tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mortality Rate of Community-acquired Pneumonia: 1944 and Today
Authors: Charles Grossman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Letters1 March 1992Mortality Rate of Community-acquired Pneumonia: 1944 and TodayCharles Grossman, MDCharles Grossman, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-116-5-427_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors: Some old data seem to have been overlooked in the literature. In their article, Farr and colleagues (1) discussed pneumonia mortality, quoting the usual rates of 6% to 24%.In 1946, we reported a mortality rate of 2.6% among 543 cases of acute pneumonia, all of which were presumed to be pneumococcal, with positive roentgenographic findings (2). This finding was of the same order of magnitude as the 1.5% reported by Collen and colleagues (3). The U.S. Army reported case fatality rates of 1.8% among officers and of 0.6% among enlisted men (4). Now many cases are...References1. FarrSlomanFisch BAM. Predicting death in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:428-36. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Grossman C. Lobar pneumonia in the shipbuilding industry. J Ind Hyg Tox. 1946;28:233-6. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. CollenSellersCast MAE. Combined penicillin and sulfadiazine therapy in pneumococcal pneumonia. Am J Med Sci. 1946;211:299-306. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Review of Morbidity and Mortality from Respiratory Diseases; 1930 through June 1944. Army in the Continental United States. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General; 15 December 1944: Report 2-MS. Google Scholar1. CollenSellersKast MAE. Combined penicillin and sulfadiazine therapy in pneumococcic pneumonia. Am J Med Sci. 1946;211:299-306. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Grossman C. Lobar pneumonia in the shipbuilding industry. J Ind Hyg Tox. 1946;28:233-6. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. FarrSlomanFisch BAM. Predicting death in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:428-36. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: 622 Oregon National Building Portland, OR 97205 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 March 1992Volume 116, Issue 5Page: 427-428KeywordsDeath ratesMortalityPneumonia Issue Published: 1 March 1992 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Direct to consumer advertising
Authors: Peter R Mansfield, Barbara Mintzes, Dee Richards, Les Toop
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Is at the crossroads of competing pressures from industry and health needs 

T he challenge for governments evaluating direct advertising of prescription only drugs to the consumer is how to achieve maximum benefits for health and wealth while minimising harm. New Zealand's health minister, Annette King, has taken the advice of New Zealand's health professional and consumer groups and has decided that the potential benefits of “direct to consumer advertising” do not justify the harms and so plans to ban it from 2005.w1 That will leave the United States as the only industrialised country allowing full direct to consumer advertising of prescription medicines. An Australian review of drug legislation in 2001 concluded that prohibiting such advertising produces a net benefit for the community as a whole.1 In 2002, the European Parliament rejected a proposal to allow advertising for drugs used to treat asthma, AIDS, and diabetes directly to the consumer. A 2004 Canadian parliamentary inquiry recommended against direct to consumer advertising because “Drug advertisements could endanger rather than empower consumers by minimizing risk information and exaggerating benefits” and “could contribute to increased or inappropriate drug consumption.”2

Direct to consumer advertising increases the use of drugs and medical services and increases wealth for pharmaceutical, advertising, and media companies.3 It increases prescribers' workloads …
Carys Mair Graham
Authors: B. Graham
Journal: BMJ (2014)

After qualifying in Liverpool (1971) and taking junior posts in Merseyside and Wrexham, Carys Mair Graham diligently cared for children with special needs and their families in northeast Wales, in clinics, and at their schools and homes, and she studied widely to accomplish this. She was highly regarded by the families she helped, always prepared to go that extra mile on their behalf. When she was involved with a school …
Altered disposition of acetaminophen in mice with a disruption of theMrp3 gene
Authors: José E. Manautou, Dirk R. de Waart, Cindy Kunne, Noam Zelcer, Michael Goedken, Piet Borst, Ronald Oude Elferink
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

