tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Specific transplantation tolerance induced by autoimmunization against the individual's own, naturally occurring idiotypic, antigen-binding receptors.
Authors: H Binz, H Wigzell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

Serum or urine from normal adult Lewis rats can be shown to contain detectable amounts of idiotypic, antigen-binding receptors with specificity for the major histocompatibility complex locus antigens of the rat, the Ag-B locus antigens. Such purified naturally occurring receptor molecules, be they of T- or B-lymphocyte origin, can be used in a polymerized form to provoke the production of auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies when injected back into normal Lewis rats. As a consequence of this autoimmunity, lymphocytes of these Lewis rats can be shown to be depleted of cells carrying the relevant idiotypic receptors signifying reactivity against a given Ag-B locus-determined antigen(s). This specific lack of idiotypic lymphocytes is manifested as a selective loss of reactivity against the relevant Ag-B-incompatible antigens as measured by graft versus host or MLC reactions. Furthermore, autoimmune Lewis rats display specific transplantation tolerance against the skin grafts from the relevant strain, as demonstrated by specific prolongation of graft survival. A further indication of the specific tolerence state of these rats comes from the highly reduced ability to produce circulating antibodies against the relevant Ag-B antigens. No side effects of these autoimmunization procedures have been noted so far. It would thus seem clear that a prolonged state of specific transplantation tolerance can be achieved via autoimmunization against the individual's naturally occurring idiotypic, antigen-binding receptors.
Leukotriene B4 as a mediator of early and late reactions to antigen in humans: The effect of systemic glucocorticoid treatment in vivo
Authors: Howard S. Freeland, Ulf Pipkorn, Robert P. Schleimer, Rebecca Bascom, Lawrence M. Lichtenstein, Robert M. Naclerio, Stephen P. Peters
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1989)
A STUDY OF THE VALUE OF BANCROFT'S VIEWS ON MENTAL DISEASE
Authors: Purcell G. Schube
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1935)

1. It is impossible to differentiate between the dementia præcox and manic-depressive psychoses by the contrasted use of sodium amytal and sodium rhodanate. 2. Sodium rhodanate in the dosage used is of no therapeutic value in mental disease. 3. The ideas of Bancroft and his co-workers relative to mental disease and the methods of treating it did not prove to be of any value at all when the experimental method was applied to them. They are therefore untenable.
Association between smoking and tuberculosis infection: a population survey in a high tuberculosis incidence area
Authors: S den Boon
Journal: Thorax (2005)

<b>Background:</b> Associations between smoking and tuberculosis disease including death from tuberculosis have been reported, but there are few reports on the influence of smoking on the risk of developing <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> infection. The aim of this study was to determine the association between smoking and <i>M tuberculosis</i> infection. <b>Methods:</b> In a cross sectional population survey, data on smoking and tuberculin skin test (TST) results of 2401 adults aged ⩾15 years were compared. <b>Results:</b> A total of 1832 (76%) subjects had a positive TST (⩾10 mm induration). Of 1309 current smokers or ex-smokers, 1070 (82%) had a positive TST. This was significantly higher than for never smokers (unadjusted OR 1.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62 to 2.45). A positive relationship with pack-years was observed, with those smoking more than 15 pack-years having the highest risk (adjusted OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.81). <b>Conclusion:</b> Smoking may increase the risk of <i>M tuberculosis</i> infection.
Altered sympathoadrenal response to dynamic exercise in cardiac transplant recipients
Authors: N. R BANNER, N. PATEL, A. P COX, H. E PATTON, D R. LACHNO, M. H YACOUB
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1989)

