tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pathways to Violent Behavior During First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Catherine Winsper, Swaran P. Singh, Steven Marwaha, Tim Amos, Helen Lester, Linda Everard, Peter Jones, David Fowler, Max Marshall, Shon Lewis, Vimal Sharma, Nick Freemantle, Max Birchwood
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2013)

<h3>Importance</h3> Although many studies have explored the correlates of violence during first-episode psychosis (FEP), most have simply compared violent psychotic individuals with nonviolent psychotic individuals. Accumulating evidence suggests there may be subgroups within psychosis, differing in terms of developmental processes and proximal factors associated with violent behavior. <h3>Objective</h3> To determine whether there are subgroups of psychotic individuals characterized by different developmental trajectories to violent behavior. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> The National EDEN (Evaluating the Development and Impact of Early Intervention Services in the West Midlands) Study longitudinal cohort assessed premorbid delinquency (premorbid adjustment adaptation subscale across childhood and adolescence), age at illness onset, duration of untreated psychosis, past drug use, positive symptoms, and violent behavior. Group trajectories of premorbid delinquency were estimated using latent class growth analysis, and associations with violent behavior were quantified. This study included 6 early intervention services in 5 geographical locations across England, with violent behavior information available for 670 first-episode psychosis cases. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Violent behavior at 6 or 12 months following early intervention services entry. <h3>Results</h3> Four groups of premorbid delinquency were identified: stable low, adolescent-onset high to moderate, stable moderate, and stable high. Logistic regression analysis, with stable low delinquency as the reference group, demonstrated that moderate (odds ratio, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.12-3.46) and high (odds ratio, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.85-6.73) premorbid delinquency trajectories increased the risk for violent behavior during FEP. After controlling for confounders, path analysis demonstrated that the increased risk for violence in the moderate delinquency group was indirect (ie, partially mediated by positive symptoms) (probit coefficient [β] = 0.12;<i>P</i> = .002); while stable high delinquency directly increased the risk for violence (β = 0.38;<i>P</i> = .05). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> There appear to be diverse pathways to violent behavior during FEP. Stable high premorbid delinquency from childhood onwards appears to directly increase the risk for violent behavior, independent of psychosis-related risk factors. In addition to tackling illness-related risks, treatments should directly address antisocial traits as a potent risk for violence during FEP.
Granule-bound starch synthase: structure, function, and phylogenetic utility
Authors: R. J. Mason-Gamer, C. F. Weil, E. A. Kellogg
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

Interest in the use of low-copy nuclear genes for phylogenetic analyses of plants has grown rapidly, because highly repetitive genes such as those commonly used are limited in number. Furthermore, because low-copy genes are subject to different evolutionary processes than are plastid genes or highly repetitive nuclear markers, they provide a valuable source of independent phylogenetic evidence. The gene for granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI or waxy) exists in a single copy in nearly all plants examined so far. Our study of GBSSI had three parts: (1) Amino acid sequences were compared across a broad taxonomic range, including grasses, four dicotyledons, and the microbial homologs of GBSSI. Inferred structural information was used to aid in the alignment of these very divergent sequences. The informed alignments highlight amino acids that are conserved across all sequences, and demonstrate that structural motifs can be highly conserved in spite of marked divergence in amino acid sequence. (2) Maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses were used to examine exon sequence evolution throughout grasses. Differences in probabilities among substitution types and marked among-site rate variation contributed to the observed pattern of variation. Of the parameters examined in our set of likelihood models, the inclusion of among-site rate variation following a gamma distribution caused the greatest improvement in likelihood score. (3) We performed cladistic parsimony analyses of GBSSI sequences throughout grasses, within tribes, and within genera to examine the phylogenetic utility of the gene. Introns provide useful information among very closely related species, but quickly become difficult to align among more divergent taxa. Exons are variable enough to provide extensive resolution within the family, but with low bootstrap support. The combined results of amino acid sequence comparisons, maximum-likelihood analyses, and phylogenetic studies underscore factors that might affect phylogenetic reconstruction. In this case, accommodation of the variable rate of evolution among sites might be the first step in maximizing the phylogenetic utility of GBSSI.
Childhood diet and asthma and atopy at 8 years of age: the PIAMA birth cohort study
Authors: S.M. Willers, A.H. Wijga, B. Brunekreef, S. Scholtens, D.S. Postma, M. Kerkhof, J.C. de Jongste, H.A. Smit
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

