tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gender differentials of pulmonary tuberculosis transmission and reactivation in an endemic area
Authors: Maria-Eugenia Jimenez-Corona, Lourdes Garcia-Garcia, Kathryn DeRiemer, Leticia Ferreyra-Reyes, Miriam Bobadilla-del-Valle, Bulmaro Cano-Arellano, Sergio Canizales-Quintero, Areli Martinez-Gamboa, Peter Small, Jose Sifuentes-Osornio, Alfredo Ponce-de-León
Journal: Thorax (2006)

<b>Background:</b> In most low income countries there are twice as many cases of tuberculosis (TB) reported among men than among women, a difference commonly attributed to biological and epidemiological characteristics as well as socioeconomic and cultural barriers in access to health care. The World Health Organization has encouraged gender specific comparisons in TB rates to determine whether women with TB are less likely than men with TB to be diagnosed, reported, and treated. A study was undertaken to identify gender based differences in patients with pulmonary TB and to use this information to improve TB control efforts. <b>Methods:</b> Individuals with a cough for more than 2 weeks in southern Mexico were screened from March 1995 to April 2003. Clinical and mycobacteriological information (isolation, identification, drug susceptibility testing and IS<i>6110</i> based genotyping, and spoligotyping) was collected from those with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB. Patients were treated in accordance with official norms and followed to ascertain treatment outcome, retreatment, and vital status. <b>Results:</b> 623 patients with pulmonary TB were enrolled. The male:female incidence rate ratio for overall, reactivated, and recently transmitted disease was 1.58 (95% CI 1.34 to 1.86), 1.64 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.98), and 1.41 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.96), respectively. Men were more likely than women to default from treatment (adjusted OR 3.30, 95% CI 1.46 to 7.43), to be retreated (hazard ratio (HR) 3.15, 95% CI 1.38 to 7.22), and to die from TB (HR 2.23, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.99). <b>Conclusions:</b> Higher rates of transmitted and reactivated disease and poorer treatment outcomes among men are indicators of gender differentials in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary TB, and suggest specific strategies in endemic settings.
Teaching Intubation Skills Using Newly Deceased Infants
Authors: D. Gary Benfield, Richard J. Flaksman, Tsun-Hsin Lin, Anand D. Kantak, Franklin W. Kokomoor, John H. Vollman
Journal: JAMA (1991)

This prospective study was designed to (1) test the hypothesis that the majority of families of newly dead infants in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit would consent to their infants' being intubated for teaching purposes, (2) determine factors related to family consent, and (3) determine the effects of participation on resident physicians and respiratory therapists. Family consent for intubation was requested following 44 (80%) of the 55 deaths that occurred during the 10-month study period. Of these requests, 32 (73%) were granted. Proportionately more white than black families consented and consent was positively related to autopsy permission. Fifty-three (75%) of 71 trainees completed a mailed questionnaire after their first intubation experience. Although each respondent found the experience helpful, many reported mixed feelings categorized as doubt about participating, apprehension and discomfort, respect for the body, appreciation for the opportunity, a sense of achievement, and feelings of comfort knowing that consent had been obtained. These findings confirm our initial hypothesis and suggest that (1) newly dead infants can be a valuable resource for teaching intubation skills, and (2) others considering a similar approach need to be aware of and sensitive to trainees' feelings.
Giant Congenital Left Atrial Aneurysm in an 11-Year-Old Boy
Authors: Wen-Yu Lu, Shu-Chien Huang, Shyh-Jye Chen, Jie-Yang Jhuang, Yung-Chuan Chen, Jou-Kou Wang, Mei-Hwan Wu, Chun-An Chen
Journal: Circulation (2012)
Prognostic Factors and Scores in Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders After Solid Organ Transplantation
Authors: Daan Dierickx, Michel Delforge, Gregor Verhoef
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

