tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Violence and psychosis. II--Effect of psychiatric diagnosis on conviction and sentencing of offenders.
Authors: P J Taylor, J Gunn
Journal: BMJ (1984)

An examination of the records of all sick and violent men remanded to a large English prison suggested a tendency among police to consider men to be exceptionally dangerous simply because of their mental illness. On further study, however, there was no evidence that the mentally ill were more vulnerable to detention without subsequent conviction than their normal peers. Remand was rarely followed by help for the mentally abnormal men studied; this is disturbing as requests for psychiatric help constitute an important reason for custodial remand. Less than a third of the men with active symptoms went to hospital, although some of the less disturbed received supervision (including probation) orders, occasionally with treatment. As there is evidence that most of the few mentally abnormal offenders who subsequently receive treatment benefit from it, psychiatrists should do more for offender patients.
Liver stiffness predicts clinical outcome in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients with compensated liver cirrhosis
Authors: Nicolás Merchante, Antonio Rivero-Juárez, Francisco Téllez, Dolores Merino, Maria José Ríos-Villegas, Manuel Márquez-Solero, Mohamed Omar, Juan Macías, Ángela Camacho, Montserrat Pérez-Pérez, Jesús Gómez-Mateos, Antonio Rivero, Juan Antonio Pineda
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Our aim was to assess the predictive value of liver stiffness (LS), measured by transient elastography (TE), for clinical outcome in human immunodeficiency virus / hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV)-coinfected patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. This was a prospective cohort study of 239 consecutive HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with a new diagnosis of cirrhosis, done by TE, and no previous decompensation of liver disease. The time from diagnosis to the first liver decompensation and death from liver disease, as well as the predictors of these outcomes, were evaluated. After a median (Q1-Q3) follow-up of 20 (9-34) months, 31 (13%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 9%-17%) patients developed a decompensation. The incidence of decompensation was 6.7 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI, 4.7-9-6). Fourteen (8%) out of 181 patients with a baseline LS &lt; 40 kPa developed a decompensation versus 17 (29%) out of 58 with LS ≥ 40 kPa ( P = 0.001). Factors independently associated with decompensation were Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class B versus A (hazard ratio [HR] 7.7; 95% CI 3.3-18.5; P &lt; 0.0001), log-plasma HCV RNA load (HR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2-3.6; P = 0.01), hepatitis B virus coinfection (HR, 10.3; 95% CI, 2.1-50.4; P = 0.004) and baseline LS (HR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.05; P = 0.02). Fifteen (6%, 95% CI: 3.5%-9.9%) patients died, 10 of them due to liver disease, and one underwent liver transplantation. CTP class B (HR 16.5; 95% CI 3.4-68.2; P &lt; 0.0001) and previous exposure to HCV therapy (HR 7.4; 95% CI 1.7-32.4, P = 0.007) were independently associated with liver-related death; baseline LS (HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.98-1.07; P = 0.08) was of borderline significance. Conclusion: LS predicts the development of hepatic decompensations and liver-related mortality in HIV/HCV-coinfection with compensated cirrhosis and provides additional prognostic information to that provided by the CTP score. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:228–238)
The Compromised Host as Sentinel Chicken
Authors: Robert H. Rubin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

The factors leading to invasive fungal infection in the compromised host can be divided into two general categories: the intensity of the epidemiologic exposure to which the individual has been subjected and the net state of immunosuppression or host-defense compromise that is present. In this issue of the Journal, Allo et al.1 report on a cluster of nine patients with hematologic malignant disease in whom invasive primary cutaneous aspergillosis developed at the site of insertion of a Hickman intravenous catheter. This outbreak is an important example of how an excessive nosocomial hazard can cause life-threatening opportunistic infection in a . . .
Differential relationship of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen to coronary artery calcification in individuals at intermediate risk of cardiovascular events
Authors: Iftikhar J. Kullo, Joseph P. McConnell, Sharon L. Kardia, Patricia A. Peyser, Lawrence F. Bielak, Patrick F. Sheedy, Eric Boerwinkle, Kent R. Bailey, Stephen T. Turner
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
A Wii Fracture
Authors: Karen A. Eley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

