tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nocifensor System of Nerves (II)
Authors: T. Lewis
Journal: BMJ (1937)

acting insulin-to be injected, let us suppose, once a week -could ever be successful; it would cause hypoglycaemia every night, and the patient's condition would be com- parable to the rare syndrome of spontaneous hypoglycaemia.It is clear that the basal dose must be "tailing off " in strength of action at night.Summary 1.The chemical nature and physiological action of zinc protamine insulin is described.2. We have used it as one dose a day, from 16 to 50 units, in forty-two insulin patients of all grades of severity.In all cases the urine passed twenty-four hours afterwards can be made sugar-free and the blood sugar normal or nearly so.In many severe cases hyperglycaemia and glycosuria after carbohydrate meals, especially breakfast, cannot be controlled by such a dose of zinc protamine insulin alone, but can be better regulated by the addition of a suitable dose of soluble insulin injected in the same syringe.3. The adjustment of diet, the dosage of insulin, and the possibility and prevention of hypoglycaemia are dis- cussed.We consider that careful study of each case is essential.4. We conclude, so far as our limited experience goes, that most severe diabetes can be well controlled and the patient maintained in excellent health by one injection a day, either of zinc protamine insulin suspension alone or with the addition of some soluble insulin.The initial stages of such treatment should be carried out under close observation.We wish to thank our patients for their keen co-operation, and the nursing staff and the dietetic and laboratory staff in our department for loyal assistance in the extra work which these-studies have required.We are indebted to Professor Best of Toronto for our first supply of zinc protamine insulin, and to Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Co. Ltd., who have supplied large quantities free since November, 1936.
Choice and equity: lessons from long term care
Authors: Christopher Deeming, Justin Keen
Journal: BMJ (2004)

confounders, as these individuals will have increased acid output and may be more prone to gastrooesophageal reflux and less likely to acquire H pylori. w6 The trial by Harvey et al is indirect evidence that using "test and treat" in patients with dyspepsia in primary care will not lead to an increase in symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. 5 Other evidence to support the effectiveness of the strategy comes from randomised controlled trials comparing H pylori eradication versus placebo in H pylori positive patients. 3 Whether small benefits in the order of 7% are worthwhile depends on both the persistence of effects of the treatment and its cost effectiveness.On the basis of good data for up to two years of follow up, H pylori eradication is likely to provide more lasting benefit than acid suppression alone. 1Direct evidence of cost effectiveness is awaited from an ongoing randomised controlled trial funded by the Medical Research Council that is comparing H pylori "test and treat" with acid suppression in the initial management of dyspepsia in more than 200 general practices in the United Kingdom.
RCGP launches inquiry into improving patient care in constrained NHS
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The Royal College of General Practitioners has set up an independent inquiry to look at how the NHS can best provide care for patients at a time of constrained resources and increasing demand on services.1 The inquiry will look at the role of general practice in the context of primary, community, and social care services and will assess three key questions:
Ankyrin Bugey: A de novo deletional frameshift variant in exon 6 of the ankyrin gene associated with spherocytosis
Authors: L. Morlé, M. Bozon, N. Alloisio, A. Vallier, S. Hayette, O. Pascal, D. Monier, N. Philippe, B.G. Forget, J. Delaunay
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1997)

We describe a case of spherocytosis in a French child splenectomized at age 10 years. The parents were devoid of any clinical, hematological, or biochemical abnormalities. Following splenectomy, the proposita exhibited a reduction of red cell membrane ankyrin. The variable number of dinucleotide repeats associated with the erythroid ankyrin gene (ANK1) were studied at the genomic level. The father, the mother, and the proposita had the AC14/AC11, AC14/AC14, and AC14/AC11 genotypes, respectively, although the proposita exhibited a pattern consistent with an AC14,-combination at the cDNA level. We thought there could be a de novo mutation in the ANK1 allele of paternal origin (AC11). A false paternity seemed most unlikely. Based on PCR-amplification of exons, SSCP analysis, and, when appropriate, nucleotide sequencing, we found a one-nucleotide deletion in codon 146 (exon 6): 521delC, A???→AG. This placed in phase a TAG triplet normally overlapping codons 150 and 151. Early interruption of translation presumably accounted for the premature degradation of mutant mRNA. Restriction analysis confirmed the presence of the mutation in the proposita and its absence in the parents. The variant was designated ankyrin Bugey. Am. J. Hematol. 54:242–248, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chronic hepatitis C virus infections: predictive value of genotype and level of viraemia on disease progression and response to interferon alpha.
Authors: J C Booth, G R Foster, U Kumar, R Galassini, R D Goldin, J L Brown, H C Thomas
Journal: Gut (1995)