We have read with great interest the article by Evens et al, 1 in which they report a multicenter analysis of 80 patients with post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after solid organ transplantation.Based on a multivariate analysis, the authors propose a new prognostic model, which clearly distinguishes three groups with markedly different progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates.As external validation of prognostic scores is important and inevitably is mainly based on other retrospective series in rare disorders such as PTLD, we raise some concern about the exact definition of prognostic factors.Until now, most data regarding PTLD are derived retrospectively from registry databases and single-center series.Whereas the main strength of registries is comprised by the large numbers of patients, smaller single or multicenter studies seem to provide more detailed information on potential prognostic factors.In this way, the article by Evens et al, 1 which identifies hypoalbuminemia as a new strong prognostic factor, adds important value to our current knowledge of PTLD.Identification of prognostic factors in PTLD has been limited by different reasons including mainly heterogeneity in patient population, immunosuppressive therapy, disease itself, and treatment options.A number of prognostic scores have been proposed in different transplantation populations, although none of them have been validated in other series. 2-5 CNS involvement has been proposed as a poor prognostic factor in PTLD. 2,6Evens et al 1 were able to confirm this association in their analysis and found that it maintained prognostic significance on PFS and OS in multivariate analysis.However, all patients with CNS involvement (13%) presented with primary CNS lymphoma, probably implying that these patients were all symptomatic at diagnosis. 1 As the authors did not mention the definition of CNS involvement in their analysis, overt CNS involvement might have been present.External validation of their prognostic score can only be possible if information
p53 Down-Regulates Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue Deleted on Chromosome 10 Protein Stability Partially through Caspase-Mediated Degradation in Cells with Proteasome Dysfunction
Authors: Yufang Tang, Charis Eng
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract There has been intense investigation regarding the interaction between the phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and p53 tumor suppressors. p53 has been shown to up-regulate PTEN expression as a transcriptional activator. However, clinical observations by immunohistochemistry studies indicate that significant increases in p53 protein levels coexist with reduced or absent expression of PTEN protein in a variety of neoplasias. In this study, we propose a mechanism that begins to explain how p53 can both up-regulate and down-regulate PTEN. We have found that PTEN protein is down-regulated under proteasome dysfunction induced by proteasome inhibitor MG132 in both human lymphoblast cells and MCF7 cells. The reduction of PTEN is coincident with elevated p53 protein levels and the association between PTEN and p53 but independent of its phosphatase activities. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR indicates that proteasome inhibition does not reduce PTEN message levels but affects PTEN protein stability. The p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-α, is able to attenuate the effect of proteasome inhibition. Using ectopic expression studies in p53-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts and p53/PTEN-null PC3 cells, we show that PTEN is more stable in p53-null cells compared with p53-expressing cells. Inhibition of caspases, the downstream targets of p53, particularly caspase-3, can partially restore the stability of PTEN. This study provides the first evidence that p53 is able to down-regulate PTEN protein stability in stressed cells. Our study sheds some light on the mechanisms that regulate PTEN protein stability, which is important to fully elucidate to comprehend the broad neoplastic manifestations of Cowden syndrome/Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba and sporadic cancers. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(12): 6139-48)
Hemorrhagic complications in a phase II study of sunitinib in patients of nasopharyngeal carcinoma who has previously received high-dose radiation
Authors: E.P. Hui, B.B.Y. Ma, A.D. King, F. Mo, S.L. Chan, M.K.M. Kam, H.H. Loong, A.T. Ahuja, B.C.Y. Zee, A.T.C. Chan
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2011)
Chemotherapy of Gonococcal Vulvovaginitis
Authors: D. K. Brown
Journal: BMJ (1939)

TEDICAL JOURNASUleron, when given by the delayed method, also shortens the disease and is better tolerated than prontosil album.It achieves a permanent-cure rate of 56 per cent., but owing to the delayed method of administration complica- tions were met with in 20 per cent. in this series.The majority of these complications appeared towards the end of the second week-that is, before the administration of uleron.M & B 693 is well tolerated in the dosage given.It shortens the-disease, prevents complications, and produces a permanent-cure rate of 86 per cent. in the cases investigated.M & B 693 undoubtedly is superior to prontosil album and uleron in the treatment of acute gonococcal urethritis in the male sex.I wish to express my thanks to Messrs. Bayer Products Ltd. for the supply of uleron and literature and to Messrs. May and Baker for supplies of M & B 693 and' literature.My thanks
Effect of 1-Epinephrine on the Coronary Circulation in Human Subjects with and without Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: JAY M. SULLIVAN, RICHARD GORLIN
Journal: Circulation Research (1967)

