tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli enteritis: evaluation of the gnotobiotic piglet as a model of human infection.
Authors: S Tzipori, R M Robins-Browne, G Gonis, J Hayes, M Withers, E McCartney
Journal: Gut (1985)

The pathogenicity of classical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains of human origin was investigated in gnotobiotic piglets. One to two day old piglets in groups of four were infected perorally with approximately 10(8) colony forming units of one of eight enteropathogenic E coli strains or a non-pathogenic control strain. Animals were necropsied 24 or 48 hours after infection and their intestines were subjected to histological examination, quantitative bacterial culture and estimation of lactase activity. Four enteropathogenic E coli strains caused mild to moderate diarrhoea in nine of the 16 piglets inoculated with them. Piglets given two of these strains later became moribund. One enteropathogenic E coli strain caused a severe illness unaccompanied by diarrhoea. Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa occurred with all eight enteropathogenic E coli strains, but not with the control strain. Pathological changes were most pronounced in the distal ileum and colon and adherent bacteria were seen on the surface of the inflamed mucosa. The extent of the inflammatory response in infected piglets for the most part paralleled the severity of the clinical signs, the degree of bacterial colonisation and the reduction in lactase activity. Electron microscopic examination of tissue from piglets infected with three different strains showed that bacterial adherence to the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells was accompanied by distinctive ultrastructural changes. These included degeneration of the microvillous brush border, together with cupping and pedestal formation of the plasma membrane at sites of bacterial attachment. The same changes have been seen in naturally occurring enteropathogenic E coli diarrhoea in humans and rabbits. The combined clinical and pathological findings indicate that the neonatal gnotobiotic piglet is a suitable model of infection with enteropathogenic E coli.
Mechanisms of angiotensin II- and arginine vasopressin-induced increases in protein synthesis and content in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Evidence for selective increases in smooth muscle isoactin expression.
Authors: M B Turla, M M Thompson, M H Corjay, G K Owens
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that angiotensin II (Ang II) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are potent hypertrophic agents in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. The present study identified major proteins that accumulate in Ang II-induced and AVP-induced hypertrophic cells and initiated studies of the mechanisms that contribute to their accumulation. Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy induced by Ang II and/or AVP (1 microM each) was associated with widespread increases in the content of many cellular proteins that were resolved by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. However, increases were also selective in nature, with increases in certain individual proteins, including actin (twofold to threefold), vimentin (2.5-fold to sevenfold), tropomyosin (threefold to sixfold), and myosin heavy chain, far exceeding overall increases in cellular protein content (20-40%). Increases in actin content were due largely to increased expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin (3.6- to 7.5-fold), as opposed to nonmuscle beta-actin (1.7- to 2.5-fold). Increases in smooth muscle alpha-actin were accompanied by a fivefold to eightfold increases in smooth muscle alpha-actin mRNA, indicating that these changes were not due exclusively to translational controls. Results demonstrate that contractile agonist-induced hypertrophy in cultured smooth muscle cells is due, in part, to increased expression of smooth muscle contractile proteins. Furthermore, the fact that Ang II and AVP induced selective increases in smooth muscle alpha-actin suggests that these agonists may not only regulate growth of vascular smooth muscle but may also promote expression of smooth muscle-specific contractile proteins during differentiation of vascular smooth muscle.
Long-Term Depression in Hippocampus
Authors: Mark F. Bear, Wickliffe C. Abraham
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1996)

Long-term depression (LTD) is a lasting decrease in synaptic effectiveness that follows some types of electrical stimulation in the hippocampus. Two broad types of LTD may be distinguished. Heterosynaptic LTD can occur at synapses that are inactive, normally during high-frequency stimulation of a converging synaptic input. Homosynaptic LTD can occur at synapses that are activated, normally at low frequencies. Here we discuss the mechanisms of LTD and their possible relevance to hippocampal function.
Carrier-mediated entry of 4-methylumbelliferyl sulfate: Characterization by the multiple-indicator dilution technique in perfused rat liver
Authors: Masato Chiba, Andreas J. Schwab, Carl A. Goresky, Sandy K. Pang
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

