tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sequential avulsion of the anterior inferior iliac spine in an adolescent long jumper
Authors: C Yildiz, Y Yildiz, M T Ozdemir, D Green, T Aydin
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

We present here an unusual case of a sequential avulsion fracture of the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS), occurring first in the right and then the left AIIS, during long jump attempts. The case of a 17 year old boy with pain around his right groin, which first occurred during a long jump attempt, is presented. Radiographic examination revealed an avulsion fracture of the right AIIS. After conservative treatment, full athletic activity was allowed 2 months after the injury. However, 4 months later the patient returned with a similar pain in the opposite side of his groin. Radiographs revealed another fracture of the left AIIS. The boy underwent the same treatment protocol; he was examined with isokinetic dynamometry. No complication or re-injury occurred during the 2 year follow up period. In the present study, we introduce the first case of a sequential bilateral AIIS avulsion fracture caused by a long jump.
Detecting Colorectal Cancer in Stool With the Use of Multiple Genetic Targets
Authors: S. M. Dong, G. Traverso, C. Johnson, L. Geng, R. Favis, K. Boynton, K. Hibi, S. N. Goodman, M. D'Allessio, P. Paty, S. R. Hamilton, D. Sidransky, F. Barany, B. Levin, A. Shuber, K. W. Kinzler, B. Vogelstein, J. Jen
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2001)

Background: Colorectal cancer cells are shed into the stool, providing a potential means for the early detection of the disease using noninvasive approaches. Our goal was to develop reliable, specific molecular genetic tests for the detection of colorectal cancer in stool samples. Methods: Stool DNA was isolated from paired stools and primary tumor samples from 51 colorectal cancer patients. Three genetic targets—TP53, BAT26, and K-RAS—were used to detect tumor-associated mutations in the stool prior to or without regard to the molecular analyses of the paired tumors. TP53 gene mutations were detected with a mismatch-ligation assay that detects nine common p53 gene mutations. Deletions within the BAT26 locus were detected by a modified solid-phase minisequencing method. Mutations in codons 12 and 13 of K-RAS were detected with a digital polymerase chain reaction-based method. Results: TP53 gene mutations were detected in the tumor DNA of 30 patients, all of whom had the identical TP53 mutation in their stools. Tumors from three patients contained a noninherited deletion at the BAT26 locus, and the same alterations were identified in these patients' stool specimens. Nineteen of 50 tumors tested had a K-RAS mutation; identical mutations were detected in the paired stool DNA samples from eight patients. In no case was a mutation found in stool that was not also present in the primary tumor. Thus, the three genetic markers together detected 36 (71%) of 51 patients (95% confidence interval [CI] = 56% to 83%) with colorectal cancer and 36 (92%) of 39 patients (95% CI = 79% to 98%) whose tumors had an alteration. Conclusion: We were able to detect the majority of colorectal cancers by analyzing stool DNA for just three genetic markers. Additional work is needed to determine the specificity of these genetic tests for detecting colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic patients and to more precisely estimate the prevalence of the mutations and sensitivity of the assay.
Consciousness should not mean, but be
Authors: Dan Lloyd
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

O'Brien &amp; Opie's vehicle hypothesis is an attractive framework for the study of consciousness. To fully embrace the hypothesis, however, two of the authors' claims should be extended: first, since phenomenal content is entirely dependent on occurrent brain events and only contingently correlated with external events, it is no longer necessary to regard states of consciousness as representations. Second, the authors' insistence that only stable states of a neural network are conscious seems ad hoc.
Messengers without Borders
Authors: Brian B. Ratliff, May M. Rabadi, Radovan Vasko, Kaoru Yasuda, Michael S. Goligorsky
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2013)

The list of signals sent by an injured organ to systemic circulation, so-called danger signals, is growing to include multiple metabolites and secreted moieties, thus revealing a highly complex and integrated network of interlinked systemic proinflammatory and proregenerative messages. Emerging new data indicate that, apart from the well established local inflammatory response to AKI, danger signaling unleashes a cascade of precisely timed, interdependent, and intensity-gradated mediators responsible for development of the systemic inflammatory response. This fledgling realization of the importance of the systemic inflammatory response to the localized injury and inflammation is at the core of this brief overview. It has a potential to explain the additive effects of concomitant diseases or preexisting chronic conditions that can prime the systemic inflammatory response and exacerbate it out of proportion to the actual degree of acute kidney damage. Although therapies for ameliorating AKI per se remain limited, a potentially powerful strategy that could reap significant benefits in the future is to modulate the intensity of danger signals and consequently the systemic inflammatory response, while preserving its intrinsic proregenerative stimuli.
GlyRα1, GAD65, Amphiphysin, and Gephyrin Autoantibodies
Authors: David Pleasure
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

