tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Serogroup Y Meningococcal Disease in Chicago, 1991-1997
Authors: Judith A. Racoosin
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.—In 1994, surveillance by the Chicago Department of Public Health detected a growing trend in the proportion of invasive meningococcal infections caused by serogroup Y.Objective.—To examine the emergence of serogroup Y meningococcal disease and compare its clinical characteristics with those of other meningococcal serogroups.Design.—Population-based retrospective review of surveillance records; medical record review and cohort analysis of serogroup Y vs non–serogroup Y case patients.Setting.—Chicago, Ill.Participants.—City residents with Neisseria meningitidis isolated from a normally sterile site from January 1, 1991, through December 31, 1997; cohort analysis included those identified through March 31, 1996.Main Outcome Measures.—Serogroup-specific incidence, demographics, and clinical outcomes.Results.—We identified 214 case patients; 53 (25%) had serogroup Y. The attack rate of serogroup Y meningococcal disease increased from 0.04 cases per 100,000 in 1991 to a peak of 0.82 cases per 100,000 in 1995 and subsequently decreased to 0.26 cases per 100,000 and 0.34 cases per 100,000 in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Compared with patients infected by other serogroups, patients with serogroup Y were older (median age, 16 years vs 1 year; P = .001) and more likely to have a chronic underlying illness (prevalence ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.4). Outcome did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis typing of isolates from 19 case patients identified 5 different types. We found no clustering among the enzyme types by age, race/ethnicity, community area, or time.Conclusions.—Serogroup Y emerged as the most frequent cause of meningococcal disease in Chicago in 1995 and accounted for a substantial proportion of cases in 1996 and 1997. Current data suggest that the magnitude of serogroup Y meningococcal disease is sufficient for vaccine developers to incorporate serogroup Y into new vaccines.
Monitoring Cerebral Function: Clinical Experience with New Device for Continuous Recording of Electrical Activity of Brain
Authors: P. F. Prior, D. E. Maynard, P. C. Sheaff, B. R. Simpson, L. Strunin, E. J. M. Weaver, D. F. Scott
Journal: BMJ (1971)

A device, the cerebral function monitor, provides a continuous record of the electrical activity of the brain occurring at frequencies from 2 to 15 Hz. It is relatively cheap, portable, and easy to use and interpret. The apparatus has proved of value in three circumstances: firstly, when the cerebral circulation is likely to be vulnerable during open heart surgery; secondly, as a measure of recovery or deterioration following brain damage or drug overdose; and thirdly, where information about more physiological changes in cerebral function is required, for instance when testing anaesthetic and hypnotic drugs.
Analogy as relational priming: The challenge of self-reflection
Authors: Andrea Cheshire, Linden J. Ball, Charlie N. Lewis
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract Despite its strengths, Leech et al.'s model fails to address the important benefits that derive from self-explanation and task feedback in analogical reasoning development. These components encourage explicit, self-reflective processes that do not necessarily link to knowledge accretion. We wonder, therefore, what mechanisms can be included within a connectionist framework to model self-reflective involvement and its beneficial consequences.
The rationale of the ABCDs of early melanoma
Authors: Darrell S. Rigel, Robert J. Friedman
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1993)

