tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Adult Functional Outcome of Those Born Small for Gestational Age
Authors: Richard S. Strauss
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextAlthough studies have documented cognitive impairment in children who were born small for gestational age (SGA), other studies have not demonstrated differences in IQ or other cognitive scores. The need exists for long-term studies of such children to assess functional outcomes not measurable with standardized testing.ObjectiveTo determine the long-term functional outcome of SGA infants.DesignProspective cohort study.Setting and ParticipantsA total of 14,189 full-term infants born in the United Kingdom on April 5 through 11, 1970, were studied as part of the 1970 British Birth Cohort; 1064 were SGA (birth weight less than the fifth percentile for age at term). Follow-up at 5, 10, 16, and 26 years was 93%, 80%, 72%, and 53%, respectively.Main Outcome MeasuresSchool performance and achievement, assessed at 5, 10, and 16 years; and years of education, occupational status, income, marital status, life satisfaction, disability, and height, assessed at 26 years, comparing persons born SGA with those who were not.ResultsAt 5, 10, and 16 years of age, those born SGA demonstrated small but significant deficits in academic achievement. In addition, teachers were less likely to rate those born SGA in the top 15th percentile of the class at 16 years (13% vs 20%; P&lt;.01) and more likely to recommend special education (4.9% vs 2.3%; P&lt;.01) compared with those born at normal birth weight (NBW). At age 26 years, adults who were SGA did not demonstrate any differences in years of education, employment, hours of work per week, marital status, or satisfaction with life. However, adults who were SGA were less likely to have professional or managerial jobs (8.7% vs 16.4%; P&lt;.01) and reported significantly lower levels of weekly income (mean [SD], 185 [91] vs 206 [102] £; P&lt;.01) than adults who were NBW. Adults who were SGA also reported significant height deficits compared with those who were NBW (mean [SD] z score, −0.55 [0.98] vs 0.08 [1.02]; P&lt;.001). Similar results were also obtained after adjusting for social class, sex, region of birth, and the presence of fetal or neonatal distress.ConclusionsIn this cohort, adults who were born SGA had significant differences in academic achievement and professional attainment compared with adults who were NBW. However, there were no long-term social or emotional consequences of being SGA: these adults were as likely to be employed, married, and satisfied with life.
DIURETIC ACTION OF PARATHYROID EXTRACT-COLLIP IN CERTAIN EDEMATOUS PATIENTS
Authors: WILLIAM S. McCANN
Journal: JAMA (1928)

In 1925, Davidson<sup>1</sup>recorded a case of hypothyroidism with nephrosis and tetany. Preliminary treatment with thyroid gland produced some loss of weight and an increase in the volume of urine. Subsequent treatment with parathyroid extract-Collip not only relieved the tetany but caused a rapid subsidence of the edema. Mason<sup>2</sup>observed a patient with chronic nephritis, slight edema and hypocalcemia. Tetany was not observed. Parathyroid extract-Collip was given. Within two days the urine volumes increased and a remarkable readjustment of the altered chemical constituents of the blood occurred, with relief of the symptoms of acute depression in renal function. Since the report of these cases, it has been possible for me to observe similar results in three edematous patients with nephritis. While these observations were in progress, Meakins<sup>3</sup>read a paper before the Association of American Physicians concerning the effects of administration of thyroid and parathyroid preparations to
ULCERATION OF THE URINARY BLADDER AS A LATE EFFECT OF RADIUM APPLICATIONS TO UTERUS
Authors: ARCHIE L. DEAN
Journal: JAMA (1927)

