tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Bedside assessment of respiratory viscoelastic properties in ventilated patients
Authors: V Antonaglia, A Peratoner, L De Simoni, A Gullo, J Milic-Emili, W A Zin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

Viscoelasticity represents an important component of respiratory mechanics, being responsible, in some cases, for most of the pressure dissipated during breathing. Hitherto the methods available for determining the viscoelastic properties have been simplified, but are still time-demanding and depend on a great deal of calculation. In this study, a simple means of determining respiratory viscoelastic properties during mechanical ventilation was introduced. The viscoelastic constants of the respiratory system, modelled as a Maxwell body, were studied in 17 normal subjects and seven patients with acute lung injury (ALI) using two end-inspiratory occlusions; one with a short inspiratory time (tI) to determine the elastic component of viscoelasticity and the other with a long tI to assess the resistive component of viscoelasticity. The results were reproducible and similar to those provided by the previously described multiple-breath method (MB). The mean+/-SD viscoelastic resistance was 5.31+/-1.50 cm H2O x L(-1) x s with the proposed method and 5.71+/-1.87 cm H2O x L(-1) x s with the MB method in normal subjects, and 8.93+/-2.82 cm H2O x L(-1) x s and 10.36+/-3.13 cm H2O x L(-1), respectively in ALI patients. The mean+/-SD viscoelastic elastance was 3.92+/-0.84 cm H2O x L(-1) and 4.94+/-1.01 cm H2O x L(-1) in normal subjects and 7.08+/-2.01 cm H2O x L(-1) and 8.21+/-1.16 cm H2O x L(-1) in ALI patients, respectively. The mean+/-SD viscoelastic time constant was 1.36+/-0.24 s and 1.17+/-0.34 s in normal subjects and 1.26+/-0.35 s and 1.24+/-0.23 in ALI patients, respectively. The method was easy to perform and applicable at the bedside in clinical routine.
Treatment of unclassified mycobacterial infection of the lungs
Authors: K. P. Goldman
Journal: Thorax (1968)

In a review of 25 patients with pulmonary infection caused by unclassified mycobacteria the course of the disease is related to the method of treatment. Five patients were followed while not being treated; in four the disease progressed and in one it remained static, and in each case the organism persisted in the sputum. Sixteen patients were given combinations of streptomycin, isoniazid, and para-aminosalicylic acid for periods which varied between three months and two and a half years; there was bacteriological sputum conversion in six, although in each case the organism showed <i>in vitro</i> resistance to these drugs. Eleven patients were treated primarily with combinations of other anti-tuberculosis drugs for at least 12 consecutive weeks, after which the mycobacteria could no longer be cultured from the sputum in eight, in each case the organism showing <i>in vitro</i> sensitivity to the drugs. Ten patients received combined medical and surgical treatment, which was successful in eight and a failure in two, one of whom died post-operatively. A favourable response occurred most frequently when the disease was confined to one pulmonary radiographic zone and when less than 10 positive sputum cultures had been obtained. These results show that in this type of disease the response to chemotherapy is uncertain, <i>in vitro</i> drug sensitivity tests are of limited value, and combined medical and surgical treatment is usually effective.
Bee Venom Immunotherapy
Authors: Howard S. Rubenstein
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Regarding the COMMENTARY by Lichtenstein et al elsewhere in this issue (p 1683), the basic question is can one justify immunotherapy to protect against the following: 1. A disease with an almost zero mortality when those at mortal risk have not been identified? The National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Insect Sting reported in 1979: "A person's previous reaction to an insect sting is not a reliable indicator of the severity of future reactions" (panelist Robert E. Reisman, MD) and "everyone is a potential victim of life-threatening or fatal allergic reactions from stinging insects" (entire panel).<sup>1</sup> 2. A morbidity that resembles experimental anaphylaxis and is frightening but unlike anaphylaxis is rarely life-threatening, even when bronchospasm or hypotension accompanies the hives? Do we therefore best serve a patient who once sustained such a reaction by saying, "You experienced a frightening reaction, but almost no one
Defective maintenance of T cell tolerance to a superantigen in MRL-lpr/lpr mice.
Authors: T Zhou, H Bluethmann, J Zhang, C K Edwards, J D Mountz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

