tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
An "ecological" approach to the obesity pandemic
Authors: G. Egger, B. Swinburn
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The increasing prevalence of obesity in many countries means that it should now be considered a pandemic.1 One estimate from Australia suggests that over the past decade the average adult has been adding 1 gram a day to body weight.2 This has occurred in the face of increasing knowledge, awareness, and education about obesity, nutrition, and exercise. It has been suggested that a paradigm shift is necessary if future progress is to be made.3

Traditionally, weight gain was thought of as caused by eating too much or exercising too little, or both (changes in weight=energy intake-energy expenditure). This led to the search for small deficiencies in energy metabolism such as a reduced thermic effect of food to explain obesity.4 Treatment was dominated by calorie counting, and public health messages extolled people to balance their intake and output. This paradigm has changed with the increasing understanding of the dynamic relations between energy stores, appetite mechanisms, and energy metabolism and of the wider recognition of nutrient partitioning.5 6 From studies which have shown that fat balance is equivalent to energy balance,7 the fat balance equation was developed (rate of change of fat stores=rate of fat intake-rate of fat oxidation).5 This equation is more dynamic than the original static equation and reflects energy balance under normal conditions of free access to foods. Because fat intake and oxidation are not closely balanced,8 this approach does not need metabolic abnormalities or genetic mutations to explain weight gain. Indeed, the differences in body fat between people living in the same environment could be better described as normal physiological variation. This paradigm is more helpful in explaining changes in body fat within an individual over time, but it does not account for the wider influences within and around individuals …
Using the Chartis system to selectively target a lung segment with a persistent air leak
Authors: Qing Tian, Fei Qi, Yang An, Xing-Chen Liu, Liang-an Chen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

therapy.This low proportion (9.5%) is in stark contrast to the USA where, mainly as a result of policy directives in line with the goal of TB elimination in the USA [6], 74-79% of patients diagnosed with LTBI commence treatment [7,8].In our cohort of contacts, low treatment rates for LTBI appeared to be mainly a consequence of physicians' reluctance to offer LTBI treatment rather than low patient uptake of treatment.In conclusion, in a setting where more than half of all screened contacts were born overseas and the background incidence of TB is low, contacts of patients with TB have a significantly increased risk for TB compared to the general overseas-born population of Australia.Most contacts who develop active TB are diagnosed with TB at the time of the initial screening, thus efforts should be made to ensure at least one screening visit for every identified contact at risk.Few contacts received treatment for LTBI in this study setting, due to physicians' reluctance to prescribe preventive treatment.
Cross-talk of GATA-1 and P-TEFb in megakaryocyte differentiation
Authors: Kamaleldin E. Elagib, Ivailo S. Mihaylov, Lorrie L. Delehanty, Grant C. Bullock, Kevin D. Ouma, Jill F. Caronia, Sara L. Gonias, Adam N. Goldfarb
Journal: Blood (2008)
Osteopathy in Georgia.
Authors: A. D. Candler
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Atlanta, Ga., Jan. 1, 1900. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I enclose a copy of the veto of Governor Candler of this state, of an act passed by the General Assembly of Georgia at its recent session, providing for the establishment of a board of examiners, authorized to license osteopathic practitioners. By this wise and patriotic service, the governor has challenged the admiration of the best people in the state, and he surely deserves the appreciative applause of every intelligent citizen, and more especially of every respectable medical practitioner in America. The act was passed by both branches of the legislature, in spite of the most earnest protests of the medical profession, and was promptly vetoed in response to representations made by the profession embodying reasons why this act should not become a law. We recognize the fact that in this age of fads, of fakes, of frauds and of cranks, this
Amphetamine Addiction in Japan
Authors: Frederick Lemere
Journal: JAMA (1963)

