tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pads and pants for urinary incontinence.
Authors: D Bainton, J B Blannin, A M Shepherd
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Fifty-one female patients, incontinent of urine, were asked to compared two different combinations of pants and pads used in the ambulatory management of their incontinence. They were offered the Kanga pant with a Kanga pad and the Sandra pant with a Bambi pad. Each patient tried both pants and pads and thus comparisons could be made on a within-patient basis. Both systems kept a similar proportion of patients dry during the day and night. In terms of comfort, however, the Kanga pant was quite clearly preferred to the Sandra. The Bambi pad was rated more highly than the Kanga pad, although the difference between the two pads was not so pronounced as that between pants.
Cervical screening and family practitioner committee registers.
Authors: R. Beardow, J. Oerton, C. Victor
Journal: BMJ (1989)

non-traumatic accidents such as near drownings, burnings, and electrocutions.The immediate management priorities are similar in both groups,' so there is nothing to be gained by dividing them between two specialties.Resuscitation of injured patients is the forte of the accident and emergencv specialist.How well it is being carried out will become apparent through studies of the outcome of trauma and audit systems in which accident and emergency staff are prominent participants.
cumulative myocardial contrast enhancement and hemodynamic responses after serial intravenous injections of dodecafluoropentane
Authors: R.Daniel Murray, Allan L. Klein, Chetan P. Patel, Herve LeBreton, Annitta Morehead, Susan E. Vaughn, Kristopher L. Arheart, James D. Thomas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Subcellular adaptation of the human diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: M Orozco-Levi, J Gea, JL Lloreta, M Felez, J Minguella, S Serrano, JM Broquetas
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

Pulmonary hyperinflation impairs the function of the diaphragm in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it has been recently demonstrated that the muscle can counterbalance this deleterious effect, remodelling its structure (i.e. changing the proportion of different types of fibres). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the functional impairment present in COPD patients can be associated with structural subcellular changes of the diaphragm. Twenty individuals (60+/-9 yrs, 11 COPD patients and 9 subjects with normal spirometry) undergoing thoracotomy were included. Nutritional status and respiratory function were evaluated prior to surgery. Then, small samples of the costal diaphragm were obtained and processed for electron microscopy analysis. COPD patients showed a mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 60+/-9% predicted, a higher concentration of mitochondria (n(mit)) in their diaphragm than controls (0.62+/-0.16 versus 0.46+/-0.16 mitochondrial transections (mt) x microm(-2), p&lt;0.05). On the other hand, subjects with air trapping (residual volume (RV)/total lung capacity (TLC) &gt;37%) disclosed not only a higher n(mit) (0.63+/-0.17 versus 0.43+/-0.07 mt x microm(-2), p&lt;0.05) but shorter sarcomeres (L(sar)) than subjects without this functional abnormality (2.08+/-0.16 to 2.27+/-0.15 microm, p&lt;0.05). Glycogen stores were similar in COPD and controls. The severity of airways obstruction (i.e. FEV1) was associated with n(mit) (r=-0.555, p=0.01), while the amount of air trapping (i.e. RV/TLC) was found to correlate with both n(mit) (r=0.631, p=0.005) and L(sar) (r=-0.526, p&lt;0.05). Finally, maximal inspiratory pressure (PI,max) inversely correlated with n(mit) (r=-0.547, p=0.01). In conclusion, impairment in lung function occurring in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with subcellular changes in their diaphragm, namely a shortening in the length of sarcomeres and an increase in the concentration of mitochondria. These changes form a part of muscle remodelling, probably contributing to a better functional muscle behaviour.
Lung transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an exercise in quality rather than quantity?
Authors: P. A. Corris
Journal: Thorax (1999)

