tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cord compression and lung cancer
Authors: G F G Findlay
Journal: BMJ (1991)

increased in diabetic subjects."9Non-insulin dependent diabetics have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease'0 even when a correction is made for recognised cardiovascular risk factors."An excess cardiovascular risk may also be associated with impaired glucose tolerance.'2The prevalence of non-insulin dependent diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance may vary between populations but a combined prevalence of over 60% is reported for a Scandinavian population of men aged between 65-84.'3A similar prevalence of glucose intolerance in the study population would undoubtedly result in an increased number of deaths from cardiovascular and non-cardio- vascular causes.An underestimate of diabetes as a cause of death in this population may be available from the Swedish mortality register.The observation of the relation of serum sialic acid and mortality is of undoubted interest but warrants further detailed investigation before serum sialic acid concentration is accorded the status of a risk factor or predictor of mortality.
THE COURSE OF MORTALITY FROM CANCER IN BALTIMORE
Authors: WILLIAM TRAVIS HOWARD
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Of the many interesting questions that have emerged from the intensive study of cancer which has been conducted during the last seventy years, two of the most important are: Is cancer actually increasing? and Is it really curable? As is well known, in recent years, the first question has been answered in the affirmative by some statisticians, in the negative by others; and some critical students regard the material at hand insufficient in both quantity and quality for final judgment. The confession is made freely by surgeons of talent, training and indubitable probity that their just claims of high percentages of permanent cures in suitable cases, treated early by mechanical measures, are not generally accepted at face value by the bulk of the laity and of the medical profession. In the time at my disposal, it is not possible to review the now voluminous literatures on these two questions. Following
Cranial and caudal augulation for coronary angiography revisited.
Authors: T A Sos, H A Baltaxe
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Several similar projections utilizing cranial and caudal angulation of the X-ray tube in various obliquities have been described recently for coronary angiography and left ventriculography. These views provide improved visualization of the proximal branches of the left coronary artery, the region of the crux of the right coronary artery, and the left ventricle in the left anterior oblique projection; structures which in the conventional projections are often superimposed on one another or are foreshortened. The confusing and conflicting terms--"oblique clockwise and anticlockwise table base turn," "half-axial," "angulated," "sit up," "caudo-cranial sagittal augulation," "cranio-caudal sagittal angulation," and "lordotic" projections--should be discarded in favor of the terms "cranial angulation projection" and "caudal angulation projection." The appropriate anterior, rather than the posterior obliquity should be used to refer to rotation of the patient, or the X-ray beam around his long axis.
Cholestasis induced by sodium taurolithocholate in isolated hamster liver
Authors: John E. King, Leslie J. Schoenfield
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

The mechanism of cholestasis (decreased bile flow) induced by taurolithocholate in the isolated perfused hamster liver was investigated. Taurocholate was infused to maintain bile acid output, and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) was administered to establish a BSP transport maximum in bile. The effects of taurolithocholate on bile flow and on the biliary secretion of BSP and bile acid anions were determined.A significant dose-response correlation was found between taurolithocholate and the degree of cholestasis. No significant hepatic morphologic alterations were observed. At low doses, cholestasis was reversible. A multiple regression equation was developed to validate the steroid dehydrogenase determination of total bile acids in bile that contained BSP. During cholestasis, output of bile acid was maintained by a significantly increased concentration of bile acid. Hepatic removal rate and transport maximum of BSP were significantly decreased, whereas BSP concentration, conjugation, and hepatic content were unaffected. The concentrating capacity for BSP in bile appeared to be the rate-limiting factor in BSP transport. Individual bile acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Of the injected taurolithocholate, 40-50% was recovered in bile as lithocholic acid, 30% was converted to chenodeoxycholic acid, and only traces of lithocholic acid were detected in the perfusate after 4 hr. Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids comprised 75-89%, and lithocholic acid comprised 11-25% of bile acids in bile after taurolithocholate injection; only traces of deoxycholic acid were seen. Small amounts of taurolithocholate sulfate were detected in bile by thinlayer chromatography. The outputs of sodium and potassium in bile were significantly diminished during cholestasis.A substantial fraction (75%) of basal bile flow in the isolated hamster liver was estimated to be independent of bile acid secretion. Cholestasis occurred after taurolithocholate, whereas bile acid secretion was maintained. The results indicate that the most likely mechanism for acute cholestasis induced by taurolithocholate in isolated hamster liver was interference with the bile acid-independent fraction of canalicular or ductular bile flow or both.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF PAPAIN AND VITAMIN A ON CARTILAGE
Authors: Lewis Thomas, Robert T. McCluskey, Jacobus L. Potter, Gerald Weissmann
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1960)