In normal mice neonatal injection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) induces tolerance in T cells that express reactive T cell receptor (TCR) V beta regions. To determine if a T cell neonatal defect was present in MRL-lpr/lpr mice, 20 micrograms of SEB was injected intraperitoneally every other day into V beta 8.2 TCR transgenic and nontransgenic MRL(-)+/+ and MRL-lpr/lpr mice from birth to 2 wk of age. At 2 wk of age, V beta 8+ T cells were depleted, and SEB reactivity was lost, in spleen, lymph node, and thymus. These effects were equivalent in +/+ and lpr/lpr SEB-tolerized mice. However, MRL-lpr/lpr mice failed to maintain neonatal tolerance. By 4 wk of age, there was a dramatic increase in T cells expressing V beta 8.2 in the peripheral lymph nodes of MRL-lpr/lpr mice but not MRL(-)+/+ mice. In vitro stimulation with SEB or TCR crosslinking revealed a total loss of neonatal tolerance 2 wk after cessation of SEB treatment in lpr/lpr mice, but not +/+ mice. The time-course of recovery of V beta 8+ T cells and reactivity to SEB and TCR crosslinking in the thymus of MRL-lpr/lpr mice was similar to that in the lymph node. Thymectomy at 2 wk of age eliminated tolerance loss in lymph nodes of MRL-lpr/lpr mice at 4 wk of age, indicating that loss of peripheral tolerance was due to the emigration of untolerized T cells from the thymus. Challenge of neonatally tolerized MRL-lpr/lpr mice with SEB (100 micrograms, i.p.) at 8 wk of age resulted in a dramatic onset of T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by 30% weight loss and 60% morality. This indicated that loss of tolerance to SEB also occurred in vivo. In contrast, neonatally tolerized MRL(-)+/+ mice remained totally unresponsive to SEB challenge and did not undergo any detectable weight loss. These results suggest that there is normal induction of neonatal tolerance to SEB in lpr/lpr mice, but that tolerance is not maintained after the tolerizing antigen is removed. This loss of neonatal tolerance can lead to severe weight loss and death on exposure to the tolerizing antigen later in life.
Reassessing Medical Risk in Living Kidney Donors
Authors: Robert S Gaston, Vineeta Kumar, Arthur J Matas
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2014)

The short- and long-term effects of unilateral nephrectomy on living donors have been important considerations for 60 years. Short-term risk is well established (0.03% mortality and <1% risk of major morbidity), but characterization of long-term risk is evolving. Relative to the general population, risk of mortality, ESRD, hypertension, proteinuria, and cardiovascular disease is comparable or lower. However, new studies comparing previous donors with equally healthy controls indicate increased risk of metabolic derangements (particularly involving calcium homeostasis), renal failure, and possibly, mortality. We discuss how these results should be interpreted and their influence on the practice of living donor kidney transplantation.
Effect of general practitioner contract on referral of specimens for histological examination.
Authors: K J Hillan, C P Johnson, R Morton
Journal: BMJ (1991)

malignancies (six in 1989 and 20 in 1990) and that many of these are not suspected to be malignant before excision.Controversy exists about whether general practitioners should remove malignant lesions.Paver suggests that if the diagnosis is uncertain, there is a facial lesion, or malignant melanoma is suspected the patient should be referred to a consultant.'However, if there are long waiting times for consultant appoint- ments there is strong argument for family doctors doing the surgery as early excision of skin malignancy is more likely to cure.Whether removing malignant lesions or not it is imperative that general practitioners who wish to undertake minor surgery are adequately trained and that all biopsy specimens are submitted for histological examination.
Multilocus analysis of atopy in Korean children using multifactor-dimensionality reduction
Authors: H.-W. Park, E.-S. Shin, J.-E. Lee, H.-S. Kwon, E. Chun, S.-S. Kim, Y.-S. Chang, Y.-K. Kim, K.-U. Min, Y.-Y. Kim, S.-H. Cho
Journal: Thorax (2006)

