tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Transit through the gut measured by analysis of a single stool.
Authors: J H Cummings, H S Wiggins
Journal: Gut (1976)

A method is described for measuring transit time through the gut which requires the collection of only one stool. A dose of 20 radio-opaque markers is given to the subject on each of three consecutive days with breakfast, each dose of marker being of a different type. The first stool passed after rising on the fourth day is collected and its marker content analysed. The method has been validated in 15 subjects by comparing it on 36 occasions with mean transit time measured by a continuous marker technique (MTT-C). In 35 of these studies transit measured from a single stool (SST) and MTT-C were significantly correlated R = 0.78 P less than 0.001. In one study the designated stool contained none of the SST markers. An alternative way of validating the SST method is described by comparing it with the average of the three mean transit times from three separate doses of marker (MTT-S). The average MTT-S agreed very closely with MTT-C in 36 studies R = 0.94 P less than 0.001 and proved a satisfactory alternative method for validating transit techniques. In a total of 66 studies in 22 subjects average MTT-S correlated significantly with SST, R = 0.85 P less than 0.001.
Chronic immune stimulation by sperm alloantigens. Support for the hypothesis that spermatozoa induce immune dysregulation in homosexual males
Authors: G. M. Mavligit
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Putative, sperm-induced allogeneic immunization was correlated with immune dysregulation in a study of 30 asymptomatic, monogamously paired homosexual males. Evidence for allogeneic immunization existed among 19 of 26 homosexual males who were anal sperm recipients. No evidence for any form of alloimmunization was found in four exclusive sperm donors. Immune dysregulation in the form of a reduced effector/suppressor T-cell ratio (Te/Ts less than 1.0) was exclusively documented in eight anal-sperm-recipient homosexual males, five of whom also manifested evidence for allogeneic immunization. In three of those, immune dysregulation was further manifested by functional T-cell deficiency in the form of a subnormal (less than 50 cu mm) local graft-v-host reaction. Similar evidence for alloimmunization was associated with a reduced Te/Ts ratio (0.85) in the female of a heterosexual couple who routinely practiced anal intercourse. Based on these findings, we suggest that chronic, repeated exposure to sperm during anal intercourse results in a high frequency of allogeneic immunization and may play an important role in the development of acquired immune dysregulation among homosexual males.
Cottrell and Young's Neuroanesthesia
Authors: David P. Strum
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Timing and Magnitude of Increases in Levothyroxine Requirements during Pregnancy in Women with Hypothyroidism
Authors: Erik K. Alexander, Ellen Marqusee, Jennifer Lawrence, Petr Jarolim, George A. Fischer, P. Reed Larsen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Hypothyroidism during pregnancy has been associated with impaired cognitive development and increased fetal mortality. During pregnancy, maternal thyroid hormone requirements increase. Although it is known that women with hypothyroidism should increase their levothyroxine dose during pregnancy, biochemical hypothyroidism occurs in many. In this prospective study we attempted to identify precisely the timing and amount of levothyroxine adjustment required during pregnancy.Women with hypothyroidism who were planning pregnancy were observed prospectively before and throughout their pregnancies. Thyroid function, human chorionic gonadotropin, and estradiol were measured before conception, approximately every two weeks during the first trimester, and monthly thereafter. The dose of levothyroxine was increased to maintain the thyrotropin concentration at preconception values throughout pregnancy.Twenty pregnancies occurred in 19 women and resulted in 17 full-term births. An increase in the levothyroxine dose was necessary during 17 pregnancies. The mean levothyroxine requirement increased 47 percent during the first half of pregnancy (median onset of increase, eight weeks of gestation) and plateaued by week 16. This increased dose was required until delivery.Levothyroxine requirements increase as early as the fifth week of gestation. Given the importance of maternal euthyroidism for normal fetal cognitive development, we propose that women with hypothyroidism increase their levothyroxine dose by approximately 30 percent as soon as pregnancy is confirmed. Thereafter, serum thyrotropin levels should be monitored and the levothyroxine dose adjusted accordingly.
273 COMBINATION OF SORAFENIB AND TRANSARTERIAL CHEMOEMBOLISATION (TACE) IN ADVANCED STAGE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC): A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY AT THREE GERMAN LIVER CENTERS
Authors: J. Trojan, M. Göller, E. Schott, M.W. Welker, K. Fischer, L. Schmidt, P. Paprottka, S. Zangos, T. Vogl, W.O. Bechstein, S. Zeuzem, F.T. Kolligs
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
AN EXACT AND SECURE TUCKING OPERATION FOR ADVANCING AN OCULAR MUSCLE.
Authors: FRANK C. TODD
Journal: JAMA (1905)