gates of basaloid cells arranged in palisades.Trichofolliculoma shows even more follicular differentiation, and primary and secondary types of hair follicles appear to radiate peripherally from the central space and often demonstrate hair papilla formation.Other features USlIally include inner and outer root sheath development.Finally, mitotic figures as seen in our case are unusual in both trichoepithelioma and trichofolliculoma.Clearly, our lesion seems to be less differentiated than either of these two adnexal tumors.Whether the tumor we described is basal cell carcinoma or a follicular appendage tumor, we strongly emphasize the importance of microscopic examination of all fibroepithelial polyps.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of variceal ligation vs. beta-blockers for primary prevention of variceal bleeding
Authors: Thomas F. Imperiale, Robert W. Klein, Naga Chalasani
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Although both β-blockade (BB) and endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) are used for primary prevention of variceal bleeding (VB) in patients with cirrhosis with moderate to large esophageal varices (EVs), the more cost-effective option is uncertain. We created a Markov decision model to compare BB and EVL in such patients, examining both cost-effectiveness (cost per life year [LY]) and cost-utility (cost per quality-adjusted life year [QALY]). Outcomes included cost per LY, cost per QALY, proportions of persons with VB, TIPS, and all-cause mortality. EVL and BB were compared using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR). When considering only LYs, initial EVL exceeds the benchmark of $50,000/LY, with an ICER of $98,407. However, when quality of life (QoL) is considered, EVL is cost-effective compared to BB (ICUR of $25,548/QALY). In sensitivity analysis, EVL is cost-effective if the yearly risk of EV bleeding is ≥ 0.26 (base case 0.15), the relative risk of bleeding on BB is ≥ 0.69 (base case 0.58), or if the relative risk of bleeding with EVL is < 0.27 (base case 0.35). The ICUR favored EVL unless the relative risk of bleeding on BB is < 0.46, the relative risk of bleeding with EVL is > 0.46, or the time horizon is ≤ 24 months. Whether EVL is "cost-effective" relative to BB therapy for primary prevention of EV bleeding depends on whether LYs or QALYs are considered. If only LYs are considered, then EVL is not cost-effective compared to BB therapy; however, if QoL is considered, then EVL is cost-effective. (HEPATOLOGY 2007;45:870–878.)
Endogenous Cell Seeding
Authors: Campbell Rogers, Sahil Parikh, Philip Seifert, Elazer R. Edelman
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Endothelial integrity is essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis, and endothelial denudation results in neointimal thickening. Balloon-expandable endovascular stents provide a luminal scaffolding within atherosclerotic arteries with minimal direct contact between balloon and endothelium. We wondered whether stents cause diminished endothelial ablation, and if so, whether the degree of endothelial damage might determine later proliferative sequelae. Methods and Results Stainless steel stents were expanded in normal or previously denuded iliac arteries of New Zealand White rabbits. Stented arteries were harvested 15 minutes, 1 hour, 3 days, or 14 days later. En face staining of the luminal surfaces of stented arteries demonstrated that endothelial cell loss began immediately after stent expansion and was restricted to interstices between stent struts. Remnant endothelium adjacent to struts provided the foundation for complete endothelial regeneration of the stented segment within 3 days. Both early monocyte adhesion and later intimal macrophage accumulation were reduced &gt;80% in nonballooned but stented arteries, in concert with a twofold reduction in intimal thickening after 14 days, compared with arteries completely denuded with a balloon before stent expansion. Conclusions It is accepted that deep injury caused by balloon-expanded endovascular stents is a critical contributor to experimental stent-induced neointimal hyperplasia. Our data indicate that the degree of endothelial injury may also be an important component of vascular repair after stenting and an important consideration in stent and balloon design and use. The use of stents for primary endovascular intervention may allow partial retention of endothelium within treated arteries, thereby modulating vascular repair with less need for adjunctive pharmacological therapy.
Abstract C13: Novel molecular targets for breast cancer stem cells involved in HER-PI3K signaling
Authors: Noriko Gotoh
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are responsible for breast tumorigenesis. To develop more effective cancer therapies, it would be reasonable to target molecules that have a critical role in the maintenance of BCSCs. However, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying BCSC properties is limited. We have previously shown that heregulin (HRG), a ligand for HER3, induced tumorsphere formation of breast cancer cells through a phosphatidyl inositol 3 (PI3) kinase pathway (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 109, p6584, 2012). To examine dynamic changes in gene expression patterns by stimulation of HER/PI3 kinase signaling, we performed time series microarray analyses under condition of HRG treatment and/or PI3 kinase inhibition by using a specific inhibitor, and obtained a HER/PI3 kinase gene signature that includes 635 genes. We found that the HER/PI3 kinase gene signature is more enriched in high-grade breast tumors than in low-grade tumors and is associated with high-risk patients for relapse. We found that several growth factors, cytokines and cytoplasmic molecules among the molecules in the HER/PI3 kinase gene signature, play important roles for tumorsphere formation derived from the clinical samples form the breast cancer patients. These findings suggest that novel molecular targets for BCSCs can be found in the HER/PI3 kinase signature. Citation Format: Noriko Gotoh. Novel molecular targets for breast cancer stem cells involved in HER-PI3K signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr C13.
Social media attacks on public health advocates
Authors: M. McKee
Journal: BMJ (2014)