The administration of large amounts of vitamin A to rabbits has been shown to result in depletion of cartilage matrix. The normal basophilic, metachromatic, and Alcian blue staining properties of the matrix are lost, especially in articular and epiphyseal cartilage. The cartilage cells remain intact, but are reduced in size. These changes sometimes appeared as early as 48 hours after the initiation of daily injection of 1 million units of vitamin A, and were usually well established by 5 days. Some rabbits failed to show changes in cartilage, even after 5 daily injections. Increased amounts of material presumed to be chondroitin sulfate were present in the sera of vitamin A-treated rabbits, usually by 72 hours after the first injection. This was demonstrated by a turbidimetric procedure using hexamminecobaltic chloride. In rabbits given sulfur-35 (Na2S35O4) 5 days before the initiation of vitamin A treatment, it was shown that sulfur-35 was lost from articular and epiphyseal cartilage. This was associated with an increase in the non-dialyzable sulfur-35 in both serum and in the cobalt-precipitable material. These rabbits also excreted more sulfur-35 than rabbits not given vitamin A. There was a reduction in sulfur-35 activity in chondromucoprotein extracted from the ear cartilage of vitamin A-treated rabbits. The changes are interpreted as indicating that the administration of large amounts of vitamin A to rabbits results in removal of chondroitin sulfate from cartilage matrix. The administration of small amounts of crude papain causes histologic changes in cartilage that are remarkably similar to those seen in vitamin A-treated rabbits. The possibility is suggested that the changes in cartilage produced by administration of vitamin A to rabbits may be the result of activation of a proteolytic enzyme or enzymes, with properties similar to those of papain.
PRIMARY RESECTION OF THE COLON IN ACUTE ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: Charles B. Ripstein
Journal: JAMA (1953)

Acute fulminating ulcerative colitis is a serious disease that carries a very high mortality. The acute attack may be an exacerbation of preexisting disease or it may represent the first manifestation of colitis in a previously apparently healthy person. In either case, the patient is acutely ill with high fever, diarrhea, bloody and purulent stools, and an overwhelming toxemia. There is often evidence of peritoneal irritation or frank peritonitis. Because these patients are so acutely ill, there has been a tendency to avoid surgical treatment, and, when it has become inevitable, simple ileostomy has been accepted as the operation of choice.<sup>1</sup>The results of this therapy have been poor, and the mortality has ranged from 20 to 60% in reported series of cases. In analyzing the deaths that have occurred in the past, certain facts become apparent: 1. The majority of patients show evidence of severe blood and protein
EGFR and HER2 Genomic Gain in Recurrent Non-small Cell Lung Cancer After Surgery: Impact on Outcome to Treatment with Gefitinib and Association with EGFR and KRAS Mutations in a Japanese Cohort
Authors: Marileila Varella-Garcia, Tetsuya Mitsudomi, Yashushi Yatabe, Takayuki Kosaka, Eiji Nakajima, Ana Carolina Xavier, Margaret Skokan, Chan Zeng, Wilbur A. Franklin, Paul A. Bunn, Fred R. Hirsch
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
Effects of Electrolyte Disorders on Renal Structure and Function
Authors: William B. Schwartz, Arnold S. Relman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

