tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The APPLe Study: A Randomized, Community-Based, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Azithromycin for the Prevention of Preterm Birth, with Meta-Analysis
Authors: Nynke R. van den Broek, Sarah A. White, Mark Goodall, Chikondi Ntonya, Edith Kayira, George Kafulafula, James P. Neilson
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2009)

Premature birth is the major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity in both high- and low-income countries. The causes of preterm labour are multiple but infection is important. We have previously described an unusually high incidence of preterm birth (20%) in an ultrasound-dated, rural, pregnant population in Southern Malawi with high burdens of infective morbidity. We have now studied the impact of routine prophylaxis with azithromycin as directly observed, single-dose therapy at two gestational windows to try to decrease the incidence of preterm birth.
Virtual Electrode–Induced Phase Singularity
Authors: Igor R. Efimov, Yuanna Cheng, David R. Van Wagoner, Todor Mazgalev, Patrick J. Tchou
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

Abstract —Delivery of a strong electric shock to the heart remains the only effective therapy against ventricular fibrillation. Despite significant improvements in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy, the fundamental mechanisms of defibrillation remain poorly understood. We have recently demonstrated that a monophasic defibrillation shock produces a highly nonuniform epicardial polarization pattern, referred to as a virtual electrode pattern (VEP). The VEP consists of large adjacent areas of strong positive and negative polarization. We sought to determine whether the VEP may be responsible for defibrillation failure by creating dispersion of postshock repolarization and reentry. Truncated exponential biphasic and monophasic shocks were delivered from a bipolar ICD lead in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. Epicardial electrical activity was mapped during and after defibrillation shocks and shocks applied at the plateau phase of a normal action potential produced by ventricular pacing. A high-resolution fluorescence mapping system with 256 recording sites and a voltage-sensitive dye were used. Biphasic shocks with a weak second phase (&lt;20% leading-edge voltage of the second phase with respect to the leading-edge voltage of the first phase) produced VEPs similar to monophasic shocks. Biphasic shocks with a strong second phase (&gt;70%) produced VEPs of reversed polarity. Both of these waveforms resulted in extra beats and arrhythmias. However, biphasic waveforms with intermediate second-phase voltages (20% to 70% of first-phase voltage) produced no VEP, because of an asymmetric reversal of the first-phase polarization. Therefore, there was no substrate for postshock dispersion of repolarization. Shocks producing strong VEPs resulted in postshock reentrant arrhythmias via a mechanism of phase singularity. Points of phase singularity were created by the shock in the intersection of areas of positive, negative, and no polarization, which were set by the shock to excited, excitable, and refractory states, respectively. Shock-induced VEPs may reinduce arrhythmias via a phase-singularity mechanism. Strong shocks may overcome the preshock electrical activity and create phase singularities, regardless of the preshock phase distribution. Optimal defibrillation waveforms did not produce VEPs because of an asymmetric effect of phase reversal on membrane polarization.
Distinct cerebrospinal fluid amyloid β peptide signatures in sporadic and PSEN1A431E-associated familial Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Erik Portelius, Ulf Andreasson, John M Ringman, Katharina Buerger, Jonny Daborg, Peder Buchhave, Oskar Hansson, Andreas Harmsen, Mikael K Gustavsson, Eric Hanse, Douglas Galasko, Harald Hampel, Kaj Blennow, Henrik Zetterberg
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2010)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with deposition of amyloid beta (Abeta) in the brain, which is reflected by low concentration of the Abeta1-42 peptide in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There are at least 15 additional Abeta peptides in human CSF and their relative abundance pattern is thought to reflect the production and degradation of Abeta. Here, we test the hypothesis that AD is characterized by a specific CSF Abeta isoform pattern that is distinct when comparing sporadic AD (SAD) and familial AD (FAD) due to different mechanisms underlying brain amyloid pathology in the two disease groups. We measured Abeta isoform concentrations in CSF from 18 patients with SAD, 7 carriers of the FAD-associated presenilin 1 (PSEN1) A431E mutation, 17 healthy controls and 6 patients with depression using immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Low CSF levels of Abeta1-42 and high levels of Abeta1-16 distinguished SAD patients and FAD mutation carriers from healthy controls and depressed patients. SAD and FAD were characterized by similar changes in Abeta1-42 and Abeta1-16, but FAD mutation carriers exhibited very low levels of Abeta1-37, Abeta1-38 and Abeta1-39. SAD patients and PSEN1 A431E mutation carriers are characterized by aberrant CSF Abeta isoform patterns that hold clinically relevant diagnostic information. PSEN1 A431E mutation carriers exhibit low levels of Abeta1-37, Abeta1-38 and Abeta1-39; fragments that are normally produced by gamma-secretase, suggesting that the PSEN1 A431E mutation modulates gamma-secretase cleavage site preference in a disease-promoting manner.
Union urges Spanish doctors to report effects of budget cuts on patient care
Authors: A. Garcia Rada
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The regional health department in Catalonia has launched an inquiry after one of its public hospitals, which is under private management, rented out theatre space so that a patient could have a private operation after cuts to the region’s health budget as part of austerity measures. 

