receptor type 2 in stPNET, a ME, and ependymomas warranted in vivo imaging of 7 stPNET, 1 rhabdomyosarcoma, 3 ependymomas, 1 ME, and 1 glioblastoma. Although SRI was positive in 6/7 stPNET, 1 rhabdomyosarcoma, and 1 ME, none of the ependymomas nor the glioblastoma could be imaged using SRI. In selected cases SRI was more sensitive in the detection of relapse than conventional imaging by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Conclusions: SRI should be considered in the evaluation of residual or recurrent embryonal CNS tumors, especially stPNET. The strengths of SRI lie in the differentiation of reactive tissue changes versus residual or recurrent tumor, the detection of small lesions, and possibly in the distinction of stPNET from gliomas.
Postpneumonectomy interatrial right-to-left shunt.
Authors: H Holtzman, M Lippmann, F Nakhjavan, P Kimbel
Journal: Thorax (1980)

The mechanism for a right-to-left shunt may often be difficult to determine.Conditions such as pulmonary embolism, interstitial oedema, low cardiac output, and an increase in the closing volume above functional residual capacity may simulate it.The following case report illustrates an unusual mechanism for a rightto-left shunt after right pneumonectomy which was suspected at the bedside from a low blood oxygen content after inhalation of 100% oxygen.Case report
The endocrine polypeptide cells of the human stomach, duodenum, and jejunum
Authors: A. G. E. Pearse, I. Coulling, B. Weavers, S. Friesen
Journal: Gut (1970)

Thirty specimens of stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, removed at operation, were examined by optical microscopical, cytochemical, and electron microscopical techniques. The overall distribution of four types of endocrine polypeptide cell in the stomach, and three in the intestine, was determined. The seven cell types are described by names and letters belonging to a scheme for nomenclature agreed upon at the 1969 Wiesbaden conference on gastrointestinal hormones. The gastrin-secreting G cell was the only cell for which firm identification with a known hormone was possible. Although there was wide variation in the distribution of the various cells, from one case to another, striking differences were nevertheless observable, with respect to the G cell, between antra from carcinoma and from ulcer cases.
T L<scp>ymphocyte</scp>–E<scp>ndothelial</scp>C<scp>ell</scp>I<scp>nteractions</scp>
Authors: Jaehyuk Choi, David R. Enis, Kian Peng Koh, Stephen L. Shiao, Jordan S. Pober
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2004)

Human vascular endothelial cells (EC) basally display class I and II MHC-peptide complexes on their surface and come in regular contact with circulating T cells. We propose that EC present microbial antigens to memory T cells as a mechanism of immune surveillance. Activated T cells, in turn, provide both soluble and contact-dependent signals to modulate normal EC functions, including formation and remodeling of blood vessels, regulation of blood flow, regulation of blood fluidity, maintenance of permselectivity, recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes, and antigen presentation leading to activation of T cells. T cell interactions with vascular EC are thus bidirectional and link the immune and circulatory systems.
Mycobacterium chelonae finger infection associated with Raynaud's phenomenon
Authors: H Sari-Kouzel
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

M ycobacterium chelonae infections are uncommon and have not been reported as a complication of Raynaud’s phenomenon previously. We describe a patient with this problem who responded well to treatment.

A 21 year old female telephonist was referred with a 1 week history of swollen right index and middle fingers. There was no history of trauma but she had had Raynaud’s phenomenon since the age of 12. There was no history of recent travel abroad or of unusual hobbies.

On examination she was apyrexial, she had diffuse swelling but no discolouration of the right index and middle fingers. She had no blisters or ulceration and the fingers were not tender to touch. Nine days later, despite flucloxacillin orally and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, all her fingers were cold and bluish, and the right index and right …
Adoptive Immunotherapy for Cancer or Viruses
Authors: Marcela V. Maus, Joseph A. Fraietta, Bruce L. Levine, Michael Kalos, Yangbing Zhao, Carl H. June
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2014)

Adoptive immunotherapy, or the infusion of lymphocytes, is a promising approach for the treatment of cancer and certain chronic viral infections. The application of the principles of synthetic biology to enhance T cell function has resulted in substantial increases in clinical efficacy. The primary challenge to the field is to identify tumor-specific targets to avoid off-tumor, on-target toxicity. Given recent advances in efficacy in numerous pilot trials, the next steps in clinical development will require multicenter trials to establish adoptive immunotherapy as a mainstream technology.
PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS ANTI-γ-GLOBULIN FACTORS IN HUMAN SERA
Authors: Morten Harboe, Barbara Rau, Kimmo Aho
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1965)

