tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PROTECTIVE GOGGLES FOR MOUNTAINEERING AND INDUSTRY
Authors: J. D. M. Cardell
Journal: BMJ (1933)

An obvious objection to any closed method of anaes- thesia is the possibility of bacterial contamination.In the investigation of this problem the mask and common breathing-tube were not washed or investigated bacterio- logically.In each of the four series of experiments the bag was washed out with 20 c.cm. of sterile broth solution.Then 0.25 to 0.5 c.cm. of this was plated on blood agar and incubated for three days.The broth-washing was also incubated and examined.Five cases taken at random in the out-patient department were anaesthetized in turn with the ordinary mask and bag, with the valve at rebreathe."The outlet was plugged between cases with sterile cotton-wool.We then had in the bag a perfect mixture of the expirations of these five patients.On examination of the agar plates and broth air-borne organisms were present in both, but no pathological organisms were found.Next, using the apparatus described above, a case was anaesthetized with the canister in circuit throughout, and no ether was used.The object was to ascertain to what extent the canister acted as a filter.This canister is equivalent to a tube 9 inches long with a calibre of 3 square inches.It is packed with soda-lime granules, which have an alkaline reaction.It was anticipated that all bacteria w6uld be caught or destroyed by such a filter, the more so because the gas flow through the canister is in one direction only.After an anaesthesia of one hour the bag was treated as above.On examination of the agar plates and broth, air-borne organisms were present in both, but no pathological organisms were found.The above experiment was then repeated, using the bypass valve at frequent intervals.This had the effect of abolishingat frequent intervals the filtering action of the canister.Again the same results were obtained.These two experiments were repeated, and, during the anaesthetic, ether was used with similar results.Dr. Elworthy reports on the series as follows:The total number of organisms found was very small.pathological organisms from the mouth, throat, etc., were not seen.Organisms normally found in dust were alone noted.(These may have been in the bag previous to the an aesthetic.)The broth washings gave similar results.This series of findings suggests that pathological organisms, if present, do not reach the bag, and, as the apparatus is a two-phase mac1ine, cannot therefore be inspired.It would, in fact, indicate the safety Qf the apparatus from a bacteriological point of view.The possible source of infection lies in the common breathing- tube and mask, which, as in ordinary routine, can be removed easily and washed with an antiseptic solution.It would thus seem that this system of anaesthesia is, from the point of view of bacterial contamination, as safe as any other method now in use. CONCLUSIONSI have used this apparatus in its various modifications for a period of two years at the West London Hospital.at can be used for all closed methods of anaesthesia, including closed ether.With the canister valve by-
Expression of interleukin-1 alpha and beta genes by human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Authors: P C Lord, L M Wilmoth, S B Mizel, C E McCall
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Expression of IL-1 alpha and beta genes was studied in human blood PMN with close monitoring of the effects of contaminating mononuclear leukocytes (MNL). We provide evidence that PMN both transcribe and translate IL-1 alpha and beta genes after stimulation with LPS or IL-1 alpha. A combination of mouse thymocyte comitogen proliferation assay, ELISA, and immunocytochemistry was required to establish that IL-1 alpha and beta synthesis observed in preparations of PMN could not be accounted for by the low level of contaminating MNL. Synthesis of IL-1 beta in PMN exceeded that of IL-1 alpha, but little or no IL-1 alpha was released by PMN. Although increases in IL-1 mRNA after stimulation of PMN and MNL with LPS were similar, PMN were less efficient than MNL in translating IL-1 mRNA. In contrast, PMN and MNL IL-1 alpha and beta mRNAs were translated with equal efficiency in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, suggesting that synthesis of IL-1 in PMN is subject to some form of translational control. We conclude that PMN stimulated with LPS efficiently transcribe but inefficiently translate IL-1 genes relative to MNL. IL-1 beta transcription and translation predominates over that of IL-1 alpha, and IL-1 beta is the predominant IL-1 protein released by PMN. IL-1 can induce its own synthesis in PMN.