My purpose in this paper is to describe a bladder lesion of specific etiology which may develop many months after an apparently successful application of radium to a carcinoma of the uterus. Urologists probably will be called on to treat an increasing number of patients for this condition, in which the history, symptomatology and cystoscopic appearance strongly suggest carcinoma of the bladder, but no tumor is present. If the approved methods of treating carcinoma should be employed in these cases, it is likely that the results would be disastrous. During the past year three elderly women have been referred to me because they were suffering from pyuria, dysuria and hematuria of considerable degree. The remote histories were of no especial significance except that each patient had been treated with radium for carcinoma of the uterus. The location of the primary tumor in two of the patients was the cervix; in
Bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone is strikingly diminished in collagenase-resistant mutant mice
Authors: Weiguang Zhao, Michael H. Byrne, Brendan F. Boyce, Stephen M. Krane
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone resorption by acting directly on osteoblasts/stromal cells and then indirectly to increase differentiation and function of osteoclasts. PTH acting on osteoblasts/stromal cells increases collagenase gene transcription and synthesis. To assess the role of collagenase in the bone resorptive actions of PTH, we used mice homozygous (r/r) for a targeted mutation (r) in Col1a1 that are resistant to collagenase cleavage of type I collagen. Human PTH(1–34) was injected subcutaneously over the hemicalvariae in wild-type (+/+) or r/r mice four times daily for three days. Osteoclast numbers, the size of the bone marrow spaces and periosteal proliferation were increased in calvariae from PTH-treated +/+ mice, whereas in r/r mice, PTH-induced bone resorption responses were minimal. The r/r mice were not resistant to other skeletal effects of PTH because abundant interstitial collagenase mRNA was detected in the calvarial periosteum of PTH-treated, but not vehicle-treated, r/r and +/+ mice. Calcemic responses, 0.5–10 hours after intraperitoneal injection of PTH, were blunted in r/r mice versus +/+ mice. Thus, collagenase cleavage of type I collagen is necessary for PTH induction of osteoclastic bone resorption.
US has epidemic of sexually transmitted disease
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States are among the highest in the industrialised world, reveal latest figures.

The United States had 15.3 million new cases of sexually transmitted disease in 1996 and more than 68 million Americans now have an incurable sexually transmitted disease such as herpes, human papillomavirus infection, hepatitis B, or HIV …
THE BOOKKEEPING OF HUMANITY
Authors: J. N. HURTY
Journal: JAMA (1910)

The accurate collection, tabulation and analysis of records of births, still-births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and sickness may be said to constitute the bookkeeping of humanity. The bookkeeping of dollars is very important, but of far greater importance is the bookkeeping of those events in the lives of human beings which are fundamental to an understanding of the movements of mankind, and which are also fundamental to the practical application of hygiene, to secure higher efficiency, longer duration of life and fuller measure of happiness. Without vital statistics, a nation cannot know its vital latitude and longitude, its national time of day on the great ocean of time. Through vital statistics a nation is able to know its temperature and pulse, and follow and understand other vital functions. Or, again, its vital potentialities are reflected and comprehensively expressed in such statistics. To live a successful life, a man must notice the
THE CONFUSED STATE OF THE INTERNSHIP
Authors: REGINALD FITZ
Journal: JAMA (1941)

Thirty years ago in Chicago, at the seventh annual conference of the Council on Medical Education, held at the Congress Hotel, Dr. James B. Herrick 1 read a paper which appeared to certain members of the audience as being quite revolutionary in character. It was entitled The Educational Function of Hospitals and the Hospital Year. Sooner or later, Dr. Herrick asserted, a period of training in a hospital would be demanded of every American medical student before he became licensed, to practice. Difficulties in the way of such a prescribed hospital year seemed by no means insurmountable. Either one of two things soon was bound to take place: either more internships would become available to accommodate the large annual output of doctors from medical schools or the number of graduates each year would be curtailed. Of these two possibilities, it was the number of internships which seemed most likely to
Bacterial Contamination of an Anesthetic Agent
Authors: Ronald Lee Nichols, Jeffrey W. Smith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

Infections following operative procedures are always of great concern to the surgeon. In the United States, the rates of wound infection after clean, clean–contaminated, contaminated, and dirty procedures during the period 1987 to 1990 were approximately 2.1 percent, 3.3 percent, 6.4 percent, and 7.1 percent, respectively.1 These rates are an improvement over the rates reported for 1975 to 1976 of 2.9 percent, 3.9 percent, 8.5 percent, and 12.6 percent, respectively.2 Wound infections, however, account for only about 24 percent of the approximately 2 million nosocomial infections seen yearly in hospitalized patients (2.8 infections per 100 patients).3 These rates vary according . . .
Gastric Acid Secretion and Diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Authors: M. R. Lewin, B. H. Stagg, C. G. Clark
Journal: BMJ (1973)

