tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Opposite Effects of Different Strains or Batches of Same Strain of BCG on In Vitro Generation of Syngeneic and Allogeneic Antitumor Cytotoxicity23
Authors: Margalit B. Mokyr, James A. Bennett, Donald P. Braun, James C. D. Hengst, Malcolm S. Mitchell, Sheldon Dray
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1980)

Pretreatment of mice with three batches of BCG Phipps strain 10 days before in vitro immunization of their spleen cells with syngeneic or allogeneic tumor cells augmented the levels of antitumor cytotoxicity (compared to the levels exhibited by in vitro immunized spleen cells from normal mice), whereas pretreatment with another batch of BCG Phipps strain or with a batch of BCG Tice strain suppressed antitumor cytotoxicity. The suppressive effects of these BCG vaccines could not be attributed to route of administration, dose of BCG, or percentage of colony-forming units in an inoculum. The effect of the interval between BCG pretreatment and in vitro immunization on the generation of antitumor cytotoxicity was evaluated; one BCG batch was of special interest, inasmuch as augmented cytotoxicity was obtained when the interval was short and suppressed cytotoxicity was obtained when the interval was long.
Tadalafil in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Andrew R Goudie, Brian J Lipworth, Pippa J Hopkinson, Li Wei, Allan D Struthers
Journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2014)

Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors improve exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, whether such beneficial effects take place in selected populations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains uncertain. We aimed to assess the effects of tadalafil--a PDE5 inhibitor--on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with COPD and mild pulmonary hypertension.We did a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial at three centres in Scotland, UK, between Sept 1, 2010, and Sept 1, 2012. Patients with moderate to severe COPD were randomly assigned (1:1), via centralised randomisation with a computer-generated sequence and block sizes of four, to receive daily tadalafil 10 mg or placebo for 12 weeks. Patients, study investigators, outcome assessors, and those administering drugs were masked to group allocation. The primary endpoint was the mean placebo-corrected difference between the baseline and final 6 min walk distance after 12 weeks. We measured change in quality of life at baseline, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks, with standardised questionnaires. Analysis was per protocol and by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01197469.120 patients were randomly assigned to receive tadalafil (n=60) or placebo (n=60), of whom 56 (93%) versus 57 (95%) completed the study. At 12 weeks the difference in 6 min walking distance between the tadalafil and placebo groups was 0·5 m (95% CI -11·6 to 12·5; p=0·937). We recorded no statistically significant changes in quality of life (between-group difference on the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire -2·64 [95% CI -6·43 to 1·15]; Research and Development version 1 short-form-36 4·08 [-1·35 to 9·52]; Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire -2·31 [-7·06 to 2·45]). 19 (32%) of 60 patients in the treatment group had dyspepsia; the severity of dyspepsia ranged from mild to severe, with four (21%) of 19 patients needing a proton-pump inhibitor. Five (8%) of 60 participants had dyspepsia in the placebo group. Headache was noted in 17 (28%) patients in the treatment group versus 5 (8%) in the placebo group, but was mild in all patients. Two (3%) patients in the treatment group had facial flushing, which resulted in one withdrawal. Other withdrawals within the tadalafil group happened after a transient ischaemic attack and two deaths (ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and pneumonia).Tadalafil does not improve exercise capacity or quality of life despite exerting pulmonary vasodilation.Chief Scientist Office for Scotland.
Effect of gastrin on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats.
Authors: T N Rasmussen, P E Jorgensen, T Almdal, S S Poulsen, P S Olsen
Journal: Gut (1990)

Gastrin has been shown to be an important trophic hormone for the mucosa of the stomach and the proximal intestine. In the present study the effect of gastrin on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats was investigated. After partial hepatectomy a significant rise in the concentration of gastrin in portal venous blood was found six, 12, and 18 hours after 70% hepatectomy. The effect of changes in the endogenous gastrin concentration on the liver regeneration was investigated in rats subjected to antrectomy or to fundectomy. Partial hepatectomy was done three weeks after the primary surgery. We found antrectomy to decrease liver regeneration, whereas fundectomy had no effect. Administration of pentagastrin 300 micrograms/kg sc three times daily for two and four days after partial hepatectomy significantly increased the rate of liver regeneration compared with controls. This study suggests that gastrin has a hepatotrophic effect. Whether this effect is caused by a direct action of gastrin on the hepatocytes or it is an indirect effect mediated by for instance insulin, glucagon or epidermal growth factor has to be further investigated.
p53 protein expression in viral warts from renal allograft recipients
Authors: C. Ferrandiz, M. T. Fernandez, M. J. Fuente, A. Ariza
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