European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE): Recommendations (2009) on clinical use of video capsule endoscopy to investigate small-bowel, esophageal and colonic diseases
Authors: S. Ladas, K. Triantafyllou, C. Spada, M. Riccioni, J.-F. Rey, Y. Niv, M. Delvaux, R. de Franchis, G. Costamagna
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

These recommendations on video capsule endoscopy, an emerging technology with an impact on the practice of endoscopy, were developed by the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guidelines Committee. The first draft of each section was prepared by one or two members of the writing team, who were selected as experts on the content of that section on the basis of their published work. They used evidence-based methodology, performing MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches to identify relevant clinical studies. Abstracts from scientific meetings were included only if there was no published full paper on a particular topic. If there was disagreement, the first author of the Guideline made the final decision. Recommendations were graded according to the strength of the supporting evidence. The draft guideline was critically reviewed by all authors and submitted to the ESGE councillors for their critical review before approval of the final document. The ESGE Guidelines Committee acknowledges that this document is based on a critical review of the data available at the time of preparation and that further studies may be needed to clarify some aspects. Moreover, this Guideline may be revised as necessary to account for changes in technology, new data, or other aspects of clinical practice. This document should be regarded as supplying recommendations only to gastroenterologists in providing care to their patients. It is not a set of rules and should not be construed as establishing a legal standard of care, or as encouraging, advocating, requiring, or discouraging any particular treatment. These recommendations must be interpreted according to the clinician's knowledge, expertise, and clinical judgment in the management of individual patients and, if necessary, a course of action that varies from recommendations must be undertaken.
Cell Cycle Regulation by MicroRNAs in Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Yangming Wang, Robert Blelloch
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

The cell cycle is tightly orchestrated during normal development. Embryonic stem (ES) cells have a unique cell cycle structure, in which the G1/S restriction is largely absent, enabling cells to rapidly move through the G1 phase and enter the S phase. This hastened cell cycle allows the early embryo to rapidly grow. Recent experiments suggest that small noncoding RNAs, the microRNAs (miRNAs), play a central role in achieving this unique cell cycle structure. The responsible miRNAs function by suppressing multiple inhibitors of the G1/S transition. Expression of these miRNAs drops dramatically as the ES cells differentiate and as the G1 phase extends. Some of the same miRNAs are overexpressed in cancers, in which they can promote tumor growth, suggesting common mechanisms of miRNA-regulated cell cycle control in ES cells and cancers. This review discusses these recent findings in the context of broader knowledge of cell cycle control in normal and abnormal development.
Hepatic epigenetic phenotype predetermines individual susceptibility to hepatic steatosis in mice fed a lipogenic methyl-deficient diet
Authors: Igor P. Pogribny, Volodymyr P. Tryndyak, Tetyana V. Bagnyukova, Stepan Melnyk, Beverly Montgomery, Sharon A. Ross, John R. Latendresse, Ivan Rusyn, Frederick A. Beland
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
The autoimmune-associated genetic variant PTPN22 R620W enhances neutrophil activation and function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals
Authors: Rachel Bayley, Kerry A Kite, Helen M McGettrick, Jacqueline P Smith, George D Kitas, Christopher D Buckley, Stephen P Young
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Objectives</h3> A genetic variant of the leukocyte phosphatase PTPN22 (R620W) is strongly associated with autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Functional studies on the variant have focussed on lymphocytes, but it is most highly expressed in neutrophils. We have investigated the effects of the variant on neutrophil function in health and in patients with RA. <h3>Methods</h3> Healthy individuals and patients with RA were genotyped for PTPN22 (R620W) and neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood. Neutrophil adhesion and migration across inflamed endothelium were measured. Calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in response to fMLP stimulation were also assessed. <h3>Results</h3> Expression of R620W enhanced neutrophil migration through cytokine activated endothelium (non-R620W=24%, R620W=45% migrating cells, p&lt;0.001). Following fMLP stimulation, neutrophils that were heterozygous and homozygous for R620W released significantly more Ca<sup>2+</sup> when compared to non-R620W neutrophils, in healthy individuals and patients with RA. fMLP stimulation, after TNF-α priming, provoked more ROS from neutrophils heterozygous for R620W in patients with RA (non-R620W vs R620W=∼1.75-fold increase) and healthy individuals (non-R620W vs R620W=fourfold increase) and this increase was statistically significant in healthy individuals (p&lt;0.001) but not in patients with RA (p&lt;0.25). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Expression of PTPN22 (R620W) enhanced neutrophil effector functions in health and RA, with migration, Ca<sup>2+</sup> release and production of ROS increased. Neutrophils are found in large numbers in the RA joint, and this hyperactivity of R620W cells may directly contribute to the joint damage, as well as to the initiation and perpetuation of the chronic immune-mediated inflammatory processes driving the disease.
