tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Letter: Massive intoxication with metoprolol.
Authors: B H Moller
Journal: BMJ (1976)

The bleeding time (Ivy method) was, however, normal in all 23 patients studied.None of the patients in this small series was thrombocytopenic.It is unlikely that this acquired platelet funotion defect will be of clinical significance, but until further experience is gained with this agent it would seem advisable to measure the bleeding time and platelet count before major surgery in patients taking sodium valproate.
Urinary Levoglucosan as a Biomarker of Wood Smoke Exposure: Observations in a Mouse Model and in Children
Authors: Christopher T. Migliaccio, Megan A. Bergauff, Christopher P. Palmer, Forrest Jessop, Curtis W. Noonan, Tony J. Ward
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

BackgroundBiomass smoke is an important source of particulate matter (PM), and much remains to be discovered with respect to the human health effects associated with this specific PM source. Exposure to biomass smoke can occur in one of two main categories: short-term exposures consist of periodic, seasonal exposures typified by communities near forest fires or intentional agricultural burning, and long-term exposures are chronic and typified by the use of biomass materials for cooking or heating. Levoglucosan (LG), a sugar anhydride released by combustion of cellulose-containing materials, is an attractive candidate as a biomarker of wood smoke exposure.ObjectivesIn the present study, Balb/c mice and children were assessed for LG in urine to determine its feasibility as a biomarker.MethodsWe performed urinary detection of LG by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after intranasal instillations of LG or concentrated PM (mice) or biomass exposure (mice or humans).ResultsAfter instillation, we recovered most of the LG within the first 4 hr. Experiments using glucose instillation proved the specificity of our system, and instillation of concentrated PM from wood smoke, ambient air, and diesel exhaust supported a connection between wood smoke and LG. In addition, LG was detected in the urine of mice exposed to wood smoke. Finally, a pilot human study proved our ability to detect LG in urine of children.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that LG in the lungs is detectable in the urine of both mice and humans and that it is a good candidate as a biomarker of exposure to biomass smoke.
Growth Hormone–releasing Hormone Plasmid Treatment by Electroporation Decreases Offspring Mortality Over Three Pregnancies
Authors: Ryan Person, Angela M Bodles-Brakhop, Melissa A Pope, Patricia A Brown, Amir S Khan, Ruxandra Draghia-Akli
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2008)

LifeTideSW5 is a growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH)–expressing plasmid delivered by intramuscular (IM) electroporation (EP), and the first therapeutic plasmid delivered by this physical method to be approved for use in food animals. Gestating sows (<i>n</i> = 997) were treated once with a single 5-mg GHRH-plasmid by EP or served as controls. Data on offspring from three parities subsequent to treatment were collected. No adverse effects related to treatment were noted. First parity post-treatment offspring from treated sows displayed a 2.93 kg (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) increase in carcass weight (CW), 1.0 mm (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) less back-fat (P2), and a 27.0 g CW/day (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) increase in rate of gain (ROG) compared with controls. An increase of 21.6% was recorded in the number of offspring surviving. In the second and third parities post-treatment, offspring from treated females displayed higher number of born alive and total born number, and lower stillborn rates. Third parity offspring from treated sows displayed a 1.6 kg advantage in CW (<i>P</i> < 0.05), 1.0 mm less P2 (<i>P</i> < 0.05), and a 10.0 g CW/day benefit in ROG. Furthermore, offspring from treated females had a 19.04% lower post-wean loss rate. Overall, plasmid GHRH administration decreased morbidity and mortality in treated females and their offspring over three consecutive pregnancies.
FIELDS OF VISION IN INTRACRANIAL LESIONS
Authors: H. M. Traquair
Journal: BMJ (1933)

