tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pellagra and the blues song ‘<i>Cornbread, meat and black molasses</i>’
Authors: John Middleton
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2008)

Prisoners, black and white, across the Deep South of the USA were aware of Joseph Goldberger’s experiments, which were designed to find the cause of pellagra by assessing and modifying the diets of prisoners at Rankin Prison Farm, Mississippi. The archives of the State of Mississippi hold evidence of the extensive public controversy, involving outraged victims of the crimes of these inmates, the general public and Governor Brewer, who had sanctioned Goldberger’s experiment and the offer of pardon to the volunteers. In the early 1900s, pellagra affected an estimated 50,000 people in the southern USA and killed 7000 poor blacks and whites. Goldberger believed that pellagra was caused by a dietary deficiency, not by an infection, as was widely believed. He was so strong in this belief that he had tested the hypothesis on himself, his wife and other members of the American public health service. To test the assumed infectiousness of pellagra, they had variously inoculated themselves with skin squames and nasal secretions and eaten faeces from pellagrins. Goldberger’s experiments feeding volunteer prisoners cornbread, fat meat and black molasses induced pellagra, which was alleviated by variations including peas, beans, cabbage greens and wheat bread. By 1926, Goldberger proposed yeast extract supplements to combat the disease and arranged distribution through the Red Cross Stores that were supplying food handouts, canned grapefruit juice (vitamin C – in Champion Jack Dupree’s Warehouseman Blues), clothes and blankets. This dietary support did reduce the frequency of pellagra. However, poor blacks felt stigmatized by handouts and the Red Cross Stores themselves carried a bitter reputation. Oliver describes how, after the great floods of 1927, ‘Negroes who entered the Red Cross food stations were seized and put into forced labour. Negro refugees under armed guards did the entire work on the Vicksburg levees and the treatment of the suffering homeless people was less than human.’ Many did not return from this latter-day slavery. Many collapsed exhausted, to be buried in the earth mounds of the great river – hence, in Red Cross Store Blues, Alabama Sam sings:
Intensive Review of Internal Medicine
Authors: Alan R. Aronson
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<i>Intensive Review of Internal Medicine</i>, third edition, by the Department of Continuing Education of Harvard Medical School and the Brigham, Women's, and Beth Israel hospitals is an outgrowth of the yearly course given in Boston. This home study course consists of an attractive 653-page monograph and 32 audiocassettes edited by two wellknown internists, Drs Braunwald and Fanta, with 55 members of the faculty of the above medical school and hospitals as contributing authors. The<i>Review</i>is an excellent intensive study in internal medicine and related subspecialties. The text is divided into 12 subspecialty disciplines of unequal length. Infectious disease, cardiology, and hematology form the largest segment, with oncology and neurology the smallest. This arrangement may be a deficiency, depending on the reader's needs and interest. The audiocassettes follow the manuscript word for word but may be used by themselves with some loss of clarity, as there is reference to the
Antibiotics in hand infections.
Authors: N Watson
Journal: BMJ (1985)

clinic are required to check the equipment.Could these strict conditions possibly influence bony union?Introductory statements to review articles such as "At this time the weight of evidence gathered from both laboratory, animal, and clini- cal studies indicates that electrical forces can stimulate bone growth.The prime question thus becomes, how does it work?"27 and "A double blind trial is impracticable''28 suggested that this question is not always addressed.Fortunately,.such statements did not deter Barker et al from randomly allocating 16 patients with ununited tibial fractures of at least 12 months' duration to treatment with either an active or dummy pulsed magnetic field stimulator contained within a full non-weight-bearing plaster.29The two groups were reviewed after 24 weeks.The fractures in five of the nine patients with an active stimulator united compared with five of the seven of those in the control group.Finding no difference between the two groups, the authors argued the efficacy of conservative treatment.This preliminary com- munication was the first reported double blind trial of pulsed magnetic field therapy for tibial non-union in man.We and 11 000 patients world wide await the results of further double blind controlled trials.