Biologic Frontiers in Multiple Myeloma: From Biomarker Identification to Clinical Practice
Authors: Ola Landgren, Gareth J. Morgan
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Since the mid-1990s, the multiple myeloma treatment landscape has evolved considerably, which has led to improved patient outcomes and prolonged survival. In addition to discovering new, targeted agents or treatment regimens, the identification and validation of biomarkers has the potential to further improve patient outcomes. The International Staging System relies on a number of biochemical parameters to stratify patients into risk categories. Other biologically relevant markers that are indicative of inherited genetic variation (e.g., single-nucleotide polymorphisms) or tumor-acquired genetic events (e.g., chromosomal translocations or mutations) have been studied for their prognostic potential. In patients with high-risk cytogenetics, plasma cells (PC) undergo genetic shifts over time, which may partially explain why high-risk patients relapse and are so difficult to treat. Although novel agents have improved treatment outcomes, identification of markers that will enable clinicians to determine which treatment is most appropriate for high-risk patients following initial diagnosis represents an exciting frontier in the clinical management of multiple myeloma. Biomarkers based on quantitating PCs or factors that are secreted from them (e.g., serum free light chain) may also help to risk-stratify patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Eventually, identification of novel biomarkers may lead to the creation of personalized treatment regimens that are optimized to target clonal PCs that express a specific oncogenomic profile. Although the future is exciting, validation will be necessary before these biologic and molecular beacons can inform decision-making processes in a routine clinical setting.
Pericardiectomy in pregnancy
Authors: P. M. Richardson, B. T. Le Roux, N. M. A. Rogers, M. S. Gotsman
Journal: Thorax (1970)

Details are presented which relate to a patient in whom constrictive pericarditis developed during pregnancy. Successful pericardiectomy was performed at 24 weeks gestation and a normal infant was delivered at term. The results of medical and surgical treatment of cardiac patients during pregnancy, the results of pericardiectomy, and the risk to the foetus are discussed.
Structure and binding kinetics of three different human CD1d–α-galactosylceramide–specific T cell receptors
Authors: Stephan D. Gadola, Michael Koch, Jon Marles-Wright, Nikolai M. Lissin, Dawn Shepherd, Gediminas Matulis, Karl Harlos, Peter M. Villiger, David I. Stuart, Bent K. Jakobsen, Vincenzo Cerundolo, E. Yvonne Jones
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

Invariant human TCR Vα24-Jα18+/Vβ11+ NKT cells (iNKT) are restricted by CD1d–α-glycosylceramides. We analyzed crystal structures and binding characteristics for an iNKT TCR plus two CD1d–α-GalCer–specific Vβ11+ TCRs that use different TCR Vα chains. The results were similar to those previously reported for MHC–peptide-specific TCRs, illustrating the versatility of the TCR platform. Docking TCR and CD1d–α-GalCer structures provided plausible insights into their interaction. The model supports a diagonal orientation of TCR on CD1d and suggests that complementarity determining region (CDR)3α, CDR3β, and CDR1β interact with ligands presented by CD1d, whereas CDR2β binds to the CD1d α1 helix. This docking provides an explanation for the dominant usage of Vβ11 and Vβ8.2 chains by human and mouse iNKT cells, respectively, for recognition of CD1d–α-GalCer.