To the Editor:—  I have just returned (May 22) from a medical meeting in Japan in which several Japanese psychiatrists told of the high incidence of amphetamine addiction in their country. Apparently amphetamines were used extensively during World War II to stimulate civilians as well as soldiers to greater effort. At any rate, amphetamines were readily available after the war, and, according to Goto, there were at least 200,000 amphetamine addicts in Japan by 1954. At this time the Japanese government put strict limitations on the manufacturing and distribution of these drugs with a resultant sharp drop in the number of addicts.  Tatetsu studied 492 Japanese methamphetamine addicts in whom the drug was used intravenously over a period of 3 months to 1 1/2 years. Chronic psychoses resulted in many of these addicts, some of whom have been permanently affected, with experimental and clinical evidence of organic brain damage. Methamphetamine
Requirements for Vav Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors and Rho GTPases in FcγR- and Complement-Mediated Phagocytosis
Authors: Amy B. Hall, M. Angelica Martinez Gakidis, Michael Glogauer, Julie L. Wilsbacher, Sizhen Gao, Wojciech Swat, Joan S. Brugge
Journal: Immunity (2006)
PHRENICO-EXERESIS WITH EXTRACTION OF THIRTY-TWO AND FIVE-TENTHS CENTIMETERS OF THE LEFT PHRENIC NERVE
Authors: John S. Horsley
Journal: JAMA (1930)

The operation of phrenic avulsion, or phrenico-exeresis, is fairly common in certain thoracic diseases in which paralysis of one segment of the diaphragm with consequent compression of the corresponding lung is desired. The case reported here is of interest because of the satisfactory results obtained by this operation, and particularly because of the relatively easy extraction of the entire distal portion of the left phrenic nerve with its accessory nerves and diaphragmatic branches.  REPORT OF CASE  Miss E. C. D., a white woman, aged 38, had had pulmonary tuberculosis since November, 1917. The entire left lung was affected, and the apex of the right lung down to the level of the third rib. The patient had had the customary home and sanatorium treatment with some improvement in the disease in the right lung and none in that of the left. In June, 1925, she was referred to me by Dr.
Bahraini authorities force Medecins Sans Frontieres to leave the country
Authors: S. Arie
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The international humanitarian aid agency Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) has suspended its operations in Bahrain after police raided its office in the capital, Manama, and seized all its medical and computer equipment, accusing it of running an illegal clinic.

A Bahraini volunteer, Saeed Mahdi, who works as a driver and translator for the organisation, was arrested and charged with criminal offences, including providing health services without a licence and providing false information to the police.

The authorities acted on 28 July after MSF gave first aid to a man who came to its office with a serious head …
Germany is first European country to recognise third sex on birth certificates
Authors: N. Stafford
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Germany is to become the first nation in Europe to legally recognise intersex babies, allowing parents to leave the male and female designation of sex on birth certificates blank for babies whose sex is not clear.

The new law allowing the intersex designation was approved by the German government in May, but has only recently been publicly announced, according to a news article in the daily Sueddeutsche Zeitung .1 The change affects only birth certificates and not sex designations on other legal registries and documents such as passports. On birth certificates, the designation can later be …
The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
Authors: Carl C. Seltzer
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To the Editor.—  The Journalis to be commended for its publication of the MRFIT mortality report. How many studies that do not show positive results are ever published?The Journalis also to be commended for the call to responsible debate on controversial issues contained in the accompanying editorial by Dr Lundberg.  As to the MRFIT report itself, the reason for the striking failure of the trial lies in its erroneous basic assumption that reductions in CHD mortality would result from reductions in the three so-called major risk factors—cigarette smoking, high levels of BP, and serum cholesterol (SC).  The MRFIT program failed to achieve an anticipated greater reduction in the overall CHD mortality rate in the special intervention (SI) group than in the control group receiving usual care (UC), despite the fact that the risk factor-reduction goals were essentially met. During the follow-up period, the SI group showed a
Postoperative Choledochoscopy via the T-Tube Tract
Authors: James P. Moss
Journal: JAMA (1976)

