tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Continuing Controversy Over the International Medical Graduate
Authors: Alison Huang
Journal: JAMA (2000)

OVER THE PAST 5 YEARS, MORE THAN 20000 GRADUATES OF FOREIGN medical schools have entered residency programs in the United States to obtain graduate medical education. The vast majority of these international medical graduates (IMGs) have gone on to practice in the United States after completing their training. Consequently, the number of IMGs has risen steadily reaching nearly 25% of all allopathic physicians practicing in the United States. Considerable controversy surrounds this influx of physicians from abroad at a time when the US health care system is undergoing dramatic change. Concern over a potential physician surplus has caused several prominent policy groups to call for a cap on the numbers of foreign national IMGs permitted to remain permanently in the United States. With growing pressure to curb Medicare reimbursements to teaching hospitals, policy analysts have also questioned the allocation of funds for graduate medical education to pay for residency positions for IMGs. Supporters of the open-door policy toward IMGs have countered that these physicians practice in disproportionately high numbers in areas of the country that have been neglected by the US health care system. For some time, workforce experts have debated whether such IMGs provide a national service by alleviating the geographic maldistribution of physicians throughout the country. Others ask why the United States, with its overall wealth and burgeoning medical education system, is not able to provide care in so many of its communities using physicians trained in its own medical schools At the same time, the widespread perception that IMGs receive inferior training in foreign medical schools continues to dog IMGs’ efforts to prove that they provide quality care to these communities. The creation of the new Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA) exam as a requirement for IMGs seeking entry into a US residency program is evidence of concern that IMGs do not have adequate clinical and interpersonal skills to care for US patients. This issue of MSJAMA explores some of the questions raised by IMGs’ controversial presence in the United States. How have recent immigration restrictions on foreign national physicians changed the composition of the US physician workforce? To what extent do IMGs provide care to segments of the population that have traditionally been neglected by US medical graduates? What sort of cultural barriers must IMGs overcome inordertodelivercaretopatientsintheUnitedStates?Whatroledoclinicalbasedexamssuchas theCSAplay instandardizing thequalityofcareprovided by all graduates entering residency training?
Tumor-Induced Skin Heterogenization. I. Reciprocal Relationship Between Tumors and Skin Grafts
Authors: Demuri M. Mkheidze, Alexander L. Liozner, George J. Svet-Moldavsky
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1970)

Journal Article Tumor-Induced Skin Heterogenization. I. Reciprocal Relationship Between Tumors and Skin Grafts Get access Demuri M. Mkheidze, Demuri M. Mkheidze Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Alexander L. Liozner, Alexander L. Liozner Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar George J. Svet-Moldavsky, M.D. George J. Svet-Moldavsky, M.D. Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 45, Issue 3, September 1970, Pages 465–473, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/45.3.465 Published: 01 September 1970 Article history Received: 10 February 1970 Accepted: 06 May 1970 Published: 01 September 1970
Compound heterozygosity for two novel mutations in a severe factor XI deficiency
Authors: Akiko Tsukahara, Takayuki Yamada, Akira Takagi, Takashi Murate, Tadashi Matsushita, Hidehiko Saito, Tetsuhito Kojima
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2003)

We identified two novel mutations in an asymptomatic 25-year-old Japanese patient with severe factor XI deficiency. Direct sequencing analysis of PCR products from his factor XI gene revealed a G to T transversion in exon 12, resulting in the nonsense mutation (Glu447Stop) and a G insertion in five consecutive guanine nucleotides ((501)Trp(TGG)-(502)Gly(GGG)) in exon 13 that is expected to lead to the substitution of the last 105 amino acids ((503)Tyr-(607)Val) with 32 abnormal amino acid residues ((503)Val-(534)Thr) followed by stop codon. We also demonstrated that two mutations are associated with the separate alleles in this patient, indicating compound heterozygosity for these mutations. Both mutations lead to the disruption of the catalytic domain structure of the FXI molecule and thus are responsible for his deficiency of factor XI.
Considerations for the design and analysis of experimental studies in physical activity and exercise promotion: advantages of the randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sharon See Tai, Steve Iliffe
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2000)

