tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Cyanide Intoxication and Death From an Acetonitrile-Containing Cosmetic
Authors: E. Martin Caravati
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Two cases of pediatric accidental ingestion of an acetonitrile-containing cosmetic are reported. One of the children, a 16-month-old boy, was found dead in bed the morning after ingesting the product. No therapy had been undertaken, as the product was mistakenly assumed to be an acetone-containing nail polish remover. The second child, a 2-year-old boy, experienced signs of severe cyanide poisoning, but survived with vigorous supportive care. Both children had blood cyanide levels in the potentially lethal range. The observed delayed onset of severe toxic reactions supports the proposed mechanism of acetonitrile conversion to inorganic cyanide via hepatic microsomal enzymes. Physicians and poison centers should be alerted to the existence of this highly toxic product, sold for removal of sculptured nails and likely to be confused with the less toxic acetone-containing nail polish removers. We urge regulatory agencies to reconsider the wisdom of marketing a cosmetic that poses such an extreme health hazard. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:3470-3473)
MACROPHAGE RECEPTORS AND IMMUNE RECOGNITION
Authors: P.R. Taylor, L. Martinez-Pomares, M. Stacey, H-H. Lin, G.D. Brown, S. Gordon
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2005)

Macrophages express a broad range of plasma membrane receptors that mediate their interactions with natural and altered-self components of the host as well as a range of microorganisms. Recognition is followed by surface changes, uptake, signaling, and altered gene expression, contributing to homeostasis, host defense, innate effector mechanisms, and the induction of acquired immunity. This review covers recent studies of selected families of structurally defined molecules, studies that have improved understanding of ligand discrimination in the absence of opsonins and differential responses by macrophages and related myeloid cells.
The diffusion of nandrolone through hydrated human cadaver skin
Authors: M.I. FOREMAN, I. KELLY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1976)

Effective diffusion constants have been determined for the permeation of nandrolone through whole and stripped human abdominal cadaver skin in vitro. From the values obtained, the diffusion constant for nandrolone in the stratum corneum has been inferred. The experimental approach used yields reproducible results for skin samples taken from a single individual. There is also a surprising degree of uniformity in the values obtained for skin from different individuals.
Electron Microscopy of Articular Cartilage in the Young Adult Rabbit
Authors: D. V. Davies, C. H. Barnett, W. Cochrane, A. J. Palfrey
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1962)

the present series araldite was used as the embedding medium; the methods described by Glauert, Rogers, and Glauert (1956) and Sorvall (1959) were tried, but that of Richardson and others (1960) was found to give the most satisfactory results.Thin sections were cut with a Leitz ultramicrotome, using glass knives, and were placed upon copper grids, which had already been covered with a carbon film.The sections were examined in an A.E.1.
A Robust Neutralization Test for <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Malaria
Authors: Allan Saul, Louis H. Miller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

Malarial merozoites are released from infected erythrocytes, passing rapidly through the plasma to invade normal erythrocytes. It has long been thought that antibodies directed against merozoite surface proteins (MSPs) play an important role in natural immunity against Plasmodium falciparum and that
Gigantic Business
Authors: Wolfgang A. Linke, Nazha Hamdani
Journal: Circulation Research (2014)

The giant protein titin forms a unique filament network in cardiomyocytes, which engages in both mechanical and signaling functions of the heart. TTN, which encodes titin, is also a major human disease gene. In this review, we cover the roles of cardiac titin in normal and failing hearts, with a special emphasis on the contribution of titin to diastolic stiffness. We provide an update on disease-associated titin mutations in cardiac and skeletal muscles and summarize what is known about the impact of protein-protein interactions on titin properties and functions. We discuss the importance of titin-isoform shifts and titin phosphorylation, as well as titin modifications related to oxidative stress, in adjusting the diastolic stiffness of the healthy and the failing heart. Along the way we distinguish among titin alterations in systolic and in diastolic heart failure and ponder the evidence for titin stiffness as a potential target for pharmacological intervention in heart disease.
Neutrophil Recruitment and Barrier Impairment in Celiac Disease: A Genomic Study
Authors: Begoña Diosdado, Harm van Bakel, Eric Strengman, Lude Franke, Erica van Oort, Chris J. Mulder, Cisca Wijmenga, Martin C. Wapenaar
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2007)
Effects of High-Dose Modified-Release Nicotinic Acid on Atherosclerosis and Vascular Function
Authors: Justin M.S. Lee, Matthew D. Robson, Ly-Mee Yu, Cheerag C. Shirodaria, Colin Cunnington, Ilias Kylintireas, Janet E. Digby, Thomas Bannister, Ashok Handa, Frank Wiesmann, Paul N. Durrington, Keith M. Channon, Stefan Neubauer, Robin P. Choudhury
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2009)
Comparison of quantitative and semiquantitative indicators of joint space narrowing in subjects with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Steven A Mazzuca, Kenneth D Brandt, Barry P Katz, Kathleen A Lane, Kenneth A Buckwalter
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