The effects of intravenous infusion of epinephrine on the coronary circulation of 21 human subjects, 8 with and 13 without coronary artery disease, have been studied. The response to epinephrine was similar in the two groups. Epinephrine increased cardiac output, stroke volume, and systolic ejection rate significantly without significant change in blood pressure. Myocardial O 2 consumption increased in relation to increased kinetics of contraction. Coronary flow increased significantly without change in coronary arteriovenous O 2 difference, suggesting that the vasodilatory response to epinephrine in man is secondary to augmented myocardial metabolic demands.
The mutational landscape of chromatin regulatory factors across 4,623 tumor samples
Authors: Abel Gonzalez-Perez, Alba Jene-Sanz, Nuria Lopez-Bigas
Journal: Genome biology (2013)

Abstract Background Chromatin regulatory factors are emerging as important genes in cancer development and are regarded as interesting candidates for novel targets for cancer treatment. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the role of this group of genes in different cancer types. Results We have analyzed 4,623 tumor samples from thirteen anatomical sites to determine which chromatin regulatory factors are candidate drivers in these different sites. We identify 34 chromatin regulatory factors that are likely drivers in tumors from at least one site, all with relatively low mutational frequency. We also analyze the relative importance of mutations in this group of genes for the development of tumorigenesis in each site, and in different tumor types from the same site. Conclusions We find that, although tumors from all thirteen sites show mutations in likely driver chromatin regulatory factors, these are more prevalent in tumors arising from certain tissues. With the exception of hematopoietic, liver and kidney tumors, as a median, the mutated factors are less than one fifth of all mutated drivers across all sites analyzed. We also show that mutations in two of these genes, MLL and EP300 , correlate with broad expression changes across cancer cell lines, thus presenting at least one mechanism through which these mutations could contribute to tumorigenesis in cells of the corresponding tissues.
Potential of interferon- -inducible protein 10 in improving tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV-infected patients
Authors: M.G. Aabye, M. Ruhwald, G. PrayGod, K. Jeremiah, M. Faurholt-Jepsen, D. Faurholt-Jepsen, N. Range, H. Friis, J. Changalucha, A.B. Andersen, P. Ravn
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

Potential of interferon-c-inducible protein 10 in improving tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV-infected patientsTo the Editors:In patients latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, immunosuppression significantly augments the risk of progression to active tuberculosis (TB) and TB is still one of the most frequent opportunistic infections worldwide.Prevention of TB in HIV-positive patients using the tuberculin skin testing (TST) followed by targeted preventive treatment is an effective strategy, but has thus far shown limited clinical success, in part due to the lack of a reliable test for latent TB infection (LTBI) [1].Interferon (IFN)-c release assays (IGRAs) have shown great potential in the improvement of LTBI diagnosis, but the tests perform suboptimally in immunocompromised populations.We and others have previously shown that HIV-positive patients have high rates of indeterminate QuantiFERON1-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-IT) results and that this, at least in part, is due to low CD4 T-cell count [2-4].
Insurance problems among inflammatory bowel disease patients: results of a Dutch population based study
Authors: M G V M Russel
Journal: Gut (2003)

