tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM IN DISEASE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF BLOOD GASES
Authors: J. H. Means, A. V. Bock, M. N. Woodwell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1921)

Carbon dioxide diagrams (Haggard and Henderson (9)) have been constructed for the blood of a series of hospital patients as a method of studying disturbances in their acid-base equilibrium. A diabetic with a low level of blood alkali, but with a normal blood reaction, a compensated acidosis in other words, showed a rapid return towards normal with no treatment but fasting and increased water and salt intake. A nephritic with a decompensated acidosis and a very low blood alkali was rapidly brought to a condition of decompensated alkalosis with a high blood alkali by the therapeutic administration of sodium bicarbonate. It is suggested that the therapeutic use of alkali in acidosis is probably only indicated in the decompensated variety, and that there it should be controlled carefully and the production of alkalosis avoided. The diagram obtained in three pneumonia patients suggested that they were suffering from a condition of carbonic acidosis, due perhaps to insufficient pulmonary ventilation. In two out of three cases of anemia the dissociation curve was found to lie at a higher level than normal. No explanation for this finding was offered.
Left bundle branch block as a risk factor for progression to heart failure
Authors: Faiez Zannad, Etienne Huvelle, Kenneth Dickstein, Dirk J. van Veldhuisen, Christoph Stellbrink, Lars Køber, Serge Cazeau, Philippe Ritter, Aldo Pietro Maggioni, Roberto Ferrari, Philippe Lechat
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2006)
Effect of glucose-insulin-potassium infusions on epicardial ECG changes and on myocardial metabolic changes after coronary artery ligation in dogs
Authors: A J DALBY, O L BRICKNELL, L H OPIE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1981)

The effect of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion (GIK) on developing myocardial infarction in dogs was evaluated, commencing infusion 30 min after coronary artery ligation (CAL). The parameters studied were: early (60 min after CAL) and late (6½ h after CAL) epicardial ST segment elevation, the change in Q, R, and S waves and certain myocardial metabolic determinations (glycogen, sodium, potassium, dry-wet weight ratio, adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate, inorganic phosphate, and lactate). 6½ h after coronary ligation Q wave amplitude was less, the R wave amplitude was greater and the metabolic profile in the infaret zone was less deranged; metabolic improvement was also found in the nonischaemic zone. Sites in which early ST-segment elevation was less with GIK did not predict all the sites in which there was eventual lessened Q wave formation. R wave fall and disturbance of myocardial metabolism. This study supports others showing an effect of GIK in improving the features of developing experimental myocardial infarction. Following the rate of Q wave development in relation to the early ST segment elevation may be of value in assessing GIK effects provided that a qualitative rather than quantitative relationship between the two parameters is accepted.
Palliative oxygen and room air did not differ for relief of breathlessness in patients with refractory dyspnea
Authors: Abi Rayner
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Source Citation Abernethy AP, McDonald CF, Frith PA, et al. Effect of palliative oxygen versus room air in relief of breathlessness in patients with refractory dyspnoea: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:784-93. 20816546
The Biosynthesis, Intracellular Processing, and Secretion of Parathormone
Authors: DAVID V. COHN, RONAL R. MACGREGOR
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1981)

EVOLUTIONARY pressures have brought into being a remarkable homeostatic mechanism in higher animals for the control of ionized calcium in the extracellular fluid. This system uses parathormone (PTH), the subject of this review, and two other hormones, calcitonin (1) and active metabolites of vitamin D3 (2–4), which in concert act on bone, kidney, and intestine to maintain the concentration of ionized serum calcium at its physiological set point, about 1.3 mM. This represents about one half of the total (ionized and bound) calcium in serum (5, 6). The parathyroid gland is the principal agent in this system since it responds to the moment to moment fluctuations of calcium in the extracellular fluids. When the concentration of ionized calcium in the blood perfusing the parathyroid drops below its set point, the gland immediately releases more PTH to the circulation (7). The hormone acts directly on osteoclasts to enhance resorption of bone and to bring the calcium and phosphate of the bone mineral into the circulation (8, 9); it acts on osteoblasts to inhibit new bone formation (9); and it acts on the kidney to increase the retention of calcium (8), the excretion of phosphate (10–13), and the formation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (2, 14).
Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol as an Antiemetic for Patients Receiving Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: STEPHEN FRYTAK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