The cardiac denervation produced by heart transplantation modifies the physiological response to exercise. The cardiorespiratory and sympathoadrenal response of seven "healthy" orthotopic heart transplant recipients was compared to seven age matched normal subjects during progressive dynamic exercise. The initial venous noradrenaline concentration tended to be higher in the transplant group, at 3.6 (SEM 0.6) v 2.9(0.2) nmol-litre-1 (NS). Noradrenaline concentrations were significantly higher in the transplant group during exercise (p less than 0.05, by analysis of variance). The transplant recipients reached a lower maximum workload than the normal subjects, at 102(8) v 170(10) watts (p less than 0.01) and the peak noradrenaline concentrations were similar in the two groups. The fall in noradrenaline concentrations after exercise was similar in the two groups. This showed that noradrenaline clearance was normal in the transplant recipients and the higher noradrenaline level reflected increased sympathetic activity. Despite the normal peak noradrenaline concentration, the transplant recipients achieved lower maximum heart rates than the normal subjects, at 142(3) v 181(5) beats min-1 (p less than 0.01). Adrenaline concentrations were similar in the two groups during submaximal exercise and tended to be lower in the transplant recipients at maximal exercise. The increased sympathetic activity may be a response to altered cardiac performance because of efferent cardiac denervation or to loss of tonic inhibition of sympathetic activity by cardiac receptors due to afferent denervation. Both circulating noradrenaline and adrenaline appear to play a significant role in the heart rate response to exercise after cardiac transplantation.
Interleukin-4 as a potent down-regulator for human alveolar macrophages capable of producing tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1
Authors: S Sone, H Yanagawa, Y Nishioka, E Orino, G Bhaskaran, A Nii, K Mizuno, Y Heike, F Ogushi, T Ogura
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1992)

The effects of recombinant human interleukin-4 (IL-4) on the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) by human alveolar macrophages (AM) and autologous peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined. AM and PBM were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and centrifugal elutriation, respectively, from healthy donors. The production of IL-1 (alpha and beta) and TNF alpha by human AM and PBM were quantitated by enzyme immunoassays (EIA). When activated with LPS, AM secreted much more TNF alpha, but less IL-1 beta than PBM. The production of IL-1 (alpha and beta) by activated AM and autologous PBM was suppressed dose-dependently by IL-4. The inhibitory effect of IL-4 was greatest when it was added to AM or PBM simultaneously with LPS or within 3 h after LPS. The suppressive effect of IL-4 was completely neutralized by pretreatment with rabbit anti-IL-4 antiserum. IL-4 also suppressed the production of IL-1 and TNF alpha by monocyte-derived macrophages. As measured by thymocyte co-stimulation assay, the production of cell-associated IL-1 was inhibited by coculture of AM plus LPS with IL-4. Northern blot analysis showed suppression by IL-4 of expression of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for IL-1 and TNF alpha in LPS-stimulated AM. We conclude that IL-4 is a potent down-regulator for human alveolar macrophages capable of producing IL-1 and TNF alpha.
ON THE NATURE OF THE "LIPOVIRUS"
Authors: R. Shihman Chang, I-Hung Pan, Barbara J. Rosenau
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1966)

Experiments designed to elucidate the nature of the "lipovirus" are described. The development of characteristic nuclear lesions in human cells in vitro depended on the presence of an ameboid cell in the inoculum. The spatial separation of the ameboid cells from the human cells by a membrane filter 150 micro in thickness was sufficient to prevent the development of nuclear lesions. Nuclear lesions appeared to be the primary change of the affected human cells. This development of nuclear lesions was partially suppressed by FUDR and the suppression was reversed by thymidine. Time-lapse microcinematography showed that a 30 min intermittent contact between an ameboid cell and a human cell resulted in the retraction of both progenies of the human cell after a lapse of about 36 hr. Other human cells not in contact with the ameboid cell remained polygonal and continued to divide. Radioautography of the ameboid cell revealed the presence in the cytoplasm of thymidine-containing DNAse-sensitive materials. The development of antigens related to the ameboid cell within the cytoplasm of the human cell is described in the accompanying report (4).
Inspiratory muscle training: a simple cost-effective treatment for inspiratory stridor: Table 1
Authors: John Dickinson, Greg Whyte, Alison McConnell
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

This case study describes the support given to a British elite athlete in the build up to the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. The athlete had complained of breathing symptoms during high intensity training that led to a reduction in performance and premature cessation of training. Following a negative eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea challenge and observation during high intensity exercise, the athlete was diagnosed with inspiratory stridor. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) was implemented to attenuate the inspiratory stridor. Following an 11-week IMT programme, the athlete had a 31% increase in mouth inspiratory pressure and a reduction in recovery between high intensity sprints. The athlete reported a precipitous fall in symptoms and was able to complete high intensity training without symptoms. This case shows that IMT is a suitable cost-effective intervention for athletes who present with inspiratory stridor.
The Aggravating Mechanisms of Aldosterone on Kidney Fibrosis
Authors: Giuseppe Remuzzi, Dario Cattaneo, Norberto Perico
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2008)

