tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Purine salvage networks in Giardia lamblia.
Authors: C C Wang, S Aldritt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

Purine metabolism in Giardia lamblia was investigated by monitoring incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into purine nucleotides in the log-phase trophozoites cultivated in vitro in axenic media and incubated in buffered saline glucose. The lack of incorporation of formate, glycine, hypoxanthine, inosine, and xanthine into the nucleotide pool suggests the absence of de novo purine nucleotide synthesis and the inability to form IMP as the precursor of AMP and GMP in G. lamblia. Only adenine, adenosine, guanine, and guanosine were incorporated. Further analysis of the labeled nucleotides by HPLC indicated that adenine and adenosine are converted only to adenine nucleotides whereas guanine and guanosine are only incorporated into guanine nucleotides. There is no competition of incorporation between adenine/adenosine and guanine/guanosine, and there is no interconversion between adenine and guanine nucleotides. Results from analyzing [5'-3H]guanosine incorporation indicate that the ribose moiety is not incorporated with the guanine base. Assays of purine salvage enzymic activities in the crude extracts of G. lamblia revealed the presence of only four major enzymes; adenosine and guanosine hydrolases and adenine and guanine phosphoribosyl transferases. Apparently, G. lamblia has an exceedingly simple purine salvage system; it converts adenosine and guanosine to corresponding purine bases and then forms AMP and GMP by the actions of corresponding purine phosphoribosyl transferases. The guanine phosphoribosyl transferase in G. lamblia is interesting because it does not recognize either hypoxanthine or xanthine as substrate. It thus must have a unique substrate specificity and may be regarded as a potential target to attack as a rational approach to chemotherapeutic control of giardiasis.
Butyrate-producing bacteria as pharmabiotics for inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Philippe Marteau
Journal: Gut (2013)

A study by Vanessa Eeckhaut et al 1 shows that subjects with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have lower faecal counts of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum , that this bacterium attenuates trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats and that the supernatant of its culture strengthens the epithelial barrier of Caco-2 cells. More generally, it is now established that some of the bacteria that dominate the intestinal mucosal and luminal ecosystems of healthy subjects are under-represented in IBD.1 ,2 It is possible that these findings are partly due to confounding factors such as IBD treatments (including low residue diet), and smoking, and this requires attention. This raises the question whether those microbes might be used as diagnostic or theragnostic markers. Developing new (bacterial) diagnostic markers of IBD is a long way off, which requires establishing their specificity, sensitivity, and predictive positive and negative values to answer relevant clinical questions, especially …
Dysfunctional High-Density Lipoprotein in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis
Authors: Suguru Yamamoto, Patricia G. Yancey, T. Alp Ikizler, W. Gray Jerome, Ryohei Kaseda, Brian Cox, Aihua Bian, Ayumi Shintani, Agnes B. Fogo, MacRae F. Linton, Sergio Fazio, Valentina Kon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Effects of a High-Fiber, Low-Fat Diet Intervention on Serum Concentrations of Reproductive Steroid Hormones in Women With a History of Breast Cancer
Authors: Cheryl L. Rock, Shirley W. Flatt, Cynthia A. Thomson, Marcia L. Stefanick, Vicky A. Newman, Lovell A. Jones, Loki Natarajan, Cheryl Ritenbaugh, Kathryn A. Hollenbach, John P. Pierce, R. Jeffrey Chang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

Purpose Diet intervention trials are testing whether postdiagnosis dietary modification can influence breast cancer recurrence and survival. One possible mechanism is an effect on reproductive steroid hormones. Participants and Methods Serum reproductive steroid hormones were measured at enrollment and 1 year in 291 women with a history of breast cancer who were enrolled onto a randomized, controlled diet intervention trial. Dietary goals for the intervention group were increased fiber, vegetable, and fruit intakes and reduced fat intake. Estradiol, bioavailable estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate, androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured. Results The intervention (but not the comparison) group reported a significantly lower intake of energy from fat (21% v 28%), and higher intake of fiber (29 g/d v 22 g/d), at 1-year follow-up (P &lt; .001). Significant weight loss did not occur in either group. A significant difference in the change in bioavailable estradiol concentration from baseline to 1 year in the intervention (−13 pmol/L) versus the comparison (+3 pmol/L) group was observed (P &lt; .05). Change in fiber (but not fat) intake was significantly and independently related to change in serum bioavailable estradiol (P &lt; .01) and total estradiol (P &lt; .05) concentrations. Conclusion Results from this study indicate that a high-fiber, low-fat diet intervention is associated with reduced serum bioavailable estradiol concentration in women diagnosed with breast cancer, the majority of whom did not exhibit weight loss. Increased fiber intake was independently related to the reduction in serum estradiol concentration.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS PERVITIN
Authors: JULIUS LEVINE, MAX RINKEL, MILTON GREENBLATT
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1948)