Atopy is considered to be a complex genetic trait and does not follow a simple mendelian pattern of inheritance. It is now well recognised that gene-gene interactions are important in complex genetic disease.To analyse the influence of gene-gene interactions in the development of atopy.A total of 2055 ethnically identical participants aged 10-18 years living in rural areas on Jeju Island, Korea, were randomly recruited. Atopy was defined as a positive skin prick test response to one or more common inhalant allergens. Gene-gene interactions among 12 polymorphic loci were analysed in the seven candidate genes of atopy using the multidimensionality-reduction method.A significant interaction was found between V297I in the gene coding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (KDR) and -308G-->A in the gene coding tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha on the risk of atopy, with a cross-validation consistency of 10 out of 10 and a prediction error of 35.9% (p = 0.001). Conventional logistic regression also revealed significant interactions between KDR and TNF for atopy. Individuals with the variant allele of -308G-->A in TNF (GA or AA) and V297I in KDR (VI or II) had a significantly higher risk of atopy (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.48 to 3.57).KDR and TNF may synergistically influence the development of atopy through gene-gene interaction in Korean children and adolescents.
To review or not to review, that is the question
Authors: P McCrory
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2002)

From the perspective of both the editor and author, a perfect review is rapid, impartial, and constructive

Being asked to review a paper is one of the most difficult tasks to face a clinician. None of us have formal training or guidance in this area, and when a paper lands on our desks with a kindly note from the editor our first response is often one of horror, something akin to a visitation of the Black Death. Questions that usually spring to mind are why me? And why didn't they cover this in my medical or science course? Once the shock wears off, the opportunity to review manuscripts can actually be a positive process both for the authors and the reviewer. For an experienced scientist, being asked to review a manuscript should be an exciting proposition. To be selected for this role through scientific respect in a particular field is an intoxicating mix. Although it may be a time burden, it is also a rite of passage in academia. What then is the process of review and how can we improve our skills in this area?

When a manuscript is submitted to the Journal, an editorial management decision is first made as to whether it is an appropriate paper for this journal. For example, a paper on sports astrology would be considered inappropriate whereas a randomised control trial on the treatment of groin pain would be eminently suitable. It is worth authors noting that, as the years pass and the Journal receives increasing numbers of high quality papers, then papers that may have been published in years gone by are now more likely to be rejected. Attempting to pass off a personal case series as an original research paper is a common example of this.

The number of papers published …
The effects of warm-up on physical performance are not clear
Authors: Paula R Beckenkamp, C Christine Lin
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

▶ 1. Fradkin AJ, 2. Tsharni RZ, 3. Smoliga JM . J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:140–8. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Warm-up is commonly used as part of an exercise programme. Previous reviews have cast doubts on the beneficial effects long thought to be associated with warm-up.1 2 However, recent evidence indicates that warm-up prevents sports-related injuries.3,–,5 Warm-up in the form of stretching has a small effect in reducing muscle soreness following exercise3 and leads to an increase in joint range of motion, but magnitude of the increase is small. Thus, it has an uncertain clinical importance.6 7 In addition to preventing muscle soreness and injury, another possible benefit of warm-up is enhanced physical performance. Only one previous review has examined the effects of warm-up on performance,2 but found limited evidence. Hence, the effects of warm-up on performance during sport … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Bstrength%2Band%2Bconditioning%2Bresearch%2B%252F%2BNational%2BStrength%2B%2526%2BConditioning%2BAssociation%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BStrength%2BCond%2BRes%26rft.aulast%253DFradkin%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%2BJ.%26rft.volume%253D24%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D140%26rft.epage%253D148%26rft.atitle%253DEffects%2Bof%2Bwarming-up%2Bon%2Bphysical%2Bperformance%253A%2Ba%2Bsystematic%2Breview%2Bwith%2Bmeta-analysis.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1519%252FJSC.0b013e3181c643a0%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F19996770%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643a0&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=19996770&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbjsports%2F45%2F6%2F525.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000273558300021&link_type=ISI
A novel mechanism of acid and bile acid-induced DNA damage involving Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup>exchanger: implication for Barrett's oesophagus
Authors: Aaron Goldman, Mohammad Shahidullah, David Goldman, Ludmila Khailova, George Watts, Nicholas Delamere, Katerina Dvorak
Journal: Gut (2010)