The effects of hepatitis C virus genotype and viraemia on disease outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection were studied. Patients infected with genotype 1 tended to develop more severe disease, and to respond less well to interferon (IFN) treatment, but no pretreatment variable successfully predicted either the severity of the disease or the response to IFN. Failure to eliminate the virus during the first three months of therapy, however, predicted a failure to derive long term benefit from the current IFN regime. Hence pretreatment variables cannot be used to determine whether individual patients will respond to IFN, but observations during the first three months of therapy can be used to decide which patients will not respond to prolonged therapy. In these patients consideration should be given to changing the IFN dosing regime or using alternative treatments.
The metabolism of circulating maltose in man
Authors: Sister John M. Young, Elliot Weser
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

The utilization of circulating maltose was compared to that of glucose in six normal fasting subjects after intravenous injection of 25 g of either sugar. Blood samples were obtained over a 2 hr period and were assayed for free fatty acids (FFA), insulin, glucose, and total reducing substances. Urine was collected for 2 hr after maltose administration and assayed enzymatically for glucose and maltose. Blood glucose concentrations did not increase after maltose infusion, although a significant rise in total reducing substances was noted, indicating the presence of this disaccharide in the blood. Less than 3% of the administered maltose was excreted in the urine either as maltose or glucose. Initially, there was a fourfold increase in serum insulin concentration after glucose and a threefold increase after maltose infusion. Therefore, serum insulin concentrations gradually declined in a similar manner for both sugars. The plasma FFA at 15 min decreased 371 uEq/liter after glucose and 338 uEq/liter after maltose infusion. In other studies, 10 g maltose containing 5 muCi maltose-U-(14)C were injected into five human subjects and expired CO(2) collected for 6 hr. Maximal (14)CO(2) specific activity was noted at 170 min and a mean of 61.1% of the injected radioactivity was recovered as (14)CO(2). Less than 8% of the injected (14)C was excreted in the urine. These results indicate that maltose administered intravenously has similar metabolic effects when compared to glucose, and may be efficiently utilized as a carbohydrate substrate. The oxidation of intravenously administered maltose-U(14)C to (14)CO(2) demonstrates that circulating maltose is readily metabolized. A solution of maltose could provide twice the mass of sugar (and of calories) per milliliter as an equimolar solution of glucose. Parenterally administered maltose may be of clinical value and should be further studied.
The Prevalence of Diabetes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Jose Egídio P Oliveira, Adolpho Milech, Laercio J Franco
Journal: Diabetes Care (1996)

