tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Proximal bicarbonate reabsorption during Ringer and albumin infusions in the rat.
Authors: D Z Levine, L A Nash, T Chan, A H Dubrovskis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Several studies have clearly shown that extracellular volume expansion is associated with suppression of whole kidney bicarbonate reabsorption, although little is known concerning the single nephron correlates of this response. More recently, attention has also been focussed on bicarbonate transport in attempts to identify a possible role for this ion in enhancing the rate of net fluid efflux by proximal tubules. To further explore proximal tubular bicarbonate handling in the rat, we carried out recollection micropuncture studies to assess the effects of infusions of modified Ringer or salt-poor hyperoncotic human albumin. With stable levels of arterial PCO2, plasma [HCO3-] or plasma [K+], marked suppression of fractional HCO3- reabsorption occurred: during Ringer infusion fractional reabsorption fell by 31% (P less than 0.001) while during albumin infusion a decrease of 20% (P less than 0.001) was observed. Despite this, absolute net HCO3- reabsorptive rates did not change significantly. Simple and partial correlation analysis of single tubular responses revealed strong linkage effects between changes in absolute net reabsorptive rates for HCO3- and H2O in both types of infusion; the partial r was 0.91 (P less than 0.001) and 0.94 (P less than 0.001) during Ringer and albumin infusions, respectively. We conclude that under these free-flow conditions, Ringer and albumin infusions do not suppress absolute net HCO3- reabsorption by proximal tubules, and that strongly linked changes in absolute HCO3- and H2O fluxes are characteristic of both protocols.
Concurrent blockade of platelet-activating factor and histamine prevents life-threatening peanut-induced anaphylactic reactions
Authors: Katherine Arias, Moiz Baig, Marc Colangelo, Derek Chu, Tina Walker, Susanna Goncharova, Anthony Coyle, Peter Vadas, Susan Waserman, Manel Jordana
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Central and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms in the development of deoxycorticosterone-saline hypertension in rats.
Authors: J L Reid, J A Zivin, I J Kopin
Journal: Circulation Research (1975)

The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of deoxycorticosterone-sodium chloride (DOCA-saline) hypertension was investigated by measuring plasma levels of norepinephrine, total catecholamines, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity at intervals after the initiation of the DOCA-saline regimen. Plasma norepinephrine was significantly higher in DOCA-saline-treated rats at 4 and 7 weeks and in rats treated with saline alone at 4 weeks compared with that in untreated controls. Total plasma catecholamine levels (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity were similar in hypertensive rats, untreated controls, and rats that received either DOCA or saline alone. The increases in plasma norepinephrine levels may have resulted from centrally mediated increases in peripheral sympathetic neuronal activity, since the destruction of central catecholaminergic neurons with intracerebroventricularly administered 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) prevented both the DOCA-saline-induced rise in blood pressure and the increases in plasma norepinephrine. Rats treated with 6-OHDA consistently drank less water or saline than did vehicle-treated controls. The actions of centrally administered 6-OHDA on blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine levels were not secondary to a reduction in salt intake, however, since intact rats given a similar reduced saline intake became hypertensive and demonstrated elevated plasma norepinephrine concentrations. Chronic salt loading may cause a centrally mediated increase in peripheral sympathetic neuronal activity with raised plasma concentrations of norepinephrine. The increased adrenergic activity in the presence of mineralocorticoid-induced sodium retention leads to the development of hypertension.
A "vanishing" cause of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
Authors: G Iacopini, A De Cesare, F Iacopini, M A Vitale, G Villotti
Journal: Gut (2008)

