tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Not Monitoring Residual Gastric Volume on Risk of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Adults Receiving Mechanical Ventilation and Early Enteral Feeding
Authors: Jean Reignier
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Monitoring of residual gastric volume is recommended to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients receiving early enteral nutrition. However, studies have challenged the reliability and effectiveness of this measure.To test the hypothesis that the risk of VAP is not increased when residual gastric volume is not monitored compared with routine residual gastric volume monitoring in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation and early enteral nutrition.Randomized, noninferiority, open-label, multicenter trial conducted from May 2010 through March 2011 in adults requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 2 days and given enteral nutrition within 36 hours after intubation at 9 French intensive care units (ICUs); 452 patients were randomized and 449 included in the intention-to-treat analysis (3 withdrew initial consent).Absence of residual gastric volume monitoring. Intolerance to enteral nutrition was based only on regurgitation and vomiting in the intervention group and based on residual gastric volume greater than 250 mL at any of the 6 hourly measurements and regurgitation or vomiting in the control group.Proportion of patients with at least 1 VAP episode within 90 days after randomization, as assessed by an adjudication committee blinded to patient group. The prestated noninferiority margin was 10%.In the intention-to-treat population, VAP occurred in 38 of 227 patients (16.7%) in the intervention group and in 35 of 222 patients (15.8%) in the control group (difference, 0.9%; 90% CI, -4.8% to 6.7%). There were no significant between-group differences in other ICU-acquired infections, mechanical ventilation duration, ICU stay length, or mortality rates. The proportion of patients receiving 100% of their calorie goal was higher in the intervention group (odds ratio, 1.77; 90% CI, 1.25-2.51; P = .008). Similar results were obtained in the per-protocol population.Among adults requiring mechanical ventilation and receiving early enteral nutrition, the absence of gastric volume monitoring was not inferior to routine residual gastric volume monitoring in terms of development of VAP.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01137487.
Neuroendocrine Dysfunction in Depressive Illness
Authors: E J Sachar
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1976)

Patients with severe depressive illnesses of the endogenomorphic type frequently manifest several hormonal abnormalities. The best documented are the hypersecretion of cortisol, particularly in the late evening and early morning, associated with relative resistance to dexamethasone suppression; diminished or absent HGH responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia; and diminished TSH responses to TRH. There are also reports from one laboratory of relatively diminished plasma LH concentration in postmenopausal women with primary unipolar depressive illness, a finding that awaits replication by other centers. Most of these hormonal abnormalities provide further support to the concept of hypothalamic dysfunction in certain forms of depressive illness, and are consistent with current hypotheses of abnormal brain monoamine activity in these conditions. These studies suggest that analysis of neuroendocrine responses in patients with mental illnesses may be a valuable tool for the study of possible alterations in brain function. Further advances may be expected when radioimmunoassay techniques become available for the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors themselves.
Enhanced expression of c-myc in hepatocytes promotes initiation and progression of alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Yulia A Nevzorova, Francisco J Cubero, Wei Hu, Fengjie Hao, Ute Haas, Pierluigi Ramadori, Nikolaus Gassler, Mareike Hoss, Pavel Strnad, Henning W Zimmermann, Frank Tacke, Christian Trautwein, Christian Liedtke
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2015)
An Unrecognized Source of PCB Contamination in Schools and Other Buildings
Authors: Robert F. Herrick, Michael D. McClean, John D. Meeker, Lisa K. Baxter, George A. Weymouth
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

An investigation of 24 buildings in the Greater Boston Area revealed that one-third (8 of 24) contained caulking materials with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) content exceeding 50 ppm by weight, which is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) specified limit above which this material is considered to be PCB bulk product waste. These buildings included schools and other public buildings. In a university building where similar levels of PCB were found in caulking material, PCB levels in indoor air ranged from 111 to 393 ng/m3; and in dust taken from the building ventilation system, < 1 ppm to 81 ppm. In this building, the U.S. EPA mandated requirements for the removal and disposal of the PCB bulk product waste as well as for confirmatory sampling to ensure that the interior and exterior of the building were decontaminated. Although U.S. EPA regulations under the Toxic Substances Control Act stipulate procedures by which PCB-contaminated materials must be handled and disposed, the regulations apparently do not require that materials such as caulking be tested to determine its PCB content. This limited investigation strongly suggests that were this testing done, many buildings would be found to contain high levels of PCBs in the building materials and potentially in the building environment. The presence of PCBs in schools is of particular concern given evidence suggesting that PCBs are developmental toxins.
Identical mutations in the FGFR2 gene cause both Pfeiffer and Crouzon syndrome phenotypes
Authors: Paul Rutland, Louise J. Pulleyn, William Reardon, Michael Baraitser, Richard Hayward, Barry Jones, Sue Malcolm, Robin M. Winter, Michael Oldridge, Sarah F. Slaney, Michael D. Poole, Andrew O.M. Wilkie
Journal: Nature Genetics (1995)
Sperm function assays and their predictive value for fertilization outcome in IVF therapy: a meta-analysis
Authors: S. Oehninger
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2000)

