tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Consumption, Diabetes, and Coronary Disease
Authors: William S. Weintraub
Journal: Circulation (2000)

oronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus are common, serious medical conditions, with diabetes being a serious risk factor for coronary events as well.Although some data suggest that mild to moderate alcohol consumption may be beneficial in preventing coronary events, there is natural concern about the safety of even moderate alcohol consumption for diabetics who suffer from increased risk of coronary disease and may seek to use alcohol therapeutically to decrease their risk.
Arsenic Exposure within the Korean Community (United States) Based on Dietary Behavior and Arsenic Levels in Hair, Urine, Air, and Water
Authors: Bill Cleland, Ami Tsuchiya, David A. Kalman, Russell Dills, Thomas M. Burbacher, Jim W. White, Elaine M. Faustman, Koenraad Mariën
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

BackgroundDetermining arsenic exposure in groups based on geographic location, dietary behaviors, or lifestyles is important, as even moderate exposures may lead to health concerns.Objectives/MethodsThe Korean community in Washington State, represents a group warranting investigation, as they consume foods (e.g., shellfish, rice, finfish, and seaweed) known to contain arsenic. As part of the Arsenic Mercury Intake Biometric Study, we examined the arsenic levels in hair and urine along with the diets of 108 women of childbearing age from within this community. Arsenic levels in indoor air and drinking water were also investigated, and shellfish commonly consumed were collected and analyzed for total and speciated arsenic.ResultsThe six shellfish species analyzed (n = 667) contain total arsenic (range, 1–5 μg/g) but are a small source of inorganic arsenic (range, 0.01–0.12 μg/g). Six percent of the individuals may have elevated urinary inorganic arsenic levels (> 10 μg/L) due to diet. Seaweed, rice, shellfish, and finfish are principal sources for total arsenic intake/excretion based on mass balance estimates. Rice consumption (163 g/person/day) may be a significant source of inorganic arsenic. Air and water are not significant sources of exposure. Hair is a poor biometric for examining arsenic levels at low to moderate exposures.ConclusionsWe conclude that a portion of this community may have dietary inorganic arsenic exposure resulting in urine levels exceeding 10 μg/L. Although their exposure is below that associated with populations exposed to high levels of arsenic from drinking water (> 100 μg/L), their exposure may be among the highest in the United States.
Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study
Authors: R. von Kries, B. Koletzko, T. Sauerwald, E. von Mutius, D. Barnert, V. Grunert, H. von Voss
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To assess the impact of breast feeding on the risk of obesity and risk of being overweight in children at the time of entry to school. <b>Design:</b> Cross sectional survey <b>Setting:</b> Bavaria, southern Germany. <b>Methods:</b> Routine data were collected on the height and weight of 134 577 children participating in the obligatory health examination at the time of school entry in Bavaria. In a subsample of 13 345 children, early feeding, diet, and lifestyle factors were assessed using responses to a questionnaire completed by parents. <b>Subjects:</b> 9357 children aged 5 and 6 who had German nationality. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Being overweight was defined as having a body mass index above the 90th centile and obesity was defined as body mass index above the 97th centile of all enrolled German children. Exclusive breast feeding was defined as the child being fed no food other than breast milk. <b>Results:</b> The prevalence of obesity in children who had never been breast fed was 4.5% as compared with 2.8% in breastfed children. A clear dose-response effect was identified for the duration of breast feeding on the prevalence of obesity: the prevalence was 3.8% for 2 months of exclusive breast feeding, 2.3% for 3-5 months, 1.7% for 6-12 months, and 0.8% for more than 12 months. Similar relations were found with the prevalence of being overweight. The protective effect of breast feeding was not attributable to differences in social class or lifestyle. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, breast feeding remained a significant protective factor against the development of obesity (odds ratio 0.75, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.98) and being overweight (0.79, 0.68 to 0.93) <b>Conclusions:</b> In industrialised countries promoting prolonged breast feeding may help decrease the prevalence of obesity in childhood. Since obese children have a high risk of becoming obese adults, such preventive measures may eventually result in a reduction in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and other diseases related to obesity. <h3>Key messages</h3> Obesity is the most frequent nutritional disorder in children, and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adulthood Preventing obesity in children should be a useful strategy in preventing later heart disease because weight loss interventions in obese children are costly and rarely successful Data from a cross sectional study in Bavaria suggest that the risk of obesity in children at the time of school entry can be reduced by breast feeding: a 35% reduction occurs if children are breastfed for 3 to 5 months Preventing obesity and its consequences may be an important argument in the drive to encourage breast feeding in industrialised countries
Clinicopathological significance of stromal variables: angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, inflammatory infiltration, MMP and PINCH in colorectal carcinomas.
Authors: Xiao-Feng Sun, Hong Zhang
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2006)