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) is a widely known regulator of BP and a determinant of target organ damage. Angiotensin II, the main effector of RAS, is a key mediator of renal injury by increasing intraglomerular capillary pressure and ultrafiltration of plasma proteins and by promoting cell growth and fibroproliferative effects. RAS blockade with inhibitors of RAS is beneficial in slowing progressive loss of renal function in chronic kidney disease. Experimental evidence also indicates that aldosterone, besides being a regulator of extracellular fluid volume and sodium and potassium balance, directly contributes to accelerate renal damage by sustaining cell growth, inflammation, and fibrosis. This occurs through production of growth factors and reactive oxygen species as well as inhibition of extracellular matrix degradation. Attenuation of growth-promoting and fibroproliferative effect of aldosterone may contribute to protection against progressive renal injury. Initial studies that detail the efficacy of aldosterone blockade in animals and humans are encouraging. Nevertheless, further studies in larger populations with longer follow-up are warranted to address more definitely the safety and renoprotective effect of aldosterone antagonism in chronic kidney disease patients.
Specific Notch receptor–ligand interactions control human TCR-αβ/γδ development by inducing differential Notch signal strength
Authors: Inge Van de Walle, Els Waegemans, Jelle De Medts, Greet De Smet, Magda De Smedt, Sylvia Snauwaert, Bart Vandekerckhove, Tessa Kerre, Georges Leclercq, Jean Plum, Thomas Gridley, Tao Wang, Ute Koch, Freddy Radtke, Tom Taghon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2013)

In humans, high Notch activation promotes γδ T cell development, whereas lower levels promote αβ-lineage differentiation. How these different Notch signals are generated has remained unclear. We show that differential Notch receptor–ligand interactions mediate this process. Whereas Delta-like 4 supports both TCR-αβ and -γδ development, Jagged1 induces mainly αβ-lineage differentiation. In contrast, Jagged2-mediated Notch activation primarily results in γδ T cell development and represses αβ-lineage differentiation by inhibiting TCR-β formation. Consistently, TCR-αβ T cell development is rescued through transduction of a TCR-β transgene. Jagged2 induces the strongest Notch signal through interactions with both Notch1 and Notch3, whereas Delta-like 4 primarily binds Notch1. In agreement, Notch3 is a stronger Notch activator and only supports γδ T cell development, whereas Notch1 is a weaker activator supporting both TCR-αβ and -γδ development. Fetal thymus organ cultures in JAG2-deficient thymic lobes or with Notch3-blocking antibodies confirm the importance of Jagged2/Notch3 signaling in human TCR-γδ differentiation. Our findings reveal that differential Notch receptor–ligand interactions mediate human TCR-αβ and -γδ T cell differentiation and provide a mechanistic insight into the high Notch dependency of human γδ T cell development.
Effects of acidosis on ventricular muscle from adult and neonatal rats.
Authors: R J Solaro, J A Lee, J C Kentish, D G Allen
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

We compared the response of ventricular muscle from adult and neonatal rats to hypercapnic acidosis. In adult muscle, acidosis caused an initial rapid fall of developed tension to 30 +/- 5% of control (mean +/- SEM, n = 6). However, tension recovered slowly to a steady state that was 56 +/- 6% of control. In neonatal muscle, acidosis caused a significantly smaller initial fall in tension to 43 +/- 3% (n = 8, p less than 0.05), but the tension then showed a subsequent slower fall to a steady state that was 29 +/- 4% of control, significantly less than in the adult (p less than 0.01). We have attempted to identify the mechanisms underlying these differences in response. In detergent-skinned myofibrils, reducing the pH from 7.0 to 6.5 caused a reduction in the pCa50 of 0.61 units in the adult muscle, but only 0.27 units in the neonatal ventricular muscle. Myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity in neonatal ventricular muscle is thus less susceptible to the effects of acidic pH than that of adult muscle. Since intracellular pH decreases rapidly on application of increased external CO2, these results are consistent with the finding that, initially, developed tension in neonatal muscles is less sensitive to the effects of acidosis. Sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis of myofibrillar preparations from adult and neonatal rats demonstrated differences in thin filament proteins, including troponin I, which may underlie the observed differences in Ca2+ sensitivity. In adult rat ventricular muscles, the slow recovery of tension during acidosis is associated with an increase in the amplitude of the Ca2+ transients to 263 +/- 34% of control (n = 4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abnormalities of heme biosynthesis in experimental acute renal failure.
Authors: A Fontanellas, J A Herrero, J I Trobo, M J Morán, F Coronel, A Barrientos, R E de Salamanca
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1996)

