tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Interstate Reciprocity and Frauds in Medical Schools.
Authors: Ethan H. Smith.
Journal: JAMA (1907)

San Francisco, Nov. 19, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, Oct. 13, 1906, under the above heading, Dr. Dudley Tait makes reply to my former communication on that subject. Dr. Tait alleges that my communication contained "many grave accuracies." I wish to show that Dr. Tait is seriously mistaken concerning those "inaccuracies." I also wish to acknowledge my thanks to Dr. Dudley Tait for some of the information he has given concerning the matter under discussion. 1. I am happy to learn that "the requirements in California" are determined by the Association of American Medical Colleges. I, myself, had believed, and the belief is common among the profession of California, that such has not been the case, but that each meeting of the board brought out a crop of new "determinations." In the future the rulings of the board ought to be quite simple and plain. 2. The records
Control of plasma glucose with alpha-glucosidase inhibitor attenuates oxidative stress and slows the progression of heart failure in mice
Authors: Y LIAO, S TAKASHIMA, H ZHAO, Y ASANO, Y SHINTANI, T MINAMINO, J KIM, M FUJITA, M HORI, M KITAKAZE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2006)

It has been suggested that reduction in glucose levels contributes to the prolongation of life span of rodents in conjunction with restricted food intake, and hyperglycemia has been confirmed as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), raising the possibility that better glycemic control could slow the progression of CVD. This study was designed to determine whether impaired glucose tolerance develops during the progression of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, and whether tight glycemic control could reduce the severity of heart failure.In male C57BL/6 mice, transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was employed to create cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The involvement of NADPH in TAC mice and cardiac myocytes in the neonatal rat was investigated.The random-fed plasma glucose concentration was higher in TAC mice, and it was reduced to about 100 mg/dL by voglibose (an alpha-glycosidase inhibitor). Four weeks after TAC, both the heart weight/body weight ratio and the lung weight/body weight ratio were lower in the voglibose group than in the TAC group. Echocardiographic and invasive hemodynamic examination showed improvement of left ventricular function in voglibose-treated mice. Voglibose treatment decreased the myocardial expression of an NADPH oxidase subunit (p47phox). Glucose dose-dependently increased both neonatal rat myocyte protein synthesis and the expression of p47phox protein, while apocynin (an NADPH oxidase inhibitor) blocked the enhancement of protein synthesis by high glucose.Improvement of glycemic control through voglibose therapy inhibited cardiac remodeling by decreasing myocardial oxidative stress in mice with cardiac pressure overload.
Unrelated cord blood transplantation for adult patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Jun Ooi, Tohru Iseki, Satoshi Takahashi, Akira Tomonari, Koji Ishii, Kashiya Takasugi, Yoko Shimohakamada, Nobuhiro Ohno, Kaoru Uchimaru, Fumitaka Nagamura, Arinobu Tojo, Shigetaka Asano
Journal: Blood (2003)
Effect of 3 to 5 Years of Scheduled CEA and CT Follow-up to Detect Recurrence of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: John N. Primrose, Rafael Perera, Alastair Gray, Peter Rose, Alice Fuller, Andrea Corkhill, Steve George, David Mant
Journal: JAMA (2014)