FIELDS OF VISION IN INTRACRANIAL | into the crossed and uncrossed bundles.In the optic LESIONS w *tract the crossed fibres from the one side join with the LESIONS * uncrossed fibres from the other, and before, or by the time BY that, the external geniculate body is reached, the fibres from corresponding areas of the homonymous halves of OPH.HLM.ICTSAQUAIR, M.D., INF.R.C.S, ED.N-BUR6sI the two retinae have come to lie in close juxtaposition.OPHTHALMIC SURGEON, ROYAL INFlRIRMARY, EDINBURGII Thus a single lesion in the visual nerve pathway before In the first place it is necessary to state clearly what this juxtaposition has been attained might produce a is meant by the expression " fields of vision."Until defect in one field only, or, when both fields are affected, recently the examination of the field of vision meant defects which, though symmetrical in position and similar simply the demarcation of the extent of the seeing field in shape, are more extensive, more intense, or earlier in and the positiocand shape of blind areas.Modern appearance in one field than in the other.In cases of perimetry includes, in addition to the separation of blinld homonymous hemianopic field change defects of this kind from seeing areas, an estimation of the functional are incongruous; congruos homonymous hemianopic efficiency of the whole field.The normal field is not a defects are simultaneous in appearance, coextensive, and field having merely normal extent, but one having, in equal in intensity in the two fields.It will be seen that addition, normal acuteness all over its area.When defects establishment of congruity or incongruity has a local- are found the degree of visual impairment must be izing value, since all hemianopias due to suprageniculate estimated, and also the functional value of the apparently lesions must be congruous.uInaffected parts.There is, however, an exception to this rule, owing to This quantitative perimetry is carried out by the tise the fact that the temporal and nasal portions of the field of serial stimuli varying from a test object of only 1 mm.are not normally coextensive, the temporal field being the in diameter to a strong electric light, on the same prin-larger by a crescentic area about 30 degrees wide at its a strng eectri ligt, onthe ameipint yat ghsae orsod t h aa eihr
727. Gene-Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells Selectively Engraft in Stroma of Ovarian Carcinomas and Control Tumor Growth
Authors: Jennifer Dembinski, Matus Studeny, Claudia Zompetta, Michael Andreeff, Frank Marini
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Large proportions of ovarian cancers originate in ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), developing from cysts intermixed with stroma. We observed bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), administered intraperitoneally (IP), preferentially engraft and proliferate in stroma of growing ovarian carcinomas. We investigated whether genetically modified MSC can be used as targeted drug delivery vehicles in vivo for production of interferon-beta (IFNb) intratumorally.
Helmets for Motor Cyclists: Lower Fatal Head Injury Rate but More Crashes Mean More Study
Authors: Craig Desoer
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I read with interest the data presented by Sosin and Sacks<sup>1</sup>regarding motorcycle helmet-use laws. I found the data particularly interesting in that the lower rate of death due to head injury was countered by a higher crash rate, resulting in comparable overall death rates. The authors suggest, but in no way demonstrate, that the higher crash rate "may reflect riskier conditions, riskier behaviors, or differences in crash reporting." There do not appear to be adequate data to exclude the increased helmet use itself as a possible cause of the increased crash rate. Notwithstanding the studies cited by Sosin and Sacks, decreased sensory input or other mechanisms not yet studied might be implicated in the increased crash rate. I feel that further study into this question is needed. Until such time as the increased crash rate and the lack of improvement in overall mortality can be
Cluster randomised controlled trials
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Researchers investigated whether a systematic approach to the treatment of pain reduced agitation in people with moderate to severe dementia living in nursing homes. A cluster randomised controlled trial study design was used. The intervention comprised a stepwise protocol for the treatment of pain for eight weeks, with additional follow-up lasting four weeks from the end of treatment. The control group received the usual treatment and care.1

A sample of 352 residents living in 60 nursing home units across five municipalities of western Norway was identified. Each nursing home unit was independent, with no crossover of staff, and defined as a natural cluster for the purpose of the trial. Residents were eligible if they were aged 65 or older and had moderate to severe dementia and clinically significant behavioural disturbances. In total, 175 residents living in 33 clusters were randomised to intervention, and 177 residents living in 27 clusters were randomised to control. The primary outcome was agitation as measured on the Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory. The researchers reported that the systematic approach to …
PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE SERUM DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER AND THE METHODS OF ITS APPLICATION.
Authors: WILLIAM H. WELCH
Journal: JAMA (1897)