To assess the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in the adult population of Rio de Janeiro, a two-stage cross-sectional survey was carried out in a random sample of 2,051 individuals aged 30-69 years from Rio de Janeiro city in Brazil.Subjects were first screened by fasting capillary glycemia (FCG). All individuals who screened positive (FCG > 5.6 mmol/l) and every sixth consecutive person who screened negative (FCG < 5.6 mmol/l) were subjected to a 75-g glucose load. Diagnoses of diabetes and IGT were based on World Health Organization criteria.Results from every sixth individual who screened negative were extrapolated to all individuals who screened negative after adjustment for some potential bias in the subsample. Age-adjusted prevalence rates for diabetes and IGT were 7.1 and 9.0%, respectively. The rates were higher (P < 0.01) among women than among men (8.7 vs. 5.2% for diabetes and 11.7 vs. 5.8% for IGT), among obese individuals than among nonobese individuals (7.9 vs. 6.2% for diabetes and 11.4 vs. 7.3% for IGT), and among those with family history of diabetes than among those without family history of diabetes (12.4 vs. 4.8% for diabetes and 13.8 vs. 6.7% for IGT). The rates for diabetes and IGT increased with age, being 1.7 and 4.5%, respectively, for the age-group of 30-39 years, 3.9 and 8.5% for the age-group of 40-49 years, 13.6 and 13% for the age-group of 50-59 years, and 17.3 and 15.3% for the age-group of 60-69 years (P < 0.01). The prevalence of diabetes was higher among individuals with low educational levels than among those with high educational levels (7.3 vs 4.2%). For IGT, the rates increased from the group with intermediate level of education (8.3%) to the low- (11.3%) and high-education group (12.6%). Differences in the rates for whites and non-whites (6.9 vs. 7.1% for diabetes and 8.8 vs. 9.6% for IGT) were not statistically significant. Among those with confirmed diabetes in the survey, 27.6% did not know of their diabetic condition. Among previously diagnosed diabetes (self-reported diabetes), 19.5% were not being treated, 31.8% were on diet only, 40.7% were on oral hypoglycemic drugs, and 8.0% were on insulin. Self-reported prevalence of diabetes was 0.1% for the population < 30 years of age, 4.3% for the 30-69 year old age-group, and 16.6% for those > 70 years of age.The numbers found for Rio de Janeiro are similar to those for more developed countries and lead us to conclude that the impact of diabetes on public health is the same as in those countries where this disease is considered an important health problem.
The Impact of Secondary Particles on the Association between Ambient Ozone and Mortality
Authors: Meredith Franklin, Joel Schwartz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Although several previous studies have found a positive association between ambient ozone and mortality, the observed effect may be confounded by other secondary pollutants that are produced concurrently with ozone.We addressed the question of whether the ozone-mortality relationship is entirely a reflection of the adverse effect of ozone, or whether it is, at least in part, an effect of other secondary pollutants.Separate time-series models were fit to 3-6 years of data between 2000 and 2005 from 18 U.S. communities. The association between nonaccidental mortality was examined with ozone alone and with ozone after adjustment for fine particle mass, sulfate, organic carbon, or nitrate concentrations. The effect estimates from each of these models were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis to obtain an across-community average.We found a 0.89% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45-1.33%] increase in nonaccidental mortality with a 10-ppb increase in same-day 24-hr summertime ozone across the 18 communities. After adjustment for PM(2.5) (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <or= 2.5 microm) mass or nitrate, this estimate decreased slightly; but when adjusted for particle sulfate, the estimate was substantially reduced to 0.58% (95% CI, -0.33 to 1.49%).Our results demonstrate that the association between ozone and mortality is confounded by particle sulfate, suggesting that some secondary particle pollutants could be responsible for part of the observed ozone effect.
Abstract 4565: Prediction of prognosis by the combination of mutation and methylation in colorectal cancer
Authors: Satoru Iida, Shunsuke Kato, Megumi Ishiguro, Toshiaki Ishikawa, Takatoshi Matsuyama, Hirotoshi Kobayashi, Tetsuro Higuchi, Hiroyuki Uetake, Kenichi Sugihara
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common types of cancer in both men and women and is associated with high mortality, particularly at advanced stages. Markers for defining individual risk signatures in CRC patients are of great clinical value, as they may allow for targeted therapies to improve outcomes in CRC patients. Epigenetic alteration such as promoter hypermethylation of gene, as well as genetic abnormality such as gene mutation, occurs frequently during the pathogenesis of human cancers. Recent studies exhibit the increasing observations that both epigenetic and genetic changes combine to determine the phenotype of cancer. Thus, in the present study, we examined KRAS and PIK3CA mutations and the methylation status of BNIP3, SFRP1, and Dkk1, and analyzed the correlation between these molecular alterations and the clinicopathological features of CRC. We aimed to clarify whether a combination of genetic and epigenetic alterations can be used to classify CRC patients in relation to their clinicopathological features and outcomes. Tissue samples from 122 CRC patients who underwent surgical resection were examined. The methylation status of SFRP1 and Dkk1 and the sequences of exon 1 of KRAS gene and exons 9 and 20 of the PIK3CA gene were determined by methylation specific PCR and direct sequencing, respectively, using genomic DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded blocks. Correlation between these factors and clinicopathologic findings/patients survival were examined. As a result, there was a significant correlation between KRAS mutation and BNIP3 (p=0.0004) or Dkk1 (p=0.0009) methylation but not SFRP1 (p=0.114). Although SFRP1 and Dkk1 methylation showed no associations with disease specific survival (DSS) and other clinicopathological findings in CRC patients, BNIP3 was associated with poor DSS (p=0.0149). In CRC without both KRAS and PIK3CA mutation, patients with two or three methylated genes had poorer overall survival compared to those with no or one methylated genes (p=0.0017). To contrary, in the cases of at least one or more mutations, patients with two or three methylated genes tended to have better survival than patients with no methylation. Classifying CRC based on BNIP3, SFRP1, and Dkk1 methylation status and KRAS and PIK3CA mutation may be a clinically powerful predictor of patient outcome. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4565. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4565
PRIORITY AS TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE STEENBOCK PROCESS OF ANTIRACHITIC ACTIVATION
Authors: Harry Steenbock
Journal: JAMA (1930)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In recent publications (The Journal, April 12, p. 1163, June 14, p. 1885), Dr. Alfred F. Hess has laid claim to prior rights to the discovery of the antirachitic activation of foods and medicinals by ultraviolet radiation. I regret exceedingly that Dr. Hess should feel the necessity for an argumentative presentation because my statement that "experiments of Hess and his co-workers followed ours closely" (The Journal, Dec. 14, 1929, p. 1868) was made editorially, merely to call attention to the fact that Dr. Hess had secured similar results, with no emphasis whatever on the word "followed." Actually, however, it may be true that subconsciously I was guided in the choice of my words by the fact that Dr. Hess, according to his own statement, carried out his experiments in the<i>winter</i>of 1923-1924. He bases his claims for priority on an address delivered before the American Pediatric
Bioinformatics and database resources in hepatology
Authors: Andreas Teufel
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)

