tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
New insights into probiotic mechanisms
Authors: John Bienenstock, Glenn Gibson, Todd R. Klaenhammer, W. Allan Walker, Andrew S. Neish
Journal: Gut Microbes (2013)

There has been continued and expanding recognition of probiotic approaches for treating gastrointestinal and systemic disease, as well as increased acceptance of probiotic therapies by both the public and the medical community. A parallel development has been the increasing recognition of the diverse roles that the normal gut microbiota plays in the normal biology of the host. This advance has in turn has been fed by implementation of novel investigative technologies and conceptual paradigms focused on understanding the fundamental role of the microbiota and indeed all commensal bacteria, on known and previously unsuspected aspects of host physiology in health and disease. This review discusses current advances in the study of the host-microbiota interaction, especially as it relates to potential mechanisms of probiotics. It is hoped these new approaches will allow more rational selection and validation of probiotic usage in a variety of clinical conditions.
Reply to Ilker Akyol, Hasan Soydan, and Ferhat Ates’ Letter to the Editor re: Nicola Nicolai, Rosalba Miceli, Andrea Necchi, et al. Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection With No Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Clinical Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumours: Long-Term Outcome and Analysis of Risk Factors of Recurrence. Eur Urol 2010;58:912–8
Authors: Nicola Nicolai, Rosalba Miceli
Journal: European Urology (2011)
INCREASING HUMAN INCIDENCE OF BROAD TAPEWORM INFESTATION IN GREAT LAKES REGION
Authors: ALDRED SCOTT WARTHIN
Journal: JAMA (1928)

Since 1895, specimens of the adult broad tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium latum , obtained from human beings, have been sent to this laboratory for identification. The earliest cases were from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, the Calumet region in particular, where there was a large Finnish population; and, as they were all reported as coming from adult Finns, it could not be definitely proved that they were not imported from the Baltic region, where the incidence of the fish tapeworm in man is very high (stated by Faber as from 10 to 20 per cent of the entire population). It was evident clinically that there must be numerous cases of human infestation in the large Finnish population of the copper and iron mining regions of the Upper Peninsula, and as the conditions were wholly favorable for the dissemination of the tapeworm eggs in sewage to the waters of Lake Superior and the smaller
RAST‐detection of specific IgE in diphenylmethane diisocyanate exposed workers: considerations in performance of the test
Authors: A. Spiazzi, P. Boccagni, P. Germano, A. Pezzini
Journal: Allergy (1991)

Some parameters which might affect RAST results, i. e. incubation length, degree of ligand substitution, and total IgE levels, were examined in a RAST system employing diphenylmethane diisocyanate – human serum albumin (MDI‐HSA) conjugates as antigens, both in exposed symptomatic and in non‐exposed subjects. The reaction equilibrium was reached after 9 and 18 h, respectively, in the first and the second step of the test. A marked correlation with the degree of ligand substitution was observed, the highest sensitivity being achieved with the lowest (2.9) MDI/HSA molar ratio examined. Higher (up to 50) degrees of substitution resulted in progressively lower levels of radioactivity bound and in a loss of specificity, as confirmed by RAST inhibition experiments. At high levels of ligand substitution, high titers of total serum IgE affected RAST results.
A new resuscitation apparatus providing 70% oxygen.
Authors: R Johnston, J R Machin, A MacNeil
Journal: BMJ (1986)