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NOTES UPON THE AGGLUTINATIONS OBTAINED BY INTRAPERITONEAL INSERTION OF CELLOIDIN CAPSULES CONTAINING BACILLI AND UPON A MODE OF PREPARING SUCH CAPSULES
Authors: John McCrae
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1901)

1. Capsules made as described above allow dialysis, when placed in the peritoneal cavity. 2. The normal tissues, unstimulated, do not possess the power of causing agglutination; they do not require to be stimulated by the presence of the bacterial bodies, but will produce their share of the agglutinins when acted upon by the bacillary products. 3. Agglutination follows the insertion, in the peritoneal cavity, of "capsuled" bacilli; it gradually increases in degree, and on the removal of the capsule containing the bacilli, begins to disappear. 4. Varieties of bacilli, related closely in morphology and cultural reactions, do not, as a rule, produce serums which inter-agglutinate.
Risperidone for the Core Symptom Domains of Autism: Results From the Study by the Autism Network of the Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology
Authors: Christopher J. McDougle, Lawrence Scahill, Michael G. Aman, James T. McCracken, Elaine Tierney, Mark Davies, L. Eugene Arnold, David J. Posey, Andrès Martin, Jaswinder K. Ghuman, Bhavik Shah, Shirley Z. Chuang, Naomi B. Swiezy, Nilda M. Gonzalez, Jill Hollway, Kathleen Koenig, James J. McGough, Louise Ritz, Benedetto Vitiello
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2005)

OBJECTIVE: Risperidone has been found efficacious for decreasing severe tantrums, aggression, and self-injurious behavior in children and adolescents with autistic disorder (autism). The authors report on whether risperidone improves the core symptoms of autism, social and communication impairment and repetitive and stereotyped behavior. METHOD: The database from an 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (N=101) and 16-week open-label continuation study (N=63) of risperidone for children and adolescents with autism was used to test for drug effects on secondary outcome measures: scores on the Ritvo-Freeman Real Life Rating Scale, the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, and the maladaptive behavior domain of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. RESULTS: Compared to placebo, risperidone led to a significantly greater reduction in the overall score on the Ritvo-Freeman Real Life Rating Scale, as well as the scores on the subscales for sensory motor behaviors (subscale I), affectual reactions (subscale III), and sensory responses (subscale IV). No statistically significant difference was observed, however, on the subscale for social relatedness (subscale II) or language (subscale V). Risperidone also resulted in significantly greater reductions in scores on the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Vineland maladaptive behavior domain. This pattern of treatment response was maintained for 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Risperidone led to significant improvements in the restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities of autistic children but did not significantly change their deficit in social interaction and communication. Further research is necessary to develop effective treatments for the core social and communicative impairments of autism.
Placebo Effect in the Treatment of Acute Cough in Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Ian M. Paul, Jessica S. Beiler, Julie R. Vallati, Laura M. Duda, Tonya S. King
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

IMPORTANCECough is one of the most common reasons why children visit a health care professional.OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of a novel formulation of pasteurized agave nectar vs placebo and no treatment on nocturnal cough and the sleep difficulty associated with nonspecific acute cough in infants and toddlers.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this randomized clinical trial performed in 2 university-affiliated outpatient, general pediatric practices from January 28, 2013, through February 28, 2014, children 2 to 47 months old with nonspecific acute cough duration of 7 days or less were studied.Surveys were administered to parents on 2 consecutive days, the day of presentation (when no medication had been given the prior evening) and the next day (when agave nectar, placebo, or no treatment had been administered to their child before bedtime) according to a partially double-blind randomization scheme.INTERVENTIONS A single dose of agave nectar, placebo, or no treatment administered 30 minutes before bedtime. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESCough frequency, cough severity, cough bothersomeness, congestion severity, rhinorrhea severity, and cough effect on child and parent sleep.RESULTS Significant differences in symptom improvement were detected between the study groups (P < .05for all, except P = .06for cough bothersomeness), with agave nectar and placebo proving to be superior to no treatment, but no significant differences for any outcome were found when comparing agave nectar against placebo.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In a comparison of agave nectar, placebo, and no treatment, a placebo effect was demonstrated, with no additional benefit offered by agave nectar.Health care professionals should consider the potential benefits and costs when recommending a treatment with only a placebo effect for infants and toddlers with nonspecific acute cough.
Between Utter Despair and Essential Hope
Authors: Monika Renz, Dieter Koeberle, Thomas Cerny, Florian Strasser
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