<h3>Objective</h3> Barrett9s oesophagus is a premalignant disease associated with oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The major goal of this study was to determine the mechanism responsible for bile acid-induced alteration in intracellular pH (pH<sub>i</sub>) and its effect on DNA damage in cells derived from normal oesophagus (HET1A) or Barrett9s oesophagus (CP-A). <h3>Design</h3> Cells were exposed to bile acid cocktail (BA) and/or acid in the presence/absence of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or sodium–hydrogen exchanger (NHE). Nitric oxide (NO), pH<sub>i</sub> and DNA damage were measured by fluorescent imaging and comet assay. Expression of NHE1 and NOS in cultured cells and biopsies from Barrett9s oesophagus or normal squamous epithelium was determined by RT-PCR, immunoblotting or immunohistochemistry. <h3>Results</h3> A dose dependent decrease in pH<sub>i</sub> was observed in CP-A cells exposed to BA. This effect of BA is the consequence of NOS activation and increased NO production, which leads to NHE inhibition. Exposure of oesophageal cells to acid in combination with BA synergistically decreased pH<sub>i</sub>. The decrease was more pronounced in CP-A cells and resulted in &gt;2-fold increase in DNA damage compared to acid treatment alone. Examination of biopsies and cell lines revealed robust expression of NHE1 in Barrett9s oesophagus but an absence of NHE1 in normal epithelium. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The results of this study identify a new mechanism of bile acid-induced DNA damage. We found that bile acids present in the refluxate activate immediately all three isoforms of NOS, which leads to an increased NO production and NHE inhibition. This consequently results in increased intracellular acidification and DNA damage, which may lead to mutations and cancer progression. Therefore, we propose that in addition to gastric reflux, bile reflux should be controlled in patients with Barrett9s oesophagus.
31P nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of muscle glucose-6-phosphate. Evidence for reduced insulin-dependent muscle glucose transport or phosphorylation activity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Authors: D L Rothman, R G Shulman, G I Shulman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

To assess the rate-limiting step in muscle glycogen synthesis in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), the concentration of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) was measured by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) during a hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Six subjects with NIDDM and six age weight-matched controls were studied at similar steady-state plasma concentrations of insulin (approximately 450 pmol/liter) and glucose (11 mmol/liter). The concentration of G6P in the gastrocnemius muscle was measured by 31P NMR. Whole-body oxidative and nonoxidative glucose metabolism was determined by the insulin-glucose clamp technique in conjunction with indirect calorimetry. Nonoxidative glucose metabolism which under these conditions is a measure of muscle glycogen synthesis (1990. N. Engl. J. Med. 322:223-228), was 31 +/- 7 mumol/(kg body wt-min) in the normal subjects and 13 +/- 3 mumol/(kg body wt-min) in the NIDDM subjects (P less than 0.05). The concentration of G6P was higher (0.24 +/- 0.02 mmol/kg muscle) in the normal subjects than in the NIDDM subjects (0.17 +/- 0.02, P less than 0.01). Increasing insulin concentrations to insulin 8,500 pmol/liter in four NIDDM subjects restored the glucose uptake rate and G6P concentrations to normal levels. In conclusion, the lower concentration of G6P in the diabetic subjects despite a decreased rate of nonoxidative glucose metabolism is consistent with a defect in muscle glucose transport or phosphorylation reducing the rate of muscle glycogen synthesis.
Clinical usefulness of temporal artery biopsy.
Authors: J Vilaseca, A Gonzalez, M C Cid, J Lopez-Vivancos, A Ortega
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1987)

To assess the diagnostic usefulness of temporal artery biopsy in temporal arteritis (TA) and establish clinical features capable of predicting its positivity we have retrospectively studied the biopsy specimens and the clinical features of 103 patients who had undergone temporal artery biopsy. Temporal artery biopsy reached a positive predictive value of 90.2% with respect to the final diagnosis based on the criteria proposed by Ellis and Ralston and the clinical course. The simultaneous presence of recent onset headache, jaw claudication, and abnormalities of the temporal arteries on physical examination had a specificity of 94.8% with respect to the histological diagnosis and of 100% with respect to final diagnosis. The presence of any of these clinical features, though of little specificity (34.4%), had a sensitivity of 100% with respect to histological diagnosis, selecting a group of patients in whom temporal artery biopsy has more discriminative value.
Congenital malformations among infants born to women receiving montelukast, inhaled corticosteroids, and other asthma medications
Authors: Linda M. Nelsen, Kristine E. Shields, Michael L. Cunningham, Joan M. Stoler, Michael J. Bamshad, P. Mona Eng, Steven S. Smugar, A. Lawrence Gould, George Philip
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Solving the Overdiagnosis Dilemma
Authors: L. Esserman, I. Thompson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2010)