carry the DEL variants can safely receive transfusions from RhD-positive donors.However, carriers of DEL can still be RhD-negative donors, since there are fewer than 22 membrane RhD antigens per DEL red cell, as compared with thousands of RhD antigens on a normal RhD-positive red cell.
Abnormal lipid composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from individuals with AIDS-related lung disease.
Authors: R M Rose, P J Catalano, H Koziel, S T Furlong
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Surfactant lipids are not only important to the physiologic function of the lungs, but may also influence disease processes like Pneumocystis pneumonia, in which the interaction of host-defense cells with pathogen occurs within the confines of the surfactant-rich alveolar hypophase. In the present studies the lipid profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was characterized in subjects with AIDS-related lung diseases including Pneumocystis pneumonia. BALF lipid and total protein measurements were made in 43 subjects with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related lung disease and compared with those made in 50 normal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative controls. The AIDS patient samples contained significantly greater amounts of total cholesterol, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and protein than the control samples; in contrast to previous observations in rodent P. carinii infection, no differences were seen in total phospholipid (PL) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the two groups. The proportions of several of these lipids were deranged in BALF obtained from the patient group: PG/PL and PC/cholesterol differed significantly from normal samples. In the subset of patients with AIDS-related Pneumocystis pneumonia, no correlation was apparent between discrete BALF lipids and clinical indices reflective of disease severity. Using these measurements to approximate the lipid composition of the alveolar microenvironment in AIDS-related lung disease, we performed experiments in which normal human alveolar macrophages were exposed to exogenous liposomal lipids and then challenged with P. carinii. The ingestion but not binding of P. carinii by macrophages was diminished as a result of lipid exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Molecular evolution of SARS coronavirus tracked
Authors: Jane Bradbury
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2004)

An investigation of the molecular evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in Guangdong Province, China, provides additional insights into how the virus adapted to life in people after shifting from animals. These results, says Guo-Ping Zhao (Chinese National Human Genome Center and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China), "confirm that this disease is not as infective when it first enters people as it is later in its evolution".
GMC to send out new guidelines on end of life decisions
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Guidelines for UK doctors about taking decisions on withholding or withdrawing treatment from patients are expected to be approved by the General Medical Council this month and issued to every doctor on the register.

News of the impending guidance emerged this week as the Department of Health announced the death of the quadriplegic woman known only as Ms B, who won a court ruling in March allowing the ventilator keeping her alive to be switched off.

The guidelines …
MAPK pathway activation leads to Bim loss and histone deacetylase inhibitor resistance: rationale to combine romidepsin with an MEK inhibitor
Authors: Arup R. Chakraborty, Robert W. Robey, Victoria L. Luchenko, Zhirong Zhan, Richard L. Piekarz, Jean-Pierre Gillet, Andrew V. Kossenkov, Julia Wilkerson, Louise C. Showe, Michael M. Gottesman, Nathan L. Collie, Susan E. Bates
Journal: Blood (2013)
Biomedical sciences and mathematical statistics in Japan: personal experiences and future outlook.
Authors: A Kudo
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