A review of all published articles in the British Journal of Sports Medicine from 1991 to 19951 showed that a wide range of subjects had been covered, but that randomised controlled trials (RCTs) accounted for only 3% of the total number of articles. Common study designs for evaluating (exercise) interventions are “before and after” or “uncontrolled” trials. In these, outcomes of interest in subjects are measured before and after the intervention or exposure—for example, saliva tests before and after an exercise test, or the trials may be unmatched or matched case-control studies, in which subjects under exposure or measurement are compared with controls—for example, by comparison of a questionnaire survey completed by athletes and controls.

These designs, though valid and important, are open to potential bias. The scientific outsider may be sceptical about the results and conclusions of such studies in the absence of the authors' detailed description of—for example, recruitment strategies, inclusion criteria, loss to follow up, and rules for interpretation of results of the intervention. Perhaps more importantly, interventions like exercise programmes or advice on physical activity may seem to produce positive results in research projects, but fail to deliver them in real life because of bias hidden in the original study. This can leave practitioners sceptical about research claims and prone to reject a rigorous approach to the evaluation of new ideas and techniques. Minimising bias is important in making sure that we really know what works.

In this paper we try to indicate possible sources of bias in the design and analysis of experimental studies and remind sports scientists about the benefits of RCTs for reducing bias.

Bias in statistical terms refers to the situation in which the statistical method does not estimate the quantity that is thought to be estimated, or does not test …
Influence of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function on intestinal brush border enaymatic activities.
Authors: W F Caspary, K Winckler, P G Lankisch, W Creutzfeldt
Journal: Gut (1975)

Digestive enzymatic activities (disaccharidases, alkaline phosphatase, peptide hydrolases) have been determined in the mucosa of 14 patients with chronic pancreatitis. All had an abnormal secretin-pancreozymin test. Four patients had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, four a pathological glucose tolerance test. Nine patients had steatorrhoea. Maltase, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly elevated in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, whereas those of lactase, trehalase, and peptide hydrolase were normal. Patients with steatorrhoea had higher maltase and sucrase activity than those without steatorrhoea, whereas decreased glucose tolerance had no effect on brush border enzymatic activity. It is suggested thatdecreased exocrine rather than decreased endocrine pancreatic function is responsible for the increase in intestinal disaccharidase and alkaline phosphatase activity, possible by the influence of pacreatic enzymes on the turnover of brush border enzymes from the luminal side of the mucosal membranes or by direct hormonal stimulation though cholecystokinin.
Incorporation of i-14C-acetate into the lipids of isolated epidermal cells
Authors: V.J.W. LONG
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1976)

Suspensions of epidermal cells were prepared by trypsinization of rat epidermis and incubated with I-14C-acetate in Eagle's minimum essential medium. The incorporation of radioactivity into the total lipids of the cells was increased by the addition of serum to the medium. The pattern of incorporation into the main lipid classes was affected by the addition of serum to the medium and by alterations in the density of the cell suspensions. The incorporation of radioactivity into the total lipids increased approximately linearly over a 24-h period of incubation and the pattern of incorporation into the phospholipids and glycolipids altered with time. However, at each time interval studied, reporducible patterns of incorporation were obtained under controlled conditions. The incorporation of radioactive acetate therefore provides the basis for a very sensitive method of lipid analysis.
Surgery for difficult persistent asthma
Authors: G P Currie
Journal: Thorax (2005)