I comply the more readily with the suggestion of the Chairman of this Section that my remarks in opening this discussion on the "Serum Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever," shall relate to the general principles of the method, inasmuch as the results obtained by this method at the Johns Hopkins Hospital will be presented in the course of this discussion by Dr. Block, and others will relate the results of their personal experience. Before the introduction of the Widal method of diagnosis the discovery and subsequent studies of the typhoid bacillus had been comparatively barren of results available to the general practitioner of medicine. In this respect the typhoid bacillus afforded a marked contrast to many other pathogenic microörganisms, notably the tubercle bacillus, the diphtheria bacillus and the malarial parasite. For various reasons improved methods of diagnosis of typhoid fever are most welcome to the practitioner. Inasmuch as the prevalence of
PET/CT in a Patient With Adenoma Malignum of the Uterine Cervix
Authors: Hadley J. Sharp, Chelsea C. Pinnix, Anuja Jhingran, Elizabeth D. Euscher, Eric M. Rohren, Pedro T. Ramirez
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

The findings of positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) in a patient with FIGO stage IIA adenoma malignum of the uterine cervix are described in this article. PET/CT showed that the cervical tumor was intensely hypermetabolic with no evidence of disease spread. However, lymphadenectomy revealed metastatic spread to paraaortic lymph nodes. PET/CT may be useful in identifying primary site of disease in patients with adenoma malignum; however, the utility in detecting metastatic nodal disease remains to be determined.
Making the best use of clinical radiology
Authors: D. J. Remedios, B. Seymour
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Nuclear power plant disasters capture headlines but the collective dose to the population from medical imaging is three times greater than from nuclear energy production.1 2

Perhaps the two principles of radiation protection—optimisation and justification—need reiterating and the impact of measures to support these outlined. Optimisation—the reduction of medical exposure dose …
African women with HIV
Authors: W. Rankin, C. Wilson
Journal: BMJ (2000)

The international AIDS conference held in Durban earlier this year made the world aware of the global HIV catastrophe and of the need to prevent vertical transmission from mother to child. The fact that women are vulnerable to HIV infection in the first place must be of equal concern. Like women elsewhere, African women are stultified by circumstances largely beyond their control. These include sexually transmitted infections, sometimes associated with “dry sex” practices, and myths touting sex with a virgin as a cure for male HIV infection. The culture of silence surrounding sexual practices in general, the stigma of AIDS, women's lack of control over their bodies, and vulnerability to dispossession by a vexed husband or sex partner are no help. Low literacy rates, lack of information, limited choice, and little access to paid work outside the home result in morbid dependency and crushing poverty that are terrible burdens. Religious leaders and traditional healers should be allies of women, delivering educational and support services against HIV, and strengthen public influences for …
The illusory function of dreams: Another example of cognitive bias
Authors: Linda Mealey
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Patterns of dream content indicating a predominance of themes relating to threat are likely to reflect biases in dream recall and dream scoring techniques. Even if this pattern is not artifactual, it is yet reflective of threat-related biases in our conscious and nonconscious waking cognition, and is not special to dreams. [Revonsuo]
Short-term Tuberculosis Therapy Regimens
Authors: William W. Stead
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article "Will Short-term TB Therapy Regimens Work?" in MEDICAL NEWS (240:2526, 1978) by John Elliott contained two substantive errors that should be corrected. First, Mr Elliott accurately described the dosage of the largely twice-weekly regimen of rifampin and isoniazid that we have employed in our nine-month course of therapy; however, he then stated "the PHS [Public Health Service] program...involves similar doses, but the regimen lasts only six months." Actually, the PHS program calls for rifampin and isoniazid to be given in standard doses daily for six months, then followed in one group by a combination of isoniazid and ethanbutol hydrochloride and in a second group by a period of placebo. But both groups get rifampin and isoniazid daily for six months. Second, in an effort to account for the much lower drop-out rate and greater success of the Arkansas program over that of the PHS,
Prevalence of allergy in children in relation to prior BCG vaccination and infection with atypical mycobacteria
Authors: I.‐L. Strannegård, L.‐O. Larsson, G. Wennergren, Ö. Strannegård
Journal: Allergy (1998)