Diet may affect the development of asthma. We investigated whether asthma or atopy outcomes at 8 yrs of age were associated with long-term dietary exposure, and whether associations were different for consumption at early or later age. The Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort enrolled 4,146 participants at baseline, who were followed up to 8 yrs of age. Dietary intakes of interest were fruit, vegetables, brown/wholemeal bread, fish, milk, butter and margarine. Associations between food intake at early (2-3 yrs) and later (7-8 yrs) age, and long-term intake, asthma and atopy at 8 yrs of age were calculated by logistic regression. Complete longitudinal dietary data for at least one of the food groups were available for 2,870 children. Fruit consumption at early age was associated with reduced asthma symptoms (OR per 1 consumption day per week increase 0.93, 95% CI 0.85-1.00). Long-term fruit intake was inversely associated with asthma symptoms (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.99) and sensitisation to inhaled allergens (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.99). We found no consistent associations between diet and outcomes for other foods. This study indicates no consistent effects of increased early or late consumption, or long-term intake of certain foods on asthma and atopy in 8-yr-olds, with a possible exception for fruit.
Effect of glucocorticoid on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in the rat.
Authors: I Tsukamoto, S Kojo
Journal: Gut (1989)

The increase in activities of hepatic thymidylate synthetase (EC 2.1.1.45) and thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21), which catalyse the formation of thymidylate through the de novo and salvage pathways, respectively, were significantly suppressed during liver regeneration in rats which were given glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone and dexamethasone) or indomethacin. These drugs also prevented the augment of hepatic DNA content in 24 h regenerating liver.
Clinical Lecture on Three Cases of Multiple Paralysis of Cranial Nerves: Delivered in University College Hospital
Authors: H. C. Bastian
Journal: BMJ (1893)

TMBrr= AI MULTIPLE PARALYSIS OF CRANIAL NERVES.sence in the blood and necessarily also in the various tissues, of elements coming from the internal secretion of all parts; it is not surprising, therefore, to find that any organ can give a liquid which might in a measure be used in place of any other.5.When we know how great, how various are the morbid, physical, or dynamic alterations the nervous system can produce, it is easy to understand that what it can do in one way it can also do in just the opposite way, so as to re- establish the normal state physically and dynamically.This may serve to explain the extreme variety of favourable effects that may be due to certain liquids which increase consider- ably (as is proved) the power of, action of the cerebro-spinal centres.
Neuroendocrine Regulation of Immunity
Authors: Jeanette I. Webster, Leonardo Tonelli, Esther M. Sternberg
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2002)

A reciprocal regulation exists between the central nervous and immune systems through which the CNS signals the immune system via hormonal and neuronal pathways and the immune system signals the CNS through cytokines. The primary hormonal pathway by which the CNS regulates the immune system is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, through the hormones of the neuroendocrine stress response. The sympathetic nervous system regulates the function of the immune system primarily via adrenergic neurotransmitters released through neuronal routes. Neuroendocrine regulation of immune function is essential for survival during stress or infection and to modulate immune responses in inflammatory disease. Glucocorticoids are the main effector end point of this neuroendocrine system and, through the glucocorticoid receptor, have multiple effects on immune cells and molecules. This review focuses on the regulation of the immune response via the neuroendocrine system. Particular details are presented on the effects of interruptions of this regulatory loop at multiple levels in predisposition and expression of immune diseases and on mechanisms of glucocorticoid effects on immune cells and molecules.
Lifestyle Counseling in Routine Care and Long-Term Glucose, Blood Pressure, and Cholesterol Control in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Fritha Morrison, Maria Shubina, Alexander Turchin
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