Comorbidity in elderly NSCLC patientsWe read with interest the report by Janssen-Heijnen and associates on the effect of comorbidity on the treatment and prognosis of elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 1 The authors concluded that the number of comorbid conditions had no significant influence on the treatment chosen for patients with non-localised disease.We share the authors' opinion that ''comorbidity had no independent prognostic effect''.In their report, the authors used the Charlson comorbidity index and analysed the number of comorbid conditions. 1 However, they did not examine the scoring system of the index.We would like to know why the authors did not use the scoring of the index, and whether the conclusion would be changed if the scoring system was used.In the original article by Charlson et al and other related studies, 2-5 ''angina pectoris'' was not evaluated as one of the cardiovascular comorbid diseases.However, Janssen-Heijnen et al 1 included ''angina pectoris'' as a comorbid disease although they did not describe it precisely.We consider this inclusion is reasonable, and we would appreciate hearing from the authors whether ''angina pectoris'' would be evaluated as one of the cardiovascular comorbid diseases in future studies to evaluate the effect on mortality, and what score it should be assigned.
P. Bale "The Somatotypes of Sportsmen and Sportswomen"
Authors: H. E. Robson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1984)

During the past thirty years, there have been many studies on the physique of Olympic and other international class athletes, frequently using control groups of less active students.The author has summarised many of these studies, giving brief description of the characteristics of each group of sportsmen and women, pointing out minor differences, noted by the various authors, and illustrating each group with a somatogram showing the mean somatotypes of the group distributed on the graph according to the different investigators.For example the mean somatotype of male swimmers, according to Lindsay Carter's study in 1970 is 2521A but 244 according to a Belgian study by Vervaecke and Persyn in 1981.One might expect higher ratings in the more mesomorphic athletes in Carter's surveys, as his method permits higher ratings than the seven points in each component originally propounded by Sheldon, though extensions of mesomorphy beyond seven are noted as the mean somatotypes of weight lifters by Stepnicka of Czechoslovakia in 1977 and by Barrell and Wright in the UK in 1975, as well as by Caster in 1970 and in 1974.Tanner, in 1964, and other authors of around the same period give means that fall within Sheldon's triangle.There is more consistency between investigators in most of the other sports.The book is made from A4 electric typewritten copy, including the labelling of the somatograms, and printed by a photographic process.Unfortunately a few errors have escaped the final revision; -"Equatic" instead of "Aquatic" sports, "Curton, T. K." instead of "Cureton", but with 128 references from which data has been extracted, the book is an excellent and painstaking review of the subject, excellent value for the low price asked, and invaluable to anyone working in the field of anthropometry, with athletes, and with other groups of men and women.H.
Gene Expression Profiling and Genetic Markers in Glioblastoma Survival
Authors: Jeremy N. Rich, Christopher Hans, Beatrix Jones, Edwin S. Iversen, Roger E. McLendon, B.K. Ahmed Rasheed, Adrian Dobra, Holly K. Dressman, Darell D. Bigner, Joseph R. Nevins, Mike West
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Despite the strikingly grave prognosis for older patients with glioblastomas, significant variability in patient outcome is experienced. To explore the potential for developing improved prognostic capabilities based on the elucidation of potential biological relationships, we did analyses of genes commonly mutated, amplified, or deleted in glioblastomas and DNA microarray gene expression data from tumors of glioblastoma patients of age &amp;gt;50 for whom survival is known. No prognostic significance was associated with genetic changes in epidermal growth factor receptor (amplified in 17 of 41 patients), TP53 (mutated in 11 of 41 patients), p16INK4A (deleted in 15 of 33 patients), or phosphatase and tensin homologue (mutated in 15 of 41 patients). Statistical analysis of the gene expression data in connection with survival involved exploration of regression models on small subsets of genes, based on computational search over multiple regression models with cross-validation to assess predictive validity. The analysis generated a set of regression models that, when weighted and combined according to posterior probabilities implied by the statistical analysis, identify patterns in expression of a small subset of genes that are associated with survival and have value in assessing survival risks. The dominant genes across such multiple regression models involve three key genes—SPARC (Osteonectin), Doublecortex, and Semaphorin3B—which play key roles in cellular migration processes. Additional analysis, based on statistical graphical association models constructed using similar computational analysis methods, reveals other genes which support the view that multiple mediators of tumor invasion may be important prognostic factor in glioblastomas in older patients.