The issue of syringes was recorded by the pharmacy staff so that patients could subsequently obtain further annual supplies, which were recorded on a central register in the hospital pharmacy.Those patients unable to reuse the syringes as recommended were encouraged to purchase further supplies from retail chemists to supplement the annual hospital issues.One year after the changeover began the patients were sent a questionnaire.Their responses were coded and the statistical analvsis performed on an ICL 2970 computer with the SPSS package.4Patient details Patients Patients Patients changing from already using continuing glass to plastic to use glass All patients plastic syringes syringes syringes No "t 630) 451 (71 6) 151 (24-0) 28 (4 4: Mean age (years) (range) 49 ( 15-91) 50 ('15-91) 47 ('16-86) 46 i'19-77 Miean duration of diabetes (years)(range) 15(1-55) 16(1-54) 11 (1-55) 20 (1-48) Sex (No (`0, Male 340 54: 254 (56) 66 (44) 20* (70) Female 290 (46: 197 (44) 85 (56) 8 (30: No % of injections day 1 203:32) 150:33' 45(30) 8 228 5 424(67) 300 66: 104(69) 20 (71-5: 3 3 1 2*Significantly more men in this grotup compared with other groups (p=0O006).A total of 865 patients were circulated and 630 (72%) replied.Some 28 (4%) had continued to use glass syringes, 151 (24%) had used plastic syringes before the changeover, and 451 (72%) had chosen plastic syringes for the first time; 548 (87%1) thought that administration of insulin was easier with UI00 insulin (table ).Glass syringes lasted a mean of 10 months, equivalent to an annual usage of 1 21 svringes.The needles used with them lasted a mean of 31 8 injections (steel) and 9-9 injections (disposable).Some 406 (90°%) patients using plastic syringes preferred them and used them for an average of 14 2 injections.No patient reported infection at the injection site.The most common reasons for discarding syringes were: blunting of the nccdle; bending of the needle; fading of markings; simple preferencc; hospital instructions; and hygiene.
Sex change expert accused of rushing patients into surgery
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Britain's best known sex change expert, consultant psychiatrist Russell Reid, ignored guidelines and rushed patients into surgery without properly assessing their needs, according to charges laid against him at the General Medical Council.

Dr Reid is accused of serious professional misconduct in the treatment of five patients, named as patients B, C, D, E, and F. Charges relating to a sixth patient, named A, were dropped in preliminary hearings because of lack of documentation.

The complainants are patient F and three psychiatrists from the gender identity clinic at the Charing Cross Hospital in London—James Barrett, Donald Montgomery, and Richard Green—and a senior registrar at the clinic, Stuart Lorimer. …
Increased Circulating Fibrocytes in Asthma with Chronic Airflow Obstruction
Authors: Chun-Hua Wang, Chien-Da Huang, Horng-Chyuan Lin, Kang-Yun Lee, Shu-Min Lin, Chien-Ying Liu, Kuo-Hsiung Huang, Yu-Shien Ko, Kian Fan Chung, Han-Pin Kuo
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2008)

A proportion of patients with asthma present with chronic airflow obstruction (CAO). We hypothesized that this effect may result from increased activity of circulating fibroblast-like progenitor cells (fibrocytes) that could home to the airway mucosal wall.To compare the proportion, proliferation, and differentiation of circulating fibrocytes from patients with asthma with CAO or no airflow obstruction (NOA) and control subjects.We investigated circulating fibrocytes in 11 patients with asthma with CAO and a rapid decline in FEV(1), 9 patients with asthma with NOA, and 10 nonasthmatic control subjects. Blood nonadherent non-T (NANT) cells were incubated with fetal calf serum or each patient's own serum and fibrocytes expressing CD34, CD45, and collagen I with alpha-smooth muscle actin were identified by flow cytometry.A higher percentage of circulating fibrocytes in NANT cells was found in patients with CAO when compared with patients with NOA and control subjects. In CAO, the slope of the yearly decline in FEV(1) correlated with circulating fibrocytes (r = -0.756, n = 11, P < 0.01). When NANT cells from patients with CAO were cultured in the patients' own sera, more fibrocytes were detected than when cultured in sera from patients with NOA or from normal subjects. An anti-transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1)-neutralizing antibody inhibited alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive fibrocyte transformation from NANT cells of patients with CAO. Serum TGF-beta(1) levels were higher in patients with CAO than in patients with NOA or in normal subjects.Circulating fibrocytes are increased in patients with asthma with CAO and can be transformed by TGF-beta(1) to myofibroblasts. Fibrocytes may contribute to airway obstruction in asthma.
Smoke free journal?
Authors: K. Abbasi
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Doctors smoking in the mess, patients puffing away in corridors, cigarette stubs discarded in waiting rooms and outpatients. Images that are immediately identified with hospital culture in the United Kingdom. Daily experiences that health workers rarely give a second thought to. But in an attempt to create a smoke free world we cannot bring you a smoke free journal.

