tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Presynaptic modulation of efferent sympathetic and vagal neurotransmission in the canine heart by hypoxia, high K+, low pH, and adenosine. Possible relevance to ischemia-induced denervation.
Authors: T Miyazaki, D P Zipes
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

Ischemia in the dog produces denervation of myocardium apical to the ischemic area. To investigate the mechanism(s) of the denervation, we tested the effects of hypoxia and some components of ischemia including high K+, low pH, and adenosine on efferent cardiac autonomic responses. In anesthetized, open-chest dogs, we occluded a diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery and perfused it with hypoxic Tyrode's solutions (PO2 less than 50 mm Hg). We found that effective refractory period (ERP) shortening induced by bilateral ansae subclaviae stimulation at myocardium basal and apical to the perfusing area did not change during a 20-25 minute period of perfusion with hypoxic normal Tyrode's solution. During perfusion with hypoxic combined Tyrode's solution containing 12 mM K+, pH 6.8, and 10 microM adenosine, ERP shortening at basal sites induced by bilateral ansae subclaviae stimulation remained unchanged but was attenuated at apical sites (16 +/- 1 to 8 +/- 1 msec, mean +/- SEM, n = 35, p less than 0.001), and seven apical sites exhibited denervation (less than or equal to 2-msec shortening). The maximum extracellular K+ concentration of the perfusing area, measured with a K(+)-sensitive electrode, was 5.1 +/- 0.9 mM (N = 3 dogs) during perfusion with normal Tyrode's solution and was 11.8 +/- 0.1 mM (N = 3 dogs) during perfusion with hypoxic combined solution (p = 0.017). In a separate group of dogs, the effects of high K+, low pH, and adenosine in the absence of ischemia were examined. Oxygenated Tyrode's solutions were instilled into the pericardial cavity to superfuse epicardial nerves. The Tyrode's solutions containing high K+ (12 mM), low pH (6.4), or adenosine (10 microM), individually or combined, reduced ERP shortening induced by bilateral ansae subclaviae stimulation in the ventricular intramyocardium to 46%, 55%, 56%, and 33% of each control value obtained during superfusion with normal Tyrode's solution and reduced the magnitude of ERP lengthening induced by bilateral cervical vagal stimulation to 57%, 71%, 61%, and 39%, respectively. ERP responses of the test sites to infused norepinephrine and methacholine, however, remained unaffected by superfusion with combined Tyrode's solution. Thus, high K+, low pH, and adenosine each inhibit efferent sympathetic and vagal neurotransmission presynaptically in the canine heart and may contribute to the development of denervation during early ischemia.
Low Birth Weight is a Risk for Early Atherosclerosis in Childhood
Authors: Akyüz Aydın, Şeref Alpsoy, Dursun Çayan Akkoyun, Burçin Nalbantoğlu, Birol Topçu, Burcu Özdilek, Mustafa Metin Donma
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Older people's care needs a major overhaul
Authors: Sophie Arie
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The Joseph Rowntree Foundation, a UK based social policy research body and think tank, has called for a major rethink of the way Britain funds long term care for its booming elderly population, warning that the existing system is unfair, inconsistent, and unsustainable.

A discussion paper commissioned by the foundation warns that Britain is ignoring a looming care funding crisis and its working generations are failing to plan for the cost of living longer.

“With the number of over 80s set to double in the next 30 years, people of all ages need reassurance that they will be able to get good quality care when they need it and will not have to impoverish themselves in the process,” said Donald Hirsch, special …
188 THROMBIN GENERATION IN PATIENTS WITH PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS (PVT) WITH AND WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS
Authors: M. Senzolo, V. Rossetto, K. Rodriguez, M. Fadin, P. Zerbinati, S. Gavasso, M.T. Sartori, P. Simioni, P. Burra
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Palliative intubation of oesophagogastric neoplasms at fibreoptic endoscopy.
Authors: A L Ogilvie, M W Dronfield, R Ferguson, M Atkinson
Journal: Gut (1982)