Catalonia was the first region in Spain to introduce cuts in health spending a year ago ( BMJ 2011;343:d6466, doi:10.1136/bmj.d6466). These have led the hospital in the town of La Seu d’Urgell, a public hospital that is privately managed, to rent out unused shifts in its operating theatres to private patients, the newspaper El Pais revealed on 8 February.

A 66 year old woman who needed knee surgery became the …
Association Between Local Pulse Pressure, Mean Blood Pressure, and Large-Artery Remodeling
Authors: Pierre Boutouyrie, Caroline Bussy, Patrick Lacolley, Xavier Girerd, Brigitte Laloux, Stéphane Laurent
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —The aim of the present study was to determine the respective influences of local pulse pressure and mean blood pressure on arterial remodeling in humans at 2 arterial sites: a central, predominantly elastic artery (the common carotid artery) and a peripheral muscular artery (the radial artery). Methods and Results —Forty-three healthy subjects and 124 never-treated hypertensive patients were included in the study. Intima-media thickness and internal diameter of the carotid and radial arteries were noninvasively determined with high-definition echo-tracking devices. Pulse pressure was measured locally with applanation tonometry. Multivariate regression models including mean blood pressure and local pulse pressure were established in the whole population. Carotid internal diameter and intima-media thickness were strongly influenced ( P &lt;0.0001) by carotid pulse pressure but not by mean blood pressure or brachial pulse pressure, independently of age and sex. Radial artery internal diameter was correlated with age but not with mean blood pressure or radial pulse pressure. Radial artery intima-media thickness was correlated with mean blood pressure ( P &lt;0.001) but not with radial pulse pressure. Conclusions —Carotid pulse pressure was a strong independent determinant of carotid artery enlargement and wall thickening, whereas mean blood pressure and brachial pulse pressure were not, indicating the prominent influence of local pulsatile mechanical load on arterial remodeling. These relationships were observed at the site of an elastic artery but not at the site of a muscular artery, suggesting the contribution of cyclic stretching to the pulse pressure–induced arterial remodeling.
Effect of Surgeon Specialty on Processes of Care and Outcomes for Ovarian Cancer Patients
Authors: Craig C. Earle, Deborah Schrag, Bridget A. Neville, K. Robin Yabroff, Marie Topor, Angela Fahey, Edward L. Trimble, Diane C. Bodurka, Robert E. Bristow, Michael Carney, Joan L. Warren
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2006)

