tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Revised concept for the estimation of insulin sensitivity from a single sample.
Authors: E Raynaud, A Perez-Martin, J F Brun, A A Benhaddad, J Mercier
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

Insulin resistance is common in the general population and is related to glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and high blood pre s s u re. Accurate and re p ro d u c i b l e methods for measuring insulin sensitivity in vivo, such as the euglycemic clamp or the minimal model pro c e d u re, re q u i re trained personnel and are rather expensive (1). There is undoubtedly a need for simpler tests, especially in the field of larg e epidemiological studies. The circ u l a t i n g level of insulin has been widely used as a s u rrogate for insulin sensitivity, since a high plasma insulin concentration is supposed to re flect a state of insulin re s i stance, when the insulin-glucose feedback is considered. Diff e rent indexes have been p roposed from baseline values of plasma insulin and glucose. Actually, there is a paradox concerning this approach, since both the product of fasting insulin and fasting glucose and their ratio are found to be correlated with insulin sensitivity. R e c e n t l y, Kahn et al. (2) supported the concept that a hyperbolic relationship existed between fasting insulin and insulin sensitivi t y. Such a relationship could be described by a formula on the model of insulin sensitivity (SI) = a/insulin (I), where the coeff icient a would be a constant. There f o re, the general ratio a/I could be proposed as a new index of insulin sensitivity. First, we tried to determine a value for
Treatment of Infective Hepatitis with Methionine
Authors: G. Higgins, J. R. P. O'Brien, R. A. Peters, A. Stewart, L. J. Witts
Journal: BMJ (1945)

m:. MI C:AL J OU,RN%\L may be due to nutritional factors.The rarity of this complication would make it extremely difficult to decide this point.It has been stated (Cohen, 1944) that methionine undoubtedly has beneficial effects in " subacute necrosis " of the liver.The proof of this would again demand a large and well-controlled series of cases.In our limited experience methionine has been ineffective in patients who had already developed symptoms of hepatic failure.Summary Five gramrres of methionine has been administered daily by mouth to altemate cases in a series of 100 Service patients with infective hepatitis.A comparison of clinical and biochemical criteria has shown no significant effect on the severity or duration of the disease or on the incidence of relapses.
Surgical salvage of failed radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulae: Techniques and results in 29 patients
Authors: David D. Oakes, John P. Sherck, Luther F. Cobb
Journal: Kidney International (1998)

From August 1987 through February 1995 we performed 42 surgical procedures in 29 patients with occluded or stenotic radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulae. Operations were designed to preserve native veins for cannulation (Group I) or to preserve access in the same forearm, bypassing the failed fistula (Group II). For 27 procedures in 22 Group I patients, cumulative primary patency was 70%, 57%, and 47% at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. A subgroup of patients was identified, however, in whom excellent results could be reliably predicted. Among 19 hemodynamically stable patients with mature fistulae amendable to more proximal arteriovenous anastomoses, cumulative primary patency was 100%, 81%, and 67% at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. Secondary patency for 17 such patients was 100%, 89% and 89% for these same intervals. In Group II only two of ten patients required use of other access sites (9 1/2, 18 1/2 months). We believe that all occluded or stenotic radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulae should be considered for surgical salvage. Excellent results can be predicted for (1) hemodynamically stable patients with (2) mature fistulae that (3) fail near the arterial anastomosis and are (4) amendable to new more proximal arteriovenous anastomoses.
Reviews, Notes, and Listings: Seven Hells
Authors: Henry Schneiderman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Literature of Medicine15 March 1993Reviews, Notes, and Listings: Seven HellsHenry Schneiderman, MDHenry Schneiderman, MDUniversity of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-6-199303150-00028 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Seven HellsThaddeus Stabholz. Translated by Jacques Grunblatt and Hilda R. Grunblatt. 361 pages. New York: Holocaust Library; 1991. $12.95.In September 1939, Thaddeus Stabholz was wrenched out of a Polish medical school by the German invasion and its aftermath. He was interred in the Warsaw Ghetto and contributed to the uprising until he was captured. Bereft of his murdered family and fiancee and starved nearly to death, Stabholz stayed alive, somehow, in the concentration camps. After the war, he wrote Seven Hells, a cogent, straightforward and unforgettable report, from a Displaced Persons camp. He then emigrated to the United States, attended ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 March 1993Volume 118, Issue 6Page: 477KeywordsAttentionBehaviorChildrenCyclic adenosine monophosphateEmotionsHospital medicineLibrariesPrimary care physicians Issue Published: 15 March 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Hypothyroidism is still prevalent in India despite promotion of iodised salt, study shows
Authors: S. Bagcchi
Journal: BMJ (2013)