OBJECTIVE In clinical trials, diet, exercise, and weight counseling led to short-term improvements in blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels in patients with diabetes. However, little is known about the long-term effects of lifestyle counseling on patients with diabetes in routine clinical settings. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study of 30,897 patients with diabetes aimed to determine whether lifestyle counseling is associated with time to A1C, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol control in patients with diabetes. Patients were included if they had at least 2 years of follow-up with primary care practices affiliated with two teaching hospitals in eastern Massachusetts between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2010. RESULTS Comparing patients with face-to-face counseling rates of once or more per month versus less than once per 6 months, median time to A1C &amp;lt;7.0% was 3.5 versus 22.7 months, time to blood pressure &amp;lt;130/85 mmHg was 3.7 weeks versus 5.6 months, and time to LDL cholesterol &amp;lt;100 mg/dL was 3.5 versus 24.7 months, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.0001 for all). In multivariable analysis, one additional monthly face-to-face lifestyle counseling episode was associated with hazard ratios of 1.7 for A1C control (P &amp;lt; 0.0001), 1.3 for blood pressure control (P &amp;lt; 0.0001), and 1.4 for LDL cholesterol control (P = 0.0013). CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle counseling in the primary care setting is strongly associated with faster achievement of A1C, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol control. These results confirm that the findings of controlled clinical trials are applicable to the routine care setting and provide evidence to support current treatment guidelines.
Patient Satisfaction as a Possible Indicator of Quality Surgical Care
Authors: Heather Lyu, Elizabeth C. Wick, Michael Housman, Julie Ann Freischlag, Martin A. Makary
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

In 2010, national payers announced they would begin using patient satisfaction scores to adjust reimbursements for surgical care.To determine whether patient satisfaction is independent from surgical process measures and hospital safety.We compared the performance of hospitals that participated in the Patient Satisfaction Survey, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Surgical Care Improvement Program, and the employee Safety Attitudes Questionnaire.Thirty-one US hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Patients and hospital employees.There were no interventions for this study.Hospital patient satisfaction scores were compared with hospital Surgical Care Improvement Program compliance and hospital employee safety attitudes (safety culture) scores during a 2-year period (2009-2010). Secondary outcomes were individual domains of the safety culture survey.Patient satisfaction was not associated with performance on process measures (antibiotic prophylaxis, R = -0.216 [P = .24]; appropriate hair removal, R = -0.012 [P = .95]; Foley catheter removal, R = -0.089 [P = .63]; deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, R = 0.101 [P = .59]). In addition, patient satisfaction was not associated with a hospital's overall safety culture score (R = 0.295 [P = .11]). We found no association between patient satisfaction and the individual culture domains of job satisfaction (R = 0.327 [P = .07]), working conditions (R = 0.191 [P = .30]), or perceptions of management (R = 0.223 [P = .23]); however, patient satisfaction was associated with the individual culture domains of employee teamwork climate (R = 0.439 [P = .01]), safety climate (R = 0.395 [P = .03]), and stress recognition (R = -0.462 [P = .008]).Patient satisfaction was independent of hospital compliance with surgical processes of quality care and with overall hospital employee safety culture, although a few individual domains of culture were associated. Patient satisfaction may provide information about a hospital's ability to provide good service as a part of the patient experience; however, further study is needed before it is applied widely to surgeons as a quality indicator.
Expression of AdipoR1 In Vivo in Skeletal Muscle Is Independently Associated With Measures of Truncal Obesity in Middle-Aged Caucasian Men
Authors: Junlong Zhang, Helen Holt, Chunli Wang, Omar H. Hadid, Christopher D. Byrne
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

The insulin-sensitizing effect of adiponectin (1–4) is mediated via adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) (5). AdipoR1 is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, whereas AdipoR2 is also expressed in the liver, with lower levels of expression in skeletal muscle (5). Both receptors are expressed in adipose tissue (6) and pancreatic β-cells (7). It has been shown recently that expression of AdipoRs in human skeletal muscle is correlated with insulin sensitivity (8). Because central obesity is associated with insulin resistance, we have undertaken detailed measurements of body fatness with bioimpedance, dual-energy X-ray absorbtiometry (DEXA), and five-slice magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) through the abdomen. We have determined whether expression of AdipoRs was associated with body fatness and in particular with measures of central obesity.