MRP3 is an ABC transporter localized in the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells such as hepatocytes and enterocytes. In this study, the role of Mrp3 in drug disposition was investigated. Because Mrp3 preferentially transports glucuronide conjugates, we investigated the in vivo disposition of acetaminophen (APAP) and its metabolites. Mrp3+/+ and Mrp3-/- knockout mice received APAP (150 mg/kg), and bile was collected. Basolateral and canalicular excretion of APAP was also assessed in the isolated perfused liver. In separate studies, mice received 400 mg APAP/kg for assessment of hepatotoxicity. No differences were found in the biliary excretion of APAP, APAP-sulfate, and APAP-glutathione between Mrp3+/+ and Mrp3-/- mice. However, 20-fold higher accumulation of APAP-glucuronide (APAP-GLUC) was found in the liver of Mrp3-/- mice. Concomitantly, plasma APAP-GLUC content in Mrp3-/- mice was less than 10% of that in Mrp3+/+ mice. In addition, APAP-GLUC excretion in bile of Mrp3-/- mice was tenfold higher than in Mrp3+/+ mice. In the isolated perfused liver, we also found a strong decrease of APAP-GLUC secretion into the perfusate of Mrp3-/- livers. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and histopathology showed that Mrp3-/- mice are more resistant to APAP hepatotoxicity than Mrp3+/+ mice, which is most likely a result of the faster repletion of hepatic GSH. In conclusion, basolateral excretion of APAP-GLUC in mice is nearly completely dependent on the function of Mrp3. In its absence, sufficient hepatic accumulation occurs to redirect some of the APAP-GLUC to bile. This altered disposition in Mrp3-/- mice is associated with reduced hepatotoxicity.
Incidence of Penicillin Reactions after an Antihistaminic Simultaneously Administered Parenterally
Authors: George W. Sciple, John M. Knox, C. Hunter Montgomery
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

REPORTS of penicillin-sensitivity reactions have become increasingly common and, as a result, have decreased the use of a highly effective and relatively inexpensive antibiotic. In past years, many-reports of reactions after penicillin therapy have been published.1 The incidence of reactions in various series ranges from less than 1 per cent2 to 53 per cent3 of the treated patients. Many deaths have resulted from reactions to injected penicillin.4 The drug is still widely used today, and is the agent of choice in the therapy of a number of infectious diseases. Adequate prophylaxis against penicillin reactions is needed, and numerous therapeutic agents . . .
AIDS and Food Shortages
Authors: Joan Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Protecting the public from risk of harm
Authors: L. E Ferris
Journal: BMJ (1998)

In autumn 1997 an expert panel representing five medical colleges and associations in Canada recommended unprecedented changes to the Ontario Medicine Act. These changes, now being implemented, will give the province's 20 000 doctors a mandatory duty to inform the authorities when a patient threatens serious harm to others and the doctor believes that violence is likely.1 This new duty clears up previous contradictions in the law and will benefit doctors, their patients, and potential victims of violence.

The recommendations stem from the panel's conclusion that protecting the public from serious risk of harm should override a patient's right to confidentiality. They are intended to (a ) protect the public from serious harm, (b) prevent patients from harming themselves by carrying out a serious threat, and (c) protect doctors from legal and professional liability when they disclose information in good faith in line with the newly defined professional standards. Doctors are protected if they take every practical precaution to avoid inaccuracy …
A NEW POCKET SIZE APPARATUS FOR ARTIFICIAL PNEUMOTHORAX
Authors: A. J. de Martini
Journal: JAMA (1926)

In presenting this instrument to the profession in the face of so many other instruments now in use, we have not heard of any so small and simple that the general practitioner may carry it in his pocket or medical case, at the same time possessing all the advantages of a larger instrument in which there are a minimum of volume and simplicity of operation, with the minimum amount of danger. As a result of the increasing popularity of the Forlanini method among the profession, especially those cases in which for various reasons the patient is unable to enter a sanatorium but must be treated by the family physician, an instrument of this kind will be invaluable. The entire apparatus is contained in a nickel plated box 5¾ inches long, 3½ inches wide and 1¾ inches thick. The central part consists of a concave metal tube (fig. 2<i>A</i>)
Laboratory Evaluation in the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease
Authors: Peter Tugwell
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

To provide a qualitative evaluation of the predictive value of the laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease and to use the resultant data to formulate guidelines for clinical diagnosis.A MEDLINE search of English-language articles or articles with English-language abstracts published from 1982 to 1996.Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were calculated, and a random-effects model was used to combine the proportions from the eligible studies. Prespecified criteria were used to determine which studies were eligible for analysis.Laboratory testing in general is not clinically useful if the pretest probability of Lyme disease is less than 0.20 or greater than 0.80. When the pretest probability is 0.20 to 0.80, sequential testing with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot is the most accurate method for ruling in or ruling out the possibility of Lyme disease.Laboratory testing is recommended only in patients whose pretest probability of Lyme disease is 0.20 to 0.80. If the pretest probability is less than 0.20, testing will result in more false-positive results than true-positive results; a negative test result in this situation effectively rules out the disease.
Antiidiotypic antibodies to sperm in sera of fertile women that neutralize antisperm antibodies.
Authors: R K Naz, K Ahmad, A C Menge
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