of Kyushu University translated the Cornell Medical Index Questionnaire and tried to establish a diagnostic rule to distinguish neu- rotic and mentally unhealthy patients from mentally healthy patients at the department of internal medicine at Kyushu University hospital.I was approached for suggestions.After some analysis I decided to reduce the data to a bivariate form.The first component was the square root of the number of physical complaints.The reason was an intuitive one based on various scatter diagrams and also on the outcome of a preliminary sta- tistical analysis made by Dr. Fukamachi regarding a comparison of numbers of complaints between mentally healthy patients and in healthy ones in various cate- gories.They collected data for several years and had accumulated data on 50 solidly diagnosed psychosomatic cases and 50 nonpsychosomatic cases.I drew lines rep- resenting the linear discrimination function and added two more lines indicating what are called the "doubtful regions" in the terminology of Rao ( 14).Thus there are four regions.If the data fall in the first region, the patient is diagnosed suffering from psychosomatic ill- ness; this is the region consisting of points deviating significantly from the mentally healthy patients' mean vector.The second region is one where patients are tentatively diagnosed suffering from psychosomatic ill- ness; in this region the points do not lie a significant distance from those for "healthy" patients, but the value of the linear discriminant function indicates the patient has a psychosomatic complaint.The third and fourth regions are for patients provisionally diagnosed and de-
Lifelong exercise and stroke.
Authors: R Shinton, G Sagar
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVES--To examine the potential of lifelong patterns of increased physical activity to prevent stroke. DESIGN--Case-control study. SETTING--11 general practices in west Birmingham. SUBJECTS--125 men and women who had just had their first stroke and were aged 35-74 and 198 controls frequency matched for age and sex recruited over 24 months during 1988-90. Exclusion criteria were a previous history of stroke, mitral valvular heart disease combined with atrial fibrillation, primary or metastatic cerebral neoplasm, or coagulation disorder or myeloproliferative disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Odds ratios for stroke related to lifetime history of exercise after 15 years of age. RESULTS--A history of vigorous exercise during the ages 15-25 appeared to protect from stroke: odds ratio adjusted for age and sex 0.33 (95% confidence interval 0.2 to 0.6). This effect was independent of other potential risk factors. Increasing years of participation in vigorous exercise between the ages of 15 and 55 produced an increasing protection from stroke (p &lt; 0.001). In the 65 cases and 169 controls who were free of cardiac ischaemia, peripheral vascular disease, and poor health recent vigorous exercise and walking were protective against stroke: odds ratios of 0.41 (0.2 to 1.0) for recent vigorous exercise and 0.30 (0.1 to 0.7) for recent walking. CONCLUSIONS--Appreciable protection from stroke in later life is conferred by vigorous exercise in early adulthood. This increased level of physical activity should, if possible, be continued lifelong.
Effects of aging on changing arterial compliance and left ventricular load in a northern Chinese urban community.
Authors: A P Avolio, S G Chen, R P Wang, C L Zhang, M F Li, M F O'Rourke
Journal: Circulation (1983)

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured by means of transcutaneous Doppler techniques in the aorta, right arm, and right leg of 480 normal subjects of both sexes in urban Beijing, China (age range 3 to 89 years, mean age 41 +/- 20.8 SD); supine blood pressure was recorded in the brachial artery of each subject with standard sphygmomanometric procedures. Serum cholesterol was determined in a subgroup of 79 subjects (age 17 to 85 years, mean 47 +/- 26 SD). PWV (y in cm/sec) was found to vary with age (x, years) at each of the three locations according to the following regression equations: aorta, y = 9.2x + 615, r = .673 (p less than .001); right arm, y = 4.8x + 998, r = .453 (p less than .001); right leg, y = 5.6x + 791, r = .630 (p less than .001). Systolic, diastolic, mean, and pulse pressures were found to increase with age. PWV also increased with mean supine blood pressure but was not related to serum cholesterol (average 4.49 +/- 0.11 [SEM], mmol/l). Compared with that of Western populations, serum cholesterol tended to be lower at all age groups, systolic pressure higher at ages over 35 years, and PWV higher at all ages. Because change in PWV is directly related to change in arterial compliance, these results indicate that aging and not concomitant atherosclerosis (known to be rare in Asian populations) is the dominant factor associated with reduced arterial compliance and increased left ventricular load in these subjects.
Bolus Fibrinolytic Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Joan Llevadot, Robert P. Giugliano, Elliott M. Antman
Journal: JAMA (2001)