1. The physiological and psychological effects of i. v. pervitin, sodium amytal, and benzedrine were studied in 75 psychiatric cases. 2. Pervitin has cephalotropic and sympathecotropic effects. It is a more potent cephalotropic and less potent sympathecotropic drug than benzedrine. 3. Pervitin produces an emotionally charged free flow of material, which may include painful memories, traumatic experiences, intimate personal phantasies, and delusional ideas. Most patients experience a dramatic relief of tension and feeling of relaxation. Mild depressions are often delayed. The psychologically rich response evoked by pervitin is helpful both diagnostically and therapeutically. 4. The physiological effects of pervitin include evaluation of blood pressure for 24-36 hours, alteration of pulse rate, dryness of the mouth with thirst, loss of appetite, tightness in the chest, increased awareness of the environment and of sensory stimuli, elimination of fatigue, and wakefulness. The EKG is not significantly altered. The EEG shows no striking change in basic frequency pattern despite pronounced psychophysiological effects. There is a slight decrease in alpha wave output during the stage of tension and hyperalertness. 5. A comparison of pervitin with sodium amytal and benzedrine reveals the following: (a) In contrast to sodium amytal, pervitin evokes a more spontaneous, richer, and more appropriate response. In some cases, when sodium amytal fails to produce a response, pervitin succeeds. With pervitin there is no loss of consciousness or amnesia for the interview. All the material dealt with during the pervitin interview may be recalled, and is available to the patient's consciousness for integration and assimilation. (b) Benzedrine in doses of 20 to 40 mg. produces similar physiological effects as pervitin, but fails to produce the same intense psychological response. The productions with benzedrine lack the depth and personal significance of those with pervitin. (c) Pervitin may counteract the hypnotic effect of amytal, and amytal may calm the overexcitement occasionally induced by pervitin.
Toward a unified account of comprehension and production in language development
Authors: Stewart M. McCauley, Morten H. Christiansen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract Although Pickering &amp; Garrod (P&amp;G) argue convincingly for a unified system for language comprehension and production, they fail to explain how such a system might develop. Using a recent computational model of language acquisition as an example, we sketch a developmental perspective on the integration of comprehension and production. We conclude that only through development can we fully understand the intertwined nature of comprehension and production in adult processing.
Source of dietary fibre and diverticular disease incidence: a prospective study of UK women
Authors: Francesca L Crowe, Angela Balkwill, Benjamin J Cairns, Paul N Appleby, Jane Green, Gillian K Reeves, Timothy J Key, Valerie Beral
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> Previous prospective studies have found the incidence of intestinal diverticular disease decreased with increasing intakes of dietary fibre, but associations by the fibre source are less well characterised. We assessed these associations in a large UK prospective study of middle-aged women. <h3>Methods and findings</h3> During 6 (SD 1) years follow-up of 690 075 women without known diverticular disease who had not changed their diet in the last 5 years, 17 325 were admitted to hospital or died with diverticular disease. Dietary fibre intake was assessed using a validated 40-item food questionnaire and remeasured 1 year later in 4265 randomly-selected women. Mean total dietary fibre intake at baseline was 13.8 (SD 5.0) g/day, of which 42% came from cereals, 22% from fruits, 19% from vegetables (not potatoes) and 15% from potatoes. The relative risk (95% CI) for diverticular disease per 5 g/day fibre intake was 0.86 (0.84 to 0.88). There was significant heterogeneity by the four main sources of fibre (p&lt;0.0001), with relative risks, adjusted for each of the other sources of dietary fibre of 0.84 (0.81 to 0.88) per 5 g/day for cereal, 0.81 (0.77 to 0.86) per 5 g/day for fruit, 1.03 (0.93 to 1.14) per 5 g/day for vegetable and 1.04 (1.02 to 1.07) per 1 g/day for potato fibre. <h3>Conclusions</h3> A higher intake of dietary fibre is associated with a reduced risk of diverticular disease. The associations with diverticular disease appear to vary by fibre source, and the reasons for this variation are unclear.
Private sector treatment centres are treating less complex patients than the NHS
Authors: Anne Mason, Andrew Street, Rossella Verzulli
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2010)