For many diseases, specialized care (i.e., care rendered by a specialist) has been associated with superior-quality care (i.e., better outcomes). We examined associations between physician specialty and outcomes in a population-based cohort of elderly ovarian cancer surgery patients.We analyzed the Medicare claims, by physician specialty, of all women aged 65 years or older who underwent surgery for pathologically confirmed invasive epithelial ovarian cancer between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1999, while living in an area monitored by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program to assess important care processes (i.e., the appropriate extent of surgery and use of adjuvant chemotherapy) and outcomes (i.e., surgical complications, ostomy rates, and survival). All statistical tests were two-sided.Among 3067 ovarian cancer patients who underwent surgery, 1017 patients (33%) were treated by a gynecologic oncologist, 1377 patients (45%) by a general gynecologist, and 673 patients (22%) by a general surgeon. Among patients with stage I or II disease, those treated by a gynecologic oncologist (60%) were more likely to undergo lymph node dissection than those treated by a general gynecologist (36%) or a general surgeon (16%). Patients with stage III or IV disease were more likely to undergo a debulking procedure if the initial surgery was performed by a gynecologic oncologist (58%) than by a general gynecologist (51%) or a general surgeon (40%; P < .001) and were more likely to receive postoperative chemotherapy when operated on by a gynecologic oncologist (79%) or a general gynecologist (76%) than by a general surgeon (62%, P < .001). Survival among patients operated on by gynecologic oncologists (hazard ratio [HR] of death from any cause = 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.76 to 0.95) or general gynecologists (HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.78 to 0.96) was better than that among patients operated on by general surgeons.Ovarian cancer patients treated by gynecologic oncologists had marginally better outcomes than those treated by general gynecologists and clearly superior outcomes compared with patients treated by general surgeons.
Characteristics of relapse after autologous stem-cell transplantation for follicular lymphoma: a long-term follow-up
Authors: M. Kornacker, J. Stumm, C. Pott, S. Dietrich, S. Süssmilch, M. Hensel, M. Nickelsen, M. Witzens-Harig, M. Kneba, N. Schmitz, A.D. Ho, P. Dreger
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2009)
Relationship between immunoglobulin levels, tuberculin hypersensitivity and radiological extent of disease in Greek patients with pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: S Michaelides, JM Grange
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1989)

Greek patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, who were studied before receiving any form of treatment, tended to have elevated immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in the IgG and IgA, but not the IgM, classes. This is in agreement with the findings of the majority of studies on immunoglobulin levels in other countries. The levels of IgA were particularly associated with the extent of disease and were significantly higher in smear-positive than in smear-negative patients. There was no significant relationship between the intensity of tuberculin sensitivity and immunoglobulin levels except for a weak tendency for patients with high IgA levels to have small skin reactions to tuberculin.
Prevention of urinary retention with phenoxybenzamine during epidural morphine.
Authors: K Murray
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Breast fed babies take about 150 ml/kg of milk in 24 hours.1 Therefore in the case quoted the baby's intake of verapamil would have been 45 ng/kg/24 hours, about 1/100 000 of the maternal dose.I therefore disagree with the authors' conclusion that women receiving verapamil should not breast feed.
2 TMC435 IN HCV GENOTYPE 1 PATIENTS WHO HAVE FAILED PREVIOUS PEGYLATED INTERFERON/RIBAVIRIN TREATMENT: FINAL SVR24 RESULTS OF THE ASPIRE TRIAL
Authors: S. Zeuzem, T. Berg, E. Gane, P. Ferenci, G.R. Foster, M.W. Fried, C. Hezode, G. Hirschfield, I. Jacobson, I. Nikitin, P. Pockros, F. Poordad, O. Lenz, M. Peeters, V. Sekar, G. De Smedt, M. Beumont-Mauviel
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Effects of Peer-Group Intervention on Metabolic Control of Adolescents With IDDM: Randomized Outpatient Study
Authors: Barbara J Anderson, Fredric M Wolf, Mary T Burkhart, Richard G Cornell, George E Bacon
Journal: Diabetes Care (1989)