One hundred and fifty patients suspected of having Zollinger-Ellison syndrome were investigated. High plasma gastrin levels were found in 23 and in 16 a diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was confirmed. Measurement of the basal and maximal acid outputs showed that these simpler investigations have considerable value as screening tests for the selection of those patients in whom gastrin studies are indicated.
438. Development of an siRNA Based Therapy for Hepatitis Virus Infection
Authors: David V. Morrissey, Karin Blanchard, Lucinda Shaw, Kristi Jensen, Wendy Breen, Shawn Zinnen, Brent Dickinson, James A. McSwiggen, Chandra Vargeese, Keith Bowman, Chris S. Shaffer, Lloyd Jeffs, Adam Judge, Barry Polisky, Jennifer A. Lockridge, Amy C.H. Lee, Ian MacLachlan
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

RNA interference (RNAi) represents a powerful, naturally occurring biological strategy for inhibition of gene expression that has demonstrated utility in the inhibition of viral replication. However, the challenges associated with the effective in vivo delivery of siRNAs has been a major obstacle to their use. Here we describe the development of an effective siRNA based therapy for hepatitis virus infection.
The Rapid Induction of Human Riboflavin Deficiency with Galactoflavin *
Authors: Montague Lane, Clarence P. Alfrey, Charles E. Mengel, Maureen A. Doherty, Jean Doherty
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1964)

Signs of riboflavin deficiency require many months to develop in patients placed on riboflavin- restricted diets (1-6).The demonstrations that riboflavin deficiency induced by dietary restriction or riboflavin antagonists resulted in regression of rodent tumors (7-13) prompted several efforts in this laboratory to produce riboflavin deficiency in patients with neoplastic disease (14, 15).Riboflavin antagonists were used in these studies with the objective of producing the deficiency state rapidly, since a regimen requiring many months of dietary restriction would not lend itself to thera- peutic evaluation in patients with metastatic cancer.These earlier investigations did not result in the production of clinical evidences of riboflavin deficiency or in objective demonstrations of tu- mor regression.The administered riboflavin an- tagonists, selected on the basis of their effective- ness in rats, were shown to be metabolized differently in man.The most active of these agents against rat tumors, 6,7-dimethyl-9-(2'-acetoxy- ethyl) -isoalloxazine, was rapidly and almost com- pletely hydrolyzed in man, although a significant amount of the absorbed drug was excreted un- changed by rats.With the objective of producing human riboflavin deficiency, an analog was sought that would be an effective riboflavin antagonist in rodents and would be metabolized similarly in rodents and in man.The present paper describes studies with 1O-Ddulcityl -7,8dimethyl-isoalloxazine, galactoflavin,
DERMATITIS FROM THE USE OF HEXYLRESORCINOL SOLUTION S. T. 37: ACQUIRED SENSITIVITY
Authors: Clyde L. Cummer
Journal: JAMA (1933)

The discovery of the cause of dermatitis is desirable from the patient's standpoint so that it may be avoided not only to expedite recovery but chiefly to prevent recurrences. To this end, reporting of instances is important when the previous record of offending substance has not been made. Hexylresorcinol solution S. T. 37 is a widely advertised antiseptic, in general use by the profession and the public, but when the patient whose history follows was seen in 1931 I was unable to find any reference in the literature to possible irritating effects. In March, 1932, Templeton and Lunsford<sup>1</sup>reported six cases of stomatitis and cheilitis produced by S. T. 37 toothpaste, supposed to contain hexylresorcinol solution S. T. 37. They were unable to demonstrate which ingredient was responsible but suspected either altered or unaltered hexylresorcinol solution S. T. 37. All their patients reacted to contact tests for cutaneous sensitivity
Intimal Thickening in Normochoiesterolemic Rhesus Monkeys Fed Low Supplements of Dietary Cholesterol
Authors: MARK L. ARMSTRONG, MARJORIE B. MEGAN, EMORY D. WARNER
Journal: Circulation Research (1974)