<b>Objective:</b> To compare quantitative estimates of change in joint space width (JSW) with semiquantitative ratings of the progression of joint space narrowing (JSN) with respect to sensitivity to change over time. <b>Methods:</b> 431 obese women 45 to 64 years old with unilateral radiographic knee osteoarthritis were randomised to 30 months' treatment with doxycycline 100 mg twice daily or placebo. Quantitative estimates of change in JSW in the medial tibiofemoral compartment from fluoroscopically assisted semiflexed AP radiographs were obtained at baseline and 16 and 30 months after randomisation. Radiographic JSN was rated (0–3 scale) in the same images by two readers using a standard atlas. Changes in overall severity of knee osteoarthritis were derived from gradings of conventional standing AP radiographs at baseline and 30 months, with blinding to treatment group and chronological order of examination. <b>Results:</b> Follow up radiographs were obtained from 381 subjects (88%) at 16 months and from 367 (85%) at 30 months. The treatment groups did not differ in the frequency of significant loss of JSW by dichotomous criteria (⩾0.5 mm, ⩾1.0 mm, ⩾20%, or ⩾50% of baseline JSW). Progressors and non-progressors, as defined by each of the dichotomous outcomes, differed significantly in mean value for quantitative measurement of change in JSW at 30 months (p⩽0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> Quantitative and semiquantitative indicators of progression of osteoarthritis in fluoroscopically standardised radiographs of osteoarthritic knees are highly related, but the effect of doxycycline on articular cartilage thickness was more easily detected with quantitative measurements of change in JSW than with semiquantitative ratings of JSN.
Low Birth Weight and Development of Type 2 Diabetes in a Japanese Population
Authors: Sonoko Anazawa, Yoshihito Atsumi, Kempei Matsuoka
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

According to epidemiological studies in the U. K. and other countries, individuals with low birth weights often develop insulin resistance–based disorders (1–5). Among Pima Indians and Taiwanese school children, a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes was observed in individuals with both low and high birth weights (U-shaped relationship of birth weight and diabetes) (6,7). We conducted a study to examine the relation of low birth weight with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients.

To obtain data on birth weight, weight at age 20 years, maximum weight in the past, height, and other variables, we asked 2,471 employees (2,259 men and 212 women) of two companies in Tokyo and 815 patients (514 men and 301 …
Notch1 Is Required for Kras-Induced Lung Adenocarcinoma and Controls Tumor Cell Survival via p53
Authors: Silvia Licciulli, Jacqueline L. Avila, Linda Hanlon, Scott Troutman, Matteo Cesaroni, Smitha Kota, Brian Keith, M. Celeste Simon, Ellen Puré, Fred Radtke, Anthony J. Capobianco, Joseph L. Kissil
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The Notch pathway has been implicated in a number of malignancies with different roles that are cell- and tissue-type dependent. Notch1 is a putative oncogene in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and activation of the pathway represents a negative prognostic factor. To establish the role of Notch1 in lung adenocarcinoma, we directly assessed its requirement in Kras-induced tumorigenesis in vivo using an autochthonous model of lung adenocarcinoma with concomitant expression of oncogenic Kras and deletion of Notch1. We found that Notch1 function is required for tumor initiation via suppression of p53-mediated apoptosis through the regulation of p53 stability. These findings implicate Notch1 as a critical effector in Kras-driven lung adenocarcinoma and as a regulator of p53 at a posttranslational level. Moreover, our study provides new insights to explain, at a molecular level, the correlation between Notch1 activity and poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC carrying wild-type p53. This information is critical for design and implementation of new therapeutic strategies in this cohort of patients representing 50% of NSCLC cases. Cancer Res; 73(19); 5974–84. ©2013 AACR.
Titres of IgE ab to mite and cat allergens in patients with asthma or atopic dermatitis: Use of Streptavidin CAP
Authors: N.J. Custis, E.A. Erwin, J.A. Woodfolk, J. Crane, K. Wickens, T.A.E. Platts-Mills
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)
A REVIEW OF MEDICAL EDUCATION IN SOVIET RUSSIA
Authors: W. H. Gantt
Journal: BMJ (1924)