What we should be campaigning for, at least, is smoke free hospitals, as Martin McKee and colleagues explain (p 941). This is another area where UK health care lags behind its equivalents in the United States, …
Antiapoptotic Effects of Progastrin on Pancreatic Cancer Cells Are Mediated by Sustained Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB
Authors: William Rengifo-Cam, Shahid Umar, Shubhashish Sarkar, Pomila Singh
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Progastrin (PG) exerts proliferative and antiapoptotic effects on intestinal epithelial and colon cancer cells via Annexin II (ANX-II). In here, we show that ANX-II similarly mediates proliferative and antiapoptotic effects of PG on a pancreatic cancer cell line, AR42J. The role of several signaling molecules was examined in delineating the biological activity of PG. PG (0.1–1.0 nmol/L) caused a significant increase (2- to 5-fold) in the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt (Thr308), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; Thr180/Tyr182), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK; Thr202/Tyr204), IκB kinase α/β (IKKα/β; Ser176/180), IκBα (Ser32), and p65 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB; Ser536). Inhibition of p44/42 ERKs (PD98059), p38 MAPK (SB203580), Akt, and PI3K (LY294002), individually or combined, partially reversed antiapoptotic effects of PG. The kinetics of phosphorylation of IKKα/β in response to PG matched the kinetics of phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and correlated with phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and activation of p65 NF-κB. NF-κB essential modulator–binding domain peptide (an inhibitor of IKKα/β) effectively blocked the activity of p65 NF-κB in response to PG. Activation of p65 NF-κB, in response to PG, was 70% to 80% dependent on phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt molecules. Down-regulation of p65 NF-κB by specific small interfering RNA resulted in the loss of antiapoptotic effects of PG on AR42J cells. These studies show for the first time that the canonical pathway of activation of p65 NF-κB mediates antiapoptotic effects of PG. Therefore, targeting PG and/or p65 NF-κB may be useful for treating cancers, which are dependent on autocrine or circulating PGs for their growth. [Cancer Res 2007;67(15):7266–74]
EXPERIMENTS ON THE NASAL ROUTE OF INFECTION IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Simon Flexner, Harold L. Amoss
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1920)

1. The experiments given in this paper, notwithstanding their seeming diversity, relate to the conditions underlying the states of susceptibility and refractoriness to infection with the virus of poliomyelitis applied to the nasal mucosa. 2. Certain monkeys are highly refractory to inoculation via the nares with the virus of poliomyelitis, apparently in virtue of a power possessed by the nasal mucous membrane to destroy or otherwise render ineffective the virus applied to it. 3. This property of the nasal mucosa appears to be distinct from any specific protective substance active upon the virus which may occur in the blood. 4. An effective nasal mucous membrane prevents the passage of the energetically applied virus to the brain and spinal cord. 5. The virus of poliomyelitis energetically applied to the nasal mucosa will survive for an undetermined period of time upon an ineffective, but for a relatively brief period of time upon an effective membrane. 6. The protective power possessed by the nasal mucosa is not in itself adequate to prevent infection with the virus introduced upon it, since slight injury to such independent structures as the meningeal-choroid plexus complex favors the passage of the virus from the nose to the central nervous organs. 7. The normal nasal mucosa is, therefore, an invaluable defense against infection with the virus of poliomyelitis; and the number of healthy and chronic carriers of the virus is probably determined and kept down through the protective activities of this membrane. 8. Antiseptic chemicals applied to the nasal mucosa upon which the virus has been deposited exhibit no great protective action and are of doubtful value. Indeed, it is not impossible that to the extent to which they may affect unfavorably the destructive properties of the nasal mucosa, they may be even objectionable. 9. Infection with the virus of poliomyelitis applied to the nasal mucosa under conditions favorable to the extension to the central nervous organs and multiplication there may be blocked or prevented by the injection of poliomyelitic immune serum into the blood. While the exact manner and site of attack of the immune serum upon the virus is somewhat conjectural, when all the available data are considered it seems probable that the meeting place of the virus and immune serum is in the subarachnoid space.
THE INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF "ROUGH" AND "SMOOTH" BACTERIAL TYPES
Authors: EDWIN O. JORDAN
Journal: JAMA (1926)