Rhesus monkeys were fed a high-fat diet containing either 0, 43, or 129 µg/kcal of cholesterol for 18 months. In the monkeys on the cholesterol-supplemented diets, changes in plasma cholesterol remained within the range found in monkeys fed the cholesterol-free diet. Monkeys on the cholesterol-supplemented diets were compared with monkeys given no dietary cholesterol with range-matched plasma cholesterol; intimal thickness of the aorta and branch arteries, distribution of lipoprotein cholesterol, and tissue content of cholesterol in aorta and liver were considered. The monkeys on the cholesterol-supplemented diets showed intimal thickening with more sudanophilia and increased aortic cholesterol, a decrease in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and an increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the monkeys fed the higher amount of dietary cholesterol showed an increase in hepatic cholesterol. No null point for the effect of dietary cholesterol on arterial intima was found even at an intake level far below that conventionally used for the induction of experimental atherosclerosis in the nonhuman primate. The intimal changes found in response to very low cholesterol intake imply that subtle qualitative alterations in lipoproteins are of critical importance to our understanding of lesion induction.
844 COMPARISON OF AKIN CRITERIA AND CONVENTIONAL CRITERIA FOR DEFINITION OF RENAL IMPAIRMENT IN CIRRHOSIS. PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: C. Fagundes, M. Guevara, E. García-lópez, G.H. Pereira, E. Solà, M. Martín-Llahí, V. Arroyo, P. Ginès
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Identification of Gulf War Syndrome: Methodological Issues and Medical Illnesses-Reply
Authors: Philip J. Landrigan
Journal: JAMA (1997)

This fascinating series of letters again confirms that there is much illness among the veterans who served our nation in the Persian Gulf War. Dr Amato and colleagues, Dr Gots and colleagues, Dr Engel and colleagues, and Drs Hyams and Wignall present a beautifully incisive methodological dialogue that underscores the difficulties of drawing overly broad conclusions from small and highly selected populations.1-3Also, these authors emphasize the difficulty of reconstructing exposure scenarios from self-reported data and stress the importance of using appropriate, state-of-the-art, objective instruments in the evaluation of subtle neuropsychological dysfunction. Dr Gordon and Dr Kaires illustrate the continuing difficulty that many Americans, physicians among them, have in accepting the notion that stress can cause disease. This reluctance is a serious impediment to the proper management of patients with stress-related illness and also impedes muchneeded research to better delineate associations between stress and a wide range of illnesses
New Electronic Metal Locator
Authors: J. A. Ross
Journal: BMJ (1972)

New Electronic Metal Locator SIR,-We wish to assure Dr. D. Gordon (20 May, p. 467) that we are reasonably familiar with the literature on metal de- tection (most of which appears outside the annals of medicine), and that we have at no time claimed anything other than a new application of modern semiconductor devices and circuit techniques to the problem (15 April, p. 157).The earlier mental locators utilized thermionic valves and so tended to be large and cumbersome.This disad- vantage, along with the tuning difficulties usually associated with the amplitudesensing, two-coil approach, ensured their eventual disappearance.So far as we are aware, there is no medical metal locator on the market at present.-We are, etc.,
Medicine in the New World: New Spain, New France, and New England
Authors: William K. Beatty
Journal: JAMA (1987)

The 27th International Congress of the History of Medicine held in Barcelona, Spain, in 1980 provided an opportunity to examine the effects of medicine in the old world on medicine in the new world. The four authors originally presented summaries of their work; in this volume they have greatly expanded these into full-fledged essays. In his introduction, Numbers contrasts the environmentalist approaches of Daniel Boorstin and Bernard Bailyn, who held that the primitive conditions in America brought about a completely new way of thinking and doing, with the opposing views of Michael Kammen and Richard Harrison Shryock, who saw and demonstrated much closer relationships between the old and the new worlds. This book gives many examples of such relationships in the theory, practice, and control of medicine. Guenter Risse, Toby Gelfand, and Eric Christianson, respectively, have written the essays on New Spain, New France, and New England. They compare new
Anaphylactic shock occurring outside hospitals
Authors: H. Toft Sørensen, B. Nielsen, J. Østergaard Nielsen
Journal: Allergy (1989)