Journal Article p53 protein expression in viral warts from renal allograft recipients Get access C. Ferrandiz, C. Ferrandiz Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. T. Fernandez, M. T. Fernandez Pathology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. J. Fuente, M. J. Fuente Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Ariza A. Ariza Pathology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 134, Issue 4, 1 April 1996, Pages 810–811, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb07002.x Published: 01 April 1996
Exercise Capacity and Mortality in Older Men
Authors: Peter Kokkinos, Jonathan Myers, Charles Faselis, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Michael Doumas, Andreas Pittaras, Athanasios Manolis, John Peter Kokkinos;, Pamela Karasik, Michael Greenberg, Vasilios Papademetriou, Ross Fletcher
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Epidemiological findings, based largely on middle-aged populations, support an inverse and independent association between exercise capacity and mortality risk. The information available in older individuals is limited.Between 1986 and 2008, we assessed the association between exercise capacity and all-cause mortality in 5314 male veterans aged 65 to 92 years (mean+/-SD, 71.4+/-5.0 years) who completed an exercise test at the Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Washington, DC, and Palo Alto, Calif. We established fitness categories based on peak metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved. During a median 8.1 years of follow-up (range, 0.1 to 25.3), there were 2137 deaths. Baseline exercise capacity was 6.3+/-2.4 METs among survivors and 5.3+/-2.0 METs in those who died (P<0.001) and emerged as a strong predictor of mortality. For each 1-MET increase in exercise capacity, the adjusted hazard for death was 12% lower (hazard ratio=0.88; confidence interval, 0.86 to 0.90). Compared with the least fit individuals (< or =4 METs), the mortality risk was 38% lower for those who achieved 5.1 to 6.0 METs (hazard ratio=0.62; confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.71) and progressively declined to 61% (hazard ratio=0.39; confidence interval, 0.32 to 0.49) for those who achieved >9 METs, regardless of age. Unfit individuals who improved their fitness status with serial testing had a 35% lower mortality risk (hazard ratio=0.65; confidence interval, 0.46 to 0.93) compared with those who remained unfit.Exercise capacity is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in older men. The relationship is inverse and graded, with most survival benefits achieved in those with an exercise capacity >5 METs. Survival improved significantly when unfit individuals became fit.
Podocyte Injury Damages Other Podocytes
Authors: Taiji Matsusaka, Eric Sandgren, Ayumi Shintani, Valentina Kon, Ira Pastan, Agnes B. Fogo, Iekuni Ichikawa
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

Loss of podocytes promotes glomerulosclerosis, but whether this results from a continued primary insult or a secondary mechanism triggered by the initial loss of podocytes is unknown. We generated chimeric mice in which only a subpopulation of podocytes expressed hCD25, which is the receptor for the immunotoxin LMB2. In addition, genetic labeling of hCD25-negative cells with human placental alkaline phosphatase allowed the study of these two distinct podocyte populations. Administration of LMB2 did not cause podocyte injury in hCD25-negative control mice. In contrast, LMB2 severely damaged or sloughed off the subpopulation of hCD25-positive podocytes within the chimeric glomeruli. Moreover, hCD25-negative podocytes, which were immune to the initial toxin injury, developed injury as early as 4 d after LMB2 injection, evidenced by foot process effacement, upregulation of desmin, and downregulation of nephrin, podocin, and podocalyxin. Furthermore, the magnitude of secondary injury correlated with the magnitude of primary injury, supporting the concept of an amplified cascade of podocyte injury. In conclusion, podocyte damage can propagate injury by triggering secondary damage of "remnant" intact podocytes, even when the primary insult is short-lived. This transmission of podocyte injury may form a vicious cycle leading to accelerated podocyte deterioration and glomerulosclerosis.
Repeatability of measures of inflammatory cell number in bronchial biopsies in atopic asthma
Authors: JK Sont, LN Willems, CE Evertse, R Hooijer, PJ Sterk, JH van Krieken
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