Of one hundred and twenty-one patients with neoplastic obstruction of the oesophagus or cardia 118 underwent palliative intubation at fibreoptic endoscopy on a total of 135 occasions. Sixty had adenocarcinoma, 49 had squamous carcinoma, and in nine the oesophagus was involved by a growth arising elsewhere. Satisfactory swallowing ws restored in 112 patients. Thirteen patients died in hospital shortly after the procedure. Five fatal and 10 non-fatal perforations were sustained in 135 intubation procedures. Complications of tube function included food blockage on 26 occasions, tumour overgrowth on seven occasions, displacement on 16 occasions, disappearance of the tube in two patients, and late oesophageal perforation on nine occasions. Fifty-six patients survived for three months, 33 for six months, and 10 for a year after intubation. Comparison with series in the literature of patients who underwent surgical palliative intubation suggests that endoscopic palliation has lower mortality and morbidity, and an increased survival time, and is now the method of choice for palliation of oesophagogastric neoplasms.
Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of captopril and milrinone administered alone and concomitantly in patients with heart failure.
Authors: T H LeJemtel, C S Maskin, D Mancini, L Sinoway, H Feld, B Chadwick
Journal: Circulation (1985)

The effects of milrinone and captopril on ventricular performance, renal blood flow, and femoral vein oxygen content were compared in 11 patients with severe chronic heart failure. The increase in stroke volume index was greater with milrinone than with captopril (28 +/- 7 vs 24 +/- 7 ml/m2; p less than .05), while pulmonary capillary wedge pressures fell similarly (19 +/- 10 vs 21 +/- 7 mm Hg). Mean systemic arterial pressure decreased significantly from 84 +/- 10 to 73 +/- 11 mm Hg (p less than .05) with captopril but did not with milrinone. Neither drug changed heart rate significantly. Although milrinone produced a greater improvement in ventricular performance than captopril, renal blood flow increased similarly with both drugs from 289 +/- 78 to 417 +/- 111 ml/min (p less than .05) and from 278 +/- 77 to 441 +/- 115 ml/min (p less than .05), respectively. Femoral vein oxygen content was increased by milrinone from 7.9 +/- 2.6 to 9.8 +/- 3.0 ml/100 ml (p less than .05) and was not changed by captopril. In seven additional patients, intravenous milrinone, administered at the peak effect of captopril, further augmented stroke volume index from 24 +/- 6 to 32 +/- 6 ml/m2 (p less than .05) and tended to reduce pulmonary capillary wedge pressure further from 20 +/- 8 to 18 +/- 9 mm Hg (p = NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ERGOT IN GENERAL PRACTICE.
Authors: ALFRED T. LIVINGSTON
Journal: JAMA (1904)

The chief object of this paper is to demonstrate that inefficient tone of unstriated muscular fiber is a common and serious element of disease; and that it is important to guard against, or to correct, such abnormal state of that tissue. The secondary object is to show that a drug which has been used therapeutically for three centuries for a single purpose, and for three decades for but one additional purpose, is the best medicinal agent at our command with which to tone the weak, relaxed, or paralyzed unstriped fiber, and, therefore, deserves, without exception, the first place, the place of honor and trust, in the physician's emergency case. The most common manifestation of atony of the unstriped fiber is an abnormal disturbance of the equable distribution of blood throughout the body. The relation of the blood supply to the several organs or regions
Specialization at the Z line of cardiac myocytes
Authors: T Borg
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Time for primary review 28 days. 

The organization of any differentiated cell is not random but is the result of a dynamic integration of extracellular and intracellular signals. During the development of the heart, cardiac myocytes are round shaped cells that differentiate into a rod-shaped phenotype. During the different stages of commitment and morphogenesis, the myocyte organizes its internal structure by undergoing myofibrillogenesis. This process results in the precise arrangement of contractile elements, supporting cytoskeleton, and endoplasmic reticulum. Within the sarcolemma, specialized regions are defined for attachment to components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). This specialized site of the sarcolemma consists of the ECM—Receptor—Cytoskeleton complex (Fig. 1). These sites will integrate attachment to the ECM and the series of proteins necessary for the chemical and mechanical transmission of information. In this review, we will describe the evidence that indicates there is a specialization of the sarcolemma at the Z line for the clustering of various receptors for the ECM as well as the cytoskeleton.



Fig. 1 
A diagrammatic representation of the specialized regions of the sarcolemma. For cell—cell attachment, the extracellular regions of cadherin molecules exhibit homotypic binding while the cytoplasmic domains connect to catenins and actin. A variety of receptors including integrins and growth factors are found in a specialized region on the lateral margin of the myocyte at or near the Z band. Both complexes have direct associations with various signal transduction and cytoskeletal components. It appears that the lateral complexes are not associated with actin like the cadherin—catenin complex.