IMPORTANCEIntensive follow-up after surgery for colorectal cancer is common practice but is based on limited evidence.OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of scheduled blood measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and computed tomography (CT) as follow-up to detect recurrent colorectal cancer treatable with curative intent.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized clinical trial in 39 National Health Service hospitals in the United Kingdom; 1202 eligible participants were recruited between January 2003 and August 2009 who had undergone curative surgery for primary colorectal cancer, including adjuvant treatment if indicated, with no evidence of residual disease on investigation.INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: CEA only (n = 300), CT only (n = 299), CEA+CT (n = 302), or minimum follow-up (n = 301).Blood CEA was measured every 3 months for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years; CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis were performed every 6 months for 2 years, then annually for 3 years; and the minimum follow-up group received follow-up if symptoms occurred. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary outcome was surgical treatment of recurrence with curative intent; secondary outcomes were mortality (total and colorectal cancer), time to detection of recurrence, and survival after treatment of recurrence with curative intent.RESULTS After a mean 4.4 (SD, 0.8) years of observation, cancer recurrence was detected in 199 participants (16.6%; 95% CI, 14.5%-18.7%)overall; 71 of 1202 participants (5.9%; 95% CI, 4.6%-7.2%)were treated for recurrence with curative intent, with little difference according to Dukes staging (stage A, 5.1% [13/254]; stage B, 6.1% [34/553]; stage C, 6.2% [22/354]).Surgical treatment of recurrence with curative intent was 2.3% (7/301) in the minimum follow-up group, 6.7% (20/300) in the CEA group, 8% (24/299) in the CT group, and 6.6% (20/302) in the CEA+CT group.Compared with minimum follow-up, the absolute difference in the percentage of patients treated with curative intent in the CEA group was 4.4% (95% CI, 1.0%-7.9%;adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.00; 95% CI, 1.23-7.33), in the CT group was 5.7% (95% CI, 2.2%-9.5%;adjusted OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.51-8.69),and in the CEA+CT group was 4.3% (95% CI, 1.0%-7.9%;adjusted OR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.10-8.71).The number of deaths was not significantly different in the combined intensive monitoring groups (CEA, CT, and CEA+CT; 18.2% [164/901]) vs the minimum follow-up group (15.9% [48/301]; difference, 2.3%; 95% CI, -2.6% to 7.1%).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients who had undergone curative surgery for primary colorectal cancer, intensive imaging or CEA screening each provided an increased rate of surgical treatment of recurrence with curative intent compared with minimal follow-up; there was no advantage in combining CEA and CT.If there is a survival advantage to any strategy, it is likely to be small.
Vitamin E supplementation restores glutathione and malondialdehyde to normal concentrations in erythrocytes of type 1 diabetic children.
Authors: S K Jain, R McVie, T Smith
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between cellular glutathione and vitamin E concentrations and the effect of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) supplementation on glutathione and lipid peroxidation product concentrations in the erythrocytes of type 1 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We obtained written informed consent to participate in this study from diabetic patients (n = 29) and their age-matched nondiabetic siblings (n = 21) according to the guidelines of the Institutional Review Board on Human Experimentation. Diabetic patients were supplemented with a DL-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) capsule (100 IU/orally) or placebo for 3 months in a double-blind clinical trial. Fasting blood samples were collected from each diabetic patient before the start of and after the 3 months of vitamin E or placebo supplementation. Glutathione, malondialdehyde (which is a product of lipid peroxidation), and alpha-tocopherol were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography A total of 5 diabetic patients were excluded after randomization from the data analyses. Data were analyzed statistically using a paired Students t test to compare 12 diabetic patients taking vitamin E with 12 diabetic patients receiving placebo supplementation and to compare diabetic patients with healthy nondiabetic subjects. RESULTS: Erythrocytes of diabetic patients had 21% higher (P&amp;lt;0.001) malondialdehyde and 15% lower (P&amp;lt;0.05) glutathione concentrations than healthy subjects. Vitamin E in erythrocytes had a significant correlation with the glutathione concentrations in the erythrocytes (r = 0.46, P&amp;lt;0.02). Vitamin E supplementation increased glutathione concentrations by 9% (P&amp;lt;0.01) and lowered concentrations of malondialdehyde by 23% (P&amp;lt;0.001) and of HbA1c by 16% (P&amp;lt;0.02) in erythrocytes of diabetic patients. No differences were evident in these parameters before versus after placebo supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Glutathione level is significantly related to vitamin E level, and supplementation with vitamin E (100 IU/day) significantly increases glutathione and lowers lipid peroxidation and HbA1c concentrations in the erythrocytes of type 1 diabetic patients.
Dynamic force distribution during level walking under the feet of patients with chronic ankle instability
Authors: M Nyska, S Shabat, A Simkin, M Neeb, Y Matan, G Mann
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

To examine changes in the pattern of force transfer between the foot and the floor associated with chronically sprained ankles by measuring the peak forces and their timing under several regions of the feet during level walking.Twelve young male subjects (mean (SD) age 21 (2) years) with recurrent ankle sprains were studied. Seven of them had unilateral and bilateral chronic instability and laxity, and five had bilateral instability. Twelve healthy men (without orthopaedic or medical disease) served as a control group. Subjects walked at their own pace along a 7 m walkway, which included a Mini-EMED pressure distribution measuring system. The variables measured were relative peak force (fraction of body weight) and relative timing (fraction of stance time). These variables were measured under six regions of interest in each foot print: heel, midfoot, medial, central, and lateral forefoot, and toes.(a) A significant delay to the time of peak force under the central and lateral forefoot and toes in subjects with chronic ankle instability. (b) A significant decrease in the relative forces under the heel and toes and an increase in the relative forces under the midfoot and lateral forefoot in subjects with chronic ankle instability. (c) In the patients with unilateral instability, there were no significant differences in any of the variables between the injured and non-injured foot.In patients with chronic ankle instability, there is a slowing down of weight transfer from heel strike to toe off, a reduced impact at the beginning and end of the stance phase, and a lateral shift of body weight.
Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review
Authors: J Dent
Journal: Gut (2005)