How big corporations are helping to fund the internet trolls



For those who advocate for healthy public policies, social media are both a blessing and a curse. They offer a means of communicating instantly to large audiences. Yet they also offer the opportunity for those seeking to undermine public health to undermine you. Your words are taken out of context and twisted. You are insulted and abused on Twitter. Most of us soon realise that this is the price to be paid for taking a stand and refuse to engage with our attackers, whose main aim seems to be to provoke a hostile response that they can ruthlessly exploit. We rapidly become adept at using Twitter’s “block” function.

But who is behind these attacks? It is not always easy to know, as many shelter behind the anonymity afforded by the web. Some are clearly extreme libertarians, opposed to any role for the state and, especially, anything that gets in the way of the right of informed adults to engage …
THE DIURNAL VARIATION OF WATER VAPOUR LOSS FROM THE SKIN IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE
Authors: D. SPRUIT
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1971)

SUMMARY.— The water vapour loss from irritated and non-irritated skin sites was determined twice daily during a period of 19–42 days after the irritation. Diurnal variation of skin temperature gives anomalous values for water vapour loss but does not account for anomalous activation energies.
Evidence of Desensitization by Sublingual Immunotherapy in Peanut-Allergic Children
Authors: E.H. Kim, J.A. Bird, M. Kulis, S.S. Laubach, W.G. Shreffler, L. Pons, P.H. Steele, J. Kamilaris, B.P. Vickery, A.W. Burks
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Intrarenal Distribution of Blood Flow in Man
Authors: JUGORO TAKEUCHI, ISAO ISHIKAWA, TOHRU INASAKA, SHUICHIRO SAKAI, AKIRA SHINODA, AKIRA TAKADA, NOBORU HAMADA
Journal: Circulation (1970)

To measure blood flow through fast and slow pathways of the kidney separately, a new method of analyzing dye-dilution curves was devised. Twenty-five patients with hypertension or renal disease were selected for study. Indocyanine green was injected into one renal artery and dye-dilution curves were recorded in blood from the ipsilateral renal vein, using a densitometer. Recirculation effect was eliminated by the curve obtained from the contralateral renal vein. For analyzing the dyedilution curves, a new mathematical model and an iterative least squares method of fitting the curve using a digital computer were employed. Basic assumption for the model was that the transit time of each molecule of the dye through fast and slow pathways was a random variable and followed a log-normal distribution. The fast flow measured by the new method was significantly decreased in 11 patients with azotemia compared with that in 14 without azotemia, while changes in slow flow were not significant. Consequently, the ratio of the slow flow to the total flow was increased in renal failure.
Epidemiologic Assessment of the Role of Blood Pressure in Stroke
Authors: Niels A. Lassen
Journal: JAMA (1996)

IN 1970 William B. Kannel and his coworkers, Philip Wolf, Joel Verter, and Patricia McNamara, published in THE JOURNAL their important report from Framingham, Mass, on risk factors for stroke in a population followed prospectively for 14 years.<sup>1</sup>At that time, hypertension, diabetes, and cigarette smoking had already been recognized as being the main risk factors, but the Framingham Study was among the first large-scale epidemiologic studies that followed a healthy adult population year after year, observed the diseases as they arose, and correlated them to a variety of possible risk factors. The study was initiated in 1949 by Thomas R. Dawber from the National Heart Institute. It involved about 50% of adult residents aged 30 to 62 years, a total of 5209 subjects in the small township of Framingham. Its primary goal was to elucidate risks for heart disease, but soon stroke was given equal importance. The results
Malignant chondroid syringoma presenting as multiple pulmonary nodules
Authors: J. L. Kiely, B. Dunne, M. McCabe, W. T. McNicholas
Journal: Thorax (1997)

