tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Book: Boys in White: Student Culture in Medical School
Authors: T. Laqueur
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Blanche Geer, Everett C Hughes, Anselm Strauss, Howard Saul Becker

Transaction, $29.95/£23.50, pp 456

ISBN 0878556222

This book describes the pioneering 1961 study by Howard Becker and his colleagues of how “boys in white”—medical students—become doctors. It remains a remarkable ethnographic study of how these young men at the University of Kansas lived: their schedules, their efforts to find out what professors wanted from them in tests and exercises, their “latent culture” (the division into alphas and betas, fraternity and non-fraternity men); their slow assimilation of medical values through peer pressure and example; their learning how to negotiate a hospital or clinic in all its complexity; and their perspectives on their …
Detection of periarticular urate deposits with dual energy CT in patients with acute gouty arthritis
Authors: B Manger, M Lell, J Wacker, G Schett, J Rech
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

The gold standard for establishing the diagnosis of gouty arthritis is the detection of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in synovial fluid or periarticular tophi. The European League Against Rheumatism recommendations from 2006 state that ‘for typical presentations of gout a clinical diagnosis alone is reasonably accurate but not definitive without crystal confirmation’.1 In addition, various imaging methods can help to non-invasively support the diagnosis of gout. Joint ultrasonography can detect MSU deposits at cartilaginous surfaces (‘double contour sign’) as well as periarticular tophus formation.2 3

Dual energy CT (DECT) is an imaging method that uses x-ray beams of two different energies to differentiate MSU deposits from connective tissues and from calcium containing structures by their absorption properties.4 Choi et al have demonstrated that in tophaceous gout, DECT …
14. EXPERIMENTAL HISTOPATHOLOGICAL RESEARCHES ON INSULIN SHOCK
Authors: F. Accornero
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1938)

In dogs which are given a few shocks close together and which die in insulin coma there are observed very acute, diffuse, edematous alterations which are very probably reversible. Butthere are observed also in many neurons (cells and fibers) very severe irreversible changes with wide distribution. Moreover, at certain spots there are more or less advanced areas of necrotic destruction of the nervous elements, with productive reaction on the part of the vessels. In dogs which are given many shocks close together and which do not die in insulin coma there are noted on the whole analogous manifestations except that the acute edematous changes are found to be less diffuse. But the areas of cellular rarefaction are still encountered. They often involve different layers of the cortex and are not infrequently sharply bounded by less damaged areas of cortex, in which the architecture of the parts is recognizable. Such sharp demarcation suggests that these areas are related to circulatory disturbances. This relation is very important from the physiopathogenetic point of view so that further study will be necessary and is now being contemplated. We may conclude from these researches that in dogs the therapy with repeated insulin coma not only brings about the destruction of a certain number of cortical neurons scattered here and there (presumably the less resistant neurons higher in the evolutionary scale), but also causes the production of patches in which along side of the destruction of specifically nervous tissue, there is a lively proliferative reaction on the part of both neuroglial tissue and blood vessels.
The Functional Anatomy of Ventricular Contraction
Authors: ROBERT F. RUSHMER, DEAN K. CRYSTAL, CLYDE WAGNER
Journal: Circulation Research (1953)

Changes in dimensions of the ventricular chambers and the displacement of specific points on the walls of the heart have been studied by the cinefluorographic technic. The contributions of the various myocardial layers to ventricular ejection have been considered in terms of the anatomic architecture of the heart. The mechanical effectiveness of myocardial contraction is closely related to the degree of diastolic distension and the magnitude of the stroke volume. During contraction, the various layers must exert tension on the connections between them. Energy expended in this manner does not contribute to ventricular ejection but could theoretically promote rapid filling during the early diastolic period.
Cyclospora infection linked to travel to Mexico, June to September 2015
Authors: Gordon L Nichols, Joanne Freedman, Kevin G Pollock, Caroline Rumble, Rachel M Chalmers, Peter Chiodini, Gillian Hawkins, Claire L Alexander, Gauri Godbole, Christopher Williams, Hilary A Kirkbride, Meghan Hamel, Jeremy I Hawker
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2015)