A 57-year-old man presented with melaena of 2 days duration. He was haemodynamically stable and his haemoglobin level was 10 g/dl. An urgent oesophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a solitary polyp with a long stalk prolapsing from the bulb into the third duodenum. The stalk consisted of a large, …
Effect of Screening on Ovarian Cancer Mortality
Authors: Saundra S. Buys, Edward Partridge, Amanda Black, Christine C. Johnson, Lois Lamerato, Claudine Isaacs, Douglas J. Reding, Robert T. Greenlee, Lance A. Yokochi, Bruce Kessel, E. David Crawford, Timothy R. Church, Gerald L. Andriole, Joel L. Weissfeld, Mona N. Fouad, David Chia, Barbara O'Brien, Lawrence R. Ragard, Jonathan D. Clapp, Joshua M. Rathmell, Thomas L. Riley, Patricia Hartge, Paul F. Pinsky, Claire S. Zhu, Grant Izmirlian, Barnett S. Kramer, Anthony B. Miller, Jian Lun Xu, Philip C. Prorok, John K. Gohagan, Christine D. Berg
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Context Screening for ovarian cancer with cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) and transvaginal ultrasound has an unknown effect on mortality.Objective To evaluate the effect of screening for ovarian cancer on mortality in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial.Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized controlled trial of 78 216 women aged 55 to 74 years assigned to undergo either annual screening (n=39 105) or usual care (n=39 111) at 10 screening centers across the United States between November 1993 and July 2001.Intervention The intervention group was offered annual screening with CA-125 for 6 years and transvaginal ultrasound for 4 years.Participants and their health care practitioners received the screening test results and managed evaluation of abnormal results.The usual care group was not offered annual screening with CA-125 for 6 years or transvaginal ultrasound but received their usual medical care.Participants were followed up for a maximum of 13 years (median [range], 12.4 years [10.9-13.0years]) for cancer diagnoses and death until February 28, 2010. Main Outcome MeasuresMortality from ovarian cancer, including primary peritoneal and fallopian tube cancers.Secondary outcomes included ovarian cancer incidence and complications associated with screening examinations and diagnostic procedures. ResultsOvarian cancer was diagnosed in 212 women (5.7 per 10 000 person-years) in the intervention group and 176 (4.7 per 10 000 person-years) in the usual care group (rate ratio [RR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.48).There were 118 deaths caused by ovarian cancer (3.1 per 10 000 person-years) in the intervention group and 100 deaths (2.6 per 10 000 person-years) in the usual care group (mortality RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.82-1.71).Of 3285 women with false-positive results, 1080 underwent surgical follow-up; of whom, 163 women experienced at least 1 serious complication (15%).There were 2924 deaths due to other causes (excluding ovarian, colorectal, and lung cancer) (76.6 per 10 000 person-years) in the intervention group and 2914 deaths (76.2 per 10 000 person-years) in the usual care group (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.96-1.06).Conclusions Among women in the general US population, simultaneous screening with CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasound compared with usual care did not reduce ovarian cancer mortality.Diagnostic evaluation following a false-positive screening test result was associated with complications.
Screening for Diabetes in Pregnancy
Authors: S Virjee, S Robinson, D G Johnston
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2001)

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as ‘carbohydrate intolerance resulting in hyperglycaemia of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy’1, is the most common metabolic disorder of pregnancy. It is evident that GDM defined in this way will include patients with undiagnosed preexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) as well as those with diabetes with first onset during pregnancy. Normal pregnancy is associated with insulin resistance similar to that found in type 2 DM. The reduction in whole-body insulin action becomes apparent in the second trimester, and insulin sensitivity declines progressively to term2,3. After delivery, whole-body insulin action returns rapidly to normal4. Hence, if the onset of diabetes is truly in pregnancy, then it is most likely to occur in the second and third trimesters and glucose tolerance may return to normal after delivery. Nonetheless, women with GDM in whom glucose tolerance becomes normal post-partum remain insulin-resistant compared with women with no history of GDM5.

Diabetes in the first trimester is more likely to be type 2 DM that was present but undiagnosed before pregnancy. In these circumstances, glycosylated haemoglobin, giving an indication of average blood glucose concentrations over the previous six to eight weeks, is likely to be raised. Occasionally, the diagnosis of GDM will identify women with type 1 diabetes mellitus6. Indeed, the incidence of type 1 DM is greater in pregnancy than in the background population7,8.

