tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Experimentation in Children
Authors: Edward J. Rourke
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> As one who for some years has been responsible for advising on the legal basis for the use of human subjects in clinical research, I feel compelled to add a note of legal caution to the article in your Oct 6, 1969, issue by Professor William J. Curran and Henry K. Beecher, MD, on "Experimentation in Children." The research use of children, as well as of the mentally incompetent, is admittedly an area without direct judicial precedent and one of considerable uncertainty. What we do have are a very few court decisions, from which we extrapolate, that involve donations of organs or other tissue and a great deal of organizational and individual, nonjudicial opinions, including my own, of what the law is likely to be or should be. Also, we sometimes find statements of policy by institutions or professional groups that can represent, at best, practical judgments
Liver-associated lymphocytes expressing NK1.1 are essential for oral immune tolerance induction in a murine model
Authors: Shivti Trop, Dimitri Samsonov, Israel Gotsman, Ruslana Alper, Judith Diment, Yaron Ilan
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Oral tolerance is the induction of immunological hyporesponsiveness towards orally administered antigens. Tolerance initiation involves induction of anti–inflammatory (Th2) lymphocytes, with downregulation of pro–inflammatory (Th1) lymphocytes. The liver was previously shown to play a critical role in oral tolerance induction. The aim of the present study was to test whether liver–associated-lymphocytes expressing the NK1.1 marker (NK1.1+ LAL) are substantial for induction of oral tolerance in an experimental colitis model. Colitis was induced in C57 mice by intracolonic instillation of trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS). Mice received five oral doses of colonic proteins extracted from TNBS–colitis colonic wall. Anti–NK1.1 monoclonal antibodies were injected before tolerance induction. Colitis was assessed by standard clinical, macroscopic, and microscopic scores. Serum IFN–γ, TGF–β1, and IL4 levels were measured by enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay. To evaluate the role of NK1.1+ LAL in keeping the balance between immunogenic and tolerogenic subsets of cells, we tested whether peripheral lymphocytes harvested from tolerized and NK1.1–depleted nontolerized mice can adoptively transfer the tolerance into naive irradiated rats. Depletion of NK1.1+ LAL prevented immune tolerance induction in the experimental colitis model. NK1.1+ LAL-depleted nontolerized mice, disclosed severe clinical, macroscopic, and microscopic parameters of colitis. These mice had significantly lower TGF–β1, IL4, and higher IFN–γ serum levels, and their lymphocytes failed to transfer the tolerance into naive animals. In contrast, the feeding of colitis–extracted proteins, without NK1.1+ LAL depletion, markedly alleviated the disease. Tolerized mice had higher IL4 and TGF–β1 and lower IFN–γ serum levels, and adoptive transfer of their suppressor splenocytes markedly alleviated colitis in naive recipients. NK1.1+ LAL plays a critical role in oral tolerance induction. Depletion of this subset of LAL prevents a shift from Th1 to a Th2 type of immune response, hindering the ability to induce immune tolerance.
What Primary Care Providers Need to Know About Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention
Authors: Douglas Krakower, Kenneth H. Mayer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

As HIV prevalence climbs globally, including more than 50 000 new infections per year in the United States, we need more effective HIV prevention strategies. The use of antiretrovirals for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among high-risk persons without HIV is emerging as one such strategy. Randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated that once-daily oral PrEP decreased HIV incidence among at-risk men who have sex with men and African heterosexuals, including serodiscordant couples. An additional randomized, controlled trial of a topical pericoital antiretroviral microbicide gel decreased HIV incidence among at-risk heterosexual South African women. Two other studies in African women did not demonstrate the efficacy of oral or topical PrEP, raising concerns about adherence patterns and efficacy in this population. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Antiviral Drugs Advisory Committee reviewed these studies and additional data in May 2012 and voted to advise the approval of oral tenofovir-emtricitabine for PrEP in high-risk populations. On 16 July 2012, the FDA recommended that this combination medication be approved for use as PrEP in high-risk persons without HIV. Patients may seek PrEP from their primary care providers, and those receiving PrEP require monitoring. Thus, primary care providers should become familiar with PrEP. This review outlines current knowledge about PrEP as it pertains to primary care, including identifying persons likely to benefit from PrEP; counseling to maximize adherence and reduce potential increases in risky behavior; and monitoring for potential drug toxicities, HIV acquisition, and antiretroviral drug resistance. Issues related to cost and insurance coverage are also discussed. Recent data suggest that PrEP, combined with other prevention strategies, holds promise in helping to curtail the HIV epidemic.
Endoscopic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: N. M. deSouza, J. Wilson, S. Taylor-Robinson
Journal: Endoscopy (1996)