Lately, advances in high-throughput technologies in biomedical research have led to a dramatic increase in the accessibility of molecular insights at multiple biological levels in hepatology. Much of this information is available in publications, but an increasing number of large-scale analyses are currently being stored in databases. Scopes of these databases are very divergent and may range from large, general databases collecting information on almost every known disease, to very specialized databases covering only a specific liver disease or aspect of hepatology. Over recent years, these bioinformatics data repositories have rapidly evolved into an essential aid for molecular hepatology. However, although publicly available through the internet, many of these databases are only known to a few experts. To facilitate access to these resources, the publicly available databases supporting research on liver diseases are summarized in this review.
Clinical Care of the Terminal Cancer Patient
Authors: Richard J. Gralla
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The care of patients with advanced cancer requires that attention be given to many medical and psychosocial considerations. The authors have attempted to cover the variety of fields relevant to the care of patients with cancer in this helpful and readable volume. The care of patients with advanced malignant neoplasms requires the acquisition of several skills; the decision concerning which of these skills might be the most appropriate to offer a patient is often difficult. With any specific patient, the question arises, has the time come for only supportive care or will symptom control be best achieved by active antitumor treatment? This book contains several chapters approaching both sides of the dilemma. The chapter on radiation therapy is excellent; it provides concise and reasonable information regarding indications, treatment plans, and expectations with this modality. The chapter on chemotherapy gives a good overview, but more specific guidelines concerning indications for chemotherapy
DNA repair synthesis in human skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation used in PUVA (psoralen and UV-A) therapy for psoriasis
Authors: SIMONE C. BISHOP
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1979)