What are health authorities doing about the health problems caused by unemployment?
Authors: C Harris, R Smith
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Unemployment is over three million in Britain, and unemployment is known to be associated with poor health. It has been suggested that health authorities should produce a comprehensive response to the health problems caused by unemployment, and a survey was undertaken to find how many had done so. All the regional and district health authorities in England, the health boards of Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, and the family practitioner committees of England and Wales were asked by letter what they were doing to respond to the health problems of unemployment. A list of suggestions of what they might be doing was enclosed. The overall response rate was 77% (255/331), and 50% (127/255) of the respondents were doing something--33.3% (3/9) of the regional health authorities, 64% (101/158) of the district health authorities and health boards, and 26% (23/88) of the family practitioner committees. The paper describes what they were doing. A relation was sought between the level of unemployment in an area and the extent of the response, and a significant association was found. Half of Britain9s health authorities are now responding in some way to the health problems associated with unemployment.
Tennis-Shoe Traction
Authors: Don H. O'Donoghue
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I have just read the letter from Robert A. Gatter, MD, in regard to "Tennis-Shoe Traction" (<b>205</b>:706, 1968). This type of traction has been used since time immemorial, for treatment of various complaints of the lower extremities. It is indeed extremely easy to apply and all the necessary equipment is maintained in the home. However, many complications in this type of traction arise. Any traction of more than 4 or 5 lb applied to the foot, particularly of a child, through a shoe, whether it be a tennis shoe, work shoe, plaster boot, or other, is open to many dangers. In this type, the major traction is applied on the dorsum of the foot. On the dorsum and sides of the foot the skin is quite thin. There is very little subcutaneous tissue. The metatarsals present themselves along with the anterior tarsal bones almost directly subcutaneously.
Bone marrow lesions are related to dynamic knee loading in medial knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Kim L Bennell, Mark W Creaby, Tim V Wrigley, Kelly-Ann Bowles, Rana S Hinman, Flavia Cicuttini, David J Hunter
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2009)

Objectives To evaluate the relationship between mechanical loading, as indicated by the external knee adduction moment (KAM) during walking, and BML on MRI in people with medial knee osteoarthritis. Methods Measures were taken in 91 individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis. Logistic regression analyses were performed with the presence/absence of medial tibial or medial femoral BML as the outcome and either peak KAM or KAM impulse as the independent variable. Analyses were also adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, alignment and walking speed. Results In adjusted analyses, peak KAM was significantly related to medial tibial (OR 2.3; 95%CI 1.07 to 4.7), but not medial femoral (OR 1.85; 95%CI 0.93 to 3.7) BML. KAM impulse was significantly related to both medial tibial (OR 9.4; 95%CI 1.53 to 57.2) and medial femoral (OR 14.4; 95%CI 2.3 to 89.8) BML. Conclusions The findings support the hypothesis that greater mechanical loading of the medial compartment plays a role in the pathogenesis of BML in medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis.
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Gene P. Wegner
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Renal vein thrombosis is not a rare occurrence, and spontaneous recovery occurs more frequently than clinically suspected. The classical clinical picture in the adult and infant is but one aspect of the clinical spectrum of renal vein thrombosis. A morphologic staging is proposed to help clarify the response of the kidney to renal vein occlusion, and to stress the role that collateral venous development plays in determining this response. Since it is a difficult diagnosis to establish clinically, and is histologically similar to membranous glomerulonephritis, the roentgenographic appearance, particularly the angiographic features, of renal vein thrombosis, are emphasized. Correlation of the clinical and roentgenographic findings allows the diagnosis of renal vein thrombosis to be made regardless of the stage of the disease.