Cancer research has mainly focused on alterations of genes and proteins in cancer cells themselves that result in either gain-of-function in oncogenes or loss-of-function in tumour-suppressor genes. However, stromal variables within or around tumours, including blood and lymph vessels, stromal cells and various proteins, have also important impacts on tumour development and progression. It has been shown that disruption of stromal-epithelial interactions influences cellular proliferation, differentiation, death, motility, genomic integrity, angiogenesis, and other phenotypes in various tissues. Moreover, stromal variables are also critical to therapy in cancer patients. In this review, we mainly focus on the clinicopathological significance of stromal variables including angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, inflammatory infiltration, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and the particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine rich protein (PINCH) in colorectal cancer (CRC).
Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin is an effector of skin and gut lesions of the acute phase of graft-vs.-host disease.
Authors: P F Piguet, G E Grau, B Allet, P Vassalli
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

Lethally irradiated mice were injected with semiallogeneic, T-depleted bone marrow cells and an amount of peripheral T lymphocytes sufficient to induce graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) becoming apparent on the second week after the graft and leading to an increasing mortality rate within the following weeks (greater than 90% mortality within 80 d). Mice receiving bone marrow cells alone had no GVHD and were used as controls. Beginning on day 8, mice with GVHD were injected weekly with 2 mg of either rabbit anti-mouse recombinant tumor necrosis factor/cachectin (TNF-alpha) IgG, or normal rabbit IgG. On the 16-18th d, mice were killed to examine the skin and intestinal lesions of the acute phase of GVHD. The anti-TNF treatment resulted in an almost complete prevention of the severe lesions seen in the mice treated with normal rabbit IgG, i.e., the skin epidermal cell necrosis, foci of lichenoid hyperplastic reactions, and loss of the hypodermic fat; in the gut dilatation with marked flattening of the villi and elevation of the crypts, with increased numbers of mitoses and isolated crypt cell necrosis. In addition to preventing these acute lesions, anti-TNF treatment resulted in a significantly decreased mortality (approximately 70% survival at 80 d). These results suggest that during acute GVHD, the activation of grafted lymphocytes leads to a local release of TNF in the cutaneous and intestinal mucosae, which induces epithelial cell alterations and increases the inflammatory reaction.
Phagocyte function and cytokine production in community acquired pneumonia.
Authors: K Moussa, H J Michie, I A Cree, A C McCafferty, J H Winter, D P Dhillon, S Stephens, R A Brown
Journal: Thorax (1994)