The antiemetic activity and side-effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were evaluated in 116 patients (median age 61 years) receiving combined 5-fluorouracil and semustine (methyl CCNU) therapy for gastrointestinal carcinoma. In a double-blind study, patients were randomized to receive THC, 15 mg orally three times a day, prochlorperazine, 10 mg orally three times a day, or placebo. The THC had superior antiemetic activity in comparison to placebo, but it showed no advantage over prochlorperazine. Central nervous system side-effects, however, were significantly more frequent and more severe with THC. With the dosage and schedule we used, and in our patient population of largely elderly adults, THC therapy resulted in an overall more unpleasant treatment experience than that noted with prochlorperazine or placebo. Although THC may have a role in preventing nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy, this role must be more clearly defined before THC can be recommended for general use.
Phase II Trial of High-Dose Conformal Radiation Therapy With Concurrent Hepatic Artery Floxuridine for Unresectable Intrahepatic Malignancies
Authors: Edgar Ben-Josef, Daniel Normolle, William D. Ensminger, Suzette Walker, Daniel Tatro, Randall K. Ten Haken, James Knol, Laura A. Dawson, Charlie Pan, Theodore S. Lawrence
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

A phase II trial was conducted to determine if high-dose radiation with concurrent hepatic arterial floxuridine would improve survival in patients with unresectable intrahepatic malignancies.Three-dimensional conformal high-dose radiation therapy was delivered concurrently with hepatic arterial floxuridine in 128 patients. The radiation dose was based on a normal-tissue complication probability model and subjected the patient to an estimated maximum risk of radiation-induced liver disease of 10% to 15%. The study design provided more than 80% power to detect a two-fold increase in median survival compared with historical controls at a 5% significance level.The median radiation dose delivered was 60.75 Gy (1.5-Gy fractions bid). At a median follow-up time of 16 months (26 months in patients who were alive) the median survival was 15.8 months (95% CI, 12.6 to 18.3 months), significantly longer than in the historical control. The actuarial 3-year survival was 17%. The total dose was the only significant predictor of survival. Primary hepatobiliary tumors had a significantly greater tendency to remain confined to the liver than did colorectal cancer metastases. Overall toxicity was acceptable, with 27 patients (21%) and 11 patients (9%) developing grade 3 and 4 toxicity, respectively, and one treatment-related death.The results suggest that, compared with historical controls, high-dose focal liver irradiation with hepatic artery floxuridine prolongs survival in patients with unresectable chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer and primary hepatobiliary tumors. This provides a rationale for intensification of local therapy for unresectable hepatobiliary cancers and integration of this regimen with newer systemic therapy for patients with colorectal cancer.
Immunotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Herbert F. Oettgen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

Control of cancer by immunologic methods was first suggested by physicians who observed, more than a century ago, that advanced cancer occasionally underwent total regression after acute bacterial infection. Coley presented a substantial study of the effects of bacteria or their products on cancer, and there is little doubt that the bacterial products that came to be known as Coley's toxin were in some cases highly effective.1 This form of therapy later fell into disuse, in part because of high hopes raised by the introduction of radiotherapy, and afterward chemotherapy, which were more predictable and comprehensible, and whose mechanisms seemed . . .
TCTAP A-024 Prognostic Features Associated with Ischemic Preconditioning in Patients Presenting with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results from a Tunisian Registry
Authors: Waild Jomaa, Ikram Chamtouri, Sonia Hamdi, Mohamed Ali Azaiez, Khaldoun Ben Hamda, Faouzi Maatouk
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Muscle Pain, Fatigue, and Mitochondriopathies
Authors: Robert C. Griggs, George Karpati
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