Cyclospora cayetanensis was identified in 176 returned travellers from the Riviera Maya region of Mexico between 1 June and 22 September 2015; 79 in the United Kingdom (UK) and 97 in Canada. UK cases completed a food exposure questionnaire. This increase in reported Cyclospora cases highlights risks of gastrointestinal infections through travelling, limitations in Cyclospora surveillance and the need for improved hygiene in the production of food consumed in holiday resorts.
Radiographic assessment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in the community: definitions and normal joint space
Authors: P. Lanyon, S. O'Reilly, A. Jones, M. Doherty
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1998)

<h3>OBJECTIVE</h3> To evaluate radiographic features of osteoarthritis (OA) to determine which is more closely associated with knee pain and hence might be used as a radiographic definition of OA in the community. To evaluate joint space width in normal subjects. <h3>METHODS</h3> 452 subjects from a case-control community study of knee pain (294 women, 158 men, mean age 62 years, range 40–80) underwent AP standing and mid-flexion skyline radiographs. Joint space width, measured by metered calliper to 0.1 mm, and graded individual features of OA (osteophyte 0–3, narrowing 0–3, sclerosis 0–1, cysts 0–1) were assessed in all three compartments independently by two observers who were blind to clinical status. Subjects were categorised as having knee pain by a positive response to both parts of the question "Have you ever had pain in or around the knee on most days for at least a month? If so, have you experienced any pain during the last year?" <h3>RESULTS</h3> Intraobserver reproducibility for joint space width measurements was to within ±0.4 mm (95% CI for limits of agreement); κ values for grading were &gt;0.7. One hundred and twenty five subjects were without knee pain or osteophyte. In these radiographically normal knees, mean joint space width varied according to sex but did not decrease with age. A definition based on the presence of osteophyte ⩾grade 1 in any compartment was more efficient at predicting pain than definitions based on either measurement or grading of joint space; there was no clear threshold of joint space loss at which the likelihood of pain substantially increased. The presence of osteophyte at the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) was more sensitive but less specific than at the tibiofemoral joint (TFJ); the addition of PFJ assessment improved sensitivity from 38.1% to 62.3% with a reduction in specificity from 82.7% to 58.7% for the presence of knee pain. <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> Among men and women in the community, osteophyte is the radiographic feature that associates best with knee pain. Radiographic assessment of both TFJ and PFJ should be included in all community studies. Joint space loss is not a feature of asymptomatic aging, and there is not a biological cut off for joint space width below which the likelihood of knee pain markedly increases.
Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult humans
Authors: Yolanda Sanz
Journal: Gut Microbes (2010)

