tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE TEACHING OF PEDIATRICS.CHAIRMAN'S ADDRESS BEFORE THE SECTION ON DISEASES OF CHILDREN, AT THE FIFTY-SIXTH ANNUAL SESSION OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, PORTLAND, ORE., JULY 11-14, 1905.
Authors: JOHN LOVETT MORSE
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Harvard requires for admission to its medical school a degree in arts, literature, philosophy or science from a recognized college or scientific school, except that those who have acquired an equivalent education may be admitted by a special vote of the administrative board in each case. All candidates are required to satisfy the faculty that they have had a sufficient course in theoretical and descriptive (inorganic) chemistry and qualitative analysis or to pass an examination in the same. The course of study required for the degree of M.D. is of four years' duration. The first three years are devoted to prescribed work and the fourth year entirely to elective courses. A minimum of 1,000 hours' work is required of each fourth-year student. Written examinations are given in the studies of the first three years. In the fourth year the nature of the examination is determined by each department, subject to
Contentious Screening Decisions — Does the Choice Matter?
Authors: Stephen G. Pauker, Jerome P. Kassirer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

Artists often understand us better than we understand ourselves. A cartoon in the March 26 edition of the Philadelphia Daily News shows a physician who, after exhaustively reviewing the literature, offers to flip a coin to help a woman decide whether to have mammography. We suspect that this would not be an irrational approach, and we are surprised that nobody else has recommended it during the intemperate debate over whether to screen women in their 40s for breast cancer, the flip-flopping policy statements on mammography by federal agencies, and the impetuous medical pronouncements on the issue by politicians (see the . . .
Influence of Hospital Procedure Volume on Outcomes Following Surgery for Colon Cancer
Authors: Deborah Schrag
Journal: JAMA (2000)

Survival following high-risk cancer surgery, such as pancreatectomy and esophagectomy, is superior at hospitals where high volumes of these procedures are performed. Conflicting evidence exists as to whether the association between hospital experience and favorable health outcomes also applies to more frequently performed operations, such as those for colon cancer.To determine whether hospital procedure volume predicts survival following colon cancer surgery.Retrospective cohort study of data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare linked database on 27 986 colon cancer patients aged 65 years and older who had surgical resection for primary adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 1991 and 1996.Thirty-day postoperative mortality and overall and cancer-specific long-term survival, by hospital procedure volume.We found small differences in 30-day postoperative mortality for patients treated at low- vs high-volume hospitals (3. 5% at hospitals in the top-volume quartile vs 5.5% at hospitals in the bottom-volume quartile). However, the correlation was statistically significant and persisted after adjusting for age at diagnosis, sex, race, cancer stage, comorbid illness, socioeconomic status, and acuity of hospitalization (P<.001). The association was evident for subgroups with stage I, II, and III disease. Hospital volume directly correlated with survival beyond 30 days and also was not attributable to differences in case mix (P<.001). The association between hospital volume and long-term survival was concentrated among patients with stage II and III disease (P<.001 for both). Among stage III patients, variation in use of adjuvant chemotherapy did not explain this finding.Our data suggest that hospital procedure volume predicts clinical outcomes following surgery for colon cancer, although the absolute magnitudes of these differences are modest in comparison with the variation observed for higher-risk cancer surgeries.
THE INCREASING STERILITY OF AMERICAN WOMEN.
Authors: GEORGE J. ENGELMANN
Journal: JAMA (1901)

This investigation is based upon 1700 cases in private and dispensary practice in St. Louis: 1146 American-born, 357 Irish and Germans, 197 negroes. The Americans are grouped into the laboring class from dispensary practice, and the higher class from private practice; amongst these I have distinguished the native American, the American of American parentage, and the American of German and of Irish parentage; in addition, there are 2038 women taken from the genealogical records of Massachusetts. The results obtained indicate that at the present time<i>20 per cent, and over of married women are childless</i>, whilst in the preceding centuries, in the earlier days of the country, only 2 per cent. were sterile; and when we compare these figures with the generally accepted rate of sterility, 11 per cent., found by Simpson and so generally accepted as to be called "Simpson's law," the difference is so great that it would
Nutrition, metabolism, and the complex pathophysiology of cachexia in chronic heart failure
Authors: S VONHAEHLING, W DOEHNER, S ANKER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2006)