See also: Endoscopic MRI: Preliminary Results of a New Technique for Visualization and Staging of Gastrointestinal TumorsEndoscopy 1995; 27(07): 480-485DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1005752 See also: Response to deSouza et al.Endoscopy 1996; 28(06): 522-522DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1005537
Can we learn anything from Monty Python?
Authors: Alan J Grant
Journal: BMJ (2006)

that some are more suitable for certain kinds of patients (for example, those with large varicosities or obese legs), and patients may have personal preferences.It is unlikely that most specialists will offer all the possible treatment modalities, but they ought to be able to give good advice about treatment choices and to provide a range of options.The table shows some of the considerations that may guide the choice of treatment. Uncertainties and the need for further researchThe most important studies required are randomised comparisons of the different treatments with good long term follow up-in particular, comparison of foam sclerotherapy with conventional surgery.It will be several years before long term ( ≥ 10 years) data are known for the newer treatments.Studies need to include economic modelling which will help to guide the way services are delivered: for example, are repeated outpatient treatments with foam sclerotherapy more cost effective than a single operation under general anaesthesia for bilateral varicose veins?Meanwhile, specialists will need to advise patients as objectively as they are able about choices of treatment and to audit their own results as thoroughly as they can.
DC-NK cell cross talk as a novel CD4+ T-cell–independent pathway for antitumor CTL induction
Authors: Christian Adam, Susan King, Thomas Allgeier, Heidi Braumüller, Carolin Lüking, Josef Mysliwietz, Anja Kriegeskorte, Dirk H. Busch, Martin Röcken, Ralph Mocikat
Journal: Blood (2005)
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Neurobehavioral Outcomes
Authors: Bruno Giordani, Ronald D. Chervin
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Judith A. Owens, MD, MPH; Robyn Mehlenbeck, PhD; Juhee Lee, BA; Melissa M. King, MDObjective To assess the relative contribution of potential risk factors for adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in children referred for evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), including weight, mean sleep duration, and comorbid sleep disorders.Design Medical record review.Setting Academic pediatric medical center.Participants Clinical sample of 235 children aged 3 to 18 years undergoing overnight polysomnography for symptoms of SDB.Outcome Measures History of behavioral, emotional, and academic problems and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores.Results More than half (56%) of the sample was overweight or at risk for overweight, more than one-third (36%) was classified as being short sleepers, and almost half (49%) had at least 1 additional sleep diagnosis. Forty-seven percent had a history of behavioral problems and 23% had a reported diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. There were no significant differences in CBCL scores based on any measure of SDB disease severity. Increased weight was associated with increased internalizing CBCL scores in a dose-dependent fashion (P = .003), while short sleepers were more likely to have elevated externalizing scores (P &lt; .001). Overall, the strongest predictor of adverse behavioral outcomes was the presence of at least 1 additional sleep diagnosis (P &lt; .001).Conclusions The relationship between SDB and parent-reported behavioral outcomes in children is complex. In addition to SDB-related impairments, clinicians should consider the relative contributions of being overweight, insufficient sleep, and comorbid sleep disorders when assessing behavior in these children.
Value of Clinical Exercise Testing
Authors: L. Howard Hartley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

The usefulness of exercise testing in the diagnosis and management of patients with ischemic heart disease depends on the ability of the clinician to use the information properly. An exercise test has several possible results that have different degrees of diagnostic power. The communication by Borer et al. in this issue of the Journal adds to the data base from which the implications of the exercise test can be deduced.Clinical observations such as the appearance of chest pain and working capacity are important parts of the exercise test. However, the greatest source of confusion is in the interpretation of . . .
Immunisation: causes of failure and strategies and tactics for success.
Authors: A. Nicoll, D. Elliman, N. T. Begg
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Countries with better measles completion percentages than Britain, 1987 health districts have achieved the 90% target for measles, and no district has reached 900% coverage for diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus immunsaton.And yet thereisgoodevidence thateffectiveandenthusiastic services will achieve a good uptake even in the face of socioeconomic deprivation and parental uncertainty.8
Fear of a family member in childhood is associated with use of prescription psychotropic drugs when older, study shows
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Adverse experiences in childhood, including persistent fear of a family member, are associated with significantly increased use of prescription psychotropic drugs when older, says a follow-up study that showed that improved recognition and help for families at risk might prevent future mental health problems.