ContextNew bolus fibrinolytics derived from the human tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) have emerged as a means of dissolution of occlusive thrombosis associated with acute myocardial infarction.ObjectiveTo review the new bolus fibrinolytic drugs derived from tPA: reteplase, lanoteplase, and tenecteplase.Data SourcesThe MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Current Contents databases were searched for articles from 1983 to 2001, using the index terms pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, plasminogen activator, reteplase, lanoteplase, and tenecteplase. Additional data sources included bibliographies of articles identified on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Current Content, inquiry of experts and pharmaceutical companies, and preliminary data presented at recent national and international cardiology conferences.Study SelectionWe selected for review studies that evaluated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of reteplase, lanoteplase, and tenecteplase, and assessed the effects of these bolus fibrinolytic drugs on the angiographic and immediate and long-term outcomes of patients. Of 138 articles identified, 38 were analyzed.Data ExtractionData quality was determined by publication in the peer-reviewed literature or presentation at an official cardiology society–sponsored meeting.Data SynthesisTenecteplase and reteplase are comparable with accelerated infusion recombinant tPA in terms of efficacy and safety but more convenient because they are administered by bolus injection. Lanoteplase and heparin bolus plus infusion is as effective as tPA with regard to mortality, but the rate of intracranial hemorrhage is significantly higher.ConclusionGiven the ease of administration and the similar outcomes compared with accelerated infusion recombinant tPA, it is likely that a key component of contemporary reperfusion will include a bolus fibrinolytic.
VACCINATION OF MONKEYS AND LABORATORY WORKERS AGAINST PSITTACOSIS
Authors: Thomas M. Rivers, Francis F. Schwentker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1934)

Monkeys that have recovered from psittacosis pneumonia have an increased resistance to infection with the virus and possess neutralizing antibodies in their sera. Large amounts of active psittacosis virus can be introduced intravenously and intramuscularly into monkeys without the production of a serious infection such as pneumonia. Relatively small amounts of virus introduced intratracheally into monkeys usually lead to psittacosis pneumonia. Monkeys vaccinated intramuscularly with unattenuated psittacosis virus have an increased resistance to the active agent and possess neutralizing antibodies in their sera. The intramuscular introduction of active psittacosis virus in moderate amounts into human beings is relatively harmless, and repeated inoculations lead to the appearance of neutralizing antibodies in the sera of vaccinated individuals.
Pascal's Wager and the Hanging of Crepe
Authors: Mark Siegler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Hanging of crepe refers to one type of strategy employed by physicians in communicating prognoses to families of critically ill patients. This approach offers the bleakest, most pessimistic prediction of the patient's outcome, presumably in an effort to lessen the family's suffering if the patient dies of his illness. Certain similarities exist between this technic and that used by Pascal, the 17th-century philosopher, in formulating his wager on the belief in God, in that both attempt to develop "no-lose" strategies, in which chances for "winning" are maximized. A detailed analysis of these strategies indicates that neither is truly "no-lose," and that both contain inherent disadvantages. Prognostication, an alternative approach to physician-family communication, appears to be strategically and morally superior to the hanging-of-crepe strategy.
Local Regulators of Skeletal Growth: A Perspective*
Authors: MICHAEL CENTRELLA, ERNESTO CANALIS
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1985)

