tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors and Outcomes for Late Presentation for HIV-Positive Persons in Europe: Results from the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe Study (COHERE)
Authors: Amanda Mocroft, Jens D. Lundgren, Miriam Lewis Sabin, Antonella d'Arminio Monforte, Norbert Brockmeyer, Jordi Casabona, Antonella Castagna, Dominique Costagliola, Francois Dabis, Stéphane De Wit, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Hansjakob Furrer, Anne M. Johnson, Marios K. Lazanas, Catherine Leport, Santiago Moreno, Niels Obel, Frank A. Post, Joanne Reekie, Peter Reiss, Caroline Sabin, Adriane Skaletz-Rorowski, Ignacio Suarez-Lozano, Carlo Torti, Josiane Warszawski, Robert Zangerle, Céline Fabre-Colin, Jesper Kjaer, Genevieve Chene, Jesper Grarup, Ole Kirk
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Few studies have monitored late presentation (LP) of HIV infection over the European continent, including Eastern Europe. Study objectives were to explore the impact of LP on AIDS and mortality. LP was defined in Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) as HIV diagnosis with a CD4 count <350/mm(3) or an AIDS diagnosis within 6 months of HIV diagnosis among persons presenting for care between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2011. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with LP and Poisson regression to explore the impact on AIDS/death. 84,524 individuals from 23 cohorts in 35 countries contributed data; 45,488 were LP (53.8%). LP was highest in heterosexual males (66.1%), Southern European countries (57.0%), and persons originating from Africa (65.1%). LP decreased from 57.3% in 2000 to 51.7% in 2010/2011 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.96; 95% CI 0.95-0.97). LP decreased over time in both Central and Northern Europe among homosexual men, and male and female heterosexuals, but increased over time for female heterosexuals and male intravenous drug users (IDUs) from Southern Europe and in male and female IDUs from Eastern Europe. 8,187 AIDS/deaths occurred during 327,003 person-years of follow-up. In the first year after HIV diagnosis, LP was associated with over a 13-fold increased incidence of AIDS/death in Southern Europe (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 13.02; 95% CI 8.19-20.70) and over a 6-fold increased rate in Eastern Europe (aIRR 6.64; 95% CI 3.55-12.43). LP has decreased over time across Europe, but remains a significant issue in the region in all HIV exposure groups. LP increased in male IDUs and female heterosexuals from Southern Europe and IDUs in Eastern Europe. LP was associated with an increased rate of AIDS/deaths, particularly in the first year after HIV diagnosis, with significant variation across Europe. Earlier and more widespread testing, timely referrals after testing positive, and improved retention in care strategies are required to further reduce the incidence of LP.
Throwing out the baby with the bathwater? Let's not overstate the overselling of the base rate fallacy
Authors: Cynthia J. Thomsen, Eugene Borgida
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Koehler's summary and critique of research on the base rate fallacy is cogent and persuasive. However, he may have overstated the case, and his suggestions for future research may be too restrictive. We agree that methodological approaches to this topic should be broadened, but we argue that experimental laboratory research and the Bayesian normative standard are useful and should not be abandoned.