ANY discussion of Russian institutions is unintelligible except in the light of what has happened there since 1914 under enormous forces of war, revolution, famine, and disease.As Russia has been partly isolated for ten years from most other nations, I shall undertake a brief survey of conditions and of general education there before passing on to the details of medical education.The observations and facts are based on a year's work in Soviet Russia with the native medical profession under the American Relief Administration.Contacts were male with all sorts of the medical profession from the Caspian to the White Seas, and with miiedical schools in many parts of Russia.There is no conscious political tendency or bias in the mind of the writer.In view of the complex conditions 'which have long existed in Russia's history, and of the comparatively short time which has elapsed since the revolution and its combination with other gigantic forces, I make no attempt to ascribe praise or blame for the result of these forces, or to place responsibility for them on any party or parties. REVIEW OF CONJDITIONS.It is remarkable that the medical universitieshave con- tinued to function as well as they have when we review the conditions.These have not been normal for ten years.At the beginning of the world war in 1914 the medical universities in Russia were well equipped and received all that they needed, although the number of students handled was not sufficient for Russia's needs.Many of them were heavily endowed by private benefactors.Medical educa- lion was, moreover, specially favoured by the Czarist regime and thus it fared well.Members of the royal family frequently made endowments to the medical insti- tutionis; for example, the Leningrad Obstetrical Hospital, which was erected by the last Czarina at a cost of over a million pounds, is one of the finest hospitals of its kind 'in the world.1914-1920.From 1914 on the schools received progressively less in funds and materials, so that by 1917 they were getting about half of the pre-war funds and practically no medica- ments or equipment except that little manufactured within Russia.The conditions of the l4ospitals and of the per- sonnel were, however, not precarious; there was food, fuel, and a surplus in some things.Then came the upheaval of two revolutions, followed by four years of widespread famine and decimating epidemics, during which time the Great Experiment of Communism was applied to the schools as well as to the individual.During these years there were almost no funds, materials, or any kind of medical supplies; no repairs to the buildings, and only a pitiful amount of fuel or food; and earnings were made impossible because
Effect of the dietary fibre content of lifelong diet on colonic cellular proliferation in the rat.
Authors: C A Edwards, R G Wilson, L Hanlon, M A Eastwood
Journal: Gut (1992)

The effect of the fibre content of lifelong (18 months) diets on proximal and distal colonic cellular proliferation and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) content was investigated in 40 rats. Rats were fed a low fibre diet (17 g/kg non-starch polysaccharides NSP) or the stock diet (133 g/kg NSP). The higher fibre fed rats had increased caecal and colonic total contents (p < 0.001) and SCFAs than the low fibre fed rats (caecal SCFAs: higher fibre rats 96.4 (6.8) mumol/g wet weight v low fibre 22.7 (3.0): p < 0.001, colonic SCFAs: higher fibre 52.3 (3.1) mumol/g wet weight v low fibre 6.9 (2.2) mumol/g wet weight: p < 0.001). Cellular proliferation was increased in the proximal colon (bromodeoxyuridine labelling index, higher fibre 9.3 v low fibre 8.4 p < 0.05; flow cytometry, % cells in S phase higher fibre diet 7.9 v low fibre 6.9; p < 0.01) and there was a shift of proliferating cells to a higher region in each crypt. There was no significant difference in the percentage of cells in S phase in the distal colon of rats in both diet groups. The proliferative zone, however, was expanded in the distal colon of the higher fibre diet fed rats. This study indicates that long term higher fibre intake in rats is associated with a modest increase in cellular proliferation in the proximal colon but not the distal colon.
Perceptual-cognitive universals as reflections of the world
Authors: Roger N. Shepard
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