During development of the embryonic heart, two specialized regions of the sarcolemma develop: (1) intercalated disks for cell—cell interaction and (2) ECM—integrin—cytoskeletal connections for cell—ECM contacts. The formation of these regions appears to be a coordinated expression of ECM components, cell surface receptors, and signaling proteins [1–5]. The localization … 

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-803-733-3115; fax: +1-803-733-1533 borg{at}med.sc.edu
Cost Containment — Imaginary and Real
Authors: Eli Ginzberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Public-opinion surveys during the past decade have placed cost containment at the head of the nation's health agenda.1 The concept of cost containment as it is currently used implies expenditure reductions, efficiency gains in the use of resources, or a restructuring of health-care delivery in which fewer interventions result in no diminution in health status. Health-policy analysts of different persuasions seek support for the reforms they propose on the grounds that they will contribute to cost containment.2 , 3 The Many Meanings of Cost ContainmentFor heuristic purposes, I will distinguish five major areas in which the concept of cost containment has . . .
Baroreceptor reflexes in human hypertension.
Authors: G Mancia, J Ludbrook, A Ferrari, L Gregorini, A Zanchetti
Journal: Circulation Research (1978)

We studied the control of arterial pressure by the carotid sinus baroreceptors in 35 hypertensive humans, using a variable pressure neck chamber to alter carotid sinus transmural pressure in a graded fashion. The results were compared with those obtained from 11 normotensives. As in normotensives, reduction in carotid transmural pressure caused a linearly related pressor response and vice versa. However, whereas in normotensives the pressure response was greater than the depressor, the reverse was the case in hypertensives. Furthermore, the pressor response decreased and the depressor response increased progressively with an increase in severity of the hypertension. Thus while in normotensives the carotid baroreflex is more effective in protecting against hypotension, in hypertensives the antihypertensive function of the reflex is favored. Similar differences between hypertensives and normotensives were found with respect to the carotid baroreceptor control of heart rate. In eight hypertensives, reflex changes in heart rate also were studied by injection of phenylephrine and trinitroglycerine to vary not only carotid baroreceptor activity, but also activity of extracarotid baroreceptors. The results were compared with results of similar studies on eight normotensives. These comparisons suggest that, whereas the carotid baroreceptor reflex remains active in hypertension, reflexes stemming from extracarotid baroreceptor areas are much diminished.
John Talbott, MD: editor and innovator
Authors: Nancy Yanes Hoffman
Journal: JAMA (1983)

John H. Talbott, MD, has scaled the Andes, climbed the Colorado Rockies. Only last year, at 79, did he stop skiing ("Since I had never suffered a broken bone, I figured it was time to quit, not push my luck too far"). But he's still traveling, still lecturing. His bags are always packed and at the ready, whether for an expedition in 1929 with his beloved Harvard Fatigue Laboratory to study the physiological effects of high altitude without supplementary oxygen in Leadville, Colo; the International High Altitude Expedition to the Andes in 1935; repeat physiological experiments— in the California mountains 40 years later—on the original participants in the Colorado or Chilean expeditions; or now, to various places, to lecture and hold clinics on gout and arthritis. A perennial student as well, he graduated magna cum laude and Alpha Omega Alpha from Harvard Medical School, Boston, in 1929. A lover of
High Incidence of Hospital Admissions With Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Among South African Health Care Workers
Authors: Max R. O'Donnell, Julie Jarand, Marian Loveday, Nesri Padayatchi, Jennifer Zelnick, Lise Werner, Kasavan Naidoo, Iqbal Master, Garth Osburn, Charlotte Kvasnovsky, Karen Shean, Madhukar Pai, Martie Van der Walt, Charles R. Horsburgh, Keertan Dheda
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Background: Nosocomial transmission has been described in extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) and HIV co-infected patients in South Africa. However, little is known about the rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis among health care workers in countries with high tuberculosis and HIV burden. Objective: To estimate rates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and XDR-TB hospitalizations among health care workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Design: Retrospective study of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis who were admitted from 2003 to 2008 for the initiation of drug-resistant tuberculosis therapy. Setting: A public tuberculosis referral hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Participants: 231 health care workers and 4151 non–health care workers admitted for initiation of MDR-TB or XDR-TB treatment. Measurements: Hospital admission rates and hospital admission incidence rate ratios. Results: Estimated incidence of MDR-TB hospitalization was 64.8 per 100 000 health care workers versus 11.9 per 100 000 non–health care workers (incidence rate ratio, 5.46 [95% CI, 4.75 to 6.28]). Estimated incidence of XDR-TB hospitalizations was 7.2 per 100 000 health care workers versus 1.1 per 100 000 non–health care workers (incidence rate ratio, 6.69 [CI, 4.38 to 10.20]). A higher percentage of health care workers than non–health care workers with MDR-TB or XDR-TB were women (78% vs. 47%; P < 0.001), and health care workers were less likely to report previous tuberculosis treatment (41% vs. 92%; P < 0.001). HIV infection did not differ between health care workers and non–health care workers (55% vs. 57%); however, among HIV-infected patients, a higher percentage of health care workers were receiving antiretroviral medications (63% vs. 47%; P < 0.001). Limitation: The study had an observational retrospective design, is subject to referral bias, and had no information on type of health care work or duration of occupational exposure to tuberculosis. Conclusion: Health care workers in this HIV-endemic area were substantially more likely to be hospitalized with either MDR-TB or XDR-TB than were non–health care workers. The increased risk may be explained by occupational exposure, underlining the urgent need for tuberculosis infection–control programs. Primary Funding Source: None.
The Female Body: Figures, Styles, Speculations
Authors: Virginia U. Collier
Journal: JAMA (1992)