The hepatocellular entry of 4-methylumbelliferyl sulfate (4MUS) a highly ionized and highly bound anion capable of futile cycling, was examined in the single-pass albumin-free perfused rat liver preparation. Desulfation of 4MUS to 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) was verified in vitro to be a low-affinity, high-capacity process ( K m = 731 μmol/L; V max = 414 nmol min −1 g −1 liver). With 4MUS given to the perfused rat liver, sulfation of 4MU, the formed metabolite, was attenuated in the presence of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP), a sulfation inhibitor, and when sulfate ion was substituted by chloride ion. 4MU sulfation, being a high-affinity system, was reduced most effectively at the lowest 4MUS concentration (15 μmol/L) used, evidenced by the increased (24%) net hepatic extraction ratio of 4MUS and reduced utilization (72%) of infused tracer 35 SO 4 2− by 4MU for 4MU 35 S formation. Single-pass multiple indicator dilution (MID) studies were thus conducted under identical conditions (DCNP and absence of inorganic sulfate), with injection of [ 3 H]4MUS and a set of noneliminated vascular and cellular reference indicators into the portal vein (prograde) or hepatic vein (retrograde), against varying background bulk concentrations of 4MUS (5 to 900 μmol/L). The steady-state removal rate of 4MUS and formation rates of 4MU and its glucuronide conjugate (4MUG) were not altered with perfusion flow direction, suggesting the presence of even or parallel distributions of 4MUS desulfation and 4MU glucuronidation activities. When the outflow dilution profile of [ 3 H]4MUS was evaluated with the barrier-limited model of Goresky, a slight red cell carriage effect was found for 4MUS. The permeability surface area product for cellular entry for prograde showed a dramatic concentration-dependent decrease (from 0.13 to 0.01 mL sec −1 g −1 , or 7.4 to 0.56 times the blood perfusate flow rate) and was resolved as saturable and nonsaturable components, while data for retrograde were more scattered, varying from 2.8 to 1 times the blood perfusate flow rate. Efflux (coefficient = 0.0096 ± 0.0024 and 0.0088 ± 0.0062 mL sec −1 g −1 , respectively) was relatively insensitive to concentration and flow direction. The same was observed for the removal capacity for metabolism and excretion (sequestration coefficient: for prograde, 0.0056 ± 0.0017 mL sec −1 g −1 ; for retrograde, 0.0056 ± 0.003 mL sec −1 g −1 ). The decrease in the apparent partition coefficient (ratio of 4MUS concentration estimated in tissue to unbound plasma concentration) and the increase in relative throughput component with concentration further substantiate the claim on the presence of concentrative processes at the sinusoidal membrane.
Two theories of perception: Internal consistency, separability and interaction between processing modes
Authors: James G. Phillips, James W. Meehan, Tom J. Triggs
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Comparisons are drawn between two theories of visual perception and two modes of information processing. Characteristics delineating dorsal and ventral visual systems lack internal consistency, probably because they are not completely separable. Mechanism is inherent when distinguishing these systems, and becomes more apparent with different processing domains. What is lacking is a more explicit means of linking these theories.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Breast
Authors: Bryan T. Hennessy, Savitri Krishnamurthy, Sharon Giordano, Thomas A. Buchholz, Shu W. Kau, Zhigang Duan, Vicente Valero, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the breast is rare and generally aggressive. In this study, we analyzed 33 patients treated at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) and a series of 137 patients identified through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to make therapy recommendations.Records of The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center were searched for patients diagnosed with breast SCC from 1985 to 2001. All biopsy material was reviewed by a dedicated breast pathologist who performed immunohistochemistry for hormone receptors and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We searched the SEER database for patients with breast SCC diagnosed between 1988 and 2001.We identified 33 patients with breast SCC, of whom two patients had metastatic disease at diagnosis. The median relapse-free survival (RFS) of 31 patients with localized disease was 20 months (range, 1 to 108 months), with a 26% RFS rate at 5 years. The median overall survival in these patients was 37 months (range, 12 to 108 months), with 40% surviving at 5 years. Median survival from the time recurrent disease was recognized was 14 months (range, 2 to 86 months). Tumors were usually hormone receptor-and HER2/neu-negative, though EGFR was frequently overexpressed. Information from the SEER database was consistent with most of our findings.SCC of the breast is aggressive and often treatment-refractory. The role of platinum salts, EGFR inhibitors, and other novel agents needs to be explored.
Treatment of tuberculosis: update 2010
Authors: W. W. Yew, C. Lange, C. C. Leung
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