The universality, invariance, and elegance of principles governing the universe may be reflected in principles of the minds that have evolved in that universe--provided that the mental principles are formulated with respect to the abstract spaces appropriate for the representation of biologically significant objects and their properties. (1) Positions and motions of objects conserve their shapes in the geometrically fullest and simplest way when represented as points and connecting geodesic paths in the six-dimensional manifold jointly determined by the Euclidean group of three-dimensional space and the symmetry group of each object. (2) Colors of objects attain constancy when represented as points in a three-dimensional vector space in which each variation in natural illumination is canceled by application of its inverse from the three-dimensional linear group of terrestrial transformations of the invariant solar source. (3) Kinds of objects support optimal generalization and categorization when represented, in an evolutionarily-shaped space of possible objects, as connected regions with associated weights determined by Bayesian revision of maximum-entropy priors.
The effect of illicit financial flows on time to reach the fourth Millennium Development Goal in Sub-Saharan Africa: a quantitative analysis
Authors: Bernadette O'Hare, Innocent Makuta, Naor Bar-Zeev, Levison Chiwaula, Alex Cobham
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2013)

Objectives This paper sets out to estimate the cost of illicit financial flows (IFF) in terms of the amount of time it could take to reach the fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG) in 34 African countries. Design We have calculated the percentage increase in gross domestic product (GDP) if IFFs were curtailed using IFF/GDP ratios. We applied the income (GDP) elasticity of child mortality to the increase in GDP to estimate the reduction in time to reach the fourth MDG in 34 African countries. Participants children aged under five years. Settings 34 countries in SSA. Main outcome measures Reduction in time to reach the first indicator of the fourth MDG, under-five mortality rate in the absence of IFF. Results We found that in the 34 SSA countries, six countries will achieve their fourth MDG target at the current rates of decline. In the absence of IFF, 16 countries would reach their fourth MDG target by 2015 and there would be large reductions for all other countries. Conclusions This drain on development is facilitated by financial secrecy in other jurisdictions. Rich and poor countries alike must stem the haemorrhage of IFF by taking decisive steps towards improving financial transparency.
Construction of an Immunotoxin, D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL, Targeting EGFRwt and EGFRvIII for Brain Tumor Therapy
Authors: Vidyalakshmi Chandramohan, Xuhui Bao, Stephen T. Keir, Charles N. Pegram, Scott E. Szafranski, Hailan Piao, Carol J. Wikstrand, Roger E. McLendon, Chien-Tsun Kuan, Ira H. Pastan, Darell D. Bigner
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