One of the aims of the St Vincent Declaration is to ‘achieve pregnancy outcome in the diabetic woman that approximates to that of the non-diabetic woman’9. It is because of the adverse outcomes of diabetic pregnancy that screening is required.
Clinical outcomes of elderly patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer
Authors: D.M. Jiang, S. Raissouni, J. Mercer, A. Kumar, R. Goodwin, D.Y. Heng, P.A. Tang, C. Doll, A. MacLean, E. Powell, J. Price-Hiller, J. Monzon, W.Y. Cheung, M.M. Vickers
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)
Intermittent rectal motor activity: a rectal motor complex?
Authors: A Prior, U J Fearn, N W Read
Journal: Gut (1991)

Prolonged nocturnal recordings from multiple sites in the anorectum and duodenum were performed in 12 healthy volunteers to investigate the presence and determine the characteristics of nocturnal rectal motor activity and assess any synchronicity with phase III of the small intestinal migrating motor complex. Runs of phasic contractions of two contractile frequencies (3 or 6/minute), sustained for more than three minutes, and preceded and followed by motor quiescence were observed in 10 of the 12 subjects. This phenomenon is similar to that described by other investigators and termed the 'rectal motor complex'. The runs of contractions showed considerable inter- and intrasubject variation, with a duration of 3-30 minutes (median 9.0), amplitude of 10-55 mm Hg (median 20.0), and periods of 10-420 minutes (median 55.5) between contractile activity. There was no propagation through the rectum, the phasic motor activity rarely occurred simultaneously at more than one rectal recording site. No consistent relation with phase III of the small intestinal migrating motor complex was observed in any subject. In view of these findings, we question whether this intermittent motor activity merits the term 'rectal motor complex'.
Increased ergothioneine tissue concentrations in carriers of the Crohn's disease risk-associated 503F variant of the organic cation transporter OCTN1
Authors: D Taubert, N Jung, T Goeser, E Schomig
Journal: Gut (2009)

Accumulating evidence suggests that genetic susceptibility to Crohn’s disease (CD) is driven by loss-of-function mutations in established risk genes such as IBD5 , NOD2/CARD15 , ATG16L1 or IL23R conferring defects in the innate immune response.1 2

Within the IBD5 locus, a coding variant of the organic cation transporter OCTN1 ( SLC22A4 ) has been associated with the risk of CD in Caucasian populations.3 4 However, the causal involvement of OCTN1 in CD pathogenesis is unclear, because the OCTN1 variant is in linkage disequilibrium with other IBD5 alleles, in particular with a promoter variant of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 ( SLC22A5 ).3

We have previously demonstrated that the food ingredient ergothioneine (ET), not arising from mammalian metabolism or intestinal flora, represents the key substrate of OCTN15 and that the CD risk-associated variant 503F (1672T) exhibits a …
CD5 Expression Is Developmentally Regulated By T Cell Receptor (TCR) Signals and TCR Avidity
Authors: Hala S. Azzam, Alex Grinberg, Kin Lui, Howard Shen, Elizabeth W. Shores, Paul E. Love
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

Recent data indicate that the cell surface glycoprotein CD5 functions as a negative regulator of T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling. In this study, we examined the regulation of CD5 surface expression during normal thymocyte ontogeny and in mice with developmental and/or signal transduction defects. The results demonstrate that low level expression of CD5 on CD4(-)CD8(-) (double negative, DN) thymocytes is independent of TCR gene rearrangement; however, induction of CD5 surface expression on DN thymocytes requires engagement of the pre-TCR and is dependent upon the activity of p56(lck). At the CD4(+)CD8(+) (double positive, DP) stage, intermediate CD5 levels are maintained by low affinity TCR-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) interactions, and CD5 surface expression is proportional to both the surface level and signaling capacity of the TCR. High-level expression of CD5 on DP and CD4(+) or CD8(+) (single positive, SP) thymocytes is induced by engagement of the alpha/beta-TCR by (positively or negatively) selecting ligands. Significantly, CD5 surface expression on mature SP thymocytes and T cells was found to directly parallel the avidity or signaling intensity of the positively selecting TCR-MHC-ligand interaction. Taken together, these observations suggest that the developmental regulation of CD5 in response to TCR signaling and TCR avidity represents a mechanism for fine tuning of the TCR signaling response.
New strategies in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation
Authors: H Sie
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