BONE mass is the net result of the processes of bone matrix synthesis and resorption; these activities result from specific biochemical and biological functions produced by the various differentiated skeletal cells. The activity of these cells is controlled directly or indirectly by growth and maturation factors produced beyond and within the bone itself. Regulation of bone growth by systemic agents has been reviewed recently (1), and the focus of this paper is to present our current understanding of the effects of local factors produced by or extracted from skeletal cells (bone and cartilage), resident cells (precursor and peripheral blood cells), and the demineralized bone matrix. Bone is composed primarily of organic matrix, minerals, and many different cell types; the cells that function in new bone formation are the mesenchymal fibroblast-like preosteoblasts, the osteoblasts, and perhaps the osteocytes. Agents affecting bone cell replication probably act on the fibroblasts or preosteoblasts, while agents controlling differentiated functions likely affect the osteoblasts. Since linear skeletal growth occurs following endochondral calcification, it is not surprising that factors influencing bone cells frequently also affect cartilage cell functions. The primary differentiated function of bone-forming cells is the synthesis of the bone matrix complex, which comprises the bulk of bone mass; it is composed of type I collagen as well as a number of noncollagenous proteins and inorganic minerals (2). The major organic constituent of the matrix is the mature collagen molecule; it is synthesized by the osteoblast in precursor form and undergoes a series of biochemical modifications before and after secretion (3). Secreted collagen molecules are cross-linked to each other and, together with other matrix components, form a network upon which bone minerals can be deposited (4). Bone formation is a dynamic process, since the entire matrix complex undergoes continuous remodelling throughout life.
Efficacy and safety of entecavir plus carnitine complex (GODEX®) compared to entecavir monotherapy in patient with ALT elevated chronic hepatitis B: randomized, multicenter open-label trials. The GOAL study
Authors: Dae Won Jun, Byung Ik Kim, Yong Kyun Cho, Hong Ju Kim, Young Oh Kwon, Soo Young Park, Sang Young Han, Yang Hyun Baek, Yong Jin Jung, Hwi Young Kim, Won Kim, Jeong Heo, Hyun Young Woo, Seong Gyu Hwang, Kyu Sung Rim, Jong Young Choi, Si Hyun Bae, Young Sang Lee, Young Suck Lim, Jae Youn Cheong, Sung Won Cho, Byung Seok Lee, Seok Hyun Kim, Joo Hyun Sohn, Tae Yeob Kim, Yong Han Paik, Ja Kyung Kim, Kwan Sik Lee
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2013)

Background/Aims Carnitine and vitamin complex (Godex®) is widely used in patients with chronic liver disease who show elevated liver enzyme in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to identify the efficacy and safety of carnitine from entecavir combination therapy in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevated Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Methods 130 treatment-naïve patients with CHB were enrolled from 13 sites. The patients were randomly selected to the entecavir and the complex of entecavir and carnitine. The primary endpoint of the study is ALT normalization level after 12 months. Results Among the 130 patients, 119 patients completed the study treatment. The ALT normalization at 3 months was 58.9% for the monotherapy and 95.2% for the combination therapy (P<0.0001). ALT normalization rate at 12 months was 85.7% for the monotherapy and 100% for the combination group (P=0.0019). The rate of less than HBV DNA 300 copies/mL at 12 months was not statistically significant (P=0.5318) 75.9% for the monotherapy, 70.7% for the combination and it was. Quantification of HBsAg level was not different from the monotherapy to combination at 12 months. Changes of ELISPOT value to evaluate the INF-γ secretion by HBsAg showed the increasing trend of combination therapy compare to mono-treatment. Conclusions ALT normalization rate was higher in carnitine complex combination group than entecavir group in CHB. Combination group was faster than entecavir mono-treatment group on ALT normalization rate. HBV DNA normalization rate and the serum HBV-DNA level were not changed by carnitine complex treatment. Keywords: Hepatitis B; Carnitine; Entecavir
Comparative Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions in Cancer-Associated Genes
Authors: Purnima Guda, Sridar V. Chittur, Chittibabu Guda
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2009)

Abstract Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely studied to understand the biological processes or molecular functions associated with different disease systems like cancer. While focused studies on individual cancers have generated valuable information, global and comparative analysis of datasets from different cancer types has not been done. In this work, we carried out bioinformatic analysis of PPIs corresponding to differentially expressed genes from microarrays of various tumor tissues (belonging to bladder, colon, kidney and thyroid cancers) and compared their associated biological processes and molecular functions (based on Gene Ontology terms). We identified a set of processes or functions that are common to all these cancers, as well as those that are specific to only one or partial cancer types. Similarly, protein interaction networks in nucleic acid metabolism were compared to identify the common/specific clusters of proteins across different cancer types. Our results provide a basis for further experimental investigations to study protein interaction networks associated with cancer. The methodology developed in this work can also be applied to study similar disease systems.