Diet is a major environmental factor influencing gut microbiota diversity and functionality, which might be relevant to subjects following dietary therapies. Celiac disease (CD) is an enteropathy caused by an aberrant immune response to cereal gluten proteins and the only therapy is the adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). In this context, a preliminary study was conducted to establish whether the GFD in itself could modify the composition and immune properties of the gut microbiota. The trial included 10 healthy subjects (30.3 years-old), which were submitted to a GFD over one month. Analysis of fecal microbiota and dietary intake indicated that numbers of healthy gut bacteria decreased, while numbers of unhealthy bacteria increased parallel to reductions in the intake of polysaccharides after following the GFD. Fecal samples of subjects under a GFD, which represent an altered microbiota, also exerted lower immune stimulatory effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells than those of subjects on a regular gluten-containing diet. This addendum presents further discussion on the rationale behind these findings, limitations of the study and possible consequences of dietary counselling in the care process of celiac disease patients.
Combination Therapy with Anti–CTL Antigen-4 and Anti-4-1BB Antibodies Enhances Cancer Immunity and Reduces Autoimmunity
Authors: Ergun Kocak, Kenneth Lute, Xing Chang, Kenneth F. May, Katie R. Exten, Huiming Zhang, Shahab F. Abdessalam, Amy M. Lehman, David Jarjoura, Pan Zheng, Yang Liu
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract The majority of cancer antigens identified thus far have limited expression in normal tissues. It has been suggested that autoimmune disease is a necessary price for cancer immunity. This notion is supported by a recent clinical trial involving an anti–CTL antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibody that showed significant clinical responses but severe autoimmune diseases in melanoma patients. To selectively modulate cancer immunity and autoimmunity, we used anti-CTLA-4 and anti-4-1BB antibodies to treat mice with a preexisting cancer, MC38. The combination of the two antibodies led to CD8 T-cell-mediated rejection of large established MC38 tumors and long-lasting immunity to the same tumor cells, although the same regimen was not effective for B16 melanoma. More importantly, whereas individual antibodies induced inflammation and autoimmune manifestations, combination therapy increased cancer immunity while reducing autoimmunity. The reduction of autoimmune effects correlates with an increased function of regulatory T cells. Our results suggest a novel approach to simultaneously enhance cancer immunity and reduce autoimmunity. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(14): 7276-84)
Bevacizumab in Combination With Chemotherapy As First-Line Therapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Biomarker Evaluation From the AVAGAST Randomized Phase III Trial
Authors: Eric Van Cutsem, Sanne de Haas, Yoon-Koo Kang, Atsushi Ohtsu, Niall C. Tebbutt, Jian Ming Xu, Wei Peng Yong, Bernd Langer, Paul Delmar, Stefan J. Scherer, Manish A. Shah
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

The AVAGAST study showed that adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer improves progression-free survival and tumor response rate but not overall survival. To examine the hypothesis that angiogenic markers may have predictive value for bevacizumab efficacy in gastric cancer, AVAGAST included a prospective, mandatory biomarker program.Patients with previously untreated, locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer were randomly assigned to bevacizumab (n = 387) or placebo (n = 387) in combination with chemotherapy. Blood and tumor tissue samples were collected at baseline. Prespecified biomarkers included plasma vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), protein expression of neuropilin-1, and VEGF receptors-1 and -2 (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2). Correlations between biomarkers and clinical outcomes were assessed by using a Cox proportional hazards model.Plasma was available from 712 patients (92%), and tumor samples were available from 727 patients (94%). Baseline plasma VEGF-A levels and tumor neuropilin-1 expression were identified as potential predictors of bevacizumab efficacy. Patients with high baseline plasma VEGF-A levels showed a trend toward improved overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.93) versus patients with low VEGF-A levels (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.31; interaction P = .07). Patients with low baseline expression of neuropilin-1 also showed a trend toward improved overall survival (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.97) versus patients with high neuropilin-1 expression (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.40; interaction P = .06). For both biomarkers, subgroup analyses demonstrated significance only in patients from non-Asian regions.Plasma VEGF-A and tumor neuropilin-1 are strong biomarker candidates for predicting clinical outcome in patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with bevacizumab.
Evidence-Based Reviews in Support of Health Policy Decisions
Authors: P. M. Coates
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2007)

credible evidence” for an association between tomato consumption and a reduced risk of lung, colorectal, breast, cervical, or endometrial cancers; and that there was “very limited evidence” to support an association between tomato consumption and a reduced risk of prostate, ovarian, gastric, or pancreatic cancers. Conveying the complexity and sometimes subtle differences between such messages to the public is challenging, and there is evidence that consumers have not really understood the language of qualifi ed health claims ( 3 ). Neither of these concerns, however, diminishes the importance of using evidence-based review principles to evaluate important diet – health relationships. In fact, it may be argued that evaluating a diet – health relationship is precisely the circumstance in which systematic review techniques can be most appropriate and effective because they are transparent and objective, and the search and review strategies could be exactly reproduced by others. The key questions to be answered in any systematic review are identifi ed at the beginning, and a decision is made about which studies and
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 reporter mice reveal receptor activation sites in vivo
Authors: Mari Kono, Ana E. Tucker, Jennifer Tran, Jennifer B. Bergner, Ewa M. Turner, Richard L. Proia
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