A systematic review of the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) has been performed, applying strict criteria for quality of studies and the disease definition used. The prevalence and incidence of GORD was estimated from 15 studies which defined GORD as at least weekly heartburn and/or acid regurgitation and met criteria concerning sample size, response rate, and recall period. Data on factors associated with GORD were also evaluated. An approximate prevalence of 10-20% was identified for GORD, defined by at least weekly heartburn and/or acid regurgitation in the Western world while in Asia this was lower, at less than 5%. The incidence in the Western world was approximately 5 per 1000 person years. A number of potential risk factors (for example, an immediate family history and obesity) and comorbidities (for example, respiratory diseases and chest pain) associated with GORD were identified. Data reported in this systematic review can be interpreted with confidence as reflecting the epidemiology of "true" GORD. The disease is more common in the Western world than in Asia, and the low rate of incidence relative to prevalence reflects its chronicity. The small number of studies eligible for inclusion in this review highlights the need for global consensus on a symptom based definition of GORD.
Nutritional Value of Midday Meals of Senior Schoolchildren
Authors: D. P. Richardson, M. Lawson
Journal: BMJ (1972)

A survey of 565 senior schoolchildren showed that 41% took the school meal. It provided 27% of the daily recommended energy intake and 35% of the daily protein intake set by the Department of Health and Social Security. Of the children who did not take the school meal 4% had a meal which compared favourably with it, though an equal number ate no lunch at all. The remainder either brought snacks from home or bought foods which were found to be both low in protein, iron, and calcium, and high in sugar. Sweets and chips provided the main source of energy for 9% of the subjects.
On-treatment platelet reactivity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Table 1
Authors: Gianluca Campo, Rita Pavasini, Alberto Pollina, Matteo Tebaldi, Roberto Ferrari
Journal: Thorax (2013)

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) show a poor prognosis after myocardial infarction (MI) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We evaluated on-treatment platelet reactivity (PR) and several gene polymorphisms related to PR in 130 patients undergoing PCI with and without COPD. Those with concomitant COPD showed higher on-treatment PR values both at the time of PCI and 1 month after. This finding may contribute to explain the poor prognosis of COPD patients after MI and PCI.
Fifteen-Year Effects of Helicobacter pylori, Garlic, and Vitamin Treatments on Gastric Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Authors: Jun-Ling Ma, Lian Zhang, Linda M. Brown, Ji-You Li, Lin Shen, Kai-Feng Pan, Wei-Dong Liu, Yuanreng Hu, Zhong-Xiang Han, Susan Crystal-Mansour, David Pee, William J. Blot, Joseph F. Fraumeni, Wei-Cheng You, Mitchell H. Gail
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2012)

In the Shandong Intervention Trial, 2 weeks of antibiotic treatment for Helicobacter pylori reduced the prevalence of precancerous gastric lesions, whereas 7.3 years of oral supplementation with garlic extract and oil (garlic treatment) or vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium (vitamin treatment) did not. Here we report 14.7-year follow-up for gastric cancer incidence and cause-specific mortality among 3365 randomly assigned subjects in this masked factorial placebo-controlled trial. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of gastric cancer incidence, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the relative hazard of cause-specific mortality. All statistical tests were two-sided. Gastric cancer was diagnosed in 3.0% of subjects who received H pylori treatment and in 4.6% of those who received placebo (odds ratio = 0.61, 95% confidence interval = 0.38 to 0.96, P = .032). Gastric cancer deaths occurred among 1.5% of subjects assigned H pylori treatment and among 2.1% of those assigned placebo (hazard ratio [HR] of death = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.36 to 1.28). Garlic and vitamin treatments were associated with non-statistically significant reductions in gastric cancer incidence and mortality. Vitamin treatment was associated with statistically significantly fewer deaths from gastric or esophageal cancer, a secondary endpoint (HR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.30 to 0.87; P = .014).
Active vs Passive Recruitment to Quitline Studies: Public Health Implications
Authors: D. J. Vidrine, J. I. Vidrine
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

such as telephone recruitment and targeted mailings can achieve point estimates almost as high as passive recruitment has enormous implications for the public health impact of quitline-delivered cessation treatment. Quitlines represent a highly valuable resource for smokers interested in quitting and for health- care providers in need of effi cacious treatment referral options for smokers under their care. Although passive recruitment is effective in reaching smokers highly motivated to quit, it is associated with very low treatment enrollment rates. The fi nding that active recruitment can result in point estimates of treatment effects essentially equivalent to those of passive recruitment strongly supports the importance of efforts to expand reach. Active recruitment strategies such as nationally promoted “Ask — Advise — Refer” initiatives represent the currently recommended standard of care. “Ask-Advise-Refer” is an abbreviated version of the “5 As” (Ask — Advise — Assess — Assist — Arrange) and is intended to reduce time demands of health- care providers by referring smokers to evidence-based cessation programs such as
Defining Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy: A Proposal for a Standardized Definition
Authors: Andrew J. Stephenson, Michael W. Kattan, James A. Eastham, Zohar A. Dotan, Fernando J. Bianco, Hans Lilja, Peter T. Scardino
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