The female body is a topic on which significant attention has been focused in recent years, particularly in the context of social issues such as abortion and rape, but also in the debate over art vs pornography. In<i>The Female Body</i>, Goldstein, editor of the<i>Michigan Quarterly Review</i>, has selected essays, poems, and photographs from two 1990-1991 oversize issues of the review, which present a range of perspectives on the female body as an anatomical object, cultural phenomenon, and "capacious... hot topic." The breadth of vantage points is refreshing. Margaret Atwood's humorous but angry comments—"I get up in the morning. My topic feels like hell.... I dump in the fuel and away goes my topic, my topical topic... my vulgar topic, my outrageous... aging topic"—contrast with John Updike's essay on "Venus and Others," in which he claims that "a naked woman is, for most men,
Validity of Screening for Individuals at Risk for Type I Diabetes by Combined Analysis of Antibodies to Recombinant Proteins
Authors: Michael R Christie, Ursula Roll, Mark A Payton, Emma CI Hatfield, Anette-G Ziegler
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE To determine whether screening for the presence of multiple antibody markers for IDDM is effective at identifying individuals with high risk for disease development. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Antibodies to GAD and the tyrosine phosphatase-like protein IA-2 were determined in sequential serum samples from 44 first-degree relatives of IDDM patients, identified as possessing islet cell antibody (ICA) and/or insulin autoantibody (IAA), who were followed prospectively for IDDM development, ICA, IAA, and antibodies to GAD and IA-2 were also determined in 93 cases of new-onset nonfamilial IDDM. RESULTS The presence of two or more antibodies in addition to ICA or IAA conferred high risk (61%) for development of IDDM within 5 years of entry into the study and identified 89% of those who have developed IDDM on current follow-up. None of the relatives positive for ICA or IAA alone, in the absence of other antibody markers, have developed IDDM. Antibodies to islet antigens could both appear and disappear in follow-up samples obtained after entry into the study. The majority (60%) of young (&amp;lt; 16 years), sporadic cases of IDDM had multiple antibodies to islet antigens, but this proportion was lower in older patients (37%). CONCLUSIONS A screening strategy based on the analysis of antibodies to multiple islet antigens can predict IDDM at high sensitivity and specificity in families, and such a strategy may also be applicable to identify young individuals in the general population with high disease risk. Since appearance of antibodies to different antigens occurs sequentially rather than simultaneously, accurate assessment of diabetes risk based on the presence of multiple antibodies will require follow-up over a number of years after the first evidence of islet autoimmunity.
Children’s sun exposure and sun protection: Prevalence in Australia and related parental factors
Authors: Suzanne Dobbinson, Melanie Wakefield, David Hill, Afaf Girgis, Joanne F. Aitken, Kerri Beckmann, Anthony I. Reeder, Natalie Herd, Matthew J. Spittal, Andrew Fairthorne, Kelly-Ann Bowles
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
Surfactant subtypes. In vitro conversion, in vivo function, and effects of serum proteins.
Authors: T Ueda, M Ikegami, A Jobe