Background.Although certain forms of end-stage lung disease are debilitating, whether the associated mortality rate exceeds that of transplantation is unclear.We undertook analysis to clarify the surviva benefit of lung transplantation for various types of end-stage lung disease.Methods.We analysed data for all patients listed for transplantation in the USA for emphysema, cystic fibrosis, or interstitia pulmonary fibrosis in the years 1992-94.The numbers of patients entered on the waiting list, posttransplantation, died waiting, and currently waiting were: emphysema group 1274, 843, 143, and 165 cystic fibrosis group 664, 318, 193, and 59; interstitial pulmonary fibrosis group 481, 230, 160, and 48 A time-dependent non-proportional hazard analysis was used to assess the risk of mortality after transplantation relative to that for patients on the waiting list.Findings.The clearest survival benefit from lung transplantation occurred in the cystic fibrosis group.The relative risks of transplantation compared with waiting were 0.87, 0.61, and 0.61 at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year (p=0.008)respectively.For interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, the corresponding relative risks were 2. 09, 0.71, and 0.67 (p=0.09).No survival benefit was apparent in the emphysema group.The risks of transplantation relative to waiting were 2.76, 1.12, and 1.10 at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year, respectively, and the relative risk did not decrease to below 1.0 during 2 years of follow-up.Interpretation.These findings suggest that lung transplantation does not confer a survival benefit in patients with end-stage emphysema by 2 years of follow-up.Other benefits not accounted for in this analysis such as improved quality of life, however, may justify lung transplantation for these patients.(
Senescent Human Fibroblasts Increase the Early Growth of Xenograft Tumors via Matrix Metalloproteinase Secretion
Authors: Dan Liu, Peter J. Hornsby
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Although cellular senescence is believed to have a tumor suppressor function, senescent cells have been shown to increase the potential for growth of adjacent cancer cells in animal models. Replicatively senescent human fibroblasts increase the growth of cotransplanted cancer cells in vivo, but the role of cells that have undergone damage-mediated stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) has not been studied in mouse transplant models. Here, we show that human fibroblasts that have undergone SIPS by exposure to the DNA-damaging agent bleomycin increase the growth of cotransplanted cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in immunodeficient mice. Xenografts containing SIPS fibroblasts (SIPSF) exhibited early tissue damage as evidenced by fluid accumulation (edema). Cancer cells adjacent to the fluid showed increased DNA synthesis. Fluid accumulation, increased xenograft size, and increased cell proliferation were all reduced by the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor GM6001. MMPs and other genes characteristic of inflammation/tissue injury were overexpressed in SIPSF. Inhibition of MMP activity did not affect SIPSF stimulation of cancer cell proliferation in culture. However, another overexpressed product (hepatocyte growth factor) did have a direct mitogenic action on cancer cells. Based on the present results, we propose that senescent cells may promote cancer growth both by a direct mitogenic effect and by an indirect effect via tissue damage. Senescent stromal cells may cause an MMP-mediated increase in permeability of adjacent capillaries, thereby exposing incipient cancer cells to increased levels of mitogens, cytokines, and other plasma products. This exposure may increase cancer cell proliferation and result in promotion of preneoplastic cells.
Medical Radiations and Leukaemia: A Retrospective Survey
Authors: F. W. Gunz, H. R. Atkinson
Journal: BMJ (1964)

45-2%) 44 (361%) 312 (43-8%) 6-9 20 (5 6%) 6 (7 7%) 13 (8 3%) 16 (13-1%6) 55 (7-7%) 10-19 18 (5-1%) 9 (11-5%) 11 (70%) 5 (4-1%) 50 (7-0%) 20+ 4 (11%) 4 (5-2%) 3 (1-9%) 3 (25%) 9 (1-3%)
Librarians, Catalogers, Searchers-Reply
Authors: Jody W. Zylke
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —As a physician, one quickly learns to never state anything categorically. Wearing my reporter's hat, however, I seem to have forgotten the lesson. Both Ms Thompson and Ms Reinstein are correct in stating that medical librarians do in fact do original cataloging. However, as they indicate, most original cataloging is done by relatively few medical librarians, particularly the catalogers at the National Library of Medicine. I thank them for providing additional information about cataloging and for clarifying my meaning. Ms Reinstein makes two other points to which I would like to respond. First, the statement that physicians can do online searching without an intermediary, which was made by Donald A. B. Lindberg, MD, director of the National Library of Medicine, does not imply that most physicians do their own searches. Those that do are a minority, but I must mention that that number is rapidly increasing. There are
Detection of the (–<sup><scp>SEA</scp></sup>) double α‐globin gene deletion by a simple immunologic assay for embryonic ζ‐globin chains
Authors: James H. Ireland, Hong‐Yuan Luo, David H. K. Chui, Berbie Chu, Juliet Yuen, Y. Edward Hsia
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1993)