It is possible that many deaths from pneumonia may involve the generation of inflammatory mediators and tissue damage by activated phagocytes. To test this hypothesis phagocyte function, plasma levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), and soluble interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R), disease severity, and outcome have been examined in 46 patients with community acquired pneumonia.Polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) and monocyte function were measured daily by chemiluminescence in these patients during the first week of admission, and cytokine levels were subsequently determined by ELISA. A series of 61 healthy individuals were used as a control group for the chemiluminescence results.There was evidence of phagocyte, particularly PMNL, activation on admission in 76% of the patients. Most patients (86%) also had raised IL-2R levels on admission. IL-6 and unbound TNF alpha were present in 23% and 41% of patients at varying times during the course of the disease. There was little correlation between measurements of cytokine or phagocyte levels and outcome or indicators of disease severity, although this may be because of the small number of patients included in this preliminary study.These results are consistent with the hypothesis that activated phagocyte function and raised levels of circulating cytokines may contribute to the pathogenesis of community acquired pneumonia. There are striking similarities in this respect between pneumonia, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and sepsis.
Emergence of clonal cytogenetic abnormalities in Ph−cells in some CML patients in cytogenetic remission to imatinib but restoration of polyclonal hematopoiesis in the majority
Authors: Thomas Bumm, Christel Müller, Haifa-Kathrin Al-Ali, Knut Krohn, Patricia Shepherd, Erika Schmidt, Sabine Leiblein, Christina Franke, Evelin Hennig, Thomas Friedrich, Reiner Krahl, Dietger Niederwieser, Michael W. N. Deininger
Journal: Blood (2003)
Uncoupling Protein-2 Modulates Myocardial Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Authors: Jay D. Turner, Lawrence D. Gaspers, Guoqiang Wang, Andrew P. Thomas
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

Uncoupling protein (UCP)2 is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that is expressed in mammalian myocardium under normal conditions and upregulated in pathological states such as heart failure. UCP2 is thought to protect cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress by dissipating the mitochondrial proton gradient and mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), thereby reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation. However, in apparent conflict with its uncoupling role, UCP2 has also been proposed to be essential for mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake, which could have a protective action by stimulating mitochondrial ATP production.The goal of this study was to better understand the role of myocardial UCP2 by examining the effects of UCP2 on bioenergetics, Ca(2+) homeostasis, and excitation-contraction coupling in neonatal cardiomyocytes.Adenoviral-mediated expression of UCP2 caused a mild depression of DeltaPsi(m) and increased the basal rate of oxygen consumption but did not affect total cellular ATP levels. Mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake was examined in permeabilized cells loaded with the mitochondria-selective Ca(2+) probe, rhod-2. UCP2 overexpression markedly inhibited mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake. Pretreatment with the UCP2-specific inhibitor genipin largely reversed the effects UCP2 expression on mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling, bioenergetics, and oxygen utilization. Electrically evoked cytosolic Ca(2+) transients and spontaneous cytosolic Ca(2+) sparks were examined using fluo-based probes and confocal microscopy in line scan mode. UCP2 overexpression significantly prolonged the decay phase of [Ca(2+)](c) transients in electrically paced cells, increased [Ca(2+)](c) spark activity and increased the probability that Ca(2+) sparks propagated into Ca(2+) waves. This dysregulation results from a loss of the ability of mitochondria to suppress local Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.Increases in UCP2 expression that lower DeltaPsi(m) and contribute to protection against oxidative stress, also have deleterious effects on beat-to-beat [Ca(2+)](c) handling and excitation-contraction coupling, which may contribute to the progression of heart disease.
Microtubule Disruption Modulates Ca <sup>2+</sup> Signaling in Rat Cardiac Myocytes
Authors: A. M. Gómez, B. G. Kerfant, G. Vassort
Journal: Circulation Research (2000)