The fact that many advancement operations have been devised is evidence that there is dissatisfaction with the various methods. Many of these operations are very similar, and if the different descriptions are placed side by side it will be found that they could be arranged in such a manner as to show only slight variations, and yet, like the colors of the spectrum which merge from one into another, the two extremes will be found to be very different and many new principles may be detected which have gradually been introduced. The evolution is slow but upward, those new principles which have proven of value remaining while those not practical and false have been discarded. I desire to demonstratet my method of performing this operation, but before doing so wish to call attention to other operations of like character, i. e., muscle-folding operations, in order that
JAK2-V617F–triggered preemptive and salvage adoptive immunotherapy with donor-lymphocyte infusion in patients with myelofibrosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Nicolaus Kröger, Haefaa Alchalby, Evgeny Klyuchnikov, Anita Badbaran, York Hildebrandt, Francis Ayuk, Ulrike Bacher, Oliver Bock, Michael Kvasnicka, Boris Fehse, Axel Zander
Journal: Blood (2009)
Advancing the Science for Active Surveillance: Rationale and Design for the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership
Authors: Paul E. Stang, Patrick B. Ryan, Judith A. Racoosin, J. Marc Overhage, Abraham G. Hartzema, Christian Reich, Emily Welebob, Thomas Scarnecchia, Janet Woodcock
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Amendments Act of 2007 mandated that the FDA develop a system for using automated health care data to identify risks of marketed drugs and other medical products. The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership is a public–private partnership among the FDA, academia, data owners, and the pharmaceutical industry that is responding to the need to advance the science of active medical product safety surveillance by using existing observational databases. The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership's transparent, open innovation approach is designed to systematically and empirically study critical governance, data resource, and methodological issues and their interrelationships in establishing a viable national program of active drug safety surveillance by using observational data. This article describes the governance structure, data-access model, methods-testing approach, and technology development of this effort, as well as the work that has been initiated.
It's time to ban junk food on hospital premises
Authors: A. Malhotra
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<b>Aim:</b> Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is characterised by the failure of those tissues that are rapidly dividing in the adult, particularly the skin, mucosae, and haemopoietic system. The X linked form of the disease is caused by mutations of the DKC1 gene, which encodes dyskerin, a protein that is necessary for the function of telomerase. Cultured DC lymphoblastoid cells are characterised by a reduced expansion of the cell population because of the progressive increase in apoptosis compared with the number of cell divisions. This report aimed to verify whether this is caused by a defect in telomerase function. <b>Methods:</b> Variations in telomere length over time were evaluated in two cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from patients with X linked DC and control cells derived from a non-affected individual. In addition, the effect of inhibiting poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which is involved in the cellular response to excessive telomere shortening, was assessed. One DC cell line and the control cells were treated with the specific PARP inhibitor 1,5-dihydroxyquinoline (IQ). <b>Results:</b> In DC cells the increase in cell death was associated with progressive telomere shortening, and this was not seen in the control cells. Treatment with IQ delayed the increase of apoptosis in DC cells. <b>Conclusions:</b> These observations indicate that the reduced expansion that characterises cultured cells obtained from patients with X linked DC is caused by premature telomere shortening.
Dilemmas in rationing health care services: the case for implicit rationing
Authors: D. Mechanic
Journal: BMJ (1995)