Airway pathology is increasingly considered to be a major outcome in asthma research. The aim of this study was to examine the intra-observer, within-section and between-biopsy repeatability, together with the implications for statistical power of a computerized quantitative analysis of inflammatory cell numbers in the lamina propria in bronchial biopsy specimens from atopic asthmatic subjects. Thirty six atopic adults (aged 19-40 yrs) with mild to moderate asthma (baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) &gt; or =50% of predicted value, methacholine (PC20) range 0.02-18.2 mg x mL[-1]) at various levels of treatment (25 subjects on inhaled steroids) entered the study. Biopsies were taken from the (sub)segmental carinae of the right lower and middle lobe and from the main carina. Specimens were snap-frozen and immunohistochemical staining was performed on cryostat sections with monoclonal antibodies against: (secreted) eosinophil cationic protein (EG1, EG2), mast cell tryptase (AA1), CD45, CD22, CD4, CD8, CD25, and CD45RO. Using a computerized system, the number of positively stained cells in the lamina propria was counted. When considering all cell types together, satisfactory intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) values were obtained for intra-observer, within-section and between-biopsy repeatability, being 0.90, 0.80 and 0.81, respectively. The analysis of repeatability for individual cell types revealed ICC values ranging 0.47-0.82 for intra-observer, 0.44-0.76 for within-section and 0.37-0.67 for between-biopsy repeatability. The results imply that a sample-size between eight and 25 subjects is needed to detect at least one doubling difference in cell number per 0.1 mm2 for a particular inflammatory cell type in a study, using a within-group design with alpha=0.05 and power of 0.80. A sample-size of 13-48 subjects per group is required to detect the same difference between the groups in a parallel design.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia With Reticulocytopenia
Authors: C. Lockard Conley
Journal: JAMA (1980)

In four cases of autoimmune hemolytic disease, rapidly developing anemia was associated with reticulocytopenia despite intensely erythroid bone marrow. Transfusions had been withheld because compatible blood could not be obtained, and each patient was virtually moribund on admission. Type-specific RBCs were administered promptly without reaction. From 2 to 84 carefully selected units were required to sustain life during the reticulocytopenic episodes, which lasted from a few days to more than six months. Transfusion in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia generally is unwise, because the autoantibody in the serum usually reacts with the RBCs of all potential donors, making a satisfactory cross match impossible. However, reticulocytopenia with profound anemia may present as a medical emergency in which prompt, careful transfusion is lifesaving. (<i>JAMA</i>244:1688-1690, 1980)
Gluten Contamination of Commercial Oat Products in the United States
Authors: Tricia Thompson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

The discussion in Images in Clinical Medicine by Hylton and Goldberg (July 8 issue) 1 implies that the circumpapillary retinal ridge is pathognomonic for the shaken-baby syndrome.This belief was widely held among ophthalmologists, pediatricians, and forensic pathologists until it was recently challenged. 2,3Two studies used a process associated with evidence-based medicine to evaluate the premise that the perimacular retinal fold is diagnostic of shaken-baby syndrome.Both studies found that such a presupposition was not supported by solid scientific evidence.Since a diagnosis of shaken-baby syndrome can lead to serious conse-quences, doctors should be cautious when using the circumpapillary retinal ridge as the sole criterion for this diagnosis.
Cell Proliferation in Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma23
Authors: Amy N. Friedland, Gerald D. Weinstein
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1977)