Currently, the standard short-course chemotherapy for tuberculosis comprises a 6-month regimen, with a four-drug intensive phase and a two-drug continuation phase. Alternative chemotherapy using more costly and toxic drugs, often for prolonged durations generally >18 months, is required for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Directly observed treatment, as part of a holistic care programme, is a cost-effective strategy to ensure high treatment success and curtail development of drug resistance in tuberculosis. New antituberculosis drugs are urgently needed to improve the present standard short-course and alternative chemotherapies, by shortening administration durations and increasing cure rates, through the greater potency of these agents. At the same time, the role of adjunctive surgery for drug-resistant tuberculosis has to be better defined. Immunotherapy might improve treatment outcomes of both drug-susceptible and -resistant tuberculosis, and warrants further exploration.
Effect of adjuvant capecitabine or fluorouracil, with or without oxaliplatin, on survival outcomes in stage III colon cancer and the effect of oxaliplatin on post-relapse survival: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from four randomised controlled trials
Authors: Hans-Joachim Schmoll, Chris Twelves, Weijing Sun, Michael J O'Connell, Thomas Cartwright, Edward McKenna, Muhammad Saif, Steve Lee, Greg Yothers, Daniel Haller
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2014)
Phagocytosis and antimicrobicidal activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes against gentamicin-sensitive and resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Popi E. Lianou, Harry P. Bassaris, Constantine S. Papadimitriou, Nicholas J. Legakis, John Th. Papavassiliou
Journal: Journal of Infection (1983)
Epididymis seleno-independent glutathione peroxidase 5 maintains sperm DNA integrity in mice
Authors: Eléonore Chabory, Christelle Damon, Alain Lenoir, Gary Kauselmann, Hedrun Kern, Branko Zevnik, Catherine Garrel, Fabrice Saez, Rémi Cadet, Joelle Henry-Berger, Michael Schoor, Ulrich Gottwald, Ursula Habenicht, Joël R. Drevet, Patrick Vernet
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

The mammalian epididymis provides sperm with an environment that promotes their maturation and protects them from external stresses. For example, it harbors an array of antioxidants, including non-conventional glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5), to protect them from oxidative stress. To explore the role of GPX5 in the epididymis, we generated mice that lack epididymal expression of the enzyme. Histological analyses of Gpx5-/- epididymides and sperm cells revealed no obvious defects. Furthermore, there were no apparent differences in the fertilization rate of sexually mature Gpx5-/- male mice compared with WT male mice. However, a higher incidence of miscarriages and developmental defects were observed when WT female mice were mated with Gpx5-deficient males over 1 year old compared with WT males of the same age. Flow cytometric analysis of spermatozoa recovered from Gpx5-null and WT male mice revealed that sperm DNA compaction was substantially lower in the cauda epididymides of Gpx5-null animals and that they suffered from DNA oxidative attacks. Real-time PCR analysis of enzymatic scavengers expressed in the mouse epididymis indicated that the cauda epididymidis epithelium of Gpx5-null male mice mounted an antioxidant response to cope with an excess of ROS. These observations suggest that GPX5 is a potent antioxidant scavenger in the luminal compartment of the mouse cauda epididymidis that protects spermatozoa from oxidative injuries that could compromise their integrity and, consequently, embryo viability.
An Essential Role for Thymic Mesenchyme in Early T Cell Development
Authors: Ravinder K. Suniara, Eric J. Jenkinson, John J.T. Owen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