The nephrotoxic "triple whammy" of combining diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and diuretics
Authors: M. A. Onuigbo
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Lapi and colleagues identified 2215 cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) during follow-up—an overall incidence of 7 in 10 000 (95% CI 7/10 000 to 8/10 000) person years.1 A recent US study reported a rapidly increasing incidence of serious AKI requiring dialysis—from 222 cases per million person years in 2000 to 533 cases per …
Intravenous thrombolytic treatment of mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis: a study using serial transesophageal echocardiography
Authors: Mehmet Özkan, Cihangir Kaymaz, Cevat Kirma, Kenan Sönmez, Nihal Özdemir, Mehmet Balkanay, Cevat Yakut, Ubeydullah Deligönül
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2000)
Clinical microfluidics for neutrophil genomics and proteomics
Authors: Kenneth T Kotz, Wenzong Xiao, Carol Miller-Graziano, Wei-Jun Qian, Aman Russom, Elizabeth A Warner, Lyle L Moldawer, Asit De, Paul E Bankey, Brianne O Petritis, David G Camp, Alan E Rosenbach, Jeremy Goverman, Shawn P Fagan, Bernard H Brownstein, Daniel Irimia, Weihong Xu, Julie Wilhelmy, Michael N Mindrinos, Richard D Smith, Ronald W Davis, Ronald G Tompkins, Mehmet Toner
Journal: Nature Medicine (2010)
Cardiological Case Finding by Mass Radiography
Authors: P. O. Leggat
Journal: BMJ (1950)

BmD,Jo1ithee there was a positive tuberculin reaction to 1 in 100 O.T.He found that on testing with increasing strengths of tuberculin the skin sensitivity of erythema nodosum patients increases rapidly after the initial threshold had been passed.This may account for the tnarked reaction to 1 in 100 O.T. in Case 2. This effect does not appear to be due to sensitization produced by the serial testing, as others using stronger test dilutions in much greater number have not produced Mantoux conversion by this means.Lofgren classed all his six cases with bilateral hilar glandular swellings with miliary infiltrations as sarcoidosis, and a further nine with bilateral glandular enlargement and liegative reactions or reaction to 1 in 1,000 or 1 in 100 O.T. as probable sarcoids.Most estimates of the incidence of negative reactors to tuberculin in sarcoidosis give figures of 60-70%, the remaining positives tending to be weak reactors.In the case described by Bjerkelund there were a negative reaction to 1 in 100 tuberculin, bilateral hilar glandular enlargement, and only two small pea-sized infiltrations near the hilum.In sarcoidosis one-quarter to one-half of the cases show an eosinophilia, rarely over 10-15%, and the findings in Case 1 may be significant.In the active phase an increase in serum proteins is often noted and may exceed 9 g.%, the result in Case 3 being possibly a little further supporting evidence.Whilst it may be regretted that histological proof of the diagnosis could not be obtained, it was not considered justifiable to ask the patients to submit to the inconvenience of the necessary investigations, but on the above criteria the three cases could be regarded as sarcoidosis. SummaryThe many different causes to be considered in the differential diagnosis of erythema nodosum are discussed and three cases are described in which the cause appears to be sarcoidosis.
Electrogenic sodium absorption in rabbit cecum in vitro.