The prevalence of male infertility and the availability of new, highly successful therapeutic options make the testing of sperm functional competence mandatory. An objective, outcome-based examination of the validity of the currently available assays was performed based upon the results obtained from 2906 subjects evaluated in 34 prospectively designed, controlled studies. The aim was carried out through a meta-analytical approach that examined the predictive value of four categories of sperm functional assays: computer-aided sperm motion analysis (CASA); induced-acrosome reaction testing; sperm penetration assay (SPA); and sperm–zona pellucida binding assays for IVF outcome. Results demonstrated a high predictive power of the sperm–zona pellucida binding and the induced-acrosome reaction assays for fertilization outcome. On the other hand, the findings indicated a poor clinical value of the SPA as predictor of fertilization and a real need for standardization and further investigation of the potential clinical utility of CASA systems. This analysis points out to limitations of the current tests and the need for standardization of methodologies and provides objective evidence on which clinical management and future research can be based.
Epirubicin, cisplatin and oral UFTwith leucovorin (‘ECU’): A phase I–II study in patients with advanced upper gastrointestinal tract cancer
Authors: M.T. Seymour, J.T. Dent, D. Papamichael, G. Wilson, H. Cresswell, M.L. Slevin
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1999)
Comparative Study of Prognostic Value for Coronary Disease Risk Between the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study and Framingham Models
Authors: Ioannis D. Protopsaltis, Panayiotis A. Konstantinopoulos, Alexandros V. Kamaratos, Andreas I. Melidonis
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

According to epidemiological and angiographic studies (1,2), diabetic patients present a two to four times greater risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) than nondiabetic individuals.

The Framingham model (3) estimates 10-year CAD risk based on the traditional risk factors, including age, sex, HDL and LDL cholesterol, hypertension, and smoking. In addition to these risk factors, the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) model, designed for people with type 2 diabetes (4), incorporates more specific variables, such as HbA1c, age at diabetes diagnosis, and diabetes duration.

The aim of this analysis was to compare the accuracy of these models in the prediction of 10-year risk for CAD in diabetic patients.

Clinical information related to the above factors was retrieved …
IFNβ Produced by TLR4-Activated Tumor Cells Is Involved in Improving the Antitumoral Immune Response
Authors: Nicolás Gonzalo Núñez, Virginia Andreani, María Inés Crespo, David Andrés Nocera, María Laura Breser, Gabriel Morón, Lien Dejager, Claude Libert, Virginia Rivero, Mariana Maccioni
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands may be a valuable tool to promote antitumor responses by reinforcing antitumor immunity. In addition to their expression in immune cells, functional TLRs are also expressed by many cancer cells, but their significance has been controversial. In this study, we examined the action of TLR ligands on tumor pathophysiology as a result of direct tumor cell effects. B16 murine melanoma cells were stimulated in vitro with a TLR4 ligand (LPS-B16) prior to inoculation into TLR4-deficient mice (Tlr4 (lps-del)). Under such conditions, B16 cells yielded smaller tumors than nonstimulated B16 cells. The apoptosis/proliferation balance of the cells was not modified by TLR ligand treatment, nor was this effect compromised in immunocompromised nude mice. Mechanistic investigations revealed that IFNβ was the critical factor produced by TLR4-activated tumor cells in mediating their in vivo outgrowth. Transcriptional analysis showed that TLR4 activation on B16 cells induced changes in the expression of type I IFN and type I IFN-related genes. Most importantly, culture supernatants from LPS-B16 cells improved the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from TLR4-deficient mice, upregulating the expression of interleukin-12 and costimulatory molecules on those cells. BMDC maturation was blunted by addition of an IFNβ-neutralizing antibody. Moreover, tumor growth inhibition observed in LPS-B16 tumors was abrogated in IFNAR1-deficient mice lacking a functional type I IFN receptor for binding IFN. Together, our findings show that tumor cells can be induced through the TLR4 pathway to produce IFN and positively contribute to the antitumoral immune response.
Demise of the fittest: are we destroying our biggest talents?
Authors: Roald Bahr
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Let us call her Liza. Liza is a very talented volleyball player. Last year, 15 years old, she entered high school at a ‘Toppidrettsgymnas’, one of 19 schools in Norway which combine an elite training programme with a 3-year senior high school programme. She soon became the starting setter for the school team, the local club's under 17 team, their under 19 team, their second division women's team, as well as for the under 17 and under 19 junior national teams. Her training volume was doubled when school started in August. A few weeks later, her elbows started to hurt. She did adjust her training, but played as many as 35 volleyball matches before she was diagnosed with bilateral ‘tennis elbow’ in December and finally had to throw in the towel.