Abstract —Microtubules have been shown to alter contraction in cardiac myocytes through changes in cellular stiffness. However, an effect on excitation-contraction coupling has not been examined. Here we analyze the effects of microtubule disruption by 1 μmol/L colchicine on calcium currents ( I Ca ) and [Ca 2+ ] i transients in rat ventricular myocytes. I Ca was studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Colchicine treatment increased I Ca density (peak values, −4.6±0.4 and −9.1±1.3 pA/pF in 11 control and 12 colchicine-treated myocytes, respectively; P &lt;0.05). I Ca inactivation was well fitted by a biexponential function. The slow component of inactivation was unchanged, whereas the fast component was accelerated after colchicine treatment (at −10 mV, 11.8±1.0 versus 6.7±1.0 ms in control versus colchicine-treated cells; P &lt;0.005). [Ca 2+ ] i transients were analyzed by fluo-3 epifluorescence simultaneously with I Ca . Peak [Ca 2+ ] i transients were significantly increased in cardiac myocytes treated with colchicine. The values of F/F 0 at 0 mV were 1.1±0.02 in 9 control cells and 1.4±0.1 in 11 colchicine-treated cells ( P &lt;0.05). β-Adrenergic stimulation with 1 μmol/L isoproterenol increased both I Ca and [Ca 2+ ] i transient in control cells. However, no significant change was induced by isoproterenol on colchicine-treated cells. Colchicine and isoproterenol effects were similar and not additive. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by 200 μmol/L 2′-deoxyadenosine 3′-monophosphate blunted the colchicine effect. We suggest that β-adrenergic stimulation and microtubule disruption share a common pathway to enhance I Ca and [Ca 2+ ] i transient.
Induction of Hematopoietic Neoplasms in Miniature Swine by Chronic Feeding of Strontium-90&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Edwin B. Howard, William J. Clarke
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1970)

Chronic oral exposure to strontium-90 induced a spectrum of hematopoietic disorders in miniature swine. These leukoproliferative conditions affected 49 animals with myeloproliferative disorders including myeloid metaplasia and myeloid leukemia, 17 with lymphoma or lymphocytic leukemia, and 3 with stem cell leukemia. In the same experiment, bone sarcomas were observed in 7 animals. Myeloid leukemia was observed in 2 control pigs. No lymphomas were seen in the controls. These results indicate that chronic strontium-90 exposure, resulting in uniform skeletal deposition, affects the hematopoietic tissue much more than the bone.
New Developments in the Illegal Provision of Growth Hormone for “Anti-Aging” and Bodybuilding
Authors: S. Jay Olshansky
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
An Introductory Psychiatry Course with a Behavioral Science Emphasis
Authors: JOHN PAUL BRADY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1966)

This outline for an introductory course in psychiatry is constructed to complement and parallel other studies in the first-year curriculum of the medical student. Its high informational content provides a scientific foundation for psychiatry analogous to the basic science foundation courses included in the first year. It utilizes a broadly oriented behavioral science approach, which serves as the preclinical background for psychiatry in the same manner as the basic sciences of biochemistry and anatomy, for example, serve medicine and surgery. Finally, time is allotted for case presentations, providing an opportunity for concrete illustration of basic behavioral and psychiatric concepts.
Randomized Phase II Designs in Cancer Clinical Trials: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: J. Jack Lee, Lei Feng
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Randomized phase II (RPh2) designs are popular in cancer clinical trials because of the smaller sample size requirements when multiple treatments are being evaluated. We reviewed the use of RPh2 designs and give comments on future directions.The trial design, statistical properties, conduct, data analysis, results, and reporting were examined in RPh2 trials reported from 1986 to 2002.A statistical design was reported in only 46% of the 266 cancer trials, and approximately half of those provided inadequate information. Most studies applied randomization to achieve patient comparability, while embedding a one-sample phase II design within each treatment arm. Seventy-five percent of the trials' accruals were within +/- 10% of their targets. The average accrual rate was 3.3 patients per month. Planned interim analyses were reported in 27% of the trials, and 56% of the trials were stopped early; 69%, 13%, 13%, and 4% of the trial discontinuations were because of lack of efficacy, efficacy, toxicity, and slow accrual, respectively. Thirty-nine trials (14%) recommended or started phase III evaluations, with four positive reports in six phase III studies identified.There is a trend of increasing use of RPh2 designs in cancer research. Continued improvement in study design, conduct, analysis, and reporting is required to enhance the quality of RPh2 designs. The accrual rate and success rate of the trials remain low, and therefore, futility stopping rules to terminate ineffective treatment arm(s) should be implemented more frequently. More innovative, flexible RPh2 designs are needed to facilitate the development of effective cancer treatments.
Morphological Analyses of Active Genes and Chromatin
Authors: W. Yean Chooi
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Chromatin with nascent ribonuclear protein (RNP) fibers representing transcription of ribosomal DNA (top) and nonribosomal DNA (bottom). These two types of transcription can be distinguished on the basis of the size of transcription units, chromatin morphology and the inferred ratio of DNA packing, the frequency of RNP fibers (number of fibers per micrometer of chromatin), and the solitary v tandem repeat occurrence of fiber arrays. In some cases, the structure of RNP fibers is also distinctive for different transcription units. The micrographs presented herein, from Laird and Chooi, were taken of chromatin samples prepared similarly to the method described by Miller and Bakken. Cells and nuclei from Drosophila were ruptured in low ionic strength buffer; nuclear and cytoplasmic constituents were recovered on electron microscopic grids under conditions that facilitated spreading of chromatin and nascent ribonuclear protein fibers. Bar represents 1 micron.
Resection and survival in glioblastoma multiforme: An RTOG recursive partitioning analysis of ALA study patients
Authors: Uwe Pichlmeier, Andrea Bink, Gabriele Schackert, Walter Stummer
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2008)