ONE of the major functions of the kidney is to help regulate the bodily economy of the 2 univalent cations of primary biologic interest, potassium and sodium. The kidney is also intimately concerned with the metabolism of calcium. The mechanisms by which the kidney excretes these electrolytes are beyond the scope of this review. Here we are concerned with the effects that primary disorders of electrolyte metabolism can have on the structure and functions of the kidney. This subject should be of special interest to renal physiologist and clinical nephrologist alike: to the former, because a study of the pathophysiology . . .
The use of nanoimprinted scaffolds as 3D culture models to facilitate spontaneous tumor cell migration and well-regulated spheroid formation
Authors: Yukie Yoshii, Atsuo Waki, Kaori Yoshida, Anna Kakezuka, Maki Kobayashi, Hideo Namiki, Yusei Kuroda, Yasushi Kiyono, Hiroshi Yoshii, Takako Furukawa, Tatsuya Asai, Hidehiko Okazawa, Juri G. Gelovani, Yasuhisa Fujibayashi
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in the Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome*
Authors: Sadatomo Shimojyo, Peritz Scheinberg, Oscar Reinmuth
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1967)

Cerebral blood flow and metabolism were measured by the iodoantipyrine-4-(131)I method in nine patients and by the nitrous oxide method in three patients with the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.Cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen and glucose consumption were strikingly reduced from the normal, whereas cerebral vascular resistance was increased. Total cerebral metabolism and blood flow may be greatly reduced even though the cerebral metabolic defect is confined to circumscribed anatomical areas. Profound reduction in brain metabolism is not necessarily reflected in alterations of consciousness or awareness as has been previously suggested, or in electroencephalographic abnormalities. This appears to provide cogent support for the neurophysiological principle that disturbance of consciousness is a function of the location of the lesion, not the over-all degree of metabolic defect. The absence of improvement of cerebral metabolic functions in two patients who were restudied after an additional 2 to 3 weeks of treatment confirms the clinical impression of incomplete recovery in many such patients.
DIGITALIS HEART BLOCK.
Authors: ALBION WALTER HEWLETT
Journal: JAMA (1907)

escaping.The catheter was then introduced as far as possible without discomfort, and the solution injected from the catheter by pressing on the bulb of the pipette.After waiting a short time the catheter passed into the bladder, to the great relief of the sufferer.Case 2.-Three years later I made a social call on an old medical friend whom I found in great distress.He had not been able to evacuate the bladder for three days, and it was distended to the umbilicus.The attending physician uad made repeated efforts to use the catheter, but the pain it occasioned and the failure of results had made the old doctor rebel against further effort.After explaining my previous experience to him, he consented to allow me to try.The procedure as related above was carried out, with the identical result.The patient passed a large quantity of urine, and was able to use an ordinary soft catheter thereafter him- self.However, he never recovered, but died within a month.I am convinced that his last days were made comfortable by my accidental call.Case 3.-In September, 1905, I operated on an old man, and at 11:30 p. m. he began to complain of his bladder.The assis- tant surgeon was called and used hot applications and cathe- ter, but failed to start the urine.The distress increased, and at 4 a. m.I was called by telephone, and suggested that adnephrin and cocain be used.At 5 a. m.I was called again as the attempt to relieve the patient had failed.On arriving at the hospital I found that an effort had been made to introduce the fluid after the catheter was introduced.A long column of air prevented the admission of the astringent to the parts.I pre- pared a fresh solution, and within ten minutes the patient was relieved and was resting comfortably.He had no more trouble, and made a good recovery.
Radiotelemetering studies of jejunal pH before and after vagotomy and gastro-enterostomy.
Authors: W C Watson, J K Watt, E Paton, A Glen, G J Lewis
Journal: Gut (1966)

EDITORIAL SYNOPSIS These radiotelemetering studies have clearly shown that there is a rise in the jejunal pH after total vagotomy and posterior gastro-enterostomy and that acid surges no longer took place.
More doctors would aid communication
Authors: H Parsons
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The media continues to bemoan the lack of communication skills possessed by today's doctors, criticising the medical schools' selection procedures and pleading for potential doctors to represent the wider community. Undoubtedly, complaints do occur and many are the result of poor communication between doctors and patients or their relatives, but the link between communication problems and poor selection of candidates is far from proved.