Chronic heart failure is a complex catabolic state that carries a devastating prognosis. The transition from stable disease to cardiac cachexia is not well understood. Mechanisms that maintain the wasting process involve neurohormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to an imbalance in anabolic and catabolic pathways. A decrease in food intake alone rarely triggers the development of a wasting process, but dietary deficiencies in micronutrients and macronutrients contribute to the progression of the disease. Malabsorption from the gut as a result of bowel wall edema and decreased bowel perfusion also plays an important role. This article describes the complex interplay of hormonal systems in energy balance in patients with chronic heart failure as well as other factors such as malabsorption and dietary deficiencies that contribute to the wasting process. Finally, therapeutic approaches are discussed. These include dietary advice, ongoing studies, and future possibilities.
Implementation of a multifaceted sepsis education program in an emerging country setting: clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness in a long-term follow-up study
Authors: Danilo Teixeira Noritomi, Otavio T. Ranzani, Mariana Barbosa Monteiro, Elaine Maria Ferreira, Sergio Ricardo Santos, Fernando Leibel, Flavia Ribeiro Machado
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2013)
Antigenic properties of cultured tumor cell lines derived from spleens of Friend virus-infected BALB/c and BALB/c-H-2b mice.
Authors: H A Freedman, F Lilly, R A Steeves
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1975)

BALB/c-H-2b (BALB.B) mice are less susceptible to the Friend virus (FV) disease syndrome than congenic BALB/c (H-2d) mice, and spleen cells from FV-infected BALB.B mice are markedly less tumorigenic on transplantation to syngeneic hosts than those from FV-infected BALB/c mice. For these reasons we investigated the expression of FV-associated cell surface antigens on cultured, FV-trnasformed cell lines of BALB.B and BALB/c origin. Both cell lines induced transplantation immunity in syngeneic hosts toward further implantations of the same tumor, BALB.B cells being significantly more potent in this respect than BALB/c cells. BALB.B tumor cells, which produce complete, infectious FV, expressed both the cell surface antigen, FMR (corresponding to the cytotoxic antibodies in anti-FV antisera), and virus envelope antigen (VEA, corresponding to the virus-neutralizing antibodies in the anti-FV antisera). BALB/c tumor cells, on the other hand, which are FV-nonproducers, expressed no FMR antigen, but did express VEA on their surfaces for at least 100 passages in culture. These cells could induce FV-neutralizing but not cytotoxic anti-FMR antibodies when used to immunize syngeneic hosts. The absence of FMR antigen may be the basis for the reduced capacity of BALB/c tumor cells, by comparison with BALB.B tumor cells, to induce transplantation immunity. After about the 125th serial transfer in culture, BALB/c tumor cells spontaneously ceased to express VEA and simultaneously became very weak inducers of transplantation immunity in BALB/c hosts. This loss of VEA did not stem from the loss of either the spleen focus-forming virus or the helper virus genomes from these cells, since both viruses could still be recovered from the cell line.
What use is a clinical case definition for AIDS in Africa?
Authors: C F Gilks
Journal: BMJ (1991)