Muscle pain and fatigue affect nearly half of patients who seek medical care.1 One of the paradoxes of medicine is that patients with these symptoms seldom have a recognizable disorder of muscle that can be identified by objective diagnostic tests such as muscle biopsy, electrophysiology, or imaging.1 The inability to arrive at a specific diagnosis is frustrating to both patients and physicians. In this issue of the Journal, Andreu et al.2 describe five patients with severe limitation of exercise due to muscle fatigability, as well as muscle pain and cramps. These patients were part of a larger group of patients . . .
Patents cannot be given for research methods that destroy healthy human embryos to obtain stem cells, German court rules
Authors: N. Stafford
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Germany’s highest court has ruled that research methods that involve the use of stem cells gathered from human embryos destroyed in the process cannot be patented.1

The ruling, by the Federal Court of Justice in Karlsruhe, comes after a long legal battle between the German researcher Oliver Brustle, who in 1997 had filed a stem cell patent application, and the global environmental advocacy group Greenpeace. In October 2011 the European Court of Justice issued a similar ruling involving the same case, meaning that German law on this specific issue is now in line with European law.2

However, the German court ruled …
The prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure in treated hypertension: the office versus ambulatory (OvA) blood pressure study
Authors: Denis L. Clement, Marc De Buyzere, Dirk De Bacquer, Peter De Leeuw, Daniel A. Duprez, Robert Fagard, Peter Gheeraert, Eoin O'Brien
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Modeling Alzheimer’s disease in transgenic rats
Authors: Sonia Do Carmo, A Cuello
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2013)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. At the diagnostic stage, the AD brain is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss. Despite the large variety of therapeutic approaches, this condition remains incurable, since at the time of clinical diagnosis, the brain has already suffered irreversible and extensive damage. In recent years, it has become evident that AD starts decades prior to its clinical presentation. In this regard, transgenic animal models can shed much light on the mechanisms underlying this “pre-clinical” stage, enabling the identification and validation of new therapeutic targets. This paper summarizes the formidable efforts to create models mimicking the various aspects of AD pathology in the rat. Transgenic rat models offer distinctive advantages over mice. Rats are physiologically, genetically and morphologically closer to humans. More importantly, the rat has a well-characterized, rich behavioral display. Consequently, rat models of AD should allow a more sophisticated and accurate assessment of the impact of pathology and novel therapeutics on cognitive outcomes.
Therapeutic Balloon Occlusion Of the Inferior Vena Cava
Authors: James A. Hunter
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Thirty-five patients with venous thromboembolism and indication for inferior vena cava (IVC) interruption were treated by experimental balloon occlusion. Experience with this group resulted in the development of a method and equipment to allow transjugular obstruction of the IVC in the awake patient receiving anticoagulants. The study showed that the new method is atraumatic even when applied to sick patients, that it permits simultaneous treatment with anticoagulants and venous occlusion, and that long-term results (to more than four years) are excellent.
Glutathione S-Transferase and N-Acetyltransferase Genotypes and Asbestos-Associated Pulmonary Disorders
Authors: A. Hirvonen, T. S. Sirkku, K. Linnainmaa, K. Koskinen, K. Husgafvel-Pursiainen, K. Mattson, H. Vainio
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1996)

Background Humans vary in their ability to metabolize endogenous and exogenous compounds. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and N -acetyltrans-ferases(NATs) are enzymes involved in the detoxification of hazardous agents. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes exhibit null (i.e., deletion) polymorphisms; in specific individuals, homozygous deletion (i.e., both copies lost) of these genes can be detected. Polymorphism of the NAT2 gene results in slow and fast acetylators of potentially toxic substances. The GSTM1-null and the NAT2 slow-acetylator genotypes have been associated with increased risks for the development of environmentally induced cancers.
Secrecy still surrounds contraception in Ireland
Authors: D. Payne
Journal: BMJ (1998)