We show that the mesenchymal cells that surround the 12-d mouse embryo thymus are necessary for T cell differentiation. Thus, epithelial lobes with attached mesenchyme generate all T cell populations in vitro, whereas lobes from which mesenchyme has been removed show poor lymphopoiesis with few cells progressing beyond the CD4−CD8− stage of development. Interestingly, thymic mesenchyme is derived from neural crest cells, and extirpation of the region of the neural crest involved results in impaired thymic development and craniofacial abnormalities similar to the group of clinical defects found in the DiGeorge syndrome. Previous studies have suggested an inductive effect of mesenchyme on thymic epithelial morphogenesis. However, we have found that mesenchyme-derived fibroblasts are still required for early T cell development in the presence of mature epithelial cells, and hence mesenchyme might have a direct role in lymphopoiesis. We provide an anatomical basis for the role of mesenchyme by showing that mesenchymal cells migrate into the epithelial thymus to establish a network of fibroblasts and associated extracellular matrix. We propose that the latter might be important for T cell development through integrin and/or cytokine interactions with immature thymocytes.
Person as moralist and scientist
Authors: Marcus Vinícius C. Baldo, Anouk Barberousse
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Abstract Scientific inquiry possibly shares with people's ordinary understanding the same evolutionary determinants, and affect-laden intuitions that shape moral judgments also play a decisive role in decision-making, planning, and scientific reasoning. Therefore, if ordinary understanding does differ from scientific inquiry, the reason does not reside in the fact that the former (but not the latter) is endowed with moral considerations.
The Telomerase Inhibitor Imetelstat Depletes Cancer Stem Cells in Breast and Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Immanual Joseph, Robert Tressler, Ekaterina Bassett, Calvin Harley, Christen M. Buseman, Preeti Pattamatta, Woodring E. Wright, Jerry W. Shay, Ning F. Go
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSC) are rare drug-resistant cancer cell subsets proposed to be responsible for the maintenance and recurrence of cancer and metastasis. Telomerase is constitutively active in both bulk tumor cell and CSC populations but has only limited expression in normal tissues. Thus, inhibition of telomerase has been shown to be a viable approach in controlling cancer growth in nonclinical studies and is currently in phase II clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the effects of imetelstat (GRN163L), a potent telomerase inhibitor, on both the bulk cancer cells and putative CSCs. When breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines were treated with imetelstat in vitro, telomerase activity in the bulk tumor cells and CSC subpopulations were inhibited. Additionally, imetelstat treatment reduced the CSC fractions present in the breast and pancreatic cell lines. In vitro treatment with imetelstat, but not control oligonucleotides, also reduced the proliferation and self-renewal potential of MCF7 mammospheres and resulted in cell death after &amp;lt;4 weeks of treatment. In vitro treatment of PANC1 cells showed reduced tumor engraftment in nude mice, concomitant with a reduction in the CSC levels. Differences between telomerase activity expression levels or telomere length of CSCs and bulk tumor cells in these cell lines did not correlate with the increased sensitivity of CSCs to imetelstat, suggesting a mechanism of action independent of telomere shortening for the effects of imetelstat on the CSC subpopulations. Our results suggest that imetelstat-mediated depletion of CSCs may offer an alternative mechanism by which telomerase inhibition may be exploited for cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 70(22); 9494–504. ©2010 AACR.
Pulmonary scedosporium infection as a complication of infliximab therapy for ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: J C Ngai, R Lam, F W Ko, K-W To, D S Hui
Journal: Thorax (2009)