India has a high prevalence of hypothyroidism, which affects one in 10 people, a study says.1 This compares with a prevalence of less than 2% in the United Kingdom and less than 5% in the United States.2 3

The study’s authors express surprise at India’s prevalence because in recent years the government has promoted consumption of iodised salt.

Published in the Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism , the study looked at 5360 adults in eight major Indian cities: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Goa, Mumbai, Hyderabad, …
ABC of colorectal cancer: Treatment of advanced disease
Authors: A. Young
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Advanced colorectal cancer can be defined as colorectal cancer that at presentation or recurrence is either metastatic or so locally advanced that surgical resection is unlikely to be carried out with curative intent. Despite most patients undergoing potentially curative surgery and the availability of adjuvant chemotherapy, about 50% of patients presenting with colorectal adenocarcinoma die from subsequent metastatic disease. The five year survival rate for advanced colorectal cancer is lower than 5%. In the past few years several therapeutic advances—underpinned by multiprofessional, site specialised team working—have finally changed the view that advanced colorectal cancer is an untreatable disease. Although cytotoxic chemotherapy is not suitable for all patients, widespread use in appropriate situations can improve survival and quality of life Local recurrence of a tumour is more common in rectal than colon primaries. It may be identified early in the asymptomatic phase by follow up monitoring or may present with similar symptoms to the primary lesion. Blood loss through the rectum, mucous discharge, altered bowel habit, and straining are common features of recurrent rectal cancer. Pain and urinary symptoms are features of localised pelvic recurrence. Recurrent intra-abdominal disease can present as small or large bowel obstruction, and recurrence at other sites may be indicated by focal features such as hepatic capsular pain, jaundice, dyspnoea, localised bone pain, or neurological symptoms. Systemic features of weight loss, anorexia, nausea, and asthenia are symptoms commonly associated with advanced colorectal cancer. The tumour is often palpable on rectal or abdominal examination, and malignant ascites may also be evident. #### Clinical presentation
Alpha IFN plus ketoprofen versus IFN alone in naive patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC)
Authors: P. Fabris, P. Benedetti, C. Stecca, G. Tositti, C. Bettini, A. Carlotto, M. Rassu, D. Infantolino, G.P. Pellizzer, F. de Lalla
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Incorporation of an Internal Ribosome Entry Site–Dependent Mechanism in Arsenic-Induced GADD45α Expression
Authors: Qingshan Chang, Deepak Bhatia, Yadong Zhang, Terry Meighan, Vince Castranova, Xianglin Shi, Fei Chen
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract We have previously shown that trivalent arsenic (arsenite, As3+) is able to induce GADD45α expression in human bronchial epithelial cells through activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and nucleolin-dependent mRNA stabilization. In the present report, we show that As3+ is capable of inducing translation of the GADD45α protein through a cap-independent, or rather, an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)–dependent mechanism. In growth-arrested cells, As3+ elevated the GADD45α protein level in a dose- and time-dependent manner which did not correlate with the GADD45α mRNA expression. Pretreatment of the cells with rapamycin, an inhibitor for the cap-dependent translation machinery through the suppression of mTOR and p70S6 kinase, failed to affect the induction of the GADD45α protein induced by As3+. Sequence analysis revealed a potential IRES element in the 5′-untranslated region of the GADD45α mRNA. This IRES element in the 5′-untranslated region of the GADD45α mRNA is functional in mediating As3+-induced translation of the GADD45α protein in a dicistronic reporter gene activity assay. Immunoprecipitation and proteomic studies suggest that As3+ impairs the assembly of the cap-dependent initiating complex for general protein translation but increases the association of human elongation factor 2 and human heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotin with this complex. Thus, these results suggest that in growth-arrested cells, As3+ is still capable of inducing GADD45α expression through an IRES-dependent translational regulation. [Cancer Res 2007;67(13):6146–54]
Prevalence of Diagnosed Arthritis and Arthritis-Attributable Activity Limitation Among Adults With and Without Diagnosed Diabetes: United States, 2008–2010
Authors: Yiling J. Cheng, Giuseppina Imperatore, Carl J. Caspersen, Edward W. Gregg, Ann L. Albright, Charles G. Helmick
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