The EGF receptor gene (EGFR) is most frequently amplified and overexpressed, along with its deletion mutant, EGFRvIII, in glioblastoma. We tested the preclinical efficacy of the recombinant immunotoxin, D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL, which is reactive with a 55-amino acid (AA) region present in the extracellular domain of both EGFRwt (583-637 AAs) and EGFRvIII (292-346 AAs) proteins.The binding affinity and specificity of D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL for EGFRwt and EGFRvIII were measured by surface-plasmon resonance and flow cytometry. In vitro cytotoxicity of D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL was measured by inhibition of protein synthesis in human EGFRwt-transfected NR6 (NR6W), human EGFRvIII-transfected NR6 (NR6M), EGFRwt-overexpressing A431-epidermoid-carcinoma, and glioblastoma xenograft cells (43, D08-0493MG, D2159MG, and D270MG). In vivo antitumor efficacy of D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL was evaluated using 43, NR6M, and D270MG orthotopic tumor models.The KD of D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL for EGFRwt and EGFRvIII was 1.6×10(-9) mol/L and 1.3×10(-9) mol/L, respectively. Flow cytometry with NR6W and NR6M cells confirmed the specificity of D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL for EGFRwt and EGFRvIII. The D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL IC50 was 0.18 to 2.5 ng/mL on cells expressing EGFRwt (NR6W, A431, 43, and D08-0493MG). The D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL IC50 was approximately 0.25 ng/mL on EGFRvIII-expressing cells (NR6M) and on EGFRwt- and EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma xenograft cells (D2159MG and D270MG). Significantly, in intracranial tumor models of 43, NR6M, and D270MG, treatment with D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL by convection-enhanced delivery prolonged survival by 310% (P=0.006), 28% (P=0.002), and 166% (P=0.001), respectively.In preclinical studies, the D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL immunotoxin exhibited significant potential for treating brain tumors expressing EGFRwt, EGFRvIII, or both.
Intravenous injection of bortezomib, melphalan and dexamethasone in refractory and relapsed multiple myeloma
Authors: A. Romano, A. Chiarenza, U. Consoli, C. Conticello, S. Forte, G. Uccello, C. Vetro, M. Cavalli, F. Coppolino, G.A. Palumbo, F. Di Raimondo
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2012)
Linezolid for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected and -uninfected patients
Authors: Jennifer Hughes, Petros Isaakidis, Aristomo Andries, Homa Mansoor, Vivian Cox, Graeme Meintjes, Helen Cox
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2015)

Two recent systematic reviews found that treatment outcomes with regimens containing linezolid for complicated cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) are equal to or better than those reported for uncomplicated MDR-TB [1, 2] and better than those reported among patients treated for extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-TB [3–6]. Existing data on treatment outcomes with linezolid for MDR-TB are predominantly among HIV-uninfected patients; <10% of patients were HIV co-infected in the reviews [1, 2]. There is concern over the safety of using linezolid within MDR-TB regimens for HIV-infected patients due to underlying HIV-related neuropathy and bone marrow dysfunction as well as a potentially higher incidence of adverse events in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), notably anaemia with zidovudine and peripheral neuropathy with stavudine [7]. Given the high rate of HIV/TB co-infection in many settings, we report here our clinical experience with the use of linezolid for treatment of XDR-TB and complicated MDR-TB among HIV-infected and -uninfected patients in community-based programmes supported by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in two high-burden settings in Khayelitsha, South Africa [8], and Mumbai, India [7]. We carried out a retrospective analysis of routinely collected data. Programmes at both sites were approved by either MSF or local university ethics review boards. Due to restricted access to linezolid in South Africa as well as limited capacity for operational research in both programmes, the numbers are small, and data were collected and analysed over a limited time period only. Linezolid is an effective treatment option for MDR/XDR-TB, including among HIV-co-infected patients on ART <http://ow.ly/JoPzO>
Comorbidome and short-term prognosis in hospitalised COPD patients: the ESMI study
Authors: Pere Almagro, Francisco Javier Cabrera, Jesus Diez-Manglano, Ramon Boixeda, Jesus Recio, Joan Mercade, Sergi Yun, Joan B. Soriano
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2015)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients have an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease, cancer or psychiatric diseases, among many other comorbid conditions. This is explained in part by smoking history, along with genetic factors, ageing and the low grade inflammation characteristic of COPD [1, 2]. Although comorbidities may be present at the time of the initial diagnosis, their frequency increases with COPD progression, and are particularly common in patients with more advanced disease, especially in those hospitalised with acute exacerbations [3, 4]. These comorbidities complicate the management of COPD patients, lengthen hospital stay, cause physical functional dependency, increase number of readmissions, and are associated with decreased survival in the short, medium and long term [4–6]. A comorbidome is a useful representation of the prevalence and impact of comorbidities in hospitalised COPD patients <http://ow.ly/KYzSF>
Transcriptional profiling defines dynamics of parasite tissue sequestration during malaria infection
Authors: Karell G Pelle, Keunyoung Oh, Kathrin Buchholz, Vagheesh Narasimhan, Regina Joice, Danny A Milner, Nicolas Brancucci, Siyuan Ma, Till S Voss, Ken Ketman, Karl B Seydel, Terrie E Taylor, Natasha S Barteneva, Curtis Huttenhower, Matthias Marti
Journal: Genome Medicine (2015)