With tension between the demand for health services and the cost of providing them, rationing is increasingly evident in all medical systems. Until recently, rationing was primarily through the ability to pay or achieved implicitly by doctors working within fixed budgets. Such forms of rationing are commonly alleged to be inequitable and inefficient and explicit rationing is advocated as more appropriate. Utilisation management in the United States and quasi-markets separating purchasing from provision in the United Kingdom are seen as ways of using resources more efficiently and are increasingly explicit. There is also advocacy to ration explicitly at the point of service. Mechanic reviews the implications of these developments and explains why explicit approaches are likely to focus conflict and dissatisfaction and be politically unstable. Explicit rationing is unlikely to be as equitable as its proponents argue and is likely to make dissatisfaction and perceived deprivation more salient. Despite its limitations, implicit rationing at the point of service is more sensitive to the complexity of medical decisions and the needs and personal and cultural preferences of patients. All systems use a mix of rationing devices, but the clinical allocation of services should substantially depend on the discretion of professionals informed by practice guidelines, outcomes research, and other informational aids.
The Case for Public Ownership of Patient Data
Authors: Marc A. Rodwin
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Emergency Hospital Admissions for Cardiovascular Diseases and Ambient Levels of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Michelle L. Bell, Roger D. Peng, Francesca Dominici, Jonathan M. Samet
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Evidence on risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) hospitalization associated with short-term exposure to outdoor carbon monoxide (CO), an air pollutant primarily generated by traffic, is inconsistent across studies. Uncertainties remain on the degree to which associations are attributable to other traffic pollutants and whether effects persist at low levels. Methods and Results— We conducted a multisite time-series study to estimate risk of CVD hospitalization associated with short-term CO exposure in 126 US urban counties during 1999–2005 for &gt;9.3 million Medicare enrollees aged ≥65 years. We considered models with adjustment by other traffic-related pollutants: NO 2 , fine particulate matter (with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm), and elemental carbon. We found a positive and statistically significant association between same-day CO and increased risk of hospitalization for multiple CVD outcomes (ischemic heart disease, heart rhythm disturbances, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, total CVD). The association remained positive and statistically significant but was attenuated with copollutant adjustment, especially NO 2 . A 1-ppm increase in same-day daily 1-hour maximum CO was associated with a 0.96% (95% posterior interval, 0.79%, 1.12%) increase in risk of CVD admissions. With same-day NO 2 adjustment, this estimate was 0.55% (0.36%, 0.74%). The risk persisted at low CO levels &lt;1 ppm. Conclusions— We found evidence of an association between short-term exposure to ambient CO and risk of CVD hospitalizations, even at levels well below current US health-based regulatory standards. This evidence indicates that exposure to current CO levels may still pose a public health threat, particularly for persons with CVD.
Review of child care cases finds few instances that raise “serious doubt”
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

An official review of more than 30 000 cases of children in England and Wales who were either taken from their parents and put into care or are currently involved in care proceedings has found just a handful of cases that raise serious doubts about the reliability of disputed medical evidence.

In only one case so far has a care plan for a child been changed as a result of the review.

The results show that media speculation that some 5000 care orders might be reopened on the basis of flawed medical advice was seriously wide of …
Successful treatment of acute mountain sickness with dexamethasone.
Authors: G Ferrazzini, M Maggiorini, S Kriemler, P Bartsch, O Oelz
Journal: BMJ (1987)

A double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial of treatment with dexamethasone for acute mountain sickness was performed in the Capanna "Regina Margherita" at an altitude of 4559 m in the Alps Valais. After 12-16 hours of treatment (8 mg dexamethasone initially, followed by 4 mg every six hours) the mean acute mountain sickness score decreased significantly from 5.4 to 1.3, and eight of 17 patients became totally asymptomatic. Mean arterial oxygen saturation rose from 75.5% to 82.0%, and there was a small increase in standard spirometric measurements. In the placebo group none of these variables changed significantly. It is concluded that dexamethasone may be used as emergency treatment for acute mountain sickness to facilitate safe descent to a lower altitude.
Calcification of the Pericardium in Apparently Healthy People
Authors: F. A. L. MATHEWSON
Journal: Circulation (1955)

Case histories are presented of five apparently healthy persons showing pericardial calcification. Calcium deposits form in the dense pericardial scarring which is responsible for changes in the electrocardiogram. Awareness by the cardiologist of the possibility of pericardial scarring makes him particularly alert to electrocardiograms showing normal QRS complexes with T wave changes, particularly if the T waves point in a direction opposite to the main QRS deflection and are associated with RS-T segment depression. Low QRS voltage may or may not be present. Suspicion will be increased in serial records when the abnormalities remain constant over a period of years.
Breast cancer drug "surpasses" tamoxifen
Authors: A. Vass
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The British pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca claimed this week that “the established benefits of tamoxifen in early breast cancer have been surpassed by another treatment.”