Several abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism have been described in patients with end-stage renal failure. Because the heme biosynthetic pathway in acute renal failure has not been studied hitherto, an experimental model was therefore induced in 30 dogs by ligation and transection of both ureters. Forty-eight h after this procedure, anemia and uremia developed, erythrocyte aminolevulinate dehydratase activity decreased, and plasma porphyrins increased in these 30 dogs, whereas seven sham-operated animals did not exhibit any alteration of these parameters. Uremic plasma showed a capacity to inhibit aminolevulinate dehydratase activity (mean, 11.1 +/- 5.8%) when incubated in vitro with erythrocytes from healthy dogs. Such findings are similar to those reported in uremic patients on hemodialysis or on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Twenty-three of the 30 animals underwent a hemodialysis session (180 min) 48 h after ureteral ligation, using a polyacrylonitrile membrane dialyzer. In addition to reducing serum creatinine and urea levels, this procedure significantly reduced plasma porphyrin values. However, the activity of erythrocyte aminolevulinate dehydratase and the plasma capacity to inhibit this enzyme were not modified after the hemodialysis session. This results described here show that some of the abnormalities of heme biosynthesis described in chronic renal failure are detected early in an experimental model of acute renal failure. This study also confirms that, although most plasma porphyrins circulate bound to proteins, hemodialysis may reduce levels of plasma porphyrins when a high permeability membrane is used.
In vitro evaluation of a new spacer for pMDI and nebulizers in mechanical ventilation
Authors: Nabile Boukhettala, Maria Cabrera, Patrice Diot, Thierry Porée, Laurent Vecellio
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Rationale: The objective of this study was to evaluate the performances of a new prototype spacer (Combihaler, Protec9Som, France) to improve antibiotic and bronchodilator delivery either from nebulizer or pMDI  Methods: A Servo 300 ventilator (Siemens, France) set up in controlled volume (450ml, 15/min, 40/60) was connected to an endotracheal tube. An absolute filter was connected between the endotracheal tube and a lung model (Dual adult model, Michigan instrument, USA). A vibrating mesh nebulizer (Aeroneb Solo, Aerogen, Ireland) loaded with amikacine (reference) was tested with its T piece (Aerogen, Ireland) and Combihaler. A pMDI of sabutamol (100µg, Ventoline, GlaxoSmithKline, France) was tested with a connector (Minispacer, AirLife, USA) and Combihaler. All aerosol devices were connected at the “Y” piece on the inspiratory circuit. Drug delivery on filter was assay.  Results: The duration of nebulization was not statistical different between the T piece and the Combihaler (42±0,9min vs 43,2±0,9min, p>0,05). The mass of amikacin deposited on the filter was twice higher with the Combihaler chamber compared with the Aerogen T-adapter (305.6±9.3 mg vs 142.4±4.9 mg, p  Conclusions: In comparison with T piece or connector, the use of the Combihaler spacer allows increasing the amount of drug delivery by a factor 2 either from nebulizer or pMDI during mechanical ventilation.
ABCG1 and HDL protect against endothelial dysfunction in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet
Authors: Naoki Terasaka, Shuiqing Yu, Laurent Yvan-Charvet, Nan Wang, Nino Mzhavia, Read Langlois, Tamara Pagler, Rong Li, Carrie L. Welch, Ira J. Goldberg, Alan R. Tall
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Plasma HDL levels are inversely related to the incidence of atherosclerotic disease. Some of the atheroprotective effects of HDL are likely mediated via preservation of EC function. Whether the beneficial effects of HDL on ECs depend on its involvement in cholesterol efflux via the ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, which promote efflux of cholesterol and oxysterols from macrophages, has not been investigated. To address this, we assessed endothelial function in Abca1–/–, Abcg1–/–, and Abca1–/–Abcg1–/– mice fed either a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) or a Western diet (WTD). Non-atherosclerotic arteries from WTD-fed Abcg1–/– and Abca1–/–Abcg1–/– mice exhibited a marked decrease in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, while Abca1–/– mice had a milder defect. In addition, eNOS activity was reduced in aortic homogenates generated from Abcg1–/– mice fed either a HCD or a WTD, and this correlated with decreased levels of the active dimeric form of eNOS. More detailed analysis indicated that ABCG1 was expressed primarily in ECs, and that these cells accumulated the oxysterol 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) when Abcg1–/– mice were fed a WTD. Consistent with these data, ABCG1 had a major role in promoting efflux of cholesterol and 7-KC in cultured human aortic ECs (HAECs). Furthermore, HDL treatment of HAECs prevented 7-KC–induced ROS production and active eNOS dimer disruption in an ABCG1-dependent manner. Our data suggest that ABCG1 and HDL maintain EC function in HCD-fed mice by promoting efflux of cholesterol and 7-oxysterols and preserving active eNOS dimer levels.
The reliability and validity of the physical activity questions in the WHO health behaviour in schoolchildren (HBSC) survey: a population study
Authors: M L Booth, A D Okely, T Chey, A Bauman
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2001)