In a review in this issue of the Journal (1), Welch and Black clearly document that surveillance routinely identifies lesions that many patients would not need to know about in their lifetimes. These lesions only become a problem because we feel compelled to diagnose and treat them. What motivates intervention is the opportunity to prevent disease progression, metastasis, and death and the philosophy that “early detection is always better.” The patient’s fear of cancer and clinician’s concern about malpractice are also driving factors. But often overlooked are the profound consequences of treatment and diagnostic interventions. The article by Welch and Black should serve as a clarion call to acknowledge the spectrum of cancer behavior and the need to reclassify “indolent” lesions with a term other than “cancer” and to improve the specificity of our screening tests. This study is not “bad news,” but “good news” because it points a way forward. First, we must accept that population screening and diagnostic scans detect substantial numbers of indolent tumors and benign lesions in addition to potentially lethal disease. Second, we must resolve that we can and must address the problem. The unintended consequence of finding a precancerous lesion is exemplified by the 41-year-old research scientist who called one of us in a panic. Her first mammogram showed a cluster of calcifi cations; magnetic resonance imaging showed another focus of ductal carcinoma in situ, which led to a mastectomy that showed both lobular and ductal carcinoma in situ and an axillary sentinel node biopsy that showed isolated tumor cells. Now she faces a decision about chemotherapy and prophylactic contralateral mastectomy. Have we “helped” this patient in her goal to avoid death from cancer? The answer is “unlikely.” Much of what we call cancer is not destined for an inexorable progression to metastasis and death. We can no longer say that we must intervene because we cannot tell the difference. Raising the fraction of people diagnosed with cancer has grave consequences. It adds the burden of diagnosis to hundreds of thousands and engenders needless fear. It obscures our ability to identify and focus on tumors that need more aggressive or tailored treatment where our current approaches are unsuccessful. Cancer is a serious disease, but we have to redefine what cancer truly is.
Folliculocystic and collagen hamartoma of tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Antonio Torrelo, Smail Hadj-Rabia, Isabel Colmenero, Robert Piston, Virginia P. Sybert, Helena Hilari-Carbonell, Angela Hernández-Martín, Joan C. Ferreres, Sergio Vañó-Galván, Daniel Azorín, Javier Enríquez de Salamanca, Luis Requena, Christine Bodemer, Rudolf Happle, Vicente García-Patos, Sylvie Fraitag
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
Toxic Metabolites Released From Rat Hepatoma Cells in Culture. I. Effects of Metabolites of Hepatomas on Various Cells2
Authors: Hajim Katsuta, Toshiko Takaoka, Shigeru Yasumoto
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1973)

Journal Article Toxic Metabolites Released From Rat Hepatoma Cells in Culture. I. Effects of Metabolites of Hepatomas on Various Cells Get access Hajim Katsuta, Hajim Katsuta Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Toshiko Takaoka, Toshiko Takaoka Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Shigeru Yasumoto Shigeru Yasumoto Department of Cancer Cell Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Takanawa, Tokyo 108, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 51, Issue 6, December 1973, Pages 1841–1844, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/51.6.1841 Published: 01 December 1973 Article history Received: 21 March 1973 Accepted: 31 May 1973 Published: 01 December 1973
IDENTITY OF "INHIBITOR" AND ANTIBODY IN EXTRACTS OF VIRUS-INDUCED RABBIT PAPILLOMAS
Authors: William F. Friedewald
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1940)

The "inhibitor" demonstrable in extracts of the virus-induced rabbit papillomas is identical with the antiviral antibody found in the blood of hosts bearing the growths. The conditions in these latter are frequently favorable to its extravasation in considerable amount into them. Its significance and its influence upon the recovery of virus from the papillomas are discussed.