tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The incidence of concussion in professional and collegiate ice hockey: are we making progress? A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Alexander Ruhe, Axel Gänsslen, Wolfgang Klein
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Background The fast, random nature and characteristics of ice hockey make injury prevention a challenge as high-velocity impacts with players, sticks and boards occur and may result in a variety of injuries, including concussion. Methods Five online databases (January 1970 and May 2012) were systematically searched followed by a manual search of retrieved papers. Results Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. The heterogeneous diagnostic procedures and criteria for concussion prevented a pooling of data. When comparing the injury data of European and North American or Canadian leagues, the latter show a higher percentage of concussions in relation to the overall number of injuries (2–7% compared with 5.3–18.6%). The incidence ranged from 0.2/1000 to 6.5/1000 game-hours, 0.72/1000 to 1.81/1000 athlete-exposures and was estimated at 0.1/1000 practice-hours. Discussion and conclusions The included studies indicate a high incidence of concussion in professional and collegiate ice hockey. Despite all efforts there is no conclusive evidence that rule changes or other measures lead to a decrease in the actual incidence of concussions over the last few decades. This review supports the need for standardisation of the diagnostic criteria and reporting protocols for concussion to allow interstudy comparisons in the future.
Role of Lymphangiogenesis in Cancer
Authors: Sudha S. Sundar, Trivadi S. Ganesan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Regional lymph node metastasis is a common event in solid tumors and is considered a marker for dissemination, increased stage, and worse prognosis. Despite rapid advances in tumor biology, the molecular processes that underpin lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis remain poorly understood. However, exciting discoveries have been made in the field of lymphangiogenesis in recent years. The identification of vascular endothelial growth factor ligands and cognate receptors involved in lymphangiogenesis, an understanding of the embryology of the mammalian lymphatic system, the recent isolation of pure populations of lymphatic endothelial cells, the investigation of lymphatic metastases in animal models, and the identification of markers that discriminate lymphatics from blood vessels at immunohistochemistry are current advances in the field of lymphangiogenesis, and as such are the main focus of this article. This review also evaluates evidence for lymphangiogenesis (ie, new lymphatic vessel formation in cancer) and critically reviews current data on the prognostic significance of lymphatic vascular density in tumors. A targeted approach to block pathways of lymphangiogenesis seems to be an attractive anticancer treatment strategy. Conversely, promotion of lymphangiogenesis may be a promising approach to the management of treatment-induced lymphedema in cancer survivors. Finally, the implications of these developments in cancer therapeutics and directions for future research are discussed.
Intrinsic properties of germinal center‐derived B cells promote their enhanced class switching to IgE
Authors: F. Ramadani, N. Upton, P. Hobson, Y.‐C. Chan, D. Mzinza, H. Bowen, C. Kerridge, B. J. Sutton, D. J. Fear, H. J. Gould
Journal: Allergy (2015)

Research on the origins and development of human IgE-expressing (IgE(+) ) cells is required for understanding the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma. These studies have been thwarted by the rarity of IgE(+) cells in vivo and the low frequency of class switch recombination (CSR) to IgE ex vivo. To determine the main source of IgE(+) cells, we investigated the relation between the phenotypic composition of tonsil B cells and the CSR to IgE ex vivo.
Ventricular quadrigeminy as a manifestation of concealed bigeminy.
Authors: N Kerin, I Mori, M N Levy
Journal: Circulation (1975)

Long rhythm strips were analyzed from five patients with frequent ventricular extrasystoles. The predominant pattern was quadrigeminal; i.e., three sinus beats between extrasystoles. However, about 20% of the interectopic intervals contained numbers of sinus beats (S) greater than three. Analysis of the distribution of such values of S greater than 3 revealed that there were many more odd than even values (P less than 0.001). Also, carotid sinus pressure yielded only odd values of S greater than 3. This predominance of odd values strongly suggested the existence of concealed extrasystoles. Therefore, all odd values of S greater than 3 were analyzed to determine whether they satisfied the criterion for concealed bigeminy (S = 2n - 1) or for concealed quadrigeminy (S = 4n - 1). The distribution was found to satisfy the criterion for concealed bigeminy, suggesting that the quadrigeminal pattern was a manifestation of a 2:1 rather than a 4:1 block in a re-entry loop. Stable quadrigeminy occurs often in concealed bigeminy, because the re-entrant impulse finds the myocardium excitable after a normal R-R interval but refractory after a compensatory pause.
There are no ‘safe exposure limits’ for phototherapy
Authors: R.S. Dawe
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2010)