In Ireland, a recent study on unwanted pregnancy reveals that the secrecy shrouding information about sexuality and contraception leads to unsafe sexual practices. The study questioned more than 2000 single and married women of all ages and social backgrounds and found that about a third of women with unwanted pregnancies seek abortions in England. The overall Irish abortion rate is 8.5% (25% in unmarried and 2% in married women). Most women with unwanted pregnancies were adolescents or in their early 20s, were single, and lacked a support from the man involved. These women became pregnant because they failed to use contraception and had no understanding of fertility cycles. Single and young women were afraid to be found in possession of contraception, and some reported that their physicians refused to prescribe oral contraceptives because of their age or marital status. About a third of women obtained abortion information through informal sources only. It was concluded that all women must have access to counseling and information on all options for resolving a crisis pregnancy.
The uncertain domain of resistance to change
Authors: Ben A. Williams, Matthew C. Bell
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Two important assumptions of behavioral momentum theory are contradicted by existing data. Resistance to change is not due simply to the Pavlovian contingency between a discriminative stimulus and the rate of reinforcement in its presence, because variations in the response-reinforcer contingency, independent of the stimulus-reinforcer contingency, produce differential resistance to change. Resistance to change is also not clearly related to measures of preference, in that several experiments show the two measures to dissociate.
Experiences in Graduate Medical Education in a Community Teaching Hospital
Authors: Philip D. Herrick
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

THE presence of the nonuniversity teaching hospital as an integral participant in graduate medical education in America has been firmly established. This has been due to a number of factors.In the past decade the number of internship positions and the number of hospitals offering internships have progressively increased. In 1950, 799 hospitals offered 9398 internships to 5553 graduates of United States medical schools. In 1959, 853 hospitals offered 12,469 internships to 6860 graduates of American schools.1 This marked increase in available internships has occurred to a great extent because of increased numbers of approved training programs in the nonuniversity . . .
SIMPLEST METHOD OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN THE NEW-BORN
Authors: Richard Lewisohn
Journal: JAMA (1923)

To the Editor:  —In a recent article (Blood Transfusion by the Citrate Method in Hemorrhages of the New-Born,The Journal, March 10, 1923, p. 678), Falls recommends exposure of the jugular vein for the intravenous administration of the blood.  In an editorial on intraperitoneal blood transfusion (The Journal, March 31, 1923, p. 921),  is stated that Siperstein's method of intraperitoneal blood transfusion will demand careful consideration in pediatric practice.  In a paper entitled Blood Transfusion (Citrate Method) in Hemophilia Neonatorum ( Am. J. Obst . 77 :933 [June] 1918), I reported five cases in which blood transfusion was given to new-born infants, from 2 to 6 days old. In these cases the median cephalic vein was used. This vein is of fairly good size, even in the new-born. As stated in my paper, in using this method it is unnecessary to expose the jugular vein or introduce the cannula into the
<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> proctitis
Authors: H. Takedatsu, K. Mitsuyama, H. Yamasaki, M. Itou, T. Toubaru, N. Tomiyasu, O. Tsuruta, M. Sata
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

A 19-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a 3-month history of bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. On examination, she had some tenderness of the lower abdomen. Routine stool culture was negative. Blood tests showed that the white blood cell count was normal (7600/µL), but that the neutrophils were slightly increased (71.9 %); the C-reactive protein was 4.49 mg/dL. Barium enema revealed a small area of nodular (granule-like) mucosa in the lower rectum (Figure [1]). There was no inflammation and no nodular lesions from the cecum to the upper rectum. Colonoscopy also showed an erythematous nodular mucosa in the lower rectum (Figure [2]). Microscopic examination of the rectal biopsy specimens showed well-formed lymphoid follicles and diffuse inflammation in mucosa and lamina propria, with cryptitis. Enzyme immunoassay of chlamydial antigens in the rectal biopsies and specific serum immunoglobulin G antibodies revealed the presence of a Chlamydia trachomatis infection. The diagnosis was therefore proctitis caused by C. trachomatis. She was found to be HIV-negative. She was treated with oral minocycline and tetracyline and her symptoms and rectal inflammation improved after 1 month.
FRACTIONATION OF MAMMALIAN LIVER CELLS BY DIFFERENTIAL CENTRIFUGATION
Authors: Albert Claude
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1946)