In children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), deterioration in metabolic control frequently occurs during early adolescence. To prevent this predictable increase in blood glucose levels, we randomly assigned young adolescents with IDDM to an intervention based on problem solving with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) integrated into standard outpatient care or to standard care only for an 18-mo period. At follow-up, 50% of the standard-care adolescents exhibited &amp;gt; 1% increase in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) levels over baseline values, indicating a deterioration in metabolic control, compared to only 23% of the intervention group. Follow-up HbA1 means ± SD were 10.10 ± 2.00% for intervention and 11.04 ± 2.28% for standard-care adolescents, indicating a significantly lower value in the intervention group (P = .04). At follow-up, a greater percentage of intervention than standard-care adolescents reported using SMBG information when they exercised (60.0 vs. 33.3%, X2 = 4.29, P = .04). Our data suggest that clinic-based problem-solving groups can be more effective with young adolescents with IDDM than conventional treatment in preventing the expected deterioration in blood glucose.
Complement activating properties of monoreactive and polyreactive IgM rheumatoid factors.
Authors: Y Sato, R Sato, H Watanabe, A Kogure, K Watanabe, T Nishimaki, R Kasukawa, M Kuraya, T Fujita
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1993)

To estimate the complement activating properties of monoclonal, monoreactive, and polyreactive IgM rheumatoid factors derived from Epstein-Barr virus transformed B cells isolated from peripheral blood and synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the activation of the classical pathway of complement by monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factor. Monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factor was bound to IgG Fc adsorbed onto microtitre plates and then reacted with diluted normal human serum as a source of complement. The activation and binding of C4 were measured with F(ab')2 antibody to human C4. The complement activating property of IgM rheumatoid factor bound to IgG Fc was tentatively expressed as the ratio of the amount of bound C4 to the amount of bound IgM rheumatoid factor.The complement activating property of monoreactive IgM rheumatoid factor was shown to be about three times higher than that of polyreactive IgM rheumatoid factor.Monoreactive IgM rheumatoid factor with the higher complement activating property would result in a greater degree of complement dependent inflammation and might have a more important pathogenic role in RA than polyreactive IgM rheumatoid factor.
PROTOZOAL AGENTS: What Are the Dangers for the Public Water Supply?
Authors: Ted S. Steiner, MD, Nathan M. Thielman, MD, Richard L. Guerrant, MD
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1997)

▪ Abstract Safe and efficient treatment of drinking water has been one of the major public health advances of the twentieth century. People in developed countries generally take for granted that their water is safe to drink, a luxury the majority of the world's population does not have. The leading cause of infant mortality in the developing world is infectious diarrhea, and the prevalence of diarrheal pathogens is largely influenced by the quality and quantity of clean water available for drinking and washing. Until recently, modern water treatment had all but eliminated these concerns in developed nations. Over the past two decades, however, the safety of our water supply has been threatened by the emergence of Cryptosporidium parvum, a protozoal pathogen. The hearty oocysts of this organism survive chlorination and filtration to cause a diarrheal illness that, while unpleasant enough in healthy people, is devastating in immunocompromised individuals. The 1993 Milwaukee outbreak, in which 403,000 people developed diarrhea from drinking water that met all the updated federal safety standards, demonstrated the tremendous public health importance of this organism. While earlier attention had focused on Giardia and amebic infections, the other "emerging" protozoan besides Cryptosporidium is Cyclospora. This review discusses the protozoal pathogens, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cyclospora cayetanensis, that cause waterborne diarrheal outbreaks and the threats they pose to the public.
Foot area and height of centre of gravity of individuals as determinants during the transition phase of step and jump of triple jumping
Authors: R K Venkata
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Larger foot area and lower centre of gravity need more propulsive force. Larger foot area releases larger amount of force into the earth causing ineffective repulsion during the step and jump phases making more uneconomical. This study was to analyse the correlation among the area of the foot, height of the individual and step and jump performance of triple jumping. Foot area of the 200 subjects was measured by graph weighing method. The mean subject height was 170 cm: all were nonobese without any prior regular athletic training. Partial correlation was applied to analyse the correlation between the distance achieved for step and jump phases and foot area, centre of gravity height of the participants. A significant negative correlation was found between foot area and the performance (r=−0.148; p&lt;0.003), but no significant correlation was found between height and the performance. The negative correlation between foot area and the performance was greater (r=−0.191; p&lt;0.0001), when the effect of height was removed through first order partial correlation. The positive correlation between height and performance was found increased to significant level (r=0.142; p&lt;0.0014), when the effect of foot area was removed through partial correlation of first order. The performance of step and jump phases of triple jump decreases with the increase in the area of the foot and increases with the increase in height of centre of gravity of individuals.
Stochastic coreceptor shut-off is restricted to the CD4 lineage maturation pathway.
Authors: B Lucas, F Vasseur, C Penit
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