Malignant chondroid syringoma, a very rare tumour, presenting with multiple pulmonary metastases in a 50 year old woman is described. Initial diagnostic confusion with pulmonary hamartoma occurred due to histopathological similarities. However, re-examination of a skin biopsy specimen taken 17 years previously from a hand lesion yielded the necessary information to identify the pulmonary lesions definitively as metastases from the original skin lesion. The features of this very rare indolent tumour are described.
Sensitivity of Radionuclide Brain Imaging and Computerized Transaxial Tomography in Detecting Subdural Hematoma
Authors: MUHAMMAD ABDEL RAZZAK, FAYSAL MUDARRIS, JAMES H. CHRISTIE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1980)

In a series of 23 patients with surgically proven subdural hematoma of durations ranging between two days to seven months, the detection rate of Tc-99m-pertechnetate brain imaging was higher than computerized transaxial tomography (CT). With dynamic perfusion scanning, the detection rate was 71.5%. However, when combined with sequential static images obtained at 10 minutes, 2 hours and 3-4 hours, the detection rate rose to 92% regardless of the duration of the disease. In contrast, CT demonstrated the hematoma in 52% of the cases. In another 28% the diagnosis was suggested through nonconclusive evidence or presence of contralateral shift of midline structures. Lastly, the result of CT scanning was dependent on the size of the subdural hematoma as evaluated at the time of operation.
Noncommunicable Diseases and Injuries: Action Needed in South Asia Too
Authors: Ali Khan Khuwaja, Riaz Qureshi, Zafar Fatmi
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

s PLoS Medicine, Daniel Reidpath and Kit Yee Chan challenge the widely cited link between HIV-related stigma and the spread of the epidemic [1].This is an important question, given the heavy emphasis on stigma in policies of the World Health Organization, the Joint United Programme on HIV/AIDS, and other public health institutions, but in making their argument Reidpath and Chan misrepresent the connections that other authors have made between stigma and viral transmission, ignore evidence that does suggest an association, and propose a model of their own for which they offer no evidence.HIV infection establishes itself fi rst in certain high-risk groups-men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users, sex workers, mobile populations-and only later moves into the general population.In the early stages of the epidemic, stigma facilitates transmission within high-risk groups, because these already marginalized groups receive little attention from policy makers and the health-care community and are further discriminated against when they are identifi ed with HIV and AIDS [2].Stigma also prevents or makes it more diffi cult for members of high-risk groups to access preventive services, including HIV antibody testing [3].Reidpath and Chan distort this dynamic by describing a model in which stigma leads to fear which leads to unsafe behavior.We know of no one who suggests that stigma causes sex between men or intravenous drug use.Instead, there is evidence that HIV-related stigma makes it diffi cult for people to take actions to reduce their risks; for example, by accessing HIV education [4], exchanging needles [5], and negotiating condom use [6].Stigma may even lead women who know they are HIV positive to breast-feed their infants rather than arouse suspicion of their serostatus through formula feeding [7].This undoubtedly increases the risk of vertical viral transmission.Reidpath and Chan go on to propose that stigma may actually "slow the spread of infection from those [highrisk] groups to the general population."Although there is a plausible logic to this suggestion, there is no evidence for it.Even if stigma does reduce the opportunities that marginalized groups have to transmit HIV to the broader population, this would have little effect on the dynamics of a generalized epidemic.While they recognize that stigma presents a barrier to the treatment and care of people living with HIV, Reidpath and Chan fail to recognize the association this may have with increased transmission.HIV-related stigma discourages people from disclosing their status, entering care, and adhering to antiretroviral regimens, all of which represent missed opportunities for prevention.Around the world HIV capitalizes on and reinforces social stigma and discrimination, especially the low status of women.Defeating the epidemic requires an honest examination of all these phenomena and interventions that target both the virus itself and its widespread social impacts.
MORPHINE IN MYXEDEMA
Authors: Edward B. Benedict
Journal: JAMA (1930)