Abstract Homozygous α‐thalassemia [α‐thal‐1], with loss of all four α‐globin genes, causes lethal hydrops fetalis. The most common mutation producing this syndrome is the Southeast Asian (– SEA ) double α‐globin gene deletion. Erythrocytes from adults heterozygous for the (– SEA ) deletion have minute amounts of embryonic ζ‐globin chains detectable by anti‐ζ‐globin monoclonal antibodies. Among 225 peripheral blood samples tested by a simple anti‐ζ‐immunobinding tetra‐zolium dye test, 81 were positive and 144 were negative. The majority of subjects were of Filipino, Chinese, or Laotian ancestry. All 81 positive samples were confirmed by Bam HI digests and a ζ‐cDNA probe to have the (– SEA ) mutation. The (– SEA ) double α‐deletion was the only abnormality in 58. In the others, it was combined with α‐globin or β‐globin mutations, or coincidental iron deficiency. Four other samples from (– SEA ) heterozygotes were negative by this immunologic assay. Anti‐ζ negative samples included 78 deletions of the total α‐globin region, (– Tot ), 23 single α‐globin deletions, and a variety of β‐globin mutations; 16 normocytic samples with normal α‐genes were also negative. Ten anti‐ζ positive and 25 anti‐ζ negative samples had benign triplicated ζ‐globin genes. In this population, the sensitivity of this test was 95%; and specificity for the (– SEA ) mutation was 100%. Anti‐ζ immunobinding testing provides rapid, simple, and reliable screening for the (– SEA ) double α‐globin deletion, although it does not detect the (– Tot ) total α‐deletions. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low-Fat Diets for Diabetes Prevention
Authors: Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

The article authored by Swinburn, Metcalf, and Ley and published in this issue of Diabetes Care (1) adds a new perspective to the growing body of evidence that lifestyle interventions can result in improved glucose tolerance among individuals at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes (2). The study provides evidence that long-term compliance with a reduced-fat ad libitum diet may result in sustained improvements in glycemic status after 5 years. Although the final results were somewhat mixed, the findings are of importance because of the relative simplicity of the intervention message, at least in some populations. A recent meta-analysis of low-fat ad libitum diets in relation to weight control also showed that the relatively simple message to restrict fat can, without explicit instruction to reduce calories, lead to weight loss (3). The results of Swinburn et al. (1) also highlight extremely important issues to behavioral intervention studies, in particular, the sustainability of behavior change and the related health benefits over time.