Lack of association between ipratropium bromide and mortality in elderly patients with chronic obstructive airway disease
Authors: D. D Sin
Journal: Thorax (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Ipratropium is commonly used for the management of elderly patients with obstructive airway disease. However, a recent report suggested that its use might be associated with a significant increase in mortality. A study was therefore conducted to compare all-cause mortality rates between users and non-users of ipratropium in elderly patients with either asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). <h3>METHODS</h3> A retrospective cohort study was performed using linked data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information, the Ontario Drug Benefit Program, the Ontario Health Insurance Plan, and the Ontario Registered Persons database. A total of 32 393 patients were identified who were aged 65 years or older and who had been discharged from hospital with asthma or COPD between 1 April 1992 and 31 March 1997. All-cause mortality rates were compared between those treated and those not treated with ipratropium following discharge from hospital. <h3>RESULTS</h3> In total, 49% of patients received ipratropium within 90 days of discharge. After adjusting for age, sex, comorbidity, use of health services, and other airway medications there was no significant association in patients with COPD between the use of ipratropium and mortality (relative risk (RR) 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98 to 1.08). In patients with asthma, however, there was a slight increase in the relative risk of mortality associated with the use of ipratropium (RR 1.24; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.39). A dose-response increase in the mortality rate was not observed with increasing use of ipratropium in either COPD or asthma. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> The use of ipratropium in patients with COPD was not associated with an increase in mortality. However, in asthma there was a small increase in the mortality rate. Since asthmatic patients who received ipratropium had greater use of other airway medications and health services, the difference in mortality rate between users and non-users may be a reflection of unmeasured differences in asthma severity.
Does the Respiratory System Limit Exercise in Mild Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?
Authors: Roberto C. Chin, Jordan A. Guenette, Sicheng Cheng, Natya Raghavan, Naparat Amornputtisathaporn, Arturo Cortés-Télles, Katherine A. Webb, Denis E. O’Donnell
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Rationale: It is not known if abnormal dynamic respiratory mechanics actually limit exercise in patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We reasoned that failure to increase peak ventilation and Vt in response to dead space (DS) loading during exercise would indicate true ventilatory limitation to exercise in mild COPD.Objectives: To compare the effects of DS loading during exercise on ventilation, breathing pattern, operating lung volumes, and dyspnea intensity in subjects with mild symptomatic COPD and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects.Methods: Twenty subjects with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage I COPD and 20 healthy subjects completed two symptom-limited incremental cycle exercise tests, in randomized order: unloaded control and added DS of 0.6 L.Measurements and Main Results: Peak oxygen uptake and ventilation were significantly lower in COPD than in health by 36% and 41%, respectively. With added DS compared with control, both groups had small decreases in peak work rate and no significant increase in peak ventilation. In health, peak Vt and end-inspiratory lung volume increased significantly with DS. In contrast, the COPD group failed to increase peak end-inspiratory lung volume and had a significantly smaller increase in peak Vt during DS. At 60 W, a 50% smaller increase in Vt (P < 0.001) in response to added DS in COPD compared with health was associated with a greater increase in dyspnea intensity (P = 0.0005).Conclusions: These results show that the respiratory system reached or approached its physiologic limit in mild COPD at a lower peak work rate and ventilation than in healthy participants.Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00975403).