Kinetics of mature T cell generation in the thymus of normal or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I- or II-deficient mice were studied by the bromodeoxyuridine pulse labeling method. As previously described, the early activation and final maturation phases were found to be synchronous for the two T cell lineages, but CD4+8- cells were generated faster than CD4-8+ cells in MHC class I- and II-deficient mice, respectively. CD8 downregulation started on day 2 after cell proliferation even in the absence of MHC class II expression. CD8 downregulation thus appears to be stochastic at its beginning. By contrast, CD4 shut-off was found totally instructive, as the generation of CD4lo8+ cells with a high TCR density was not observed in class I-deficient mice. The analysis of the V beta 14 TCR frequencies in CD4/8 subsets in normal and MHC-deficient mice confirmed that CD4 and CD8 generation pathways are not symmetrical. These findings show that commitment towards the CD4+8- or CD4-8+ phenotype is controlled at the CD8lo step for the former and at the CD4+8+ double-positive stage for the latter.
Clinically relevant peach allergy is related to peach lipid transfer protein, Pru p 3, in the spanish population*1
Authors: Montserrat Fernandez-Rivas, Eloina Gonzalez-Mancebo, Rosa Rodriguez-Perez, Cristina Benito, Rosa Sanchez-Monge, Gabriel Salcedo, M. Dolores Alonso, Ana Rosado, Miguel Angel Tejedor, A. Conception Vila, M. Luisa Casas
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)
Cerebral benzodiazepine receptor bindingin vivo in patients with recurrent hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: G A Macdonald, K A Frey, B W Agranoff, S Minoshima, R A Koeppe, D E Kuhl, B L Shulkin, M R Lucey
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Increased activation of the central benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) appears to play an important role in hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, there is controversy regarding whether the density or affinity of BZRs is altered. A previous positron emission tomography (PET) study using the BZR antagonist [11C]flumazenil (FMZ) found two- to threefold greater cerebral cortical tracer uptake in recurrent HE, but did not account for impaired FMZ metabolism due to liver disease or assess the relative contributions of tracer delivery versus BZR binding. We hypothesized that correcting for these factors would affect estimations of BZR binding in HE. Nine patients with recurrent HE and 13 age-comparable controls were studied with [11C]FMZ PET. After intravenous administration of [11C]FMZ, arterial blood samples were collected, and PET images were acquired over 60 minutes. FMZ transport and binding maps were calculated for each subject by using a physiological tracer kinetic model. In agreement with the previous report, we found that FMZ reached a much higher level and was retained longer in the HE cerebral cortex despite similar total blood radioactivity levels in the two groups. However, the patients showed impaired hepatic metabolism of FMZ. After physiological modeling incorporating these data, significant increases in BZR binding were found in the thalamus (13%), cerebellum (20%), and pons (23%). There were minor, statistically insignificant increases in cerebral cortical (10%), putamen (12%), and whole brain (12%) BZR binding in patients with recurrent HE. These findings are in general agreement with results of autopsy studies, confirming a lack of major increases in cortical or basal ganglial BZR binding in HE. They emphasize that physiological tracer modeling should be used and altered peripheral radioligand metabolism considered in future PET studies of HE.
Acetazolamide for Pseudotumor Cerebri
Authors: Jonathan C. Horton
Journal: JAMA (2014)

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