Prevention of type 2 diabetes is a critical public health priority, as evidenced by the substantial increase in the prevalence of diabetes from 8.9 to 12.3% of the U.S. adult population over an 11-year period (4). From the most recent data available, the remarkably rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes continued unabated well through the late 1990s (5). Body fatness is perhaps …
749 CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRAL LOAD IN HEPATITIS B E ANTIGEN-NEGATIVE CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA TREATED WITH CURATIVE RESECTION
Authors: J.H. Shim, H.C. Lee, J.G. Choi, D. Lee, K.M. Kim, Y.-S. Lim, Y.-H. Chung, Y.S. Lee, D.J. Suh
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Medical Pharmacology: Principles and Concepts
Authors: Donald Schiffman
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The third edition of<i>Medical Pharmacology</i>is an expanded and updated version, similar in design and scope to its two predecessors. It lacks the depth of information needed to make an adequate reference book, but, by the author's own admission, it is not intended to be encyclopedic. Rather, it presents a solid outline of the modern concepts of pharmacodynamics, which is equally useful to the beginning medical student seeking the basic tenets and to the seasoned practitioner desiring a quick review. The author has tried to present his material in a straightforward and interesting fashion, and the book on the whole is highly readable. However, in certain sections that appear to lie outside the author's particular areas of interest, the writing tends to suffer from an inherent disadvantage of any general textbook in which a single author presents a broad coverage of a technical subject—namely, a style that seems somewhat
Zosuquidar, a novel modulator of P-glycoprotein, does not improve the outcome of older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 3999
Authors: Larry D. Cripe, Hajime Uno, Elisabeth M. Paietta, Mark R. Litzow, Rhett P. Ketterling, John M. Bennett, Jacob M. Rowe, Hillard M. Lazarus, Selina Luger, Martin S. Tallman
Journal: Blood (2010)
Early Vidarabine Therapy to Control the Complications of Herpes Zoster in Immunosuppressed Patients
Authors: Richard J. Whitley, Seng-Jaw Soong, Raphael Dolin, Robert Betts, Calvin Linnemann, Charles A. Alford
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the value of vidarabine therapy for the prevention of complications from herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients. Of 121 patients with localized herpes zoster of 72 hours duration or less, 63 received vidarabine and 58 received the placebo. Populations were matched for pertinent characteristics. Therapy accelerated cutaneous healing and decreased the rates of cutaneous dissemination (from 24 per cent [14 patients] to 8 per cent [5 patients]) (P = 0.014); and of zoster-related visceral complications (from 19 per cent [11 patients] to 5 per cent [3 patients]) (P = 0.015). therapy also decreased the total duration of post-herpetic neuralgia (P = 0.047). Patients with lymphoproliferative cancers and those 38 years of age or older were at greatest risk for complications and benefited most from therapy. There was no serious drug toxicity. We conclude that vidarabine therapy, when started within the first three days, is valuable for the reduction of complications related to herpes zoster.
Simulation in surgical training
Authors: A. L Magos
Journal: BMJ (1990)

Acute otitis media SIR,-Mr George G Browning and colleagues state that diagnosing acute otitis media is not easy even when carried out by specialists.'Unfortunately, in two of the studies quoted2 the diagnosis was made predominantly by doctors without specialist training.If only half of children with otalgia have acute otitis media some ofthe figures quoted may be underestimated by a factor of two.Even if the data are accurate, surely a failure of resolution in 15% of "untreated" children is unacceptably high?The advocated policy of withholding antibiotics
Should "body MOTs" and DNA profiling be regulated?
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The Nuffield Council on Bioethics has launched a consultation on the ethical issues concerning commercial technologies such as DNA profiling and body imaging that increasingly mean that patients bypass their GP.

For example, a number of companies offer to analyse an individual’s DNA for a range of health risks. The consultation document says that the disease risks associated with some of the genes being tested have not been well researched, potentially leaving people with misleading or inaccurate results.

It is also possible to go to private healthcare companies for magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography to look for abnormalities that indicate disease. The consultation document says that these “body MOTs” (akin to Ministry of Transport vehicle tests) can cost several thousand pounds but tend …
Interferon gamma inhibits interleukin 10 production by monocytes.
Authors: P Chomarat, M C Rissoan, J Banchereau, P Miossec
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) was first described for its ability to inhibit interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production. Herein, we studied the balance between IFN-gamma and IL-10 production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan (SAC) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Monocyte depletion reduced IL-10 production by 90% and resulted in an increased IFN-gamma production. Addition of anti-IL-10 antibody to PBMC cultures also strongly increased IFN-gamma production. In contrast, among various cytokines, only IFN-gamma strongly reduced IL-10 synthesis by SAC- or LPS-activated PBMC and monocytes. Thus, IFN-gamma has proinflammatory effects through the combination of two mechanisms: (a) induction of early tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1 beta synthesis; and (b) inhibition of the delayed production of IL-10, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta synthesis. Taken together, the present data indicate that IFN-gamma and IL-10 antagonize each other's production and function.
The Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
Authors: Michael S. Burnhill
Journal: JAMA (1966)