MAJOR advances have been made in the postoperative management of retained biliary stones during the last decade.<sup>1,2</sup>The contributions of Lamis et al, Mazzariello, Mondet, and others<sup>3-6</sup>have provided the foundation for percutaneous extraction of retained calculi and have resulted in a safe, effective means of avoiding complicated reoperative biliary procedures. The technique consists of passing a basket catheter into the common duct via the T-tube tract, grasping the stone under fluoroscopic control, and extracting the calculus through the fistulous tract. With experience and technical innovations in the design of basket catheters, percutaneous extraction is successful in 70% to 90% of cases and is associated with a very low morbidity.<sup>7,8</sup>The failures of percutaneous extraction are often related to technical difficulties, the selection of a T tube, angulation in the T-tube tract, and the presence of multiple stones.<sup>9</sup> A solution to these problems would further reduce
1032. Hepatocyte Growth Factor Maintains Hematopoietic Progenitors during Retroviral Transduction
Authors: Todd E. Meyerrose, Phillip E. Herrbrich, Michael H. Creer, Jan A. Nolta
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

This study was designed to examine the effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) addition to traditional cytokine cocktails (Flt3, stem cell factor, and thrombopoietin), during human umbilical cord blood ex vivo transduction. Our hypothesis is that the HGF/c-met axis provides signaling cascades that promote symmetrical division of hematopoietic progenitors, thus allowing oncoretroviral gene transfer without the associated loss of potentiality that traditionally accompanies cell cycle progression.
Polio eradication was an ideological project
Authors: W. Muraskin
Journal: BMJ (2012)

In the 1980s, why was polio, with its rather small mortality rate, chosen for a worldwide “eradication” campaign, when other infectious diseases such as measles, pneumonia, and diarrhoea causing infections each killed millions of children a year? It had little to do with the priorities of most developing countries where polio was endemic. It was more to do with the ideology of a small number of powerful and well placed players in global public health who were dedicated to the concept of so called eradication as perhaps the major tool for international public health.1

Many of these people had been involved in the successful campaign to eradicate smallpox. However, after that great achievement near consensus had formed in public health circles that primary healthcare (including routine immunisation) rather than vertical eradication campaigns should be the focus of global and national efforts. It looked as though smallpox would be the first and last human disease to be eradicated.