The study protocol was undertaken with local research ethics committee approval, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Fifteen middle-aged (42–64, mean age 53.2 ± 5.8 years), healthy Caucasian men with a wide range of BMIs (21–39 kg/m2, 30.63 ± 5.48) were recruited. Waist circumference was measured over bare skin midway between the costal margin and the iliac crest. Percentage of body fat was measured using bioelectrical impedance (Bodystat 1500; Bodystat, Isle of Man, U.K.). DEXA scanning was undertaken on a Delphi W instrument (Hologic, Bedford, MA) using a standard …
Watchdog gives examples of how NHS can save 20bn over three years
Authors: A. O'Dowd
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Doctors and NHS organisations have been given an internet resource with 75 examples of quality and productivity to help improve their efficiency and save money.

The Quality and Productivity collection was published on 2 December by NHS Evidence—the online source of free information for healthcare staff provided by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), the clinical standards watchdog.

The collection is made up of 75 examples gathered from healthcare professionals of practices shown to achieve efficiency savings while also improving the quality of the service. It is hoped that others …
Production of epidermal damage in mammalian skins by some simple aluminium compounds
Authors: A.B.G. LANSDOWN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1973)

Journal Article Production of epidermal damage in mammalian skins by some simple aluminium compounds Get access A.B.G. LANSDOWN A.B.G. LANSDOWN The British Industrial Biological Research Association, Woodmansterne Road, Carshalton, Surrey Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 89, Issue 1, 1 July 1973, Page 67, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb01919.x Published: 01 July 1973 Article history Accepted: 02 January 1973 Published: 01 July 1973
Epidemiology of cardiac actin and desmin gene mutations in a European population of dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: F. Tesson, N. Sylvius, P. Andrea, L. Duboscq‐Bidot, M. Peuchmaurd, C. Bouchier, A. Benaiche, L. Mangin, P. Charron, A. Gavazzi, L. Tavazzi, E. Arbustini, M. Komajda
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2000)
A Prospective Study of the Association Between Quantity and Variety of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Andrew J. Cooper, Stephen J. Sharp, Marleen A.H. Lentjes, Robert N. Luben, Kay-Tee Khaw, Nicholas J. Wareham, Nita G. Forouhi
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

The association between quantity of fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not clear, and the relationship with variety of intake is unknown. The current study examined the association of both quantity and variety of F&V intake and risk of T2D.
Association between stressful life events and exacerbation in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis
Authors: David C Mohr, Stacey L Hart, Laura Julian, Darcy Cox, Daniel Pelletier
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Abstract Objective To quantify the association between stressful life events and exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Data sources PubMed, PsychInfo, and Psychological Abstracts searched for empirical papers from 1965 to February 2003 with terms “stress”, “trauma”, and “multiple sclerosis”. Review methods Three investigators independently reviewed papers for inclusion/exclusion criteria and extracted the relevant data, including methods, sample statistics, and outcomes. Results Of 20 studies identified, 14 were included. The meta-analysis showed a significant increase in risk of exacerbation in multiple sclerosis after stressful life events, with a weighted average effect size of d = 0.53 (95% confidence interval 0.40 to 0.65), P &lt; 0.0001. The studies were homogenous, q = 16.62, p = 0.22, i 2 = 21.8%. Neither sampling nor study methods had any effect on study outcomes. Conclusions There is a consistent association between stressful life events and subsequent exacerbation in multiple sclerosis. However these data do not allow the linking of specific stressors to exacerbations nor should they be used to infer that patients are responsible for their exacerbations. Investigation of the psychological, neuroendocrine, and immune mediators of stressful life events on exacerbation may lead to new behavioural and pharmacological strategies targeting potential links between stress and exacerbation.
Evaluation of serum ferritin as a marker for adult Still's disease activity.
Authors: M Schwarz-Eywill, B Heilig, H Bauer, A Breitbart, A Pezzutto
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