Journal Article Cell Proliferation in Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Get access Amy N. Friedland, M.D., Amy N. Friedland, M.D. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gerald D. Weinstein, M.D. Gerald D. Weinstein, M.D. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 59, Issue 1, July 1977, Pages 3–6, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/59.1.3 Published: 01 July 1977 Article history Received: 03 May 1976 Revision received: 27 September 1976 Accepted: 09 January 1977 Published: 01 July 1977
The DNA helicase BRIP1 is defective in Fanconi anemia complementation group J
Authors: Marieke Levitus, Quinten Waisfisz, Barbara C Godthelp, Yne de Vries, Shobbir Hussain, Wouter W Wiegant, Elhaam Elghalbzouri-Maghrani, Jûrgen Steltenpool, Martin A Rooimans, Gerard Pals, Fré Arwert, Christopher G Mathew, Małgorzata Z Zdzienicka, Kevin Hiom, Johan P De Winter, Hans Joenje
Journal: Nature Genetics (2005)
Activation of T lymphocytes in dengue virus infections. High levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor, soluble CD4, soluble CD8, interleukin 2, and interferon-gamma in sera of children with dengue.
Authors: I Kurane, B L Innis, S Nimmannitya, A Nisalak, A Meager, J Janus, F A Ennis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

It has been reported that the severe complication of dengue virus infection, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is much more commonly observed during secondary dengue virus infections than primary infections. In order to elucidate the role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of DHF, we attempted to determine whether T lymphocytes are activated in vivo during dengue virus infections, by examining the levels of soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), soluble CD4 (sCD4), soluble CD8 (sCD8), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) in the sera of 59 patients with DHF and 41 patients with dengue fever (DF). The levels of sIL-2R, sCD4, sCD8, IL-2, and IFN gamma were significantly higher in the acute sera of patients with DHF than in the sera of healthy children (P less than 0.001 for all markers). The acute sera of patients with DF contained higher levels of sIL-2R, sCD4, IL-2, and IFN gamma than the sera of healthy children (P less than 0.001 for sIL-2R, IL-2, and IFN gamma; P less than 0.05 for sCD4), but did not have elevated levels of sCD8. The levels of sIL-2R (P less than 0.05), sCD4 (P less than 0.001), and sCD8 (P less than 0.001) were higher in DHF than in DF on days 3-4 after the onset of fever. The levels of IL-2 and IFN gamma in patients with DHF were highest 1 d before defervescence. There were no significant differences in the levels of sIL-2R, sCD4, sCD8, IL-2, and IFN gamma among grades 1, 2, and 3 of DHF. These results indicate (a) T lymphocytes are activated and produce IL-2 and IFN gamma in vivo during DHF and DF, (b) CD4+ T lymphocytes are activated in DHF and DF, and the level of activation is higher in DHF than in DF, and (c) activation of CD8+ T lymphocytes is evident in DHF, but not in DF.
A young soccer player with sudden pain after kicking the ball
Authors: S. Lega, I. Rabach, E. Barbi, A. Ventura
Journal: BMJ (2015)

A 14 year old boy presented to the emergency department with a 10 day history of pain in his left hip. He reported that the pain had started after he kicked the ball during a soccer game. The pain was not particularly intense—he played until the end of the match—but it had persisted since then, tended to recede at rest, and reappeared during soccer training. 

No swelling or bruising was seen on inspection of the inguinal area. He could walk and bear weight on his left leg without pain. Moderate tenderness was referred to the inguinal region, slightly below the inguinal ligament. Movements of flexion and lateral rotation of the hip were limited because of pain. A diagnosis of pelvic muscular strain was made and he was discharged with anti-inflammatory drugs and rest for one week. He was initially well but the pain recurred when he began to play soccer one week later. Plain radiography was then performed (fig 1⇓).





### 1. What does the radiograph show?

#### Answer

A bone fragment displaced from the pelvis.

#### Discussion

Plain radiography of the pelvis shows a 1 cm bony fragment displaced laterally to the pelvic bone (fig 2⇓). A subtle cortical irregularity of the pelvis is also visible, which suggests that the fragment originated from the anterior inferior iliac tuberosity. 