Those who I would call “eradicationists” had to find a disease that could be quickly …
Problematic Prostatic Prediction
Authors: Richard J. Ackermann
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Drs Chodak and Schoenberg<sup>1</sup>provide encouraging data that the digital rectal examination can detect early prostate cancer in asymptomatic men. However, we should not overinterpret their results. The authors confuse specificity with predictive value. Eleven cancers were detected in 38 prostate biopsy specimens. Eleven (29% ) of 38 is not specificity, but the predictive value of a positive test result. As biopsy remains the gold standard for detection of prostate cancer, specificity cannot be determined because biopsies are not performed on men with normal prostate examinations. In this study, prostate biopsy yielded a diagnosis of cancer in 29% of cases. This actually is a reasonable predictive value for a screening program. But we have no data on sensitivity or specificity, and thus cannot calculate how many cancers are being missed by rectal examination. I raise several other minor points. First, the examinations were performed by urologic specialists, yet
Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Barbara J. Philips, Ian R. Armstrong, Anthony Pollock, Alistair Lee
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Changes in cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism associated with anesthesia and liver transplantation may present particular hazards for patients with cirrhosis. Fifteen patients undergoing liver transplantation were studied, 7 of whom had encephalopathy. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured at the start of surgery, during veno-venous bypass and post reperfusion, using a method based on the Kety-Schmidt method. Cerebral metabolism was assessed by measuring the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) and the lactate oxygen index (LOI). The cerebral vascular reactivity to carbon dioxide (CO2) was studied during the preanhepatic and post reperfusion phases. During the preanhepatic period, the median CBF was 44 mL/100 g/min at an arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) of 3.8 kPa. After reperfusion the CBF increased (P < .02) to 102 mL/100 g/min, the arterial hydrogen ion concentration increased from 39 nmol/L to 53 nmol/L (P < .02) and the jugular venous oxygen saturation from 74% to 89% (P < .02). CBF was similar in patients with and without encephalopathy. The cerebral vascular reactivity to CO2 remained intact, although after reperfusion, the CBF for a given PaCO2 was greater, and the slope of the CBF/CO2 response curve diminished. The CMRO2 was normal in patients without encephalopathy. In the encephalopathic patients, the CMRO2 was low during all stages of transplantation (0.54, 0.86, 1.24 mL/100 g/min, respectively). Patients with encephalopathy may be at increased risk of hypoxemic brain injury during transplantation. To minimize this possibility, more detailed neurological monitoring may be useful.
Intrinsic Epigenetic Factors Cooperate with the Steroid Hormone Ecdysone to Govern Dendrite Pruning in Drosophila
Authors: Daniel Kirilly, Jack Jing Lin Wong, Edwin Kok Hao Lim, Yan Wang, Heng Zhang, Cheng Wang, Qiuming Liao, Haifeng Wang, Yih-Cherng Liou, Hongyan Wang, Fengwei Yu
Journal: Neuron (2011)
TCT-271 Use of the sheathless guide catheter for transradial approach in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Masaki Miyasaka, Masahiro Kami, Naoki Uemura, Norio Tada, Taku Honda, Kaname Takizawa, Tatsushi Ootomo, Naoto Inoue, Taiichiro Meguro
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Robert A. King
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Collections of people, such as mobs, corporations, or teams, have long been known to have "personalities" of their own. In the internal workings, groups show magnified many of the same passions, conflicts, and styles of coping found in individuals. A group setting thus provides an enriched context for the understanding of an individual. In recent years, interest has grown dramatically in bringing people together in small groups to help them understand and change themselves through examining their interactions. A plethora of "group therapies" advocating widely different goals and techniques has evolved. Their varied claims, from the modest to the messianic, must leave the layman as well as the physician confused regarding the reasonable indications and expectations for the different modes of group therapy. This new textbook,<i>Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy</i>, attempts to clarify some of these confusions. Coedited by two dynamically oriented psychiatrists with many years experience in group and
Abstract 3173: The role of the Src/Stat3 axis in autocrine HGF signalling in invasive human breast cancer
Authors: Esther I. Carefoot, Leda Raptis, Sandip SenGupta, Bruce E. Elliott
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the proto-oncogene Met is frequently over-expressed in breast cancers, particularly the highly aggressive basal-like subtype. The Elliott lab has previously shown co-expression of HGF and Met in invasive human breast cancers, but not in normal breast epithelium (CJPP 80:91-102, 2002), and a novel activating role of Src and Stat3 on HGF transcription and transformation of breast epithelial cells (Oncogene 25:2773-84, 2006). Together, these findings suggest that the Src/Stat3 axis promotes autocrine HGF/Met signalling, and thereby contributes to invasion and metastasis in breast cancer. To assess the role of Src/Stat3 activation and autocrine HGF/Met signaling in breast metastasis, we have used the human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231, which exhibits basal-like characteristics. To directly assess the role of Src, we have expressed an activated Src mutant in MDA-MB-231 cells (MDA-Src). Using western blotting analysis, we observed increased levels of active Stat3 (pY705) and Met (pY1234/1235), as well as increased total Stat3, HGF and Met proteins in MDA-Src cells, compared to MDA-MB-231 cells. This finding supports a role of Src in activation of Stat3 and HGF/Met signalling in MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment of the above cell lines with Dasatinib, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Src family kinases, resulted in a decrease in the activity of Src and Met, while the levels of activated Stat3 (pY705) and HGF protein were unchanged. In contrast, treatment with CPA7, an inhibitor of Stat3-mediated gene transcription, produced a marked decrease in total HGF protein in addition to decreased Src and Met activity. These results suggest that Src inhibition alone is not sufficient to inhibit the Stat3-dependent expression of HGF in MDA-MB-231 cells, and that inhibition of Stat3 gene transcription rather than its activation is key to the inhibition of the HGF/Met autocrine loop. We are currently performing immunohistochemical analyses of Src/Stat3 and HGF/Met expression on a cohort of human breast cancer tissues (n=59). Preliminary results have shown increased expression and nuclear localization of active Stat3 in breast tumours compared to normal mammoplasty tissues, which is concurrent with HGF expression. These findings implicate a role of the Src/Stat3 axis in regulating autocrine HGF/Met signaling in a human breast cancer cell line model, and may lead to a predictive marker for targeting of breast cancer subtypes which may exploit this pathway. (Supported by CBCRA and CIHR). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3173.
Hepatitis B Virus Genotype C Is Associated With More Severe Liver Fibrosis Than Genotype B
Authors: Henry Lik–Yuen Chan, Grace Lai–Hung Wong, Chi–Hang Tse, Angel Mei–Ling Chim, Karen Kar–Lum Yiu, Hoi–Yun Chan, Joseph Jao–Yiu Sung, Vincent Wai–Sun Wong
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2009)
Human TH17 Immune Cells Specific for the Tumor Antigen MAGE-A3 Convert to IFN-γ–Secreting Cells as They Differentiate into Effector T Cells <i>In Vivo</i>
Authors: Ahmed Hamaï, Pascale Pignon, Isabelle Raimbaud, Karine Duperrier-Amouriaux, Hélène Senellart, Sandrine Hiret, Jean-Yves Douillard, Jaafar Bennouna, Maha Ayyoub, Danila Valmori
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