In England, patients can choose to have their NHS elective care delivered by private (or 'independent sector') providers or by the NHS. Providers are paid a fixed tariff for each type of procedure. Our objectives were to compare NHS providers with private treatment centres in terms of (a) the quality of data coding and (b) patient complexity.We compared elective patients aged 18 years and over treated in the NHS and private sectors using the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data for 2007-2008. The absence of diagnostic information was used as a measure of data quality. We analysed differences in complexity for each of the 30 Healthcare Resource Groups (HRGs) that together account for 78% of coded private treatment centre activity. Statistical significance was assessed at the 1% level.Hospitals and treatment centres.Patient complexity was assessed by four characteristics: age; number of diagnoses; number of procedures; and income deprivation of residential area.NHS providers treated almost 7 million adult elective patients in 2007-2008. Fewer than 100,000 patients were treated by private providers (1.3% of elective activity). Less than 1% of NHS patients lacked diagnostic information compared to 36% of patients treated by private providers. For the top 30 HRGs, NHS patients had significantly (p<0.01) higher levels of co-morbidity, underwent more procedures and were more likely to come from deprived areas compared with patients treated by private providers. Although patients treated in private settings tended to be younger, the difference was not statistically significant.Some private companies provide poor quality data. In general, the NHS is treating more complex patients than private providers. If complexity drives costs, then a fair reimbursement system would require higher payments for NHS providers.
Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin 1.
Authors: C A Dinarello, J G Cannon, S M Wolff, H A Bernheim, B Beutler, A Cerami, I S Figari, M A Palladino, J V O'Connor
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rTNF alpha) injected intravenously into rabbits produces a rapid-onset, monophasic fever indistinguishable from the fever produced by rIL-1. On a weight basis (1 microgram/kg) rTNF alpha and rIL-1 produce the same amount of fever and induce comparable levels of PGE2 in rabbit hypothalamic cells in vitro; like IL-1, TNF fever is blocked by drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase. At higher doses (10 micrograms/kg) rTNF alpha produces biphasic fevers. The first fever reaches peak elevation 45-55 min after bolus injection and likely represents a direct action on the thermoregulatory center. During the second fever peak (3 h later), a circulating endogenous pyrogen can be shown present using passive transfer of plasma into fresh rabbits. This likely represents the in vivo induction of IL-1. In vitro, rTNF alpha induces the release of IL-1 activity from human mononuclear cells with maximal production observed at 50-100 ng/ml of rTNF alpha. In addition, rTNF alpha and rIFN-gamma have a synergistic effect on IL-1 production. The biological activity of rTNF alpha could be distinguished from IL-1 in three ways: the monophasic pyrogenic activity of rIL-1 was destroyed at 70 degrees C, whereas rTNF alpha remained active; anti-IL-1 neutralized IL-1 but did recognize rTNF alpha or natural cachectin nor neutralize its cytotoxic effect; and unlike IL-1, rTNF alpha was not active in the mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation assay. The possibility that endotoxin was responsible for rTNF alpha fever and/or the induction of IL-1 was ruled-out in several studies: rTNF alpha produced fever in the endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice; the IL-1-inducing property of rTNF alpha was destroyed either by heat (70 degrees C) or trypsinization, and was unaffected by polymyxin B; pyrogenic tolerance to daily injections of rTNF alpha did not occur; levels of endotoxin, as determined in the Limulus amebocyte lysate, were below the minimum rabbit pyrogen dose; and these levels of endotoxin were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis for the presence of beta-hydroxymyristic acid. Although rTNF alpha is not active in T cell proliferation assays, it may mimic IL-1 in a T cell assay, since high concentrations of rTNF alpha induced IL-1 from epithelial or macrophagic cells in the thymocyte preparations. These studies show that TNF (cachectin) is another endogenous pyrogen which, like IL-1 and IFN-alpha, directly stimulate hypothalamic PGE2 synthesis. In addition, rTNF alpha is an endogenous inducer of IL-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Effect of pain reduction on postural sway, proprioception, and quadriceps strength in subjects with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: B. S. Hassan, S. A. Doherty, S. Mockett, Michael Doherty
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