<b>Background and aims:</b> The majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a normal life expectancy and therefore should not be weighted when applying for life assurance. There is scant literature on this topic. In this study our aim was to document and compare the incidence of difficulties in application for life and medical insurance in a population based cohort of IBD patients and matched population controls. <b>Methods:</b> A population based case control study of 1126 IBD patients and 1723 controls. Based on a detailed questionnaire, the frequency and type of difficulties encountered when applying for life and medical insurance in matched IBD and control populations were appraised. <b>Results:</b> In comparison with controls, IBD patients had an 87-fold increased risk of encountering difficulties when applying for life assurance (odds ratio (OR) 87 (95% confidence interval (CI) 31–246)), with a heavily weighted premium being the most common problem. Patients of high educational status, with continuous disease activity, and who smoked had the highest odds of encountering such problems. Medical insurance difficulties were fivefold more common in IBD patients compared with controls (OR 5.4 (95% CI 2.3–13)) although no specific disease or patient characteristics were identified as associated with such difficulties. <b>Conclusions:</b> This is the first detailed case control study that has investigated insurance difficulties among IBD patients. Acquiring life and medical insurance constituted a major problem for IBD patients in this study. These results are likely to be more widely representative given that most insurance companies use international guidelines for risk assessment. In view of the recent advances in therapy and promising survival data on IBD patients, evidence based guidelines for risk assessment of IBD patients by insurance companies should be drawn up to prevent possible discriminatory practices.
The ESHRE PGD Consortium: 10 years of data collection
Authors: J.C. Harper, L. Wilton, J. Traeger-Synodinos, V. Goossens, C. Moutou, S.B. SenGupta, T. Pehlivan Budak, P. Renwick, M. De Rycke, J.P.M. Geraedts, G. Harton
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2012)

Since it was established in 1997, the ESHRE PGD Consortium has been collecting data from international preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) centres. Ten papers have been published, including data from January 1997 to December 2007. The data collection originally used a hard-copy format, then an excel database and finally a FileMaker Pro database. The indications are divided into five categories: PGD for chromosome abnormalities, sexing for X-linked disease, PGD for single gene defects, preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) and PGD for social sexing. The main end-points are pregnancy outcome and follow-up of deliveries. In data collection I, 16 centres contributed data, which increased to 57 centres by data X (average of 39 centres per data collection). These centres contributed data on over 27 000 cycles that reached oocyte retrieval. Of these cycles, 61% were for aneuploidy screening, 17% for single gene disorders, 16% for chromosomal abnormalities, 4% for sexing of X-linked disease and 2% for social sexing. Cumulatively, 5187 clinical pregnancies gave rise to 4140 deliveries and 5135 newborns (singletons: 3182, twins: 921, triplets: 37). In this paper, we present an overview of the first 10 years of PGD data, highlighting trends. These include the introduction of laser-assisted biopsy, an increase in polar body and trophectoderm biopsy, new strategies, methodologies and technologies for diagnosis, including recently arrays, and the more frequent use of freezing biopsied embryos. The Consortium data reports represent a valuable resource for information about the practice of PGD.
The attidude of the teachers working in Manisa City Center toward the practice of the law on prevention of hazards of tobacco products numbered 5727 and the rate of smoking cessation among teachers
Authors: Tuğba Göktalay, Yavuz Havlucu, Ayşin Şakar Coşkun, Hakan Baydur, Saliha Altiparmak, Gul Gerceklioglu, Selhan Özbey, Pinar Guzel, Yavuz Yildiz, Nilgün Vurgun, Cenk Zongur, Hilal Bati, Türkan Günay, Gönül Horasan
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

This study is aimed to investigate the attitude of the teachers in Manisa toward the taw numbered 5727 came into force on 19 July 2009 and the smoking cessation rate before and after application of this law.  The study was conduced in 727 teachers working in primary and secondary schools in Manisa between May2011 and June2011.588 teachers(80,8%)participated to the study filed out the questionnaire.  47,8% of them was male.Rate of ex-smokers and current smokers were 30% and 36.1% in male and 16.7%and 26.4% in female respectively.97.3% of nonsmokers,94.5% of ex-smokers,100% of occasionally smokers,and 75.5%of current smokers supported the law(p  Teachers have a positive attitude about the law. Smoking cessation rate in current smoker teachers was significantly increased after July 2007.
Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy
Authors: Stefan Rutkowski, Nicolas Ulrich Gerber, Katja von Hoff, Astrid Gnekow, Udo Bode, Norbert Graf, Frank Berthold, Günter Henze, Johannes E.A. Wolff, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Angela Emser, Holger Ottensmeier, Frank Deinlein, Paul-Gerhardt Schlegel, Rolf-Dieter Kortmann, Torsten Pietsch, Joachim Kuehl
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2009)