> The root of the problem is junior doctors' hours and workload” 

I applied for medicine because I wanted to help people and study a science based subject. As a scholarship pupil at a mixed public school, having been at a state grammar school for the preceding five years, I was surrounded by people from a different class and background from me who, in general, were incredibly confident and articulate. These contemporaries would not have made worse communicators than state school students; they may well have been better. Yet the relatively high proportion of medical students from private schools is frequently cited as a major …
Granulocyte transmigration through the endothelium is regulated by the oxidase activity of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1)
Authors: Kaisa Koskinen, Petri J. Vainio, David J. Smith, Marjo Pihlavisto, Seppo Ylä-Herttuala, Sirpa Jalkanen, Marko Salmi
Journal: Blood (2004)
Ruptured Aneurysms of the Abdominal Aorta
Authors: John A. Mannick, James W. Brooks, Lewis H. Bosher, David M. Hume
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

RUPTURED aneurysms of the abdominal aorta are unquestionably associated with a high mortality rate. Though modern technics of vascular surgery have altered the essentially hopeless prognosis of patients with ruptured aneurysms and have permitted the salvage of some, the operative mortality reported for patients undergoing corrective surgery for this condition has ordinarily ranged from 50 to 80 per cent.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The most encouraging view of the prognosis of patients with ruptured aneurysms has recently been presented by De Bakey8 summarizing the experience at Baylor, where the operative mortality was found to be 33 per cent.Because of considerable variation in the . . .
Disseminated Hereditary Gastrointestinal Polyposis with Orocutaneous Hamartomatosis (Cowden's Disease)
Authors: M. Gorenšek, I. Matko, A. Śkralovnik, M. Rode, J. Satler, A. Juteršek
Journal: Endoscopy (1984)

Cowden's disease, first described by Lloyd and Dennis in 1962, is a rare disseminated polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, infrequently cited in the contemporary gastroenterological literature. In addition to multiple polyps, which are scattered throughout the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, orocutaneous hamartomas and frequent benign and malignant cutaneous, thyroid and breast tumors are thought to represent the most common manifestations of the disease. Ectodermal lesions are most frequently reported as a salient feature, and represent the most consistent element in the definition of this condition in the majority of cases, most of which are recorded in the dermatological literature (multiple hamartoma syndrome or Cowden's disease). This article presents four cases of Cowden's disease, the patients being members of two genetically unrelated families. All four patients had disseminated polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract, extending from the oral mucosa to the anus, while the cutaneous lesions and the concomitant tumors were present either in a fully developed or only rudimentary form, or were even absent. The authors propose that the term "disseminated hereditary gastrointestinal polyposis with orocutaneous hamartomatosis " be introduced and consistently used in the gastroenterological literature when referring to Cowden's disease, which seems more common than previous reports in the literature would indicate.
Treatment of Vincristine Extravasation
Authors: Jack D. Bellone
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Vincristine sulfate, a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug, is often associated with severe tissue reactions when extravasated subcutaneously. I would like to report my experience with two cases that seemed to be treated effectively with hydrocortisone. <h3>Report of Cases.—</h3> Case1.—A 63-year-old woman with a history of multiple myeloma was given vincristine sulfate, 2 mg intravenously (IV), as part of her chemotherapy. Approximately 1.5 mL of vincristine sulfate was extravasated subcutaneously in the volar aspect of the left arm. Hydrocortisone, 100 mg, was infiltrated subcutaneously in the region of the extravasation. The patient was seen one week later, and although there was some initial pain and some edema, this had subsided completely, and the area was healing satisfactorily. On further follow-up, there were no sequelae noted. Case2.—A 73-year-old woman with a history of breast carcinoma received vincristine sulfate, 1 mg IV. During administration, approximately 3 mL of
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Fernand Labrie, Alain Bélanger, Van Luu-The, Claude Labrie, Jacques Simard, Leonello Cusan, José Gomez, Bernard Candas
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2005)