The existence in certain bacterial stock cultures of two types of cells, characterized respectively by the formation on agar plates of "rough" (R) and "smooth" (S) colonies, has been demonstrated for a number of bacterial groups (Shiga bacillus, paratyphoid and typhoid bacilli,<i>Bacterium lepisepticum</i>, pneumococci, hemolytic streptococci, cholera vibrios and<i>Proteus</i><sup>1</sup>). Under ordinary conditions, transfers from the S and R colonies breed true. The importance of the two types of colony formation is shown by the correlation of characters: subcultures from smooth colonies form stable suspensions in salt solution, while the cells from rough colonies tend to agglutinate spontaneously. The acid agglutination optimum is higher for the S than for the R type; the S type is more virulent than the R, and there are significant serologic differences. In the examination of more than a hundred strains in my collection of paratyphoid bacilli,<sup>2</sup>there has been in all
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and the risk of secondary myeloid malignancy after etoposide treatment
Authors: Mary V. Relling, James M. Boyett, Javier G. Blanco, Susana Raimondi, Frederick G. Behm, John T. Sandlund, Gaston K. Rivera, Larry E. Kun, William E. Evans, Ching-Hon Pui
Journal: Blood (2003)
Nephrotoxicity of low-osmolality versus iso-osmolality contrast agents: Impact of N-acetylcysteine
Authors: Carlo Briguori, Antonio Colombo, Flavio Airoldi, Nuccia Morici, Giuseppe MASSIMO Sangiorgi, Anna Violante, Amelia Focaccio, Matteo Montorfano, Mauro Carlino, Gianluigi Condorelli, Bruno Ricciardelli
Journal: Kidney International (2005)
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LOCALIZED INFECTIONS
Authors: Richard V. Lamar
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1911)

In the test tube, sodium linoleate and sodium linolenate kill and dissolve virulent pneumococci more rapidly and in higher dilutions than sodium oleate; otherwise their action is the same. The intensity of action on the cocci is directly proportional to the degree of unsaturation of the acid. Blood serum inhibits the bacteriolytic and hemolytic action of unsaturated soaps partially or completely, according to definitive quantitative relations between serum and soap. Small quantities of serum completely inhibit the action of dilute soap solutions, but even whole serum does not prevent bacteriolysis and hemolysis by relatively concentrated soap solutions, i. e. 1 per cent. and 0.5 per cent. A given quantity of serum inhibits the action of the soaps in inverse ratio to their degree of unsaturation. The hemolytic and bacteriolytic action of soaps of the unsaturated fatty acids is probably due in part to their avidity for protein and not wholly to their ability to dissolve lipoids. Attempts to prevent serum inhibition of the lytic action of sodium linoleate and sodium linolenate were unsuccessful. The more unsaturated soaps are not as efficient in preventing fatal pneumococcic infection of animals as sodium oleate.
GMC supports government plans to keep role as doctors' adjudicator
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A new disciplinary tribunal for doctors in the United Kingdom is likely to be set up by the General Medical Council if the government, as expected, decides to kill off the Office of the Health Professions Adjudicator (OHPA) before its planned start next April.

The new independent body was set to take over the GMC’s adjudication role from next spring, following a recommendation by the Shipman inquiry, chaired by the appeal court judge Janet Smith. But the new coalition government put the move on hold as part of its spending cuts programme ( BMJ 2010;341:c4063, 27 Jul, doi:10.1136/bmj.c4063), and last month the Department of Health for England issued a consultation paper questioning the need for a new body.