In a retrospective study, all cases of anaphylactic shock (AS) occurring in a hospital catchment area during a 13-year period were analysed. Twenty cases were found, giving an incidence of 3.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year, and one patient died. The precipitating agents were penicillin (7 cases), aspirin (3), food (2), and bee or wasp sting (8). The drugs had all been given orally. Penicillin-related AS was much commoner than its incidence reported by the Danish national health authorities. In three cases, previous anaphylactic reactions had occurred to the agent in question. We concluded that AS rarely occurs outside hospital, but that oral penicillin is a more important cause than was previously thought. Many recurring episodes of AS should be preventable, since hypersensitivity tests for both penicillin and hymenoptera venoms are available, and hyposensitization with respect to the latter is feasible.
Acrylic Bone Cement Hazard
Authors: Mark B. Coventry
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I feel compelled to comment on the paper you have published on "Intraoperative Death Associated with Acrylic Bone Cement" in the Oct 30, 1972, issue ofThe Journal. This article was written by three members of the Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY. In case 1, it is stated that the patient was admitted "for insertion of Thompson prostheses," and the reader assumed that this is the operation that was done. Yet, further on it says that when the prostheses (plural) with acrylic cement were applied into the femoral shaft and acetabulum, the patient jerked, and the blood pressure, the pulse, and the respiration disappeared. Had the surgeon changed his mind and decided to do a total hip arthroplasty rather than a hemiarthroplasty of the Thompson type? The authors do not state if total hip arthroplasty was
Tuberculosis in resource poor countries
Authors: Robert Colebunders, Ludwig Apers, Greet Dieltiens, William Worodria
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Despite increasing provision of school sex education, teenage sexual health in the United Kingdom is in overall decline, with increasing rates of terminations and sexually transmitted infections in under 18s outweighing recent modest reductions in conception rates in this age group. 1 2 w1 Counterintuitively, rather than improving sexual health, sex behaviour interventions can make it worse.w2 Most studies on sex education programmes in schools examine intermediate outcomes only, such as pupil satisfaction or reported condom use.This often facilitates premature false claims of success, whereas more robust outcome measures such as rates of terminations, unplanned conceptions, and sexually transmitted infections show no benefit.In this week's BMJ Henderson and colleagues report the effect of a theoretically based teacher delivered sex education programme (SHARE) on registered conceptions and terminations. 3 The trial found no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in National Health Service registered conceptions (per 1000 pupils: 300 SHARE v 274 control; difference 26, 95% confidence interval 33 to 86) or terminations (127 SHARE v 112 control; difference 15, 13 to 42) between ages 16 and 20.The results should stimulate urgently needed change from previous ineffective approaches to school sex education for which, as the authors admit, "evidence of effectiveness is mixed."Evidence shows that increased knowledge is a necessary but insufficient cause of change in sexual behaviour.w3 It is also clear that strategies such as promoting availability and correct use of condoms and increasing use of the emergency pill do not necessarily lead to a reduction in sexually transmitted disease rates, 1 pregnancies, w4 or terminations. 4 So what needs to happen next?Henderson and colleagues stress the need for more comprehensive approaches that incorporate the influence of parents on sexual experience in teenagers, and to improve the future life opportunities for vulnerable young people.The false assumption that "young teens will have sex anyway" is an insult to many young people who have the capacity to rise to a far more effective challenge than just "use a condom every time."Delaying first intercourse is recognised as an important outcome measure of sex education programmes, and teenagers are more likely to save sex (a more positive and helpful term than "abstinence") when their parents communicate the importance of doing so. 5 Of course, to be involved in this way, parents have to be with their RESEARCH p133