Pulmonary scedosporium infection as a complication of infliximab therapy for ankylosing spondylitisA 47-year-old man with a negative Mantoux test received infliximab 800 mg fortnightly in August 2005 for treatment of ankylosing spondylitis.He developed haemoptysis after receiving the third dose in September 2005 and therefore infliximab was stopped.CT thorax in April 2006 showed evidence of mycetoma at the left upper lobe (fig 1A, B).In view of persistent haemoptysis and radiological deterioration, voriconazole 200 mg daily was started and left upper lobe lobectomy was performed.Histopathology showed caseous granulomatous inflammation, destroyed bronchial wall with inflammatory cell infiltration and fungal mycelium was seen.Culture of the resected tissue grew Scedosporium apiospermum (fig 2A, B).Haemoptysis subsided after surgery.
THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE RIGHT SIDED INGUINO-SCROTAL HERNIA [POSTER]
Authors: B L Skelly, A K Neill
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Inguinal hernia often presents as an emergency with obstruction and subsequent strangulation. We report an interesting case where an inguino-scrotal sliding type hernia contained the hepatic flexure as its lead point, resulting in acute colonic obstruction and caecal wall perforation. <h3>Aims/Background</h3> A 63-year-old gentleman admitted with abdominal distension and vomiting had a large, tense irreducible inguino-scrotal hernia on the right side which was non-tender, with concomitant tenderness in the left iliac fossa. Radiographic findings were of acute colonic distension. <h3>Method</h3> At laparotomy the hepatic flexure on an abnormally long mesentery, formed the lead point of an inguino-scrotal hernia bringing with it the greater omentum, distal ascending and proximal transverse colon. The dilated caecum was found in the left iliac fossa, within its wall an ischaemic serosal tear and a single ‘pistol shot’ perforation laterally, with surrounding faecal contamination. A right hemicolectomy with side-to-side stapled anastomosis was performed an the patient made an uncomplicated recovery. <h3>Results</h3> This is an extremely rare variant of the complete inguino-scrotal sliding type hernia. A detailed anatomical sketch of the encountered pathology is included, with correlation to the plain radiographic imaging. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Acute presentation of an inguinal hernia with intestinal obstruction requires emergency surgery with a mid-line laparotomy incision most appropriate. When confronted with a patient who has colonic obstruction and abdominal tenderness, proceeding to emergency laparotomy is prudent.
Open, Aware, and Active: Contextual Approaches as an Emerging Trend in the Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
Authors: Steven C. Hayes, Matthieu Villatte, Michael Levin, Mikaela Hildebrandt
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2011)

A wave of new developments has occurred in the behavioral and cognitive therapies that focuses on processes such as acceptance, mindfulness, attention, or values. In this review, we describe some of these developments and the data regarding them, focusing on information about components, moderators, mediators, and processes of change. These “third wave” methods all emphasize the context and function of psychological events more so than their validity, frequency, or form, and for these reasons we use the term “contextual cognitive behavioral therapy” to describe their characteristics. Both putative processes, and component and process evidence, indicate that they are focused on establishing a more open, aware, and active approach to living, and that their positive effects occur because of changes in these processes.
Immunodeterminant specificity of human immunity to type III group B streptococcus.
Authors: D L Kasper, C J Baker, R S Baltimore, J H Crabb, G Schiffman, H J Jennings
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

The type III polysaccharides of group B Streptococcus in its native state chemically consists of glucose, galactose, glucosamine, and sialic acid. The core of this polysaccharide lacks sialic acid and precipitates with type III antiserum to give a partial identity with the precipitate between the native antigen and this serum. The core determinant is immunochemically similar to the capsular polysaccharide of type XIV Streptococcus pneumoniae, while the native type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide does not cross-react with type XIV pneumococcal antiserum. In human sera, it is antibody directed to the native antigen which correlates very highly with opsonic immunity (r = 0.94) while a poorer correlation exists between antibody to the core antigen and opsonins (r = 0.51 P less than 0.001). In natural infections, as association exists between low levels of maternal antibody to the native antigen and risk of disease in the infant. This association is not true for antibody to the core structure, where both infected infants and their mothers have much higher levels of antibody to the core than the native antigens. Infected infants are also more likely to respond to infection by developing antibody to the native antigen. Immunization of 12 adults with multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide induced significantly better antibody response to the core antigen than to the native, and this vaccine induced opsonic activity in only one recipient. Immunization of adults with type III group B streptococcal antigens induced antibody to the native determinant which correlated with opsonic activity. Therefore, it would appear that native group B streptococcal polysaccharides will provide the best candidate antigens for immunization.