Purpose Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) defined biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer is widely used for reporting the outcome of radical prostatectomy (RP). A standardized BCR definition is lacking, and overall progression-free probability and risk of subsequent metastatic disease progression may vary greatly depending on the PSA criterion used. Ten definitions of BCR were evaluated to identify the one that best explains metastatic progression. Methods Of 3,125 patients who underwent RP at our institution since 1985, 75 developed distant metastasis during a median follow-up of 49 months. To predict metastasis progression, we modeled the clinical information using multivariable Cox regression analysis. BCR was included in the model as a time-dependent covariate, and separate models were developed for each definition. A goodness-of-fit (R 2 ) statistic was used to determine the Cox model (and thereby the BCR definition) that best explained metastatic progression. Results The 10-year progression-free probability ranged from 63% to 79%, depending on the BCR definition. The model containing BCR defined as a PSA of at least 0.4 ng/mL followed by another increase best explained metastatic progression (R 2 = 0.21). This definition was also associated with a high probability of subsequent secondary therapy, continued PSA progression, and rapid PSA doubling time. Conclusion BCR defined as a PSA value of at least 0.4 ng/mL followed by another increase best explains the development of distant metastasis among 10 candidate definitions, after controlling for clinical variables and the use of secondary therapy. On the basis of this evidence, we propose that this definition be adopted as the standard for reporting the outcome of RP.
Do cardiovascular risk factors confer the same risk for cardiovascular outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients as in non-rheumatoid arthritis patients?
Authors: A Gonzalez, H M. Kremers, C S Crowson, K V Ballman, V L Roger, S J Jacobsen, W M O'Fallon, S E Gabriel
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To compare the frequency of traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared to non-RA subjects, and examine their impact on the risk of developing selected CV events (myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF) and CV death) in these two groups. <h3>Methods:</h3> We examined a population-based incidence cohort of subjects with RA (defined according to the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria), and an age- and sex-matched non-RA cohort. All subjects were followed longitudinally through their complete community medical records, until death, migration, or 1 January 2001. Clinical CV risk factors and outcomes were defined using validated criteria. The χ2 test was used to compare the frequency of each CV risk factor at baseline. Person-years methods were used to estimate the rate of occurrence of each CV risk factor during follow-up. Cox models were used to examine the influence of CV risk factors on the development of CV outcomes. <h3>Results:</h3> A total of 603 RA and 603 non-RA subjects (73% female; mean age 58 years) were followed for a mean of 15 and 17 years (total: 8842 and 10&nbsp;101 person-years), respectively. At baseline, RA subjects were significantly more likely to be former or current smokers when compared to non-RA subjects (p&lt;0.001). Male gender, smoking, and personal cardiac history had weaker associations with CV events among RA subjects, compared to non-RA subjects. There was no significant difference between RA and non-RA subjects in the risk imparted with respect to the other CV risk factors (ie, family cardiac history, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, body mass index, or diabetes mellitus). <h3>Conclusion:</h3> While some traditional CV risk factors imparted similar risk among RA compared with non-RA subjects, others (ie, male gender, smoking and personal cardiac history) imparted significantly less risk for the development of CV disease. These differences in the overall impact of traditional CV risk factors suggest that strategies to prevent CV disease and mortality focused solely on controlling traditional CV risk factors may be relatively less beneficial in RA subjects than in the general population. Further research is needed to determine optimal approaches to reducing CV morbidity and mortality in persons with RA.
Chronic dialysis in patients over age 65.
Authors: D L Latos
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1996)

In the United States, persons over the age of 65 are expected soon to become the majority of those people who will require maintenance dialysis therapy. Many of these individuals have numerous comorbid medical complications, which, together with altered physiologic adaptation related to aging, create a great challenge for the nephrologist. Despite a considerably lower group survival rate and increased hospitalization utilization as compared with younger patients, many elderly dialysis patients tolerate therapy very well and appear quite satisfied with the quality of their lives. Both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are suitable treatment modalities for elderly patients, but recommendations regarding type of dialysis must be individualized, taking both medical and psychosocial issues into consideration. Vascular access problems are particularly important for the elderly and contribute to significant morbidity. Malnutrition and cardiovascular complications also require special attention. Withdrawal from dialysis appears to be increasingly common among elderly ESRD patients and highlights the need for the completion of advance directives. A trial of dialysis may allow elderly patients and their families additional time to decide whether long-term dialysis is deemed appropriate.