The association between childhood adversities and adult mental health disorders is well established. But previous studies have looked at single childhood adversities, such as sexual abuse, or at single disorders, such as depression …
Penicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in the Community
Authors: Jerome O. Klein
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The appropriate use of antimicrobial agents must be reviewed at frequent intervals because new information becomes available about clinical pharmacology and alterations in the patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility. Each year there appear reports of major changes that require reconsideration of the choice and manner of application of some commonly used agents. Hexachlorophene had been used routinely for bathing newborn infants for more than 15 years before evidence that it may cause central nervous system poisoning prompted the Food and Drug Administration to recommend the abandonment of this routine practice.<sup>1</sup>More recently, strains of<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>type B highly resistant in vitro to ampicillin have been reported from widely separated locations in the United States.<sup>1,2</sup>These strains were isolated from children with meningitis or sepsis, and bacteriological and clinical failures of therapy with ampicillin corroborated the results of these in vitro susceptibility tests. Physicians who had been using ampicillin
Theodore Francis Redman
Authors: Jack Dewhurst
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former consultant in obstetrics and gynaecology St James's Hospital, Leeds (b Wallasey 1916; q Manchester 1940; FRCOG, FRCS Ed), d 11 July 2004.

After three house officer appointments Theo joined the Royal Army Medical Corps. After service in Egypt and Syria he returned to Egypt for paratroop training. He served with distinction in the Sicily landing and in Arnhem, where he was wounded, captured, and escaped by leaping from a train. After demobilisation Theo trained in obstetrics and gynaecology. He was appointed consultant at St James's Hospital, Leeds, a post he held until he retired in 1981. With two colleagues he founded the Fothergill Club, a travelling group that visited many European cities and the United States. He leaves a wife, Jenanne; and three children.
Melanocyte mutation in halo naevus and malignant melanoma?
Authors: CLAIRE BENNETT, P.W.M. COPEMAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1979)

Halo naevus cells on frozen sections react with sera from patients with benign halo naevus or with malignant melanoma. Halo naevus cells also react with our specifically absorbed heterologous antihuman malignant melanoma antiserum (RAMMA). Since the cytoplasm of all the naevus cells within the halo naevus react with sera from patients with malignant melanoma, this implies that the entire population of melanocytic cells in the mole has undergone mutation, because non‐pathological skin melanocytes do not react.
STANDARDIZED METHOD OF TREATING TAPEWORM INFESTATIONS IN MAN TO RECOVER THE HEAD
Authors: THOMAS B. MAGATH
Journal: JAMA (1927)

It is a matter of interest that whereas the instances of infestation by<i>Taenia solium</i>have decreased in the United States until it is rarely found, the instances of infestation by<i>Taenia saginata</i>, judging from such few reports as are available, have remained about the same. It would seem that the fondness for raw meat has not changed in the human family over a long period of years. Through a great deal of propaganda by parasitologists and public health officials concerning the proper cooking of pork and the discovery of methods of killing trichinae by freezing, the instances of parasitic diseases of man obtained from swine have been decreased. In most large clinics today<i>Taenia saginata</i>is encountered about as frequently as at any time during which we have statistical data. It is surprising, therefore, that the treatment of this usually harmless parasite has not been improved on for many
National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower: VII. Residency and Fellowship Training 1976-1977 Through 1980-1981
Authors: MARY KAY SCHLEITER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

A complete census of the number of residents training in internal medicine and fellows in subspecialty training for 1979-1980 and 1980-1981 has been compiled by the National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower. Complete information is now available for the 5-year period from 1976-1977 through 1980-1981. The number of first year residents in internal medicine continues to rise. A constant percentage (35% to 38%) of the graduating class of United States medical schools has entered these programs each year for over a decade. The number of first year fellows in subspecialty training, which in the first half of the 1970s rose 10% to 11% annually, has declined slightly in the second half of the 1970s and has been stable in the past 2 years. The net result of the increasing number of residents and the decreasing number of fellows is a rising proportion of internists entering general internal medicine and a proportionate decline in those choosing subspecialty careers.
The inhibition of metastasis and growth of breast cancer by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway using bioreducible PEI-based/p65 shRNA complex nanoparticles
Authors: Jisheng Xiao, Xiaopin Duan, Qi Yin, Zehong Miao, Haijun Yu, Chunying Chen, Zhiwen Zhang, Jun Wang, Yaping Li
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Serum 2-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity and ineffective erythropoiesis.
Authors: I Cavill, C Ricketts, G J Griffiths, G H Elder, D Trevett
Journal: BMJ (1978)

immunosuppressive treatment allowed such an infection to become disseminated.From the start of her illness the patient was thought to have contracted an infection from one of her cats.She admitted to close contact with them and her previous ringworm was further evidence of this.But the puzzling fact remains that Sooty's antibody profile was suggestive of a subgroup A infection while the patient's antibody response suggested infection with a subgroup B Chlamydia.Because of the multiple treatment we cannot attribute the patient's recovery to any one drug.Rifampicin, however, is active against C trachomatis infection of the eye4 and so may have been beneficial.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediates proliferative signals in intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: H Sheng
Journal: Gut (2003)