The ultraviolet radiation used for PUVA therapy stimulated DNA repair activity in normal human skin and in the uninvolved skin from psoriatic patients. The activity detected by autoradiography increased linearly with exposure time. No stimulation was observed when the UV-B component was removed from the incident radiation by filtration through glass. Therefore UV-B damage to DNA was found responsible for the activity detected following exposure to the unfiltered PUVA light source.
Elevated Tumor Necrosis Factor- and Interleukin-6 in Myocardium and Serum of Malfunctioning Donor Hearts
Authors: E. J. Birks, P. B. J. Burton, V. Owen, A. J. Mullen, D. Hunt, N. R. Banner, P. J. R. Barton, M. H. Yacoub
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Myocardial dysfunction is a common and important problem in donor hearts. The mechanisms responsible remain unclear. We have studied the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the myocardium and serum from donors with myocardial dysfunction (unused donors) and compared them with donors with good ventricular function (used donors) and patients with advanced heart failure (HF).Clinical details and ventricular function were assessed in 46 donors (31 used, 15 unused). Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry were performed on myocardium and immunoassays on serum. TNF-alpha mRNA was 1.6-fold higher in unused than in used donors (P:<0.005) and 1.74-fold higher than in 36 patients with HF. IL-6 mRNA was 2.4-fold higher in unused than in used donors (P:<0.0001) and 4.67-fold higher than in HF (P:<0.0001). Western blotting showed higher TNF-alpha in unused (218. 3+/-6.4, n=4 versus 187.3+/-5.4, n=3 OD units) than used donors (P:<0.05). TNF-alpha expression was localized to cardiac myocytes. Serum TNF-alpha was higher in unused (8.72+/-1.3 pg/mL, n=13) than in used (6.12+/-0.8 pg/mL, n=25, P:<0.05) donors and HF (4.0+/-0.4 pg/mL, n=17, P:<0.005). Serum TNF-alpha receptors did not differ between unused (4.3+/-0.8 and 8.6+/-1.6 ng/mL, n=10) and used (3. 5+/-0.4 and 6.5+/-1.1 ng/mL, n=24) donors. There was a trend for higher serum IL-6 in unused (16.5+/-2.9 pg/mL, n=9) compared with used (13.9+/-1.6 pg/mL, n=26, P:=NS) donors.This study documented an increase in the expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the myocardium of all donor hearts that was more marked in the dysfunctional (unused) donor hearts. This was accompanied by similar changes in the serum. This might have important therapeutic implications.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Site Metastasis in a Patient with Esophageal Cancer
Authors: W. Wacke, U. Hecker, C. Woenckhaus, M. Lerch
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

Figure 1 An abdominal wall tumor with a diameter of 3 cm (Figure [1]) had formed at the site of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). The PEG had been inserted 10 months earlier using the pull-through technique in a 63-year-old patient with locally advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of the upper esophagus. The primary tumor had been treated with palliative chemoradiotherapy, which resulted in complete remission.
Velocity of Actomyosin Sliding <i>in Vitro</i> Is Reduced in Dystrophic Mouse Diaphragm
Authors: CATHERINE COIRAULT, FRANCINE LAMBERT, JEAN-CLAUDE POURNY, YVES LECARPENTIER
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

It has recently been suggested that dystrophin deficiency in mdx diaphragm muscle is associated with quantitative changes in the myosin molecular motor. In vitro motility assays were used to study the kinetics of actomyosin interactions between purified actin filaments and myosin molecules. Monomeric myosin was obtained from the diaphragm and limb (semitendinosus) muscles of 9-mo-old male mdx (mdx) and age-matched control mice. The sliding velocity (vo, μ m/s) of fluorescent-labeled actin filaments moving over a myosin-coated surface (40 μ g/ml) was measured. In diaphragm, vo was significantly slower in mdx than in control mice (1.2 ± 0.1 μ m s− 1 versus 1.9 ± 0.1 μ m s− 1, p < 0.001). Conversely, there was no significant difference in vo between control and mdx semitendinous muscles (2.4 ± 0.1 μ m s− 1 versus 2.5 ± 0.1 μ m s− 1). As compared with control mice, mdx diaphragm exhibited a shift from IIX-MHC to IIA-MHC (p < 0.001) and a reduction in IIB-MHC (p < 0.01). Semitendinous muscle from control and mdx mice contained almost exclusively type IIB MHC. Our results are in good agreement with the proposal that myosin is altered in dystrophic mouse diaphragm.