Authors: J H Sellin, H Oyarzabal, E J Cragoe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Regional variations in the ion transport properties of the colon may have significant physiological and pathophysiological implications. However, only limited studies have been performed in cecum, which comprises 50% of the macrosurface of the rabbit colon. In vitro under short-circuit conditions, cecum actively absorbed Na and Cl (JnetNa = 5.6 +/- 0.3, JnetCl = 1.5 +/- 0.3 mu eq.cm-2.h-1) with a short-circuit current (Isc) of 6.29 +/- 0.2 mu eq.cm-2.h-1.Cl substitution with sulfate decreased both JnetNa and Isc by 1.3 mu eq/cm2.h-1.HCO3 removal decreased both JnetNa and Isc 3.3 mu eq.cm-2.h-1. This effect was due primarily to removal of serosal HCO3. There was both a linear correlation between JNanet and Isc (r = 0.845) and a concentration-dependent stimulation of Isc by increasing [Na] in the bathing media. However, 10(-4) M amiloride did not significantly alter either Isc or JnetNa. In contrast, 10(-4) M phenamil, an amiloride analogue highly specific for the Na channel, significantly blocked both Isc and JnetNa. The sulfhydryl reagent PCMBS increased Isc; this response was reversed by phenamil. Electrogenic Cl secretion was stimulated by 1 mM theophylline, 10(-4) M 8BrcAMP and 10(-4) M 8BrcGMP. None of the secretagogues inhibited JnetNa. Epinephrine (5.5 microM) increased JnetNa from 5.9 +/- 1.3 to 7.8 +/- 1.1 (P = 0.02) and JnetCl from 0.1 +/- 1.2 to 2.0 +/- 0.8 (P NS) mu eq.cm-2.h-1. Studies of pH stat demonstrated an epinephrine-stimulated increase in Jm-sHCO3 without a change in Js-mHCO3. Thus, cecum exhibits a distinct type of electrogenic Na electrogenic Na absorption which is partially dependent on the presence of Cl and HCO3, not blocked by amiloride but by phenamil. Because of its large surface area and its novel mechanism of electrogenic Na transport, the cecum exerts an important regulatory role in colonic fluid and electrolyte balance.
Travelling but never arriving: reflections of a retiring editor
Authors: Richard Smith
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. A major neuropathological finding in ALS is the coexistence of glial activation and aggregation of the phosphorylated transactive response DNA-binding protein 43-kDa (pTDP43) in the motor cortex at the earliest stages of the disease. Despite this, the transcriptional alterations associated with these pathological changes in this major vulnerable brain region have yet to be fully characterized. Here, we have performed massive RNA sequencing of the motor cortex of ALS (n=11) and healthy controls (HC; n=8). We report extensive RNA expression alterations at gene and isoform levels, characterized by the enrichment of neuroinflammatory and synapse related pathways. The assembly of gene co-expression modules confirmed the involvement of these two principal transcriptomic changes, and showed a strong negative correlation between them. Furthermore, cell-type deconvolution using human single-nucleus RNA sequencing data as reference demonstrated that microglial cells are overrepresented in ALS compared to HC. Importantly, we also show for the first time in the human ALS motor cortex, that microgliosis is mostly driven by the increased proportion of a microglial subpopulation characterized by gene markers overlapping with the recently described disease associated microglia (DAM). Using immunohistochemistry, we further evidenced that this microglial subpopulation is overrepresented in ALS and that variability in pTDP43 aggregation among patients negatively correlates with the proportion of microglial cells. In conclusion, we report that neuroinflammatory changes in ALS motor cortex are dominated by microglia which is concomitant with a reduced expression of postsynaptic transcripts, in which DAM might have a prominent role. Microgliosis therefore represents a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention in ALS.
Squamous Papilloma of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx on 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging
Authors: Dimitrios Karantanis, Martin Allen-Auerbach, Johannes Czernin
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Squamous papilloma is one of the most common benign neoplasms of the oral cavity and oropharynx. The (18)F-FDG PET/CT metabolic phenotype of this entity has not been described. We document the incidental finding of a hypermetabolic lesion at the right base of the tongue on an FDG PET/CT that proved to be squamous papilloma. The maximum standard uptake value was high at 7.0 g/ml. We conclude that oral cavity squamous papilloma can present with an intensely hypermetabolic phenotype on (18)F- FDG PET/CT. This benign entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of FDG-positive oral and oropharyngeal lesions.
Civil Disobedience and Urban Revolt
Authors: GENE L. USDIN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

Distinguishing clearly between civil disobedience and civil disorder, which are sometimes confused in the minds of both the participants and the public, the author focuses on the dynamics of the latter. Using the model of adolescent rebellion as an aid to understanding the student and Negro revolts, he concludes that the most urgent task of society is to create the means by which dissident groups can express emotional rebellion within appropriate and well-defined limits.