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Surfactant in the alveolar space can be separated into heavy and light subtypes by differential centrifugation or on isopyknic sucrose density gradients. The conversion from heavy subtypes to light subtypes occurs in vitro by surface-area cycling. However, the function of light subtypes made by cycling and substances that might influence in vitro conversion have not been evaluated. Therefore, we compared the in vivo function of the heavy and light subtypes isolated from rabbit surfactant and similar density fractions prepared in vitro by surface-area cycling. We then asked if serum, globulin, or albumin would alter the in vitro conversion. The function of surfactant fractions was studied in vivo by treating surfactant-deficient 27 d gestational age preterm rabbits with 50 mg/kg of heavy or light subtype surfactant. Dynamic compliance values and lung volumes from PV curve measurements showed that heavy subtypes had superior in vivo function compared with light subtypes independent of in vivo or in vitro sources (p < 0.01). Light subtypes prepared in vitro lost surfactant function and were similar to in vivo light forms. When serum proteins were added to the heavy subtype surfactant, the conversion rate from heavy to light subtypes was accelerated. Serum accelerated conversion more than globulin, and the serine proteinase inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate blocked the conversion. Albumin had no significant effect. The increased rate of conversion caused by serum identifies a new mechanism for surfactant inactivation that could occur with lung injuries associated with increased alveolar protein.
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 specific chimeric antigen receptor therapy for pediatric solid tumors
Authors: Nicholas Tschernia, Rimas Orentas, Crystal Mackall
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is a membrane bound proteoglycan, composed of an N-linked 280kDa glycoprotein, and a single 450kDa chondroitin sulfate linked proteoglycan [[1][1]]. CSPG4 expression has been documented on adult malignancies (melanoma, breast,
Asian Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure (ASIAN‐HF) registry
Authors: Carolyn S.P. Lam, Inder Anand, Shu Zhang, Wataru Shimizu, Calambur Narasimhan, Sang Weon Park, Cheuk‐Man Yu, Tachapong Ngarmukos, Razali Omar, Eugene B. Reyes, Bambang Siswanto, Lieng H. Ling, A. Mark Richards
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2013)
Inhibiting CARD11 translation during BCR activation by targeting the eIF4A RNA helicase
Authors: James J. Steinhardt, Raymond J. Peroutka, Krystyna Mazan-Mamczarz, Qing Chen, Simone Houng, Carol Robles, Rolf N. Barth, Joseph DuBose, Brandon Bruns, Ronald Tesoriero, Deborah Stein, Raymond Fang, Nader Hanna, Jason Pasley, Carlos Rodriguez, Mark D. Kligman, Matthew Bradley, Joseph Rabin, Stacy Shackelford, Bojie Dai, Ari L. Landon, Thomas Scalea, Ferenc Livak, Ronald B. Gartenhaus
Journal: Blood (2014)
First, Do No Harm (Pending Prior Approval)
Authors: A Pruchnicki
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

The scene: The office of the personnel director of a newly established health maintenance organization (HMO), who is interviewing a primary care physician. HMO: Please come in and have a seat. I've been going over your CV and just have a few questions before I explain what we have to offer you. By the way, is Hippocrates your first name or last? M.D.: I use only one name. HMO: Your CV said you started your practice in Greece in about 400 b.c. We're normally not overly skeptical, but you don't really look your age. M.D.: Well, I don't smoke, and . . .
Toxic Psychosis from Sleeping Medicines Containing Scopolamine
Authors: Stephen Bernstein, Robert Leff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

SUICIDE attempts by the ingestion of sleep-producing medications are widespread and well discussed. However, some of these preparations that are available without prescription, and are advertised as being "safe," contain scopolamine and may, in overdose, induce the appearance of acute psychosis.The toxic effects of the belladonna alkaloids are well known.1 , 2 Until recently the use of these drugs was closely supervised by physicians. As a result, cases of toxicity because of overdosage or susceptibility were readily identified.3 In 1958 Feinblatt4 described the "value and safety" of a combination of scopolamine and methapyrilene (an antihistamine) in the treatment of insomnia in . . .