Conflicts of interest: none declared. Madam, The British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines on the use of biological therapy state that, 'Phototherapy may be inappropriate in patients who have exceeded safe exposure limits (150–200 treatments for PUVA, 350 treatments for narrowband UVB)'.1 Also, eligibility criteria for biological therapy are said to include fulfilment of severity criteria and one of the following: '(i) where phototherapy and alternative standard systemic therapy are contraindicated or cannot be used due to the development of, or risk of developing, clinically important treatment‐related toxicity; (ii) [patients who] are intolerant to standard systemic therapy; or (iii) are unresponsive to standard systemic therapy'.1 These statements may be misunderstood. Firstly, there are no defined 'safe exposure limits' for narrowband ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) or for psoralen–ultraviolet A photochemotherapy (PUVA). Secondly, unless there are good reasons not to do so, it is surely prudent to offer all patients both NB‐UVB and PUVA, which are distinct therapies with their own different mechanisms of action and adverse effect profiles, before progressing to newer treatments that are not proven to be of greater efficacy, and which can have such serious adverse effects as the biologicals. Both NB‐UVB and PUVA are phototherapies (using the term broadly), but failure of response to one of these therapies is no more an indication of lack of response to all phototherapies than a failure to respond to acitretin implies that ciclosporin (another tablet therapy) will not work.
Laryngeal response patterns in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis during mechanical insufflation-exsufflation
Authors: Tiina Andersen, Magnus Hilland, Astrid Sandnes, Thomas Halvorsen, Ove Fondenes, John-Helge Heimdal, Ole-Bjørn Tysnes, Tom Karlsen, Thor-Andre Ellingsen, Ola Røksund
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction: Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) is the most effective approach to increase peak cough airflow in patients with neuromuscular diseases, thereby potentially augmenting airway clearance. Co-ordinated movements of the glottis may be crucial for effect in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but laryngeal response patterns to MI-E have not been studied.

Aims: To visualize laryngeal response patterns to MI-E in ALS patients.

Methods: Continuous videorecorded transnasal fiberoptic laryngoscopy (TFL) was obtained in eight ALS patients (two non-bulbar and six bulbar) during MI-E intervention (Cough Assist®, Respironics, USA), applying pressures of ±20 to ±50 cmH2O, and instruction to inhale during insufflation and to actively exhale and cough during exsufflation. Laryngeal movements were assessed from the videorecordings.

Results: In one patient, severe hypopharyngeal obstruction was observed already ±20 cmH2O. In the remaining patients, hypopharyngeal obstruction was observed during insufflation at 20-40cmH2O in two and at 50cmH2O in four patients, during pressure drop from + to - at 20-40 cmH2O in five, at 50 cmH2O in six, and during exsufflation in all patients, regardless of pressure. Aryepiglottic folds adducted during insufflation in four patients. The response of the vocal folds could not be observed in five patients due to hypopharyngeal obstruction or severe adduction of aryepiglottic folds.

Conclusion: Larynx can be studied with TFL during MI-E. Marked hypopharyngeal obstruction was observed during exsufflation and during high insufflation pressures. This may obstruct airflow, potentially disrupting positive effects of MI-E.
Suppressor Cells and Immunoregulation
Authors: Martin E. Dorf, Baruj Benacerraf
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1984)