“No, you know, that can’t be right. I just can’t accept it.” Patients and family members can express astonishing repression, known in psychology as denial. A young university graduate in his 40s sits in a wheelchair in front of us. He was still working until a few weeks ago. Now he has come to the hospital with his brother and his parents —but not with his girlfriend—to hear his definitive diagnosis: metastatic renal cell cancer. There is no doubt. He wants to know exactly how long he is going to live. The doctors among us tell him that he has “many months,” maybe as long as 2 years. He interrupts the doctors’ explanation in a loud voice: “No, you know, that can’t be right. I just can’t accept it. That’s not true.” His mother, of slight build yet formidable, a strictly devout woman, repeats: “That simply can’t be right. That can’t happen to my son, God won’t allow that. Let’s go!” She gets up. Her son, the patient, asks her to sit down again. Although we are familiar with such situations, we are struck by the vehemence of their reaction. Their sheer desperation is so total that we are speechless.
Cumulative Radiation Exposure and Cancer Risk Estimation in Children With Heart Disease
Authors: Jason N. Johnson, Christoph P. Hornik, Jennifer S. Li, Daniel K. Benjamin, Terry T. Yoshizumi, Robert E. Reiman, Donald P. Frush, Kevin D Hill
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Children with heart disease are frequently exposed to imaging examinations that use ionizing radiation. Although radiation exposure is potentially carcinogenic, there are limited data on cumulative exposure and the associated cancer risk. We evaluated the cumulative effective dose of radiation from all radiation examinations to estimate the lifetime attributable risk of cancer in children with heart disease.Children ≤6 years of age who had previously undergone 1 of 7 primary surgical procedures for heart disease at a single institution between 2005 and 2010 were eligible for the study. Exposure to radiation-producing examinations was tabulated, and cumulative effective dose was calculated in millisieverts. These data were used to estimate lifetime attributable risk of cancer above baseline using the approach of the Committee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII. The cohort included 337 children exposed to 13 932 radiation examinations. Conventional radiographs represented 92% of examinations, whereas cardiac catheterization and computed tomography accounted for 81% of cumulative exposure. Overall median cumulative effective dose was 2.7 mSv (range, 0.1-76.9 mSv), and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer was 0.07% (range, 0.001%-6.5%). Median lifetime attributable risk of cancer ranged widely depending on surgical complexity (0.006%-1.6% for the 7 surgical cohorts) and was twice as high in females per unit exposure (0.04% versus 0.02% per 1-mSv effective dose for females versus males, respectively; P<0.001).Overall radiation exposures in children with heart disease are relatively low; however, select cohorts receive significant exposure. Cancer risk estimation highlights the need to limit radiation dose, particularly for high-exposure modalities.
Cholecystokinin Down-Regulation by RNA Interference Impairs Ewing Tumor Growth
Authors: Jaime Carrillo, Eva García-Aragoncillo, Daniel Azorín, Noelia Agra, Ana Sastre, Imelda González-Mediero, Purificación García-Miguel, Ángel Pestaña, Soledad Gallego, Dolores Segura, Javier Alonso
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Tumors of the Ewing family are characterized by chromosomal translocations that yield chimeric transcription factors, such as EWS/FLI1, which regulate the expression of specific genes that contribute to the malignant phenotype. In the present study, we show that cholecystokinin (CCK) is a new target of the EWS/FLI1 oncoprotein and assess its functional role in Ewing tumor pathogenesis. Experimental Design: Relevant EWS/FLI1 targets were identified using a combination of cell systems with inducible EWS/FLI1 expression, Ewing tumors and cell lines, microarrays, and RNA interference with doxycycline-inducible small hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors. A doxycycline-inducible CCK-shRNA vector was stably transfected in A673 and SK-PN-DW Ewing cell lines to assess the role of CCK in cell proliferation and tumor growth. Results: Microarray analysis revealed that CCK was up-regulated by EWS/FLI1 in HeLa cells. CCK was overexpressed in Ewing tumors as compared with other pediatric malignancies such as rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma, with levels close to those detected in normal tissues expressing the highest levels of CCK. Furthermore, EWS/FLI1 knockdown in A673 and SK-PN-DW Ewing cells using two different doxycycline-inducible EWS/FLI1-specific shRNA vectors down-regulated CCK mRNA expression and diminished the levels of secreted CCK, showing that CCK is a EWS/FLI1 specific target gene in Ewing cells. A doxycycline-inducible CCK-specific shRNA vector successfully down-regulated CCK expression, reduced the levels of secreted CCK in Ewing cell lines, and inhibited cell growth and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we show that Ewing cell lines and tumors express CCK receptors and that the growth inhibition produced by CCK silencing can be rescued by culturing the cells with medium containing CCK. Conclusions: Our data support the hypothesis that CCK acts as an autocrine growth factor stimulating the proliferation of Ewing cells and suggest that therapies targeting CCK could be promising in the treatment of Ewing tumors.
Galectin-3 Marks Activated Macrophages in Failure-Prone Hypertrophied Hearts and Contributes to Cardiac Dysfunction
Authors: Umesh C. Sharma, Saraswati Pokharel, Thomas J. van Brakel, Jop H. van Berlo, Jack P.M. Cleutjens, Blanche Schroen, Sabine André, Harry J.G.M. Crijns, Hans -J. Gabius, Jos Maessen, Yigal M. Pinto
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Inflammatory mechanisms have been proposed to be important in heart failure (HF), and cytokines have been implicated to add to the progression of HF. However, it is unclear whether such mechanisms are already activated when hypertrophied hearts still appear well-compensated and whether such early mechanisms contribute to the development of HF.In a comprehensive microarray study, galectin-3 emerged as the most robustly overexpressed gene in failing versus functionally compensated hearts from homozygous transgenic TGRmRen2-27 (Ren-2) rats. Myocardial biopsies obtained at an early stage of hypertrophy before apparent HF showed that expression of galectin-3 was increased specifically in the rats that later rapidly developed HF. Galectin-3 colocalized with activated myocardial macrophages. We found galectin-3-binding sites in rat cardiac fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix. Recombinant galectin-3 induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation, collagen production, and cyclin D1 expression. A 4-week continuous infusion of low-dose galectin-3 into the pericardial sac of healthy Sprague-Dawley rats led to left ventricular dysfunction, with a 3-fold differential increase of collagen I over collagen III. Myocardial galectin-3 expression was increased in aortic stenosis patients with depressed ejection fraction.This study shows that an early increase in galectin-3 expression identifies failure-prone hypertrophied hearts. Galectin-3, a macrophage-derived mediator, induces cardiac fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and ventricular dysfunction. This implies that HF therapy aimed at inflammatory responses may need to be targeted at the early stages of HF and probably needs to antagonize multiple inflammatory mediators, including galectin-3.
Macrophages induce differentiation of plasma cells through CXCL10/IP-10
Authors: Wei Xu, HyeMee Joo, Sandra Clayton, Melissa Dullaers, Marie-Cecile Herve, Derek Blankenship, Maria Teresa De La Morena, Robert Balderas, Capucine Picard, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Virginia Pascual, SangKon Oh, Jacques Banchereau
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2012)