In patients with longstanding atrial fibrillation surgical correction of the underlying cardiac abnormality alone will not abolish the arrhythmia. The Cox's Maze III has proven to be an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation but because of its complexity cardiac surgeons are reluctant to expose their patients to the potential risks of this procedure. Attempts have been made to simplify the Cox's Maze III procedure by using alternative energy sources and modifying the pattern of atrial lines of conduction block. In patients with atrial fibrillation without structural heart disease Maze surgery may be an option as an ultimate therapeutic alternative when atrial fibrillation is drug resistant and very symptomatic. The objective of this article is to outline the different surgical procedures that have formerly been used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and to give an overview of new and evolving techniques.
Synthetic Secretin Approved
Authors: Jr Lester M. Crawford
Journal: JAMA (2002)

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Enhanced Production of Interleukin 6 in Peripheral Blood Monocytes Stimulated with Mucins Secreted into the Bloodstream
Authors: Norio Yokoigawa, Noriko Takeuchi, Munetoyo Toda, Mizue Inoue, Masaki Kaibori, Hidesuke Yanagida, Hironori Tanaka, Tokuhiro Ogura, Hideho Takada, Tadayoshi Okumura, A-H Kwon, Yasuo Kamiyama, Hiroshi Nakada
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: It has been reported that tumor progression is correlated with the serum level of interleukin 6 (IL-6). The purpose of this study was to investigate by what mechanism, other than production from tumor cell, the serum level of IL-6 is elevated in the tumor-bearing state. Experimental Design: Monocytes from healthy donors were cultured in the presence of sera from colon cancer patients, and the activity to elevate IL-6 production was estimated. This activity of serum was also examined after various biochemical treatments. Results: When monocytes from healthy donors were cultured in the presence of sera from patients with colon cancer, secretion of IL-6 from the cells was markedly elevated. Serum proteins were fractionated on Sepharose 4B and the activity to elevate IL-6 production was found in the excluded fractions. Sialyl Tn antigen was detected in these same fractions. By excluding some mucins from the serum, the inducing activity was reduced to 40% of the original level. Furthermore, we purified mucins from the conditioned medium of colon cancer cells. Production of IL-6 was effectively elevated by a small amount of purified mucins in a dose-dependent manner. When the inducing activity was examined in the presence of binding or competitive inhibitors to the scavenger receptor, the effect was remarkably reduced. Conclusions: Mucins secreted from colon cancer cells into the bloodstream induce production of IL-6 in peripheral blood monocytes through the scavenger receptor, which may be responsible for the high level of serum IL-6 in colon cancer patients.
Cultivation of Fungi in Synthetic and Semi‐Synthetic Liquid Medium
Authors: S. van der Heide, H. F. Kauffman, K. de Vries
Journal: Allergy (1985)