The presence of antiidiotypic antibodies (ab-2) to sperm was investigated in the sera of fertile, infertile, and virgin women using sperm-specific anti-FA-1 monoclonal antibody Fab'.ab-2 were detected in 71% (17/24) of sera from fertile women and in none (0/12) of the sera from virgin females by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot procedure, and immunoprecipitation procedure. Sera from infertile women that had antisperm antibodies showed a minimal presence of ab-2, with only three sera (13%, 3/23) demonstrating the presence of low levels of ab-2. The ab-2 present in fertile women were capable of neutralizing the fertilization-inhibitory activity of anti-FA-1 antibody in a concentration-dependent manner in a human sperm penetration assay (SPA) of zona-free hamster oocytes. ab-2 were also capable of inhibiting the binding of antisperm antibodies to the sperm surface as determined by the immunobead binding technique. This is the first report demonstrating the presence of ab-2 in the sera of fertile women that are capable of neutralizing antisperm antibodies present in sera of infertile women. These findings suggest that the inability to detect antisperm antibody activity in the sera of fertile women may be due to higher levels of ab-2 present in these sera than levels found in sera of infertile women, although both groups may be producing antisperm antibody response after sexual exposure to sperm.
Implications of the Cancer Stem-Cell Hypothesis for Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy
Authors: Madhuri Kakarala, Max S. Wicha
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

Recent research in breast biology has provided support for the cancer stem-cell hypothesis. Two important components of this hypothesis are that tumors originate in mammary stem or progenitor cells as a result of dysregulation of the normally tightly regulated process of self-renewal. As a result, tumors contain and are driven by a cellular subcomponent that retains key stem-cell properties including self-renewal, which drives tumorigenesis and differentiation that contributes to cellular heterogeneity. Advances in stem-cell technology have led to the identification of stem cells in normal and malignant breast tissue. The study of these stem cells has helped to elucidate the origin of the molecular complexity of human breast cancer. The cancer stem-cell hypothesis has important implications for early detection, prevention, and treatment of breast cancer. Both hereditary and sporadic breast cancers may develop through dysregulation of stem-cell self-renewal pathways. These aberrant stem cells may provide targets for the development of cancer prevention strategies. Furthermore, because breast cancer stem cells may be highly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy, the development of more effective therapies for this disease may require the effective targeting of this cell population.
THE ADRIAN BROWN MEMORIAL LECTURE
Authors: W. D. Halliburton
Journal: BMJ (1921)

Purie Glucose.GLUCOSE of special purity suitable for intravenous or subcutaneous injection was, it appears, uintil lately only obtainable from foreign manufacturers.We have now received fromthe Britislh Drua Houses, L'd., a sample of glucose prepared by them especially for this purpose, accompaniedl by a pamnphlet summarizing its therapeutic applications and detailing the indications for its adoption, which are largely the same as those for normal saline
Telecare for Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Inadequate Glycemic Control
Authors: Victor M. Montori, Pamela K. Helgemoe, Gordon H. Guyatt, Diana S. Dean, Teresa W. Leung, Steven A. Smith, Yogish C. Kudva
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—To determine the efficacy of telecare (modem transmission of glucometer data and clinician feedback) to support intensive insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Thirty-one patients with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin therapy and with HbA1c &amp;gt;7.8% were randomized to telecare (glucometer transmission with feedback) or control (glucometer transmission without feedback) for 6 months. The primary end point was 6-month HbA1c. To place our findings in context, we pooled HbA1c change from baseline reported in randomized trials of telecare identified in a systematic review of the literature. RESULTS—Compared with the control group, telecare patients had a significantly lower 6-month HbA1c (8.2 vs. 7.8%, P = 0.03, after accounting for HbA1c at baseline) and a nonsignificant fourfold greater chance of achieving 6-month HbA1c ≤7% (29 vs. 7%; risk difference 21.9%, 95% CI −4.7 to 50.5). Nurses spent 50 more min/patient giving feedback on the phone with telecare patients than with control patients. Meta-analysis of seven randomized trials of adult patients with type 1 diabetes found a 0.4% difference (95% CI 0–0.8) in HbA1c mean change from baseline between the telecare and control groups. CONCLUSIONS—Telecare is associated with small effects on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin therapy but with inadequate glycemic control.
Essential Role for the C5a Receptor in Regulating the Effector Phase of Synovial Infiltration and Joint Destruction in Experimental Arthritis
Authors: Ethan P. Grant, Dominic Picarella, Timothy Burwell, Tracy Delaney, Alisa Croci, Nicole Avitahl, Alison A. Humbles, Jose-Carlos Gutierrez-Ramos, Michael Briskin, Craig Gerard, Anthony J. Coyle
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

A characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis is the abundance of inflammatory cells in the diseased joint. Two major components of this infiltrate are neutrophils in the synovial fluid and macrophages in the synovial tissue. These cells produce cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha and other proinflammatory mediators that likely drive the disease through its effector phases. To investigate what mechanisms underlie the recruitment of these cells into the synovial fluid and tissue, we performed expression analyses of chemoattractant receptors in a related family that includes the anaphylatoxin receptors and the formyl-MetLeuPhe receptor. We then examined the effect of targeted disruption of two abundantly expressed chemoattractant receptors, the receptors for C3a and C5a, on arthritogenesis in a mouse model of disease. We report that genetic ablation of C5a receptor expression completely protects mice from arthritis.
Panel Backs Wider Pertussis Vaccination to Curb Outbreaks, Prevent Deaths
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2010)

universal helmet laws. In a telephone survey of 1606 motorcyclists released by her institute in September, about 75% of participants—including about two-thirds of respondents who oppose universal helmet laws and almost half of riders who rarely or never wear helmets—said they believe helmets keep riders safer. The apparent contradiction may be explained by a belief among some motorcyclists that they understand the risks of riding but do not want the government telling them how to behave. “If you are going to ride a motorcycle, the best thing you can do to keep yourself safe is to wear a helmet, and the best way to make sure people are wearing helmets is enforce an enforceable law,” McCartt said. Coben said public health advocates seem to face an uphill battle when arguing for mandatory helmet laws among motorcyclists, but he hoped the continued publication of valid research will one day sway legislators and the public. He noted that the cost of such injuries is borne not just by the involved individual. “The public picks up a large portion of the costs when riders are injured, so hopefully policy makers will look at the research and the cost to our government and do the right thing,” Coben said.
Host response to transmissible<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>
Authors: D.W. Reid, A. Champion, R. Bradbury, S.M. Kirov
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

To the Editor: 

The recent study by Jones et al. 1 was interesting in that it found no significant difference in local airway or systemic inflammation between cystic fibrosis patients colonised with either transmissible or nontransmissible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . At face value these results appear reassuring, although the authors do rightly raise a …
Epithelial dysplasia in Caroli's disease.
Authors: J B Fozard, J I Wyatt, R I Hall
Journal: Gut (1989)

We report a young patient with a solitary intrahepatic cyst without demonstrable connection with the biliary tree. The operative appearances suggested hydatid disease but histological examination of the resected cyst showed that it was the result of Caroli9s disease already complicated by severe dysplasia. This case provides further evidence for the premalignant nature of Caroli9s disease.
Measuring Coverage in MNCH: Total Survey Error and the Interpretation of Intervention Coverage Estimates from Household Surveys
Authors: Thomas P. Eisele, Dale A. Rhoda, Felicity T. Cutts, Joseph Keating, Ruilin Ren, Aluisio J. D. Barros, Fred Arnold
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

In a PLOS Medicine Review, Thomas Eisele and colleagues discuss the importance of considering sampling and non-sampling errors when interpreting estimates of coverage of maternal, newborn, and child health interventions based on data from household surveys.
Extrinsic Lesions Simulating Hepatic Metastases
Authors: KWANG G. JOO, JEFFREY E. CARTER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1979)

When numerous defects are demonstrated in the liver scan of a patient confirmed as having malignant tumor, metastatic disease of the liver can usually be easily diagnosed. However, the scan must be interpreted with caution because extrinsic tumor compression often mimics metastatic disease.
Physicians as Gatekeepers
Authors: M D Reagan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

There is sharp contention between cost-ignoring and cost-constrained views of medical practice — and both positions have adherents among physicians.Levinsky argues the traditional view: "Physicians are required to do everything that they believe may benefit each patient without regard to costs or other societal considerations.... When practicing medicine, doctors cannot serve two masters.... The doctor's master must be the patient." 1 Hiatt adds that "it is essential that society protect [physicians] from conflicts in this realm."2 On the other hand, Eddy asserts that the rising costs of medical care are profoundly changing the requirements of medical decision making. In his . . .