In its response …
L-Type Ca <sup>2+</sup> Channel Density and Regulation Are Altered in Failing Human Ventricular Myocytes and Recover After Support With Mechanical Assist Devices
Authors: Xiongwen Chen, Valentino Piacentino, Satoshi Furukawa, Bruce Goldman, Kenneth B. Margulies, Steven R. Houser
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Ca2+ influx through the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) induces Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and maintains SR Ca2+ loading. Alterations in LTCC properties, their contribution to the blunted adrenergic responsiveness in failing hearts and their recovery after support with LV assist devices (LVAD) were studied. L-type Ca2+ current (I(Ca,L)) was measured under basal conditions and in the presence of isoproterenol (ISO), dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP), Bay K 8644 (BayK), Okadaic acid (OA, a phosphatase inhibitor), and phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in nonfailing (NF), failing (F), and LVAD-supported human left ventricular myocytes (HVMs). Basal I(Ca,L) density was not different in the 3 groups but I(Ca,L) was activated at more negative voltages in F- and LVAD- versus NF-HVMs (V(0.5): -7.18+/-1.4 and -7.0+/-0.9 versus 0.46+/-1.1 mV). Both ISO and db-cAMP increased I(Ca,L) in NF- and LVAD- significantly more than in F-HVMs (NF >LVAD> F: ISO: 90+/-15% versus 77+/-19% versus 24+/-12%; db-cAMP: 235%>172%>90%). ISO caused a significant leftward shift of the I(Ca,L) activation curve in NF- and LVAD- but not in F-HVMs. After ISO and db-cAMP, the I(Ca,L) activation was not significantly different between groups. BayK also increased I(Ca,L) more in NF- (81+/-30%) and LVAD- (70+/-15%) than in F- (51+/-8%) HVMs. OA increased I(Ca, L) by 85.6% in NF-HVMs but had no effect in F-HVMs, while PP2A decreased I(Ca, L) in F-HVMs by 35% but had no effect in NF-HVMs. These results suggest that the density of LTCC is reduced in F-HVMs but basal I(Ca,L) density is maintained by increasing in LTCC phosphorylation.
Nomenclature of Renal Disease
Authors: E. LOVELL BECKER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Letters and Comments1 July 1971Nomenclature of Renal DiseaseE. LOVELL BECKER, M.D.E. LOVELL BECKER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-75-1-135_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Neil Steinmetz's letter in the March issue of the ANNALSconcerning confusion in the use of terms to describe the locus and distribution of glomerular lesions and the replies of Drs. Baldwin and Rapoport are eloquent testimony to the need for a standard kidney nomenclature. To answer that need, the International Committee for Nomenclature and Nosology of Renal Disease was formed several years ago for the express purpose of formulating a standard nomenclature through the cooperative efforts of an international group of nephrologists. The Subcommittee on Pathology, in coming to grips with the diffuse-focal-segmental problem, has defined... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: E. LOVELL BECKER, M.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 July 1971Volume 75, Issue 1Page: 135-135KeywordsHand strengthKidneysLesionsRenal diseases ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 July 1971 PDF downloadLoading ...
Diagnosis of nail psoriasis: importance of biopsy and histopathology
Authors: C. Grover, B.S.N. Reddy, K. Uma Chaturvedi
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Involvement of the nail is quite common in psoriasis and at times may be the sole diagnostic clue. However, the histopathology of nail psoriasis has not been adequately evaluated. A confirmation of the diagnosis is required in cases suspected to have nail psoriasis in order to plan long-term therapy.To assess the diagnostic significance and safety profile of nail biopsy in cases with nail psoriasis.Clinical and mycological features were studied in 42 patients with nail psoriasis. Of these, 22 patients gave consent for nail biopsies to be taken and the histopathological changes were assessed.Males were affected more commonly (57%) with a peak incidence in the age group of 10-20 years (29%). Distal onycholysis, discoloration of nail plate, subungual hyperkeratosis and fine nail pitting were the predominant clinical features. In the 22 biopsies done, hyperkeratosis with parakeratosis (91%) was found to be the most common and hypergranulosis was the least common histological finding (36%). Clinicohistological correlation was possible only in 55% cases. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was done for all biopsies.Histopathological examination of nails is a valuable diagnostic aid, especially in the absence of skin lesions. Examination of the PAS-stained sections is necessary before making a histological diagnosis of nail psoriasis because onychomycosis and psoriasis may show similar histology.
Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis of infected transvenous permanent pacemakers.
Authors: I Vilacosta, C Sarriá, J A San Román, J Jiménez, J A Castillo, E Iturralde, M J Rollán, L Martínez Elbal
Journal: Circulation (1994)

Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in detecting left-sided valvular vegetations. There are no data on the value of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of infected transvenous permanent pacemakers.Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography was performed in 10 patients for whom there was clinical suspicion of infected permanent transvenous pacemakers. Transthoracic echocardiography detected pacemaker lead vegetations in 2 patients, whereas transesophageal echocardiography visualized pacemaker lead vegetations in 7 patients. Surgical confirmation was obtained in 6 of these 7 patients. Most patients had more than one pacemaker electrode in place. Local complications at the generator pocket were present in 6 patients. Staphylococcus was the predominant causative organism.Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in the detection of pacemaker lead vegetations.
Protein phosphatase 2A activates the proapoptotic function of BAD in interleukin- 3–dependent lymphoid cells by a mechanism requiring 14-3-3 dissociation
Authors: Chi-Wu Chiang, Gregory Harris, Cindy Ellig, Shane C. Masters, Romesh Subramanian, Shirish Shenolikar, Brian E. Wadzinski, Elizabeth Yang
Journal: Blood (2001)