By influence on the Thl/Th2 cell balance, infectious agents may affect development of atopic allergy. In this study, we investigated whether previous BCG vaccination or infection with atypical mycobacteria might related lo the development of atopic disease. The study, which involved skin testing with mycobaeteria and answers to a questionnaire for more than 6000 children in Sweden, revealed a low prevalence of allergy among BCG‐vaccinated children who were immigrants or adopted from other countries. Vaccinated children bom in Sweden, however, did not have significantly lower allergy prevalence than age‐matched, unvaccinated children. Furthermore, the overall frequencies of skin‐test reactivity to atypical mycobacteria M. avlum and M. scrofulaceum were higher rather than lower in allergic than in nonallergic children. By contrast, there was tendency toward a lower frequency of more strongly positive skin reactions (&gt;10mm) to mycobacteria in allergic than in nonallergic children. These findings do not support the hypothesis that early mycobacterial infections have a suppressive effect on the development of atopic disease. Earlier findings of an apparent association between atopy and lack of previous mycobacterial infection may possibly be explained by a relatively decreased ability of atopic patients to mount strong Thl cell‐mediated immune responses.
Serum Levels of Soluble IL6R are Genetically Regulated and Correlate with Lung Function in Asthmatics: Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP)
Authors: G.A. Hawkins, M.B. Robinson, W.C. Moore, A.T. Hastie, S.P. Peters, D.A. Meyers, E.R. Bleecker
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Tissue iron evaluation in chronically transfused children shows significant levels of iron loading at a very young age
Authors: Vasilios Berdoukas, Anne Nord, Susan Carson, Mammen Puliyel, Thomas Hofstra, John Wood, Thomas D. Coates
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2013)