The role of T(H)17 cells in cancer is being investigated, but the existence of tumor antigen-specific T(H)17 cells has yet to be ascertained. Here, we report the first description of a spontaneous T(H)17 (IL-17(+)) response to the important tumor antigen MAGE-A3, which occurred concurrently with a T(H)1 (IFN-γ(+)) response in a lung cancer patient. MAGE-A3-specific interleukin (IL)-17(+) T cells were mainly CCR7(+) central memory T cells, whereas IFN-γ(+) cells were enriched for CCR7(-) effector memory T cells. An assessment of the fine specificity of antigen recognition by these T cells indicated that the CCR6(+)CCR4(+) and CCR6(+)CXCR3(+) fractions contained the same T(H)17/T(H)1 population at early and late differentiation stages, respectively, whereas the CCR6(-)CXCR3(+) fraction contained a distinct T(H)1 population. These findings are important because they suggest a differentiation model in which tumor antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells that are primed under T(H)17 polarizing conditions will progressively convert into IFN-γ-secreting cells in vivo as they differentiate into effector T cells that can effectively attack tumors.
The Relationship Between Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Katherine M. Sheehan
Journal: JAMA (1999)

OLORECTAL CANCER IS THE third most common cancer in both men and women in most Western countries, although incidence and mortality rates are decreasing in the United States. 1 Numerous studies have shown that the level of spread through the bowel wall and adjacent lymph node involvement are primary predictors of long-term outcome in patients with colorectal cancer. 2Other features known to be related to survival include vascular and perineural invasion, tumor necrosis, character of invasive margin, and differentiation. 3pidemiological studies have shown a lower than expected rate of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas in subjects who have taken nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for extended periods, 4-8 which suggests a pathogenic role for cyclooxygenase (COX) in colonic tumorigenesis.Consistent with these findings, the NSAID sulindac causes regression in polyp size and number in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, 9 a precancerous lesion.Two forms of COX derived from separate genes have been described: COX-1, which is constitutively expressed in cells, and an inducible form, COX-2, which is usually absent or present only in low amounts in most nor-mal cells. 10COX-2 is induced by cytokines and growth factors 11,12 and has been found in human colorectal cancers. 13Disruption of the COX-2 gene or selective COX-2 inhibition in the Min-1 mouse models of polyposis coli dramatically reduces polyp growth, which provides evidence of a role for COX-2 in the development of colonic tumors in mice. 14However, it is not known what role, if