The article proposes that the clinical case definition for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Africa is an unworkable concept, with the wrong definition, incorrect validation, improper use, and consequently is a poor surveillance tool. The definition was proposed by the World Health Organization in 1986 to satisfy the use in countries with limited diagnostic resources, and resources for serological testing. Critical review until now of this procedure was lacking. Currently serological testing is available and of high quality. It does not seem justifiable to continue using a provisional surveillance definition. Abandoning this classification procedure may also lead to the focus on problems other than opportunistic infections and AIDs. Clinical surveillance is important, but as well morbidity and mortality need monitoring. It is argued that the definition is an unworkable concept because patients with underlying immunosuppression disorders such as AIDs can not be easily distinguished from chronic disease patients; i.e., pulmonary tuberculosis, renal failure, uncontrolled diabetes, or diarrhea with weight loss. Clinical accuracy is insufficient. It is the wrong definition because pulmonary tuberculosis with a persistent cough cannot be distinguished for those HIV positive and those not. There is inconsistency in the WHO clinical definition and the Centers for Disease Control definitions of AIDs. The incidence of tuberculosis in countries with unmodified clinical case definitions may contribute to an inflated number of AIDs cases. The wrong standards were used to validate the WHO definition in evaluative studies. The reference sensitivity ranges indicate that the definition is insensitive to identifying seropositive patients. Also, the HIV status of patients does not equate with AIDs. Although designed for surveillance, the clinical case definition is used by doctors for individual patient management. Labeling a patient as having AIDs, when he is HIV negative, leads to negative consequences. Researchers compare African AIDs data with North American data with imprecise and noncomparable definitions. As a surveillance tool in countries with a fragmentary or without a vital registration system, it is an inaccurate tool. Alternatives to obtaining data about the spread and impact of HIV are cluster sampling, hospital surveillance of selected populations, anonymous testing of pregnant women or patients in sexually transmitted disease clinics. In Nairobi, a necropsy survey found that 16% had AIDs but 38% were HIV positive.
Laparoscopy-Assisted Devascularization of the Lower Esophagus and Upper Stomach in the Management of Gastric Varices
Authors: S. Kitano, M. Tomikawa, Y. Iso, M. Hashizume, M. Moriyama, K. Sugimachi
Journal: Endoscopy (1994)

Devascularization of the lower esophagus and the upper stomach is one method of treating patients with clinically significant gastric varices. We describe a new method of laparoscopically-assisted devascularization which has been applied in seven patients with esophagogastric varices. Three of the seven patients had an episode of gastric variceal bleeding, and the remaining four had moderate to large gastric varices with red color signs. The operative procedure was carried out without pneumoperitoneum by using an ordinary forceps and laparoscopic instruments through a small skin incision (3-5 cm); the abdominal wall was elevated with a U-shaped retractor. The operative field was obtained by laparoscopic and direct vision illuminated by laparoscopic light. The procedure time ranged from 100 to 180 minutes with minimal blood loss (70-320 g). No complications were encountered. All patients could be discharged within one week; postoperative pain was minimal and all patients returned to work early. Follow-up (mean 11.4 months) showed no recurrence of gastric varices although, due to an incomplete procedure in two cases, two patients were treated additionally by endoscopic injection of histoacryl.
GALL STONES: ACUTE PANCREATITIS: RECOVERY
Authors: C. E. Salter
Journal: BMJ (1910)

1910Ithis test in about 60 cases of suspected pancreatic disease, and find it a useful additional aid in diagnosis.More recently Heiberg2l has introduced a modification of Gross's test, in which a series of progressive dilutions of the faecal extract are incubated for a fixed time with the same quantity of casein solation.This method has the merit of frequently shortening the time of the examination, and also enables the various samples to be examined together and compared.I have made use of this test, along with Gross's method, in the last 30 specimens that I have examined, and I find that the results compare very well.For the reasons I have mentioned, I think that Heiberg's method is to be preferred.It must be remembered that these insufficiency tests only indicate very gross changes in the digestive fanc- tions of the pancreas, al2d so are only of limited value when taken alone, but when considered in conjunction with other methods of examining the faeces and urine they certainly assist o'ne in arriving at a more reliable opinion ;a3 to the condition of the gland.
Notes on Resuscitation of the Newly Born and on the Treatment of Poisoning by Anaesthetics
Authors: C. E. Jennings
Journal: BMJ (1884)

On the other hand, would the diagnosis of rickets be correct if.only one or two of the foregoing conditions were present, and perhaps not over well marked?For instance, should enlargement' of the radial epiphyses be regarded as rickets when no other signs are present?
SULFATHIAZOLE AS AN ADJUNCT TO SURGERY IN ADVANCED ACUTE APPENDICITIS
Authors: Robert K. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1942)