Unfortunately, Liza's story is not unique. I could have shared the story of Jonas, Anna, Yuichiro, Hendrik, Karim and many more. Many gifted young athletes’ careers have been halted or even ruined by overuse injuries or other health problems caused by what seems like an inappropriate training and competition programme. Using patellofemoral pain as his case, Dye1 described the relationship between loading conditions and tissue injury (figure 1). The model depicts how load/loading conditions may exceed the safe load acceptance capacity of the tissue, and describes a zone of load acceptance, the ‘zone of homeostasis’. By increasing impact load and volume beyond this, in the ‘zone of supraphysiological overload’, there is gradual adaptation of tissue properties to the increased load. However, if even greater load and/or volume are applied, structural damage will occur.



Figure 1 
Relationship between structural adaptation and load as modified from Dye's model for patellofemoral pain (2005).1 Load volume can be characterised as training volume (frequency, duration, intensity), match frequency, etc. Impact load can be characterised as …
Prevalence and goals in the managing of COPD patients in COPD-school
Authors: Larysa Botvinikova, Bogdana Basina, Anna Garagulya
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Good compliance between the patient and medical personal is the cornerstone of effective therapy in COPD patients.  We created COPD-school (Internal Medicine department, DMA, Ukraine, since 2004), 759 patients with COPD - 189 women, middle age 61,1± 4,17). Clinical observation and labs, x-ray and CT-scan investigations, blood and sputum culture, spirometry, 6 MWD test, saturation, test of the respiratory muscle fatigue, assessing psychological parameters, QoL (SGRQ) we provided. We involved the treatment (GOLD, 2011), programs of smoking cessation, psychotherapy and educational course (for good understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD, using of medicine, adequate physical exertion, optimal diet). We offers the group and individual psychotherapy (hypnosis, rational methods) which gives possibility to decrease the situation and personal anxiety, depression level. We involved the individual physical programs, respiratory massage, pulmonary gymnastic.  We received: 1) all patients regular visited our department during 8 years (observations – monthly); 2) we managed to stable the course of the disease (average 64 % of the patients), we registered significantly improvements in psychosomatic sphere (decreasing anxiety and depression levels), and we revealed significantly decreased of depression level and improving of QoL parameters (SGRQ score – in the beginning (total) – 62,54 ± 3,19, the last items – 47,75 ± 3,14 (p   Conclusion: the complex approach to the management of COPD as a COPD –school – a powerful factor of the complex treatment and observing, dynamic monitoring, which gives possibility to improve quality of medical help.
Advances in stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury
Authors: Andrea J. Mothe, Charles H. Tator
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition producing great personal and societal costs and for which there is no effective treatment. Stem cell transplantation is a promising therapeutic strategy, though much preclinical and clinical research work remains. Here, we briefly describe SCI epidemiology, pathophysiology, and experimental and clinical stem cell strategies. Research in stem cell biology and cell reprogramming is rapidly advancing, with the hope of moving stem cell therapy closer to helping people with SCI. We examine issues important for clinical translation and provide a commentary on recent developments, including termination of the first human embryonic stem cell transplantation trial in human SCI.
Blood 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels and Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Yiqing Song, Lu Wang, Anastassios G. Pittas, Liana C. Del Gobbo, Cuilin Zhang, JoAnn E. Manson, Frank B. Hu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