Creatine kinase-MB elevation after coronary intervention correlates with diffuse atherosclerosis, and low-to-medium level elevation has a benign clinical course
Authors: Annapoorna Kini, Jonathan D Marmur, Subhash Kini, George Dangas, Thomas P Cocke, Sylvan Wallenstein, Eppie Brown, John A Ambrose, Samin K Sharma
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1999)
Small Changes in Troponin T Levels Are Common in Patients With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Are Linked to Higher Mortality
Authors: Christian Bjurman, Mårten Larsson, Per Johanson, Max Petzold, Bertil Lindahl, Michael L X Fu, Ola Hammarsten
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of change in troponin T levels in patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Changes in cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels are required for the diagnosis of NSTEMI, according to the new universal definition of acute myocardial infarction. A relative change of 20% to 230% and an absolute change of 7 to 9 ng/l have been suggested as cutoff points. In a clinical setting, where a change in cTnT was not mandatory for the diagnosis of NSTEMI, serial samples of cTnT were measured with a high-sensitivity cTnT (hs-cTnT) assay, and 37 clinical parameters were evaluated in 1,178 patients with a final diagnosis of NSTEMI presenting <24 h after symptom onset. After 6 h of observation, the relative change in the hs-cTnT level remained <20% in 26% and the absolute change <9 ng/l in 12% of the NSTEMI patients. A relative hs-cTnT change <20% was linked to higher long-term mortality across quartiles (p = 0.002) and in multivariate analyses (hazard ratio: 1.61 [95% confidence interval: 1.17 to 2.21], p = 0.004), whereas 30-day mortality was similar across quartiles of relative hs-cTnT change. Because stable hs-TnT levels are common in patients with a clinical diagnosis of NSTEMI in our hospital, a small hs-cTnT change may not be useful to exclude NSTEMI, particularly as these patients show both short-term and long-term mortality at least as high as patients with large changes in hs-cTnT.
Primary biliary cirrhosis: Prediction of short-term survival based on repeated patient visits
Authors: Paul A. Murtaugh, Rolland E. Dickson, Gooitzen M. Van Dam, Michael Malinchoc, Patricia M. Grambsch, Alice L. Langworthy, Chris H. Gips
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

The progression of primary biliary cirrhosis was studied in 312 patients who were seen at the Mayo Clinic between January 1974 and May 1984. Follow-up was extended to April 30, 1988, by which time 140 of the patients had died and 29 had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation. These patients generated 1,945 patient visits that enabled us to study the change in the prognostic variables of primary biliary cirrhosis (age, bilirubin value, albumin value, prothrombin time and edema) from the time of referral. Also, using this database and the Cox proportional-hazards regression model, we developed an updated model for primary biliary cirrhosis that can be used to predict short-term survival at any time in the course of the disease. This model uses the values of the prognostic variables measured at the latest patient visit. Comparison of predicted survival from the update model and the natural history model of primary biliary cirrhosis showed that the updated model was superior to the original model for predicting short-term survival. This finding applied to both the Mayo Clinic patients and an independent set of 83 Dutch patients. The Mayo updated model is recommended for improving the accuracy of predictions of survival during the 2 yr after a patient visit.
Obesity accelerates<i>Helicobacter felis</i>-induced gastric carcinogenesis by enhancing immature myeloid cell trafficking and T<sub>H</sub>17 response
Authors: Russell E Ericksen, Shannon Rose, Christoph Benedikt Westphalen, Wataru Shibata, Sureshkumar Muthupalani, Yagnesh Tailor, Richard A Friedman, Weiping Han, James G Fox, Anthony W Ferrante, Timothy C Wang
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Objective</h3> To investigate the role of obesity-associated inflammation and immune modulation in gastric carcinogenesis during <i>Helicobacter</i>-induced chronic gastric inflammation. <h3>Design</h3> C57BL/6 male mice were infected with <i>H felis</i> and placed on a high-fat diet (45% calories from fat). Study animals were analysed for gastric and adipose pathology, inflammatory markers in serum, stomach and adipose tissue, and immune responses in blood, spleen, stomach and adipose tissue. <h3>Results</h3> <i>H felis</i>-induced gastric carcinogenesis was accelerated in diet-induced obese mice compared with lean controls. Obesity increased bone marrow-derived immature myeloid cells in blood and gastric tissue of <i>H felis</i>-infected mice. Obesity also led to elevations in CD4 T cells, IL-17A, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, phosphorylated STAT3 and prosurvival gene expression in gastric tissue of <i>H felis</i>-infected mice. Conversely, in adipose tissue of obese mice, <i>H felis</i> infection increased macrophage accumulation and expression of IL-6, C-C motif ligand 7 (CCL7) and leptin. Finally, the combination of obesity and gastric inflammation synergistically increased serum proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Here, we have established a model to study the molecular mechanism by which obesity predisposes individuals to gastric cancer. In <i>H felis</i>-infected mice, obesity increased proinflammatory immune responses and accelerated gastric carcinogenesis. Interestingly, gastric inflammation augmented obesity-induced adipose inflammation and production of adipose-derived factors in obese, but not lean, mice. Our findings suggest that obesity accelerates <i>Helicobacter</i>-associated gastric cancer through cytokine-mediated cross-talk between inflamed gastric and adipose tissues, augmenting immune responses at both tissue sites, and thereby contributing to a protumorigenic gastric microenvironment.