In a series of 206 patients with appendicitis operated on at the Norwegian-American Hospital between May 1 and Oct. 17, 1941 there were 22 (10.6 per cent) with advanced disease of the appendix. These patients were treated with sulfathiazole as an adjunct to surgery. In this group there was 1 death. The severity of the disease in these 22 cases of appendicitis may be appreciated by the following data: The average duration of illness (excluding 1 case of twenty-one days' duration) before operation was seventy-one and one-half hours. Eleven of the patients had a perforated appendix, 7 had a gangrenous appendix, 3 had advanced, acutely inflamed, suppurative appendicitis, and 1 had an inflammatory mass with abscess involving the ileocecal junction. In 18 cases the sulfathiazole was used immediately as an adjunct to surgery. In this group sulfathiazole was given intraperitoneally in 17 cases and in 5 of these additional sulfathiazole
Law and the Doctor in the U.S.A
Authors: P. Bowsher
Journal: BMJ (1967)

The finding of collections of macrophages/histiocytes in lung biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage is relatively common in routine practice. This morphological feature in itself is pathological, but the exact clinical significance and underlying disease should be evaluated together with clinical data, functional respiratory and laboratory tests and imaging studies. Morphological characteristics of macrophages and their distribution along the different pulmonary structures should be examined carefully by pathologists. Indeed, haemosiderin-laden macrophages are associated with smoking-related diseases when pigment is fine and distribution is bronchiolocentric, while alveolar haemorrhage or pneumoconiosis are the main concerns when pigment is chunky or coarse and the macrophages show an intra-alveolar or perilymphatic location, respectively. In the same way, pulmonary accumulation of macrophages with foamy cytoplasm is generally associated with pathologies leading to broncho-bronchiolar obstruction (<i>e.g.</i> diffuse panbronchiolitis, hypersensitivity pneumonia or cryptogenic organising pneumonia) or alternatively to exogenous lipoid pneumonia, some drug toxicity (<i>e.g.</i> amiodarone exposure or toxicity) and metabolic disorders (<i>e.g.</i> type B Niemann–Pick disease). This pathology-based perspectives article is aimed at concisely describing the diagnostic possibilities when faced with collection of macrophages in lung biopsy and cytology.
Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma With Prolonged Response to Sequential Sunitinib and Everolimus
Authors: James M.G. Larkin, Rosalie A. Fisher, Lisa M. Pickering, S. Aslam Sohaib, Marwan Ghosn, Tim Christmas, Ruth L.M. Cordiner, Martin E. Gore
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Nevertheless, based on this report, physicians treating advanced RCC may wish to consider therapy with an mTOR inhibitor for patients with the chromophobe subtype.
STOP CANCER Adds to NCI's 1990 Budget
Authors: G. J. Kerkvliet
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article STOP CANCER Adds to NCI's 1990 Budget Get access Gary J. Kerkvliet Gary J. Kerkvliet Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 5, 7 March 1990, Page 342, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.5.342 Published: 07 March 1990
Angiotensin-(1–7) Attenuates the Development of Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction in Rats
Authors: Annemarieke E. Loot, Anton J.M. Roks, Robert H. Henning, René A. Tio, Albert J.H. Suurmeijer, Frans Boomsma, Wiek H. van Gilst
Journal: Circulation (2002)