The serological and physicochemical properties of the following three forms of human anti-gamma-globulin factors were compared: (a) rheumatoid factors; (b) Milgrom type anti-gamma-globulin factors; and (c) factors directed against an antigen in human gammaG-globulin that is hidden in the intact molecule and revealed by enzymatic digestion at low pH. The property common to these factors is ability to interact with human gammaG-globulin; they are distinguishable because they react with different antigenic groups on this molecule. In all of five sera, the Milgrom type anti-gamma-globulin factors were gammaM-globulins. They reacted with various human gammaG-globulin antibodies but failed to interact with gammaM-globulin type antibodies in agglutination and absorption experiments. When isolated from other anti-gamma-globulin factors, they agglutinated red cells coated with intact anti-Rh antibodies, but failed to react with cells cells coated with pepsin-digested anti-Rh antibody. These observations indicate that the agglutinator reacts with the crystallizable, inert fragment of gammaG-globulin. Anti-gamma-globulin activity directed against an antigen in human gammaG-globulin revealed by pepsin digestion was demonstrated in gammaG-, gammaA-, and gammaM-globulins. This anti-gamma-globulin factor could be absorbed by antigen-antibody precipitates containing human antibody, which shows that the hidden antigen in human gammaG-globulin is revealed not only by enzymatic digestion at low pH, but also when gammaG-globulin is present as antibody in an antigen-antibody precipitate. Rheumatoid factors and Milgrom type anti-gamma-globulin factors were also absorbed by antigen-antibody precipitates containing human antibody. The results indicate that the three distinct forms of antigamma-globulin factors may all be produced as a result of antigenic stimulation by autologous antigen-antibody complexes.
Imaging of axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: J. Braun, X. Baraliakos
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

New bone formation of the vertebral column is pathognomonic for ankylosing spondylitis (AS), while acute and/or chronic changes in the sacroiliac joints are relevant for diagnosis. The 'gold standard' for assessment of structural changes in AS are conventional radiographs, while MRI is useful to assess inflammation. Recent MRI studies have shown that the lower half of the thoracic spine is most commonly affected in AS. Scoring tools for spinal inflammation such as the ASspiMRI-a have been proposed, successfully used in large clinical trials and compared in a multireader experiment; none was finally preferred by OMERACT. Quantification of structural spinal AS changes is performed by the modified Stokes AS Spine Score (mSASSS), which evaluates lateral cervical and lumbar radiographs. Two years was identified as the shortest possible follow-up time based on the reliability and sensitivity to change of the mSASSS. A potential disadvantage of the mSASSS is that the thoracic spine is not included. Recent data based on the mSASSS have suggested that tumour necrosis factor blockers do not inhibit radiographic progression in AS. Since the mean radiographic change is reported to be less than 1 syndesmophyte over 2 years, the sensitivity to change of the mSASSS has been questioned. However, in one study where continuous non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use was compared with on-demand use, a difference between these two methods of drug intake was reported. The face and construct validity of the mSASSS has been criticised because a score of ´1´ contains a mixture of osteodestructive (erosions) and osteoproliferative changes (squaring and sclerosis). A new scoring system, the RASSS, which concentrates only on bone formation and which includes the lower part of the thoracic spine is currently being evaluated. The relationship between inflammation and new bone formation in AS has recently been investigated. Low sclerostin and DKK-1 serum levels, both inhibitors of bone formation, were found to be associated with syndesmophyte formation in patients with AS.
T lymphocytes constitutively produce an interferonlike cytokine limitin characterized as a heat- and acid-stable and heparin-binding glycoprotein
Authors: Kenji Oritani, Seiichi Hirota, Taishirou Nakagawa, Isao Takahashi, Shin-ichiro Kawamoto, Masahide Yamada, Naoko Ishida, Toshihiko Kadoya, Yoshiaki Tomiyama, Paul W. Kincade, Yuji Matsuzawa
Journal: Blood (2002)
Fatal haemorrhage from mesenchymal cystic hamartoma of the lung
Authors: SL Chadwick, B Corrin, DM Hansell, DM Geddes
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