THE CONSERVATIVE SURGERY OF THE HAND AS ILLUSTRATED BY A CASE OF TENDON GRAFTING
Authors: A. W. Mayo-Robson
Journal: BMJ (1918)

CONSERVAIVE SLJRGERY OFT TIIE HAND.!JWTCL NAL *) 257 o)r vard, an(d, wlhen sup'plemientited, can be cmnpl1oyp(l for tiurgical operations..Note.
Clonal variegation and dynamic competition of leukemia-initiating cells in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia with MLL rearrangement
Authors: M Bardini, P S Woll, L Corral, S Luc, L Wittmann, Z Ma, L Lo Nigro, G Basso, A Biondi, G Cazzaniga, S E W Jacobsen
Journal: Leukemia (2014)
PTEN microdeletions in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia are caused by illegitimate RAG-mediated recombination events
Authors: Rui D. Mendes, Leonor M. Sarmento, Kirsten Canté-Barrett, Linda Zuurbier, Jessica G. C. A. M. Buijs-Gladdines, Vanda Póvoa, Willem K. Smits, Miguel Abecasis, J. Andres Yunes, Edwin Sonneveld, Martin A. Horstmann, Rob Pieters, João T. Barata, Jules P. P. Meijerink
Journal: Blood (2014)
234 Relationship between renal function and serum creatinine levels in patients with cirrhosis. Relevance for prognosis assessment
Authors: C. Terra, M. Guevara, M.E. Baccaro, M. Martín-Llahí, T. Restuccia, A. Torre, B. Calahorra, V. Arroyo, E. Ginès
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Laparoscopy and combined methods
Authors: S. Adamsen
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Laparoscopic surgery has now come of age, as reflected by a substantial number of presentations at Digestive Disease Week with long-term follow-up of large series and quality-of-life studies in antireflux surgery, bariatric surgery, and colorectal surgery. Only a few studies dealt with new technology, such as robot-assisted surgery. Only a few studies were randomized, as has been the general pattern during the implementation of laparoscopic surgery in gastrointestinal diseases in the last two decades. Most of the papers (85 %) were submitted to the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract and 12 % to the American Gastroenterological Association.
Abstract 82: Awareness of Guidelines of Automated External Defibrillator Use in Children within Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Sarah E Haskell, Melanie A Kenney, Sonali Patel, Teri L Sanddal, Katrina L Altenhofen, Nels D Sanddal, Dianne L Atkins
Journal: Circulation (2007)

BACKGROUND . Ventricular fibrillation occurs in 10 –20% of pediatric cardiac arrests. Survival rates in children with ventricular fibrillation can be as high as 30% when the rhythm is identified and treated promptly. In the last five years, recommendations have been made for the use of automated external defibrillators(AED) in children 1– 8 years of age. OBJECTIVE . The goal of this study was to determine the awareness of American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines and statewide protocols concerning AED use in children ages 1– 8 among emergency medical providers after new guideline release. Availability of pediatric capable AED equipment was also assessed. METHODS . Surveys were distributed to EMS providers in Iowa and Montana within one year of the AHA advisory statement in 2003 recommending use of AEDs in children ages 1– 8, and again approximately one year after the 2005 AHA guidelines on cardiopulmonary resuscitation were published. In Iowa, there were concentrated efforts to disseminate information about AED use in children, while there were minimal efforts in Montana. RESULTS . Awareness of AHA guidelines for use of AEDs in children was low in both states in 2003 (29% in Iowa vs 9% in Montana, p&lt; 0.001). After release of the 2005 guidelines, awareness improved significantly in both states but was still significantly greater in Iowa (83% vs. 60 %, p &lt; 0.002). In 2003, less than 20% of respondents in both states reported access to pediatric capable AEDs. Availability of pediatric pads and cables increased significantly in 2006 but remained low in Montana (74% in Iowa vs 37% in Montana, p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS . At the present time, publication of new or interim guidelines in the scientific literature alone is insufficient to ensure that awareness among providers and that new protocols are implemented. An effective and efficient method to disseminate new pediatric out-of-hospital protocols emergency care to become standard of care in a timely matter should be developed.