Fig 2 Pelvic radiograph showing a bone fragment (about 1 cm) displaced laterally to the pelvic bone (arrow)



A conventional anteroposterior radiograph is the imaging modality of choice when a pelvic fracture is suspected: displaced bone fragments are usually seen as radiopaque particles lying immediately adjacent to the parent bone. However, when the …
Epidermal growth factor receptor ligands are chemoattractants for normal human mesothelial cells
Authors: U Palmer, Z Liu, U Broome, J Klominek
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

Signalling through epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor leads to several cellular responses including cell division and cell migration. Since EGF receptors are expressed on normal mesothelial cells, this study investigated whether EGF receptor ligands act as chemoattractants on these cells. The study used Boyden chambers fitted with filters coated with the adhesive matrix proteins fibronectin, laminin, collagen type IV and the nonmatrix adhesive molecule poly-L-lysine, for the migration studies. Normal mesothelial cells migrated to EGF receptor ligands such as EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) at concentrations ranging 0.024-100 ng x mL(-1) (with a peak stimulation at 6.25 ng x mL(-1)), if matrix proteins were present as adhesive substrates. This migration was integrin-dependent, since the same cells failed to migrate in the absence of extracellular matrix molecules or when the Boyden chamber assay was performed in the presence of anti-beta1 integrin monoclonal antibodies. These findings describe for the first time epidermal growth factor receptor ligands acting as chemoattractants on normal mesothelial cells, and that signalling through epidermal growth factor receptors leading to mesothelial cell migration also requires the activation of integrins.
Thymus-grafted SCID mice show transient thymopoiesis and limited depletion of V beta 11+ T cells.
Authors: J R Frey, B Ernst, C D Surh, J Sprent
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

To seek direct evidence for the notion that stem cells in the thymus need to be constantly replenished from the bone marrow (BM), fetal (day 15) thymuses from normal BALB/c mice were grafted into T and B cell-deficient C.B-17 SCID mice (both H-2d, I-E+). The thymus grafts in these mice showed normal thymopoiesis for the first 3 wk postgrafting but then developed sudden atrophy with near complete loss of CD4+8+ cells by 4-5 wk. Such atrophy was not seen when the thymus-grafted mice were cotransplanted with normal BM cells. The lymph nodes of SCID mice receiving thymus grafts alone contained mature T cells but virtually no B cells. This lack of B cells was associated with aberrant I-E-restricted V beta deletion: the depletion of V beta 3+ and V beta 5+ T cells was near complete, whereas V beta 11+ cells showed only marginal depletion.
Mechanisms of viral pathogenesis. Distinct forms of reoviruses and their roles during replication in cells and host.
Authors: M L Nibert, D B Furlong, B N Fields
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Recent years have seen a resurgent interest in mechanisms by which viruses cause disease, or viral pathogenesis.Studies of viral pathogenesis often address the capacity ofa virus to cause injuries to cells and tissues; yet, injuries are secondary conse- quences of many fundamental interactions that occur between virus and single cells, as well as between virus and host organ- ism, during infection.For example the tropism ofa virus, or its capacity to grow within particular cells in the host, reflects several of these interactions.Studies of more basic aspects of viral infection are therefore critical for understanding viral pathogen- esis.We begin this perspective by introducing some general concepts in regard to the replication and structure of animal viruses.Infections with mammalian reoviruses provide useful mod- els for characterizing mechanisms of viral pathogenesis (re- viewed in references 1 and 2).Mammalian reoviruses (reovi- ruses for short) are medium-sized nonenveloped viruses that have a genome consisting of 10 segments of double-stranded (ds)' RNA.In humans, reoviruses are not linked definitively with any disease more severe than a mild enteric or respiratory illness, but in mice and rats they cause a number of disease syndromes involving major organs like brain (3) and heart (4).Studies with reoviruses demonstrate that facts obtained at mul- tiple levels ofinquiry can be integrated in the attempt to under- stand viral pathogenesis (1, 2).In the major part ofthis perspec- tive, we describe how the structure ofreoviruses relates to their strategy for replication in cells and host organisms and discuss several similarities in this regard between reoviruses and other animal viruses.Some general concepts regarding the replication and structure ofanimal viruses Defining the replication program of an animal virus.Animal viruses proceed through an orderly series ofsteps when replicat- ing within cells (illustrated for reoviruses in Fig. 1).These steps are said to define the replication cycle of a virus.Because ani-