In 1979, the first prostate cancer patient was treated with a GnRH agonist at the Laval University Medical Center in Québec City, Canada, thus rapidly leading to the worldwide replacement of surgical castration and high doses of estrogens. The discovery of medical castration with GnRH agonists was soon followed by fundamental changes in the endocrine therapy of prostate cancer. Most importantly, the excellent tolerance accompanying the treatment with GnRH agonists has been a key factor that permitted a series of studies demonstrating a major reduction in the death rate from prostate cancer ranging from 31 to 87% at 5 yr of follow-up in patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer. In fact, a one third reduction in prostate cancer deaths has been calculated in the metaanalysis of all available studies. The general acceptance of this discovery by patients and physicians is illustrated by world sales above 3.0 billion U.S. dollars in 2003.
THE X-RAY AS A THERAPEUTIC AGENTWITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO CARCINOMA.
Authors: ARTHUR DEAN BEVAN
Journal: JAMA (1904)

In attempting to arrive at a correct estimate of the<i>x</i>-ray as a therapeutic agent we are confronted at the outset with a number of difficulties: (1) By the fact that this force has been known but a short time and that little is known of its exact nature, so limited is our knowledge that we can not even measure with any degree of accuracy the amount which we are employing in a given case. (2) The agent has been employed but a very short time as a therapeutic agent, and sufficient time has not elapsed to enable us to determine the permanency of the results obtained. (3) Although an enormous amount of work has been devoted to the subject and an enormous number and variety of cases have been treated during the last three years, still for the most part this has been done in a haphazard way by
Severe Diarrhea in a Patient With AIDS
Authors: Jean-Michel Guerin
Journal: JAMA (1986)

To the Editor.—  The recent publication by Green et al1of two cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in which the presenting features mimicked Crohn's disease, prompts us to report a similar case.  Report of a Case.—  A 46-year-old homosexual Frenchman, with multiple sexual partners, was admitted to the hospital because of diarrhea and fever. Stool examination revealedGardia lamblia, Endolimax nana, andPseudolimax butchilii, but noSalmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. Colonoscopy showed disseminated superficial linear or irregular ulcerations predominantly in the left colon. Pathological study of distal ileal and colonic biopsy specimens showed a mild inflammatory infiltration of the lamina propria by plasma cells, polymorphs and macrophages, rare signs of cryptitis, and colonic erosions. Neither ileal villous atrophy nor pathogens were observed. (A basophil body at the basal area of an enterocyte could have been a Coccidia, ofIsospora bellitype, but this finding was not confirmed by
Comparative Evaluation of Treatments of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndromes
Authors: T. M. Golbert, C. J. Sanz, H. D. Rose, T. H. Leitschuh
Journal: JAMA (1967)

In a clinical comparative study, 49 patients were treated for the tremulous and agitated states and acute hallucinosis of alcohol withdrawal. Thirteen patients were treated with promazine hydrochloride, and 12 each with paraldehyde and chloral hydrate, alcohol, or chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride. Of these therapies, paraldehyde with chloral hydrate was most effective and best tolerated. Twenty-three patients were treated for delirium tremens. Twelve were treated with promazine and suffered numerous complications, including death in two cases. Eleven were treated with paraldehyde and chloral hydrate with prompt clearing of hallucinations; there were no failures and only one complication (transient fever).
Anticoagulant Therapy of Cryoglobulinemic Ulcers in a Case of Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: John F. Foley
Journal: JAMA (1961)

IN 1947 Lerner and Watson<sup>1</sup>introduced the term "cryoglobulin" to describe cold-precipitable serum globulins. Cryoglobulinemia may be divided into primary (essential) and secondary types. The first type has no known cause and is quite rare. The second type is found in association with neoplastic and infectious diseases and less often in a variety of other conditions. It is not uncommon for patients with cryoglobulinemia to develop chronic leg ulcers. Treatment of this condition has been difficult. Domz and Feigin<sup>2</sup>reported successful bishydroxycoumarin (Dicumarol) therapy of the ulcers associated with a case of essential cryoglobulinemia and outlined the rationale for its use based on the observations of Henstell and Feinstein.<sup>3</sup>The following report describes a study of anticoagulation therapy in a case of essential cryoglobulinemia, with results confirming the observation of Domz and Feigin. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 40-year-old white female was admitted to the University of