In tonsils, CD138+ plasma cells (PCs) are surrounded by CD163+ resident macrophages (Mϕs). We show here that human Mϕs (isolated from tonsils or generated from monocytes in vitro) drive activated B cells to differentiate into CD138+CD38++ PCs through secreted CXCL10/IP-10 and VCAM-1 contact. IP-10 production by Mϕs is induced by B cell–derived IL-6 and depends on STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, IP-10 amplifies the production of IL-6 by B cells, which sustains the STAT3 signals that lead to PC differentiation. IP-10–deficient mice challenged with NP-Ficoll show a decreased frequency of NP-specific PCs and lower titers of antibodies. Thus, our results reveal a novel dialog between Mϕs and B cells, in which IP-10 acts as a PC differentiation factor.
A Test for Ancient Selective Sweeps and an Application to Candidate Sites in Modern Humans
Authors: Fernando Racimo, Martin Kuhlwilm, Montgomery Slatkin
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

We introduce a new method to detect ancient selective sweeps centered on a candidate site. We explored different patterns produced by sweeps around a fixed beneficial mutation, and found that a particularly informative statistic measures the consistency between majority haplotypes near the mutation and genotypic data from a closely related population. We incorporated this statistic into an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) method that tests for sweeps at a candidate site. We applied this method to simulated data and show that it has some power to detect sweeps that occurred more than 10,000 generations in the past. We also applied it to 1,000 Genomes and Complete Genomics data combined with high-coverage Denisovan and Neanderthal genomes to test for sweeps in modern humans since the separation from the Neanderthal–Denisovan ancestor. We tested sites at which humans are fixed for the derived (i.e., nonchimpanzee allele) whereas the Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes are homozygous for the ancestral allele. We observe only weak differences in statistics indicative of selection between functional categories. When we compare patterns of scaled diversity or use our ABC approach, we fail to find a significant difference in signals of classic selective sweeps between regions surrounding nonsynonymous and synonymous changes, but we detect a slight enrichment for reduced scaled diversity around splice site changes. We also present a list of candidate sites that show high probability of having undergone a classic sweep in the modern human lineage since the split from Neanderthals and Denisovans.