1. A method is described whereby the major components of liver suspensions are segregated according to size into three main fractions: (a) a large granule fraction composed of elements approximately 0.5 to 2 micro in diameter; (b) a microsome fraction composed of submicroscopic elements approximately 80 to 150 mmicro in diameter; and, (c) a supernate fraction containing the soluble components of the extract. 2. The nature and origin of the constituents of liver extract is discussed. The large granule fraction is deemed to consist mostly of mitochondria and liver secretory granules, whereas the microsome fraction corresponds to the chromophilic ground substance of the hepatic cell. Phosphorus distribution in the supernate fraction, and ultraviolet absorption of the solution suggests that practically all the ribose nucleoproteins of liver extract are sedimentable, and occur in association with the large granules and microsomes. 3. The method of fractionation of liver suspension by differential centrifugation is being used as a means to investigate the chemical constitution of the morphological constituents of cytoplasm, and the distribution of biochemical activities in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cell. 4. The method of differential centrifugation is found to be applicable not only to the fractionation of cells but also, with the aid of auxiliary techniques, to the fractionation of much smaller elements, such as mitochondria.
US could recycle 10 million unused prescription drugs a year, report says
Authors: J. Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Long term care facilities in the United States waste about $2bn (£1.28bn; €1.61bn) in unexpired medicines every year, a report by the public radio show Marketplace said on 10 December.1 

Other estimates, which included all sources of wasted medicines, showed that as much as $5bn worth of unexpired prescription drugs in unopened blister packs, bottles, and vials are incinerated or flushed down the toilet each year.2

Nursing homes discard these drugs when patients are discharged or if their prescription is discontinued or changed, or if the patient dies. Institutions …
Humanized Mice for Modeling Human Infectious Disease: Challenges, Progress, and Outlook
Authors: Nicolas Legrand, Alexander Ploss, Rudi Balling, Pablo D. Becker, Chiara Borsotti, Nicolas Brezillon, Jennifer Debarry, Ype de Jong, Hongkui Deng, James P. Di Santo, Stephanie Eisenbarth, Elizabeth Eynon, Richard A. Flavell, Carlos A. Guzman, Nicholas D. Huntington, Dina Kremsdorf, Michael P. Manns, Markus G. Manz, Jean-Jacques Mention, Michael Ott, Chozhavendan Rathinam, Charles M. Rice, Anthony Rongvaux, Sean Stevens, Hergen Spits, Hélène Strick-Marchand, Hitoshi Takizawa, Anja U. van Lent, Chengyan Wang, Kees Weijer, Tim Willinger, Patrick Ziegler
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2009)
P04.20 * 2-D FLUORESCENCE DIFFERENCE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS (DIGE) AND MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS IN EPENDIMOMAS: PRELIMINARY DATA
Authors: I. Morra, M. Leone, M. Forni, G. Mandili, C. Zanini
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

Despite the histological similarity of ependymomas from throughout the neuroaxis, the disease comprises multiple entities, depending on site of origin (spinal cord, posterior fossa and supratentorial) and patient age (children versus adults). Although detailed histological examination may identify important prognostic factors, their strength varies between subsets. Clinically, ependymomas remain an enigma to neuro-oncologists and neurosurgeons. Proteomic data on ependimomas are scant but a more detailed insight may complement cytogenetic and gene expression data in the effort to achieve a robust classification system of pediatric and adult ependymomas as a base for a molecular based therapy. RNA, DNA and proteins were extracted from 14 selected ependimomas. Proteins were analyzed with a 2-D Fluorescence Difference gel Electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) to compare proteomes. DIGE spots demonstrated significant difference in protein expression between selected types of ependimoma. Mass spectrometry analysis of these spots identified a high presence of GFAP and Albumin, Vimentin and Creatine kinase B-type. A new protein of particular interest - never described in ependimomas and other tumours of Central Nervous System - is FERM domain-containing protein 3 (FRMD3) (accession A2A2Y4). FRMD3 is as members of the 4.1 protein superfamily, which shares the highly conserved membrane-association domain FERM, which has already been linked to tumour suppressor activity. These preliminary data will be extended to more cases to discovery new biomarkers useful to integrate molecular data and possible validate diagnostic and/or prognostic factors.