We have described a model system of immunoregulation in which gene products associated with both the major histocompatibility complex and the heavy-chain immunoglobulin gene complex guide a series of cellular interactions. The Igh genetic restrictions may represent the use of internal images of antigen and idiotype as suppressor-T cell receptors. The data indicate that the T-cell and B-cell Igh products are distinct. The T cell-derived idiotype-like determinants are used for suppressor-T cell communications. The MHC restrictions generally involve the I-J subregion. These restrictions are imposed by the presentation of antigen or suppressor factor by specialized populations of I-J bearing accessory cells. The role of MHC products in the induction of suppressor cells has several homologies with the mechanisms responsible for the induction of H-2-restricted helper cells. First, I-region products on specialized presenting cells determine the specificity and genetic restrictions of the T cells. Thus, recognition of antigen in the context of I-A and I-E products is required for helper-T cell induction, and similarly the various suppressor-T cell subsets recognize antigen or suppressor factor presented in the context of I-J subregion-encoded antigens. Furthermore, the data suggest that the suppressor cells bear receptors for self I-J products. As an additional analogy between suppressor and helper cells, we have shown that in H-2-heterozygous F1 animals at least two populations of suppressor cells can be induced, one specific for each parental H-2 haplotype. The NP and ABA suppressor-cell pathways consist of multiple cellular elements, including at least three and possibly four distinct T-cell populations and two or more distinctive accessory cell populations. These are summarized in Figure 1. The specific soluble suppressor factors produced by each suppressor-T cell subset are involved in cellular communication processes. The terminal phases of the suppressor-cell cascade are antigen dependent but involve nonspecific bystander effects. In this review we have indicated the numerous homologies between the data in the hapten systems studied in our laboratories and the various other suppressor-cell models previously described in the literature.
Voltage Dependence of Cardiac Excitation–Contraction Coupling
Authors: Julio Altamirano, Donald M. Bers
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac myocytes occurs by Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, where L-type Ca2+ current evokes a larger sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release. The Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release amplification factor or gain (SR Ca2+ release/I(Ca)) is usually assessed by the V(m) dependence of current and Ca2+ transients. Gain rises at negative V(m), as does single channel I(Ca) (i(Ca)), which has led to the suggestion that the increases of i(Ca) amplitude enhances gain at more negative V(m). However, I(Ca) = NP(o) x i(Ca) (where NP(o) is the number of open channels), and NP(o) and i(Ca) both depend on V(m). To assess how i(Ca) and NP(o) separately influence Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, we measured I(Ca) and junctional SR Ca2+ release in voltage-clamped rat ventricular myocytes using "Ca2+ spikes" (confocal microscopy). To vary i(Ca) alone, we changed [Ca2+](o) rapidly at constant test V(m) (0 mV) or abruptly repolarized from +120 mV to different V(m) (at constant [Ca2+](o)). To vary NP(o) alone, we altered Ca2+ channel availability by varying holding V(m) (at constant test V(m)). Reducing either i(Ca) or NP(o) alone increased excitation-contraction coupling gain. Thus, increasing i(Ca) does not increase gain at progressively negative test V(m). Such enhanced gain depends on lower NP(o) and reduced redundant Ca2+ channel openings (per junction) and a consequently smaller denominator in the gain equation. Furthermore, modest i(Ca) (at V(m) = 0 mV) may still effectively trigger SR Ca2+ release, whereas at positive V(m) (and smaller i(Ca)), high and well-synchronized channel openings are required for efficient excitation-contraction coupling. At very positive V(m), reduced i(Ca) must explain reduced SR Ca2+ release.
NF-κB AND REL PROTEINS: Evolutionarily Conserved Mediators of Immune Responses
Authors: Sankar Ghosh, Michael J. May, Elizabeth B. Kopp
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1998)