Pituitary Tumor-Transforming 1 Increases Cell Motility and Promotes Lymph Node Metastasis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Tetsuo Ito, Yutaka Shimada, Takatsugu Kan, Stefan David, Yulan Cheng, Yuriko Mori, Rachana Agarwal, Bogdan Paun, Zhe Jin, Alexandru Olaru, James P. Hamilton, Jian Yang, John M. Abraham, Stephen J. Meltzer, Fumiaki Sato
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Human pituitary tumor-transforming 1 (PTTG1)/securin is a putative oncoprotein that is overexpressed in various tumor types. However, the involvement of PTTG1 in gastrointestinal cancer development and progression remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the clinical significance and biological effects of PTTG1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Immunohistochemical studies performed on 113 primary ESCC specimens revealed a high prevalence of PTTG1 overexpression (60.2%), which was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (regional, P = 0.042; distant, P = 0.005), advanced tumor stage (P = 0.028), and poorer overall survival (P = 0.017, log-rank test; P = 0.044, Cox proportional hazard model). Eleven ESCC cell lines expressed PTTG1 protein at levels 2.4 to 6.6 times higher than those in normal esophageal epithelial cells (HEEpiC). PTTG1 protein expression was confined to the nucleus in HEEpiC cells but present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus in ESCC cells. Two small interfering RNAs (siRNA) inhibited PTTG1 mRNA and protein expression in three ESCC cell lines by 77% to 97%. In addition, PTTG1 down-regulation by these siRNAs significantly reduced cell motility in all three ESCC cell lines (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in vitro, as well as popliteal lymph node metastases of ESCC cells in nude mice (P = 0.020). Global gene expression profiling suggested that several members of the Ras and Rho gene families, including RRAS, RHOG, ARHGAP1, and ARHGADIA, represented potential downstream genes in the PTTG1 pathway. Taken together, these findings suggest that PTTG1 overexpression promotes cell motility and lymph node metastasis in ESCC patients, leading to poorer survival. Thus, PTTG1 constitutes a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in ESCCs with lymph node metastases. [Cancer Res 2008;68(9):3214–24]
Utilization of Ig heavy chain variable, diversity, and joining gene segments in children with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: implications for the mechanisms of VDJ recombination and for pathogenesis
Authors: Aihong Li, Montse Rue, Jianbiao Zhou, Hongjun Wang, Meredith A. Goldwasser, Donna Neuberg, Virginia Dalton, David Zuckerman, Cheryl Lyons, Lewis B. Silverman, Stephen E. Sallan, John G. Gribben
Journal: Blood (2004)
MiR-196a exerts its oncogenic effect in glioblastoma multiforme by inhibition of IκBα both in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Guang Yang, Dayong Han, Xin Chen, Daming Zhang, Lu Wang, Chen Shi, Weiguang Zhang, Chenguang Li, Xiaofeng Chen, Huailei Liu, Dongzhi Zhang, Jianhao Kang, Fei Peng, Ziyi Liu, Jiping Qi, Xin Gao, Jing Ai, Changbin Shi, Shiguang Zhao
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

Recent studies have revealed that miR-196a is upregulated in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and that it correlates with the clinical outcome of patients with GBM. However, its potential regulatory mechanisms in GBM have never been reported. We used quantitative real-time PCR to assess miR-196a expression levels in 132 GBM specimens in a single institution. Oncogenic capability of miR-196a was detected by apoptosis and proliferation assays in U87MG and T98G cells. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of IκBα in GBM tissues, and a luciferase reporter assay was carried out to confirm whether IκBα is a direct target of miR-196a. In vivo, xenograft tumors were examined for an antiglioma effect of miR-196a inhibitors. We present for the first time evidence that miR-196a could directly interact with IκBα 3′-UTR to suppress IκBα expression and subsequently promote activation of NF-κB, consequently promoting proliferation of and suppressing apoptosis in GBM cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our study confirmed that miR-196a was upregulated in GBM specimens and that high levels of miR-196a were significantly correlated with poor outcome in a large cohort of GBM patients. Our data from human tumor xenografts in nude mice treated with miR-196 inhibitors demonstrated that inhibition of miR-196a could ameliorate tumor growth in vivo. MiR-196a exerts its oncogenic effect in GBM by inhibiting IκBα both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of GBM and indicate that miR-196a may predict clinical outcome of GBM patients and serve as a new therapeutic target for GBM.
Study of motivation in patients with bronchial asthma
Authors: Larisa V. Bogovin, Anastasiya S. Vodolazskaya, Viktor P. Kolosov
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