The first 30 years of Medicare and Medicaid
Authors: N. De Lew
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Medicare is a uniform national health insurance program for the aged and certain disabled persons. Medicaid is administered by the states within broad federal guidelines and finances health services for certain low-income groups. <h3>Trends in Enrollment, Spending, Health Status, and Managed Care</h3><h3>Enrollment.</h3> —The enactment of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 provided health insurance coverage to millions of Americans. Medicare enrolled 19 million elderly in 1966. Medicaid was phased in by states, except Arizona, and by 1972 enrolled 18 million poor elderly, disabled, and families with dependent children. In 1972, Medicare was amended to include persons younger than 65 years with disabilities who were receiving Social Security disability benefits for 24 months or persons with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), nearly 2 million people.<sup>1</sup> Since the mid 1980s, Medicaid eligibility has been significantly expanded: enrollment increased 50% from 22 million in 1985 to 33 million in 1993. In recent years,
Elevated PGC-1α Activity Sustains Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Muscle Function without Extending Survival in a Mouse Model of Inherited ALS
Authors: Sandrine Da Cruz, Philippe A. Parone, Vanda S. Lopes, Concepción Lillo, Melissa McAlonis-Downes, Sandra K. Lee, Anne P. Vetto, Susanna Petrosyan, Martin Marsala, Anne N. Murphy, David S. Williams, Bruce M. Spiegelman, Don W. Cleveland
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2012)
An Outbreak of &lt;EMPH TYPE="ITAL"&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/EMPH&gt; O157 Infection Following Exposure to a Contaminated Building
Authors: Jay K. Varma
Journal: JAMA (2003)

ContextInfection with Escherichia coli O157 causes an estimated 70 000 diarrheal illnesses per year in the United States and can result in hemolytic-uremic syndrome and death. Environmental contamination with E coli O157 may be a public health problem.ObjectivesTo determine risk factors for E coli O157 infection during an outbreak investigation at a county fair and to evaluate environmental contamination as a possible cause of the outbreak.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsCase-control study of 23 patients (median age, 15 years) and 53 age-matched controls who had attended the Lorain County, Ohio, fair between August 20 and August 26, 2001. Case-patients had laboratory-confirmed E coli O157 infection, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, or bloody diarrhea within 7 days of attending the fair; controls attended the fair and did not have diarrhea.Main Outcome MeasuresRisk factors for infection and isolates of E coli O157 from environmental specimens.ResultsSix (26%) case-patients were hospitalized and 2 (9%) developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Case-patients were more likely than controls to have visited building A (a multipurpose community facility on the fairgrounds; matched odds ratio [MOR], 21.4 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.7-170.7]). Among visitors to building A, illness was independently associated with attending a dance in the building (MOR, 7.5; 95% CI, 1.4-41.2), handling sawdust from the floor (MOR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.1-20.0), or eating and/or drinking in the building (MOR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.2-16.6). Twenty-four (44%) of 54 specimens collected from building A 6 weeks after the fair grew Shiga toxin–producing E coli O157. Isolates from sawdust, the rafters, and other surfaces were identical by molecular fingerprinting to patient isolates. Sawdust specimens collected 42 weeks after the fair also grew the same E coli O157 strain.ConclusionsAbsence of evidence implicating specific food or beverage sources and the recovery of E coli O157 from the rafters suggest that airborne dispersion of bacteria contributed to the contamination. Because E coli O157 can survive in the environment for more than 10 months, humans may be at risk of infection long after an environment is initially contaminated.