Activation of the GPCR sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) regulates key physiological processes. S1P1 activation also has been implicated in pathologic processes, including autoimmunity and inflammation; however, the in vivo sites of S1P1 activation under normal and disease conditions are unclear. Here, we describe the development of a mouse model that allows in vivo evaluation of S1P1 activation. These mice, known as S1P1 GFP signaling mice, produce a S1P1 fusion protein containing a transcription factor linked by a protease cleavage site at the C terminus as well as a β-arrestin/protease fusion protein. Activated S1P1 recruits the β-arrestin/protease, resulting in the release of the transcription factor, which stimulates the expression of a GFP reporter gene. Under normal conditions, S1P1 was activated in endothelial cells of lymphoid tissues and in cells in the marginal zone of the spleen, while administration of an S1P1 agonist promoted S1P1 activation in endothelial cells and hepatocytes. In S1P1 GFP signaling mice, LPS-mediated systemic inflammation activated S1P1 in endothelial cells and hepatocytes via hematopoietically derived S1P. These data demonstrate that S1P1 GFP signaling mice can be used to evaluate S1P1 activation and S1P1-active compounds in vivo. Furthermore, this strategy could be potentially applied to any GPCR to identify sites of receptor activation during normal physiology and disease.
C1 Esterase Inhibitor: Retrospective Validation of a Commonly Used Endpoint in Hereditary Angioedema Studies, Time to Onset of Relief, in a Global, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study (I.M.P.A.C.T.1)
Authors: A. Bewtra, J. Bernstein, B. Ritchie, R. Levy, R. Wasserman, D. Hurewitz, K. Obtulowicz, A. Reshef, D. Moldovan, T. Shirov, V. Grivcheva-Panovska, P. Kiessling, H. Keinecke, T. Craig
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Antileukemic Activity of Shepherdin and Molecular Diversity of Hsp90 Inhibitors
Authors: Boglarka Gyurkocza, Janet Plescia, Christopher M. Raskett, David S. Garlick, Philip A. Lowry, Bing Z. Carter, Michael Andreeff, Massimiliano Meli, Giorgio Colombo, Dario C. Altieri
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2006)

Background: Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that is involved in signaling pathways for cell proliferation, survival, and cellular adaptation. Inhibitors of Hsp90 are being examined as cancer therapeutic agents, but the molecular mechanism of their anticancer activity is still unclear. We investigated Hsp90 as a therapeutic target for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by use of the Hsp90 inhibitor shepherdin (a novel peptidyl antagonist of the interaction between Hsp90 and survivin, which is a regulator of cell proliferation and cell viability in cancer). Methods: We studied protein interactions by molecular dynamics simulations and conducted competition experiments by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Shepherdin[79–83], a novel variant carrying the survivin sequence from Lys-79 through Gly-83, or its scrambled peptide was made permeable to cells by adding the antennapedia helix III carrier sequence. Apoptosis, Hsp90 client protein expression, and mitochondrial dysfunction were evaluated in AML types (myeloblastic, monocytic, and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis), patient-derived blasts, and normal mononuclear cells. Effects of shepherdin on tumor growth were evaluated in AML xenograft tumors in mice (n = 6). Organ tissues were examined histologically. Results: Shepherdin[79–83] bound to Hsp90, inhibited formation of the survivin–Hsp90 complex, and competed with ATP binding to Hsp90. Cell-permeable shepherdin[79–83] induced rapid (within 30 minutes) and complete (with concentrations inducing 50% cell death of 24–35 μM) killing of AML types and blasts, but it did not affect normal mononuclear cells. Shepherdin[79–83] made contact with unique residues in the ATP pocket of Hsp90 (Ile-96, Asp-102, and Phe-138), did not increase Hsp70 levels in AML cells, disrupted mitochondrial function within 2 minutes of treatment, and eliminated the expression of Hsp90 client proteins. Shepherdin[79–83] abolished growth of AML xenograft tumors (mean of control group = 1698 mm 3 and mean of treated group = 232 mm 3 ; difference = 1466 mm 3 , 95% confidence interval = 505.8 to 2426; P = .008) without systemic or organ toxicity and inhibited Hsp90 function in vivo. Conclusions: Shepherdin is a novel Hsp90 inhibitor with a unique mechanism of anticancer activity.
Interferon gamma regulates platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 expression and neutrophil infiltration into herpes simplex virus-infected mouse corneas.
Authors: Q Tang, R L Hendricks
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