OBJECTIVE To quantitatively assess the strength and shape of the association between blood 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and incident risk of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A systematic search of the MEDLINE and Embase databases and a hand search of references from original reports were conducted up to 31 October 2012. Prospective observational studies that assessed the association between blood levels of 25(OH)D and risk of incident type 2 diabetes were included for meta-analysis. DerSimonian and Laird’s random-effects model was used. A quadratic spline regression analysis was used to examine the shape of the association with a generalized least-squares trend test performed for the dose-response relation. RESULTS A total of 21 prospective studies involving 76,220 participants and 4,996 incident type 2 diabetes cases were included for meta-analysis. Comparing the highest to the lowest category of 25(OH)D levels, the summary relative risk for type 2 diabetes was 0.62 (95% CI 0.54–0.70). A spline regression model showed that higher 25(OH)D levels were monotonically associated with a lower diabetes risk. This inverse association did not differ by sex, duration of follow-up, study sample size, diabetes diagnostic criteria, or 25(OH)D assay method. A linear trend analysis showed that each 10 nmol/L increment in 25(OH)D levels was associated with a 4% lower risk of type 2 diabetes (95% CI 3–6; P for linear trend &amp;lt; 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis showed an inverse and significant association between circulating 25(OH)D levels and risk of type 2 diabetes across a broad range of blood 25(OH)D levels in diverse populations.
THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE EFFECT OBSERVED ON POLYMORPH NEUTROPHILE LEUCOCYTES IN THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS BY TUBERCULIN
Authors: E. H. Black
Journal: BMJ (1913)

EFFECT OF TUBERCULIN ON NEUTROPHILE POLYMOBPHS. [THEBRmITsm I renal pelvis.The wound was treated as in the previous case; tle child was up and about in three weeks, and left the hospitai on July 22nd.He has had no trouble since that time.Such cases impress upon us the importance of being on tlle look-out for renal calculi, which are probably much more common during childhood than is generally supposed.In cases of abdominal, spinal, hip-joint, or lumbar pain vhere the signs.and symptoms are not clear, the urine should be carefully tested and a microscopic examination made.The kidney area should be closely examined and. a skiagram taken of the whole urinary tract.If possible a cystoscopic examination should also be made.If no sepsis has occurred, the prognosis is excellent.Post-operative shock is the only real danger.Heaton's second case suffered severely from shock, and Aldibert lost one case out of a series of three in children.When sepsis
A role for IL-18 in intestinal inflammation?
Authors: P GARSIDE
Journal: Gut (2001)

See Gut 2000; 47 : 779–86 

There is considerable evidence that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and a variety of other inflammatory disorders, reflect an excessive Th1 response. However, as we shall see below, a number of studies depleting the known members of this inflammatory cascade have reported some “residual” pathology and suggested that “other mediators” may also be involved. A study by Chikano and colleagues1 suggests that interleukin 18 (IL-18) may be one of the villains.

The characteristic cytokine produced by Th1 cells, interferon γ (IFN-γ), has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of a number of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders2 and has long been suspected of a role in IBD. Administration of IFN-γ produces small intestinal pathology in mice3 4 while elevated IFN-γ expression and increased numbers of IFN-γ secreting cells have been reported in human IBD and are a feature of many of the murine models of IBD.5 6 The importance of IFN-γ in such situations has been highlighted by the ability of in vivo depletion of this cytokine to ameliorate disease in a number of models of gastrointestinal pathology. However, more recent studies in a variety of models of IBD have revealed some inconsistencies.5 7 Some reports have suggested IFN-γ knockout (KO) CD4+ T cells are incapable of inducing colitis and wasting, others have reported comparable disease in IFN-γnull and wild type (WT) animals, while a recent study7 suggests that …
Workgroup V: professional education and advocacy. UICC International Workshop on Facilitating Screening for Colorectal Cancer, Oslo, Norway (29 and 30 June 2002)
Authors: P. Rozen, M. Pignone, M. Crespi, D. Criblez, S.A. El-Badawy, R. Leicester, S. Otto, C. Pox, M. Richards, D. Smith, S. Spann, G.P. Young, R. Smith
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2004)
Combined Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Major Depression?
Authors: Pim Cuijpers
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Psychiatry HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Psychiatry journal