The benefit of cytoreductive surgery for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is unclear, and selection bias in past series has been observed. The 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) study investigated the influence of fluorescence-guided resections on outcome and generated an extensive database of GBM patients with optimized resections. We evaluated whether the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partitioning analysis (RTOG-RPA) would predict survival of these patients and whether there was any benefit from extensive resections depending on RPA class. A total of 243 per-protocol patients with newly diagnosed GBM were operated on with or without ALA and treated by radiotherapy. Postoperative MRI was obtained in all patients. Patients were allocated into RTOG-RPA classes III–V based on age, KPS, neurological condition, and mental status (as derived from the NIH Stroke Scale). Median overall survival among RPA classes III, IV, and V was 17.8, 14.7, and 10.7 months, respectively, with 2-year survival rates of 26%, 12%, and 7% (p = 0.0007). Stratified for degree of resection, survival of patients with complete resections was clearly longer in RPA classes IV and V (17.7 months vs. 12.9 months, p = 0.0015, and 13.7 months vs. 10.4 months, p = 0.0398; 2-year rates: 21.0% vs. 4.4% and 11.1% vs. 2.6%, respectively), but was not in the small subgroup of RPA class III patients (19.3 vs. 16.3 months, p = 0.14). Survival of patients from the ALA study is correctly predicted by the RTOG-RPA classes. Differences in survival depending on resection status, especially in RPA classes IV and V, support a causal influence of resection on survival.
Cyclic ADP-ribose competes with ATP for the adenine nucleotide binding site on the cardiac ryanodine receptor Ca(2+)-release channel.
Authors: R Sitsapesan, S J McGarry, A J Williams
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

We have investigated the mechanism of action of the putative second messenger, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), on the cardiac ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+)-release channel. Current fluctuations through single Ca(2+)-release channels have been monitored after incorporation into planar phospholipid bilayers. We demonstrate that activation of the channel by cADPR is dependent on activating levels of cytosolic Ca2+ and lifetime analysis indicates that the mechanism of action may be sensitization of the channel to Ca2+. In the absence of ATP, cADPR activates the channel in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of 10 mumol/L cytosolic Ca2+. However, in the presence of ATP, cADPR tends to decrease open probability, indicating that cADPR may be acting at the adenine nucleotide binding site. In addition, we demonstrate that the precursor of cADPR, beta-NAD+, and the breakdown product, ADP-ribose, also activate the channel. As cADPR will have to compete with much higher concentrations of beta-NAD+, ADP-ribose, and ATP, we suggest that cADPR does not act as a direct endogenous trigger for the opening of the cardiac Ca(2+)-release channel.