Basal-State Hyperinsulinemia in Healthy Normoglycemic Adults Is Predictive of Type 2 Diabetes Over a 24-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Rachel Dankner, Angela Chetrit, Michael H. Shanik, Itamar Raz, Jesse Roth
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE We examined the predictive value of hyperinsulinemia in the basal state on the 24-year progression from normoglycemia to dysglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A sample of 515 normoglycemic men and women were studied again after 24 years for glycemic status. RESULTS Half of the participants developed dysglycemia: 11.1% progressed to impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 9.9% to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 4.5% to both IFG and IGT, and another 24.3% to type 2 diabetes. Elevated levels of overnight fasting (basal) insulin, triglycerides, BMI ≥27 kg/m2, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, North African or Yemenite background, and male sex each favored conversion to dysglycemia after 24 years. In multiple ordered logistic regression analysis, the most significant predictor of progression to dysglycemia was hyperinsulinemia (upper quintile), after adjusting for BMI, ethnic origin, sex, age, smoking, physical activity, blood pressure, and triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS Basal hyperinsulinemia in normoglycemic adults constitutes an independent risk factor for developing dysglycemia over 24 years.
ANALYSIS OF ANGIOGRAPHIC PATTERN OF IN-STENT RESTENOSIS AFTER SIROLIMUS-ELUTING STENT IMPLANTATION BY MEHRAN CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Suguru Otsuru, Kazusige Kadota, Yuki Hayakawa, Naoki Saito, Daiji Hasegawa, Seiji Habara, Takeshi Tada, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Shingo Hosogi, Yasushi Fuku, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Harumi Kato, Naoki Oka, Tsuyoshi Goto, Kazuaki Mitsudo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Self administered cognitive screening test (TYM) for detection of Alzheimer's disease: cross sectional study
Authors: J. Brown, G. Pengas, K. Dawson, L. A Brown, P. Clatworthy
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objective</b> To evaluate a cognitive test, the TYM (“test your memory”), in the detection of Alzheimer’s disease. <b>Design</b> Cross sectional study. <b>Setting</b> Outpatient departments in three hospitals, including a memory clinic. <b>Participants</b> 540 control participants aged 18-95 and 139 patients attending a memory clinic with dementia/amnestic mild cognitive impairment. <b>Intervention</b> Cognitive test designed to use minimal operator time and to be suitable for non-specialist use. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Performance of normal controls on the TYM. Performance of patients with Alzheimer’s disease on the TYM compared with age matched controls. Validation of the TYM with two standard tests (the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and the Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination-revised (ACE-R)). Sensitivity and specificity of the TYM in the detection of Alzheimer’s disease. <b>Results</b> Control participants completed the TYM with an average score of 47/50. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease scored an average of 33/50. The TYM score shows excellent correlation with the two standard tests. A score of ≤42/50 had a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 86% in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. The TYM was more sensitive in detection of Alzheimer’s disease than the mini-mental examination, detecting 93% of patients compared with 52% for the mini-mental state exxamination. The negative and positive predictive values of the TYM with the cut off of ≤42 were 99% and 42% with a prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease of 10%. Thirty one patients with non-Alzheimer dementias scored an average of 39/50. <b>Conclusions</b> The TYM can be completed quickly and accurately by normal controls. It is a powerful and valid screening test for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease.
Replacement of physiologically autoinhaled nitric oxide in intubated patients
Authors: L. Röhrig, R. Kuhlen, J. Baumert, R. Rossaint
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2003)

Autoinhaled nitric oxide (NO) is produced mainly in the upper airways. Orotracheal intubation disrupts the natural autoinhalation of NO from the naso- and oropharynx. The effect of disrupting and then replacing autoinhaled NO on arterial oxygenation was investigated in intubated patients. Two groups of nine patients without lung disease were examined during anaesthesia using an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.50. In both groups, the individually produced NO of the whole respiratory tract and the upper airways was determined. The amount of NO normally autoinhaled from the upper airways was replaced for 5 min after orotracheal intubation in one group. The amount of NO from the upper respiratory tract was 47+/-19 parts per billion (ppb) in the test group and the replaced NO concentration was 48+/-20 ppb. No significant increase in arterial oxygen tension could be detected during the replacement of the autoinhaled NO. Haemodynamic parameters remained unchanged. In the control group, the NO from the upper airways was 34+/-16 ppb. In contrast to the test group, it was not replaced after intubation. These findings suggest that in healthy subjects the autoinhalation of nitric oxide does not play an important role in arterial oxygenation during anaesthesia.