Objective: To investigate whether alleviation of knee pain influences quadriceps function, proprioceptive acuity, and postural stability in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: A crossover, within-subject, double blind study design involving 68 subjects with painful knee OA. Each subject received an intra-articular injection into one or both knees (both if symptomatic) of either 5 ml 0.5% bupivacaine or 5 ml 0.9% saline. Two weeks later they received an injection of the alternative agent. Subjects and observer were unaware of the order of injection, which was randomly assigned. Knee pain (100 mm visual analogue scale), static postural sway, knee proprioceptive acuity, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and percentage activation of the quadriceps were assessed immediately before and one hour after each injection. Results: Significant pain reduction was achieved one hour post-bupivacaine (mean difference as a percentage change 56.85, 95% CI 31.01 to 73.65; p&lt;0.001) and post-saline (mean difference as a percentage change 41.94, 95% CI 11.57 to 76.66; p&lt; 0.001), with no significant difference between the two. Both MVC and activation increased significantly post-bupivacaine (mean percentage differences 18.83, 95% CI −31.79 to −0.26, and −11.90, 95% CI −39.53 to 2.97, respectively; both p&lt;0.001) and post-saline (mean percentage differences −7.64, 95% CI −21.96 to 4.73, and −10.71, 95% CI −25.19 to 2.60 respectively; both p&lt;0.001). Proprioception worsened after bupivacaine (mean percentage difference −28.15%, 95% CI −83.47 to 19.74; p=0.009), but there was no effect on postural sway; saline injection had no effects. There was no order effect, and comparison of median percentage changes showed no significant differences between injections for change in MVC, activation, proprioception, or sway. Conclusion: Reduction in knee pain through either peripheral (local anaesthetic) or central (placebo) mechanisms resulted in increased MVC. This increase, however, did not result in improvements in proprioception or static postural stability, suggesting that other mechanisms play a part in these functions, at least in this acute model.
Echocardiography predicts embolic events in infective endocarditis
Authors: Giovanni Di Salvo, Gilbert Habib, Valeria Pergola, Jean-François Avierinos, Emmanuel Philip, Jean-Paul Casalta, Jean-Marie Vailloud, Genevieve Derumeaux, Joany Gouvernet, Pı̈erre Ambrosi, Marc Lambert, Ange Ferracci, Didier Raoult, Roger Luccioni
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
Effects of alveolar hypoxia on lung fluid and protein transport in unanesthetized sheep.
Authors: R D Bland, R H Demling, S L Selinger, N C Staub
Journal: Circulation Research (1977)

To determine whether hypoxia directly affects pulmonary microvascular filtration of fluid or permeability to plasma proteins, we measured steady state lung lymph flow and protein transport in eight unanesthetized sheep breathing 10% O2 in N2 for 4 hours. We also studied three sheep breathing the same gas mixture for 48 hours. We surgically prepared the sheep to isolate and collect lung lymph and to measure average pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and left atrial (Pla) pressures. We placed a balloon catheter in the left atrium to elevate Pla. After recovery, the sheep breathed air through a tracheostomy for 2-4 hours, followed by 4 or 48 hours of hypoxia. In 13 4-hour studies, the average arterial PO2 fell from 97 to 38 torr; Ppa rose from 20 to 33 cm H2O; and lung lymph flow and lymph protein flow were unchanged. We also found that during 48-hour hypoxia, with a sustained elevation in Ppa and a decline in Pla, lymph flow and protein flow did not increase. In four sheep, we also raised Pla for 4 hours, followed by 4 hours of hypoxia with elevated Pla. Again, despite the added stress of elevated Pla, we found that lymph flow and lymph protein flow remained constant during hypoxia. We conclude that severe alveolar hypoxia, for 4 or 48 hours, alone or with increased pulmonary microvascular pressure, produced no change in lung fluid filtration or protein permeability, a finding supported by normal postmortem histology and extravascular lung water content.
Bilateral parotid gland involvement in Wegener granulomatosis
Authors: A K Saha, S Rachapalli, S Steer, P Gordon
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2009)

Wegener granulomatosis (WG) is a disease characterised by granulomatous inflammation and a vasculitis predominantly affecting small vessels.1 We describe a patient with WG who presented with bilateral parotid gland involvement, which is particularly unusual.