Four allergologically important fungi, viz. Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium notatum , and Cladosporium herbarum , were cultured in a pure synthetic medium and the patterns of growth as characterized by the pH, protein and carbohydrate concentration of the culture fluid, were studied. A. fumigatus and P. notatum showed a similar growth pattern, characterized by a rapid decrease in the pH of the culture medium (pH 7.4 → 4.0), while proteins were slowly released and saccharose poorly consumed. In contrast, A. alternata and C. herbarum demonstrated a different pattern of growth, in which the pH of the culture hardly changed during incubation. Enrichment of the synthetic medium with yeast extract greatly improved the growth of all four fungi, as was confirmed by the enhanced yield of antigenic material and strongly increased consumption of saccharose. The yeast extract especially changed the growth pattern of A. fumigatus and P. notatum , which now is characterized by three phases. Phase I; fall in pH of the growth medium and excretion of proteins. phase II: increase in pH and fall in protein concentration; phase III; stabilization of pH at alkaline values and renewed excretions of proteins. It is concluded that during cultivation of the fungi, the metabolic state of the culture changes, influencing the antigenic composition of the extracts obtained after different periods of cultivation.
Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor Is a Critical Transcriptional Regulator of Melanoma Inhibitor of Apoptosis in Melanomas
Authors: Jasmin N. Dynek, Sara M. Chan, Jinfeng Liu, Jiping Zha, Wayne J. Fairbrother, Domagoj Vucic
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis (ML-IAP) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis, which is highly expressed in melanomas and likely contributes to their resistance to chemotherapeutic treatments. Herein, we show that the lineage survival oncogene microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a critical regulator of ML-IAP transcription in melanoma cells. The ML-IAP promoter contains two MITF consensus sites, and analysis of MITF and ML-IAP mRNA levels revealed a high correlation in melanoma tumor samples and cell lines. In reporter assays, MITF promoted a strong stimulation of transcriptional activity from the ML-IAP promoter, and MITF bound the endogenous ML-IAP promoter in melanoma cells by chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Strikingly, small interfering RNA (siRNA)–mediated knockdown of MITF in melanoma cells led to a dramatic decrease in ML-IAP mRNA and protein levels, establishing that ML-IAP expression in melanoma cells is MITF dependent. Additionally, cyclic AMP–mediated induction of MITF expression in melanocytes resulted in increased ML-IAP expression, suggesting that melanocytes can express ML-IAP when MITF levels are heightened. Disruption of MITF by siRNA led to a decrease in melanoma cell viability, which could be rescued by ectopic expression of ML-IAP. Collectively, these findings implicate MITF as a major transcriptional regulator of ML-IAP expression in melanomas, and suggest that ML-IAP contributes to the prosurvival activity of MITF in melanoma progression. [Cancer Res 2008;68(9):3124–32]
Further Evidence of Relation Between Prenatal Famine and Major Affective Disorder
Authors: Alan S. Brown, Jim van Os, Corine Driessens, Hans W. Hoek, Ezra S. Susser
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

OBJECTIVE: In a previous study, the authors demonstrated an association between prenatal famine in middle to late gestation and major affective disorders requiring hospitalization. In this study, they sought to examine the association by using newly identified cases from the Dutch birth cohort used previously to examine the gender specificity of the association and to assess whether this relation is present for both unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. METHOD: The authors compared the risk of major affective disorder requiring hospitalization in birth cohorts who were and were not exposed, in each trimester of gestation, to famine during the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944–1945. These cases of major affective disorder requiring hospitalization were newly ascertained from a national psychiatric registry. A larger data set from this registry was used for analysis by gender and diagnostic subtype. RESULTS: For the newly ascertained cases, the risk of developing major affective disorder requiring hospitalization was increased for subjects with exposure to famine in the second trimester and was increased significantly for subjects with exposure in the third trimester, relative to unexposed subjects. For the cases from the entire period of ascertainment, the risk of developing affective disorder was significantly increased for those exposed to famine during the second and the third trimesters of gestation. The effects were demonstrated for men and women and for unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for the authors’ previous findings on the association between middle to late gestational famine and affective disorder.
Early dysfunction and long-term improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the infarct-related artery after thrombolysis
Authors: Emili Iràculis, Angel Cequier, Joan Antoni Gómez-Hospital, Manel Sabaté, Josepa Mauri, Eduard Fernández-Nofrerias, Bruno García del Blanco, Francese Jara, Enrique Esplugas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)