To investigate the utility of postoperative chemotherapy in delaying radiotherapy and to identify prognostic factors in early childhood medulloblastoma, we studied children younger than 3 years of age registered to the HIT-SKK'87 (Therapieprotokoll für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder mit Hirntumoren [Brain Tumor Radiotherapy for Infants and Toddlers with Medulloblastoma] 1987) trial who received systemic interval chemotherapy until craniospinal radiotherapy was applied at 3 years of age or at relapse, from 1987 to 1993. Children with postoperative residual tumor or metastatic disease received systemic induction chemotherapy prior to interval chemotherapy. Twenty-nine children were eligible for analyses (median age, 1.7 years; median follow-up, 12.6 years). In children without macroscopic metastases, rates (+/-SEM) for 10-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 52.9% +/- 12.1% and 58.8% +/- 11.9% (complete resection), and 55.6% +/- 16.6% and 66.7% +/- 15.7% (incomplete resection), compared with 0% and 0% in children with macroscopic metastases. Survival was superior in nine children with desmoplastic or extensive nodular histology compared with 20 children with classic medulloblastoma (10-year PFS, 88.9% +/- 10.5% and 30.0% +/- 10.3%, p = 0.003; OS, 88.9% +/- 10.5% and 40.0% +/- 11.0%, p = 0.006). Eleven of 12 children with tumor progression during chemotherapy had classic medulloblastoma. After treatment, IQ scores were inferior compared with nonirradiated children from the subsequent study, HIT-SKK'92. Classic histology, metastatic disease, and male gender were independent adverse risk factors for PFS and OS in 72 children from HIT-SKK'87 and HIT-SKK'92 combined. In terms of survival, craniospinal radiotherapy was successfully delayed especially in young children with medulloblastoma of desmoplastic/extensive nodular histology, which was a strong independent favorable prognostic factor. Because of the neurocognitive deficits of survivors, the emerging concepts to avoid craniospinal radiotherapy should rely on the histological medulloblastoma subtype.
Association between Body Mass Index and Mortality Is Similar in the Hemodialysis Population and the General Population at High Age and Equal Duration of Follow-Up
Authors: Renée de Mutsert, Marieke B. Snijder, Femke van der Sman-de Beer, Jacob C. Seidell, Elisabeth W. Boeschoten, Raymond T. Krediet, Jacqueline M. Dekker, Jan P. Vandenbroucke, Friedo W. Dekker
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

The association of body mass index (BMI) with mortality in hemodialysis patients has been found to be reversed in comparison with the general population. This study examined the association of BMI with mortality in the hemodialysis population and the general population when age and time of follow-up were made strictly comparable. Hemodialysis patients who were aged 50 to 75 yr at the start of follow-up were selected from the Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis-2 (NECOSAD), a prospective cohort study in incident dialysis patients in the Netherlands (n = 722; age 66 +/- 7 yr; BMI 25.3 +/- 4.5 kg/m(2)), and compared with adults who were aged 50 to 75 yr and included in the Hoorn Study, a population-based prospective cohort study in the same country (n = 2436; age 62 +/- 7 yr; BMI 26.5 +/- 3.6 kg/m(2)). In both populations, 2- and 7-yr standardized mortality rates were calculated for categories of BMI. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of BMI categories were calculated with a BMI of 22.5 to 25 kg/m(2) as the reference category within each population. In 7 yr of follow-up, standardized mortality rates were approximately 10 times higher in the hemodialysis population than those in the general population. Compared with the reference category, the HR of BMI <18.5 kg/m(2) was 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]1.2 to 3.4) in the hemodialysis population and 2.3 (95% CI 0.7 to 7.5) in the general population. Obesity (BMI >or=30 kg/m(2)) was associated with a HR of 1.2 (95% CI 0.8 to 1.7) in the hemodialysis population and 1.3 (95% CI 0.9 to 2.0) in the general population. In conclusion, a hemodialysis population and a general population with comparable age and equal duration of follow-up showed similar mortality risk patterns associated with BMI. This suggests that there is no reverse epidemiology of BMI and mortality in hemodialysis patients. The clinical implication of this study is that to improve survival in the hemodialysis population, more attention should be paid to patients who are underweight instead of overweight.