The disease leads to revaluation of personal values and motivation, that is why the patients are usually motivated to escape failures and are afraid of risk. The motivation of patients with bronchial asthma (BA) has not been studied enough.  Aim: to study motivation of BA patients.  Methods: 168 patients (78% of whom were women) with BA of different severity. The mean age was 47±11.9 years; the mean duration of the disease was 6±0.7 years. The test “Motivation to success” by T. Ehlers, method of diagnosis of the readiness to risk by Schubert, Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale were used.  Results: The patients were divided into three groups. The 1 st  group included 37 patients with mild BA, the 2 nd  – 95 patients with moderate BA, and the 3 d  group – 36 patients with severe BA. The patients of all groups had a motivation to success predominantly of medium and high level (the mean values are 3.14±0.66, 2.9±0.83, 3.05±1.24 points, respectively, at the maximum of 4 points). The patients of the 1st and 2nd groups were equally careful (low degree of readiness to risk: 2.4±0.63 and 2.36±1.03 points, respectively). By this criterion they significantly differed from the patients of the 3d group who had medium values of the test (3.05±1.24, p  Conclusion: BA patients have quite a high motivation to success achievement and a desire to get the result not depending on the disease severity. The low approval motivation appears due to the orientation to the personal opinion. The motivation have to be taken into account for effective doctor-patient communication.
A novel allergen Tab y 1 with inhibitory activity of platelet aggregation from salivary glands of horseflies
Authors: S. An, D. Ma, J. F. Wei, X. Yang, H. W. Yang, H. Yang, X. Xu, S. He, R. Lai
Journal: Allergy (2011)

To cite this article: An S, Ma D, Wei JF, Yang X, Yang HW, Yang H, Xu X, He S, Lai R. A novel allergen Tab y 1 with inhibitory activity of platelet aggregation from salivary glands of horseflies. Allergy 2011; 66 : 1420–1427. Abstract Background: Horsefly sting causes allergic reactions in human body. However, our knowledge on horsefly allergens remains poor. Objectives: To identify the novel horsefly allergens and characterize their properties. Methods: A native allergen protein Tab y 1 (apyrase) was purified from the salivary glands of the horsefly Tabanus yao Macquart by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Its sequence was determined by Edman degradation and cDNA cloning. Its allergenicity was assessed by immunoblotting for specific IgE, basophil activation test, skin prick test (SPT), and competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Tab y 1 showed a single diffusion band of 70 kDa on SDS‐PAGE. Seventy percent (7/10) of patients with horsefly allergy tested positive to Tab y 1 in SPT; sera from 81% (30/37) of patients reacted to Tab y 1 on western blots. Purified Tab y 1 reduced approximately 42% sera IgE reactivity to horsefly salivary gland extract on a competitive ELISA. Tab y 1 upregulated the expression of CD63 and CCR3 on passively sensitized basophils by up to approximately 4.9‐fold. Tab y 1 also showed enzymatic activity to hydrolyze ATP and ADP, and potent antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombotic activities. Conclusion: The current work identified a novel major allergen of horsefly, Tab y 1, with antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombotic activities, which implicates Tab y 1 in helping horseflies suck host blood, meanwhile causing allergy in their human hosts.