Determination of intracellular signalling pathways that mediate intestinal epithelial proliferation is fundamental to the understanding of the integrity and function of the intestinal tract under normal and diseased conditions. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway transduces signals initiated by growth factors and is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we assessed the role of PI3K/Akt in transduction of proliferative signals in intestinal epithelial cells.A rat intestinal epithelial (RIE) cell line and human colorectal cancer HCA-7 and LS-174 cell lines served as in vitro models. The Balb/cJ mouse was the in vivo model.PI3K activation was critical for G1 cell cycle progression of intestinal epithelial cells. Ectopic expression of either active p110alpha or Akt-1 increased RIE cell proliferation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that PI3K activation was closely associated with the proliferative activity of intestinal mucosa. Treatment of mice with PI3K inhibitors blocked induction of PI3K activity and attenuated intestinal mucosal proliferation associated with oral intake. Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha stimulated PI3K activation which was required for growth factor induced expression of cyclin D1.The PI3K/Akt pathway transduces mitogenic signals from growth factor receptors to the cell cycle machinery and plays a critical role in regulation of intestinal epithelial proliferation.
Genetic polymorphism of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase is associated with an increased risk of infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia without MLL gene rearrangements
Authors: M Lanciotti, C Dufour, L Corral, P Di Michele, S Pigullo, G De Rossi, G Basso, A Leszl, M Luciani, L Lo Nigro, C Micalizzi, M G Valsecchi, A Biondi, R Haupt
Journal: Leukemia (2004)
Looking Ahead to Next Influenza Season
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1993)

SO FAR this season, influenza has had a comparatively weak impact in the United States, although reported levels of influenza-like illness have been increasing in recent weeks. Still, physicians to date are reporting lower than average seasonal rates of influenza illness among their patients and there has been no overall excess of influenza-associated mortality, say investigators in the Influenza Branch of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Influenza-tracking epidemiologists around the nation, of course, are keeping their fingers crossed. <h3>Worst Yet to Come?</h3> Only about half the states have reported any influenza activity at all, just eight states have reported widespread disease, and about 93% of the viral isolates reported by the World Health Organization's influenza surveillance system have been influenza type B. Even as it continues to monitor this season's activity, the World Health Organization is laying down its recommendations for the three antigens to be
Studies in Myasthenia Gravis: Reduction in Mortality Rate After Crisis
Authors: Kermit E. Osserman, Gabriel Genkins
Journal: JAMA (1963)

In cases of myasthenia gravis, crisis can result either from increase in severity of the disease (myasthenic crisis) or from overtreatment with anticholinesterase drugs (cholinergic crisis). The patient is in imminent danger of death because of inability to breathe. Since 1958, the authors have observed 47 crises in 35 patients, and therapy has been re-evaluated. Emphasis has changed from use of more and more anticholinesterase drugs in treatment of crisis to the present concept of less and less drugs (with even complete withdrawal for approximately 72 hr), early performance of tracheostomy, and [ill]se of mechanically assisted respiration. The mortality rate in crisis has been reduced from 29 deaths in 67 crises, before 1958, to 8 deaths in 47 crises in the past 4 yr.
ACUTE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION CAUSED BY FECAL IMPACTION IN MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM
Authors: RALPH BOERNE BETTMAN
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The case here reported is of unusual interest on account of the rarity of the pathologic condition. In a search of the literature we were unable to find any other case in which a fecal impaction starting in a Meckel's diverticulum had resulted in an intestinal obstruction. Numerous cases of intestinal obstruction due to Meckel's diverticulum have been recorded. Halstead,<sup>1</sup>in 1902, quoted Lichtenstern as noting a Meckel's diverticulum to be the cause of intestinal obstruction in 6 per cent. of all cases of acute obstruction. The obstruction in the cases reported has been brought about in various ways. In most cases a loop of bowel has been caught under or over the terminal filament of the diverticulum in much the same way as in the case of a postoperative adhesion. The diverticulum has at times knotted itself about a loop of intestine. Many cases have been reported in
THE SYNTHESIS, ASSEMBLY, AND SECRETION OF GAMMA GLOBULIN BY MOUSE MYELOMA CELLS
Authors: J. Buxbaum, M. D. Scharff
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

The study of the synthesis, assembly, and secretion of IgM by seven murine myeloma tumors has revealed that free mu chain can be detected intracellularly after release from the ribosome. It combines with light chains to form microL. The major intracellular protein in six of the seven tumors was the 8S subunit. One tumor contained considerable amounts of 19S material intracellularly. Those tumors that did not contain 19S IgM intracellulariy appeared to assemble the subunits outside the cell.
Nanotechnology Task Force
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2006)

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