To estimate the prevalence of diagnosed arthritis among U.S. adults and the proportion of arthritis-attributable activity limitation (AAAL) among those with arthritis by diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) status.We estimated prevalences and their ratios using 2008-2010 U.S. National Health Interview Survey of noninstitutionalized U.S. adults aged ≥ 18 years. Respondents' arthritis and DM status were both based on whether they reported a diagnosis of these diseases. Other characteristics used for stratification or adjustment included age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, BMI, and physical activity level.Among adults with DM, the unadjusted prevalences of arthritis and proportion of AAAL among adults with arthritis (national estimated cases in parentheses) were 48.1% (9.6 million) and 55.0% (5.3 million), respectively. After adjusting for other characteristics, the prevalence ratios of arthritis and of AAAL among arthritic adults with versus without DM (95% CI) were 1.44 (1.35-1.52) and 1.21 (1.15-1.28), respectively. The prevalence of arthritis increased with age and BMI and was higher for women, non-Hispanic whites, and inactive adults compared with their counterparts both among adults with and without DM (all P values < 0.05). Among adults with diagnosed DM and arthritis, the proportion of AAAL was associated with being obese, but was not significantly associated with age, sex, and race/ethnicity.Among U.S. adults with diagnosed DM, nearly half also have diagnosed arthritis; moreover, more than half of those with both diseases had AAAL. Arthritis can be a barrier to physical activity among adults with diagnosed DM.
Aortic Valve Replacement With and Without Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: THEODORE B. BERNDT, E. W. HANCOCK, NORMAN E. SHUMWAY, DONALD C. HARRISON
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Twenty-eight patients who underwent aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafts (group A) were compared, with respect to clinical presentation, operative mortality and morbidity and follow-up clinical status, with 40 patients who had normal coronary arteriograms and underwent aortic valve replacement only (group B). Groups A and B had a similar incidence of angina pectoris, cardiomegaly, and radiographic evidence of congestive heart failure prior to operation. Group A had a higher incidence of positive history of congestive heart failure, electrocardiographic changes indicative of an old myocardial infarction, and pure aortic regurgitation or mixed aortic stenosis-aortic regurgitation. In patients with pure aortic stenosis, the aortic valve area was greater and the aortic valve gradient was lower when there was associated coronary artery disease. The operative mortality was 14.3% in group A; 0% in group B. Postoperative morbidity was similar, except for a higher incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction in group A (10.7% vs 0%). There have been no late deaths in group A; four in group B. In the survivors, 23 of 24 group A and 36 of 36 group B patients are in NYHA class I or II, with good relief of symptoms. We conclude that the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in aortic valve disease is difficult to make without coronary arteriography. Combined aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass graft surgery carries a higher operative mortality than aortic valve replacement or coronary artery bypass graft surgery alone, but the clinical results at 1-3 year follow-up are equally satisfactory.
Acetazolamide and Glaucoma
Authors: Victor Goodside
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The use of acetazolamide (Diamox) as a diuretic carries with it implications and dangers of which many physicians are insufficiently aware. The drug is contraindicated in individuals with chronic narrow-angle glaucoma since its potent action in diminishing aqueous production serves to maintain normal intraocular tension even as peripheral anterior synechiae are building up. A similar mechanism may apply in persons with very shallow anterior chambers whose outflow mechanism is on the verge of embarrassment or even where minor elevations of tension occur with barely recognizable symptoms. In these individuals, the use of the drug may mask the occlusive process in the angle of the anterior chamber by producing and maintaining a normal intraocular tension. Accordingly, it is my feeling that acetazolamide should never be used except with the endorsement of the ophthalmologist, or where the physician is assured of the depth of the anterior chamber. These considerations
Granulocyte/macrophage colony‐stimulating factor increases wound‐fluid interleukin 8 in normal subjects but does not accelerate wound healing
Authors: None Ure, None Partsch, None Wolff, None Petzelbauer
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is thought to play an important part under conditions of impaired wound healing. This is not confirmed and it is also unknown whether GM-CSF affects wound healing in healthy subjects. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study in 10 healthy volunteers. Triplicate wounds (10 x 10 x 0.5 mm) on the right and left upper thigh were made by a razor blade and injected with GM-CSF or a solvent control. Four of the 10 volunteers were re-examined after 2 months by investigating the healing of a new set of triplicate wounds injected with solvent control alone (controls). Factors measured were wound healing time, wound-fluid cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, wound-fluid inflammatory cells and dermal thickness by ultrasonography. Intradermal injection with 20 micrograms GM-CSF per wound caused significantly higher wound-fluid GM-CSF and interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels than in controls, but did not affect the time needed for wound closure (mean 11 days in all groups), dermal thickness, wound-fluid inflammatory cells or other wound-fluid cytokines, e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 1 and beta 2, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and beta-fibroblast growth factor (beta-FGF) were not measurable in any wound fluid. The lack of efficacy of exogenously delivered GM-CSF on wound healing in healthy subjects is probably based on the failure of GM-CSF to induce 'wound-healing cytokines' like PDGF, FGF, TGF, EGF or VEGF. However, GM-CSF increases IL-8 release, which is a potent chemotactic cytokine, indicating that GM-CSF might be of therapeutic value under conditions of impaired chemotaxis.
Pathways of Human Development: Normal Growth and Emotional Disorders in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence
Authors: Alexander Thomas
Journal: JAMA (1983)