▪ Abstract The transcription factor NF-κB, more than a decade after its discovery, remains an exciting and active area of study. The involvement of NF-κB in the expression of numerous cytokines and adhesion molecules has supported its role as an evolutionarily conserved coordinating element in the organism's response to situations of infection, stress, and injury. Recently, significant advances have been made in elucidating the details of the pathways through which signals are transmitted to the NF-κB:IκB complex in the cytosol. The field now awaits the discovery and characterization of the kinase responsible for the inducible phosphorylation of IκB proteins. Another exciting development has been the demonstration that in certain situations NF-κB acts as an anti-apoptotic protein; therefore, elucidation of the mechanism by which NF-κB protects against cell death is an important goal. Finally, the generation of knockouts of members of the NF-κB/IκB family has allowed the study of the roles of these proteins in normal development and physiology. In this review, we discuss some of these recent findings and their implications for the study of NF-κB.
Regression of Lung and Colon Cancer Xenografts by Depleting or Inhibiting RLIP76 (Ral-Binding Protein 1)
Authors: Sharad S. Singhal, Jyotsana Singhal, Sushma Yadav, Seema Dwivedi, Paul J. Boor, Yogesh C. Awasthi, Sanjay Awasthi
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Ral-binding protein 1 (RALBP1) is a stress-responsive and stress-protective multispecific transporter of glutathione conjugates (GS-E) and xenobiotic toxins. It is frequently overexpressed in malignant cells and plays a prominent antiapoptotic role selectively in cancer cells through its ability to control cellular concentration of proapoptotic oxidized lipid byproducts. In the absence of chemotherapy, depletion or inhibition of RALBP1 causes regression of syngeneic mouse B16 melanoma. Because RALBP1 transports anthracycline and Vinca alkaloid drugs, as well as GS-E, and because it confers resistance to these drugs, we proposed that depletion or inhibition of RALBP1 should cause regression of human solid tumors that overexpress RALBP1 and augment chemotherapy efficacy. Non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) H358 and H520 and colon SW480 cell lines were used. Cytotoxic synergy between anti-RALBP1 immunoglobulin G (IgG), cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum (II) [CDDP], and vinorelbine was examined in cell culture and xenografts of NSCLC cells. Effects of RALBP1 depletion by antisense were examined in xenografts of NSCLC H358, NSCLC H520, and colon SW480 cells. RALBP1 depletion by phosphorothioate antisense was confirmed and was associated with rapid, complete, and sustained remissions in established s.c. human lung and colon xenografts. RALBP1 inhibition by anti-RALBP1 IgG was equally as effective as antisense and enhanced CDDP-vinorelbine in lung cancer xenografts. These studies show that RALBP1 is a transporter that serves as a key effector function in cancer cell survival and is a valid target for cancer therapy, and confirm that inhibitory modulation of RALBP1 transport activity at the cell surface is sufficient for antitumor effects. [Cancer Res 2007;67(9):–9] [Cancer Res 2007;67(9):4382–9]
Occlusion of Brachial Artery and Volkmann's Ischaemic Contracture
Authors: L. W. Plewes
Journal: BMJ (1940)

ByRrAsHMEDICALJORA of the elbow, except extension, which was limited by the operation scar.Six months after the original injury this scar was excised and skin-grafted.At this procedure the brachial artery and its branches were seen to be of normal calibre in the previously affected region.Observation in the above case supports the opinion that an intense arterial vasoconstriction is present in Volkmann's ischaemia, the change starting at a definite point on the brachial artery.Intense venous engorge- ment is also present.Operative intervention upon the artery did not here result in a speedy alteration in the state of affairs.It cannot be claimed that an operative& measure which brings relief after eighteen hours in an acute vascular crisis is a factor in the cure.Similarly, as regards operative measures on the venous side, there was no haematoma to release.While decompression of the muscle bellies caused an improvement in the appear- ance of these, there was no immediate relief in the peripheral circulation, as seen by the state of the fingers.It would appear that surgical intervention directed to the arteries does not contribute to a favourable termina- tion of the circulatory changes in Volkmann's ischaemia.
Effects of patient ventilator asynchrony (PVA) on gas exchange, respiratory muscle load, patient comfort and adherence to non-invasive ventilation (NIV)
Authors: Michelle Ramsay, Swapna Mandal, Eui-Sik Suh, Joerg Steier, Anita Simonds, Nicholas Hart
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Introduction:PVA may adversely affect gas exchange, respiratory muscle unloading and patient comfort. We investigated the relationship between PVA, physiological and patient-centred outcomes, hypothesising that PVA would lead to poor ventilatory adherence.  Methods:Patients requiring domiciliary NIV were enrolled. NIV was titrated using capnometry and oximetry. PVAs were scored using our standard definitions and quantified as percentage of total breaths analysed. We investigated the relationship between PVA at initiation of NIV and (1) time spent with oxygen saturations  2  levels > 7kPa; and (3) patient perception of comfort and co-ordination with the ventilator using visual analogue scores. Parasternal electromyogram (sEMGpara%max) was measured as a marker of neural respiratory drive to chest wall muscles and compared to PVA at initiation of NIV. Ventilator adherence data (log hours) was collected at 6 weeks post commencing NIV.  Results:20 patients(11male) participated; 8 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 7 obesity hypoventilation syndrome and 5 neuromuscular disease. There was a direct relationship between PVA at initiation of NIV and EMGpara%max (r=0.46; p=0.04). No significant correlation was observed between PVA and overnight gas exchange, patient reported comfort and co-ordination scores or adherence to ventilation.  Conclusion:PVA adversely effects respiratory muscle unloading however, it does not negatively impact on ventilatory control or patient perception of comfort on NIV. PVA was not associated with ventilatory adherence questionning its role in achieving successful domiciliary NIV set up.
Pathogenesis of pleurisy, pleural fibrosis, and mesothelial proliferation.
Authors: A Herbert
Journal: Thorax (1986)