To the Editor:—  Seward, et al are to be praised for bringing to the attention of the general medical community one of the most serious shortcomings to the intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) ( 194 :1385, 1965).  IUCDs are the shining hope for control of population growth. Until they are replaced by an alternative method that is superior as a contraceptive, much effort must be directed toward making them as safe as possible.  Perforations following the insertion of IUCDs have been reported since Richter 1 described this method of contraception in 1909. It is common knowledge to gynecologists that perforations of the uterus may occur after any intrauterine manipulation. I have found 2 that the perforation rate in 77,903 curettages, accumulated in collected reports, was 3.23 per 1,000 operations. Word in a report on 1,671 curettages found 22 perforations for a rate of 13.2 per 1,000. 3 Higher rates than this are
738 SWITCH FROM LONG-TERM DE-NOVO LAMIVUDINE + ADEFOVIR THERAPY TO TENOFOVIR OR/AND ENTECAVIR IMPROVES VIRAL RESPONSE AND RENAL/BONE SAFETY
Authors: I. Carey, S. Knighton, M. Bruce, M. Horner, D. Joshi, S. Hughes, P. Harrison, K. Agarwal
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Relation between gastric emptying rate and energy intake in children compared with adults.
Authors: B D Maes, Y F Ghoos, B J Geypens, M I Hiele, P J Rutgeerts
Journal: Gut (1995)

Measurement of gastric emptying rate of solids in children is difficult because the available methods are either invasive or induce a substantial radiation burden. In this study the newly developed 13C octanoic acid breath test was used to examine the gastric emptying rate of solids and milk in healthy children and to compare gastric emptying in children and adults. Fifteen healthy children and three groups of nine healthy adults were studied, using three different test meals labelled with 50 mg of 13C octanoic acid: a low caloric pancake (150 kcal), a high caloric pancake (250 kcal), and 210 ml of milk (134 kcal). Breath samples were taken before and at regular intervals after ingestion of the test meal, and analysed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The gastric emptying parameters were derived from the 13CO2 excretion curves by non-linear regression analysis. No significant difference was found between children and adults in the emptying rate of the low caloric solid test meal. In children as well as in adults, increasing the energy content of the solid meal resulted in a significantly slower emptying rate. The milk test meal, however, was emptied at a faster rate in adults and at slower rate in children compared with the low caloric solid test meal. Moreover, the emptying rate of milk in children was significantly slower than in adults. In conclusion, a similar gastric emptying rate of solids but a slower emptying of full cream milk was shown in children of school age compared with adults, using the non-radioactive 13C octanoic acid breath test.
Metastatic Malignant Melanoma of the Papilla of Vater: An Unusual Case of Obstructive Cholestasis Treated with Biliary Prostheses
Authors: M. Sans, J. Llach, J. M. Bordas, V. Andreu, A. Campo, A. Castells, F. Mondelo, J. Terés, J. Rodés
Journal: Endoscopy (1996)
Beginning to Make Progress against HIV
Authors: Catherine M. Wilfert
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

For nearly three years we have known that zidovudine is efficacious in preventing transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from mother to infant.1 A randomized, placebo-controlled trial, AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076, established a new standard of care for pregnant women with HIV type 1 infection. This issue of the Journal includes the report by Sperling et al. of an analysis of Protocol 076 after 402 mother–infant pairs were followed for 18 months.2 During that period, 15 infants in the zidovudine group (7.6 percent) and 46 infants in the placebo group (22.6 percent) were found to be infected. . . .