In a previous communication, Lund and I<sup>1</sup>reported a series of experiments in which it was shown that the depressing effect of morphine on the rate of metabolism was greater in rabbits after they had been thyroidectomized than before, and that morphine had almost no effect in the same rabbits when they had been rendered thyrotoxic by thyroid feeding. In other words, it appeared that the action of morphine is intensified by the hypothyroid state and diminished by the hyperthyroid state. These studies were undertaken because of an experience with a patient of Dr. F. B. Lund's, who, after receiving a routine dose of one-sixth grain (11 mg.) of morphine in preparation for laparotomy, went into coma and had a marked slowing of respiration which lasted for more than eight hours. The patient further gave a history of similar episodes on two prior occasions. On search for a cause
Differential Patterns of Apoptosis in Resolving and Nonresolving Bacterial Pneumonia
Authors: JEFFREY A. KAZZAZ, STUART HOROWITZ, JING XU, POONAM KHULLAR, MICHAEL S. NIEDERMAN, ALAN M. FEIN, ZAHRA ZAKERI, LIN LIN, GREGORY C. RHODES
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Infection with either Streptococcus sanguis or Streptococcus pneumoniae type 25 causes acute pneumonitis in rats. Pneumonia caused by S. sanguis resolves over the course of 8 d, whereas pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae type 25 progresses to fibrosis. To examine the role of apoptosis in these models, we performed assays with the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-uridine nucleotide end-labeling technique on tissue sections from rat lungs at various times, and quantified the results with image analysis. Apoptosis was a feature of both the acute and resolving stages of pneumonia. The pattern and extent of apoptosis were similar in both models during the acute stage, and the number of apoptotic nuclei increased in both models through 4 d after infection. Although there were differences in the cellular pattern of apoptosis after 2 d and 4 d of infection, the extent of apoptosis was the same in both models. After 8 d, major differences were observed. In the resolving model, apoptosis was limited primarily to an abscess in the base of the lung. In the nonresolving model, apoptosis was persistent. We also found that cyclin-dependent kinase-5 expression is upregulated during apoptosis induced by bacterial infection. These data indicate that the location and timing of apoptosis may determine whether pneumonia resolves or progresses to fibrosis.
American Diabetes Association Indications for Statins in Diabetes
Authors: Roy Eldor, Itamar Raz
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of care for diabetes state that statin therapy should be initiated in individuals with diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors with a target LDL cholesterol of <100 mg/dl. Furthermore, a possible target LDL of <70 mg/dl is stated in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this mini-review, we examine the evidence that exists regarding LDL cholesterol–based treatment goals in individuals with diabetes. From our review of the current literature, it is evident that the majority of clinical trials were designed using a fixed dose of statins and not in an LDL cholesterol–based “treat-to-target” approach (thus differing from the common design of blood glucose control trials). This leads us to reassess the current guidelines with special emphasis on the very-low-risk and very-high-risk individuals with diabetes, where the evidence is less robust. We conclude that in this subset of individuals with diabetes, statin therapy should be based on the existing evidence and prescribed in a fixed-dose manner.

Published yearly, the ADA standards of clinical care portray the principle guidelines of diabetes care based on the constantly evolving body of evidence for the treatment of patients with diabetes. The 2008 standards of care state the following for statin use in diabetic individuals (1): 

1.  Statin therapy should be added to lifestyle therapy, regardless of baseline lipid levels, for diabetic patients a ) with overt cardiovascular disease (CVD) (A: level of evidence as described in the ADA evidence-grading system [Table 1]); the primary goal is an LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dl (<2.6 mmol/l) (A); a lower LDL cholesterol goal of 70 mg/dl (1.8 mmol/l), using a high dose of a statin, is an option (E); and b ) without CVD who are over the age of 40 years and have one or more other CVD risk factor. The …
New Trial Designs and Potential Therapies for Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
Authors: Mardi Gomberg-Maitland, Todd M. Bull, Rajeev Saggar, Robyn J. Barst, Amany Elgazayerly, Thomas R. Fleming, Friedrich Grimminger, Maurizio Rainisio, Duncan J. Stewart, Norman Stockbridge, Carlo Ventura, Ardeschir H. Ghofrani, Lewis J. Rubin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults
Authors: Jerome L. Fleg, Daniel E. Forman, Kathy Berra, Vera Bittner, James A. Blumenthal, Michael A. Chen, Susan Cheng, Dalane W. Kitzman, Mathew S. Maurer, Michael W. Rich, Win-Kuang Shen, Mark A. Williams, Susan J. Zieman
Journal: Circulation (2013)

The American Heart Association makes every