Systemic and pulmonary diseases that affect the pleura are usually characterised by accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity or by fibrous healing of damaged mesothelium.Some of the reactive changes THE MESOTHELIUMThe mesothelial cells form a complete layer of cells 176 on July 13,
Rosette Inhibitory Factor: T-Lymphocyte Subpopulation Specificity and Potential Immunoregulatory Role in Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Gary Sanders, Robert P. Perrillo
Journal: Hepatology (1982)

We have observed the disappearance of rosette inhibitory factor (RIF) from the serum of 19 patients with acute hepatitis B virus infection. This occurred at a time coinciding with the detection of anti-HBs. In addition, levels of RIF activity were significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in 35 HBsAg carriers who lacked anti-HBs when compared to 15 carriers who regularly demonstrated this antibody. In all instances, RIF effect was partial affecting some, but not all, T-lymphocytes from healthy donors were separated into TM (helper), TG (suppressor), and T0 (null) subpopulations by an immunoglobulin-ox-cell rosette depletion method. The effect of RIF on erythrocyte rosette formation and Fc-receptor expression in these subpopulations was assessed. TG-lymphocytes were found to be refractory to RIF-mediated suppression of erythrocyte rosette formation while TM-lymphocytes demonstrated an enhanced sensitivity to RIF. Incubation of TG-lymphocytes, potential TM-percursor cells, with RIF resulted in a decreased expression of new IgM-Fc receptors. In order to determine if any functional significance could be derived from these findings, the effect of RIF on in vitro immunoglobulin secretion was tested. Using pokeweed mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cell cultures, purified RIF-low density lipoprotein was shown to suppress IgM, IgG, and IgA secretion by 75.3, 74.3, and 59.3%, respectively. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that RIF is a potential immunoregulatory protein which could contribute to the lack of anti-HBs noted during the acute phase of hepatitis B and in the majority of HBsAg carriers.
Trauma and melanoma formation: a true association?
Authors: P. Kaskel, P. Kind, S. Sander, R.U. Peter, G. Krähn
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Background Little is known about the role of mechanical trauma in the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma. In individual patients, traumatic events have been discussed as a causative factor for the induction of melanoma and diagnosis of melanoma following trauma may raise medico‐legal questions. Objectives To evaluate the relationship between traumatic single or recurrent events and melanoma characteristics. Methods Retrospective questionnaire in 369 melanoma patients. Results A large number of patients (337 of 369; 91·3%) denied an association between a possible traumatic event and melanoma formation. Thirty‐two of 369 patients (8·7%) considered an association of trauma and melanoma formation likely. Of these 32 patients, 22 patients (13 men, nine women) reported a single event, and 10 patients (four men, six women) a persisting irritation. An irritation of a pre‐existing melanocytic naevus was reported by two patients with histologically confirmed melanoma on acquired or congenital naevus. Conclusions As most of the patients who mentioned a trauma in this study suffered from acral melanoma, or melanoma located on the extremities, a history of trauma should be expected more frequently at these body sites. A review of epidemiological, clinical and scientific research indicates that there seems to be no evidence for single or persistent traumatic events as a causative factor for melanoma formation.