Objective —To assess the test-retest reliability and validity of the physical activity questions in the World Health Organisation health behaviour in schoolchildren (WHO HBSC) survey. Methods —In the validity study, the Multistage Fitness Test was administered to a random sample of year 8 (mean age 13.1 years; n = 1072) and year 10 (mean age 15.1 years; n = 954) high school students from New South Wales (Australia) during February/March 1997. The students completed the self report instruments on the same day. An independent sample of year 8 (n = 121) and year 10 (n = 105) students was used in the reliability study. The questionnaire was administered to the same students on two occasions, two weeks apart, and test-retest reliability was assessed. Students were classified as either active or inadequately active on their combined responses to the questionnaire items. Kappa and percentage agreement were assessed for the questionnaire items and for a two category summary measure. Results —All groups of students (boys and girls in year 8 and year 10) classified as active (regardless of the measure) had significantly higher aerobic fitness than students classified as inadequately active. As a result of highly skewed binomial distributions, values of kappa were much lower than percentage agreement for test-retest reliability of the summary measure. For year 8 boys and girls, percentage agreement was 67% and 70% respectively, and for year 10 boys and girls percentage agreement was 85% and 70% respectively. Conclusions —These brief self report questions on participation in vigorous intensity physical activity appear to have acceptable reliability and validity. These instruments need to be tested in other cultures to ensure that the findings are not specific to Australian students. Further refinement of the measures should be considered.
Protection of erythrocytes from human complement–mediated lysis by membrane-targeted recombinant soluble CD59: a new approach to PNH therapy
Authors: Anita Hill, Simon H. Ridley, Dirk Esser, Rodney G. Oldroyd, Matthew J. Cullen, Paula Kareclas, Seán Gallagher, Geoffrey P. Smith, Stephen J. Richards, Jennifer White, Richard A. G. Smith, Peter Hillmen
Journal: Blood (2005)
Induced Brugada-Type Electrocardiogram, a Sign for Imminent Malignant Arrhythmias
Authors: M. Juhani Junttila, Maday Gonzalez, Eric Lizotte, Begona Benito, Kevin Vernooy, Andrea Sarkozy, Heikki V. Huikuri, Pedro Brugada, Josep Brugada, Ramon Brugada
Journal: Circulation (2008)

presentation: A previously healthy 20-year-old man arrives at the emergency department for a consultation for mild fever.During his initial interview, he complains of palpitations to the triage nurse and therefore he undergoes an ECG, which is placed in the chart.A few minutes later, while awaiting his turn to be seen, he goes into cardiac arrest.The patient does not respond to resuscitation and dies in the emergency department.The autopsy reveals no cardiac structural abnormalities or evidence of myocarditis.The cause of death is determined as sudden unexplained cardiac death.The ECG from the emergency department revealed STsegment elevation in the right precordial leads consistent with a Brugada ECG pattern.