Circulating Immune Complexes in Human Osteosarcoma&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: K Y Tsang, I Singh, W S Blakemore
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1979)

Sera from 8 patients with osteosarcoma and 64 normal individuals were examined by C1q and Raji cell radioimmunoassays for the presence of circulating immune complexes. Of the 8 patients with osteosarcoma, 6 had elevated levels of immune complexes in their sera. The elevated levels of immune complexes were demonstrated by both the C1q radioimmunoassay and the Raji cell radioimmunoassay. The amount of immune complexes was quantitated by Raji cell radioimmunoassay; the mean plus or minus the standard error of the amount of aggregated human IgG equivalent per milliliter of serum was 80.12±72.64 µg for patients with osteosarcoma and 23.07±6.2 µg for normal Individuals. The blocking effect of sera from patients with osteosarcoma on lymphocyte cytotoxicity against cultured osteosarcoma cells (TE-85) was examined. The result indicated that sera with elevated amounts of immune complexes also had increased levels of blocking activity. Sera were fractionated to separate immune complexes from γ-globulins. No free tumorspecific antibody could be detected in fractlonated γ-globulln fractions from 2 patients with osteosarcoma. The sera of these patients had high amounts of immune complexes and high blocking activities.
Bacterial Genetic Signatures of Human Social Phenomena among M. tuberculosis from an Aboriginal Canadian Population
Authors: C. Pepperell, V. H. Hoeppner, M. Lipatov, W. Wobeser, G. K. Schoolnik, M. W. Feldman
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

Despite a widespread global distribution and highly variable disease phenotype, there is little DNA sequence diversity among isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, many regional population genetic surveys have revealed a stereotypical structure in which a single clone, lineage, or clade makes up the majority of the population. It is often assumed that dominant clones are highly adapted, that is, the overall structure of M. tuberculosis populations is the result of positive selection. In order to test this assumption, we analyzed genetic data from extant populations of bacteria circulating in Aboriginal communities in Saskatchewan, Canada. Demographic parameters of the bacterial population were estimated from archival epidemiological data collected over approximately 130 years since the onset of epidemic tuberculosis in the host communities. Bacterial genetic data were tested against neutral theory expectations and the local evolutionary history of M. tuberculosis investigated by phylogenetic analysis. Our findings are not consistent with positive selection on the bacterial population. Instead, we uncovered founder effects persisting over decades and barriers to gene flow within the bacterial population. Simulation experiments suggested that a combination of these neutral influences could result in the stereotypical structure of M. tuberculosis populations. Some aspects of population structure were suggestive of background selection, and data were on the whole consistent with combined effects of population bottlenecks, subdivision, and background selection. Neutral phenomena, namely, bottlenecks and partitions within populations, are prominent influences on the evolution of M. tuberculosis and likely contribute to restricted genetic diversity observed within this species. Given these influences, a complex evolutionary model will be required to define the relative fitness of different M. tuberculosis lineages and, ultimately, to uncover the genetic basis for its success as a pathogen.
High Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes in Adult Offspring of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Tine D. Clausen, Elisabeth R. Mathiesen, Torben Hansen, Oluf Pedersen, Dorte M. Jensen, Jeannet Lauenborg, Peter Damm
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

The role of intrauterine hyperglycemia and future risk of type 2 diabetes in human offspring is debated. We studied glucose tolerance in adult offspring of women with either gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or type 1 diabetes, taking the impact of both intrauterine hyperglycemia and genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes into account.The glucose tolerance status following a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was evaluated in 597 subjects, primarily Caucasians, aged 18-27 years. They were subdivided into four groups according to maternal glucose metabolism during pregnancy and genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes: 1) offspring of women with diet-treated GDM (O-GDM), 2) offspring of genetically predisposed women with a normal OGTT (O-NoGDM), 3) offspring of women with type 1 diabetes (O-type 1), and 4) offspring of women from the background population (O-BP).The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes (impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose) in the four groups was 21, 12, 11, and 4%, respectively. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes were 7.76 (95% CI 2.58-23.39) in O-GDM and 4.02 (1.31-12.33) in O-type 1 compared with O-BP. In O-type 1, the risk of type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes was significantly associated with elevated maternal blood glucose in late pregnancy: OR 1.41 (1.04-1.91) per mmol/l.A hyperglycemic intrauterine environment appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes in adult offspring of primarily Caucasian women with either diet-treated GDM or type 1 diabetes during pregnancy.