Chronic blood transfusions start at a very young age in subjects with transfusion-dependent anemias, the majority of whom have hereditary anemias. To understand how rapidly iron overload develops, we retrospectively reviewed 308 MRIs for evaluation of liver, pancreatic, or cardiac iron in 125 subjects less than 10 years old. Median age at first MRI evaluation was 6.0 years. Median liver iron concentrations in patients less than 3.5 years old were 14 and 13 mg/g dry weight in thalassemia major (TM) and Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) patients, respectively. At time of first MRI, pancreatic iron was markedly elevated (> 100 Hz) in DBA patients, and cardiac iron ( R₂* >50 Hz) was present in 5/112 subjects (4.5%), including a 2.5 years old subject with DBA. Five of 14 patients (38%) with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) developed excess cardiac iron before their 10th birthday. Thus, clinically significant hepatic and cardiac iron accumulation occurs at an early age in patients on chronic transfusions, particularly in those with ineffective or absent erythropoiesis, such as DBA, CDA, and TM, who are at higher risk for iron cardiomyopathy. Performing MRI for iron evaluation in the liver, heart, and pancreas as early as feasible, particularly in those conditions in which there is suppressed bone marrow activity is very important in the management of iron loaded children in order to prescribe appropriate chelation to prevent long-term sequelae. .
Secondarily necrotic cell-derived material (SNEC) causes systemic inflammation in sle by exposing autoantigens for immune complex formation
Authors: L. E. Munoz, S. Siebig, C. Janko, U. S. Gaipl, G. Schett, M. Herrmann
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Background and objectives</h3> Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial genetically predisposed disease resulting from inflammatory responses of the immune system against several autoantigens. Considering actual evidence, the onset of autoimmune manifestations is triggered by the interplay between environmental factors and several major complex intrinsic defects. Deficiencies in the recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells have been reported in patients with SLE. If dying cells are not promptly cleared, accumulate, undergo secondary necrosis, and expose nuclear autoantigens. The goal of this work is to analyse whether the remnants of apoptotic cells are involved in the induction of inflammatory responses in SLE. <h3>Materials and methods</h3> Secondarily necrotic cell (SNEC) were generated by treatment of dead human lymphocytes with serum DNase-I and C1q. We employed fluorescence microscopy, FACS, and an ex vivo phagocytosis assays to demonstrate the availability of autoantigens to cells of the innate immune system. <h3>Results</h3> SNEC binds several dead and dying cells ligands, and are readily recognised by lupus autoantibodies. Autoantibodies recognising DNA in the surface of nuclear remnants are able to opsonise them and to foster its uptake by non-professional blood borne phagocytes. We observed a significantly secretion of inflammatory cytokines by the phagocytes which were cultured with SLE plasma containing AAb. Phagocytosis of SNEC and the subsequent production of inflammatory cytokines were strongly influenced by the presence of DNA in the target particle. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Lupus autoantigens are exposed on the surface of SNEC and available to assemble immune complexes. The clearance of cellular remnants that are not properly removed from the organism is targeted to innate phagocytes by lupus autoatibodies causing systemic inflammation in some patients with SLE.
Infective Endocarditis and Other Intravascular Infections
Authors: Jerry D. Smilack
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The medical community owes much to Dr Freedman for his pioneering work more than a decade ago in developing an experimental animal model of endocarditis. Now Dr Freedman provides us with a clinically oriented book on endocarditis and related vascular infections (the fifth in a series of volumes devoted to current topics in infectious disease). Spanning the spectrum from the laboratory to the bedside, the author leaves few stones unturned. He carefully lays the groundwork by showing how vegetations form on endothelial surfaces, why only certain bacterial strains colonize the vegetations, and what the consequences of such processes are. With the insight of the dedicated student of endocarditis that he is, the author probes the subject from anatomy to zygomyces. We read about the controversy concerning potential benefits of addition of aminoglycosides to penicillinase-resistant penicillins for treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis. Recommendations for endocarditis prophylaxis are offered. Permeating most discussions is
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis after long-term treatment in an Intensive care unit: clinical presentation, endoscopic findings, treatment, and follow-up
Authors: C. Jaeger, G. Mayer, R. Henrich, L. Gossner, T. Rabenstein, A. May, E. Guenter, C. Ell
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

We present ten patients who developed secondary sclerosing cholangitis following long-term treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU) between 1999 and 2004.Ten consecutive patients who had no evidence suggestive of pre-existing hepatobiliary disease were admitted to an ICU because of trauma (n = 5), intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 3), or nonabdominal postsurgical complications (n = 2). All the patients had required treatment with long-term ventilation, catecholamines, total parenteral nutrition, and several antimicrobial agents.Cholestasis was first noted within 11 days after the initial insult. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), performed after a median follow-up of 69 days, revealed multifocal stricturing and beading of the intrahepatic bile ducts, and attenuation of the peripheral branches. In all the patients, the bile ducts were partially filled by black-pigmented thrombotic material. All the patients underwent endotherapy, which comprised sphincterotomy and removal of the occluding material, in an attempt to improve biliary drainage; the treatment had to be repeated in seven of the ten patients. After a median follow-up period of 21 months, despite transient clinical improvement following endotherapy, complete recovery has not been achieved in any of the patients and so far one patient has had to undergo orthotopic liver transplantation as a result of end-stage liver disease.The development of secondary sclerosing cholangitis in patients who have received long-term treatment in an ICU is a rare event of unknown pathophysiology, but patients demonstrate characteristic findings on ERCP. It is not known whether endotherapy can delay the progress of the condition in the long term.
Importance of hypovolaemic shock and endoscopic signs in predicting recurrent hemorrhage from peptic ulceration.
Authors: P C Bornman, I N Marks
Journal: BMJ (1986)

concern for food and health (and, indeed, smok- ing, drinking, and health) should watch the policiesofthe various political paries in the run up to the next general election with interest.Meanwhile you, Sir, in common with the editors of other medical journals, can encourage the "full independence" you rightly seek by requiinng your contributors (and correspondents)'to declare their interests and sources of funding for publication.