Extremely high serum ferritin values (greater than 10,000 micrograms/l) were detected in two patients with adult Still9s disease. The ferritin concentrations decreased to normal after adequate treatment. During a one year follow up ferritin concentration was helpful in monitoring disease activity and guiding decisions about treatment. Raised concentrations of soluble interleukin 2 receptors (sCD25) were also found. Detection of ferritin values above 3000 micrograms/l should lead to the consideration of Still9s disease when there is an acute febrile illness without evidence for bacterial or viral infections, serum ferritin being suitable for monitoring treatment.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compared With Ileocolonoscopy in Evaluating Disease Severity in Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Jasper Florie, Karin Horsthuis, Daniel W. Hommes, C. Yung Nio, Johannes B. Reitsma, Sander J. van Deventer, Jaap Stoker
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2005)
Symptomatic Dystonia as a Complication of Encephalopathy in Africans
Authors: T. A. Lambo
Journal: BMJ (1957)

This paper describes five cases of symptomatic dystonia complicating encephalopathy with mental defect in indigenous Africans.In the original description of his case Thomalla (1918) used the general term "dystonia lenticularis" to include double athetosis, pseudosclerosis (Westphal-Strumpell), Wilson's disease, and torsion spasm.Under this general term I present two cases of torsion spasm, two with double athetosis, and one with Westphal's pseudosclerotic clinical features, all showing mental defect and a clinical mixture of related syn- dromes.In these patients dystonia, their predominant feature, was symptomatic of a definite illness such as encephalitis lethargica or other affection of the basal ganglia; unlike Ziehen-Oppenheim disease, dystonia musculorum deformans, which is of unknown aetiology.Dystonia is not uncommon as the presenting symp- tom in some cases of Wilson's disease, and C. de Lange in 1945 (quoted by Reese, 1946), stated that torsion spasm has also been encountered in a case of tuber- culoma of the fronto-parietal region.But Wilson's disease and torsion dystonia have never been described outside Europe and America, and certainly not in indigenous Africans.Torsion spasm is a condition of comparative rarity.So far as I can trace, some 62 cases have been recorded, mostly in Germany and America, since Schwalbe (1908) and Ziehen (1911) first drew attention to it.Blandy (1920) described the first case in England, admitted to the National Hospital, Queen Square, London.How- ever, with the exception of Wimmer (1921), who described the mental condition of his patient as " very slightly impaired," and of Taylor (1920), who noted " progressive mental enfeeblement " in his Case 2, all authors have failed to mention the coexistence of mental defect and dystonia lenticularis.Brain (1955) stated that psychical changes are absent, and Wechsler (1947) observed that mentality is normal.Also Purves-Stewart and Worster-Drought (1952) pointed out that there is no mental impairment.Most of the earlier cases and opinions supported a con- ception of a nosological entity, consequent upon familial or racial degenerative process, ab origine in the corpus striatum.But in this connexion Meyer and Cook's (1936) cases are important.They described two per- sonal cases of status marmoratus (etat marbre'), both of which were said to be the subjects of a severe degree of mental defect and quadriplegia from infancy.Their first patient suffered also from generalized fits, torsion dystonia, and choreo-athetosis.These observations favour the conception of multiple aetiological factors causing similar syndromes rather than the existence of separate nosological entities.Four of the five cases presented here were post- encephalitic and had a noteworthy degree of mental defect.The existence of an infective process is doubtful