This volume provides a concise text on normal and pathological-psychological development in childhood and adolescence. In addition, there are sections on the major psychiatric disorders of these age periods, on assessment, and on treatment.  As a text, this volume has a number of virtues. It is concise and clearly written, without the all-too-frequent resort to jargon. There are brief historical surveys included in most sections and an effort to include information from anatomical, physiological, biochemical, cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, and psychoanalytic perspectives. The bibliography for each chapter is extensive in scope and quantity, although, unfortunately, there is no author index. The authors do achieve their goal of a developmental approach, including a linkage of specific types of symptom development and elaboration to the child's age-stage level of psychological and biological development. This is a welcome approach and a contrast to many psychiatric texts.  The volume, however, suffers from some serious defects.
The Bradshaw Lecture on Subjective Sensations of Sound: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London on November 5th, 1896
Authors: W R Gowers
Journal: BMJ (1896)

GENTLEMEN,-I am little likely to be mis- understood if I say that I approach the task of delivering the Bradshaw Lecture with a deep sense of sadness.It is a task Sir, that was committed to me by your predecessor in words -of personal desire which must have had for anyone and
Research in the <i>BMJ</i>
Authors: Fiona Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Some of you are upset. Some of you are even angry. No, this is not about junior doctors' training, NHS restructuring, US health care, the inhumanities in Darfur and Zimbabwe—all of which justify such emotions and more. This is about the new-look BMJ . Not everyone is upset. Readers' feedback has been overwhelmingly positive, comparing the magazine content with the best periodicals, telling us there is no longer enough time in the day to read the journal, saying you have cancelled your subscriptions to other journals—all of which is music to our ears.