Dr Jeffrey Tobias, consultant radiotherapist and oncologist at University College London Hospitals, who presented early results of a five year trial of the drug to the press this week, predicted that anastrozole (Aridex) would “knock tamoxifen off its poll position over the next 15 years.”

Data came from the ATAC (Aridex, tamoxifen alone or in combination) randomised trial of 9366 postmenopausal women with operable breast cancer. Recruitment took place in 21 countries, with over 3000 patients coming from the United Kingdom. Between 1996 and 2000, women who had completed surgery were randomised into one of three arms to compare tamoxifen, anastrozole, or a combination of both drugs.

Thirty three months into the five year …
Abstract PD03-02: Evidence for the anti-cancer action of metformin mediated via tumor AMPK, Akt and Ki67, in a preoperative window of opportunity trial
Authors: SM Hadad, RJO Dowling, MC Chang, SJ Done, CA Purdie, LB Jordan, J Dewar, PJ Goodwin, V Stambolic, AM Thompson
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Metformin reduces the overall risk of cancer incidence by 31%, improves cancer-related mortality and enhances response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in type 2-diabetics receiving metformin. There is evidence that metformin works through activation of Adenosine Monophosphate Protein Kinase (AMPK), an energy-sensing kinase that maintains cellular energy homeostasis. In a pre-operative window-of-opportunity randomized trial we have demonstrated that metformin significantly reduces proliferation and blunts the insulin response in primary operable breast cancer. This study further analysed cancer tissue from the trial to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved. Methodology: Non-diabetic women with operable invasive breast cancer were randomised to receive pre-operative metformin or no drug. Forty seven patients had core biopsy at diagnosis then were randomized to metformin (metformin 500mg o.d. for 1 week increased to 1g b.d for a further week continued to surgery) or no drug, and 2 weeks later had core biopsy at surgery. Insulin receptor, phospho-AMPK (pAMPK), phospho-Akt (pAkt) and Ki67 immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cores and scored blinded to treatment. Paired t-test was used for analysis. Results: Significant up-regulation of pAMPK (p = 0.04) and down-regulation of pAkt (p = 0.04) in metformin treated patients was demonstrated compared to the control group. No change in insulin receptor expression was identified but, as previously reported, there was a fall in ki67. Changes were independent of Body Mass Index. Seven patients (7/24) receiving metformin withdrew because of gastro-intestinal upset and were excluded from the immunohistochemical analyses. Conclusion: These findings suggest that metformin works in vivo in breast cancer patients via up-regulation of tumor pAMPK and down-regulation of pAkt and proliferation. Since down-regulation of pAMPK is a feature of breast cancer, this suggests mechanistic evidence for the therapeutic effect of metformin. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD03-02.
Nanocarrier-mediated co-delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and gene agents for cancer treatment
Authors: Lin Kang, Zhonggao Gao, Wei Huang, Mingji Jin, Qiming Wang
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2015)

The efficacy of chemotherapeutic drug in cancer treatment is often hampered by drug resistance of tumor cells, which is usually caused by abnormal gene expression. RNA interference mediated by siRNA and miRNA can selectively knock down the carcinogenic genes by targeting specific mRNAs. Therefore, combining chemotherapeutic drugs with gene agents could be a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Due to poor stability and solubility associated with gene agents and drugs, suitable protective carriers are needed and have been widely researched for the co-delivery. In this review, we summarize the most commonly used nanocarriers for co-delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and gene agents, as well as the advances in co-delivery systems.
The Borderline Patient
Authors: Paul G. Myerson
Journal: JAMA (1978)

In an earlier study, using statistical analysis of ratings derived from observing behavior, the authors defined a borderline syndrome that includes (1) anger as the only affect, (2) a defect in affectionate relationships, (3) an absence of indications of self-identity, and (4) depressive loneliness. They also defined four subgroups of this syndrome: group 1 is closest to the psychotic border, group 4 to the neurotic, group 2 represents the core process, and group 3 is the most compliant type and most lacking in identity. In the present volume, they have checked these findings against the protocols of their original patients and of a new group of 14 borderline patients whose histories are presented in some detail. Using behavioral characteristics derived from their earlier statistical measures and manifested in the protocols, the authors have concluded that they are able to place all the patients in the appropriate subgroup. I will repeat