An 18-year-old woman with asthma presented with symptoms consistent with sinusitis with bilateral parotid gland swelling. She was treated with antibiotics over a 4-week period. Her symptoms failed to improve and she developed an enlarged lacrimal gland 2 months later, associated with 10 kg weight loss and lower limb arthralgia. Her C-reactive protein was 187 mg/l (normal <5 mg/l) and her erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 56 mm/h (normal 1–10 mm/h). A biopsy of the left parotid gland showed …
Osteomyelitis pubis versus osteitis pubis: a case presentation and review of the literature
Authors: S Pauli, P Willemsen, K Declerck, R Chappel, M Vanderveken
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2002)

An athletic 23 year old man presented with suprapubic tenderness, fever, and raised inflammatory blood variables. A diagnostic laparoscopy was performed, with a presumed diagnosis of retrocaecal appendicitis, but no abnormalities were found, apart from free fluid in the pouch of Douglas. Imaging of the pubic area suggested bony infection and inflammation. Biopsy and culture confirmed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus , a very common pathogen. The final diagnosis was osteomyelitis pubis, an infectious disease, and osteitis pubis, an inflammatory disease.
Functional and phenotypic analysis of isolated human Langerhans cells and indeterminate cells
Authors: J.M. CZERNIELEWSKI, D. SCHMITT, M.R. FAURE, J. THIVOLET
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

In the mixed skin cell lymphocyte culture reaction (MSLR), epidermal cells induce the proliferation in vitro of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Using monoclonal antibodies (MCAB) OKT6 specific for Langerhans cells among epidermal cells and an anti HLA-Dr, we analysed which epidermal cells are necessary in MSLR in man. Inhibition and reduction of the proliferative responses in MSLR conducted respectively with 'anti HLA-Dr and complement' and 'OKT6 and complement'-pretreated epidermal cells suggested that not only Langerhans cells but also other HLA-Dr bearing cells play a major role. Immuno-electron microscopic studies of either HLA-Dr (+) or OKT6 (+) enriched and depleted epidermal cells suspensions: (I) were well correlated with results in MSLR; (2) indicated that Langerhans cells express both T6 and HLA-Dr determinants while indeterminate cells express only the HLA-Dr. No other epidermal cells were found to be either OKT6 or HLA-Dr (+). The data strongly suggest that not only Langerhans cells but also OKT6 (-) HLA-Dr (+) indeterminate cells play a major role in lympho-epidermal interactions.
Evidence‐based recommendations regarding the differential diagnosis and assessment of nasal congestion: using the new GRADE system
Authors: E. Van Spronsen, K. J. A. O. Ingels, A. H. Jansen, K. Graamans, W. J. Fokkens
Journal: Allergy (2008)

Nasal congestion is an important symptom in nasal pathology and can be defined as an objective restriction of nasal cavity airflow because of mucosal pathology and/or increased mucus secretion (excluding anatomical variants). Using the new Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system, evidence-based recommendations are made that will encompass different clinical questions regarding diagnostic modalities of nasal congestion: (i) their usefulness in assessment of presence and severity of congestion; (ii) their usefulness in assessment of etiological pathology responsible for congestion; and (iii) their usefulness in follow up and treatment effectiveness evaluation of nasal congestion.
Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis and differentiation are associated respectively with mitochondrial transmembrane potential collapse and retinoic acid signaling pathways in acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: X Cai, Y-L Shen, Q Zhu, P-M Jia, Y Yu, L Zhou, Y Huang, J-W Zhang, S-M Xiong, S-J Chen, Z-Y Wang, Z Chen, G-Q Chen
Journal: Leukemia (2000)