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the progression of heart failure. Angiotensin-(1-7) is thought to modulate the activity of the RAS. Furthermore, this peptide may play a part in the beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in cardiovascular disease. We assessed the effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on the progression of heart failure.Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either coronary ligation or sham surgery. Two weeks after induction of myocardial infarction, intravenous infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) (24 microg/kg per hour) or saline was started by minipump. After 8 weeks of treatment, hemodynamic parameters were measured, endothelial function was assessed in isolated aortic rings, and plasma angiotensin-(1-7) levels were determined. Myocardial infarction resulted in a significant deterioration of left ventricular systolic and diastolic pressure, dP/dt, and coronary flow. Raising plasma levels 40-fold, angiotensin-(1-7) infusion attenuated this impairment to a nonsignificant level, markedly illustrated by a 40% reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Furthermore, angiotensin-(1-7) completely preserved aortic endothelial function, whereas endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortas of saline-treated infarcted rats was significantly decreased.Angiotensin-(1-7) preserved cardiac function, coronary perfusion, and aortic endothelial function in a rat model for heart failure.
Abstract 2138: Tumorigenic and migratory potential of Ral GTPases in non-small cell lung cancers
Authors: Sunny Guin, Yuanbin Ru, Rangnath Mishra, Vihas T. Vasu, Charles Owens, James H. Finigan, Jeffrey A. Kern, Dan Theodorescu
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The Ral GTPase family, consisting of the Ral A and B isoforms contributes to tumor formation, invasion and metastasis, however their role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is yet to be validated. Recently, we investigated the role of Ral GTPases in NSCLC by in vitro expression, colony formation and migration assay, in vivo tumor formation experiments, and analysis of microarray data from NSCLC patients. In vitro, Ral A and Ral B was expressed in all NSCLC cell lines studied (14) to varying levels. Increased expression of Ral A or Ral B was more frequent in Ras mutant cell lines (Ral A elevated in 2/8 cell lines with mutant KRas vs. 0/6 cell lines with WT KRas, Ral B elevated in 5/8 cell lines with mutant KRas vs. 2/6 WT KRas). Soft agar experiments with transient knockdown of Ral A, Ral B and Ral A+B in these cell lines demonstrated significant decrease (p&amp;lt;0.05) in colony formation. Dual knockdown of Ral A and B had a 2 to 3 fold decrease (p&amp;lt;0.05) in NSCLC cell motility in wound healing assays. In vivo, knockdown of Ral GTPases resulted in reduced subcutaneous tumor growth (p&amp;lt;0.05) in mice injected with the knockdown cells. Microarray data from NSCLC patients was analyzed to study the correlation between Ral A and B expression with overall patient survival. High Ral A expression was associated with poor patient survival in these microarray datasets (p&amp;lt;0.05). The above observations demonstrate that Ral GTPases play a role in lung cancer tumorigenesis and migration. In the Ras signaling cascade, Ral GTPases are downstream of Ras along with PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways. KRas mutations in NSCLC carry a poor patient prognosis. Based on our observations, we posit that Ral GTPases can be a valid target for drug development against KRas mutated lung cancers along with PI3K and MEK inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2138. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2138
One Children's Place: A Profile of Pediatric Medicine
Authors: Harrison C. Spencer
Journal: JAMA (1991)

One Children's Place is the address of the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and now the title of a book profiling pediatric practice in a hospital setting. It is written by the award-winning author Lee Gutkind, who spent two years in the research and writing of this nonfictional account. He notes sincere appreciation to the people at One Children's Place, whom he describes as remarkably "nice and honest." Gutkind was accorded complete access to the inner workings of the hospital as well as contact with the 2000 employees who make it function. He was impressed with the compassion for all children, even the most helpless and disenfranchised, demonstrated by nurses, pediatricians, surgeons, administrators, social workers, therapists, and other staff members from all levels of the hospital. But of all the people he met he was most impressed by the patients' mothers and fathers who dedicate themselves unwaveringly to the well-being of
The prevalence and clinical characteristics of pruritus among patients with extensive psoriasis
Authors: G. Yosipovitch, A. Goon, J. Wee, Y.H. Chan, C.L. Goh
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Many patients with psoriasis are known to suffer from itch. However, the data available regarding itch and its characteristics in psoriasis are sparse.To examine the prevalence of pruritus and various related clinical characteristics in 101 patients with extensive psoriasis.A structured questionnaire was used.Generalized pruritus was a feature of psoriasis in 84% of the patients. In 77% of these it appeared on a daily basis. It involved all areas of the body, had prolonged duration and appeared mainly in the evening and at night. The pruritus significantly affected quality of life. Important daily factors that were found to exacerbate the itch were ambient heat (81%), skin dryness (80%), sweating (65%) and stress (55%). Important factors that were found to ameliorate itch were sleep (57%) and cold showers (55%). The pruritus was found to be unresponsive to most available antipruritics, including phototherapy. Itch intensity as reflected by a visual analogue scale did not correlate with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index scores; however, a highly significant correlation was obtained between the affective descriptors and itch intensity in the worst itch states (r = 0.6, P < 0.001).Pruritus is a common feature of psoriasis and affects quality of life.