A 34 year old women was admitted to the hospital with a 9 year history of intermittent haemoptysis associated with increasing breathlessness. A working diagnosis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis was made, based on clinical, radiological and histological findings. Three years later, the patient was admitted to hospital with worsening haemoptysis, which rapidly progressed and resulted in death from massive pulmonary haemorrhage. Postmortem examination and histology revealed findings consistent with multiple mesenchymal cystic hamartomas of the lungs. This is a rare condition which has previously been described as having a good prognosis. This case is the first fatality resulting directly from the disease to be reported.
Adaptive Evolution of Digestive RNASE1 Genes in Leaf-Eating Monkeys Revisited: New Insights from Ten Additional Colobines
Authors: Li Yu, Xiao-yan Wang, Wei Jin, Peng-tao Luan, Nelson Ting, Ya-ping Zhang
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

Pancreatic RNase genes implicated in the adaptation of the colobine monkeys to leaf eating have long intrigued evolutionary biologists since the identification of a duplicated RNASE1 gene with enhanced digestive efficiencies in Pygathrix nemaeus. The recent emergence of two contrasting hypotheses, that is, independent duplication and one-duplication event hypotheses, make it into focus again. Current understanding of Colobine RNASE1 gene evolution of colobine monkeys largely depends on the analyses of few colobine species. The present study with more intensive taxonomic and character sampling not only provides a clearer picture of Colobine RNASE1 gene evolution but also allows to have a more thorough understanding about the molecular basis underlying the adaptation of Colobinae to the unique leaf-feeding lifestyle. The present broader and detailed phylogenetic analyses yielded two important findings: 1) All trees based on the analyses of coding, noncoding, and both regions provided consistent evidence, indicating RNASE1 duplication occurred after Asian and African colobines speciation, that is, independent duplication hypothesis; 2) No obvious evidence of gene conversion in RNASE1 gene was found, favoring independent evolution of Colobine RNASE1 gene duplicates. The conclusion drawn from previous studies that gene conversion has played a significant role in the evolution of Colobine RNASE1 was not supported. Our selective constraint analyses also provided interesting insights, with significant evidence of positive selection detected on ancestor lineages leading to duplicated gene copies. The identification of a handful of new adaptive sites and amino acid changes that have not been characterized previously also provide a necessary foundation for further experimental investigations of RNASE1 functional evolution in Colobinae.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of docetaxel with or without ketoconazole modulation in chemonaive breast cancer patients
Authors: Y.-W. Lim, B.-C. Goh, L.-Z. Wang, S.-H. Tan, B.Y.S. Chuah, S.-E. Lim, P. Iau, S.A. Buhari, C.-W. Chan, N.B. Sukri, M.T. Cordero, R. Soo, S.-C. Lee
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2010)
Optimizing immune-related tumor response assessment: does reducing the number of lesions impact response assessment in melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab?
Authors: Mizuki Nishino, Maria Gargano, Margaret Suda, Nikhil H Ramaiya, F Stephen Hodi
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> Investigate the impact of the reduction of the number of target lesions on immune-related response assessment in advanced melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. <h3>Method</h3> Ninety patients (53 males, 37 females; age range: 25–87) with advanced melanoma treated with ipilimumab in two clinical trials were studied. Tumor measurements during trial allowing up to 5 lesions per organ and 10 lesions in total were retrospectively reviewed. A second set of tumor measurements allowing up to 2 lesions per organ and 5 lesions in total was generated. Immune-related response assessments by two measurements were compared. <h3>Results</h3> The number of target lesions was significantly reduced when up to 2 per organ and 5 in total lesions were allowed (Wilcoxon P &lt; 0.0001). The immune-related response assessment using reduced number of lesions was highly concordant with assessment using the original number of lesions (Spearman r for the percent change on 1<sup>st</sup>-3<sup>rd</sup> follow-up: 0.860-0.970; κ<sub>w</sub> for best immune-related response: 0.908). Median time-to-progression was 26.9&nbsp;months (95%CI: 9.1-∞) by both assessments. Interobserver agreement of measurements was high for both assessments, with the concordance correlation coefficient above 0.98. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Reduction of the number of target lesions did not significantly affect immune-related response assessment or the measurement variability in advanced melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. Using up to 2 per organ and 5 in total target lesions is proposed to assess immune-related response, while it is important to keep other novel features of immune-related response criteria such as confirmation of progression and inclusion of new lesion measurements.