No, it's researchers who are cross. You tell us that the BMJ …
Health protection and sustainable development
Authors: Jon G Ayres, Raymond Agius
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Time for joined up thinking 

The effects of environmental exposures on health have recently been addressed by two government documents: one from the Health Protection Agency (HPA) and one, on sustainable development, from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA).1 2 Although both address specific issues, they seem to have been written without reference to each other, leaving gaps in coverage and a failure to appreciate the need for a wider view of the environment and its impact on health.

The Health Protection Agency, set up in the wake of the New York terrorist attack, embraces the activities previously covered by the Public Health Laboratory Service, the National Radiological Protection Board, the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, the National Poisons Information Service, and the regional chemical hazard management groups. The plan defines 12 very broad strategic and laudable goals with which one cannot really argue (box 1).

Importantly, the plan also appreciates the need to extend the work of the agency to chronic exposures to chemicals, accepts the need for horizon scanning on the consequences of exposures to the full range of chemicals released into the environment, and the need to develop staff with the required skills. On this basis one might be forgiven for thinking that this document could be regarded as the United Kingdom's response to the European Union's call for more Europe wide collaborative coherence on the effects …
Clinical Practice of Gastroenterology
Authors: Tony M. Balistreri, William F. Balistreri
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Medical Writings: Book Notes2 November 1999Clinical Practice of GastroenterologyTony M. Balistreri, MD and William F. Balistreri, MDTony M. Balistreri, MDMedical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (Balistreri)Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. (Balistreri)Search for more papers by this author and William F. Balistreri, MDMedical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (Balistreri)Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. (Balistreri)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-9-199911020-00031 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail 2 volumes. Brandt LJ, ed. 1780 pages. Philadelphia: Current Medicine; 1999. $235.00. ISBN 0443065209. Order phone 800-543-1918.Field of medicine: Clinical and pathologic gastroenterology.Format: Two hardcover books.Audience: Primary care physicians seeking a concise reference in gastroenterology, trainees in gastroenterology requiring an overview of the clinical aspects of the field, and gastroenterologists who need a well-organized reference that covers management of common and uncommon diseases.Purpose: To provide an extensive but not exhaustive review of clinical aspects of gastroenterology.Content: The first volume covers luminal aspects of gastroenterology. The second volume focuses on pancreaticobiliary and hepatic disease. Individual sections ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (Balistreri)Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. (Balistreri) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 2 November 1999Volume 131, Issue 9Page: 720KeywordsChildrenEndoscopyGastroenterology and hepatologyGastrointestinal tractLiver diseasesNutritionPatientsPediatric gastroenterologyPrimary care physiciansSoftware tools Issue Published: 2 November 1999 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy
Authors: J. James Rowsey, Hal D. Balyeat, Roy Monlux, Jack Holladay, George O. Waking, Michael J. Lynn, George O. Waring, Wilson McWilliams, William Culbertson, Richard K. Forster, Marguerite McDonald, Herbert E. Kaufman, Bruce A. Barron, Richard L. Lindstrom, Donald J. Doughman, J. Daniel Nelson, Stephen A. Obstbaum, Penny Asbell, J. James Rowsey, Hal D. Balyeat, David J. Schanzlin, Ronald E. Smith, James J. Salz, William D. Myers, Robert C. Arends, John W. Cowden, Robert L. Stephenson, Paul Fecko, Jerry Roust, Peter R. Laibson, Juan J. Arentsen, Michael A. Naidoff, Elisabeth Cohen, J. James Rowsey
Journal: Ophthalmology (1988)