In a mouse model of herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 corneal infection, tissue destruction results from a CD4+ T cell-mediated chronic inflammation, in which interleukin 2 and interferon (IFN) gamma are requisite inflammatory mediators and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are the predominant infiltrating cells. In vivo neutralization of IFN-gamma relieved inflammation at least in part through a specific block of PMN extravasation into HSV-1-infected corneas. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) 1 were upregulated on the vascular endothelium of inflamed corneas. Reduced PMN extravasation in anti-IFN-gamma-treated mice was associated with a dramatic reduction of PECAM-1 but not ICAM-1 expression on vascular endothelium. PMN accumulated in the lumen of corneal vessels after in vivo IFN-gamma neutralization. PECAM-1 was readily detectable on PMN inside the vessels but was not detectable on PMN that extravasated into the infected cornea. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis revealed reduced PECAM-1 expression but elevated major histocompatibility complex class I expression on PMN that recently extravasated into the peritoneal cavity when compared with PMN in the peripheral blood. We conclude that IFN-gamma contributes to HSV-1-induced corneal inflammation by facilitating PMN infiltration; this appears to be accomplished through upregulation of PECAM-1 expression on the vascular endothelium; and PMN downregulate PECAM-1 expression during the process of extravasation.
Initiation and Discontinuation of Complementary Therapy Among Cancer Patients
Authors: Sung-Gyeong Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, Jae-Hyun Park, Myung-Il Hahm, Jin-Hwa Lim, Kui-Son Choi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Purpose To identify the initiation or discontinuation of complementary therapy (CT) and determine the impact of sociodemographic and clinical factors on CT use among cancer patients. Patients and Methods Eligible patients were age 20 or older; newly diagnosed with stomach, liver, or colorectal cancer; and started their initial treatment at the National Cancer Center, Korea, between April 1, 2001, and April 30, 2003. In total, 541 cancer patients were surveyed in face-to-face interviews at baseline, and telephone follow-up interviews were performed every 3 months for 3 years. Results A total of 281 patients commenced CT after diagnosis; 164 patients stopped using CT during the follow-up period. The overall cumulative probability of starting CT at 1, 2, and 3 years was 50%, 54%, and 55%, respectively. In a Cox multivariate analysis, stomach and liver cancer were associated with an increased probability of initiating CT compared with colorectal cancer. Patients who were classified as stage I, II, or III at diagnosis were associated with a decreased probability of discontinuing CT compared with stage IV. Conclusion Most cancer patients started to use CT during the initial treatment period. Thus, physicians should communicate with cancer patients about CT at this phase. In particular, more attention should be paid to women and individuals with higher household incomes because these groups are more likely to start CT.
Prognostic indexes in follicular lymphoma: a comparison of different prognostic systems
Authors: G. Perea, A. Altés, S. Montoto, A. López-Guillermo, E. Domingo-Doménech, A. Fernández-Sevilla, J.M. Ribera, J. Grau, C. Pedro, J. Angel Hernández, C. Estany, J. Briones, R. Martino, A. Sureda, J. Sierra, E. Montserrat
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2005)
Clinical Lectures on the Diagnosis of Carcinoma of the Breast in its Early Stages: (Delivered at St. George's Hospital.)
Authors: A. M. Sheild
Journal: BMJ (1896)

associated muscular atrophy.The pain in the arm is much dependent on the weather, and this is the only thing of which the patient complains.He has no headache, no sickness, and no sensory symptoms of any sort.All the functions of his body are performed naturally.Some thickening can be felt about the middle of each femur; this, he says, has been there since he broke them.He has shown me a photograph of himself taken when five tyears old, and the de- formity of the head is very evident.