Ultrasonography of entheseal insertions in the lower limb in spondyloarthropathy
Authors: P V Balint
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

<b>Objective:</b> To compare ultrasonography (US) with clinical examination in the detection of entheseal abnormality of the lower limb in patients with spondyloarthropathy (SpA). <b>Methods:</b> 35 patients with SpA (ankylosing spondylitis 27; psoriatic arthritis 7; reactive arthritis 1) underwent independent clinical and ultrasonographic examination of both lower limbs at five entheseal sites—superior pole and inferior pole of patella, tibial tuberosity, Achilles tendon, and plantar aponeurosis. US was performed using an ATL (Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothell, Washington, USA) high definition imaging 3000 machine with linear 7–4 MHz and compact linear 10–5 MHz probes to detect bursitis, structure thickness, bony erosion, and enthesophyte (bony spur). An enthesitis score was formulated from these US findings giving a possible maximum total score of 36. <b>Results:</b> On clinical examination 75/348 (22%) entheseal sites were abnormal and on US examination 195/348 (56%) sites were abnormal. In 19 entheseal sites with bursitis on US, only five were detected by clinical examination. Compared with US, clinical examination had a low sensitivity (22.6%) and moderate specificity (79.7%) for the detection of enthesitis of the lower limbs. There was no significant correlation between the US score of enthesitis and acute phase parameters such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or C reactive protein (CRP). The intraobserver κ value for analysis of all sites was 0.9. <b>Conclusions:</b> Most entheseal abnormality in SpA is not detected at clinical examination. US is better than clinical examination in the detection of entheseal abnormality of the lower limbs in SpA. A quantitative US score of lower limb enthesitis is proposed but further studies are required to validate it in SpA.
A Anisakis Simplex Homolog of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Inhibits Allergic Airway Responses in Mice
Authors: H. Park, J. Lee, K. Kim, H. Jeong, Y. Jeong, J. Jeong, Y. Kim, M. Lee, S. Park, H. Yu
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Does it really impact health-related quality of life? A study in rural Egypt
Authors: Michaël Schwarzinger, Sahar Dewedar, Claire Rekacewicz, Khaled Mahmoud Abd Elaziz, Arnaud Fontanet, Fabrice Carrat, Mostafa Kamal Mohamed
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Previous Western studies showed a consistent and marked reduction in health–related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, these studies were conducted on patients whose knowledge of their serological status may have affected their HRQOL. This HRQOL survey conducted in the Egyptian rural population provides a unique opportunity to clarify this issue among a population whose serological status is unknown. HRQOL was assessed by an Arabic translation of the Short–Form 12, and a visual analog scale of the relative severity of one's health status. HCV chronic infection was defined by positive tests for anti–HCV antibody and HCV–RNA. HRQOL was compared according to HCV chronic infection status in linear mixed models adjusted for potential confounding factors, such as age, sex, education, and health care-related risk factors, and adjusted for interviewer as a random effect. One hundred forty–six Egyptians chronically infected with HCV had similar Short–Form 12 and visual analog scale scores, compared with 1,140 uninfected controls from the same rural community. In individuals chronically infected with HCV, serum aminotransferase levels did not correlate with HRQOL. In conclusion , this study did not find a significant reduction of HRQOL in patients chronically infected with HCV compared with uninfected, contemporaneous controls. This may be explained in part by a lower morbidity amongst patients chronically infected with HCV in rural Egypt and a higher morbidity amongst uninfected controls as compared with those of Western studies, as well as a lack of awareness of hepatitis C serological status. (Hepatology 2004;40:1434-1441.)